Staphylococcus haemolyticus
Staphylococcus
Coagulase
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Teicoplanin
Methicillin Resistance
Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Haemophilus
Vancomycin
Drug Resistance, Microbial
Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field
Glycopeptides
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
Chromosomes, Bacterial
Molecular Sequence Data
Actinobacillus equuli
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Acinetobacter
Methicillin
Acetoin
Encyclopedias as Topic
Organization of the antiseptic resistance gene qacA and Tn552-related beta-lactamase genes in multidrug- resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus strains of animal and human origins. (1/45)
A part (12 kb) of a plasmid containing the beta-lactamase genes of Tn552, the disinfectant resistance gene qacA, and flanking DNA has been cloned from a Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolate and sequenced. This region was used to map the corresponding regions in six other multiresistant S. haemolyticus isolates of human and animal origin. The organizations of the genetic structures were almost identical in all isolates studied. The beta-lactamase and qacA genes from S. haemolyticus have >99.9% identities at the nucleotide level with the same genes from S. aureus, demonstrating that various staphylococcal species able to colonize animal and human hosts can exchange the genetic elements involved in resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants. The use of antibiotics and disinfectants in veterinary practice and animal husbandry may also contribute to the selection and maintenance of resistance factors among the staphylococcal species. Different parts of the 12-kb section analyzed had high degrees of nucleotide identity with regions from several other different Staphylococcus aureus plasmids. This suggests the contribution of interplasmid recombination in the evolutionary makeup of this 12-kb section involving plasmids that can intermingle between various staphylococcal species. The lateral spread of resistance genes between various staphylococcal species is probably facilitated by the generation of large multiresistance plasmids and the subsequent interspecies exchange of them. (+info)Isolation and molecular characterization of multiresistant Staphylococcus sciuri and Staphylococcus haemolyticus associated with skin and soft-tissue infections. (2/45)
The isolation, molecular identification and genotyping of multiresistant Staphylococcus sciuri and Staphylococcus haemolyticus from skin and soft-tissue infections are reported. Accurate and full identification of three coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates was achieved using PCR, while the API STAPH method failed to identify an isolate of S. haemolyticus fully. The PCR assay, which detects polymorphism in the 16S-23S rRNA spacer region, is shown to be potentially useful for rapid and accurate identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Identical PFGE type and antibiotic-resistance profiles of two methicillin-resistant S. haemolyticus isolates in this study suggest the existence of a multiresistant community clone. (+info)Purification and characterization of recombinant Staphylococcus haemolyticus DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV expressed in Escherichia coli. (3/45)
The subunits of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from Staphylococcus haemolyticus were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity, and used to reconstitute active enzymes that were sensitive to known topoisomerase inhibitors. This represents the first description of a method for isolating type II topoisomerases of a coagulase-negative staphylococcal species. (+info)Antimicrobial-resistance and enterotoxin-encoding genes among staphylococci isolated from expressed human breast milk. (4/45)
Resistance traits and the presence of enterotoxin-encoding genes were investigated in staphylococcus isolates obtained from expressed human breast milk. A total of 54 staphylococcal isolates identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis (53.6 %), Staphylococcus warneri (20.4 %), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (13 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (13 %) were investigated. By using a disc-diffusion method, higher rates of resistance, including intermediate resistance, were observed for penicillin (87 %) and erythromycin (59.3 %). All strains were susceptible to clindamycin and vancomycin. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by a macrodilution method for four clinically relevant antimicrobial drugs. High rates of resistance or intermediate resistance were observed for erythromycin, gentamicin and oxacillin. Additionally, three isolates showed reduced susceptibility to vancomycin (MIC, 8 microg ml(-1)). Genetic determinants of resistance were detected by using PCR and the results showed good correlation with the macrodilution tests. Moreover, in four staphylococcus isolates, the presence of enterotoxin-encoding genes (seg, seh and sea) was identified. The results demonstrated that expressed human breast milk can be a reservoir of multiresistant staphylococci that may also harbour important virulent determinants. (+info)Antimicrobial efficacy of a new antibiotic-loaded poly(hydroxybutyric-co-hydroxyvaleric acid) controlled release system. (5/45)
OBJECTIVE: Failure of orthopaedic devices, mainly femoral hip replacements, due to infection is of increasing medical importance. There is a need for improved antibiotic delivery systems in the treatment of orthopaedic infections and here we have evaluated polyhydroxyalkanoate formulations for their suitability as a constant delivery system for gentamicin. METHODS: Gentamicin was incorporated in poly(hydroxybutyric-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) with 8% or 12% hydroxyvalerate (HV) content at 2:1 or 5:1 (weight to weight) ratio. In conjunction with an elution study, a scanning electron microscopy and a porosity study were carried out to explore physical characteristics of the complexes before and after the leaching effect. The antibacterial effectiveness of the complexes was analysed in a bacterial adhesion assay using clinical isolates of Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the polymers were exposed to pooled human blood to test their biocompatibility in both static and dynamic environments. RESULTS: We have shown that increasing the HV content from 8% to 12% leads to a faster release of the integrated antibiotic. An increase in antibiotic content enhanced the homogeneity while decreasing the permeability of the complexes and reducing the release rate. A significant reduction in the number of the adherent S. aureus and gentamicin-resistant S. haemolyticus within a 48 h exposure to our formulations confirmed the effectiveness of the PHBV/gentamicin complexes. Finally, these formulations did not alter the haemodynamics of the pooled blood samples after an extended period of time. CONCLUSION: Taken together, the PHBV/gentamicin formulations may prove to be effective preventive therapeutic modalities in implant-related Staphylococcus infections. (+info)The discovery of a multi-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus clone in the hospital and community environment in south western Nigeria. (6/45)
