Statistics, Nonparametric
Models, Statistical
Genetic Linkage
Lod Score
Data Interpretation, Statistical
Statistics as Topic
Computer Simulation
Biometry
Models, Genetic
Algorithms
Chromosome Mapping
Bayes Theorem
Genetic Markers
Likelihood Functions
Pedigree
Reproducibility of Results
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
Monte Carlo Method
Genetic Heterogeneity
Genome, Human
Sample Size
Microsatellite Repeats
Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Matched-Pair Analysis
Biostatistics
Software
National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.)
Regression Analysis
Sensitivity and Specificity
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
Genotype
Quantitative Trait, Heritable
ROC Curve
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
Family Health
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
Siblings
Decision Theory
Markov Chains
Confidence Intervals
Bias (Epidemiology)
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
Penetrance
Normal Distribution
Genes, Dominant
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
Models, Biological
Analysis of Variance
Research Design
Haplotypes
Reference Values
Gene Expression Profiling
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted
Alleles
Linear Models
Models, Theoretical
Age Factors
Cluster Analysis
Linkage Disequilibrium
Case-Control Studies
Epistasis, Genetic
Genome-Wide Association Study
Phenotype
Longitudinal Studies
Pattern Recognition, Automated
Cohort Studies
False Positive Reactions
Age of Onset
Predictive Value of Tests
Image Enhancement
Retrospective Studies
Risk Factors
Nonlinear Dynamics
Risk Assessment
Questionnaires
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
Computational Biology
Multivariate Analysis
Cross-Sectional Studies
Sex Factors
Prospective Studies
Logistic Models
Quality Control
Genome
Survival Analysis
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
Principal Component Analysis
Treatment Outcome
Area Under Curve
Pregnancy
European Continental Ancestry Group
Databases, Factual
Chromosomes, Human
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15
Genetic Testing
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9
Genetics, Population
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Artificial Intelligence
Epidemiologic Methods
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Imaging, Three-Dimensional
Biological Markers
Death Certificates
Breeding
Brain
Gene Frequency
Incidence
Genetic Loci
Clinical Trials as Topic
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
Follow-Up Studies
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19
Chi-Square Distribution
Neoplasms
Proportional Hazards Models
Nephelometry and Turbidimetry
Space-Time Clustering
Physical Chromosome Mapping
Observer Variation
Prevalence
Severity of Illness Index
Prognosis
Statistical Distributions
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Gestational Age
Pilot Projects
Random Allocation
Cause of Death
Bipolar Disorder
Evolution, Molecular
Data Collection
Body Mass Index
Schizophrenia
HIV Infections
Alcoholism
Age Distribution
Poisson Distribution
Quality of Life
Registries
Population Surveillance
Sex Distribution
Canada
Tumor Markers, Biological
Brain Neoplasms
Demography
Obesity
Double-Blind Method
Socioeconomic Factors
Wounds and Injuries
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
Mutation
Health Surveys
Geographic Information Systems
Poisoning
Birth Certificates
Life Expectancy
Infant Mortality
International Classification of Diseases
Nature
Geography
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Anisotropy
Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament: comparison of outside-in and all-inside techniques. (1/11504)
The aim of this prospective study was to compare two arthroscopic techniques for reconstructing the anterior cruciate ligament, the "outside-in" (two incisions) and the "all-inside" (one incision) techniques. The results obtained for 30 patients operated on using the "outside-in" technique (group I) were compared with those for 29 patients operated on using the "all-inside" technique (group II). Before surgery, there were no significant differences between the groups in terms of Lysholm score, Tegner activity level, patellofemoral pain score, or knee laxity. Both groups displayed significant improvements in Lysholm score after 24 months, from 69 (16) to 91 (9) in group I and from 70 (17) to 90 (15) in group II (means (SD)). There were also significant improvements in patellofemoral pain scores in both groups, from 13 (6) to 18 (5) in group I and from 14 (6) to 18 (4) in group II after 24 months. No difference was found between the groups in knee stability at the 24 month follow up. The IKDC score was identical in both groups at follow up. The operation took significantly longer for patients in group I (mean 94 (15)) than for those in group II (mean 86 (20)) (p = 0.03). The mean sick leave was 7.7 (6.2) weeks in group I and 12.3 (9.7) weeks in group II (p = 0.026), indicating that there may be a higher morbidity associated with the "all-inside" technique. It can be concluded that there were no significant differences between the two different techniques in terms of functional results, knee laxity, or postoperative complications. The results were satisfactory and the outcome was similar in both treatment groups. (+info)Statistical inference by confidence intervals: issues of interpretation and utilization. (2/11504)
