Staphylococcus. Medical search

Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.

A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals.

A species of STAPHYLOCOCCUS that is a spherical, non-motile, gram-positive, chemoorganotrophic, facultative anaerobe. Mainly found on the skin and mucous membrane of warm-blooded animals, it can be primary pathogen or secondary invader.

Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.

A strain of Staphylococcus aureus that is non-susceptible to the action of METHICILLIN. The mechanism of resistance usually involves modification of normal or the presence of acquired PENICILLIN BINDING PROTEINS.

Viruses whose host is Staphylococcus.

Non-susceptibility of a microbe to the action of METHICILLIN, a semi-synthetic penicillin derivative.

Enzymes that cause coagulation in plasma by forming a complex with human PROTHROMBIN. Coagulases are produced by certain STAPHYLOCOCCUS and YERSINIA PESTIS. Staphylococci produce two types of coagulase: Staphylocoagulase, a free coagulase that produces true clotting of plasma, and Staphylococcal clumping factor, a bound coagulase in the cell wall that induces clumping of cells in the presence of fibrinogen.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).

One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.

A species of STAPHYLOCOCCUS found on the skin of humans (and non-human primates), often causing hospital-acquired infections (CROSS INFECTION).

An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.

Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.

A protein present in the cell wall of most Staphylococcus aureus strains. The protein selectively binds to the Fc region of human normal and myeloma-derived IMMUNOGLOBULIN G. It elicits antibody activity and may cause hypersensitivity reactions due to histamine release; has also been used as cell surface antigen marker and in the clinical assessment of B lymphocyte function.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Infections to the skin caused by bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.

A 25-kDa peptidase produced by Staphylococcus simulans which cleaves a glycine-glcyine bond unique to an inter-peptide cross-bridge of the STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS cell wall. EC 3.4.24.75.

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family STAPHYLOCOCCACEAE. It is responsible for skin and soft-tissue infections among others, and is part of the normal human skin flora.

The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.

A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.

A species of STAPHYLOCOCCUS similar to STAPHYLOCOCCUS HAEMOLYTICUS, but containing different esterases. The subspecies Staphylococcus hominis novobiosepticus is highly virulent and novobiocin resistant.

Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.

Pore forming proteins originally discovered for toxic activity to LEUKOCYTES. They are EXOTOXINS produced by some pathogenic STAPHYLOCOCCUS and STREPTOCOCCUS that destroy leukocytes by lysis of the cytoplasmic granules and are partially responsible for the pathogenicity of the organisms.

Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

Encrustations, formed from microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi, plankton, or protozoa) embedding in extracellular polymers, that adhere to surfaces such as teeth (DENTAL DEPOSITS); PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; and catheters. Biofilms are prevented from forming by treating surfaces with DENTIFRICES; DISINFECTANTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; and antifouling agents.

The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissible to another susceptible host.

Nonsusceptibility of an organism to the action of penicillins.

Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.

Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.

A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.

Derivatives of acetamide that are used as solvents, as mild irritants, and in organic synthesis.

Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of VANCOMYCIN, an inhibitor of cell wall synthesis.

Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.

A cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic that inhibits GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA.

Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.

Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.

Toxins produced, especially by bacterial or fungal cells, and released into the culture medium or environment.

INFLAMMATION of the UDDER in cows.

Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.

Any infection acquired in the community, that is, contrasted with those acquired in a health care facility (CROSS INFECTION). An infection would be classified as community-acquired if the patient had not recently been in a health care facility or been in contact with someone who had been recently in a health care facility.

Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.

Techniques used in studying bacteria.

A technique of bacterial typing which differentiates between bacteria or strains of bacteria by their susceptibility to one or more bacteriophages.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

Glycopeptide antibiotic complex from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus active against gram-positive bacteria. It consists of five major components each with a different fatty acid moiety.

Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family STAPHYLOCOCCACEAE. It commonly causes urinary tract infections in humans.

Protein exotoxins from Staphylococcus aureus, phage type II, which cause epidermal necrolysis. They are proteins with a molecular weight of 26,000 to 32,000. They cause a condition variously called scaled skin, Lyell or Ritter syndrome, epidermal exfoliative disease, toxic epidermal necrolysis, etc.

A genus of gram-positive, spherical bacteria found in soils and fresh water, and frequently on the skin of man and other animals.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)

Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria.

Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria.

The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the NASAL SEPTUM. Nasal cavities, extending from the nares to the NASOPHARYNX, are lined with ciliated NASAL MUCOSA.

Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)

Bacterial proteins that share the property of binding irreversibly to PENICILLINS and other ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS derived from LACTAMS. The penicillin-binding proteins are primarily enzymes involved in CELL WALL biosynthesis including MURAMOYLPENTAPEPTIDE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; PEPTIDE SYNTHASES; TRANSPEPTIDASES; and HEXOSYLTRANSFERASES.

Proteins from BACTERIA and FUNGI that are soluble enough to be secreted to target ERYTHROCYTES and insert into the membrane to form beta-barrel pores. Biosynthesis may be regulated by HEMOLYSIN FACTORS.

The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.

A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method.

Physicochemical property of fimbriated (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity.

A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.

A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.

Infections of non-skeletal tissue, i.e., exclusive of bone, ligaments, cartilage, and fibrous tissue. The concept is usually referred to as skin and soft tissue infections and usually subcutaneous and muscle tissue are involved. The predisposing factors in anaerobic infections are trauma, ischemia, and surgery. The organisms often derive from the fecal or oral flora, particularly in wounds associated with intestinal surgery, decubitus ulcer, and human bites. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1688)

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family STAPHYLOCOCCACEAE. It is an important opportunistic pathogen in swine.

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

Rupture of bacterial cells due to mechanical force, chemical action, or the lytic growth of BACTERIOPHAGES.

Enzyme which catalyzes the peptide cross-linking of nascent CELL WALL; PEPTIDOGLYCAN.

Poisoning by staphylococcal toxins present in contaminated food.

Acyltransferases that use AMINO ACYL TRNA as the amino acid donor in formation of a peptide bond. There are ribosomal and non-ribosomal peptidyltransferases.

Microbial antigens that have in common an extremely potent activating effect on T-cells that bear a specific variable region. Superantigens cross-link the variable region with class II MHC proteins regardless of the peptide binding in the T-cell receptor's pocket. The result is a transient expansion and subsequent death and anergy of the T-cells with the appropriate variable regions.

Ability of a microbe to survive under given conditions. This can also be related to a colony's ability to replicate.

Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of hexose groups. EC 2.4.1.-.

A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria consisting of organisms causing variable hemolysis that are normal flora of the intestinal tract. Previously thought to be a member of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS, it is now recognized as a separate genus.

An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.

Invasion of the site of trauma by pathogenic microorganisms.

A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus ACREMONIUM. They contain the beta-lactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.

A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.

Infections resulting from the implantation of prosthetic devices. The infections may be acquired from intraoperative contamination (early) or hematogenously acquired from other sites (late).

A beta-lactamase preferentially cleaving penicillins. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 3.5.2.-.

Using MOLECULAR BIOLOGY techniques, such as DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; PULSED-FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; and DNA FINGERPRINTING, to identify, classify, and compare organisms and their subtypes.

INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.

The presence of an infectious agent on instruments, prostheses, or other inanimate articles.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion (BACTERIAL ADHESION) to other cells or to inanimate surfaces. Most fimbriae (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) of gram-negative bacteria function as adhesins, but in many cases it is a minor subunit protein at the tip of the fimbriae that is the actual adhesin. In gram-positive bacteria, a protein or polysaccharide surface layer serves as the specific adhesin. What is sometimes called polymeric adhesin (BIOFILMS) is distinct from protein adhesin.

A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.

A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.

A group of QUINOLONES with at least one fluorine atom and a piperazinyl group.

A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.

Coccus-shaped bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.

A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the family STAPHYLOCOCCACEAE. It is a zoonotic organism and common commensal in dogs, but can cause disease in dogs and other animals. It also can be associated with human disease.

Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight.

The body fluid that circulates in the vascular system (BLOOD VESSELS). Whole blood includes PLASMA and BLOOD CELLS.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.

Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects.

Skin diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses.

An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189)

The engulfing and degradation of microorganisms; other cells that are dead, dying, or pathogenic; and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES).

Glycosylated compounds in which there is an amino substituent on the glycoside. Some of them are clinically important ANTIBIOTICS.

A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Arthritis caused by BACTERIA; RICKETTSIA; MYCOPLASMA; VIRUSES; FUNGI; or PARASITES.

Infections in the inner or external eye caused by microorganisms belonging to several families of bacteria. Some of the more common genera found are Haemophilus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Chlamydia.

The mucous lining of the NASAL CAVITY, including lining of the nostril (vestibule) and the OLFACTORY MUCOSA. Nasal mucosa consists of ciliated cells, GOBLET CELLS, brush cells, small granule cells, basal cells (STEM CELLS) and glands containing both mucous and serous cells.

The white liquid secreted by the mammary glands. It contains proteins, sugar, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.

Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A family of LINCOMYCIN-related glycosides that contain a pyrrolidine ring linked via an amide-bond to a pyranose moiety. Individual members of this family are defined by the arrangement of specific constituent groups on the lyncomycin molecule. Many lincosamides are ANTIBIOTICS produced by a variety STREPTOMYCES species.

A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)

Infection occurring at the site of a surgical incision.

A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens and the human intestinal tract. Most strains are nonhemolytic.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.

An autolytic enzyme bound to the surface of bacterial cell walls. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain cell wall glycopeptides, particularly peptidoglycan. EC 3.5.1.28.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.

A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.

Catheters designed to be left within an organ or passage for an extended period of time.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.

Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of an aminoacyl group from donor to acceptor resulting in the formation of an ester or amide linkage. EC 2.3.2.

A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.

One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.

A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

A persistent skin infection marked by the presence of furuncles, often chronic and recurrent. In humans, the causative agent is various species of STAPHYLOCOCCUS. In salmonid fish (SALMONIDS), the pathogen is AEROMONAS SALMONICIDA.

Institutions with an organized medical staff which provide medical care to patients.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A common superficial bacterial infection caused by STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS or group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. Characteristics include pustular lesions that rupture and discharge a thin, amber-colored fluid that dries and forms a crust. This condition is commonly located on the face, especially about the mouth and nose.

Skin diseases caused by bacteria.

A cephalosporin antibiotic.

Direct nucleotide sequencing of gene fragments from multiple housekeeping genes for the purpose of phylogenetic analysis, organism identification, and typing of species, strain, serovar, or other distinguishable phylogenetic level.

A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.

Four-membered cyclic AMIDES, best known for the PENICILLINS based on a bicyclo-thiazolidine, as well as the CEPHALOSPORINS based on a bicyclo-thiazine, and including monocyclic MONOBACTAMS. The BETA-LACTAMASES hydrolyze the beta lactam ring, accounting for BETA-LACTAM RESISTANCE of infective bacteria.

Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.

Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).

A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.

An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.

Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Proteins that bind to particles and cells to increase susceptibility to PHAGOCYTOSIS, especially ANTIBODIES bound to EPITOPES that attach to FC RECEPTORS. COMPLEMENT C3B may also participate.

Domesticated farm animals raised for home use or profit but excluding POULTRY. Typically livestock includes CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; SWINE; GOATS; and others.

A class of plasmids that transfer antibiotic resistance from one bacterium to another by conjugation.

Measurable quantity of bacteria in an object, organism, or organism compartment.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The natural bactericidal property of BLOOD due to normally occurring antibacterial substances such as beta lysin, leukin, etc. This activity needs to be distinguished from the bactericidal activity contained in a patient's serum as a result of antimicrobial therapy, which is measured by a SERUM BACTERICIDAL TEST.

A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.

Passive agglutination tests in which antigen is adsorbed onto latex particles which then clump in the presence of antibody specific for the adsorbed antigen. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Infections resulting from the use of catheters. Proper aseptic technique, site of catheter placement, material composition, and virulence of the organism are all factors that can influence possible infection.

The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.

A method where a culturing surface inoculated with microbe is exposed to small disks containing known amounts of a chemical agent resulting in a zone of inhibition (usually in millimeters) of growth of the microbe corresponding to the susceptibility of the strain to the agent.

The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.

Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.

The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.

A group of often glycosylated macrocyclic compounds formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES cyclized into a large (typically 12, 14, or 16)-membered lactone. Macrolides belong to the POLYKETIDES class of natural products, and many members exhibit ANTIBIOTIC properties.

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.

Colorless, endogenous or exogenous pigment precursors that may be transformed by biological mechanisms into colored compounds; used in biochemical assays and in diagnosis as indicators, especially in the form of enzyme substrates. Synonym: chromogens (not to be confused with pigment-synthesizing bacteria also called chromogens).

Substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. Disinfectants are classed as complete, destroying SPORES as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms, or incomplete, destroying only vegetative forms of the organisms. They are distinguished from ANTISEPTICS, which are local anti-infective agents used on humans and other animals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Cyclic AMIDES formed from aminocarboxylic acids by the elimination of water. Lactims are the enol forms of lactams.

A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.

A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.

Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.

Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.

An enzyme that catalyzes the endonucleolytic cleavage to 3'-phosphomononucleotide and 3'-phospholigonucleotide end-products. It can cause hydrolysis of double- or single-stranded DNA or RNA. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.1.31.1.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

Copies of transposable elements interspersed throughout the genome, some of which are still active and often referred to as "jumping genes". There are two classes of interspersed repetitive elements. Class I elements (or RETROELEMENTS - such as retrotransposons, retroviruses, LONG INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS and SHORT INTERSPERSED NUCLEOTIDE ELEMENTS) transpose via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Class II elements (or DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS - such as transposons, Tn elements, insertion sequence elements and mobile gene cassettes of bacterial integrons) transpose directly from one site in the DNA to another.

Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.