Among clinically significant isolates of coagulase negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus haemolyticus is ranked second after Staphylococcus epidermidis. It has been associated with septicemia in newborns and various infections in persons with compromised host defenses and implanted foreign bodies. The existence of a multi-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus clone was discovered during a study on patients with skin and soft tissue infections at two local health clinics and in a referral hospital in South Western Nigeria. The clonal nature of these strains was determined by antibiotic susceptibility profile and pulsed field gel electrophoresis. This represents the first report of what appears to be a hospital-acquired and transmitted Staphylococcus haemolyticus clone in South Western Nigeria. Careful infection control measures and strain typing are urgently needed to understand species epidemiology and to limit the spread of multi-resistant strains within and beyond healthcare facilities. (+info)Comparative assessment of antibiotic susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci in biofilm versus planktonic culture as assessed by bacterial enumeration or rapid XTT colorimetry. (7/45)
OBJECTIVES: To quantitatively compare the antibiotic susceptibility of biofilms formed by the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus with the susceptibility of planktonic cultures. METHODS: Several CoNS strains were grown planktonically or as biofilms to determine the effect of the mode of growth on the level of susceptibility to antibiotics with different mechanisms of action. The utility of a new, rapid colorimetric method that is based on the reduction of a tetrazolium salt (XTT) to measure cell viability was tested by comparison with standard bacterial enumeration techniques. A 6 h kinetic study was performed using dicloxacillin, cefazolin, vancomycin, tetracycline and rifampicin at the peak serum concentration of each antibiotic. RESULTS: In planktonic cells, inhibitors of cell wall synthesis were highly effective over a 3 h period. Biofilms were much less susceptible than planktonic cultures to all antibiotics tested, particularly inhibitors of cell wall synthesis. The susceptibility to inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis was affected by the biofilm phenotype to a lesser degree. Standard bacterial enumeration techniques and the XTT method produced equivalent results both in biofilms and planktonic assays. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a more accurate comparison between the antibiotic susceptibilities of planktonic versus biofilm populations, because the cell densities in the two populations were similar and because we measured the concentration required to inhibit bacterial metabolism rather than to eradicate the entire bacterial population. While the biofilm phenotype is highly resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis, it is fairly susceptible to antibiotics that target RNA and protein synthesis. (+info)Increasing ciprofloxacin resistance among prevalent urinary tract bacterial isolates in the Gaza Strip. (8/45)
INTRODUCTION: This study aims to assess common organisms causing urinary tract infection (UTI) in the Gaza Strip, Palestinian Authority and to examine the incidence of ciprofloxacin resistance in the strains of bacteria isolated from patients suspected with UTI over a six-month period. METHODS: Ciprofloxacin was evaluated along with other commonly-used antibiotics against a total of 480 clinical isolates obtained from urine samples. The samples were collected from community patients from different parts of the Gaza Strip. Susceptibility tests were done by the Kerby Bauer method. RESULTS: Among the tested drugs, the percent resistance rate to ciprofloxacin was 15.0 percent. However, high resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected among Acinetobacter haemolyticus (28.6 percent), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (25.0 percent), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20.0 percent), Klebsiella pneumonia (17.6 percent) and Escherichia coli (12.0 percent). Minimal inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin was measured for all resistant UTI isolates. CONCLUSION: This study indicates emerging ciprofloxacin resistance among most UTI bacterial pathogens. Increasing resistance against ciprofloxacin demands coordinated monitoring of its activity and rational use of the antibiotics. (+info)Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a type of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) that is commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. It is a gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic coccus that tends to form clusters resembling grapes when viewed under a microscope.
The term "haemolyticus" in its name refers to its ability to lyse red blood cells and cause hemolysis on blood agar media. However, not all strains of S. haemolyticus are necessarily hemolytic.
While S. haemolyticus is less virulent than Staphylococcus aureus, it can still cause infections, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems or in healthcare settings. It has been associated with various types of infections, including bacteremia, endocarditis, urinary tract infections, and device-related infections such as catheter-associated infections.
Accurate identification of S. haemolyticus is important for appropriate antimicrobial therapy and infection control measures, as it may exhibit resistance to certain antibiotics commonly used to treat staphylococcal infections.