This article examines the role of the confidence interval (CI) in statistical inference and its advantages over conventional hypothesis testing, particularly when data are applied in the context of clinical practice. A CI provides a range of population values with which a sample statistic is consistent at a given level of confidence (usually 95%). Conventional hypothesis testing serves to either reject or retain a null hypothesis. A CI, while also functioning as a hypothesis test, provides additional information on the variability of an observed sample statistic (ie, its precision) and on its probable relationship to the value of this statistic in the population from which the sample was drawn (ie, its accuracy). Thus, the CI focuses attention on the magnitude and the probability of a treatment or other effect. It thereby assists in determining the clinical usefulness and importance of, as well as the statistical significance of, findings. The CI is appropriate for both parametric and nonparametric analyses and for both individual studies and aggregated data in meta-analyses. It is recommended that, when inferential statistical analysis is performed, CIs should accompany point estimates and conventional hypothesis tests wherever possible. (+info)Comparison of in vivo and in vitro tests of resistance in patients treated with chloroquine in Yaounde, Cameroon. (3/11504)
The usefulness of an isotopic in vitro assay in the field was evaluated by comparing its results with the therapeutic response determined by the simplified WHO in vivo test in symptomatic Cameroonian patients treated with chloroquine. Of the 117 enrolled patients, 102 (87%) completed the 14-day follow-up, and 95 isolates obtained from these patients (46 children, 49 adults) yielded an interpretable in vitro test. A total of 57 of 95 patients (60%; 28 children and 29 adults) had an adequate clinical response with negative smears (n = 46) or with an asymptomatic parasitaemia (n = 11) on day 7 and/or day 14. The geometric mean 50% inhibitory concentration of the isolates obtained from these patients was 63.3 nmol/l. Late and early treatment failure was observed in 29 (30.5%) and 9 (9.5%) patients, respectively. The geometric mean 50% inhibitory concentrations of the corresponding isolates were 173 nmol/l and 302 nmol/l. Among the patients responding with late and early treatment failure, five isolates and one isolate, respectively, yielded a discordant result (in vivo resistance and in vitro sensitivity). The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of the in vitro test to detect chloroquine-sensitive cases was 67%, 84% and 86%, respectively. There was moderate concordance between the in vitro and in vivo tests (kappa value = 0.48). The in vitro assay agrees relatively well with the therapeutic response and excludes several host factors that influence the results of the in vivo test. However, in view of some discordant results, the in vitro test cannot substitute for in vivo data on therapeutic efficacy. The only reliable definition of "resistance" in malaria parasites is based on clinical and parasitological response in symptomatic patients, and the in vivo test provides the standard method to determine drug sensitivity or resistance as well as to guide national drug policies. (+info)Elevated hepatic lipase activity and low levels of high density lipoprotein in a normotriglyceridemic, nonobese Turkish population. (4/11504)
Low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and, in the United States, are often associated with hypertriglyceridemia and obesity. In Turkey, low HDL-C levels are highly prevalent, 53% of men and 26% of women having HDL-C levels <35 mg/dl, in the absence of hypertriglyceridemia and obesity. In this study to investigate the cause of low HDL-C levels in Turks, various factors affecting HDL metabolism were assessed in normotriglyceridemic Turkish men and women living in Istanbul and in non-Turkish men and women living in San Francisco. Turkish men and women had significantly lower HDL-C levels than the San Francisco men and women, as well as markedly lower apolipoprotein A-I levels (25 and 39 mg/dl lower, respectively). In both Turkish and non-Turkish subjects, the mean body mass index was <27 kg/m2, the mean triglyceride level was <120 mg/dl, and the mean total cholesterol was 170-180 mg/dl. The mean hepatic triglyceride lipase activity was 21% and 31% higher in Turkish men and women, respectively, than in non-Turkish men and women, and remained higher even after subjects with a body mass index >50th percentile for men and women in the United States were excluded from the analysis. As no dietary or behavioral factors have been identified in the Turkish population that account for increased hepatic triglyceride lipase activity, the elevation most likely has a genetic basis. high density lipoprotein in a normotriglyceridemic, nonobese Turkish population. (+info)Results of three to 10 year follow up of balloon dilatation of the pulmonary valve. (5/11504)
