The science and art of collecting, summarizing, and analyzing data that are subject to random variation. The term is also applied to the data themselves and to the summarization of the data.
Used for general articles concerning statistics of births, deaths, marriages, etc.
A center in the PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE which is primarily concerned with the collection, analysis, and dissemination of health statistics on vital events and health activities to reflect the health status of people, health needs, and health resources.
Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.
Application of statistical procedures to analyze specific observed or assumed facts from a particular study.
A publication issued at stated, more or less regular, intervals.
Conferences, conventions or formal meetings usually attended by delegates representing a special field of interest.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.
Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.
Activities performed to identify concepts and aspects of published information and research reports.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)
Books used in the study of a subject that contain a systematic presentation of the principles and vocabulary of a subject.
Published materials which provide an examination of recent or current literature. Review articles can cover a wide range of subject matter at various levels of completeness and comprehensiveness based on analyses of literature that may include research findings. The review may reflect the state of the art. It also includes reviews as a literary form.
Conversations with an individual or individuals held in order to obtain information about their background and other personal biographical data, their attitudes and opinions, etc. It includes school admission or job interviews.
Method of measuring performance against established standards of best practice.
Works about clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table.
Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data.
The terms, expressions, designations, or symbols used in a particular science, discipline, or specialized subject area.
Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
Official records of individual deaths including the cause of death certified by a physician, and any other required identifying information.
An approach of practicing medicine with the goal to improve and evaluate patient care. It requires the judicious integration of best research evidence with the patient's values to make decisions about medical care. This method is to help physicians make proper diagnosis, devise best testing plan, choose best treatment and methods of disease prevention, as well as develop guidelines for large groups of patients with the same disease. (from JAMA 296 (9), 2006)
The failure by the observer to measure or identify a phenomenon accurately, which results in an error. Sources for this may be due to the observer's missing an abnormality, or to faulty technique resulting in incorrect test measurement, or to misinterpretation of the data. Two varieties are inter-observer variation (the amount observers vary from one another when reporting on the same material) and intra-observer variation (the amount one observer varies between observations when reporting more than once on the same material).
A systematic statement of policy rules or principles. Guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by convening expert panels. The text may be cursive or in outline form but is generally a comprehensive guide to problems and approaches in any field of activity. For guidelines in the field of health care and clinical medicine, PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC is available.
A statistically significant excess of cases of a disease, occurring within a limited space-time continuum.
A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine.
The complete summaries of the frequencies of the values or categories of a measurement made on a group of items, a population, or other collection of data. The distribution tells either how many or what proportion of the group was found to have each value (or each range of values) out of all the possible values that the quantitative measure can have.
Instruction in which learners progress at their own rate using workbooks, textbooks, or electromechanical devices that provide information in discrete steps, test learning at each step, and provide immediate feedback about achievement. (ERIC, Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, 1996).
All deaths reported in a given population.
A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters.
A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange.
Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint.
In statistics, a technique for numerically approximating the solution of a mathematical problem by studying the distribution of some random variable, often generated by a computer. The name alludes to the randomness characteristic of the games of chance played at the gambling casinos in Monte Carlo. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, 1993)
Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for assisting health care practitioners in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery.
The study of chance processes or the relative frequency characterizing a chance process.
The use of statistical and mathematical methods to analyze biological observations and phenomena.
A course of study offered by an educational institution.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Works about books, articles or other publications on herbs or plants describing their medicinal value.
The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs.
The largest country in North America, comprising 10 provinces and three territories. Its capital is Ottawa.
Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of facts and data garnered from material of a specialized subject area and made available for analysis and application. The collection can be automated by various contemporary methods for retrieval. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC which is restricted to collections of bibliographic references.
The application of STATISTICS to biological systems and organisms involving the retrieval or collection, analysis, reduction, and interpretation of qualitative and quantitative data.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.
A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.
A theorem in probability theory named for Thomas Bayes (1702-1761). In epidemiology, it is used to obtain the probability of disease in a group of people with some characteristic on the basis of the overall rate of that disease and of the likelihood of that characteristic in healthy and diseased individuals. The most familiar application is in clinical decision analysis where it is used for estimating the probability of a particular diagnosis given the appearance of some symptoms or test result.
The number of units (persons, animals, patients, specified circumstances, etc.) in a population to be studied. The sample size should be big enough to have a high likelihood of detecting a true difference between two groups. (From Wassertheil-Smoller, Biostatistics and Epidemiology, 1990, p95)
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.
Labels pasted in books to mark their ownership and sometimes to indicate their location in a library. Private bookplates are often ornate or artistic: simpler and smaller ones bearing merely the owner's name are called "book labels." They are usually pasted on the front endpaper of books. (From Harrod, The Librarians' Glossary and Reference Book, 4th rev ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Published pieces of paper or other material, usually printed on one side and intended to be read unfolded and usually intended to be posted, publicly distributed, or sold. (From Genre Terms: A Thesaurus for Use in Rare Book and Special Collections Cataloguing, 2d ed)
Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or the practical application of such new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws. (Webster, 3d ed)
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Social and economic factors that characterize the individual or group within the social structure.
A distribution function used to describe the occurrence of rare events or to describe the sampling distribution of isolated counts in a continuum of time or space.
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
Research that involves the application of the natural sciences, especially biology and physiology, to medicine.
The educational process of instructing.
Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.
The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers.
The number of males and females in a given population. The distribution may refer to how many men or women or what proportion of either in the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.
Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure.
Transmission of live or pre-recorded audio or video content via connection or download from the INTERNET.
Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.
A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection, inhalation of or exposure to a deleterious agent.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The discipline studying genetic composition of populations and effects of factors such as GENETIC SELECTION, population size, MUTATION, migration, and GENETIC DRIFT on the frequencies of various GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES using a variety of GENETIC TECHNIQUES.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.
Compositions written by hand, as one written before the invention or adoption of printing. A manuscript may also refer to a handwritten copy of an ancient author. A manuscript may be handwritten or typewritten as distinguished from a printed copy, especially the copy of a writer's work from which printed copies are made. (Webster, 3d ed)
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).
Any deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or processes leading to such deviation. Bias can result from several sources: one-sided or systematic variations in measurement from the true value (systematic error); flaws in study design; deviation of inferences, interpretations, or analyses based on flawed data or data collection; etc. There is no sense of prejudice or subjectivity implied in the assessment of bias under these conditions.
Organized activities related to the storage, location, search, and retrieval of information.
Based on known statistical data, the number of years which any person of a given age may reasonably expected to live.
The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)
A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships.
Financial support of research activities.
Computer systems capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information, i.e. data identified according to their locations.
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
Organized collections of computer records, standardized in format and content, that are stored in any of a variety of computer-readable modes. They are the basic sets of data from which computer-readable files are created. (from ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
The use of statistical methods in the analysis of a body of literature to reveal the historical development of subject fields and patterns of authorship, publication, and use. Formerly called statistical bibliography. (from The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Official certifications by a physician recording the individual's birth date, place of birth, parentage and other required identifying data which are filed with the local registrar of vital statistics.
The exchange or transmission of ideas, attitudes, or beliefs between individuals or groups.
Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.
The number of births in a given population per year or other unit of time.
The co-inheritance of two or more non-allelic GENES due to their being located more or less closely on the same CHROMOSOME.
The capability to perform acceptably those duties directly related to patient care.
A family composed of spouses and their children.
Attitudes of personnel toward their patients, other professionals, toward the medical care system, etc.
Postnatal deaths from BIRTH to 365 days after birth in a given population. Postneonatal mortality represents deaths between 28 days and 365 days after birth (as defined by National Center for Health Statistics). Neonatal mortality represents deaths from birth to 27 days after birth.
The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures.
Nonrandom association of linked genes. This is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone.
A system of categories to which morbid entries are assigned according to established criteria. Included is the entire range of conditions in a manageable number of categories, grouped to facilitate mortality reporting. It is produced by the World Health Organization (From ICD-10, p1). The Clinical Modifications, produced by the UNITED STATES DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, are larger extensions used for morbidity and general epidemiological purposes, primarily in the U.S.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
A graphic means for assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons; may also be used in other studies, e.g., distinguishing stimuli responses as to a faint stimuli or nonstimuli.
Research techniques that focus on study designs and data gathering methods in human and animal populations.
A range of values for a variable of interest, e.g., a rate, constructed so that this range has a specified probability of including the true value of the variable.
The portion of an interactive computer program that issues messages to and receives commands from a user.
The system of all phenomena in space and time; the totality of physical reality. It is both a scientific and philosophic concept appearing in all historic eras. (Webster 2d; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)
The biological science concerned with the life-supporting properties, functions, and processes of living organisms or their parts.
The measurement of the health status for a given population using a variety of indices, including morbidity, mortality, and available health resources.
An analysis comparing the allele frequencies of all available (or a whole GENOME representative set of) polymorphic markers in unrelated patients with a specific symptom or disease condition, and those of healthy controls to identify markers associated with a specific disease or condition.
A system for verifying and maintaining a desired level of quality in a product or process by careful planning, use of proper equipment, continued inspection, and corrective action as required. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.
"The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing.
Continuous frequency distribution of infinite range. Its properties are as follows: 1, continuous, symmetrical distribution with both tails extending to infinity; 2, arithmetic mean, mode, and median identical; and 3, shape completely determined by the mean and standard deviation.
A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.
Statistical models in which the value of a parameter for a given value of a factor is assumed to be equal to a + bx, where a and b are constants. The models predict a linear regression.
Processes that incorporate some element of randomness, used particularly to refer to a time series of random variables.
The premier bibliographic database of the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE. MEDLINE® (MEDLARS Online) is the primary subset of PUBMED and can be searched on NLM's Web site in PubMed or the NLM Gateway. MEDLINE references are indexed with MEDICAL SUBJECT HEADINGS (MeSH).
Publications, usually annual, containing a calendar for the coming year, the times of such events and phenomena as anniversaries, sunrises, sunsets, phases of the moon, tides, meteorological, and other statistical information and related topics. Almanacs are also annual reference books of useful and interesting facts relating to countries of the world, sports, entertainment, population groups, etc. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
The prediction or projection of the nature of future problems or existing conditions based upon the extrapolation or interpretation of existing scientific data or by the application of scientific methodology.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
In INFORMATION RETRIEVAL, machine-sensing or identification of visible patterns (shapes, forms, and configurations). (Harrod's Librarians' Glossary, 7th ed)
The use of diffusion ANISOTROPY data from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging results to construct images based on the direction of the faster diffusing molecules.
A physical property showing different values in relation to the direction in or along which the measurement is made. The physical property may be with regard to thermal or electric conductivity or light refraction. In crystallography, it describes crystals whose index of refraction varies with the direction of the incident light. It is also called acolotropy and colotropy. The opposite of anisotropy is isotropy wherein the same values characterize the object when measured along axes in all directions.
A distribution in which a variable is distributed like the sum of the squares of any given independent random variable, each of which has a normal distribution with mean of zero and variance of one. The chi-square test is a statistical test based on comparison of a test statistic to a chi-square distribution. The oldest of these tests are used to detect whether two or more population distributions differ from one another.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
Statistical measures of utilization and other aspects of the provision of health care services including hospitalization and ambulatory care.
A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.
Use for general articles concerning medical education.
Books printed before 1501.
Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.
Organized services to provide information on any questions an individual might have using databases and other sources. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.
The degree to which individuals are inhibited or facilitated in their ability to gain entry to and to receive care and services from the health care system. Factors influencing this ability include geographic, architectural, transportational, and financial considerations, among others.
Groups of individuals whose putative ancestry is from native continental populations based on similarities in physical appearance.
The act of killing oneself.
The period of medical education in a medical school. In the United States it follows the baccalaureate degree and precedes the granting of the M.D.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Studies designed to assess the efficacy of programs. They may include the evaluation of cost-effectiveness, the extent to which objectives are met, or impact.
One of the BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES concerned with the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of animals, plants, and microorganisms.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
The art and science of designing buildings and structures. More generally, it is the design of the total built environment, including town planning, urban design, and landscape architecture.
Systematic identification of a population's needs or the assessment of individuals to determine the proper level of services needed.
Annual statements reviewing the status of the administrative and operational functions and accomplishments of an institution or organization.
Time period from 2001 through 2100 of the common era.
Publications printed and distributed daily, weekly, or at some other regular and usually short interval, containing news, articles of opinion (as editorials and letters), features, advertising, and announcements of current interest. (Webster's 3d ed)
The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.
A method of analyzing the variation in utilization of health care in small geographic or demographic areas. It often studies, for example, the usage rates for a given service or procedure in several small areas, documenting the variation among the areas. By comparing high- and low-use areas, the analysis attempts to determine whether there is a pattern to such use and to identify variables that are associated with and contribute to the variation.
Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures.
Acquisition of knowledge as a result of instruction in a formal course of study.
Enumerations of populations usually recording identities of all persons in every place of residence with age or date of birth, sex, occupation, national origin, language, marital status, income, relation to head of household, information on the dwelling place, education, literacy, health-related data (e.g., permanent disability), etc. The census or "numbering of the people" is mentioned several times in the Old Testament. Among the Romans, censuses were intimately connected with the enumeration of troops before and after battle and probably a military necessity. (From Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 3d ed; Garrison, An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 4th ed, p66, p119)
The confinement of a patient in a hospital.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
Elements of residence that characterize a population. They are applicable in determining need for and utilization of health services.
A stochastic process such that the conditional probability distribution for a state at any future instant, given the present state, is unaffected by any additional knowledge of the past history of the system.
Techniques which study entities using their topological, geometric, or geographic properties.
The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea.
Societies whose membership is limited to physicians.
Databases devoted to knowledge about specific genes and gene products.
The systematic application of information and computer sciences to public health practice, research, and learning.
Any type of research that employs nonnumeric information to explore individual or group characteristics, producing findings not arrived at by statistical procedures or other quantitative means. (Qualitative Inquiry: A Dictionary of Terms Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1997)
The killing of one person by another.
Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.
A management function in which standards and guidelines are developed for the development, maintenance, and handling of forms and records.
Time period from 1801 through 1900 of the common era.
The circulation or wide dispersal of information.
Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.
Educational attainment or level of education of individuals.
Computer-assisted interpretation and analysis of various mathematical functions related to a particular problem.
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE service for health professionals and consumers. It links extensive information from the National Institutes of Health and other reviewed sources of information on specific diseases and conditions.
Methods developed to aid in the interpretation of ultrasound, radiographic images, etc., for diagnosis of disease.
A method of data collection and a QUALITATIVE RESEARCH tool in which a small group of individuals are brought together and allowed to interact in a discussion of their opinions about topics, issues, or questions.
Educational institutions for individuals specializing in the field of medicine.
A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.
Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level.
Educational institutions providing facilities for teaching and research and authorized to grant academic degrees.
The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.
Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Europe.
Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
Instructional use of examples or cases to teach using problem-solving skills and critical thinking.
The interactions between physician and patient.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.