Staphylococcus is a genus of Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other animals. Many species of Staphylococcus can cause infections in humans, but the most notable is Staphylococcus aureus, which is responsible for a wide range of illnesses, from minor skin infections to life-threatening conditions such as pneumonia, endocarditis, and sepsis.
Staphylococcus species are non-motile, non-spore forming, and typically occur in grape-like clusters when viewed under a microscope. They can be coagulase-positive or coagulase-negative, with S. aureus being the most well-known coagulase-positive species. Coagulase is an enzyme that causes the clotting of plasma, and its presence is often used to differentiate S. aureus from other Staphylococcus species.
These bacteria are resistant to many commonly used antibiotics, including penicillin, due to the production of beta-lactamases. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a particularly problematic strain that has developed resistance to multiple antibiotics and can cause severe, difficult-to-treat infections.
Proper hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, and environmental cleaning are crucial measures for preventing the spread of Staphylococcus in healthcare settings and the community.
Coagulase is a type of enzyme produced by some bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus. This enzyme helps the bacteria to clot blood plasma by converting an inactive precursor (prothrombin) into thrombin, which then converts fibrinogen into fibrin to form a clot. The ability of S. aureus to produce coagulase is often used as a diagnostic criterion for this bacterium, and it also plays a role in the virulence of the organism by helping it to evade the host's immune system.
Staphylococcus aureus is a type of gram-positive, round (coccal) bacterium that is commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals and humans. It is a facultative anaerobe, which means it can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.
Staphylococcus aureus is known to cause a wide range of infections, from mild skin infections such as pimples, impetigo, and furuncles (boils) to more severe and potentially life-threatening infections such as pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and sepsis. It can also cause food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome.
The bacterium is often resistant to multiple antibiotics, including methicillin, which has led to the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains that are difficult to treat. Proper hand hygiene and infection control practices are critical in preventing the spread of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA.
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a type of coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacterium that is commonly found on the human skin and mucous membranes. It is a part of the normal flora and usually does not cause infection in healthy individuals. However, it can cause serious infections in people with weakened immune systems or when it enters the body through medical devices such as catheters or artificial joints. Infections caused by S. epidermidis are often difficult to treat due to its ability to form biofilms.
Medical Definition: Staphylococcus epidermidis is a gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative coccus that commonly inhabits the skin and mucous membranes. It is a leading cause of nosocomial infections associated with indwelling medical devices and is known for its ability to form biofilms. S. epidermidis infections can cause a range of clinical manifestations, including bacteremia, endocarditis, urinary tract infections, and device-related infections.
Staphylococcal infections are a type of infection caused by Staphylococcus bacteria, which are commonly found on the skin and nose of healthy people. However, if they enter the body through a cut, scratch, or other wound, they can cause an infection.
There are several types of Staphylococcus bacteria, but the most common one that causes infections is Staphylococcus aureus. These infections can range from minor skin infections such as pimples, boils, and impetigo to serious conditions such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and toxic shock syndrome.
Symptoms of staphylococcal infections depend on the type and severity of the infection. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, either topical or oral, depending on the severity and location of the infection. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary for more severe infections. It is important to note that some strains of Staphylococcus aureus have developed resistance to certain antibiotics, making them more difficult to treat.
Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that is primarily used in the treatment of serious Gram-positive bacterial infections, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). It works by inhibiting the biosynthesis of bacterial cell walls.
Teicoplanin has a long half-life, which allows for once- or twice-daily dosing, and it is available in both intravenous and intramuscular formulations. Common side effects include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, as well as local reactions at the injection site. Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity are potential rare but serious adverse effects associated with teicoplanin use.
It is important to note that teicoplanin, like other glycopeptide antibiotics, should be used judiciously due to the risk of promoting antibiotic resistance and the potential for serious side effects.
"Methicillin resistance" is a term used in medicine to describe the resistance of certain bacteria to the antibiotic methicillin and other related antibiotics, such as oxacillin and nafcillin. This type of resistance is most commonly associated with Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) bacteria.
Bacteria that are methicillin-resistant have acquired the ability to produce an additional penicillin-binding protein, known as PBP2a or PBP2'', which has a low affinity for beta-lactam antibiotics, including methicillin. This results in the bacteria being able to continue growing and dividing despite the presence of these antibiotics, making infections caused by these bacteria more difficult to treat.
Methicillin resistance is a significant concern in healthcare settings, as it can lead to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs associated with treating infections caused by these bacteria. In recent years, there has been an increase in the prevalence of methicillin-resistant bacteria, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance, infection control measures, and the development of new antibiotics to treat these infections.
Oxacillin is a type of antibiotic known as a penicillinase-resistant penicillin. It is used to treat infections caused by bacteria that are resistant to other types of penicillins. Oxacillin is commonly used to treat infections of the skin, soft tissue, and bone.
Here is the medical definition of oxacillin:
Oxacillin is a semisynthetic antibiotic derived from penicillin that is resistant to staphylococcal penicillinases. It is used to treat infections caused by susceptible strains of staphylococci and some streptococci, including penicillinase-producing staphylococci. Oxacillin is available as a sterile powder for injection or as a oral capsule.