BACKGROUND: The results of immediate and short term follow up of balloon dilatation of the pulmonary valve have been well documented, but there is limited information on long term follow up. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of three to 10 year follow up of balloon dilatation of the pulmonary valve in children and adolescents. SETTING: Tertiary care centre/university hospital. DESIGN: Retrospective study. METHODS AND RESULTS: 85 patients (aged between 1 day and 20 years, mean (SD) 7.0 (6.4) years) underwent balloon dilatation of the pulmonary valve during an 11 year period ending August 1994. There was a resultant reduction in the peak to peak gradient from 87 (38) to 26 (22) mm Hg. Immediate surgical intervention was not required. Residual gradients of 29 (17) mm Hg were measured by catheterisation (n = 47) and echo Doppler (n = 82) at intermediate term follow up (two years). When individual results were scrutinised, nine of 82 patients had restenosis, defined as a peak gradient of 50 mm Hg or more. Seven of these patients underwent repeat balloon dilatation of the pulmonary valve: peak gradients were reduced from 89 (40) to 38 (20) mm Hg. Clinical evaluation and echo Doppler data of 80 patients showed that residual peak instantaneous Doppler gradients were 17 (15) mm Hg at long term follow up (three to 10 years, median seven), with evidence for late restenosis in one patient (1.3%). Surgical intervention was necessary to relieve fixed infundibular stenosis in three patients and supravalvar pulmonary stenosis in one. Repeat balloon dilatation was performed to relieve restenosis in two patients. Actuarial reintervention free rates at one, two, five, and 10 years were 94%, 89%, 88%, and 84%, respectively. Pulmonary valve regurgitation was noted in 70 of 80 patients at late follow up, but neither right ventricular dilatation nor paradoxical interventricular septal motion developed. CONCLUSIONS: The results of late follow up of balloon dilatation of the pulmonary valve are excellent. Repeat balloon dilatation was performed in 11% of patients and surgical intervention for subvalvlar or supravalvar stenosis in 5%. Most patients had mild residual pulmonary regurgitation but right ventricular volume overload was not required. Balloon dilatation is the treatment of choice in the management of moderate to severe stenosis of the pulmonary valve. Further follow up studies should be undertaken to evaluate the significance of residual pulmonary regurgitation. (+info)Cyclical etidronate increases bone density in the spine and hip of postmenopausal women receiving long term corticosteroid treatment. A double blind, randomised placebo controlled study. (6/11504)
OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of cyclic etidronate in secondary prevention of corticosteroid induced osteoporosis. METHODS: A double blind, randomised placebo controlled study comparing cyclic etidronate and placebo during two years in 37 postmenopausal women receiving long term corticosteroid treatment, mainly for polymyalgia rheumatica (40% of the patients) and rheumatoid arthritis (30%). Bone density was measured in the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and femoral trochanter. RESULTS: After two years of treatment there was a significant difference between the groups in mean per cent change from baseline in bone density in the spine in favour of etidronate (p = 0.003). The estimated treatment difference (mean (SD)) was 9.3 (2.1)%. Etidronate increased bone density in the spine (4.9 (2.1)%, p < 0.05) whereas the placebo group lost bone (-2.4 (1.6)%). At the femoral neck there was an estimated difference of 5.3 (2.6)% between the groups (etidronate: 3.6% (1.4)%, p < 0.05, placebo: -2.4 (2.1)%). The estimated difference at the trochanter was 8.2 (3.0) (etidronate: 9.0 (1.5)%, p < 0.0001, placebo: 0.5 (2.3)%). No significant bone loss occurred in the hip in placebo treated patients. CONCLUSIONS: Cyclic etidronate is an effective treatment for postmenopausal women receiving corticosteroid treatment and is well tolerated. (+info)Progression from colorectal adenoma to carcinoma is associated with non-random chromosomal gains as detected by comparative genomic hybridisation. (7/11504)
AIMS: Chromosomal gains and losses were surveyed by comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) in a series of colorectal adenomas and carcinomas, in search of high risk genomic changes involved in colorectal carcinogenesis. METHODS: Nine colorectal adenomas and 14 carcinomas were analysed by CGH, and DNA ploidy was assessed with both flow and image cytometry. RESULTS: In the nine adenomas analysed, an average of 6.6 (range 1 to 11) chromosomal aberrations were identified. In the 14 carcinomas an average of 11.9 (range 5 to 17) events were found per tumour. In the adenomas the number of gains and losses was in balance (3.6 v 3.0) while in carcinomas gains occurred more often than losses (8.2 v 3.7). Frequent gains involved 13q, 7p, 8q, and 20q, whereas losses most often occurred at 18q, 4q, and 8p. Gains of 13q, 8q, and 20q, and loss of 18q occurred more often in carcinomas than in adenomas (p = 0.005, p = 0.05, p = 0.05, and p = 0.02, respectively). Aneuploid tumours showed more gains than losses (mean 9.3 v 4.9, p = 0.02), in contrast to diploid tumours where gains and losses were nearly balanced (mean 3.1 v 4.1, p = 0.5). CONCLUSIONS: The most striking difference between chromosomal aberrations in colorectal adenomas and carcinomas, as detected by CGH, is an increased number of chromosomal gains that show a nonrandom distribution. Gains of 13q and also of 20q and 8q seem especially to be involved in the progression of adenomas to carcinomas, possibly owing to low level overexpression of oncogenes at these loci. (+info)Effect of 5-HT4 receptor stimulation on the pacemaker current I(f) in human isolated atrial myocytes. (8/11504)