Effect of a staphylococcin on Neisseria gonorrhoeae. (1/3560)

Phage group 2 staphylococcal strain UT0002 contains a large 56S virulence plasmid with genes that code for both exfoliative toxin and a specific staphylococcin termed Bac R(1). Four penicillinase-producing strains and three penicillin-susceptible strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were killed by Bac R(1). After 30 min of growth of the penicillin-resistant TR1 strain in 62.5 arbitrary units of Bac R(1) per ml, loss of viability was approximately 90%, and, after 5 h, an approximately 99.99% loss of viability was observed. Lysis did not accompany cell death, and 84% of the Bac R(1) added to the growth medium was adsorbed to the gonococcal cells. The extracellular supernatant fluid from a substrain of staphylococcal strain UT0002 cured of the plasmid for Bac R(1) production had no lethal effect on the gonococcal strains. Bac R(1) was also shown to have bactericidal activity against an L-form of N. meningitidis, indicating that the outer envelope of a neisserial cell is not needed for bacteriocin activity. Ten different normal human sera were unable to neutralize Bac R(1) activity. The bacteriocin lacks adsorption specificity. It binds to but does not kill Escherichia coli cells, indicating that the cell envelope of gram-negative organisms can provide protection against the staphylococcin. (+info)

Prodigious substrate specificity of AAC(6')-APH(2"), an aminoglycoside antibiotic resistance determinant in enterococci and staphylococci. (2/3560)

BACKGROUND: High-level gentamicin resistance in enterococci and staphylococci is conferred by AAC(6')-APH(2"), an enzyme with 6'-N-acetyltransferase and 2"-O-phosphotransferase activities. The presence of this enzyme in pathogenic gram-positive bacteria prevents the successful use of gentamicin C and most other aminoglycosides as therapeutic agents. RESULTS: In an effort to understand the mechanism of aminoglycoside modification, we expressed AAC(6')-APH(2") in Bacillus subtilis. The purified enzyme is monomeric with a molecular mass of 57 kDa and displays both the expected aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferase and O-phosphotransferase activities. Structure-function analysis with various aminoglycosides substrates reveals an enzyme with broad specificity in both enzymatic activities, accounting for AAC(6')-APH(2")'s dramatic negative impact on clinical aminoglycoside therapy. Both lividomycin A and paromomycin, aminoglycosides lacking a 6'-amino group, were acetylated by AAC(6')-APH(2"). The infrared spectrum of the product of paromomycin acetylation yielded a signal consistent with O-acetylation. Mass spectral and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the products of neomycin phosphorylation indicated that phosphoryl transfer occurred primarily at the 3'-OH of the 6-aminohexose ring A, and that some diphosphorylated material was also present with phosphates at the 3'-OH and the 3"'-OH of ring D, both unprecedented observations for this enzyme. Furthermore, the phosphorylation site of lividomycin A was determined to be the 5"-OH of the pentose ring C. CONCLUSIONS: The bifunctional AAC(6')-APH(2") has the capacity to inactivate virtually all clinically important aminoglycosides through N- and O-acetylation and phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups. The extremely broad substrate specificity of this enzyme will impact on future development of aminoglycosides and presents a significant challenge for antibiotic design. (+info)

The staphylococcal transferrin-binding protein is a cell wall glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. (3/3560)

Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis possess a 42-kDa cell wall transferrin-binding protein (Tpn) which is involved in the acquisition of transferrin-bound iron. To characterize this protein further, cell wall fractions were subjected to two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis blotted, and the N-terminus of Tpn was sequenced. Comparison of the first 20 amino acid residues of Tpn with the protein databases revealed a high degree of homology to the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Analysis of staphylococcal cell wall fractions for GAPDH activity confirmed the presence of a functional enzyme which, like Tpn, is regulated by the availability of iron in the growth medium. To determine whether Tpn is responsible for this GAPDH activity, it was affinity purified with NAD+ agarose. Both S. epidermidis and S. aureus Tpn catalyzed the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-diphosphoglycerate. In contrast, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, which lacks a Tpn, has no cell wall-associated GAPDH activity. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the affinity-purified Tpn revealed that it was present in the cell wall as a tetramer, consistent with the structures of all known cytoplasmic GAPDHs. Furthermore, the affinity-purified Tpn retained its ability to bind human transferrin both in its native tetrameric and SDS-denatured monomeric forms. Apart from interacting with human transferrin, Tpn, in common with the group A streptococcal cell wall GAPDH, binds human plasmin. Tpn-bound plasmin is enzymatically active and therefore may contribute to the ability of staphylococci to penetrate tissues during infections. These studies demonstrate that the staphylococcal transferrin receptor protein, Tpn, is a multifunctional cell wall GAPDH. (+info)

Molecular characterization of the nitrite-reducing system of Staphylococcus carnosus. (4/3560)

Characterization of a nitrite reductase-negative Staphylococcus carnosus Tn917 mutant led to the identification of the nir operon, which encodes NirBD, the dissimilatory NADH-dependent nitrite reductase; SirA, the putative oxidase and chelatase, and SirB, the uroporphyrinogen III methylase, both of which are necessary for biosynthesis of the siroheme prosthetic group; and NirR, which revealed no convincing similarity to proteins with known functions. We suggest that NirR is essential for nir promoter activity. In the absence of NirR, a weak promoter upstream of sirA seems to drive transcription of sirA, nirB, nirD, and sirB in the stationary-growth phase. In primer extension experiments one predominant and several weaker transcription start sites were identified in the nir promoter region. Northern blot analyses indicated that anaerobiosis and nitrite are induction factors of the nir operon: cells grown aerobically with nitrite revealed small amounts of full-length transcript whereas cells grown anaerobically with or without nitrite showed large amounts of full-length transcript. Although a transcript is detectable, no nitrite reduction occurs in cells grown aerobically with nitrite, indicating an additional oxygen-controlled step at the level of translation, enzyme folding, assembly, or insertion of prosthetic groups. The nitrite-reducing activity expressed during anaerobiosis is switched off reversibly when the oxygen tension increases, most likely due to competition for electrons with the aerobic respiratory chain. Another gene, nirC, is located upstream of the nir operon. nirC encodes a putative integral membrane-spanning protein of unknown function. A nirC mutant showed no distinct phenotype. (+info)

Changing susceptibilities of coagulase-negative staphylococci to teicoplanin in a teaching hospital. (5/3560)

The susceptibility of two collections of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) isolated from clinical specimens for teicoplanin and vancomycin were compared. They comprised 91 and 101 isolates, collected in 1985 and 1994 respectively, from different departments of a teaching hospital. MICs of vancomycin and teicoplanin were determined by a modified Etest method. Additionally, a disc diffusion test was performed for teicoplanin. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin (MIC < or = 4 mg/L). Two of the 91 isolates collected in 1985 were intermediate to teicoplanin (MIC between 8 and 32 mg/L), whereas in 1994 the number of intermediate isolates was 20 out of 101 (P < 0.01). The correlation between MICs, as determined by the modified Etest assay, and disc diffusion zones was poor (r = -0.35). Results show that resistance to teicoplanin in CNS has increased in the study hospital over a period of 9 years. This increase is likely to be correlated with the introduction of teicoplanin. Furthermore, a disc diffusion method does not appear to be the first method of choice for detection of strains of CNS with diminished susceptibility to teicoplanin. (+info)

Evidence for nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant staphylococci colonizing intravascular devices. (6/3560)

Nasal surveillance cultures were performed for 54 patients exhibiting >/=10(3) CFU of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci per ml in central venous catheter (CVC) rinse cultures over a 6-month period. Forty-two of the nasal cultures yielded growth of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci, and 33 of the 42 cultures contained organisms that belonged to the same species as the CVC isolates. Of the 33 same-species isolates, 20 appeared to be identical strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis. These data suggest that measures should be taken to reduce cross-contamination between the respiratory tract and intravascular devices. However, the potential interest in detecting methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcus carriage in high-risk patients is hampered by the lack of sensitivity of nasal surveillance cultures. (+info)

Penicillin-binding protein-mediated resistance in pneumococci and staphylococci. (7/3560)

Target alteration underlies resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in both Staphylococcus species and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The penicillin-binding protein (PBP) targets in penicillin-resistant strains of S. pneumoniae are modified, low-binding-affinity versions of the native PBPs. Multiple PBP targets may be modified by transformation and homologous recombination with DNA from PBP genes of viridans streptococci. The level of resistance is determined by how many and to what extent targets are modified. In contrast, methicillin resistance in staphylococci is due to expression of PBP 2a, a novel, low-affinity PBP for which there is no homologue in methicillin-susceptible strains. PBP 2a is encoded by mecA, a highly conserved gene most likely acquired by a rare transposition from Staphylococcus sciuri or a closely related ancestor. Expression of resistance can be highly variable, but this seems not to be determined by PBP modifications. Several non-PBP factors are required for high-level resistance. (+info)

Preparation of labeled staphylococcal enterotoxin A with high specific activity. (8/3560)

Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) was labeled by the chloramine-T method with 125I to a specific activity of 68 to 300 muCi per mug of SEA and with 131I to specific activity of 8 to 218 muCi per mug of SEA. SEA was partially damaged and aggregated during the labeling and storage. The damage seemed not to be greatly dependent on the specific activity of labeled entertoxin. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis showed two antigenically active and three inactive components in the ascending part of the labeled enterotoxin peak during fractionation by gel chromatography. During storage at 4 degrees C, the antigenic activity of label decreased faster when labeling had been with 131I than when with 125I. The antigenic activity of labeled SEA was lowered remarkably in the ascending part of the protein peak. Greatest release of radioiodine during storage was in the same part of protein peak. According to these results, the most suitable label for radioimmunoassay is obtained from the descending part of protein peak. (+info)

Staphylococcal infections can be classified into two categories:

1. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) - This type of infection is resistant to many antibiotics and can cause severe skin infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections and surgical site infections.

2. Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus Aureus (MSSA) - This type of infection is not resistant to antibiotics and can cause milder skin infections, respiratory tract infections, sinusitis and food poisoning.

Staphylococcal infections are caused by the Staphylococcus bacteria which can enter the body through various means such as:

1. Skin cuts or open wounds
2. Respiratory tract infections
3. Contaminated food and water
4. Healthcare-associated infections
5. Surgical site infections

Symptoms of Staphylococcal infections may vary depending on the type of infection and severity, but they can include:

1. Skin redness and swelling
2. Increased pain or tenderness
3. Warmth or redness in the affected area
4. Pus or discharge
5. Fever and chills
6. Swollen lymph nodes
7. Shortness of breath

Diagnosis of Staphylococcal infections is based on physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests such as blood cultures, and imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans.

Treatment of Staphylococcal infections depends on the type of infection and severity, but may include:

1. Antibiotics to fight the infection
2. Drainage of abscesses or pus collection
3. Wound care and debridement
4. Supportive care such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and pain management
5. Surgical intervention in severe cases.

Preventive measures for Staphylococcal infections include:

1. Good hand hygiene practices
2. Proper cleaning and disinfection of surfaces and equipment
3. Avoiding close contact with people who have Staphylococcal infections
4. Covering wounds and open sores
5. Proper sterilization and disinfection of medical equipment.

It is important to note that MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is a type of Staphylococcal infection that is resistant to many antibiotics, and can be difficult to treat. Therefore, early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are crucial to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Some common types of staphylococcal skin infections include:

1. Boils: A boil is a red, swollen, and painful bump on the skin that is caused by an infection of a hair follicle or oil gland.
2. Abscesses: An abscess is a collection of pus that forms as a result of an infection. Staphylococcal abscesses can occur anywhere on the body and can be caused by a variety of factors, including cuts, burns, and insect bites.
3. Cellulitis: This is a bacterial infection of the skin and underlying tissues that can cause redness, swelling, and warmth in the affected area.
4. Furuncles: These are small, painful boils that occur under the skin, often on the face or neck.
5. Carbuncles: These are larger and more severe than furuncles, and can form in the armpits, groin, or other areas of the body.
6. Skin fold infections: These are infections that occur in skin folds, such as those found in obese individuals or those with skin conditions like eczema or dermatitis.

Staphylococcal skin infections can be caused by a variety of factors, including cuts, scrapes, insect bites, and contaminated tattoo or piercing equipment. They are typically treated with antibiotics, and in severe cases, may require surgical drainage of the infected area.

Preventive measures for staphylococcal skin infections include:

1. Practicing good hygiene, such as washing your hands regularly and thoroughly cleaning any cuts or scrapes.
2. Covering wounds with bandages to prevent germs from entering the body.
3. Avoiding sharing personal items, such as towels or razors, that may come into contact with infected skin.
4. Properly caring for and cleaning any tattoos or piercings.
5. Avoiding close contact with individuals who have staphylococcal infections.
6. Using mupirocin ointment or other antibiotic ointments to help prevent infection in individuals at high risk, such as those with skin conditions like eczema or dermatitis.
7. Using steroid-free topical products and avoiding the use of harsh soaps and cleansers that can strip the skin of its natural oils and make it more susceptible to infection.
8. Keeping wounds moist with antibiotic ointment and dressings to promote healing and prevent infection.

Bacteremia can occur when bacteria enter the bloodstream through various means, such as:

* Infected wounds or surgical sites
* Injecting drug use
* Skin infections
* Respiratory tract infections
* Urinary tract infections
* Endocarditis (infection of the heart valves)

The symptoms of bacteremia can vary depending on the type of bacteria and the severity of the infection. Some common symptoms include:

* Fever
* Chills
* Headache
* Muscle aches
* Weakness
* Confusion
* Shortness of breath

Bacteremia is diagnosed by blood cultures, which involve collecting blood samples and inserting them into a specialized container to grow the bacteria. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and oxygen therapy. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the infection.

Prevention measures for bacteremia include:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly
* Avoiding sharing personal items like toothbrushes or razors
* Properly cleaning and covering wounds
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can lead to bacteremia
* Following proper sterilization techniques during medical procedures

Overall, bacteremia is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention to prevent complications and ensure effective treatment.