It is important to note that the overuse or misuse of antibiotics like oxacillin can lead to the development of antibiotic resistance, which makes infections harder to treat. It's essential to use antibiotics only when necessary and as directed by a healthcare professional.
Microbial sensitivity tests, also known as antibiotic susceptibility tests (ASTs) or bacterial susceptibility tests, are laboratory procedures used to determine the effectiveness of various antimicrobial agents against specific microorganisms isolated from a patient's infection. These tests help healthcare providers identify which antibiotics will be most effective in treating an infection and which ones should be avoided due to resistance. The results of these tests can guide appropriate antibiotic therapy, minimize the potential for antibiotic resistance, improve clinical outcomes, and reduce unnecessary side effects or toxicity from ineffective antimicrobials.
There are several methods for performing microbial sensitivity tests, including:
1. Disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test): A standardized paper disk containing a predetermined amount of an antibiotic is placed on an agar plate that has been inoculated with the isolated microorganism. After incubation, the zone of inhibition around the disk is measured to determine the susceptibility or resistance of the organism to that particular antibiotic.
2. Broth dilution method: A series of tubes or wells containing decreasing concentrations of an antimicrobial agent are inoculated with a standardized microbial suspension. After incubation, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined by observing the lowest concentration of the antibiotic that prevents visible growth of the organism.
3. Automated systems: These use sophisticated technology to perform both disk diffusion and broth dilution methods automatically, providing rapid and accurate results for a wide range of microorganisms and antimicrobial agents.
The interpretation of microbial sensitivity test results should be done cautiously, considering factors such as the site of infection, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the antibiotic, potential toxicity, and local resistance patterns. Regular monitoring of susceptibility patterns and ongoing antimicrobial stewardship programs are essential to ensure optimal use of these tests and to minimize the development of antibiotic resistance.
Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These agents work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several different classes of anti-bacterial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines, among others. Each class of antibiotic has a specific mechanism of action and is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It's important to note that anti-bacterial agents are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health concern.
Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.
Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.
Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.
Haemophilus is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found as part of the normal microbiota of the human respiratory tract. However, some species can cause infections in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying medical conditions.
The most well-known species is Haemophilus influenzae, which was originally identified as a cause of influenza (hence the name), but it is now known that not all strains of H. influenzae cause this disease. In fact, the majority of H. influenzae infections are caused by strains that produce a polysaccharide capsule, which makes them more virulent and able to evade the host's immune system.
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was once a major cause of serious bacterial infections in children, including meningitis, pneumonia, and epiglottitis. However, since the introduction of vaccines against Hib in the 1980s, the incidence of these infections has decreased dramatically.
Other Haemophilus species that can cause human infections include Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus ducreyi (which causes chancroid), and Haemophilus aphrophilus (which can cause endocarditis).
Vancomycin is an antibiotic that belongs to the glycopeptide class. It is primarily used to treat severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). Vancomycin works by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. It is usually administered intravenously in a hospital setting due to its potential nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. The medical definition of 'Vancomycin' can be summarized as:
"A glycopeptide antibiotic used to treat severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, particularly those that are resistant to other antibiotics. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis and is administered intravenously due to its potential nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity."
Microbial drug resistance is a significant medical issue that refers to the ability of microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites) to withstand or survive exposure to drugs or medications designed to kill them or limit their growth. This phenomenon has become a major global health concern, particularly in the context of bacterial infections, where it is also known as antibiotic resistance.
Drug resistance arises due to genetic changes in microorganisms that enable them to modify or bypass the effects of antimicrobial agents. These genetic alterations can be caused by mutations or the acquisition of resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer. The resistant microbes then replicate and multiply, forming populations that are increasingly difficult to eradicate with conventional treatments.
The consequences of drug-resistant infections include increased morbidity, mortality, healthcare costs, and the potential for widespread outbreaks. Factors contributing to the emergence and spread of microbial drug resistance include the overuse or misuse of antimicrobials, poor infection control practices, and inadequate surveillance systems.
To address this challenge, it is crucial to promote prudent antibiotic use, strengthen infection prevention and control measures, develop new antimicrobial agents, and invest in research to better understand the mechanisms underlying drug resistance.
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a type of electrophoresis technique used in molecular biology to separate DNA molecules based on their size and conformation. In this method, the electric field is applied in varying directions, which allows for the separation of large DNA fragments that are difficult to separate using traditional gel electrophoresis methods.
The DNA sample is prepared by embedding it in a semi-solid matrix, such as agarose or polyacrylamide, and then subjected to an electric field that periodically changes direction. This causes the DNA molecules to reorient themselves in response to the changing electric field, which results in the separation of the DNA fragments based on their size and shape.
PFGE is a powerful tool for molecular biology research and has many applications, including the identification and characterization of bacterial pathogens, the analysis of genomic DNA, and the study of gene organization and regulation. It is also used in forensic science to analyze DNA evidence in criminal investigations.
Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.
Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:
1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.
Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.