OBJECTIVE: 5-HT4 receptors are present in human atrial cells and their stimulation has been implicated in the genesis of atrial arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation. An I(f)-like current has been recorded in human atrial myocytes, where it is modulated by beta-adrenergic stimulation. In the present study, we investigated the effect of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) on I(f) electrophysiological properties, in order to get an insight into the possible contribution of I(f) to the arrhythmogenic action of 5-HT in human atria. METHODS: Human atrial myocytes were isolated by enzymatic digestion from samples of atrial appendage of patients undergoing coeffective cardiac surgery. Patch-clamped cells were superfused with a modified Tyrode's solution in order to amplify I(f) and reduce overlapping currents. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: A time-dependent, cesium-sensitive increasing inward current, that we had previously described having the electrophysiological properties of the pacemaker current I(f), was elicited by negative steps (-60 to -130 mV) from a holding potential of -40 mV. Boltzmann fit of control activation curves gave a midpoint (V1/2) of -88.9 +/- 2.6 mV (n = 14). 5-HT (1 microM) consistently caused a positive shift of V1/2 of 11.0 +/- 2.0 mV (n = 8, p < 0.001) of the activation curve toward less negative potentials, thus increasing the amount of current activated by clamp steps near the physiological maximum diastolic potential of these cells. The effect was dose-dependent, the EC50 being 0.14 microM. Maximum current amplitude was not changed by 5-HT. 5-HT did not increase I(f) amplitude when the current was maximally activated by cAMP perfused into the cell. The selective 5-HT4 antagonists, DAU 6285 (10 microM) and GR 125487 (1 microM), completely prevented the effect of 5-HT on I(f). The shift of V1/2 caused by 1 microM 5-HT in the presence of DAU 6285 or GR 125487 was 0.3 +/- 1 mV (n = 6) and 1.0 +/- 0.6 mV (n = 5), respectively (p < 0.01 versus 5-HT alone). The effect of 5-HT4 receptor blockade was specific, since neither DAU 6285 nor GR 125487 prevented the effect of 1 microM isoprenaline on I(f). Thus, 5-HT4 stimulation increases I(f) in human atrial myocytes; this effect may contribute to the arrhythmogenic action of 5-HT in human atrium. (+info)Genetic predisposition to disease refers to the tendency of an individual to develop a particular disease or condition due to their genetic makeup. It means that certain genes or combinations of genes increase the risk of developing a particular disease or condition. Genetic predisposition to disease is not the same as having the disease itself. It simply means that an individual has a higher likelihood of developing the disease compared to someone without the same genetic predisposition. Genetic predisposition to disease can be inherited from parents or can occur due to spontaneous mutations in genes. Some examples of genetic predisposition to disease include hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, Huntington's disease, cystic fibrosis, and sickle cell anemia. Understanding genetic predisposition to disease is important in medical practice because it can help identify individuals who are at high risk of developing a particular disease and allow for early intervention and prevention strategies to be implemented.
Inborn genetic diseases, also known as genetic disorders or hereditary diseases, are conditions that are caused by mutations or variations in an individual's DNA. These mutations can be inherited from one or both parents and can affect the normal functioning of the body's cells, tissues, and organs. Inborn genetic diseases can be classified into several categories, including single-gene disorders, chromosomal disorders, and multifactorial disorders. Single-gene disorders are caused by mutations in a single gene, while chromosomal disorders involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. Multifactorial disorders are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Examples of inborn genetic diseases include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Huntington's disease, Down syndrome, and Turner syndrome. These diseases can have a wide range of symptoms and severity, and can affect various parts of the body, including the heart, lungs, brain, and skeletal system. Diagnosis of inborn genetic diseases typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and genetic testing. Treatment options may include medications, surgery, and supportive care, depending on the specific disease and its severity.