Ventricular pressure-volume curve indices change with end-diastolic pressure. (1/8038)

Many indices have been proposed to describee the diastolic pressure-volume curve mathematically and permit quantification of the elastic properties of the myocardium itself in hopes that changes in the muscle caused by disease would b.e reflected in the diastolic pressure-volume curve. To date, none of the proposed indices has been shown convincingly to discriminate one group of patients from another. While this situation in part arises from the relatively large amount of noise introduced by the technical difficulties of measuring synchronous pressures and volumes during diastole in man, ther is a more fundamental difficulty. In practice, one can measure only a short segment of the entire pressure-volume curve, and the values of all diastolic pressure-volume curve parameters investigated change significantly when one uses different segments of the same pressure-volume curve to compute them. These results were derived from relatively noise-free pressure-volume curves obtained by filling nine excised dog left ventricles at a known rate and monitoring pressure-volume curve used to compute the parameter. Merely increasing measurement fidelity will not resolve this problem, because none of these parameters accurately characterizes the entire diastolic pressure-volume curbe from a segment like that which one can reasonably expect to obtain from humans.  (+info)

Testing for selective neutrality of electrophoretically detectable protein polymorphisms. (2/8038)

The statistical assessment of gene-frequency data on protein polymorphisms in natural populations remains a contentious issue. Here we formulate a test of whether polymorphisms detected by electrophoresis are in accordance with the stepwise, or charge-state, model of mutation in finite populations in the absence of selection. First, estimates of the model parameters are derived by minimizing chi-square deviations of the observed frequencies of genotypes with alleles (0,1,2...) units apart from their theoretical expected values. Then the remaining deviation is tested under the null hypothesis of neutrality. The procedure was found to be conservative for false rejections in simulation data. We applied the test to Ayala and Tracey 's data on 27 allozymic loci in six populations of Drosophila willistoni . About one-quarter of polymorphic loci showed significant departure from the neutral theory predictions in virtually all populations. A further quarter showed significant departure in some populations. The remaining data showed an acceptable fit to the charge state model. A predominating mode of selection was selection against alleles associated with extreme electrophoretic mobilities. The advantageous properties and the difficulties of the procedure are discussed.  (+info)

The significance of non-significance. (3/8038)

We discuss the implications of empirical results that are statistically non-significant. Figures illustrate the interrelations among effect size, sample sizes and their dispersion, and the power of the experiment. All calculations (detailed in Appendix) are based on actual noncentral t-distributions, with no simplifying mathematical or statistical assumptions, and the contribution of each tail is determined separately. We emphasize the importance of reporting, wherever possible, the a priori power of a study so that the reader can see what the chances were of rejecting a null hypothesis that was false. As a practical alternative, we propose that non-significant inference be qualified by an estimate of the sample size that would be required in a subsequent experiment in order to attain an acceptable level of power under the assumption that the observed effect size in the sample is the same as the true effect size in the population; appropriate plots are provided for a power of 0.8. We also point out that successive outcomes of independent experiments each of which may not be statistically significant on its own, can be easily combined to give an overall p value that often turns out to be significant. And finally, in the event that the p value is high and the power sufficient, a non-significant result may stand and be published as such.  (+info)

The Dictyostelium developmental cDNA project: generation and analysis of expressed sequence tags from the first-finger stage of development. (4/8038)

In an effort to identify and characterize genes expressed during multicellular development ill Dictyostelium, we have undertaken a cDNA sequencing project. Using size-fractionated subsets of cDNA from the first finger stage, two sets of gridded libraries were constructed for cDNA sequencing. One, library S, consisting of 9984 clones, carries relatively short inserts, and the other, library L, which consists of 8448 clones, has longer inserts. We sequenced all the selected clones in library S from their 3'-ends, and this generated 3093 non-redundant, expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Among them, 246 ESTs hit known Dictyostelium genes and 910 showed significant similarity to genes of Dictyostelium and other organisms. For library L, 1132 clones were randomly sequenced and 471 non-redundant ESTs were obtained. In combination, the ESTs from the two libraries represent approximately 40% of genes expressed in late development, assuming that the non-redundant ESTs correspond to independent genes. They will provide a useful resource for investigating the genetic networks that regulate multicellular development of this organism.  (+info)

The transmission/disequilibrium test and parental-genotype reconstruction: the reconstruction-combined transmission/ disequilibrium test. (5/8038)

Spielman and Ewens recently proposed a method for testing a marker for linkage with a disease, which combines data from families with and without information on parental genotypes. For some families without parental-genotype information, it may be possible to reconstruct missing parental genotypes from the genotypes of their offspring. The treatment of such a reconstructed family as if parental genotypes have been typed, however, can introduce bias. In the present study, a new method is presented that employs parental-genotype reconstruction and corrects for the biases resulting from reconstruction. The results of an application of this method to a real data set and of a simulation study suggest that this approach may increase the power to detect linkage.  (+info)

Analysis of affected sib pairs, with covariates--with and without constraints. (6/8038)

Covariate models have previously been developed as an extension to affected-sib-pair methods in which the covariate effects are jointly estimated with the degree of excess allele sharing. These models can estimate the differences in sib-pair allele sharing that are associated with measurable environment or genes. When there are no covariates, the pattern of identical-by-descent allele sharing in affected sib pairs is expected to fall within a small triangular region of the potential parameter space, under most genetic models. By restriction of the estimated allele sharing to this triangle, improved power is obtained in tests for genetic linkage. When the affected-sib-pair model is generalized to allow for covariates that affect allele sharing, however, new constraints and new methods for the application of constraints are required. Three generalized constraint methods are proposed and evaluated by use of simulated data. The results compare the power of the different methods, with and without covariates, for a single-gene model with age-dependent onset and for quantitative and qualitative gene-environment and gene-gene interaction models. Covariates can improve the power to detect linkage and can be particularly valuable when there are qualitative gene-environment interactions. In most situations, the best strategy is to assume that there is no dominance variance and to obtain constrained estimates for covariate models under this assumption.  (+info)