Glycopeptides are a class of antibiotics that are characterized by their complex chemical structure, which includes both peptide and carbohydrate components. These antibiotics are produced naturally by certain types of bacteria and are effective against a range of Gram-positive bacterial infections, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE).
The glycopeptide antibiotics work by binding to the bacterial cell wall precursor, preventing the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains that is necessary for the formation of a strong and rigid cell wall. This leads to the death of the bacteria.
Examples of glycopeptides include vancomycin, teicoplanin, and dalbavancin. While these antibiotics have been used successfully for many years, their use is often limited due to concerns about the emergence of resistance and potential toxicity.
Gram-positive bacteria are a type of bacteria that stain dark purple or blue when subjected to the Gram staining method, which is a common technique used in microbiology to classify and identify different types of bacteria based on their structural differences. This staining method was developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884.
The key characteristic that distinguishes Gram-positive bacteria from other types, such as Gram-negative bacteria, is the presence of a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retains the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining process. Additionally, Gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane found in Gram-negative bacteria.
Examples of Gram-positive bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Bacillus subtilis. Some Gram-positive bacteria can cause various human diseases, while others are beneficial or harmless.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a type of bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics, including methicillin and other related antibiotics such as oxacillin, penicillin, and amoxicillin. This bacterium can cause a range of infections, from skin infections to more severe and potentially life-threatening conditions such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and surgical site infections.
MRSA is often associated with healthcare settings, where it can spread through contaminated surfaces, equipment, and direct contact with an infected person or carrier. However, community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) has also emerged as a significant public health concern, causing infections outside of healthcare facilities, such as in schools, gyms, and other community settings.
It's important to note that while MRSA is resistant to certain antibiotics, there are still some treatment options available for MRSA infections, including vancomycin, linezolid, daptomycin, and others. However, the emergence of MRSA strains with reduced susceptibility to these antibiotics has become a growing concern, highlighting the importance of infection control measures and the development of new antimicrobial agents.
Multiple bacterial drug resistance (MDR) is a medical term that refers to the resistance of multiple strains of bacteria to several antibiotics or antimicrobial agents. This means that these bacteria have developed mechanisms that enable them to survive and multiply despite being exposed to drugs that were previously effective in treating infections caused by them.
MDR is a significant public health concern because it limits the treatment options available for bacterial infections, making them more difficult and expensive to treat. In some cases, MDR bacteria may cause severe or life-threatening infections that are resistant to all available antibiotics, leaving doctors with few or no effective therapeutic options.
MDR can arise due to various mechanisms, including the production of enzymes that inactivate antibiotics, changes in bacterial cell membrane permeability that prevent antibiotics from entering the bacteria, and the development of efflux pumps that expel antibiotics out of the bacteria. The misuse or overuse of antibiotics is a significant contributor to the emergence and spread of MDR bacteria.
Preventing and controlling the spread of MDR bacteria requires a multifaceted approach, including the judicious use of antibiotics, infection control measures, surveillance, and research into new antimicrobial agents.
Bacterial chromosomes are typically circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that contain the genetic material of bacteria. Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA housed within a nucleus, bacterial chromosomes are located in the cytoplasm of the cell, often associated with the bacterial nucleoid.
Bacterial chromosomes can vary in size and structure among different species, but they typically contain all of the genetic information necessary for the survival and reproduction of the organism. They may also contain plasmids, which are smaller circular DNA molecules that can carry additional genes and can be transferred between bacteria through a process called conjugation.
One important feature of bacterial chromosomes is their ability to replicate rapidly, allowing bacteria to divide quickly and reproduce in large numbers. The replication of the bacterial chromosome begins at a specific origin point and proceeds in opposite directions until the entire chromosome has been copied. This process is tightly regulated and coordinated with cell division to ensure that each daughter cell receives a complete copy of the genetic material.
Overall, the study of bacterial chromosomes is an important area of research in microbiology, as understanding their structure and function can provide insights into bacterial genetics, evolution, and pathogenesis.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
A bacterial gene is a segment of DNA (or RNA in some viruses) that contains the genetic information necessary for the synthesis of a functional bacterial protein or RNA molecule. These genes are responsible for encoding various characteristics and functions of bacteria such as metabolism, reproduction, and resistance to antibiotics. They can be transmitted between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer mechanisms like conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Bacterial genes are often organized into operons, which are clusters of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule.
It's important to note that the term "bacterial gene" is used to describe genetic elements found in bacteria, but not all genetic elements in bacteria are considered genes. For example, some DNA sequences may not encode functional products and are therefore not considered genes. Additionally, some bacterial genes may be plasmid-borne or phage-borne, rather than being located on the bacterial chromosome.
'Actinobacillus equuli' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is part of the normal flora in the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal system of horses. However, it can also cause disease in both horses and other animals, including humans, under certain conditions.
In horses, 'Actinobacillus equuli' can cause a variety of clinical syndromes, including septicemia, pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, and abortion. The bacterium is often found in cases of "sleepy staggers," a neurological condition that affects young foals.