In medicine, cross-infection refers to the transmission of an infectious agent from one individual or source to another, often through direct contact or indirect exposure. This type of transmission can occur in various settings, such as hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities, where patients with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to infection.

Cross-infection can occur through a variety of means, including:

1. Person-to-person contact: Direct contact with an infected individual, such as touching, hugging, or shaking hands.
2. Contaminated surfaces and objects: Touching contaminated surfaces or objects that have been touched by an infected individual, such as doorknobs, furniture, or medical equipment.
3. Airborne transmission: Inhaling droplets or aerosolized particles that contain the infectious agent, such as during coughing or sneezing.
4. Contaminated food and water: Consuming food or drinks that have been handled by an infected individual or contaminated with the infectious agent.
5. Insect vectors: Mosquitoes, ticks, or other insects can transmit infections through their bites.

Cross-infection is a significant concern in healthcare settings, as it can lead to outbreaks of nosocomial infections (infections acquired in hospitals) and can spread rapidly among patients, healthcare workers, and visitors. To prevent cross-infection, healthcare providers use strict infection control measures, such as wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting surfaces, and implementing isolation precautions for infected individuals.

In summary, cross-infection refers to the transmission of an infectious agent from one individual or source to another, often through direct contact or indirect exposure in healthcare settings. Preventing cross-infection is essential to maintaining a safe and healthy environment for patients, healthcare workers, and visitors.

Staphylococcal pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that occurs when the bacteria enter the lungs and cause inflammation. This condition can be particularly dangerous for certain groups of people, such as children under the age of two, adults over the age of 65, and those with weakened immune systems or chronic medical conditions.

The symptoms of staphylococcal pneumonia can vary depending on the severity of the infection, but they may include:

* Fever and chills
* Cough, which may be dry or produce mucus
* Chest pain that worsens with deep breathing or coughing
* Shortness of breath
* Headache
* Muscle aches and fatigue
* Confusion or disorientation in older adults

Staphylococcal pneumonia is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays or blood tests. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, which can help clear the infection and reduce symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide supportive care, such as oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation.

Prevention of staphylococcal pneumonia is key, and this includes:

* Vaccination: The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is recommended for children under the age of two and adults over the age of 65, as well as those with certain medical conditions.
* Good hygiene practices: Washing hands regularly, covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick can help prevent the spread of the bacteria.
* Avoiding risky behaviors: Avoiding sharing personal items, such as toothbrushes or drinking glasses, and not engaging in risky behaviors like unprotected sex or sharing needles can also help prevent the spread of the bacteria.

It is important to seek medical attention if you or a loved one is experiencing symptoms of pneumonia, as early treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Causes and risk factors:

The most common cause of bacterial endocarditis is a bacterial infection that enters the bloodstream and travels to the heart. This can occur through various means, such as:

* Injecting drugs or engaging in other risky behaviors that allow bacteria to enter the body
* Having a weakened immune system due to illness or medication
* Having a previous history of endocarditis or other heart conditions
* Being over the age of 60, as older adults are at higher risk for developing endocarditis

Symptoms:

The symptoms of bacterial endocarditis can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the location of the infected area. Some common symptoms include:

* Fever
* Chills
* Joint pain or swelling
* Fatigue
* Shortness of breath
* Heart murmurs or abnormal heart sounds

Diagnosis:

Bacterial endocarditis is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as:

* Blood cultures to identify the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream
* Echocardiogram to visualize the heart and detect any abnormalities
* Chest X-ray to look for signs of infection or inflammation in the lungs or heart
* Electrocardiogram (ECG) to measure the electrical activity of the heart

Treatment:

The treatment of bacterial endocarditis typically involves a combination of antibiotics and surgery. Antibiotics are used to kill the bacteria and reduce inflammation, while surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged heart tissue. In some cases, the infected heart tissue may need to be removed.

Prevention:

Preventing bacterial endocarditis involves good oral hygiene, regular dental check-ups, and avoiding certain high-risk activities such as unprotected sex or sharing of needles. People with existing heart conditions should also take antibiotics before dental or medical procedures to reduce the risk of infection.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for bacterial endocarditis is generally good if treatment is prompt and effective. However, delays in diagnosis and treatment can lead to serious complications such as heart failure, stroke, or death. Patients with pre-existing heart conditions are at higher risk for complications.

Incidence:

Bacterial endocarditis is a relatively rare condition, affecting approximately 2-5 cases per million people per year in the United States. However, people with certain risk factors such as heart conditions or prosthetic heart valves are at higher risk for developing the infection.

Complications:

Bacterial endocarditis can lead to a number of complications, including:

* Heart failure
* Stroke or brain abscess
* Kidney damage or failure
* Pregnancy complications
* Nerve damage or peripheral neuropathy
* Skin or soft tissue infections
* Bone or joint infections
* Septicemia (blood poisoning)

Prevention:

Preventive measures for bacterial endocarditis include:

* Good oral hygiene and regular dental check-ups to reduce the risk of dental infections
* Avoiding high-risk activities such as unprotected sex or sharing of needles
* Antibiotics before dental or medical procedures for patients with existing heart conditions
* Proper sterilization and disinfection of medical equipment
* Use of antimicrobial prophylaxis (prevention) in high-risk patients.

Emerging Trends:

Newly emerging trends in the management of bacterial endocarditis include:

* The use of novel antibiotics and combination therapy to improve treatment outcomes
* The development of new diagnostic tests to help identify the cause of infection more quickly and accurately
* The increased use of preventive measures such as antibiotic prophylaxis in high-risk patients.

Future Directions:

Future directions for research on bacterial endocarditis may include:

* Investigating the use of novel diagnostic techniques, such as genomics and proteomics, to improve the accuracy of diagnosis
* Developing new antibiotics and combination therapies to improve treatment outcomes
* Exploring alternative preventive measures such as probiotics and immunotherapy.

In conclusion, bacterial endocarditis is a serious infection that can have severe consequences if left untreated. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial to improving patient outcomes. Preventive measures such as good oral hygiene and antibiotic prophylaxis can help reduce the risk of developing this condition. Ongoing research is focused on improving diagnostic techniques, developing new treatments, and exploring alternative preventive measures.

The most common symptoms of bovine mastitis include:

1. Swelling and redness of the udder
2. Increased temperature of the affected quarter
3. Pain or discomfort in the udder
4. Decreased milk production
5. Abnormal milk appearance (e.g., clots, pus, or blood)

If left untreated, mastitis can lead to more severe complications such as abscesses, septicemia, or even death of the animal. Therefore, early detection and proper treatment are crucial to prevent the spread of infection and reduce the severity of clinical signs.

Diagnosis of bovine mastitis is typically based on a combination of clinical examination, milk culture, and laboratory tests (e.g., blood counts, serum biochemistry). Treatment involves antibiotics, supportive care (e.g., fluids, pain management), and identification of the underlying cause to prevent future occurrences.

Prevention of bovine mastitis is key to maintaining a healthy and productive dairy herd. This includes proper sanitation and hygiene practices, regular milking techniques, and effective dry cow therapy. Vaccination against common mastitis-causing pathogens may also be considered in some cases.

Overall, bovine mastitis is a significant health issue in dairy cattle that can have significant economic and welfare implications for farmers and the industry as a whole. Proper diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies are essential to maintain a healthy and productive herd.

Examples of CAIs include:

1. Respiratory infections such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and influenza.
2. Skin and soft tissue infections such as cellulitis, abscesses, and wound infections.
3. Gastrointestinal infections such as food poisoning, diarrhea, and gastroenteritis.
4. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by bacteria that enter the urinary tract through the urethra or bladder.
5. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis.
6. Bacterial infections such as staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, and haemophilus influenzae.
7. Viral infections such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and norovirus.

CAIs can be treated with antibiotics, antivirals, or other medications depending on the cause of the infection. It's important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated CAIs can lead to serious complications and potentially life-threatening conditions.

There are several types of abscesses, including:

1. Skin abscesses: These occur when a bacterial infection causes pus to accumulate under the skin. They may appear as red, swollen bumps on the surface of the skin.
2. Internal abscesses: These occur when an infection causes pus to accumulate within an internal organ or tissue. Examples include abscesses that form in the liver, lungs, or brain.
3. Perianal abscesses: These occur when an infection causes pus to accumulate near the anus. They may be caused by a variety of factors, including poor hygiene, anal sex, or underlying conditions such as Crohn's disease.
4. Dental abscesses: These occur when an infection causes pus to accumulate within a tooth or the surrounding tissue. They are often caused by poor oral hygiene or dental trauma.

The symptoms of an abscess can vary depending on its location and severity. Common symptoms include:

* Redness, swelling, and warmth around the affected area
* Pain or discomfort in the affected area
* Fever or chills
* Discharge of pus from the affected area
* Bad breath (if the abscess is located in the mouth)

If an abscess is not treated, it can lead to serious complications, including:

* Further spread of the infection to other parts of the body
* Inflammation of surrounding tissues and organs
* Formation of a pocket of pus that can become infected and lead to further complications
* Sepsis, a life-threatening condition caused by the spread of infection through the bloodstream.

Treatment of an abscess usually involves drainage of the pus and antibiotics to clear the infection. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove affected tissue or repair damaged structures.

It's important to seek medical attention if you suspect that you have an abscess, as prompt treatment can help prevent serious complications.

The term "osteomyelitis" comes from the Greek words "osteon," meaning bone, and "myelitis," meaning inflammation of the spinal cord. The condition is caused by an infection that spreads to the bone from another part of the body, such as a skin wound or a urinary tract infection.

There are several different types of osteomyelitis, including:

1. Acute osteomyelitis: This type of infection occurs suddenly and can be caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pneumoniae.
2. Chronic osteomyelitis: This type of infection develops slowly over time and is often caused by bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
3. Pyogenic osteomyelitis: This type of infection is caused by bacteria that enter the body through a skin wound or other opening.
4. Tubercular osteomyelitis: This type of infection is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is often associated with tuberculosis.

Symptoms of osteomyelitis can include fever, chills, fatigue, swelling, redness, and pain in the affected area. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to fight the infection, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair damaged bone.

Preventing osteomyelitis involves taking steps to avoid infections altogether, such as practicing good hygiene, getting vaccinated against certain diseases, and seeking medical attention promptly if an infection is suspected.

Soft tissue infections are typically caused by bacteria or fungi that enter the body through cuts, wounds, or other openings in the skin. They can also be caused by spread of infection from nearby tissues or organs, such as bone or joint infections.

Symptoms of soft tissue infections may include redness, swelling, warmth, and pain in the affected area, as well as fever and chills. In severe cases, these infections can lead to serious complications, such as abscesses or gangrene.

Treatment for soft tissue infections typically involves antibiotics or antifungal medications, depending on the type of infection and the severity of symptoms. In some cases, surgical drainage may be necessary to remove infected tissue or abscesses.

It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect that you have a soft tissue infection, as early treatment can help prevent complications and promote faster healing. Your healthcare provider may perform a physical examination, take a sample of the affected tissue for testing, and order imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans to determine the extent of the infection and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Staphylococcal food poisoning is typically caused by consuming food that has been contaminated with the bacterium, often through improper handling or storage of food products. Symptoms usually begin within 1-7 days after consumption of contaminated food, and can last for several days to a week or more.

Treatment for staphylococcal food poisoning typically involves supportive care, such as hydration and rest, as well as antibiotics in severe cases. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage complications such as kidney failure or sepsis. Prevention measures include proper handling and storage of food products, cooking food to the appropriate temperature, and avoiding cross-contamination of foods.

Some common examples of bacterial infections include:

1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
2. Respiratory infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Skin infections such as cellulitis and abscesses
4. Bone and joint infections such as osteomyelitis
5. Infected wounds or burns
6. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia and gonorrhea
7. Food poisoning caused by bacteria such as salmonella and E. coli.

In severe cases, bacterial infections can lead to life-threatening complications such as sepsis or blood poisoning. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time. Proper diagnosis and treatment can help prevent these complications and ensure a full recovery.

Symptoms of wound infection may include:

* Redness, swelling, or increased pain around the wound
* Increased drainage or pus from the wound
* Bad smell or discharge from the wound
* Fever or chills
* Swollen lymph nodes

Treatment of wound infection usually involves antibiotics and may require surgical intervention to remove infected tissue. It is important to practice good wound care, such as keeping the wound clean and dry, changing dressings regularly, and monitoring for signs of infection to prevent the development of a wound infection.

Preventive measures include:

* Proper sterilization and technique during surgery or medical procedures
* Keeping the wound site clean and dry
* Removing any dead tissue or debris from the wound
* Using antibiotic ointment or cream to prevent infection
* Covering the wound with a sterile dressing

If you suspect that you have a wound infection, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional can evaluate the wound and provide appropriate treatment to prevent further complications.

There are several types of prosthesis-related infections, including:

1. Bacterial infections: These are the most common type of prosthesis-related infection and can occur around any type of implanted device. They are caused by bacteria that enter the body through a surgical incision or other opening.
2. Fungal infections: These types of infections are less common and typically occur in individuals who have a weakened immune system or who have been taking antibiotics for another infection.
3. Viral infections: These infections can occur around implanted devices, such as pacemakers, and are caused by viruses that enter the body through a surgical incision or other opening.
4. Parasitic infections: These types of infections are rare and occur when parasites, such as tapeworms, infect the implanted device or the surrounding tissue.

Prosthesis-related infections can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and fever. In severe cases, these infections can lead to sepsis, a potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when bacteria or other microorganisms enter the bloodstream.

Prosthesis-related infections are typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans, and laboratory tests to identify the type of microorganism causing the infection. Treatment typically involves antibiotics or other antimicrobial agents to eliminate the infection, and may also involve surgical removal of the infected implant.

Prevention is key in avoiding prosthesis-related infections. This includes proper wound care after surgery, keeping the surgical site clean and dry, and taking antibiotics as directed by your healthcare provider to prevent infection. Additionally, it is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions for caring for your prosthesis, such as regularly cleaning and disinfecting the device and avoiding certain activities that may put excessive stress on the implant.