A parametric copula model for analysis of familial binary data. (7/8038)

Modeling the joint distribution of a binary trait (disease) within families is a tedious challenge, owing to the lack of a general statistical model with desirable properties such as the multivariate Gaussian model for a quantitative trait. Models have been proposed that either assume the existence of an underlying liability variable, the reality of which cannot be checked, or provide estimates of aggregation parameters that are dependent on the ordering of family members and on family size. We describe how a class of copula models for the analysis of exchangeable categorical data can be incorporated into a familial framework. In this class of models, the joint distribution of binary outcomes is characterized by a function of the given marginals. This function, referred to as a "copula," depends on an aggregation parameter that is weakly dependent on the marginal distributions. We propose to decompose a nuclear family into two sets of equicorrelated data (parents and offspring), each of which is characterized by an aggregation parameter (alphaFM and alphaSS, respectively). The marginal probabilities are modeled through a logistic representation. The advantage of this model is that it provides estimates of the aggregation parameters that are independent of family size and does not require any arbitrary ordering of sibs. It can be incorporated easily into segregation or combined segregation-linkage analysis and does not require extensive computer time. As an illustration, we applied this model to a combined segregation-linkage analysis of levels of plasma angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) dichotomized into two classes according to the median. The conclusions of this analysis were very similar to those we had reported in an earlier familial analysis of quantitative ACE levels.  (+info)

Parental hyperdynamic circulation predicts insulin resistance in offspring: The Tecumseh Offspring Study. (8/8038)

Controversy surrounds the pathogenetic mechanisms of the relationship between hyperdynamic circulation and insulin resistance. Two hundred eight children and young adults (mean age, 17.2+/-3.0 years; range, 11 to 26 years) from the Tecumseh Offspring Study whose parents had been assessed with Doppler echocardiography at the age of 34 years during the previous Tecumseh Blood Pressure Study were considered for this analysis. Offspring data were stratified according to tertiles of parental cardiac index. Parents in the top cardiac index tertile had increased heart rate (P=0.001), stroke volume (P=0.0001), left ventricular fractional shortening (P=0.02), and plasma epinephrine (P=0.02) compared with parents in the other tertiles. Body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure were similar in all groups. Offspring of parents with a high cardiac index had greater BMI (P=0.001), skinfold thickness (P=0.008), and waist/hip ratio (P=0.02), higher diastolic blood pressure (P=0.02) and plasma insulin level (P=0.001), and higher heart rate during Stroop's color test (P=0.02) than offspring of parents with a lower cardiac index. In a multivariate regression analysis, offspring BMI was predicted by parental BMI and cardiac index (P=0.0001 and 0.003, respectively). The mother-child relationship explained most of the cardiac index-BMI association. In summary, parental hyperdynamic circulation was an important predictor of overweight, abnormal fat distribution, increased blood pressure, and hyperinsulinemia in offspring. Our results illustrate the complexity of interaction between a genetic tendency and its phenotypic expression. We speculate that the degree of beta-adrenergic responsiveness may be a major determinant of the phenotypic differences between the parents and offspring found in this study.  (+info)