In humans, 'Actinobacillus equuli' is an uncommon cause of infection, but it has been associated with cases of bacteremia, endocarditis, meningitis, and wound infections, particularly in individuals who have close contact with horses or other animals.
The bacterium is typically treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin or ceftriaxone, although resistance to these drugs has been reported in some strains. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices and avoiding contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids.
Staphylococcus phages do not have a specific medical definition, but I can provide you with some information about both concepts:
1. Staphylococcus: This term refers to a group of bacteria that can cause various infections in humans and animals. The most common species is Staphylococcus aureus, which often colonizes the skin and nasal passages of healthy individuals. However, it can lead to infections when it enters the body through wounds or other breaks in the skin.
2. Phages: These are viruses that infect and kill bacteria. They specifically target and replicate within bacterial cells, using the host's machinery for their reproduction. Once the phage has multiplied sufficiently, it causes the bacterial cell to lyse (burst), releasing new phage particles into the environment. Phages can be specific to certain bacterial species or strains, making them potential alternatives to antibiotics in treating bacterial infections without disrupting the normal microbiota.
When combining these two concepts, Staphylococcus phages refer to viruses that infect and kill Staphylococcus bacteria. These phages can be used as therapeutic agents to treat Staphylococcus infections, particularly those caused by antibiotic-resistant strains like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, it is essential to note that the use of phages as a treatment option is still an experimental approach and requires further research before becoming a widely accepted therapeutic strategy.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.
The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.
In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.
'Acinetobacter' is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the environment, including water, soil, and healthcare settings. They are known for their ability to survive in a wide range of temperatures and pH levels, as well as their resistance to many antibiotics.
Some species of Acinetobacter can cause healthcare-associated infections, particularly in patients who are hospitalized, have weakened immune systems, or have been exposed to medical devices such as ventilators or catheters. These infections can include pneumonia, bloodstream infections, wound infections, and meningitis.
Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most common species associated with human infection and is often resistant to multiple antibiotics, making it a significant public health concern. Infections caused by Acinetobacter can be difficult to treat and may require the use of last-resort antibiotics.
Preventing the spread of Acinetobacter in healthcare settings is important and includes practices such as hand hygiene, environmental cleaning, and contact precautions for patients with known or suspected infection.
Methicillin is defined as a narrow-spectrum antibiotic that belongs to the penicillin class. It was initially developed to address the problem of beta-lactamase enzyme production in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which made them resistant to earlier penicillins. However, methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) have since emerged and become a significant global health concern. Methicillin is no longer used clinically due to its high nephrotoxicity, but the term "methicillin-resistant" remains relevant in describing resistant bacteria.
Acetoin is a chemical compound that is produced as a metabolic byproduct in certain types of bacteria, including some species of streptococcus and lactobacillus. It is a colorless liquid with a sweet, buttery odor and is used as a flavoring agent in the food industry. In addition to its use as a flavoring, acetoin has been studied for its potential antibacterial properties and its possible role in the development of biofilms. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential uses and implications of this compound.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
Benzidines are a class of chemical compounds with the basic structure of two benzene rings linked by a central nitrogen atom. The term "benzidine" can refer specifically to the parent compound, but it is more commonly used as a general term for a group of related compounds known as benzidine congeners or benzidine derivatives.
Benzidines are primarily used in the manufacture of dyes and pigments, although they have also been used in some industrial and laboratory applications. Exposure to benzidines has been linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer and other health problems, so their use is regulated in many countries.
It's worth noting that the medical definition of "benzidines" primarily focuses on their chemical structure and potential health effects, rather than their specific medical uses or applications.
Staphylococcus haemolyticus
Staphylococcus borealis
Staphylococcus capitis
MecA
List of sequenced bacterial genomes
Totomycin
Glucose oxidase
Aztreonam
Body odor
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Delafloxacin
Staphylococcus xylosus
SCCmec
List of MeSH codes (B03)
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Staphylococcus hominis
Staphylococcus devriesei
Poultry farming
Staphylococcus
Cefquinome
Agar plate
Cytolysin
Tibicos
Epidermidis21
- As noted, some S. haemolyticus ORFs differ from S. aureus and S. epidermidis. (wikipedia.org)