Prostatic neoplasms refer to tumors that develop in the prostate gland, which is a small gland located in the male reproductive system. These tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign prostatic neoplasms, also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), are the most common type of prostatic neoplasm and are typically associated with an increase in the size of the prostate gland. Malignant prostatic neoplasms, on the other hand, are more serious and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. The most common type of prostate cancer is adenocarcinoma, which starts in the glandular cells of the prostate. Other types of prostatic neoplasms include sarcomas, which are rare and start in the connective tissue of the prostate, and carcinoid tumors, which are rare and start in the neuroendocrine cells of the prostate.
Breast neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the breast tissue. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign breast neoplasms are usually not life-threatening, but they can cause discomfort or cosmetic concerns. Malignant breast neoplasms, on the other hand, can spread to other parts of the body and are considered a serious health threat. Some common types of breast neoplasms include fibroadenomas, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma.
In the medical field, neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors of cells that can occur in any part of the body. These growths can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. They can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, or difficulty moving the affected area. Examples of benign neoplasms include lipomas (fatty tumors), hemangiomas (vascular tumors), and fibromas (fibrous tumors). Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous and can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. They can cause a wide range of symptoms, depending on the location and stage of the cancer. Examples of malignant neoplasms include carcinomas (cancers that start in epithelial cells), sarcomas (cancers that start in connective tissue), and leukemias (cancers that start in blood cells). The diagnosis of neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy (the removal of a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope). Treatment options for neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. It is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for about 90-95% of all cases. In type 2 diabetes, the body's cells become resistant to insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar levels. As a result, the pancreas may not produce enough insulin to overcome this resistance, leading to high blood sugar levels. The symptoms of type 2 diabetes may include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision, slow-healing sores, and unexplained weight loss. If left untreated, type 2 diabetes can lead to serious complications such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, nerve damage, and vision loss. Treatment for type 2 diabetes typically involves lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise, as well as medication to help regulate blood sugar levels. In some cases, insulin therapy may be necessary.
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings that include episodes of mania or hypomania (abnormally elevated or irritable mood) and depression. These mood swings can be severe and can significantly impact a person's daily life, relationships, and ability to function. Bipolar disorder is typically diagnosed based on a person's symptoms, medical history, and a physical examination. There are several different types of bipolar disorder, including bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, and other specified bipolar and related disorders. Treatment for bipolar disorder typically involves a combination of medication and therapy. Medications used to treat bipolar disorder may include mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants. Therapy may include cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, and family-focused therapy. It is important to note that bipolar disorder is a serious medical condition that requires ongoing treatment and management. With proper treatment, many people with bipolar disorder are able to manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives.
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by a range of symptoms that affect a person's thoughts, emotions, and behavior. These symptoms can include hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not there), delusions (false beliefs that are not based in reality), disorganized thinking and speech, and problems with emotional expression and social interaction. Schizophrenia is a chronic condition that can last for a lifetime, although the severity of symptoms can vary over time. It is not caused by a single factor, but rather by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors. Treatment for schizophrenia typically involves a combination of medication, therapy, and support from family and friends. While there is no cure for schizophrenia, with proper treatment, many people are able to manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infections refer to the presence of the HIV virus in the body. HIV is a retrovirus that attacks and weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections and diseases. HIV is transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. The most common modes of transmission include unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles or syringes, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. HIV infections can be diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of the virus or antibodies produced in response to the virus. Once diagnosed, HIV can be managed with antiretroviral therapy (ART), which helps to suppress the virus and prevent the progression of the disease to AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). It is important to note that HIV is not the same as AIDS. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS, but not everyone with HIV will develop AIDS. With proper treatment and management, individuals with HIV can live long and healthy lives.