Overall, while prosthesis-related infections can be serious, prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help to effectively manage these complications and prevent long-term damage or loss of function. It is important to work closely with your healthcare provider to monitor for signs of infection and take steps to prevent and manage any potential complications associated with your prosthesis.

Symptoms of mastitis may include:

* Pain and tenderness in the breast
* Redness and swelling of the skin
* Fever and chills
* Difficulty breathing (in severe cases)

Treatment for mastitis usually involves antibiotics to clear up any bacterial infections, as well as measures to relieve pain and discomfort such as warm compresses, massage, and over-the-counter pain medication. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary if the infection is severe or if the person has a fever that is difficult to control.

Preventative measures for mastitis include:

* Properly storing and handling breast milk
* Frequently checking and emptying the breasts to prevent clogged milk ducts
* Avoiding tight clothing or bras that can constrict the breasts
* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands before handling the breasts

It is important for individuals with mastitis to seek medical attention if they experience any of the following symptoms:

* High fever (over 101°F)
* Difficulty breathing
* Severe pain that does not improve with medication
* Redness or swelling that spreads beyond the breast area.

Some common examples of gram-positive bacterial infections include:

1. Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections: These are infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, which is a type of gram-positive bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics.
2. Streptococcal infections: These are infections caused by streptococcus bacteria, such as strep throat and cellulitis.
3. Pneumococcal infections: These are infections caused by pneumococcus bacteria, such as pneumonia.
4. Enterococcal infections: These are infections caused by enterococcus bacteria, such as urinary tract infections and endocarditis.
5. Candidiasis: This is a type of fungal infection caused by candida, which is a type of gram-positive fungus.

Gram-positive bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin and ampicillin, but the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance has made the treatment of these infections more challenging. In some cases, gram-positive bacterial infections may require more aggressive treatment, such as combination therapy with multiple antibiotics or the use of antifungal medications.

Overall, gram-positive bacterial infections can be serious and potentially life-threatening, so it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

1. Impetigo: A highly contagious bacterial infection that causes sores on the face, arms, and legs.
2. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): A type of bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics and can cause skin infections, including boils and abscesses.
3. Folliculitis: An infection of the hair follicles, often caused by bacteria or fungi, that can lead to redness, itching, and pus-filled bumps.
4. Cellulitis: A bacterial infection of the skin and underlying tissue that can cause swelling, redness, and warmth in the affected area.
5. Herpes simplex virus (HSV): A viral infection that causes small, painful blisters on the skin, often around the mouth or genitals.
6. Human papillomavirus (HPV): A viral infection that can cause warts on the skin, as well as other types of cancer.
7. Scabies: A highly contagious parasitic infestation that causes itching and a rash, often on the hands, feet, and genital area.
8. Ringworm: A fungal infection that causes a ring-shaped rash on the skin, often on the arms, legs, or trunk.

These are just a few examples of infectious skin diseases, but there are many others that can affect the skin and cause a range of symptoms. It's important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have an infectious skin disease, as early treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

A type of arthritis that is caused by an infection in the joint, typically bacterial or viral. The most common form of infectious arthritis is Lyme disease, which is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick. Other types of infectious arthritis include septic arthritis (caused by bacterial infection) and reactive arthritis (caused by a bacterial or viral infection in another part of the body).

Symptoms: Pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limited range of motion in the affected joint. Fever may also be present.

Diagnosis: A diagnosis is made based on symptoms, physical examination, blood tests (such as a complete blood count or a polymerase chain reaction test to detect the presence of bacteria or viruses), and imaging studies (such as X-rays or ultrasound).

Treatment: Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eradicate the infection, as well as medication to manage symptoms such as pain and inflammation. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissue or joints.

1. Conjunctivitis: This is an infection of the conjunctiva, which is the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids. It is often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae bacteria.
2. Corneal ulcers: These are open sores that develop on the surface of the cornea, which is the clear dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. Corneal ulcers can be caused by a variety of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
3. Endophthalmitis: This is an infection that occurs inside the eye, often as a complication of cataract surgery or other types of ocular surgery. It can be caused by a variety of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus epidermidis.
4. Keratitis: This is an infection of the cornea that can be caused by a variety of bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii.
5. Retinitis: This is an infection of the retina, which is the layer of tissue at the back of the eye that senses light and sends visual signals to the brain. Retinitis can be caused by a variety of bacteria, including Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Bacterial eye infections can cause a range of symptoms, including redness, swelling, discharge, pain, and blurred vision. Treatment typically involves antibiotic eye drops or ointments, and in more severe cases, oral antibiotics may be prescribed. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of a bacterial eye infection, as early treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Surgical wound infections can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Poor surgical technique: If the surgeon does not follow proper surgical techniques, such as properly cleaning and closing the incision, the risk of infection increases.
2. Contamination of the wound site: If the wound site is contaminated with bacteria or other microorganisms during the surgery, this can lead to an infection.
3. Use of contaminated instruments: If the instruments used during the surgery are contaminated with bacteria or other microorganisms, this can also lead to an infection.
4. Poor post-operative care: If the patient does not receive proper post-operative care, such as timely changing of dressings and adequate pain management, the risk of infection increases.

There are several types of surgical wound infections, including:

1. Superficial wound infections: These infections occur only in the skin and subcutaneous tissues and can be treated with antibiotics.
2. Deep wound infections: These infections occur in the deeper tissues, such as muscle or bone, and can be more difficult to treat.
3. Wound hernias: These occur when the intestine bulges through the incision site, creating a hernia.
4. Abscesses: These occur when pus collects in the wound site, creating a pocket of infection.

Surgical wound infections can be diagnosed using a variety of tests, including:

1. Cultures: These are used to identify the type of bacteria or other microorganisms causing the infection.
2. Imaging studies: These can help to determine the extent of the infection and whether it has spread to other areas of the body.
3. Physical examination: The surgeon will typically perform a physical examination of the wound site to look for signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, or drainage.

Treatment of surgical wound infections typically involves a combination of antibiotics and wound care. In some cases, additional surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair damaged structures.

Prevention is key when it comes to surgical wound infections. To reduce the risk of infection, surgeons and healthcare providers can take several steps, including:

1. Proper sterilization and disinfection of equipment and the surgical site.
2. Use of antibiotic prophylaxis, which is the use of antibiotics to prevent infections in high-risk patients.
3. Closure of the incision site with sutures or staples to reduce the risk of bacterial entry.
4. Monitoring for signs of infection and prompt treatment if an infection develops.
5. Proper wound care, including keeping the wound clean and dry, and changing dressings as needed.
6. Avoiding unnecessary delays in surgical procedure, which can increase the risk of infection.
7. Proper patient education on wound care and signs of infection.
8. Use of biological dressings such as antimicrobial impregnated dressings, which can help reduce the risk of infection.
9. Use of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) which can help to promote wound healing and reduce the risk of infection.
10. Proper handling and disposal of sharps and other medical waste to reduce the risk of infection.

It is important for patients to follow their healthcare provider's instructions for wound care and to seek medical attention if they notice any signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, or increased pain. By taking these precautions, the risk of surgical wound infections can be significantly reduced, leading to better outcomes for patients.

Here are some key points to define sepsis:

1. Inflammatory response: Sepsis is characterized by an excessive and uncontrolled inflammatory response to an infection. This can lead to tissue damage and organ dysfunction.
2. Systemic symptoms: Patients with sepsis often have systemic symptoms such as fever, chills, rapid heart rate, and confusion. They may also experience nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
3. Organ dysfunction: Sepsis can cause dysfunction in multiple organs, including the lungs, kidneys, liver, and heart. This can lead to organ failure and death if not treated promptly.
4. Infection source: Sepsis is usually caused by a bacterial infection, but it can also be caused by fungal or viral infections. The infection can be localized or widespread, and it can affect different parts of the body.
5. Severe sepsis: Severe sepsis is a more severe form of sepsis that is characterized by severe organ dysfunction and a higher risk of death. Patients with severe sepsis may require intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mechanical ventilation.
6. Septic shock: Septic shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when there is severe circulatory dysfunction due to sepsis. It is characterized by hypotension, vasopressor use, and organ failure.

Early recognition and treatment of sepsis are critical to preventing serious complications and improving outcomes. The Sepsis-3 definition is widely used in clinical practice to diagnose sepsis and severe sepsis.

The term "furunculosis" is derived from the Latin word "furuncle," which means "boil." This condition is also known as "staphylococcal furunculosis" or "boils and carbuncles." It can affect anyone, but it is more common in certain populations such as children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems.

The treatment of furunculosis typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection and drainage of the affected area to help relieve symptoms and promote healing. In severe cases, surgical drainage may be necessary. It is important to practice good hygiene and avoid sharing personal items to prevent the spread of the infection.

Preventive measures for furunculosis include practicing good hygiene, avoiding close contact with people who have the infection, and keeping wounds clean and covered. In addition, using antibacterial soap and avoiding sharing personal items such as towels or clothing can help reduce the risk of developing the condition.

Overall, furunculosis is a common bacterial infection that can cause discomfort and pain, but with proper treatment and prevention measures, it can be effectively managed.

Impetigo typically appears as red, crusted sores on the face, arms, and legs. The sores are usually itchy and may ooze fluid. In severe cases, impetigo can lead to more serious complications, such as kidney inflammation or infection of the bloodstream (sepsis).

Treatment for impetigo typically involves topical antibiotics or oral antibiotics if the infection is widespread or severe. Proper hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing, can also help prevent the spread of impetigo. In some cases, antibiotic ointment may be prescribed to help clear up the infection.

Preventive measures include good hygiene practices such as washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with people who have impetigo, and keeping wounds covered and clean. Additionally, using topical antibiotics or ointments can help prevent the spread of the infection.

1. Impetigo: A highly contagious infection that causes red sores on the face, arms, and legs. It is most commonly seen in children and is usually treated with antibiotics.
2. Cellulitis: A bacterial infection of the skin and underlying tissue that can cause swelling, redness, and warmth. It is often caused by Streptococcus or Staphylococcus bacteria and may require hospitalization for treatment.
3. MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus): A type of staph infection that is resistant to many antibiotics and can cause severe skin and soft tissue infections. It is often seen in hospitals and healthcare settings and can be spread through contact with an infected person or contaminated surfaces.
4. Erysipelas: A bacterial infection that causes red, raised borders on the skin, often on the face, legs, or arms. It is caused by Streptococcus bacteria and may require antibiotics to treat.
5. Folliculitis: An infection of the hair follicles that can cause redness, swelling, and pus-filled bumps. It is often caused by Staphylococcus bacteria and may be treated with antibiotics or topical creams.
6. Boils: A type of abscess that forms when a hair follicle or oil gland becomes infected. They can be caused by either Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria and may require draining and antibiotics to treat.
7. Carbuncles: A type of boil that is larger and more severe, often requiring surgical drainage and antibiotics to treat.
8. Erythrasma: A mild infection that causes small, red patches on the skin. It is caused by Corynebacterium bacteria and may be treated with antibiotics or topical creams.
9. Cellulitis: An infection of the deeper layers of skin and subcutaneous tissue that can cause swelling, redness, and warmth in the affected area. It is often caused by Staphylococcus bacteria and may require antibiotics to treat.
10. Impetigo: A highly contagious infection that causes red sores or blisters on the skin, often around the nose, mouth, or limbs. It is caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria and may be treated with antibiotics or topical creams.

These are just a few examples of common skin infections and there are many more types that can occur. If you suspect you or someone else has a skin infection, it's important to seek medical attention as soon as possible for proper diagnosis and treatment.

There are several types of pyoderma, including:

1. Impetigo: A highly contagious bacterial infection that causes crusted sores on the face, arms, and legs.
2. Folliculitis: An infection of the hair follicles that can cause pustules or boils.
3. Furuncle: A painful, pus-filled bump that forms under the skin, usually as a result of a blocked sweat gland.
4. Carbuncle: A larger, more severe form of furuncle that can affect multiple areas of the body.

Pyoderma can be treated with antibiotics or topical creams and ointments. It's important to keep the affected area clean and dry to prevent the spread of infection and promote healing. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage the infection and prevent complications.

Pyoderma can have similar symptoms to other skin conditions, such as eczema or psoriasis, so it's important to seek medical attention if you experience any unusual changes in your skin. With proper treatment, most cases of pyoderma can be effectively managed and resolved within a few days to a week.

The most common types of CRIs include:

1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): These occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the catheter and cause an infection in the bladder, kidneys, or ureters.
2. Catheter-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria (CAB): This occurs when bacteria are present in the urine but do not cause symptoms.
3. Catheter-associated symptomatic urinary tract infections (CAUTI): These occur when bacteria cause symptoms such as burning during urination, frequent urination, or cloudy urine.
4. Pyelonephritis: This is a type of UTI that affects the kidneys and can be life-threatening if left untreated.
5. Septicemia: This occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream through the catheter and cause a systemic infection.
6. Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs): These occur when bacteria enter the bloodstream through the catheter and cause an infection.
7. Catheter-associated fungal infections: These occur when fungi grow in the urinary tract or on the catheter, causing an infection.
8. Catheter-associated viral infections: These occur when a virus infects the urinary tract or the catheter.

CRIs can be prevented by using sterile equipment, proper insertion and maintenance techniques, and regularly cleaning and disinfecting the catheter. Early detection and treatment of CRIs are critical to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

There are two main types of hemolysis:

1. Intravascular hemolysis: This type occurs within the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as mechanical injury, oxidative stress, and certain infections.
2. Extravascular hemolysis: This type occurs outside the blood vessels and is caused by factors such as bone marrow disorders, splenic rupture, and certain medications.

Hemolytic anemia is a condition that occurs when there is excessive hemolysis of RBCs, leading to a decrease in the number of healthy red blood cells in the body. This can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.