Welcome to the website of the Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. On this website we invite you to learn about Medical Education provided by the Department, the Departments contribution in the field of Public Health and the research activities of the Special Research and Diagnostic Units.. The Department offers programs for undergraduate students of the Medical School and of the School of Dentistry, the Faculty of Biology and the Faculty of Pharmacy of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. Additionally, there are programs offered for postgraduate students, prospective health officers, who receive special training in order to understand methodological research issues in order to consider the broader needs of the population following the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) and evidence-based scientific data. Similar specialized courses are offered to staff and to lead research ...
S. Christopher Bennett; A statistical study of Rhamphorhynchus from the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany, year-classes of a single large species. Journal of Paleontology ; 69 (3): 569-580. doi: Download citation file:. ...
Josselin Prevost, Nada Bošnjaković-Pavlović, Anne Spasojevic - de Biré. Crystallographic statistical studies of the decavanadate anion: toward a prediction of the non-covalent interactions. XVII Conference of Serbian Crystallographic Society, Jun 2010, Ivajnica, Serbia. ⟨hal-02300972⟩ ...
The local environment of the geographical origin of plants shaped their genetic variations through environmental adaptation. While the characteristics of the local environment correlate with the genotypes and other genomic features of the plants, they can also be indicative of genotype-phenotype associations providing additional information relevant to environmental dependence. In this study, we investigate how the geoclimatic features from the geographical origin of the |i|Arabidopsis thaliana|/i| accessions can be integrated with genomic features for phenotype prediction and association analysis using advanced canonical correlation analysis (CCA). In particular, we propose a novel method called hierarchical canonical correlation analysis (HCCA) to combine mutations, gene expressions, and DNA methylations with geoclimatic features for informative coprojections of the features. HCCA uses a condition number of the cross-covariance between pairs of datasets to infer a hierarchical structure for applying
Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Ingredients - Chapter IV.B.4. Statistical Considerations in Toxicity Studies
Course dates: 3 weeks in July. Epidemiological research has become an important tool in the study of the aetiology and natural history of infectious and non-infectious diseases, and in assessing health effects in populations. This is a three week concentrated course on the basic principles and methods of epidemiology and medical statistics. The emphasis will be on the design and interpretation of epidemiological studies. Appropriate statistical methods will be integrated with the main epidemiological content, and practical sessions will make use of relevant computer software.. The course is relevant to clinicians and other graduates who work in medical research units, academic departments or health services. No previous formal training in epidemiology or statistics is required. Those who are confident in these methods may prefer to consider the Advanced Course in Epidemiological Analysis in September.. ...
It has been previously shown that, when both acoustic and articulatory training data are available, it is possible to improve phonetic recognition accuracy by learning acoustic features from this multi-view data with canonical correlation analysis (CCA). In contrast with previous work based on linear or kernel CCA, we use the recently proposed deep CCA, where the functional form of the feature mapping is a deep neural network. We apply the approach on a speaker-independent phonetic recognition task using data from the University of Wisconsin X-ray Microbeam Database. Using a tandem-style recognizer on this task, deep CCA features improve over earlier multi-view approaches as well as over articulatory inversion and typical neural network-based tandem features. We also present a new stochastic training approach for deep CCA, which produces both faster training and better-performing features ...
Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is a well-known technique used to characterize the relationship between two sets of multidimensional variables by finding linear combinations of variables with...
This course fundamentally deepened my understanding of statistics and studies. I will certainly apply the knowledge gained as often as possible. Absolutely vital course for understanding basic epidemiology, studies and statistics. I would recommend that everyone get a copy of the textbook before class though. It complements the ActivEpi CD extremely well.. ...
When different forms of statistical studies, and different approaches in the study of one disease, lead to a similar set of deductions, the validity of the deductions assumes a greater weight and significance. The importance of the summation of the evidence is well illustrated in the evaluation of different statistical studies of cancer of the lung and the reasonable conclusion t h a t its main cause is cigarette smoking (see Chapter IX). Another meaningful illustration of the usefulness of statistical methods may be seen in records of epidermoid cancer of the skin. In benign ulcer, there is complete destruction of muscle in the floor; and the muscularis mucosae is fused with the muscular layer at the edge of the ulcer. I n malignancy arising de novo, muscle remnants are left in the base, and there is no fusion a t the margins ; if a malignant ulcer has no muscle in its base, it may have been preceded by a peptic ulcer. 2. In benign ulcer, there is dense fibrosis underlying granulation tissue in ...
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
On November 12-13, 1999, an international workshop was held in Heidelberg on the relation between mobile telephones and tumors of the brain, head, and neck. Organized by the Department of Environmental Epidemiology of the German Cancer Research Center, the Institute of Medical Statistics and Documentation of the University of Mainz, and the Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics of the University of Bielefeld, the workshop aimed to summarize present knowledge of the health effects of mobile telephones, to report on current research activities, and to present results from a pilot-study from Germany to guide further research activities. Scientists from various European countries, the USA, and New Zealand; representatives of district and country authorities; and employees of different telephone companies participated in the workshop.. Kenneth Rothman (USA), the first speaker, summarized results from epidemiologic studies that examined the risk of cancer for amateur radio operators, ...
The output window contains additional tables, as shown in Figure 28.5. The figure displays the likelihood ratios and associated statistics for testing the hypothesis that the canonical correlations in the current row and all that follow are zero. The first approximate F value of 30.80 corresponds to the test that all canonical correlations are zero. Since the p-value is small, you can reject the null hypothesis at the 95% level. Similarly, the second approximate F value of 29.50 corresponds to the test that the second canonical correlation is zero. This test also rejects the hypothesis. Several multivariate statistics and F test approximations are also provided. These statistics test the null hypothesis that all canonical correlations are zero. The small p-values for these tests (, 0.0001) are evidence for rejecting the null hypothesis. ...
The Institute for Statistics Education at Statistics.com is the leading provider of online courses in statistics and data science, offering over 100 courses in introductory and advanced topics in analytics, programming and statistics. Students from around the world study with leading authorities via private discussion boards on flexible schedules. Teaching assistants provide individual feedback on practical exercises. The Institute offers CEUs, records of course completion, and certificate programs in advanced statistical study.
In 1950 Wyndor, with the help of his teacher Dr. Graham, collected questionnaires regarding smoking habits from hospital patients and concluded that lung cancer was associated with smoking. This belief was supported by prospective and retrospective studies by the well-known statisticians Richard Dole and Bradford Hill. As Brandt observes these new kind of studies were originated in the attempt to show that smoking caused lung cancer. Neither source discusses in any detail the reasons that the two famous statisticians Joseph Berkson in the US and R.A Fisher in the UK were not convinced that smoking caused lung cancer. Berkson explained his reasons in his article: Smoking and lung cancer: some observations on two recent reports. J Am Stat Assoc 1958;53:28-38. Here he argues that causation cannot be concluded from statistical studies which do not deal with laboratory experiments or placebo-controlled clinical trials. He is also concerned that the studies upon which causation is concluded found an ...
In 1950 Wyndor, with the help of his teacher Dr. Graham, collected questionnaires regarding smoking habits from hospital patients and concluded that lung cancer was associated with smoking. This belief was supported by prospective and retrospective studies by the well-known statisticians Richard Dole and Bradford Hill. As Brandt observes these new kind of studies were originated in the attempt to show that smoking caused lung cancer. Neither source discusses in any detail the reasons that the two famous statisticians Joseph Berkson in the US and R.A Fisher in the UK were not convinced that smoking caused lung cancer. Berkson explained his reasons in his article: Smoking and lung cancer: some observations on two recent reports. J Am Stat Assoc 1958;53:28-38. Here he argues that causation cannot be concluded from statistical studies which do not deal with laboratory experiments or placebo-controlled clinical trials. He is also concerned that the studies upon which causation is concluded found an ...
Downloadable! In the context of the Beckerian theory of marriage, when men and women match on a single-dimensional index that is the weighted sum of their respective multi- variate attributes, many papers in the literature have used linear canonical correlation, and related techniques, in order to estimate these weights. We argue that this estimation technique is inconsistent and suggest some solutions.
THE MEDIA FREQUENTLY report on examples of situations in which results from statistical studies are not reproducible. A recent article in the New York Times reported how a sophisticated study went wrong because of poor data quality.
Links for you: Does the standard alpha of 0.05 already incorporate misuse of statistics? Philip Pilkington: Defrocking Reinhart and Rogoff - Controversy Ignores Fundamental Issues in the Use and Abuse of Statistical Studies Yet More Fun With Reinhart and Rogoff The Homeland is the Battlefield DC City Council Will Hire Law Firm to Reform Schools…
In the October Research column, I reviewed some of the background considerations for ICRs recently-concluded RATE project (Radioisotopes and the Age of The Earth). The primary hypothesis developed for the research phase of RATE was that accelerated decay could resolve the apparent conflict between the clear statements of Scripture that indicate only thousands of years since Creation and the large amount of nuclear decay in earths rocks that implies billions of years.. Details of the research and findings that support this theory may be found in the final reports of RATE: Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth, Volume II and the book by Dr. Don DeYoung titled Thousands…Not Billions. In this column I would like to briefly discuss one portion of the RATE research project that didnt receive as much attention as I believe it deserves.. Dr. Steven Boyd of The Masters College conducted a statistical study on the historicity of Genesis 1:1-2:3 as a part of the RATE project. Since the RATE ...
Additionally if you are using statistics to fit bikes you might be missing something in the unique needs of that cyclist .Statistical Studies are great for overviews. Bike fitting is much more about the needs of the person being fitted an the relationship to the bike selected .im not saying dont collect data. there is much to be learned from it ...
In addition to all the problems of designing good measurement instruments (especially when people are involved), each type of study has its own pitfalls to avoid. Proper statistical design of these studies will take these into account. A good report of a statistical study should convince you that this has been done ...
Until recently, Karl Pearson Correlation analysis was one of the most popular methods to measure linear association between two or more than two variables in a data set. For example, establishing the Karl Pearson Correlation between X variable and Y variable, where both variables belong to a single data set. Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), on the other hand, helps measure the correlation among variables which are in different datasets.. correlation in data modelling, correlation in supervised learning, Supervised learning ...
Reader, Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University - Cited by 1,864 - Medical statistics - Causal inference - Missing data
Köp böcker inom Medicinsk utrustning & medicinska tekniker: Nursing Research; Meta-Analysis in Stata; Medical Statistics at a Glance m.fl.
Applied Statistics Stata assignment help & homework + project assistance Applied Statistics Assignment Help Introduction Applied Statistics Advanced/applied statistics consists of innovative subjects in statistics such as Decisi
Free Essay: Introduction Assumption/Hypothesis Confirm a common assumption about data statistics: data statistics are accurate in calculation but can be...
Basic Statistics Assignment Help, characteristic, 1. Mention the characteristics of Statistics. Explain any two applications of Statistics.