Alcoholism, also known as alcohol use disorder (AUD), is a chronic and often relapsing brain disorder characterized by the excessive and compulsive consumption of alcohol despite negative consequences to one's health, relationships, and daily life. In the medical field, alcoholism is diagnosed based on a set of criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). These criteria include: 1. The presence of tolerance, which is the need to consume more alcohol to achieve the same desired effect. 2. The presence of withdrawal symptoms when alcohol use is reduced or stopped. 3. The presence of cravings or a strong desire to drink. 4. The continuation of alcohol use despite negative consequences, such as health problems, relationship problems, or legal problems. 5. The presence of significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning due to alcohol use. Alcoholism is a complex disorder that can be caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment for alcoholism typically involves a combination of behavioral therapy, medication, and support groups.
Brain neoplasms, also known as brain tumors, are abnormal growths of cells in the brain. They can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Brain tumors can occur in any part of the brain and can be primary (originating from brain cells) or secondary (spreading from other parts of the body to the brain). Symptoms of brain neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but may include headaches, seizures, changes in vision or hearing, difficulty with balance or coordination, and changes in personality or behavior. Diagnosis of brain neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans, as well as a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for brain neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. The specific treatment plan will depend on the type, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient.
Obesity is a medical condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of body fat, which increases the risk of various health problems. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines obesity as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher, where BMI is calculated as a person's weight in kilograms divided by their height in meters squared. Obesity is a complex condition that results from a combination of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors. It can lead to a range of health problems, including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, certain types of cancer, and respiratory problems. In the medical field, obesity is often treated through a combination of lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise, and medical interventions, such as medications or bariatric surgery. The goal of treatment is to help individuals achieve and maintain a healthy weight, reduce their risk of health problems, and improve their overall quality of life.
In the medical field, "wounds and injuries" refer to any type of damage or harm that is inflicted on the body, typically as a result of an external force or trauma. This can include cuts, scrapes, bruises, burns, fractures, and other types of physical trauma. Wounds can be classified based on their depth and severity. Superficial wounds only penetrate the outer layer of skin (epidermis) and are typically easy to treat. Deeper wounds, such as lacerations or punctures, can penetrate the dermis or subcutaneous tissue and may require more extensive medical attention. Injuries can also be classified based on their cause. For example, a fall may result in both a wound (such as a cut or bruise) and an injury (such as a broken bone or concussion). Injuries can be further classified based on their location, severity, and potential long-term effects. The treatment of wounds and injuries typically involves cleaning and dressing the affected area, administering pain medication if necessary, and monitoring for signs of infection or other complications. In some cases, more extensive medical treatment may be required, such as surgery or physical therapy.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects multiple organs and systems in the body. It is characterized by the production of autoantibodies that attack healthy cells and tissues, leading to inflammation and damage. The symptoms of SLE can vary widely and may include joint pain and swelling, skin rashes, fatigue, fever, and kidney problems. Other possible symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, headaches, and memory problems. SLE can affect people of all ages and ethnicities, but it is more common in women than in men. There is no known cure for SLE, but treatment can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment may include medications to reduce inflammation, suppress the immune system, and prevent blood clots. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage severe symptoms or complications.
In the medical field, poisoning refers to the harmful effects that occur when a person is exposed to a toxic substance, either intentionally or unintentionally. Poisoning can occur through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact with a toxic substance. The effects of poisoning can vary widely depending on the type and amount of the toxic substance, as well as the individual's age, health status, and other factors. Symptoms of poisoning can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, confusion, seizures, and even coma or death in severe cases. Treatment for poisoning depends on the type and severity of the exposure. In some cases, supportive care such as fluid replacement, oxygen therapy, or medication to manage symptoms may be necessary. In more severe cases, hospitalization and specialized treatment may be required. Prevention of poisoning is the best approach, and this can involve measures such as proper storage and labeling of toxic substances, avoiding exposure to hazardous materials, and educating individuals about the risks associated with certain substances.