Some common causes of hemolysis include:

1. Genetic disorders such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.
2. Autoimmune disorders such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA).
3. Infections such as malaria, babesiosis, and toxoplasmosis.
4. Medications such as antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood thinners.
5. Bone marrow disorders such as aplastic anemia and myelofibrosis.
6. Splenic rupture or surgical removal of the spleen.
7. Mechanical injury to the blood vessels.

Diagnosis of hemolysis is based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as complete blood count (CBC), blood smear examination, and direct Coombs test. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include supportive care, blood transfusions, and medications to suppress the immune system or prevent infection.

Symptoms of endocarditis may include fever, fatigue, joint pain, and swelling in the legs and feet. In some cases, the condition can lead to serious complications, such as heart valve damage, stroke, or death.

Treatment for endocarditis typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged heart tissue. Preventive measures include good dental hygiene, avoiding risky behaviors such as injecting drugs, and keeping wounds clean and covered.

Endocarditis is a serious condition that can have long-term consequences if left untreated. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications and ensure the best possible outcome for patients.

The symptoms of peritonitis can vary depending on the severity and location of the inflammation, but they may include:

* Abdominal pain and tenderness
* Fever
* Nausea and vomiting
* Diarrhea or constipation
* Loss of appetite
* Fatigue
* Weakness
* Low blood pressure

Peritonitis can be diagnosed through a physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as a CT scan, MRI or ultrasound. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to clear the infection and supportive care to manage symptoms. In severe cases, surgery may be required to remove any infected tissue or repair damaged organs.

Prompt medical attention is essential for effective treatment and prevention of complications such as sepsis, organ failure, and death.

Endophthalmitis can be classified into several types based on its causes, such as:

1. Postoperative endophthalmitis: This type of endophthalmitis occurs after cataract surgery or other intraocular surgeries. It is caused by bacterial infection that enters the eye through the surgical incision.
2. Endogenous endophthalmitis: This type of endophthalmitis is caused by an infection that originates within the eye, such as from a retinal detachment or uveitis.
3. Exogenous endophthalmitis: This type of endophthalmitis is caused by an infection that enters the eye from outside, such as from a penetrating injury or a foreign object in the eye.

The symptoms of endophthalmitis can include:

1. Severe pain in the eye
2. Redness and swelling of the conjunctiva
3. Difficulty seeing or blind spots in the visual field
4. Sensitivity to light
5. Increased sensitivity to touch or pressure on the eye
6. Fever and chills
7. Swollen lymph nodes
8. Enlarged pupil
9. Clouding of the vitreous humor

If you suspect that you or someone else has endophthalmitis, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent vision loss. Treatment options for endophthalmitis may include antibiotics, vitrectomy (removal of the vitreous humor), and in some cases, removal of the affected eye.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

Shock refers to a severe and sudden drop in blood pressure, which can lead to inadequate perfusion of vital organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs. There are several types of shock, including hypovolemic shock (caused by bleeding or dehydration), septic shock (caused by an overwhelming bacterial infection), and cardiogenic shock (caused by a heart attack or other cardiac condition).

Septic refers to the presence of bacteria or other microorganisms in the bloodstream, which can cause a range of symptoms including fever, chills, and confusion. Sepsis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can lead to organ failure and death if left untreated.

Septic shock is a specific type of shock that occurs as a result of sepsis, which is the body's systemic inflammatory response to an infection. Septic shock is characterized by severe vasopressor (a medication used to increase blood pressure) and hypotension (low blood pressure), and it can lead to multiple organ failure and death if not treated promptly and effectively.

In summary, shock refers to a drop in blood pressure, while septic refers to the presence of bacteria or other microorganisms in the bloodstream. Septic shock is a specific type of shock that occurs as a result of sepsis, and it can be a life-threatening condition if not treated promptly and effectively.

In the medical field, autolysis is a term used to describe the self-destruction or breakdown of cells or tissues within an organism. This process occurs naturally in response to various forms of cellular stress, such as exposure to radiation or certain chemicals, and it is also involved in the immune system's removal of dead cells and debris. Autolysis can be triggered by a variety of factors, including oxidative stress, heat shock, and exposure to certain enzymes or toxins.

There are several types of autolysis, including:

1. Autophagy: a process by which cells break down and recycle their own components, such as proteins and organelles, in order to maintain cellular homeostasis and survive under conditions of limited nutrient availability.
2. Necrosis: a form of autolysis that occurs as a result of cellular injury or stress, leading to the release of harmful substances into the surrounding tissue and triggering an inflammatory response.
3. Apoptosis: a programmed form of cell death that involves the breakdown of cells and their components, and is involved in various physiological processes, such as development and immune system function.
4. Lipofuscinogenesis: a process by which lipid-rich organelles undergo autolysis, leading to the formation of lipofuscin, a type of cellular waste product.
5. Chaperone-mediated autophagy: a process by which proteins are broken down and recycled in the presence of chaperone proteins, which help to fold and stabilize the target proteins.

Autolysis can be studied using various techniques, including:

1. Light microscopy: a technique that uses visible light to visualize cells and their components, allowing researchers to observe the effects of autolysis on cellular structures.
2. Electron microscopy: a technique that uses a beam of electrons to produce high-resolution images of cells and their components, allowing researchers to observe the ultrastructure of cells and the effects of autolysis at the molecular level.
3. Biochemical assays: techniques that measure the levels of specific cellular components or metabolites in order to assess the progress of autolysis.
4. Gene expression analysis: a technique that measures the levels of specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in order to assess the activity of genes involved in autolysis.
5. Proteomics: a technique that measures the levels and modifications of specific proteins in order to assess the effects of autolysis on protein turnover and degradation.

Autolysis plays an important role in various cellular processes, including:

1. Cellular detoxification: Autolysis can help to remove damaged or misfolded proteins, which can be toxic to cells, by breaking them down into smaller peptides and amino acids that can be further degraded.
2. Cellular renewal: Autolysis can help to remove old or damaged cellular components, such as organelles and protein aggregates, and recycle their building blocks to support the synthesis of new cellular components.
3. Cellular defense: Autolysis can help to protect cells against pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, by breaking down and removing infected cellular components.
4. Apoptosis: Autolysis is involved in the execution of apoptosis, a programmed form of cell death that is important for maintaining tissue homeostasis and preventing cancer.

Dysregulation of autolysis has been implicated in various diseases, including:

1. Cancer: Autolysis can promote the growth and survival of cancer cells by providing them with a source of energy and building blocks for protein synthesis.
2. Neurodegenerative diseases: Autolysis can contribute to the degeneration of neurons in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
3. Infectious diseases: Autolysis can help pathogens to evade the host immune system by breaking down and removing infected cellular components.
4. Aging: Dysregulation of autolysis has been implicated in the aging process, as it can lead to the accumulation of damaged or misfolded proteins and the degradation of cellular components.

Overall, autolysis is a complex and highly regulated process that plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and responding to environmental stressors. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of autolysis and its implications for human health and disease.

1. Parvovirus (Parvo): A highly contagious viral disease that affects dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and severe dehydration.
2. Distemper: A serious viral disease that can affect dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as fever, coughing, and seizures.
3. Rabies: A deadly viral disease that affects dogs and other animals, transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, and causing symptoms such as aggression, confusion, and paralysis.
4. Heartworms: A common condition caused by a parasitic worm that infects the heart and lungs of dogs, leading to symptoms such as coughing, fatigue, and difficulty breathing.
5. Ticks and fleas: These external parasites can cause skin irritation, infection, and disease in dogs, including Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis.
6. Canine hip dysplasia (CHD): A genetic condition that affects the hip joint of dogs, causing symptoms such as arthritis, pain, and mobility issues.
7. Osteosarcoma: A type of bone cancer that affects dogs, often diagnosed in older dogs and causing symptoms such as lameness, swelling, and pain.
8. Allergies: Dog allergies can cause skin irritation, ear infections, and other health issues, and may be triggered by environmental factors or specific ingredients in their diet.
9. Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV): A life-threatening condition that occurs when a dog's stomach twists and fills with gas, causing symptoms such as vomiting, pain, and difficulty breathing.
10. Cruciate ligament injuries: Common in active dogs, these injuries can cause joint instability, pain, and mobility issues.

It is important to monitor your dog's health regularly and seek veterinary care if you notice any changes or abnormalities in their behavior, appetite, or physical condition.

The condition is caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial infections, allergies, parasites, and environmental stressors. It can be transmitted between animals through contact with an infected animal's skin or contaminated objects.

Symptoms of epidermitis, exudative, of swine include crusting, scabbing, and thickening of the skin; redness and swelling; and in severe cases, fever and loss of appetite. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to treat any underlying bacterial infections, as well as topical medications to reduce inflammation and promote healing.

In some cases, the condition can be prevented by maintaining good hygiene practices, such as regularly cleaning and disinfecting animal living areas, providing clean bedding and water, and keeping animals away from potential sources of infection.

Epidermitis, exudative, of swine is not a specific disease but rather a general term that encompasses a range of skin conditions affecting pigs. The term "exudative" refers to the production of fluid or pus, which is a common symptom of many skin conditions in swine.

The syndrome is characterized by four main features:

1. Severe skin damage: The bacteria release toxins that cause the skin to die and slough off, leading to large areas of denuded skin.
2. Edema: The infection causes swelling in the affected area, which can be severe enough to require hospitalization.
3. Fever: Patients with SSSS typically experience high fevers, often above 103°F (39.4°C).
4. Hypotension: The infection can cause a drop in blood pressure, leading to signs of shock.

The symptoms of SSSS usually develop within 24-48 hours after the skin is injured, and they can progress rapidly. If left untreated, the condition can lead to severe complications, such as sepsis, organ failure, and death.

Treatment of SSSS typically involves antibiotics and supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and wound dressing. In severe cases, hospitalization in an intensive care unit may be necessary. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are essential to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Also known as: Corneal inflammation, Eye inflammation, Keratoconjunctivitis, Ocular inflammation.

Examples of infectious bone diseases include:

1. Osteomyelitis: This is a bacterial infection of the bone that can cause pain, swelling, and fever. It can be caused by a variety of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
2. Bacterial arthritis: This is an infection of the joints that can cause pain, swelling, and stiffness. It is often caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pyogenes.
3. Tuberculosis: This is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs but can also affect the bones.
4. Pyogenic infections: These are infections caused by Pus-forming bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, which can cause osteomyelitis and other bone infections.
5. Fungal infections: These are infections caused by fungi such as Aspergillus or Candida that can infect the bones and cause pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected area.
6. Viral infections: Some viral infections such as HIV, HTLV-1, and HTLV-2 can cause bone infections like osteomyelitis.
7. Mycobacterial infections: These are infections caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs but can also affect the bones.
8. Lyme disease: This is a bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi that can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected area.
9. Endometriosis: This is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus and can cause pain, inflammation, and bone damage.
10. Bone cancer: This is a malignant tumor that develops in the bones and can cause pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected area.

These are just some of the possible causes of bone pain, and it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Suppuration is a process of pus formation that occurs in response to an infection or inflammation. It is a natural defense mechanism of the body, which helps to eliminate pathogens and protect the surrounding tissues from further damage. Suppuration involves the accumulation of pus, a mixture of dead white blood cells, bacteria, and other debris, within a specific area of the body.

Suppuration can occur in various parts of the body, such as the skin, lungs, and joints, and is typically associated with bacterial or fungal infections. The process of suppuration involves several stages, including:

1. Inflammation: The body's response to an initial injury or infection, characterized by increased blood flow, swelling, redness, and warmth in the affected area.
2. Neutrophil migration: White blood cells called neutrophils migrate to the site of infection and engulf the pathogens, releasing enzymes that help to break down the bacterial cell walls.
3. Bacterial killing: The neutrophils and other immune cells work together to kill the invading bacteria, releasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other chemicals that damage the bacterial cell membranes.
4. Pus formation: As the bacteria are killed, the dying cells and their components, such as lipopolysaccharides, are engulfed by the neutrophils and other immune cells. This material is then converted into pus, which is a mixture of dead white blood cells, bacteria, and other debris.
5. Resolution: The suppuration process eventually resolves as the pus is either absorbed by the body or drained through natural openings (such as the skin) or medical intervention (such as drainage).

Suppuration is a natural process that helps to protect the body from infection and promotes healing. However, if the process becomes chronic or excessive, it can lead to complications such as abscesses or sepsis.

Some common types of streptococcal infections include:

1. Strep throat (pharyngitis): an infection of the throat and tonsils that can cause fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes.
2. Sinusitis: an infection of the sinuses (air-filled cavities in the skull) that can cause headache, facial pain, and nasal congestion.
3. Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause cough, fever, chills, and shortness of breath.
4. Cellulitis: an infection of the skin and underlying tissue that can cause redness, swelling, and warmth over the affected area.
5. Endocarditis: an infection of the heart valves, which can cause fever, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and abdomen.
6. Meningitis: an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord that can cause fever, headache, stiff neck, and confusion.
7. Septicemia (blood poisoning): an infection of the bloodstream that can cause fever, chills, rapid heart rate, and low blood pressure.

Streptococcal infections are usually treated with antibiotics, which can help clear the infection and prevent complications. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the infection.

Prevention measures for streptococcal infections include:

1. Good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently, especially after contact with someone who is sick.
2. Avoiding close contact with people who have streptococcal infections.
3. Keeping wounds and cuts clean and covered to prevent bacterial entry.
4. Practicing safe sex to prevent the spread of streptococcal infections through sexual contact.
5. Getting vaccinated against streptococcus pneumoniae, which can help prevent pneumonia and other infections caused by this bacterium.

It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you or someone else may have a streptococcal infection, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Symptoms of a UTI can include:

* Painful urination
* Frequent urination
* Cloudy or strong-smelling urine
* Blood in the urine
* Pelvic pain in women
* Rectal pain in men

If you suspect that you have a UTI, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. UTIs can lead to more serious complications if left untreated, such as kidney damage or sepsis.