- Six diatom species displayed specific anti-inflammatory, anticancer (blocking human melanoma cell proliferation), and anti-biofilm (against the bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis ) activities whereas, none of the other microalgae were bioactive against the conditions tested for. (frontiersin.org)
- In the last decades, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), especially Staphylococcus epidermidis have become an important cause of bloodstream infections. (scielo.br)
- Five different species were identified by different phenotypic methods, including S. epidermidis (5), S. haemolyticus (3), S. hominis (1), S. warneri (1) and S. cohnii subsp urealyticus (1). (scielo.br)
- A variety of Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis profiles was observed by macrorestriction DNA analysis in S. epidermidis isolates, but two of three S. haemolyticus isolates presented the same profile. (scielo.br)
- One S. epidermidis and one S. haemolyticus isolates were resistant to teicoplanin and susceptible to vancomycin. (scielo.br)
- Staphylococcus coagulase negativos (SCoN), especialmente Staphylococcus epidermidis tem se tornado causa importante de infecções da corrente circulatória nas últimas décadas. (scielo.br)
- Cinco diferentes espĂ©cies foram identificadas por diferentes mĂ©todos fenotĂpicos, incluindo S. epidermidis (5), S. haemolyticus (3), S. hominis (1), S. warneri (1) e S. cohnii subsp urealyticus (1). (scielo.br)
- Diferentes perfis eletroforéticos obtidos pela técnica de "Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis" foram observados na análise da macrorestrição do DNA nos isolados de S. epidermidis, mas dois dos três isolados de S. haemolyticus apresentaram o mesmo perfil. (scielo.br)
- Um isolado de S. epidermidis e um de S. haemolyticus foram resistentes Ă teicoplanina e sensĂveis Ă vancomicina. (scielo.br)
- The S. epidermidis group of coagulase-negative staphylococci are of particular importance. (dermnetnz.org)
- This group comprises predominantly of S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. capitis, S. hominis, S. simulans and S. warneri [1]. (dermnetnz.org)
- Collectively, S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus account for the majority of foreign body and premature neonatal infections due to coagulase-negative staphylococci [1]. (dermnetnz.org)
- Miliaria is not associated with non-EPS producing strains of S. epidermidis or another coagulase-negative staphylococcus, such as S. haemolyticus and S. hominis . (dermnetnz.org)
- In addition to the existing problem with VRE, the potential emergence of vancomycin resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus epidermidis is a serious public health concern. (cdc.gov)
- Although vancomycin resistance in clinical strains of S. epidermidis or S. aureus has not been reported, vancomycin-resistant strains of S. haemolyticus have been isolated[21,22]. (cdc.gov)
- Beyond Sepsis: Staphylococcus Epidermidis Is an Underestimated but Significant Contributor to Neonatal Morbidity. (med-expert.com.ua)
- 2014). The Role of Staphylococcus Epidermidis in Neonatal Sepsis: Guarding Angel or Pathogenic Devil? (med-expert.com.ua)
- The majority of S. haemolyticus were sequence type (ST) 30, with 8 new ST138-145 reported, while the majority of S. epidermidis were typed as ST490 with 7 new ST1184-1190 reported. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
- Conclusion: S. haemolyticus and S. epidermidis harboring icaC, dfrG, blaZ, and mecA genes were the predominant CoNS causing UTI in Tanzania. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
- The dynamics of biofilm formation in clinical strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus associated with neonatal infections. (krakow.pl)
Streptococcus6
- Proof could be furnished that the cannabis extracts produce a very satisfactory antibacterial effect upon the following microbes: staphylococcus pyogenes aureus, steptococcus alpha haemolyticus, streptococcus beta haemolyticus, enterococcus, diplococcus pneumonia, B. anthracis, and corynebacterium diptheriae i.e., all of them gram-positive microorganisms. (druglibrary.org)
- Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae), Staphylococcus spp. (vseapteki.ru)
- Pasteurella species, Staphylococcus haemolyticus or Streptococcus are also known to cause this disease. (guineadad.com)
- Group A Streptococci ( Streptococcus pyogenes ), Group D Enterococci ( Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium ), Coagulase negative Staphylococcus species such as S. hemolyticus, S. lugdunensis, S. schleiferi . (microbiologyinfo.com)
- Other bacteria associated with infectious ON are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus haemolyticus, and Streptococcus pneumonia. (firstcry.com)
- Examples of bacteria that cause infections include Streptococcus , Staphylococcus , and E. coli . (medlineplus.gov)
Isolates4
- S. haemolyticus [n = 60 isolates] was the most common species and was isolated from all farm s and from cows, humans and environmental samples. (cdc.gov)
- Five isolates of Staphylococcus sp. (muni.cz)
- Cefoxitin (30g) was used as surrogate to determine phenotypic methicillin resistance in staphylococcus isolates, and the methicillin resistance ( mec A) gene was detected by conventional PCR assay. (who.int)
- 2020). Sources of infection of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in the context of catheter-associated bloodstream infections: the role of microbiological monitoring in a medical and preventive institution Current issues of dermatology, vererology and HIV/AIDS infection. (med-expert.com.ua)
Methicillin resistant2
- We therefore determine the prevalence, colonization rates and source of hospital-acquired Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus (MRSH) in Lagos, Nigeria. (pajols.org)
- Most methicillin-resistant staphylococci are also resistant to ciprofloxacin. (wellmedpharm.uz)
Species6
- Its most closely related species is Staphylococcus borealis. (wikipedia.org)