Nonparametric statistics
Nonparametric skew
Nonparametric regression
Friedman test
Ranking (statistics)
Record value
Kernel smoother
Boundary problem (spatial analysis)
Lepage test
Hannu Oja
Charles Joel Stone
Sign test
K-nearest neighbors algorithm
Mathematical statistics
Hodges-Lehmann estimator
Empirical likelihood
Wald-Wolfowitz runs test
Delta method
Functional principal component analysis
Bretagnolle-Huber inequality
Cucconi test
Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance
Stein's unbiased risk estimate
Phillip Good
Analysis of variance
Shlomo Sawilowsky
Step detection
Mann-Whitney U test
Tukey-Duckworth test
Pinsker's inequality
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Parametric2
- Nonparametric tests are often practically very useful when a data set's distribution is unknown e.g. when testing the correlation between two variables for a regression, it is often inappropriate to assume the variables studied are normally distributed, and therefore a Pearson's correlation is inappropriate and the Spearman rank correlation would be the non-parametric test that could be applied to such data. (radiopaedia.org)
- Advanced EEG analysis using threshold-free cluster-enhancement and non-parametric statistics. (crossref.org)
Estimation5
- The motions improved for download Introduction to Nonparametric Estimation (Springer Series in Statistics) cardsBusiness must halt outer to include the cyclophilin oxidized by metastable world" to the laser protein. (robertfischer.name)
- But I use one of the data to bad download Introduction to Nonparametric Estimation (Springer Series in Statistics) of the many email by the OSS moderation provides very been the greater diffraction of first assets for Many seals, related to the( at least Also) were VS Express hundreds. (robertfischer.name)
- The such download Introduction to Nonparametric Estimation (Springer Series in Statistics) 2008 for the uncharacterized order and History welfare has under the Software Screen. (robertfischer.name)
- Nonparametric Estimation of the Correlation Exponent. (hbs.edu)
- Nonparametric estimation of large covariance matrices with conditional sparsity. (warwick.ac.uk)
Bayesian1
- Bayesian nonparametric clustering in phylogenetics: modeling antigenic evolution in influenza. (cdc.gov)
20201
- Participaron 520 jóvenes: 246 estudiantes de bachillerato y universidad en el año 2020, durante el confinamiento y 274, search, writing, revision and en 2022. (bvsalud.org)
Statistical3
- Discussion of 'Statistical modelling of citation exchange between statistics journals' by Varin, Cattelan and Firth, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, 179, 54. (warwick.ac.uk)
- It offers a vital tool for understanding spatial statistics and surveys how concerns about violating the independent observations assumption of statistical analysis developed into this discipline. (e-elgar.com)
- In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. (bvsalud.org)
Spatial Statistics4
- This Advanced Introduction provides a critical review and discussion of research concerning spatial statistics, differentiating between it and spatial econometrics, to answer a set of core questions covering the geographic-tagging-of-data origins of the concept and its theoretical underpinnings, conceptual advances, and challenges for future scholarly work. (e-elgar.com)
- The helpful insights from empirical applications of spatial statistics in agronomy, criminology, demography, economics, epidemiology, geography, remotely sensed data, urban studies, and zoology/botany, will make this book a useful tool for upper-level students in these disciplines. (e-elgar.com)
- With widespread and increasingly available georeferenced data, this book offers a timely assessment of contemporary methods, models, and metrics-such as the eigenvector spatial filtering approach to handling spatial autocorrelation-in spatial statistics. (e-elgar.com)
- An advanced introduction to spatial statistics: motivation and scope 2. (e-elgar.com)
Descriptive statistics2
- Support for quantities in descriptive statistics. (wolfram.com)
- Descriptive statistics, data visualisation. (muni.cz)
Independence1
- Implements the Divergence from Independence (DFI) model based on Chi-square statistics (i.e., standardized Chi-squared distance from independence in term frequency tf). (apache.org)
Data4
- Nonparametric statistics is the area of statistics that deals with data which either does not have a probability distribution or that does not have the distribution's parameters specified. (radiopaedia.org)
- Version 11 supports quantities across the probability and statistics functionality, fully automating conversion, propagation, and transformations - from data to models to correct interpretation. (wolfram.com)
- Use quantity data to build nonparametric distributions. (wolfram.com)
- An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. (bvsalud.org)
Economics1
- His articles have been published in a variety of academic journals, including the Journal of Financial Economics , the Journal of Business and Economic Statistics , the Journal of Economics and Business , and the Physical Review A . Professor Mayfield has also written numerous case studies on a range of valuation, financing, and strategic decision making topics. (hbs.edu)
Test2
- Abstract This paper examines whether the differences of opinion across active money managers relates to stock market volatility via the recently proposed nonparametric causality-in-quantiles test. (repec.org)
- Unlike the result of no predictability obtained under the misspecified linear set-up, our nonparametric causality-in-quantiles test indicates that dispersion in active managers' risk exposures to the stock market can predict volatility over the range of quantiles that correspond to moderately high levels of market volatility. (repec.org)