Treatment for a UTI typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection. It is important to complete the full course of treatment to ensure that the infection is completely cleared. Drinking plenty of water and taking over-the-counter pain relievers may also help alleviate symptoms.

Preventive measures for UTIs include:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as wiping from front to back and washing hands after using the bathroom
* Urinating when you feel the need, rather than holding it in
* Avoiding certain foods that may irritate the bladder, such as spicy or acidic foods
* Drinking plenty of water to help flush bacteria out of the urinary tract.

Symptoms of cellulitis may include:

* Redness and swelling of the affected area
* Warmth and tenderness to the touch
* Pain or discomfort
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Fever
* Chills

If you suspect you or someone else has cellulitis, it's important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. Antibiotics are usually prescribed to treat the infection, and early treatment can help prevent more serious complications.

Complications of untreated cellulitis may include:

* Abscesses: pockets of pus that form in the skin or underlying tissues
* Blood poisoning (sepsis): a potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream
* Infection of the bones or joints
* Scarring

Prevention is key to avoiding cellulitis. Some ways to prevent cellulitis include:

* Practicing good wound care, such as keeping wounds clean and covered
* Avoiding piercings or tattoos with unsterilized equipment
* Avoiding scratches or cuts on the skin
* Keeping the skin moisturized to prevent dryness and cracking
* Avoiding tight clothing that can cause friction and irritation

Early recognition and treatment of cellulitis are essential to prevent more serious complications. If you suspect you or someone else has cellulitis, seek medical attention as soon as possible. With prompt treatment, most people with cellulitis can recover fully.

The most common bacteria that cause pneumonia are Streptococcus pneumoniae (also known as pneumococcus), Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus. These bacteria can infect the lungs through various routes, including respiratory droplets, contaminated food or water, or direct contact with an infected person.

Symptoms of pneumonia may include cough, fever, chills, shortness of breath, and chest pain. In severe cases, pneumonia can lead to serious complications such as respiratory failure, sepsis, and death.

Diagnosis of pneumonia typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays or blood cultures. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the infection, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Vaccines are also available to protect against certain types of bacterial pneumonia, particularly in children and older adults.

Preventative measures for bacterial pneumonia include:

* Getting vaccinated against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Staying hydrated and getting enough rest
* Quitting smoking, if applicable
* Managing underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes or heart disease

It is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms of pneumonia develop, particularly in high-risk populations. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent serious complications and improve outcomes for patients with bacterial pneumonia.

Media related to Staphylococcus at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Staphylococcus at Wikispecies Staphylococcus genomes and ... The most common sialadenitis is caused by staphylococci, as bacterial infections. Staphylococci break down leucine into ... Two species were described in 2015 - Staphylococcus argenteus and Staphylococcus schweitzeri - both of which were previously ... the non-pigmented Staphylococcus argenteus sp. nov. and the non-human primate-associated Staphylococcus schweitzeri sp. nov". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus

... is a member of the Staphylococcus aureus complex that shares the complex with Staphylococcus ... Staphylococcus singaporensis was named after Singapore. Chew, Ka Lip; Octavia, Sophie; Lai, Deborah; Lin, Raymond T. P.; Teo, ... Jeanette W. P. (2021-10-01). "Staphylococcus singaporensis sp. nov., a new member of the Staphylococcus aureus complex, ... argenteus and Staphylococcus schweitzeri. The species was discovered in 2021 and published in the journal, International ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_singaporensis

... is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus consisting of ... Isolation of Staphylococcus felis from cases of external otitis in cats". The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 32 (5): 312-3. PMC ... Type strain of Staphylococcus felis at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles with short description, ... Igimi, S.; Kawamura, S.; Takahashi, E.; Mitsuoka, T. (1 October 1989). "Staphylococcus felis, a New Species from Clinical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_felis

... , like other members of the Staphylococcus genus, is a gram-positive coccus that forms clusters. It is ... Staphylococcus hyicus is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacterium in the genus Staphylococcus. It consists of ... Based on phenotypic similarities, M. hyicus was moved to the Staphylococcus genus in 1965. The similar bacterium Staphylococcus ... porcine Staphylococcus hyicus, and canine Staphylococcus intermedius". Veterinary Research. 32 (3-4): 341-62. doi:10.1051/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_hyicus

... is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus consisting of ... Staphylococcus rostri may serve as a source or reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes seen in Staphylococcus aureus. Riesen, ... Type strain of Staphylococcus rostri at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles with short description, ... Stegmann, Ramona; Perreten, Vincent (2010). "Antibiotic resistance profile of Staphylococcus rostri, a new species isolated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_rostri

... is a Gram-positive, oxidase-positive, coagulase-negative member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus ... Type strain of Staphylococcus lentus at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles with short description, ... The species was originally classified as a subspecies; its name is a combination derived from Staphylococcus sciuri subsp. ... "Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus lentus F1142, a Strain Isolated from Korean Soybean Paste". Journal of Bacteriology. 194 (21 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_lentus

... is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus consisting of ... Devriese, L. A.; Poutrel, B.; Kilpper-Balz, R.; Schlieffer, K. H. (1 July 1983). "Staphylococcus gallinarum and Staphylococcus ... Staphylococcus gallinarum is not generally pathogenic, though it has been isolated from infected wounds of hospital patients, ... Type strain of Staphylococcus gallinarum at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles with short ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_gallinarum

Descriptions of Four New Species: Staphylococcus warneri, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus hominis, and Staphylococcus ... Staphylococcus hominis is a coagulase-negative member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus, consisting of Gram-positive, ... Staphylococcus hominis, and Staphylococcus sciuri". Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 43 (11-12): 930-936. doi: ... Staphylococcus hominis is normally found on human skin and is usually harmless, but can sometimes cause infections in people ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_hominis

Staphylococcus condimenti, Staphylococcus carnosus subsp. carnosus, Staphylococcus carnosus subsp. utilis, and Staphylococcus ... Staphylococcus massiliensis is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus consisting of ... Zong, Z (February 2012). "The newly-recognized species Staphylococcus massiliensis is likely to be part of the human skin ... Al Masalma, M.; Raoult, D.; Roux, V. (7 August 2009). "Staphylococcus massiliensis sp. nov., isolated from a human brain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_massiliensis

... is a Gram-positive coccoid bacterium belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. This species was first ... Spergser J, Wieser M, Täubel M, Rosselló-Mora RA, Rosengarten R, Busse HJ (2003) Staphylococcus nepalensis sp. nov., isolated ... 86(3):801-807 Nováková D, Pantůcek R, Petrás P, Koukalová D, Sedlácek I (2006) Occurrence of Staphylococcus nepalensis strains ... 263(2):163-168 Type strain of Staphylococcus nepalensis at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase (Articles with short ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_nepalensis

... is a Gram positive, coagulase-variable member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus. Strains of this ... Type strain of Staphylococcus agnetis at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles with short description ... "Coagulase-positive staphylococci: my pet's two faces". Research in Microbiology. 164 (5): 371-374. doi:10.1016/j.resmic.2013.02 ... "Staphylococcus agnetis sp. nov., a coagulase-variable species from bovine subclinical and mild clinical mastitis". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_agnetis

"Staphylococcus". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. "aureus". Dictionary.com Unabridged (Online). n.d. "staphylococcus - ... "PATHOGEN SAFETY DATA SHEET - INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES." Staphylococcus cells have a diameter of 0.7-1.2 um. Staphylococcus Aureus ... Shafiei Y, Razavilar V, Javadi A (2011). "Thermal Death Time of Staphylococcus Aureus (PTCC=29213) and Staphylococcus ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Staphylococcus aureus. Wikispecies has information related to Staphylococcus aureus. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus

... is a bacterial species, member of the genus Staphylococcus, closely-related to Staphylococcus ... "Species: Staphylococcus borealis". LPSN.DSMZ.de. Pain, Maria; Wolden, Runa; Jaén-Luchoro, Daniel; Salvà-Serra, Francisco; ... Additionally, three publicly available draft genome sequences were also identified as members of Staphylococcus borealis, two ... Staphylococcus, Gram-positive bacteria, Bacteria described in 2020, All stub articles, Bacilli stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_borealis

... group'. Page Staphylococcus on lpsn.dsmz.de Hájek, V. (1 October 1976). "Staphylococcus intermedius ... Staphylococcus intermedius is a Gram-positive, catalase positive member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus consisting of ... S. intermedius is largely phenotypically indiscriminate from Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus delphini, and ... "Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus intermedius masquerading as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_intermedius

... is a Gram-positive coccoid bacterium belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. This species was first ... 42(1):97-101 Type strain of Staphylococcus muscae at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase (Articles with short ... description, Short description matches Wikidata, Articles with 'species' microformats, Staphylococcus, Gram-positive bacteria, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_muscae

"Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Workers in the Food Industry". Staphylococcus aureus. ... Staphylococci spp. are a genus of gram positive cocci of 0.5 - 1 μm diameter.[citation needed] Staphylococcus pseudintermedius ... Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a gram positive coccus bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus found worldwide. It is primarily ... "Staphylococcus pseudintermedius" at the Encyclopedia of Life Type strain of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius at BacDive - the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_pseudintermedius

Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus xylosus. Int J Syst Bacteriol January 1975 25:50-61; doi ... Staphylococcus xylosus is a species of bacteria belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. It is a Gram-positive bacterium that ... Amended Descriptions of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Descriptions of Three New Species: ... Staphylococcus xylosus is a member of the skin flora of humans and other animals. It has been associated with: Nasal dermatitis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_xylosus

Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus xylosus". International Journal of Systematic ... Staphylococcus saprophyticus is identified as belonging to the genus Staphylococcus using the Gram stain and catalase test. It ... Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a Gram-positive coccus belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. S. saprophyticus is a common ... Marrie, T. J.; Kwan, C. (1982). "Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus saprophyticus and urethral staphylococci". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_saprophyticus

... along with Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius are the most common bacteria ... Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus aureus are more commonly found to be the cause of pyoderma in dogs who are ... Staphylococcus schleiferi is recognized as commensal microflora on the skin of humans and animals like many other Staphylococci ... Although Staphylococcus schleiferi and Staphylococcus lugdunensis both demonstrate PYR activity and production of clumping ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_schleiferi

... is a bacterium. Named in honour of Max von Pettenkofer, 1818-1901, German pioneer in the field of ... Trülzsch K, Grabein B, Schumann P, Mellmann A, Antonenka U, Heesemann J, Becker K. Staphylococcus pettenkoferi sp. nov., a ... 2007 45:1069-71 Type strain of Staphylococcus pettenkoferi at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles ... Like other coagulase-negative staphylococci, S. pettenkoferi only rarely causes disease, but may occasionally cause infection ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_pettenkoferi

... is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus consisting of ... Staphylococcus stepanovicii has been isolated from the skin of small mammals in the wild. Hauschild, Tomasz; Stepanović, Srdjan ... Type strain of Staphylococcus stepanovicii at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles with short ... Hauschild, T; Sliżewski, P; Masiewicz, P (December 2010). "Species distribution of staphylococci from small wild mammals". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_stepanovicii

... is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus consisting ... "Reduction of Nitrite by Staphylococcus carnosus and Staphylococcus piscifermen tans". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 18 ( ... The species is used in the preparation of fermented foods along with Staphylococcus carnosus; both species reduce nitrate and ... Stetina, V; Lauková, A; Strompfová, V; Svec, P; Sedlácek, I (2005). "Identification of Staphylococcus piscifermentans from dog ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_piscifermentans

... is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus consisting of ... Schliefer, K. H.; Fischer, U. (1 April 1982). "Description of a New Species of the Genus Staphylococcus: Staphylococcus ... Staphylococcus carnosus was originally isolated from dry sausage and is involved in the production of meat products. Rosenstein ... Type strain of Staphylococcus carnosus at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles with short description ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_carnosus

... is a Gram-positive coccoid bacterium belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. This species was first ... Nováková D, Sedlácek I, Pantůcek R, Stetina V, Svec P, Petrás P(2006) Staphylococcus equorum and Staphylococcus succinus ... Two subspecies are recognised: Staphylococcus succinus subsp. casei Staphylococcus succinus subsp. succinus This species has ... Staphylococcus succinus subsp. succinus PK-1 is a crucial pathogen to study the evolution of immune response, this pathogen was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_succinus

... is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus consisting of ... The name was later changed to Staphylococcus vitulinus for correct Latin grammar. The species Staphylococcus pulvereri, ... Type strain of Staphylococcus vitulinus at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles with short ... Zakrzewska-Czerwińska, J; Gaszewska-Mastalarz, A; Lis, B; Gamian, A; Mordarski, M (Jan 1995). "Staphylococcus pulvereri sp. nov ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_vitulinus

... is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus consisting of ... Staphylococcus hominis, and Staphylococcus sciuri". Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 43 (11-12): 930-6. doi:10.3109 ... Type strain of Staphylococcus cohnii at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles with short description, ... Zong, Zhiyong; Lü, Xiaoju; DeLeo, Frank R. (17 November 2010). "Characterization of a New SCCmec Element in Staphylococcus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_cohnii

... is a gram-positive, coagulase-negative member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus consisting of ... Type strain of Staphylococcus arlettae at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles with short description ... Note: + = Positive, - =Negative Schleifer, K.H.; Kilpper-Bälz, R.; Devriese, L.A. (1 December 1984). "Staphylococcus arlettae ... "Biodegradation of textile azo dyes by a facultative Staphylococcus arlettae strain VN-11 using a sequential microaerophilic/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_arlettae

... are gram-positive cocci from the genus Staphylococcus which have been isolated from blood culture of a ... Johansson, Cecilia; Rautelin, Hilpi; Kaden, René (January 2019). "Staphylococcus argenteus and Staphylococcus schweitzeri are ... the non-pigmented Staphylococcus argenteus sp. nov. and the non-human primate-associated Staphylococcus schweitzeri sp. nov". ... Staphylococcus argenteus is cytotoxic to human cells due to high expression of alpha-hemolysin. Tong, S. Y. C.; Schaumburg, F ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_argenteus