Free statistics help forum. Discuss statistical research, data analysis, statistics homework questions, R, SAS, Stata, SPSS, and more.
Free statistics help forum. Discuss statistical research, data analysis, statistics homework questions, R, SAS, Stata, SPSS, and more.
Statistical Analysis & SPSS Statistics Projects for £20 - £250. SPSS report+exercise. Any info and instructions are attached. ...
WinnaLotto is a comprehensive Lotto and Keno statistics application WinnaLotto is able to handle the analysis of numbers from 1 to 80 inclusive with a draw size from 1 to 20 numbers It can analyse individual numbers or pair and triple
Tax-Exempt Organizations in Iowa - Detailed Financial Reports, Statistics, Rankings, Location. IRS 990, 990EZ, 990N form fillings
Advanced Statistics Assignment Help, Describe longini koopman model, Longini Koopman model : In epidemiology the model for primary and secondary infection, based on the classification of the extra-binomial variation in an infection rate which might arise due to clustering of the infected individual within the househ
চিকাগো বিশ্বোবিদ্যালয়ের statistics শিক্ষক স্টিফেন স্টিগলার, ১৯৮০ সালে প্রোকাশিতো বোই stiglers law of eponyms-এ উপোরোক্ত বিষয়ে বিস্তারিতো বর্ণোনা দ্যান।[১] তিনি রবার্ট মার্টন, হুবার্ট কেনেডি, মার্ক টোয়েন, কার্ল বোয়ের, বাবা জর্জ স্টিগলার etc.দের দ্বারা ওনুপ্রানিতো হয়ে এটি লেখেন। সবার অ্যাকই বক্তব্যো, কাজ করে এ, নাম হয় ওর। [২] মার্ক তোয়েন বোলেছেন, টেলিগ্রাফ/টেলিফোন/বাষ্পো ...
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inproceedings{ICML-2009-ChaudhuriKLS, author = Kamalika Chaudhuri and Sham M. Kakade and Karen Livescu and Karthik Sridharan, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Machine Learning}, doi = 10.1145/1553374.1553391, isbn = 978-1-60558-516-1, pages = 129--136, publisher = {ACM}, series = {ACM International Conference Proceeding Series}, title = {Multi-view clustering via canonical correlation analysis}, volume = 382, year = 2009 ...
Surveying the literature, the frequency distribution of single-locus heterozygosity among protein loci was examined in 95 vertebrate and 34 invertebrate species with the aim of testing the validity of the mutation-drift hypothesis. This distribution did not differ significantly from that expected under the mutation-drift hypothesis for any of the species examined when tested by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit statistic. The agreement between the observed interlocus variance of heterozygosity and its theoretical expectation was also satisfactory. There was an indication that variation in the mutation rate among loci inflates the interlocus variance of heterozygosity. The variance of heterozygosity for a homologous locus among different species was also studied. This variance generally agreed with the theoretical value very well, though in some groups of Drosophila species there was a significant discrepancy. The observed relationship between average heterozygosity and the proportion of ...
Codon degeneracy and codon usage by organisms is an interesting and challenging problem. Researchers demonstrated the relation between codon usage and various functions or properties of genes and proteins, such as gene regulation, translation rate, translation efficiency, mRNA stability, splicing, and protein domains. Researchers usually represent segments of proteins responsible for specific functions or structures in a family of proteins as sequence patterns or motifs. We asked the question if organisms use the same codons in pattern segments as compared to the rest of the sequence. We used the likelihood ratio test, Pearsons chi-squared test, and mutual information to compare these two codon usages. We showed that codon usage, in segments of genes that code for a given pattern or motif in a group of proteins, varied from the rest of the gene. The codon usage in these segments was not random. Amino acids with larger number of codons used more specific codon ratios in these segments. We studied the
This study was undertaken to determine the frequency of congenital and acquired syphilis of the bones and joints encountered in the routine practice at the Hosp
In response to the newly released U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance on COVID-19, the Statistics Department at Premier Research has committed to highlighting specific and necessary actionable considerations that directly address key FDA recommendations in the guidance. These considerations call attention to some general actions required to ensure the operational integrity and scientific robustness of clinical trials, especially as we face unusual challenges in trial conduct due to the continuing COVID-19 pandemic.. With the FDA guidance allowing some flexibility in trial procedures, including protocol modifications, study teams should engage the project statistician regarding these changes, in order to effectively assess the level of impact on the trial robustness pertaining to the primary and key secondary efficacy objectives, study power, and the analysis strategy.. Additionally, the guidance specifically notes that a separate listing of all trial participants who were affected ...
books.google.com - (4E 1989; both b...https://books.google.com/books/about/Medical_Statistics_Made_Easy.html?id=Ua4TAQAAMAAJ&utm_source=gb-gplus-shareMedical Statistics Made Easy ...
Mukherjee, B., Ko, Y-A., VanderWeele, T., Roy, A., Park, S.K., Chen, J. Principal interactions analysis for repeated measures data: application to gene-gene and gene-environment interactions.. Many existing cohorts with longitudinal data on environmental exposures, occupational history, lifestyle/ behavioral characteristics, and health outcomes have collected genetic data in recent years. In this paper, we consider the problem of modeling gene-gene and gene-environment interactions with repeated measures data on a quantitative trait. We review possibilities of using classical models proposed by Tukey (1949) and Mandel (1961) using the cell means of a two-way classification array for such data. Although these models are effective for detecting interactions in the presence of main effects, they fail miserably if the interaction structure is misspecified. We explore a more robust class of interaction models that are based on a singular value decomposition of the cell-means residual matrix after ...
Mukherjee, B., Ko, Y-A., VanderWeele, T., Roy, A., Park, S.K., Chen, J. Principal interactions analysis for repeated measures data: application to gene-gene and gene-environment interactions.. Many existing cohorts with longitudinal data on environmental exposures, occupational history, lifestyle/ behavioral characteristics, and health outcomes have collected genetic data in recent years. In this paper, we consider the problem of modeling gene-gene and gene-environment interactions with repeated measures data on a quantitative trait. We review possibilities of using classical models proposed by Tukey (1949) and Mandel (1961) using the cell means of a two-way classification array for such data. Although these models are effective for detecting interactions in the presence of main effects, they fail miserably if the interaction structure is misspecified. We explore a more robust class of interaction models that are based on a singular value decomposition of the cell-means residual matrix after ...
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is a vital tool and approached used by statisticians and data scientists to analyze various data sets using visual and graphical
Muir Gray, Anne Mackie and Angela Raffle have been at the forefront of achieving improvements in UK screening over recent years, and they bring a wealth of experience to this non-technical introductory guide covering all aspects of screening. As USA expert Gilbert Welch describes it, this book is A readable yet encyclopaedic guide to screening: its history, its key design elements, its implementation and policy challenges… A must read for clinicians, managers, and policy makers who would like to assist Raffle Mackie and Gray in achieving their goal: to sort out the mess. The first four chapters deal with concepts, methods and evidence, explaining what screening is and how it is evaluated. Chapters five to eight describe practical aspects, for example how to make policy, and how to deliver screening to a high standard. The book includes numerous examples and real-life case histories, giving important reminders of the need to be vigilant for the hidden influence of commercial incentives and ...
https://nofima.no/en/nyhet/2020/01/norway-is-the-senior-player-in-salmon-farming-in-the-north-but-could-we-also-learn-from-the-smaller-and-younger-industry-players/. ...
Lesson period: Second semester (In case of multiple editions, please check the period, as it may vary) Lessons timetable Assessment methods: ...
As were waiting for the 2013 end-of-year statistics to start coming out, I thought this might be a good time to discuss a very interesting statistical study done by Makena Yarbrough, the director of the Lynchburg Humane Society in Lynchburg, Virginia. The study looked at her shelters experience with Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) over several years. Yarbrough even included a control in the study in the form of statistics from the city of Danville, which is located south of Lynchburg along the Virginia-North Carolina border.. Yarbroughs blog post reporting on the study, linked here, is well worth reading. The study looked at the statistics for Lynchburg and Danville for cat intake and disposition for every year from 2005 to 2012. Lynchburg has a program that offers free spay/neuter and rabies shots to feral and stray cats. Danville impounds cats, but has no TNR program. The graph of outcomes in the two shelters shows a stunning difference.. The Danville shelters live release rate for cats ranges ...
No one is really sure, but we think there are 400,000-500,000 piano teachers in our country, and a comparable proportion of instructors of voice and other instruments. How many of them belong to a professional organization? MTNA has about 24,000 members.. What are all the rest of those teachers doing? You may think you know, when you get a call from a transfer student who has been studying for five years and has never learned to read music. Or has been sitting on a simplified arrangement of Für Elise without progressing past the first page. In our travels, we have found that this is not the whole story. There are many fine teachers who have not yet been convinced of the benefits of association.. Recent statistical studies show us that the American public is supportive of music study. According to a poll taken by the Gallop Organization, American Attitudes Toward Music (March 2003), the overwhelming majority-from 79 percent to 98 percent of those queried, depending on the specific ...
Russia has improved its position in the Global Innovation Index (GII) 2021, ranking 45th among 132 economies and closing the distance to leading countries thanks to better performance in all areas of research, innovation, and creative activities. For the past several years, the Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge (ISSEK) at HSE University has provided advice on the research underlying the index. This year, ISSEK became one of the nine members of the GII Academic Partners Network ...
By conducting statistical studies of the way genetic traits are passed on in fruit flies, Thomas Hunt Morgan broke new ground in genetics during the first decade of the 20th century. His work confirmed that genes are stored in chromosomes inside cell nuclei. He came to understand that genes are organized in a long row inside chromosomes and how traits related to each other correspond to genes that lie close to one another on the chromosomes. He also discovered the crossover phenomenon, in which parts of different chromosomes can trade places with one another.. ...
Spiritual Demography (from prefix demo- from Ancient Greek δῆμος dēmos meaning the people, and -graphy from γράφω graphō, implies writing, description or measurement) is the statistical study and analysis of populations according to the criterium of Spiritual Life. Spiritual Demographics are quantifiable spiritual characteristics of a given population.
John Graunt |John Graunt (1620-1674) is considered by many historians to have founded the |science of demography, the statistical study of human populations.
context: https://springernature.github.io/scigraph/jsonld/sgcontext.json, about: [ { id: http://purl.org/au-research/vocabulary/anzsrc-for/2008/2201, inDefinedTermSet: http://purl.org/au-research/vocabulary/anzsrc-for/2008/, type: DefinedTerm } ], amount: { currency: USD, type: MonetaryAmount, value: 36999499 }, description: DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The Childrens Oncology Group (COG) Statistics and Data Center (SDC), collaborates with the COG membership to design, conduct analyze and report the results of clinical trials of the treatment of childhood cancers and associated, laboratory-based, companion studies of the biology of these malignancies. Specifically, COG SDC personnel: Participate in the setting and evaluation of COG research priorities; collaborate in the development of study concepts and protocols. In particular, members of the SDC develop the studys statistical considerations; collaborate in the development and implementation of the ...
The sensitivity of a LightCycler® 2.0 Instrument experiment depends on several factors that are common to all conventional PCRs (i.e., the quality of template, primer design, reaction conditions).. Experiments have shown that, under optimal conditions, PCR can detect a single-copy gene in 3 pg of human genomic DNA (approximately one human genome equivalent). At this concentration, statistical considerations significantly affect assay sensitivity and reproducibility. According to a Poisson distribution, the probability that a target is actually present in a given sample is approximately 67%.. Other types of DNA, such as plasmid DNA, are detectable when 1 - 10 copies are present in a sample.. ...
Joao Dürr. Analytical and statistical consideration on the use of the ISAG-ICAR-SNP panel for parentage control, genotyped with the Illumina bead chip technology, exemplified on the German Holstein (HF) population (Presentation as PDF │Full manuscript ...
STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN POSTMARKETING SAFETY EVALUATION A. Lawrence Gould Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA [[email protected]] FDA/Industry Workshop 29 September 2006 Washington, DC. OVERVIEW. Spontaneous AE Reports. Slideshow 3345038 by amandla
Washington, D.C.?] : War Department, Office of the Surgeon General, Medical Statistics Division, Statistical Analysis Branch, ...
As a researcher, you need to capture and analyze a lot of data. Often, researchers get confused between different methods of data analysis and how they can go about using them. To help you better, we have invited an experienced biostatistician to simplify statistical analysis for you. In a two-part series, Prof. Jo Røislien, professor of medical statistics at the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Stavanger, will take you through some common methods of statistical analysis.
HDBIG-SR: An HDBIG toolkit for sparse regression with a few regularization terms, including lasso, elastic net, L21 norm, group L21 norm, and network guided L21 norm.. HDBIG-SCCA: An HDBIG toolkit for sparse association discovery with a knowledge-guided regularization term. HDBIG-S2CCA: An HDBIG toolkit for structured sparse association discovery with a few Sparse Canonical Correlation Analysis (SCCA) models, including the structure-aware SCCA model (S2CCA), the GraphNet SCCA model (GN-SCCA), the Graph OSCAR SCCA (GOSC-SCCA) model, and the Absolute value based GraphNet SCCA model (AGN-SCCA). HDBIG-SCCA-NC: An HDBIG toolkit for structured sparse association discovery with a generic non-convex penalty. HDBIG-S2CCA-TLP: An HDBIG toolkit for structured sparse association discovery with a truncated l1-norm penalty. HDBIG-IGEA: An HDBIG toolkit for mining high-level imaging genetic associations via applying enrichment analysis to two dimensional imaging genetic modules. HDBIG-NWAS-RP: An HDBIG toolkit ...
To pass the examination of the Medical Statistics module, students will have to demonstrate that they have learned the knowledge of the topics they are planning and the ability to apply the statistics to clinical data in an appropriate way ...
Hepatitis Virus (HBV, HCV, HAV, and HEV), epidemiology, disease control and prevention, theoretical epidemiology (Bayes and Markov), immune analysis of virus, effectiveness evaluation of cancer screening, blood programme and blood donation promotion, big data analysis and data health, medical statistics, global ...
V.I. AYDAROV, R.R. TIMERSHIN, A.P. SKVORTSOV Republican Clinical Hospital of the MH of RT, 138 Orenburgskiy Tract, Kazan, Russian Federation, 420064 Timershin R.R. - Head of the Department of Medical Statistics, Senior Researcher, tel. +7-905-313-25-46, e-mail: [email protected] Aydarov V.I. - Cand. Med. Sc., Leading Researcher, Head of the Department of Therapeutic Physical Culture, tel. +7-987-296-59-41, […]. ...
Washington, D.C.?] : War Department, Office of the Surgeon General, Medical Statistics Division, Statistical Analysis Branch, ...
The Psychonomic Society (PS) ado pted New Statistical Guidelines for Journals of the Psychonomic Society in November 2012. To evaluate changes in statistical re porting within and outside PS journals,
The Psychonomic Society (PS) ado pted New Statistical Guidelines for Journals of the Psychonomic Society in November 2012. To evaluate changes in statistical re porting within and outside PS journals,
Describe the correct statistical procedures for analysis for this question: How satisfied are users of the XYZ program with the service they have received? Include reference and page.
Home - Course Project | | Print This Page | Course Project: AJ DAVIS DEPARTMENT STORES Introduction | Project Part A: Exploratory Data Analysis | Project
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Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. In applying statistics to, e.g., a scientific, industrial, or societal problem, it is conventional to begin with a statistical population or a statistical model process to be studied. Populations can be diverse topics such as all persons living in a country or every atom composing a crystal. Statistics deals with all aspects of data including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments. ...
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To Standardize a variables, you take the variable value and you divide it by the standard deviation of that variable over all the observations. See Statistics - Z Score (Zero Mean) or Standard Score A standardize variable makes the variable and their coefficients comparable when they have different unit. ...
Free AP Statistics flashcards - Statistical Patterns and Random Phenomena - Probability. Work through hundreds of free flashcards and see your grades and test s
Tax-Exempt Organizations in Texas - Detailed Financial Reports, Statistics, Rankings, Location. IRS 990, 990EZ, 990N form fillings
Inhalants are one of the easiest types of drug experiences that is available to kids and young adults today. Because of this, it tends to be the drug … [Read more...] about 18 Amazing Huffing Statistics ...
Statistics for gadgetblog, Gadget e regali particolari- oggetti e gadget tecnologici, By: Feedage Forager, ID: 545570, Grade: 90, Type: RSS20
This table indicates the number of users who have enabled each gadget on this wiki. An active user is counted as someone who has made an edit in the last 30 days. This list excludes stats for gadgets enabled for everyone by default and may include gadgets that are no longer available. No gadgets found. ...
1. Compute the mean, median, and mode for each of the following distributions. A B C D 3 2 1 2 3 2 3 3 4 2 3 4 6 5 3 4 7 5 5 4 8 7 5 5 10 7 8 7 8 8 8 10 8 8 11 9 11 2. I grew up in a very tiny town in the Midwestern United.
Homoscedasticity means that the distances (the residuals) between the dot and the line are not related to the variable plotted on the X axis (they are not a function of X, they are then random) ...
... topics List of matrices used in statistics Timeline of probability and statistics List of unsolved problems in statistics Topic ... Outline of statistics Outline of regression analysis Index of statistics articles List of scientific method topics List of ... This article itemizes the various lists of statistics topics. ... and statistics Notation in probability and statistics List of ... in statistics List of scientific journals in probability List of scientific journals in statistics Comparison of statistics ...
... based on the statistics of the words in each, what the topics might be and what each document's balance of topics is. Topic ... The author-topic model by Rosen-Zvi et al. models the topics associated with authors of documents to improve the topic ... The "topics" produced by topic modeling techniques are clusters of similar words. A topic model captures this intuition in a ... "Topic modeling bibliography". Brett, Megan R. "Topic Modeling: A Basic Introduction". Journal of Digital Humanities. Topic ...
Brigham Young The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints membership statistics Canada • Dominican Republic • Mexico • ... below is a list of articles that are about or reference Latter Day Saint movement topics. As a rule, the links below should ... Membership Statistics (United States) Alabama • Arizona • Arkansas • California • Colorado • Florida • Georgia • Hawaii • ... The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints membership statistics, Mormon, Mormonism, Mormonism and Christianity, Mormonism ...
List of probability topics List of stochastic processes topics List of probability distributions List of statistics topics ... topics List of topics related to pi List of curves topics List of differential geometry topics List of general topology topics ... of numeral system topics List of order topics List of partition topics List of permutation topics List of polynomial topics ... List of algebraic number theory topics List of number theory topics List of recreational number theory topics Glossary of ...
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors ... "Topic Galleries". baltimoresun.com. Retrieved 2013-08-17.[permanent dead link] Pugmire, Lance (October 1, 2006). "Clemens Is ... "MLB Player Batting Stats - 2009", ESPN, accessed October 9, 2009". Espn.go.com. Retrieved 2013-08-17. "Most Times Leading ... Bonesteel, Matt (September 1, 2011). "Stats, scores and schedules". The Washington Post.[dead link] "Giants Release Pair of ...
"H1N1 Flu - Statistics". www.idph.state.il.us. "1 Sample in Indiana Confirmed for Swine Flu". Fox59.com. Retrieved April 28, ... "Topic Galleries". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on April 29, 2009. Retrieved May 20, 2009. "3rd Swine Flu Death ... Reporting of aggregate statistics ended between 21 and 28 October, 2009 were "impractical because of the large number of people ... "Statistics" (archived version of dynamic web page). H1N1 flu. Illinois Department of Public Health. August 12, 2009. Retrieved ...
"Topic Galleries". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 16, 2010.[permanent dead link] "Gabe Kapler Split Statistics". Mlb.com. July ... "Gabe Kapler Stats, Fantasy & News," MLB.com "Is Tigers rookie ready to challenge Hunter in center?". Petoskey News-Review. ... "Gabe Kapler Stats," Baseball Reference. [1], Detroit Free Press. Tigers' Matt Joyce makes history with home runs at the Wayback ... "Gabe Kapler Stats, Fantasy & News". mlb.com. Retrieved October 30, 2017. Gene Frenette (June 15, 1998). "Kapler Has Become Suns ...
"Abortion-Topic Overview". WebMD. Retrieved 2015-11-04. "Abortion ProCon.org". abortion.procon.org. Retrieved 2015-11-04. " ... "Abortion: Get Facts About the Procedure and Statistics". eMedicineHealth. Retrieved 2015-11-04. "Thinking About Adoption". ...
Statistics Can Display More up-to-Date Data Than Referenced in the. "Topic: Social media". Statista. Retrieved 24 January 2021 ... With communities for even very small niches it is possible to find people also interested in a topic and to seek and share ... Blogging involves a website or webpage that is updated in a reverse chronological order on either a topic or a person's life. ... Some signs of community are: Content: articles, information, and news about a topic of interest to a group of people. Forums or ...
Statistics by Topic > Population". www.amar.org.ir. Retrieved 2021-03-14. Iran portal v t e (Articles with short description, ...
"Legislation , Information by Topic , Data and Statistics , Smoking & Tobacco Use , CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2020-09-17. Retrieved ... The FCC argued that since the topic of smoking is controversial, numerous TV and radio stations continued to break the Fairness ...
"Topic: Agriculture in Nigeria". Statista. Retrieved 2021-08-12. Nigerian Gross Domestic Product Report Q3 2019, National Bureau ... Cash crop production historical statistics in Nigeria: Traditional native cereals such as fonio (Digitaria exilis and Digitaria ... Service Departments: Finance, Human Resources, Procurement, PPAS (Plan, Policy, Analysis & Statistics) and Co-operatives. The ... of Statistics. https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pdfuploads/GDP_Report_Q3_2019.pdf Olomola Ade S. (2007) "Strategies for Managing ...
Statistics Can Display More up-to-Date Data Than Referenced in the. "Topic: Employment in China". Statista. Retrieved 2020-12- ... Official government statistics show that unemployment in China is unusually low relative to gross domestic product and ...
Chris de Kretser (5 May 1967). "Transfer fee VFA topic". The Sun News-Pictorial. Melbourne. p. 48. "AFL player statistics". ...
COVID-19 outbreak and statistics". Google.com. "防疫,是大家共同的責任;團結,路才能走得更遠。Tech V2.0-NCHC". "Tech V2.0". "NCHC declared that the ... ". "RONAVIRUS We Can Help!". "Doses, Distance, and Data: The Road to Safe Travel". topic.amcham.com.tw. 16 July 2021. "🇹🇼 ...
... dos.myflorida.com/elections/data-statistics/voter-registration-statistics/voter-registration-reports/voter-registration-by- ... "Topic Galleries - South Florida". Sun-sentinel.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2009. Retrieved August 1, 2010. " ... "Topic Galleries". OrlandoSentinel.com. Retrieved December 18, 2012.[permanent dead link] "United States Census Bureau: ... "TOTAL PASSENGERS (ARRIVING + DEPARTING) - Monthly Stats" (PDF). broward.org. December 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on ...
Statistics Can Display More up-to-Date Data Than Referenced in the. "Topic: Video game industry". Statista. Retrieved 2022-11- ... often about politics and other charged topics. There are major connections between the media that is being consumed, via mass ...
Signup or change full name /Stats . . . . . . . . Display Relay statistics /Summon @. . . Invite user to Relay /Topic . . . . ... Topic for your channel /Who . . . . Show users and nicknames /WhoIs . . . . . . . .Identify a nickname /LINKS RELAY Version ...
Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS), 2019 A. B. Dieng, R. Ranganath, J. Altosaar, and D. M. Blei. Noisin: Unbiased ... Topic Modeling in Embedding Spaces. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL), 2020 A. B. Dieng, Y. ... After working at the World Bank for one year, Dieng started her PhD in Statistics at Columbia University. Dieng worked with ... Dieng was also the second black woman to graduate from the department of Statistics at Columbia University. Dieng is currently ...
"2013 Census totals by topic". Statistics New Zealand. 10 December 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2014. "Ngāpuhi". tewhata.io. Data ...
"2013 Census totals by topic". archive.stats.govt.nz. Table 28, 2006 Census Data - QuickStats About Culture and Identity - ... "Table". www.stats.govt.nz. 2018. Retrieved 2020-10-24. "Table" (PDF). archive.stats.govt.nz. 2013. Retrieved 2020-10-24. "In ...
"2013 Census totals by topic". archive.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 2019-05-28. McKee, D. and G. Kennedy. 2000. "Lexical Comparisons ... Sign Language Interpreters Association of New Zealand "2018 Census totals by topic - national highlights (updated)". Stats NZ. ...