Journal2
- Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 10, no. 3 (July 1992). (hbs.edu)
- Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, to appear. (warwick.ac.uk)
Introduction1
- Introduction to statistics, testing of hypotheses. (muni.cz)
University1
- Francesca obtained her PhD in Statistics at the University of Oxford in 2022. (lse.ac.uk)
Parametric statistics2
- Unlike = parametric statistics, nonparametric statistics make no assumptions about t= he probability distributions of the variables being assessed. (nylxs.com)
- In one-sample tests, combination of contrast estimates into a random-effects General Linear Model or non-parametric statistics provide a good approximation of the reference approach. (biorxiv.org)
Regression8
- Nonparametric regression analysis of data from the Ames mutagenicity assay. (nih.gov)
- We study yet another approach, the application of nonparametric regression techniques, not as the ultimate solution but rather as a framework within which to address some of the shortcomings of other methods. (nih.gov)
- But nonparametric regression is itself prone to difficulties when applied to Ames assay data, as we show through the use of two examples and some simulation studies. (nih.gov)
- We compare the performance of TDI using nonparametric quantile regression to the TDI assuming normality (Lin, 2000). (nih.gov)
- Monotone nonparametric regression and confidence intervals. (nih.gov)
- An introduction to the basic ideas and techniques of probability theory and to selected topics in statistics, such as sampling theory, confidence intervals, and linear regression. (juniata.edu)
- Introduction to traditional statistical concepts including descriptive statistics, binomial and normal probability models, confidence intervals, tests of hypotheses, linear correlation and regression, two-way contingency tables, and one-way analysis of variance. (juniata.edu)
- This course covers basic descriptive and inferential statistics, normal curve and z-score computations, and addresses hypothesis testing using Chi-Square, T-Test, ANOVA, and linear regression modelling. (juniata.edu)
Probability2
- He was Editor of Biometrika (2008-2017), Joint Editor of Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, series B (2000-2003), editor of the IMS Lecture Notes Monograph Series (2007), Associate Editor of Biometrika (1987-1999), and Associate Editor of the Brazilian Journal of Probability and Statistics (1987 2006). (epfl.ch)
- Nonparametric statistics are statistics not based on parameterized famili= es of probability distributions. (nylxs.com)
Methods4
- His main research interests are statistics of extremes, likelihood asymptotics, bootstrap and other resampling methods, and statistical modelling, with a particular focus on the first currently. (epfl.ch)
- She developed nonparametric and semiparametric methods to simultaneously analyze multiple time-to-event outcomes, to facilitate risk assessment of multiple diseases across individual's lifespan. (nih.gov)
- This course offers an in-depth exploration of the fundamental principles in statistics and the primary methods employed to identify and measure disease and associated risks. (birmingham.ac.uk)
- This short course provides an introduction to the basic concepts in statistics and the main epidemiological methods used to identify and quantify disease and associated risks. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Computational Statistics1
- Computational Statistics & Data Analysis , 89:1-11, 2015. (nih.gov)
Mathematics3
- Restriction B: Not open to students who have taken or are taking MATH 123 , except by permission of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics. (mcgill.ca)
- Mathematics & Statistics (Sci) : Review of functions and graphs. (mcgill.ca)
- Mathematics & Statistics (Sci) : The definite integral. (mcgill.ca)
Analysis1
- When image data is available for each study, a number of approaches have been proposed to perform such meta-analysis including combination of standardised statistics, just effect estimates or both effects estimates and their sampling variance. (biorxiv.org)
Principles1
- This course introduces the student to the emerging field of data science through the presentation of basic math and statistics principles, an introduction to the computer tools and software commonly used to perform the data analytics, and a general overview of the machine learning techniques commonly applied to datasets for knowledge discovery. (juniata.edu)
Research1
- We want to conduct some meaningful and fruitful research into multivariate nonparametric econometrics. (cas.cz)
Provide1
- Moreover, by focusing on excess risk rather than parameter estimation, we can provide rates under weaker assumptions than in previous works and accommodate settings in which the target parameter belongs to a complex nonparametric class. (projecteuclid.org)
Approach1
- I tried using Montecarlo simulations, however I am not sure whether this is the correct approach, since my statistics where non-parametric. (nih.gov)
Fellow1
- He is an elected Fellow of the American Statistical Assocation and of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, an elected member of the International Statistical Institute, and a Chartered Statistician. (epfl.ch)
Medicine2
Applications1
- Currently he on the editorial board of Annual Reviews of Statistics and its Applications. (epfl.ch)
Communications1
- Communications in Statistics-Simulation and Computation ® , 39(4):828-845, 2010. (nih.gov)
Institute2
Include1
- They include both descriptive and inferent= ial statistics. (nylxs.com)