... is a Gram-positive, coccus bacteria and a member of the genus Staphylococcus. S. caprae is coagulase- ... Staphylococcus caprae was first described in 1983 by Devisee et al. based on a strain isolated from some goat milk. It can ... "Identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci other than Staphylococcus epidermidis by automated ribotyping". Clin ... Staphylococcus caprae occurs as a commensal on human skin, but has also been implicated in infections of the bloodstream, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_caprae

... is a gram-positive, coagulase-negative member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus consisting of ... Type strain of Staphylococcus equorum at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase v t e (Articles with short description ... Schleifer, K.H.; Kilpper-Bälz, R.; Devriese, L.A. (1 December 1984). "Staphylococcus arlettae sp. nov., S. equorum sp. nov. and ... Originally isolated from the skin of healthy horses, this species contains a cell wall similar to that of Staphylococcus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_equorum

What is Staphylococcus aureus?. Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium commonly found on the skin and in the nose of about 30% of ... Investigation and Control of Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) [PDF - 300 KB]pdf icon - This document is a ... Vancomycin [van−kō−mī−sin]-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus [staff−u−lu−kaw−kus aw−ree−us] (also called VISA) and Vancomycin- ... resistant Staphylococcus aureus (also called VRSA) are specific types of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. However, as of ...

https://www.cdc.gov/HAI/organisms/visa_vrsa/visa_vrsa.html

Both community-associated and hospital-acquired infections with Staphylococcus aureus have increased in the past 20 years, and ... The term Staphylococcus is derived from the Greek term staphyle, meaning "a bunch of grapes." Staphylococci are nonmotile, non- ... encoded search term (Staphylococcus Aureus Infection) and Staphylococcus Aureus Infection What to Read Next on Medscape ... Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Glycopeptide-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Working Group. N ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/971358-overview

Methicillin - Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (L35_C) Data File: L35_C.xpt First Published: November 2006. Last Revised ... Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of skin and soft tissue infection in both the health care and community ... methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)] by disk diffusion were saved for additional testing of organism ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Nhanes/2003-2004/L35_C.htm

MRSA stands for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA is a staph germ (bacteria) that does not get better with ... Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). www.cdc.gov/mrsa/index.html. Updated February 5, 2019. Accessed December 15 ... MRSA stands for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA is a "staph" germ (bacteria) that does not get better with ... Que Y-A, Moreillon P. Staphylococcus aureus (including staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007261.htm

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of both hospital- and community-acquired infections worldwide, and the ... Staphylococcus aureus with Reduced Susceptibility to Vancomycin -- United States, 1997 MMWR 46(33);765-766 Publication date: 08 ... Reduced susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to vancomycin -- Japan, 1996. MMWR 1997;46:624-6. * National Committee for ... To accurately detect staphylococci with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin, antimicrobial susceptibility should be determined ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0049042/m0049042.asp

Caboclo RM, Cavalcante FS, Iorio NL, Schuenck RP, Olendzki AN, Felix MJ, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Rio de ... Reyes J, Rincon S, Diaz L, Panesso D, Contreras GA, Zurita J, Dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ... Methicillin-Susceptible, Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Brazil On This Page The Study Conclusions Cite This ... Molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus strains, Brazil. A) SmaI digestion of total DNA, followed by pulsed-field gel ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/21/10/14-1914_article

... View/. Open. 16_12_2010_1221_ ... Suspected Staphylococcus isolates were identified initially using standard biochemical tests, then strains that were confirmed ... The highest levels of contamination with staphylococci were in baladi cheese. Resistance rates ranged from 67% to gentamicin to ... 2010)‎. Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus species isolated from Lebanese dairy-based products. EMHJ - Eastern ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/118057

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Colonization and Mortality Risk Among Community Adults Aged 40-85 Arch G. Mainous, ...

https://www.jabfm.org/keyword/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus

Surgical Site Infections Caused by Highly Virulent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type 398, China Lu Sun1 ... Surgical Site Infections Caused by Highly Virulent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Sequence Type 398, China. ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/25/1/17-1862-f1

Timeline for Species Staphylococcus aureus [TaxId:1280] from d.129.3.5 Hypothetical protein SA2116: *Species Staphylococcus ... PDB entry in Species: Staphylococcus aureus [TaxId: 1280]:. *Domain(s) for 2il5: *. Domain d2il5a1: 2il5 A:5-168 [147723]. ... Lineage for Species: Staphylococcus aureus [TaxId: 1280]. *Root: SCOPe 2.08 *. Class d: Alpha and beta proteins (a+b) [53931] ( ... Species Staphylococcus aureus [TaxId:1280] [160737] (1 PDB entry). Uniprot Q2FEH1 5-168. ...

https://scop.berkeley.edu/sunid=160737

Tags: Aloha Inc., Project Healthy Living Inc., protein powder, Staphylococcus enterotoxin. Print:. Email this postTweet this ... The presence of Staphylococcus enterotoxins may be injurious to health and may result in staphylococcal food poisoning. Nausea ... The company said the recalled product has the potential to be contaminated with Staphylococcus enterotoxin. The Aloha Premium ... Protein Powder Recalled for Possible Staphylococcus Contamination. By News Desk on January 31, 2015. ...

https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2015/01/aloha-inc-protein-powder-recalled-for-staphylococcus-contamination/

Staphylococcus saprophyticus (S. saprophyticus) is a frequent cause of urinary tract infection in the young women. The current ... Staphylococcus saprophyticus (S. saprophyticus) is a frequent cause of urinary tract infection in the young women. The current ... Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Biofield energy treatment, Biochemical reaction, Antibiogram, Gram-positive, Antimicrobial ... II, on day 10 (342066, Staphylococcus hominis subsp. novobiosepticus) as compared to the control (242076, S. saprophyticus). ...

https://www.merlot.org/merlot/viewMaterial.htm?id=1224842

Staphylococcus aureus SCCmec type IV is prevalent in our hospital and more than 10% of the nosocomial MRSA bacteremias were ... Fatores associados à infecção de corrente sangüínea por Staphylococcus aureus portador de SCCmec tipo IV ...

https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5134/tde-31052007-160026/fr.php

Staphylococcus aureus: a new mechanism involved in virulence and antibiotic resistance. Find all the Institut Pasteur news and ... Staphylococcus aureus: a new mechanism involved in virulence and antibiotic resistance. Staphylococcus aureus cells ("golden ... Staphylococcus aureus: a new mechanism involved in virulence and antibiotic resistance. *Study reveals conditions for the onset ... Staphylococcus aureus: a new mechanism involved in virulence and antibiotic resistance. *Study reveals conditions for the onset ...

https://www.pasteur.fr/en/research-journal/news/staphylococcus-aureus-new-mechanism-involved-virulence-and-antibiotic-resistance?language=fr

Staphylococcus aureus can be a harmless coloniser, but it can also cause severe infections in humans, livestock and wildlife. ... Mrochen, D. M. et al. Wild rodents and shrews are natural hosts of Staphylococcus aureus. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 308, 590-597 ... Monecke, S. et al. Diversity of SCCmec elements in Staphylococcus aureus as observed in South-Eastern Germany. PLoS ONE 11, ... Clonal dynamics of nasal Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in dog-owning household members. Detection ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-03823-6?error=cookies_not_supported&code=e439fba2-e1a7-4b48-bedf-d4457c5c0030

The bactericidal activities of vancomycin against two reference strains and two clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and ... Staphylococcus epidermidis were studied with five different concentrations ranging from 2x to 64x the MIC. The decrease in the ... In vitro studies of pharmacodynamic properties of vancomycin against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis ... The bactericidal activities of vancomycin against two reference strains and two clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9756787/

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are widespread in pig breeding stocks in Germany. The results of a ... Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are widespread in pig breeding stocks in Germany. The results of a ... Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) widespread in German pig breeding stocks. 31/2009, 24.11.2009. BfR: Very low ... Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are widespread pathogens. People mainly become infected with this germ in hospital ...

https://www.bfr.bund.de/en/press_information/2009/31/methicillin_resistant_staphylococcus_aureus__mrsa__widespread_in_german_pig_breeding_stocks-32251.html?list_documents_sort_by=filesize&list_documents_order_by=asc

CCUG24040T - Staphylococcus saccharolyticus, Deposit Date: 1989-03-02

https://www.ccug.se/strain?id=24040

A clinical trial to test the antibiotic dalbavancin for safety and efficacy in treating complicated Staphylococcus aureus (S. ... Trial of Existing Antibiotic for Treating Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Begins. NIH-Supported Trial Will Test Dalbavancin in ... A clinical trial to test the antibiotic dalbavancin for safety and efficacy in treating complicated Staphylococcus aureus (S. ... Scanning electron micrograph of a human neutrophil ingesting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus. (yellow). ...

https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/trial-existing-antibiotic-treating-staphylococcus-aureus-bacteremia-begins

Autolysin Mediated Adherence of Staphylococcus Aureus with Fibronectin, Gelatin and Heparin.. Publication Type : Journal ... These results reemphasize Atl as one of the crucial proteins from Staphylococcus that facilitate their binding with multiple ... Abstract : Major autolysin (Atl) of Staphylococcus aureusis a cell surface associated peptidoglycan hydrolase with amidase and ... HomePublicationsAutolysin Mediated Adherence of Staphylococcus Aureus with Fibronectin, Gelatin and Heparin. ...

https://www.amrita.edu/publication/autolysin-mediated-adherence-of-staphylococcus-aureus-with-fibronectin-gelatin-and-heparin/

Witte W, Braulke C, Cuny C, Strommenger B, Werner G, Heuck D, Emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with ... Kazakova SV, Hageman JC, Matava M, Srinivasan A, Phelan L, Garfinkel B, A clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ... Tiemersma EW, Bronzwaer SL, Lyytikainen O, Degener JE, Schrijnemakers P, Bruinsma N, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus ... Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(Suppl 4):S269-72. DOIPubMedGoogle ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/10/06-0387_article

Recombinant Staphylococcus aureus Sortase A (srtA), partial from Cusabio. Cat Number: CSB-EP3093FLF. USA, UK & Europe ... Cusabio Staphylococcus aureus Recombinants Recombinant Staphylococcus aureus Sortase A (srtA), partial , CSB-EP3093FLF. (No ... Cusabio Staphylococcus aureus Recombinants. Recombinant Staphylococcus aureus Sortase A (srtA), partial , CSB-EP3093FLF. ... Recombinant Staphylococcus aureus Sortase A (srtA), partial , CSB-EP3093FLF ...

https://joplink.net/recombinant-staphylococcus-aureus-sortase-a-srta-partial-csb-ep3093flf/

Exploiting Staphylococcus aureus DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV as targets for chemotherapy for MRSA 30th September 2012 ... Exploiting Staphylococcus aureus DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV as targets for chemotherapy for MRSA ...

https://www.jic.ac.uk/research-impact/publications/exploiting-staphylococcus-aureus-dna-gyrase-and-topoisomerase-iv-as-targets-for-chemotherapy-for-mrsa/

QM/MM study of the reaction mechanism of the carboxyl transferase domain of pyruvate carboxylase from Staphylococcus aureus. by ... QM/MM study of the reaction mechanism of the carboxyl transferase domain of pyruvate carboxylase from Staphylococcus aureus. ... QM/MM study of the reaction mechanism of the carboxyl transferase domain of pyruvate carboxylase from Staphylococcus aureus.. ... In this article, the catalytic mechanism of the carboxyl transferase domain of PC from Staphylococcus aureus was investigated ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/BR/pt/tech-docs/paper/463391

staphylococcus, 16. 10.októbra 2021 21:42. Tento blog som sa chystala napísať už cca od marca, kedy som ešte vôbec nevedela, či ... staphylococcus, 4. 9.sept. 2019 11:18. K tomuto blogu ma inšpirovala Hellium a pôvodne som ho chcela napísať až po štátniciach ... staphylococcus, 18. 12.decembra 2020 10:09. Dlho som odkladala písanie druhej časti tohto blogu, lebo som mala pocit, že v lete ... staphylococcus, 21. 12.decembra 2019 08:37. Môj 2019 bol strašný skurvený chaos. Tento rok sa stalo asi všetko, čo sa stať ...

https://www.birdz.sk/staphylococcus

Staphylococcus aureus was grown on chocolate and sheep blood agar (for blood culture and pus specimen) or cysteine lactose ... Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. East Mediterr Health J. 2019;25(7):514- ... An outbreak of infection with a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a special care baby unit: value of topical ... Risk factors for the transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an adult intensive care unit: fitting a ...

http://www.emro.who.int/fr/emhj-volume-25-2019/volume-25-issue-7/methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-outbreak-in-a-neonatal-intensive-care-unit.html

Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 60 and 70% of dairy handlers hands and nasal swab samples, respectively. Only one ... All samples were examined for presence of Staphylococcus aureus (on Baird Parker agar medium) and Enterobacteriaceae sp. (on ... Prevalence and Significance of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae species in Selected Dairy Products and Handlers ... The prevalence and significance of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae species in Ras cheese, Kareish cheese and ice ...

https://scialert.net/abstract/index.php?doi=ijds.2009.100.108

resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in rehabilitation and chronic-care-facilities: what is the best strategy?. April 26, ... resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in rehabilitation and chronic-care-facilities: what is the best strategy? ... resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in rehabilitation and chronic-care-facilities: what is the best strategy? ... resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in rehabilitation and chronic-care-facilities: what is the best strategy? ...

http://www.experts123.com/q/resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-mrsa-in-rehabilitation-and-chronic-care-facilities-what-is-the-best-strategy.html?order_by=oldest

Staphylococcus carnosus subsp. carnosus TM300). Find diseases associated with this biological target and compounds tested ...