Statistics Can Display More up-to-Date Data Than Referenced in the. "Topic: Newspaper Industry in Australia". Statista. ... Motivation meaning that what the news topic was about. This could have affected the way adult participants interacted with the ... the hardships of navigating through several websites and articles to find one source with information pertaining to the topic ...
Statistics Can Display More up-to-Date Data Than Referenced in the. "Topic: Shipbuilding industry in Japan". Statista. ... Statistics Can Display More up-to-Date Data Than Referenced in the. "Topic: Petrochemical industry in Japan". Statista. ...
Topic Galleries[permanent dead link]. Baltimore Sun. Retrieved April 9, 2012. "Orioles place LHP George Sherrill on 15-day ... Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors ... "Jim Johnson Stats". Baseball-Reference.com. Fordin, Spencer (April 12, 2008). "Needing pitcher, O's send down Moore". Baltimore ... "2015 Los Angeles Dodgers Batting, Pitching, & Fielding Statistic". Baseball Reference. Retrieved October 5, 2015. Dilbeck, ...
Statistics Can Display More up-to-Date Data Than Referenced in the. "Topic: Smartphone market in China". Statista. Retrieved ...
"2013 Census totals by topic". archive.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 15 December 2019. Emmanuel, Ninos (18 December 2018). "Assyrians ...
Statistics Can Display More up-to-Date Data Than Referenced in the. "Topic: Restaurants in the UK". Statista. "Hot Picks: ...
"Preble High". National Center for Education Statistics. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved June 9, ... "WISEdash Data Files by Topic". Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. Archived ...
National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved March 27, 2020. "WISEdash Data Files by Topic". Wisconsin Department of ...
Murray State University Libraries (2016). "About the Libraries: Statistics". University Libraries. Murray State University ... Major topics in the minor include "net neutrality, information as a human right, propaganda, and censorship...what it means to ...
This statistic means a lot more when looking back at the percentage of adults that utilised social media in the 2008 US ... The number one issue that was the topic of discussion was the troubled economy as reported by several media outlets. Romney's ... Statistics from social media use has shed light on its effectiveness as an instrument to campaign politically. At the exit ... Throughout the campaign, candidates debated over topics like enhancing the economy, social security, taxes, federal deficit, ...
"Cervical cancer statistics and prognosis". Cancer Research UK. Archived from the original on 20 May 2007. Retrieved 24 March ... including sensitivity in discussing the topic in Aboriginal communities, embarrassment, anxiety and fear about the procedure. ... "Cervical Cancer: Statistics , Cancer.Net". Cancer.Net. 25 June 2012. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 27 ... "Cervical cancer statistics". Cancer Research UK. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014. " ...
Historical geography studies a wide variety of issues and topics. A common theme is the study of the geographies of the past ... the use of statistics, spatial modeling, and positivist approaches are still important to many branches of human geography. ... The society has long supported geographic research and education on geographical topics. The Association of American ...
This topic is also explored in Michelle Alexander's The New Jim Crow. Alexander argues that, despite many Americans wanting to ... Poverty contributes to these statistics, because low-income women are more likely to experience disruptions in their lives; ... which he concluded that racist vigilantism and sporadic actions by individual whites were to blame for the various statistics ...
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Introduction to newLISP Official website newlisp on GitHub (Articles needing additional ... statistics and Bayesian statistical analysis, mathematical finance, and distributed computing. newLISP runs on the operating ...
Sidney Draggan, topic ed.; Cutler J. Cleveland, ed., National council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC Carus, ... Agricultural Statistics 2010, Table 13-7 "FAOSTAT" (PDF). faostat.fao.org. Best, Steven (2014). The Politics of Total ...
Statistics show no Austrian citizens among victims of trafficking. Victims originate primarily from Eastern Europe, with some ... In early 2007 this topic was also discovered by politics and it was discussed to end the unconscionable state of prostitution ...
It's like an Eat The Rich t-shirt with the Hot Topic price tag still on it; like Starbucks selling lattes in decorative All War ... Experience points are obtained from main quests and fuel the stats; side quests yield "street cred", unlocking skills, vendors ...
In the examination room, the examinees then had a day to write essays on six topics chosen by the test officials, and finally ... Statistics indicate that the Song imperial government degree-awards eventually more than doubled the highest annual averages of ... In the Tang dynasty, the emperor held on occasion irregular examinations for specialized topics. These were open to persons ... Some have suggested that limiting the topics prescribed in examination system removed the incentives for Chinese intellectuals ...
For further statistics, see the official ECC-Net website. An effective European consumer policy aims at safeguarding consumer's ... The European Consumer Centres Network: informs consumers about popular cross-border topics, e.g. travel, online-shopping, and ... conducts surveys on topics related to consumer rights and consumer's experiences with EU legislation in order to identify gaps ... europa.eu/european-union/topics/consumers_en Official ECC-Net website List of all ECCs Link to ECC-Net Annual Report - 2015 ( ...
... and Selected Topics (PDF). The CNA Corporation. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 16, 2017. Retrieved August 23 ... ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (April 2019). Shalev, Arieh Y. and Charles R. Marmar. "Conceptual History of Post ... and Selected Topics (PDF). The CNA Corporation. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 16, 2017. Retrieved August 23 ...
"Main statistics for Northern Ireland" (PDF). NISRA. Retrieved 22 September 2022. "Census Key Stats bulletin" (PDF). NISRA. 2012 ... Northern Ireland portal United Kingdom portal Ireland portal List of Ulster-related topics Outline of Northern Ireland Outline ... "Main statistics for Northern Ireland" (PDF). NISRA. Retrieved 22 September 2022. "Main statistics for Northern Ireland" (PDF). ... "Key Statistics Table" (PDF). NISRA. Retrieved 22 September 2022. "Northern Ireland Census 2011 Key Statistics Summary Report" ( ...
Recent scholarship has primarily focused on three topics: post-war anti-Semitism; emigration and the creation of the State of ... Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 26 September 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2012. Friedberg, Edna (6 February 2018). "The ...
Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 5, 1940, p. 24 "The President's News Conference," July 5 ... and newspaper clippings relating to routine administrative matters and topics of special interest during Burton's mayoralty. ... Citing extensive statistics about the farm system, broadcasting revenues, and national advertising campaigns, Burton concluded ...
The margin of error is a statistic expressing the amount of random sampling error in the results of a survey. The larger the ... ISBN 0-471-61518-8. Wikibooks has more on the topic of: Margin of error "Errors, theory of", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS ... ISBN 0-87589-546-8 Wonnacott, T.H.; R.J. Wonnacott (1990). Introductory Statistics (5th ed.). Wiley. ... statistics), Statistical deviation and dispersion, Statistical intervals). ...
... and statistics. OpenAir: implementation (in C) of the 3GPP specifications concerning the Evolved Packet Core Networks. AN codes ... Proceedings of the 10th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks. pp. 1-6. doi:10.1145/2070562.2070568. hdl:1721.1/79676. ISBN ...
BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NU Source: Statistics Canada All statistics according to Canada 2016 Census, unless ... "2006 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations". statcan.ca. Archived from the original on 27 August 2009. Retrieved 4 July ... Source: Statistics Canada Demographics of Canada Population of Canada by province and territory Statistics Canada Archived 2007 ... Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-08-17). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Prince Edward ...
During its existence UNU-WIDER has produced a large amount of research on the broad topics of poverty, inequality and growth. ... It is a comprehensive and freely available database of statistics on inequality trends within countries. Since 2009, under ... Visiting scholars typically spend two to three months in Helsinki working on topics related to the current research programme. ... Areas of research have spanned all facets and levels of development economics including topics like; Finance and trade; ...
... retrieved 6 June 2021 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints membership statistics "Facts and Statistics: Statistics ... Articles with topics of unclear notability from October 2022, All articles with topics of unclear notability, Articles lacking ... "Facts and Statistics: Statistics by Country: Cape Verde", Newsroom, LDS Church, retrieved 6 June 2021 Total Congregations is ... Facts and Statistics The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints - Official Site ComeUntoChrist.org - Visitors Site v t e ( ...
Since the US began recording childbirth statistics in 1915, the US has had historically poor maternal mortality rates in ... and perinatal psychology Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition Unassisted childbirth Vernix caseosa Natural birth topics: ... National Vital Statistics Reports. 58 (24): 1-85. PMID 21254725. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 August 2013. "The U.S. ...
... on the topic of the game formats, Vampire, Time Warrior, Zone Ball, and League X (league game format). Darkzone WA information ... which is used to attribute statistics from certain games to a member account, so that a member can see how they compare to ...
"Tax Topics - Topic 418 Unemployment Compensation". Internal Revenue Service. "Here's How Long Unemployment Benefits Now Last In ... This statistic, because it is published weekly, is depended on as a current indicator of the labor market and the economy ... "Unemployment Insurance Tax Topic, Employment & Training Administration (ETA) - U.S. Department of Labor". workforcesecurity. ... ". "Oklahoma Employment Security Commission - Claim Statistics". ok.gov. Retrieved March 5, 2018. "Division of Unemployment ...
The series generated a buzz online prior to airtime: as of March 18, 2015, the topic #超级大英雄# (The Crossing Hero) was read more ... Chinese media statistics company). Retrieved March 24, 2015. http://www.weibo.com/3369552710/Ca2pt824s?type=repost Zhou, ... The series hit 2.72 million views on its premiere episode within the first two hours, topping the "Hot Topics" list on Sina ... topic "The Crossing Hero premieres today; Hairun Media's new web-based drama becomes a focal point (《超级大英雄》今播 海润首试网络剧成焦点
"2018 Census totals by topic - national highlights (updated)". Stats NZ. 30 April 2020. Meyers, Stephen; Lockwood, Elizabeth ( ...
However, many statistics show that it is very physically dangerous. The death rate per 100,000 of prostitutes in the U.S. is ... Due to the topic regarding legal prostitution, the rights of these establishments are neglected. Both participants in ... For instance, statistics on official arrests from the Chicago Police Department from August 19, 2005, to May 1, 2007, suggest ... "Prostitution Statistics - Facts about Prostitution and Latest News". havocscope.com. Gus Lubin (January 17, 2012). "There Are ...
... 'S GAZA WAR STATISTICS UNDER FIRE, JPost, 20 August 2014 B'Tselem accuses IDF of violating laws of war in Gaza, 28 ... began publishing information pages about several topics, including Israeli involvement in the territories. In late 1988, Zucker ... "Explanation of statistics on fatalities" from the B'Tselem website. Bender, Arik (10 January 2011). "הוועדה הפרלמנטרית תחקור את ...
Articles with topics of unclear notability from November 2022, All articles with topics of unclear notability, Use British ... Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com v t e (Articles with short description, Short ...
His dissertation topic was to develop connectionist networks that could correctly solve problems in deductive logic. He ... Considering the possibility of specializing in statistics, Green took several math courses at the start of his PhD. He had ... He worked on the rise and fall of Functionalism, creating two video documentaries on the topic in addition to several articles ... Nothing from the thesis was ever published, but the research process brought to Green's attention the Golden Section, a topic ...
Below is an examination of the main topics in the evolution of the philosophy of Rudolf Carnap. It is not exhaustive, but it ... Hence, the empirical concept of frequency used in statistics to describe the general features of certain phenomena can be ...
The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention collects information on ...
Presentations from the National Conference on Health Statistics by Topic. Provided in PowerPoint and PDF ... Eleven Years of the Interchange between Statistics Canada and the National Center for Health Statistics Cdc-pdf. [PDF - 107 KB] ... Vital Statistics. *Birth, Fetal and Infant Mortality Data from the National Vital Statistics System ... Panel Discussion on Future Directions for the U.S. Vital Statistics System Mortality Data * U.S. Vital Statistics Mortality ...
MEDLINEPLUS (MedlinePlus Health Topics) - Statistics. MEDLINEPLUS (MedlinePlus Health Topics) - Statistics Synopsis Metadata ...
... 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y ...