- Distribution of Staphylococcus species in dairy cows, workers and shared farm environments. (cdc.gov)
- The diversity of species ranged from 9-15 Staphylococcus spp. (cdc.gov)
- Based on the polyphasic taxonomic approach, the novel species named Staphylococcus brunensis sp. (muni.cz)
- As a result, the skin is physiologically colonised by a host of microorganisms , including at least 47 species of coagulase-negative staphylococci [1]. (dermnetnz.org)
- Other bacteria can cause a pharyngitis and similar rash, such as Staphylococcus aureus , Haemophilus influenzae , Arcanobacterium haemolyticum , and Clostridium species. (medscape.com)
CoNS5
- Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a member of the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). (wikipedia.org)
- Common bacteria included coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), Bacillus spp. (asas.org)
- Over the last three decades, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) have been recognised as opportunistic pathogens, especially in immunocompromised patients. (muni.cz)
- CoNS serve as a reservoir of accessory genes, including virulence and antimicrobial resistance factors for the genus Staphylococcus. (muni.cz)
- Background: There is a growing body of evidence on the potential involvement of coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) in causing urinary tract infections (UTIs). (st-andrews.ac.uk)
Strains3
- Certain strains of S. haemolyticus are capable of producing a capsular polysaccharide (CP). (wikipedia.org)
- Here, we characterised coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains from the Staphylococcus haemolyticus phylogenetic clade obtained from human ear swabs, wounds and bile. (muni.cz)
- Noteworthy is the effect upon staphylococcus aureaus strains, which are resistant to penicillin and to other antibiotics. (druglibrary.org)
Corynebacterium1
- Mannheimia haemolytica , Staphylococcus aureus , Corynebacterium spp. (asas.org)
Resistant2
- The highly antibiotic-resistant phenotype and ability to form biofilms make S. haemolyticus a difficult pathogen to treat. (wikipedia.org)
- This increase poses several problems, including a) the lack of available antimicrobials for therapy of infections caused by VRE, because most VRE are also resistant to multiple other drugs (e.g., aminoglycosides and ampicillin) previously used for the treatment of infections due to these organisms, and b) the possibility that the vancomycin resistance genes present in VRE may be transferred to other gram-positive microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus. (cdc.gov)
Aureus subsp1
- Staphylococcus aureus subsp. (lbl.gov)
Carnosus subsp1
- Staphylococcus carnosus subsp. (lbl.gov)
Saprophyticus subsp2
Coagulase6
- Coagulase-negative staphylococci are gram-positive, aerobic organisms distinguished from the closely related Staphylococcus aureus by the group's inability to form coagulase, an enzyme that promotes thrombus formation via the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin [2]. (dermnetnz.org)
- Coagulase-negative staphylococci are an important part of normal skin microbiota , and they also colonise mucous membranes in adults and children from a few weeks of age [1]. (dermnetnz.org)
- Until two decades ago, coagulase-negative staphylococci were commonly perceived as contaminants in clinical specimens. (dermnetnz.org)
- 75% of coagulase-negative staphylococci in all clinical specimens [2]. (dermnetnz.org)
- Coagulase-negative staphylococci are implicated in the 'double-hit' phenomenon, a theory used to explain the cause of atopic dermatitis . (dermnetnz.org)
- some coagulase-negative staphylococci, and some Enterobacteriaceae . (microbiologyinfo.com)
Infections3
- Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections (bacteremia) in pediatric patients (1 to 17 years of age). (nih.gov)
- Staphylococcus haemolyticus is an important etiological agent of hospital infections but its epidemiological significance has not been studied in our institution. (pajols.org)
- Clinical Impact of Staphylococcus Aureus Skin and Soft Tissue Infections. (med-expert.com.ua)
Capitis1
- The highest percentage of oxacillin resistance was found among S. haemolyticus (46.2) while the lowest was in S. capitis (8.3). (bvsalud.org)
Catheter-associated1
- Staphylococcus haemolyticus may cause catheter-associated urinary tract infection, wound infection and conjunctivitis. (hartmann-science-center.com)
Borealis1
- Staphylococcus borealis sp. (uit.no)
Genes1
- The table below contains a list of genes known to be associated with S. haemolyticus antibiotic resistance. (wikipedia.org)
Xylosus1
- Staphylococcus cohnii , Staphylococcus haemolyticus , and Staphylococcus xylosus . (dsmz.de)
Genome1
- The S. haemolyticus genome also contains many insertion sequences (ISs). (wikipedia.org)
Microbes1
- Like other Gram-positive microbes, S. haemolyticus has a thick, rather homogenous, cell wall (60-80 nm) composed of peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, and protein. (wikipedia.org)
Characterization1
- Isolation and characterization of staphylococci from human skin. (dsmz.de)
Antibiotic1
- The antibiotic resistances of Staphylococcus aureus to penicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, clindamycin were high. (biomedres.info)
Virulence1
- citation needed] The ability to adhere to medical devices and subsequently form biofilms is a major virulence factor associated with S. haemolyticus. (wikipedia.org)
Microbiome1
- The water microbiome, dominated by Cutibacterium and Staphylococcus spp. (biomedcentral.com)
Axillae1
- Staphylococci prefer humid areas and are therefore commonly found in the axillae , gluteal , and inguinal regions as well as anterior nares and the conjunctiva [3]. (dermnetnz.org)
Explore1
- To explore the Staphylococcus spp. (cdc.gov)
Keywords1
- Author Keywords: Staphylococcus spp. (cdc.gov)