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/B9DKF5

The bactericidal activities of vancomycin against two reference strains and two clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis were studied with five different concentrations ranging from 2x to 64x the MIC. (nih.gov)

Vancomycin [van−kō−mī−sin]-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus [staff−u−lu−kaw−kus aw−ree−us] (also called VISA) and Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (also called VRSA) are specific types of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. (cdc.gov)
Persons who develop this type of staph infection may have underlying health conditions (such as diabetes and kidney disease), tubes going into their bodies (such as catheters), previous infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and recent exposure to vancomycin and other antimicrobial agents. (cdc.gov)
Investigation and Control of Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) [PDF - 300 KB] pdf icon - This document is a guide to conducting a public health investigation of patients from whom vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA, vancomycin MIC ≥ 16 µg/ml) has been isolated. (cdc.gov)
Both community-associated and hospital-acquired infections with Staphylococcus aureus have increased in the past 20 years, and the rise in incidence has been accompanied by a rise in antibiotic-resistant strains-in particular, methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) and, more recently, vancomycin-resistant strains. (medscape.com)
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of both hospital- and community-acquired infections worldwide, and the antimicrobial agent vancomycin has been used to treat many S. aureus infections, particularly those caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). (cdc.gov)
To accurately detect staphylococci with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin, antimicrobial susceptibility should be determined with a quantitative method (broth dilution, agar dilution, or agar gradient diffusion) using a full 24 hours of incubation at 95 F (35 C). Strains of staphylococci with vancomycin MICs of 8 ug/mL were not detected using disk-diffusion procedures. (cdc.gov)
We report characterization of a methicillin-susceptible, vancomycin-resistant bloodstream isolate of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from a patient in Brazil. (cdc.gov)
Acquisition of high-level vancomycin resistance by Staphylococcus aureus represents a major public health risk because this antimicrobial drug continues to be the first-line and most inexpensive therapy to treat methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) despite concerns about its clinical efficacy. (cdc.gov)

During his hospitalization, repetitive febrile episodes developed, and he had blood cultures positive for different Staphylococcus aureus isolates. (cdc.gov)
The clinical course of the patient, Staphylococcus aureus isolates, and antimicrobial drugs provided are summarized in Technical Appendix Figure 1. (cdc.gov)

MRSA), intermediate to OX, and every 10th isolate sensitive to OX [i.e., methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)] by disk diffusion were saved for additional testing of organism characteristics. (cdc.gov)
Staphylococcus aureus SCCmec type IV is prevalent in our hospital and more than 10% of the nosocomial MRSA bacteremias were caused by 4 different type IV MRSA clones. (usp.br)
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) widespread in. (bund.de)
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are widespread in pig breeding stocks in Germany. (bund.de)
Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is emerging as a cause of skin and soft tissue infections. (cdc.gov)
The global and national burden of communicable and noncommunicable diseases continues to rise, thus making access to Healthcare workers (HCWs) colonized with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) may pose transmission risk to vulnerable patients including neonates. (who.int)
Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patients are at high risk of acquiring colonization and infection by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (1). (who.int)
resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in rehabilitation and chronic-care-facilities: what is the best strategy? (experts123.com)
GROUND: The risk associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been decreasing for several years in intensive care departments, but is now increasing in rehabilitation and chronic-care-facilities (R-CCF). (experts123.com)
Methods?A total of 81 isolates of staphylococci including coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNs), methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) are included in this study. (who.int)

The study evaluated the antimicrobial resistance of molecularly characterized strains of Staphylococcus oureus and S. saprophyticus isolated from 3 Lebanese dairy-based food products that are sometimes consumed raw: kishk, shanklish and baladi cheese. (who.int)
Suspected Staphylococcus isolates were identified initially using standard biochemical tests, then strains that were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction [‎29 S, aureus and 17 S. saprophyticus]‎ were evaluated for their susceptibility to different antimicrobials. (who.int)

An important public health issue is the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes on mobile genetic elements spreading across different Staphylococcus species including S. aureus . (nature.com)
The prevalence and significance of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae species in Ras cheese, Kareish cheese and ice cream samples and in swabs of dairy handlers in Ismailia city were studied. (scialert.net)

An Institut Pasteur-CNRS research team has characterized a Staphylococcus aureus gene involved in virulence, biofilm formation and resistance to certain antibiotics. (pasteur.fr)
Chiral evasion and stereospecific antifolate resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. (duke.edu)
The mutation F98Y in Staphylococcus aureus dihydrofolate reductase (SaDHFR) confers resistance to the clinically important antifolate trimethoprim (TMP). (duke.edu)
Aims?This study aims to detect the increased antibiotic resistance in biofilm-producing Staphylococcus and to compare the performance of three potential methods of detection. (who.int)
This can make the treatment of Staphylococcus very difficult in the future as the rate of drug resistance is faster as compared with newly emerging antibiotics. (who.int)

A clinical trial to test the antibiotic dalbavancin for safety and efficacy in treating complicated Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) bacteremia has begun. (nih.gov)

Moreover, biotype number was changed in Gr. II, on day 5 (246076) and in Gr. III, on day 10 (242066), while organism along-with biotype number was also changed in Gr. II, on day 10 (342066, Staphylococcus hominis subsp. (merlot.org)
Pantothenate synthetase (Staphylococcus carnosus subsp. (nih.gov)

Staphylococcus saprophyticus (S. saprophyticus) is a frequent cause of urinary tract infection in the young women. (merlot.org)

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of skin and soft tissue infection in both the health care and community settings. (cdc.gov)

Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium commonly found on the skin and in the nose of about 30% of individuals. (cdc.gov)
Staphylococcus aureus is a widespread and extremely versatile bacterium that colonises about 20-30% of any human population. (nature.com)

The highest levels of contamination with staphylococci were in baladi cheese. (who.int)

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are widespread pathogens. (bund.de)
Scanning electron micrograph of a human neutrophil ingesting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus. (nih.gov)
An outbreak of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus occurred among members and close contacts of a soccer team. (cdc.gov)
We investigated the evolution and epidemiology of a novel live-stock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain, which colonizes and infects urban-dwelling Danes even without a Danish animal reservoir. (dtu.dk)
Title : Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Rural Southwestern Alaska1 Personal Author(s) : David, Michael Z.;Rudolph, Karen M.;Hennessy, Thomas W.;Boyle-Vavra, Susan;Daum, Robert S. (cdc.gov)

Staphylococcus aureus can be a harmless coloniser, but it can also cause severe infections in humans, livestock and wildlife. (nature.com)
Background: Staphylococci are responsible for life-threatening infections in hospitals and community. (who.int)

The Signaling and Pathogenesis of Staphylococci team, led by Tarek Msadek, a researcher in the Biology of Gram-positive Pathogens Unit at the Institut Pasteur (CNRS ERL 3526), is studying bacterial responses to environmental variations and their role in Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis and host interactions. (pasteur.fr)

Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 60 and 70% of dairy handlers hand's and nasal swab samples, respectively. (scialert.net)
Wilson DJ: Segregation or use of separate milking units for Staphylococcus aureusinfected dairy cows. (usu.edu)

The company said the recalled product has the potential to be contaminated with Staphylococcus enterotoxin. (foodsafetynews.com)

The presence of Staphylococcus enterotoxins may be injurious to health and may result in staphylococcal food poisoning. (foodsafetynews.com)

All samples were examined for presence of Staphylococcus aureus (on Baird Parker agar medium) and Enterobacteriaceae sp. (scialert.net)

Major autolysin (Atl) of Staphylococcus aureusis a cell surface associated peptidoglycan hydrolase with amidase and glucosaminidase domains. (amrita.edu)

QM/MM study of the reaction mechanism of the carboxyl transferase domain of pyruvate carboxylase from Staphylococcus aureus. (sigmaaldrich.com)
In this article, the catalytic mechanism of the carboxyl transferase domain of PC from Staphylococcus aureus was investigated by using a combined quantum-mechanical/molecular-mechanical approach. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Growth was not inhibited in control suspensions, which remained above 1.25 x 10e3 cfu/ml for staphylococci, and 2.3 x 10e3 cfu/ml for Malassezia, throughout the 30-min. (vin.com)

Staphylococcus aureus is part of the natural skin flora, preferentially colonizing external mucosa in 30 to 50% of the population, healthy carriers who develop no symptoms. (pasteur.fr)

Staphylococcus aureus (staph) is a type of bacteria found on people's skin. (cdc.gov)
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a cause of staph infection that is difficult to treat because of resistance to some antibiotics. (cdc.gov)
Staphylococcus lugdunensis behaves likes Staphylococcus aureus and should not be considered a typical coagulase-negative staphylococcus. (medscape.com)
Lane JW, Tang J, Taggard D, Byun R. Successful use of daptomycin and linezolid, without surgical intervention, in the treatment of extensive epidural abscess and bacteremia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). (medscape.com)
Retropharyngeal Abscess in Children: The Rising Incidence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. (medscape.com)
Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Pediatric Oncology Patients: High Rates of Antimicrobial Resistance, Antiseptic Tolerance and Complications. (medscape.com)
Elliott DJ, Zaoutis TE, Troxel AB, Loh A, Keren R. Empiric Antimicrobial Therapy for Pediatric Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections in the Era of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. (medscape.com)
Is cefazolin inferior to nafcillin for treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia? (medscape.com)
Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infections in Adults and Children. (medscape.com)
Recurrent skin and soft tissue infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus requiring operative debridement. (medscape.com)
Pääkkönen M, Kallio PE, Kallio MJ, Peltola H. Management of Osteoarticular Infections Caused by Staphylococcus aureus Is Similar to That of Other Etiologies: Analysis of 199 Staphylococcal Bone and Joint Infections. (medscape.com)
von Eiff C, Becker K, Machka K, Stammer H, Peters G. Nasal carriage as a source of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. (medscape.com)
Reclassification of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage Types. (medscape.com)
The significance of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and the incidence of postoperative wound infection. (medscape.com)
Are host genetics the predominant determinant of persistent nasal Staphylococcus aureus carriage in humans? (medscape.com)
Factors associated with nasal colonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthy children in Taiwan. (medscape.com)
Nerby JM, Gorwitz R, Lesher L, Juni B, Jawahir S, Lynfield R. Risk Factors for Household Transmission of Community-associated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. (medscape.com)
Only a few small analytical or population-based of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) of- studies have been published ( 12 - 14 ). (cdc.gov)
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of skin and soft tissue infection in both the health care and community settings. (cdc.gov)
NETWORK ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS Release Date: April 1, 1998 RFP AVAILABLE: NIH-NIAID-DMID-98-24 P.T. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases has a requirement to operate and maintain the NIAID Network on Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (NARSA). (nih.gov)
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of both hospital- and community-acquired infections worldwide, and the antimicrobial agent vancomycin has been used to treat many S. aureus infections, particularly those caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). (cdc.gov)
Glycopeptide resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. (nih.gov)
The pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus in the trauma patient and potential future therapies. (nih.gov)
Bugging the bugs: novel approaches in the strategic management of resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. (nih.gov)
A clinical trial to test the antibiotic dalbavancin for safety and efficacy in treating complicated Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) bacteremia has begun. (nih.gov)
The global and national burden of communicable and noncommunicable diseases continues to rise, thus making access to Healthcare workers (HCWs) colonized with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) may pose transmission risk to vulnerable patients including neonates. (who.int)
Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patients are at high risk of acquiring colonization and infection by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (1). (who.int)
The aim of this study was to evaluate antibacterial activity of the canphorated paramonochorophenol (PMCC) by direct contact and vapor against Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus . (bvsalud.org)

Scanning electron micrograph of a human neutrophil ingesting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus. (nih.gov)

Anatomy10

Organisms32

Diseases39

Chemicals and Drugs96

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment31

Phenomena and Processes37

Disciplines and Occupations4

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science5

Named Groups1

Health Care17

Effect of a staphylococcin on Neisseria gonorrhoeae. (1/3560)

Prodigious substrate specificity of AAC(6')-APH(2"), an aminoglycoside antibiotic resistance determinant in enterococci and staphylococci. (2/3560)

The staphylococcal transferrin-binding protein is a cell wall glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. (3/3560)

Molecular characterization of the nitrite-reducing system of Staphylococcus carnosus. (4/3560)

Changing susceptibilities of coagulase-negative staphylococci to teicoplanin in a teaching hospital. (5/3560)

Evidence for nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant staphylococci colonizing intravascular devices. (6/3560)

Penicillin-binding protein-mediated resistance in pneumococci and staphylococci. (7/3560)

Preparation of labeled staphylococcal enterotoxin A with high specific activity. (8/3560)

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Staphylococcal Infections

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus Phages

Methicillin Resistance

Coagulase

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Methicillin

Staphylococcus haemolyticus

Oxacillin

Vancomycin

Staphylococcal Protein A

Bacterial Proteins

Staphylococcal Skin Infections

Lysostaphin

Staphylococcus lugdunensis

Bacteremia

Nose

DNA, Bacterial

Cross Infection

Staphylococcus hominis

Pneumonia, Staphylococcal

Leukocidins

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Drug Resistance, Microbial

Drug Resistance, Bacterial

Biofilms

Carrier State

Penicillin Resistance

Oxazolidinones

Endocarditis, Bacterial

Mupirocin

Acetamides

Vancomycin Resistance

Anti-Infective Agents

Daptomycin

Bacterial Toxins

Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field

Exotoxins

Mastitis, Bovine

Bacterial Typing Techniques

Community-Acquired Infections

Colony Count, Microbial

Bacteriological Techniques

Bacteriophage Typing

Bacteria

Fusidic Acid

Culture Media

Teicoplanin

Abscess

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Exfoliatins

Micrococcus

Genes, Bacterial

Penicillins

Osteomyelitis

Enterotoxins

Teichoic Acids

Nasal Cavity

Staphylococcal Vaccines

Virulence Factors

Penicillin-Binding Proteins

Hemolysin Proteins

Cell Wall

Nafcillin

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

Molecular Sequence Data

Gram-Negative Bacteria

Bacterial Adhesion

Gentamicins

Cloxacillin

Soft Tissue Infections

Staphylococcus hyicus

Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial

Bacteriolysis

Peptidoglycan

Muramoylpentapeptide Carboxypeptidase