I have the stats below this but not the above stats, is there on plugin that does all of the above stats and puts at the bottom ... Instead you could use Mini-Stats and Members Online to get some of the functionality. ... I notice a lot of useful statistics on the sites at http://bbshowcase.org/forums/ at the bottom of their first page. ...
Official Statistics of Finland (OSF): Migration [e-publication].. ISSN=1797-6782. Helsinki: Statistics Finland [referred: 22.5. ... Intramunicipal statistics dating to 1986 and earlier cover only moves from one building or house to another within the same ... Statistics Finland receives information on the changes in place of residence that involve a permanent change of domicile. These ... One person may have several moves during the year in the statistics. Students moves to the location of study can be regarded, ...
Two topics related to public statistics and two more general ones will be covered.. ... One of the main problems in the use of statistics in the public debate is the erroneous amalgam between correlation and ... Big Data is one of the main buzz words in statistics and other related fields these days. But what exactly is Big Data, in ... Celebrating statistics: an international conference in honour of Sir David Cox on the occasion of his 80th birthday ...
Guidance and information service Ask about statistics Frequently asked questions For media ...
Official Statistics of Finland (OSF): Income distribution statistics [e-publication].. ISSN=1799-1331. Helsinki: Statistics ... Statistics Finland, Handbooks, 17).. Unemployed. In the income distribution statistics, persons who have been unemployed for at ... In the income distribution statistics and in the statistics of households assets the person with the highest personal income ... the income distribution statistics started to use the money income concept meeting international recommendations for statistics ...
NRICH has several topics under the mathematical broad topic Advanced Probability and Statistics ... Broad Topics , Advanced Probability and Statistics. TopicResources available*Binomial distribution5 ...
Official Statistics of Finland (OSF): Quarterly sector accounts [e-publication].. ISSN=2243-4992. Helsinki: Statistics Finland ... Guidance and information service Ask about statistics Frequently asked questions For media ...
Official Statistics of Finland (OSF): Employment [e-publication].. ISSN=2323-6825. Helsinki: Statistics Finland [referred: 27.1 ... Due to the upcoming renewal of our release calendar, this page contains information on the release dates of statistics only ... Statistical releases will not be issued in English from these statistics in 2022. ...
Guidance and information service Ask about statistics Frequently asked questions For media ...
Guidance and information service Ask about statistics Frequently asked questions For media ...
Accommodation statistics 2021. 2021. November. Releases. *Overnight stays decreased in November 2021 (23.12.2021) ...
Science Home , Math and Stats Home , All Events , 2017 , March , Topics in Geometry Seminar (Paul Tsopmene) ... Topics in Geometry Seminar. Mon., Mar. 27, 2017 11:30 a.m. - Mon., Mar. 27, 2017 1:00 p.m. ...
Official Statistics of Finland (OSF): Population projection [e-publication].. ISSN=1798-5153. Helsinki: Statistics Finland [ ... Guidance and information service Ask about statistics Frequently asked questions For media ... Statistical releases will not be issued in English from these statistics in 2022. ...
Official Statistics of Finland (OSF): Emissions into air by industry [e-publication].. ISSN=2323-7600. Helsinki: Statistics ... Home , Statistics , Environment and Natural Resources , Emissions into air by industry , Concepts and definitions ... The statistics on emissions into air by industry, which are accordant with the regulation on environmental accounting, also ... In emissions into air by industry statistics, peat is included into fossil fuels. A majority of the fossil carbon dioxide ...
Official Statistics of Finland (OSF): Quarterly sector accounts [e-publication].. ISSN=2243-4992. Helsinki: Statistics Finland ... Guidance and information service Ask about statistics Frequently asked questions For media ...
Confused about LASIK statistics. If you are thinking about having Lasik, IntraLasik, PRK, LASEK, Epi-Lasik, RLE, or P-IOL eye ... The LASIK stats on this website say that for 98% of people there are no complications, or issues are seldom problematic http ... Why such a discrepancy? Which of these stats are to be trusted? Im trying to make a decision over whether to go ahead with ... Confused about LASIK statistics. by ashcat » Mon Apr 04, 2011 6:05 pm ...
Official Statistics of Finland (OSF): Volume index of industrial output [e-publication].. ISSN=1798-9272. Helsinki: Statistics ... Guidance and information service Ask about statistics Frequently asked questions For media ...
Navigating the international trade landscape can be complicated and confusing. Whether you are a newcomer to the world of trade or a seasoned trade professional, let WITA be your guide to the ways and means of international trade.. ...
Re: name of stats. by kraada » Tue Aug 30, 2016 7:32 am ... Re: name of stats. by thebeegan » Tue Aug 30, 2016 9:13 am ... Re: name of stats. by kraada » Tue Aug 30, 2016 10:36 am ... name of stats. by thebeegan » Tue Aug 30, 2016 3:24 am ... how do I get c bet stats for villain for in and out of position.. Cheers. Mark ...
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Math/Stats Thesis and Colloquium Topics. Updated: April 2022. Math/Stats Thesis and Colloquium Topics The degree with honors in ... Possible colloquium topics:. *Almost any topic in statistics that extends things youve learned in courses - specifically ... Topics in math education.. Possible colloquium topics: Im interested in advising any topics in algebra, number theory, or ... Possible colloquium topics: Any topics in statistical methodology and application, including but not limited to: topics in ...
Re: Question for parents that keep stats. Any loose ball recovery by the defending team is a steal. The offensive player that ... I did stats for 6 years at the college level as a frame of reference. Now, dont get me started on what is or isnt an assist, ... Question for parents that keep stats. I have a question on how to record this stat. During my daughters game with happened.... ... Re: Question for parents that keep stats. Turnover based on your description. Steal would be caused by defense, this sounds ...
Fathers - statistics & numerical data Female Follow-Up Studies Humans Male Middle Aged Mothers - statistics & numerical data ... Drug Utilization - statistics & numerical data Female Humans Male Mothers - statistics & numerical data Multilevel Analysis ... Drug Utilization - statistics & numerical data Female Humans Male Mothers - statistics & numerical data Multilevel Analysis ... Fathers - statistics & numerical data Female Finland - epidemiology Humans Male Mothers - statistics & numerical data ...
Descriptive statistics not possible in large projects. 16.08.2018, 10:48. I tried to run descriptive statistics in our project ... 1) using subcode statistics. 2) using Code Frequencies. 3) using descriptive statistics --, frequency tables. Allthough you ... Descriptive statistics not possible in large projects. * Board index / MAXQDA - Software for qualitative Analysis / MAXQDA user ... Then running descriptive statistics - frequency tables. Result:. Table 5. It still counts only 4 documents for effectivity of ...
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Online Video Quotes and Stats. By Topic Simple On December 13, 2011 In Uncategorized With 2 Comments Permalink ...
  • Helsinki: Statistics Finland [referred: 6.12.2022]. (stat.fi)
  • Statistical releases will not be issued in English from these statistics in 2022. (stat.fi)
  • The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) today published the fall 2022 edition of the Interest Rate Risk Statistics Report . (occ.gov)
  • This bulletin rescinds OCC Bulletin 2022-9, "Interest Rate Risk: Interest Rate Risk Statistics Report," which transmitted the spring 2022 report. (occ.gov)
  • Off-topic posts of interest to the "Everything" community. (voidtools.com)
  • STATS Indiana is the statistical data utility for the State of Indiana, developed and maintained since 1985 by the Indiana Business Research Center at Indiana University's Kelley School of Business . (indiana.edu)
  • Take all your required data science courses online at Statistics.com. (kdnuggets.com)
  • Statistics sources A subject guide to data on industrial, business, social, educational, financial, and other topics for the United States and selected foreign countries. (usda.gov)
  • Due to varying update cycles, statistics can display more up-to-date data than referenced in the text. (statista.com)
  • For references , please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/external/basic-energy-statistics or scan the QR code. (europa.eu)
  • The Quick Stats Database is the most comprehensive tool for accessing agricultural data published by NASS. (usda.gov)
  • tourney_hand_player_statistics.flg_f_cbet_def_opp' is a 'flag' data field, which means that it's a boolean (true or false) value, so you can't compare it to a number. (pokertracker.com)
  • Currently, Health Topics data is not available. (who.int)
  • When we first designed the character management interface, we wanted it to be direct and easy to use, listing all of the pertinent information and statistics to be edited for each character, and allowing the easy modification and updating of these data by our users. (elderstats.com)
  • For posting documents or links to statistics and data on scams and fraud. (scamvictimsunited.com)
  • Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. (bvsalud.org)
  • Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics. (bvsalud.org)
  • Statistics for epidemiology / Nicholas P. Jewell. (who.int)
  • Adaptative Clinical Trials as Topic and Equivalence Trials as Topic are available for 2018. (bvsalud.org)
  • Part I: Statistical Measures Statistics is a very powerful topic that is used on a daily basis in many situations. (justanswer.com)
  • These various statistical measurements are important in the world of statistics because they help you make general conclusions about a given population or sample. (justanswer.com)
  • they are organised according to statistical themes , preceded by a list of abbreviations and further supplemented by special-topic glossaries . (europa.eu)
  • The world's leading supplier of statistical insight to decision-makers in the lifesciences brings you debate and discussion of the newest trends in statistics and quantitative strategy. (cytel.com)
  • A new Statistics Canada study has found that some racialized populations in Canada had significantly higher mortality rates from COVID-19 . (globalnews.ca)
  • Midterm Review for the course " CSC 21700: Probability and Statistics " delivered at the City College of New York in Spring 2019 by Evan Agovino as part of the Tech-in-Residence Corps program. (cuny.edu)
  • Analysis was performed using descriptive statistics. (bvsalud.org)
  • Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were computed. (bvsalud.org)
  • With the release of Skyrim almost around the corner, and with our planned website updates expected to come early in 2012, we are looking not only to add new content to The Elder Stats, but also to improve its existing functionality. (elderstats.com)
  • So, please feel free to vote in the poll above and to post your feedback and suggestions in reply to this announcement topic if you have anything to say. (elderstats.com)
  • Post a question, answer a question, or post your thoughts on any agile topic! (agileforall.com)
  • However, only 66.6% consider the topic to be sufficiently addressed during post/graduate courses. (bvsalud.org)
  • For PokerStars the method of colouring by stat expressions is blocked because PokerStars only allow Huds to display coloured stats based on the value of the stat itself. (pokertracker.com)
  • ROS 2 provides the integrated measurement of statistics for messages received by any subscription. (icscoe.jp)
  • The first sample of each window for the received message period statistic does not yield a measurement. (icscoe.jp)
  • In recent years, topics of Statistics and Probability have slowly found their way into the states' standards documents and comprise an integral part of the CCSS. (ti.com)
  • But short of expecting all students to take a separate Statistics/Probability course, how can teachers find the time to include those concepts in an already crowded curriculum? (ti.com)
  • The most important key figures provide you with a compact summary of the topic of 'Cloud computing in Europe' and take you straight to the corresponding statistics. (statista.com)
  • Statistics Poland / Topics / Labour Market / Registered unemployment / Registered unemployed persons and unemployment rate by voivodships, subregions and powiats. (gov.pl)
  • Identify that attic find or discuss issues about vintage vs. new and related topics. (mandolincafe.com)
  • Find here the best dissertation topic guide that can help you pick what will work best for you. (globalassignmenthelp.com)
  • Here you'll find a wide range of discussions on old-house topics. (oldhouseweb.com)
  • Exploring examples of statistics concepts found throughout the typical middle school and high school mathematics courses. (ti.com)
  • How to report statistics in medicine : annotated guidelines for authors, editors, and reviewers / Thomas A. Lang, Michelle Secic. (who.int)
  • New threads (topics) in the Announcements forum are only to be initiated by Forum Administrators. (thunderbolts.info)
  • Open discussion area for topics not related to animal and environmental concerns. (envirolink.org)
  • The flagship discussion roundtable of Kung Fu Magazine, open to all topics related to the Chinese Martial Arts. (kungfumagazine.com)
  • All announcements regarding The Elder Stats website and forum are located in here. (elderstats.com)
  • Column one has a list of health topics. (nnlm.gov)
  • Researchers and experts from government, private, and non-profit agencies and organizations collect health statistics. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Allowing a user to collect subscription statistics enables them to characterize the performance of their system or aid in diagnosis of any present issues. (icscoe.jp)