Material coughed up from the lungs and expectorated via the mouth. It contains MUCUS, cellular debris, and microorganisms. It may also contain blood or pus.
MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.
A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces TUBERCULOSIS in humans, other primates, CATTLE; DOGS; and some other animals which have contact with humans. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation.
Procedures for collecting, preserving, and transporting of specimens sufficiently stable to provide accurate and precise results suitable for clinical interpretation.
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).
Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin.
Proteins found in EOSINOPHIL granules. They are primarily basic proteins that play a role in host defense and the proinflammatory actions of activated eosinophils.
Measure of the maximum amount of air that can be expelled in a given number of seconds during a FORCED VITAL CAPACITY determination . It is usually given as FEV followed by a subscript indicating the number of seconds over which the measurement is made, although it is sometimes given as a percentage of forced vital capacity.
Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis. They are divided into two main classes: "first-line" agents, those with the greatest efficacy and acceptable degrees of toxicity used successfully in the great majority of cases; and "second-line" drugs used in drug-resistant cases or those in which some other patient-related condition has compromised the effectiveness of primary therapy.
Hypertonic sodium chloride solution. A solution having an osmotic pressure greater than that of physiologic salt solution (0.9 g NaCl in 100 ml purified water).
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.
Agents that increase mucous excretion. Mucolytic agents, that is drugs that liquefy mucous secretions, are also included here.
Techniques used in studying bacteria.
A pathologic process consisting in the formation of pus.
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the bronchi.
The administration of drugs by the respiratory route. It includes insufflation into the respiratory tract.
Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.
Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.
Measurement of the various processes involved in the act of respiration: inspiration, expiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, lung volume and compliance, etc.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens (wound, burn, and urinary tract infections). It is also found widely distributed in soil and water. P. aeruginosa is a major agent of nosocomial infection.
Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins, including elastin. It cleaves preferentially bonds at the carboxyl side of Ala and Val, with greater specificity for Ala. EC 3.4.21.37.
Tuberculosis resistant to chemotherapy with two or more ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS, including at least ISONIAZID and RIFAMPICIN. The problem of resistance is particularly troublesome in tuberculous OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS associated with HIV INFECTIONS. It requires the use of second line drugs which are more toxic than the first line regimens. TB with isolates that have developed further resistance to at least three of the six classes of second line drugs is defined as EXTENSIVELY DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS.
The use of instrumentation and techniques for visualizing material and details that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. It is usually done by enlarging images, transmitted by light or electron beams, with optical or magnetic lenses that magnify the entire image field. With scanning microscopy, images are generated by collecting output from the specimen in a point-by-point fashion, on a magnified scale, as it is scanned by a narrow beam of light or electrons, a laser, a conductive probe, or a topographical probe.
The volume of air that is exhaled by a maximal expiration following a maximal inspiration.
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.
Tests involving inhalation of allergens (nebulized or in dust form), nebulized pharmacologically active solutions (e.g., histamine, methacholine), or control solutions, followed by assessment of respiratory function. These tests are used in the diagnosis of asthma.
The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the respiratory tract or its organs. It includes RESPIRATORY FUNCTION TESTS.
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is associated with BRONCHITIS, usually involving lobular areas from TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES to the PULMONARY ALVEOLI. The affected areas become filled with exudate that forms consolidated patches.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Mental processing of chromatic signals (COLOR VISION) from the eye by the VISUAL CORTEX where they are converted into symbolic representations. Color perception involves numerous neurons, and is influenced not only by the distribution of wavelengths from the viewed object, but also by its background color and brightness contrast at its boundary.
The visually perceived property of objects created by absorption or reflection of specific wavelengths of light.
Any technique by which an unknown color is evaluated in terms of standard colors. The technique may be visual, photoelectric, or indirect by means of spectrophotometry. It is used in chemistry and physics. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery performed on the interior of blood vessels.

The sialylation of bronchial mucins secreted by patients suffering from cystic fibrosis or from chronic bronchitis is related to the severity of airway infection. (1/3186)

Bronchial mucins were purified from the sputum of 14 patients suffering from cystic fibrosis and 24 patients suffering from chronic bronchitis, using two CsBr density-gradient centrifugations. The presence of DNA in each secretion was used as an index to estimate the severity of infection and allowed to subdivide the mucins into four groups corresponding to infected or noninfected patients with cystic fibrosis, and to infected or noninfected patients with chronic bronchitis. All infected patients suffering from cystic fibrosis were colonized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. As already observed, the mucins from the patients with cystic fibrosis had a higher sulfate content than the mucins from the patients with chronic bronchitis. However, there was a striking increase in the sialic acid content of the mucins secreted by severely infected patients as compared to noninfected patients. Thirty-six bronchial mucins out of 38 contained the sialyl-Lewis x epitope which was even expressed by subjects phenotyped as Lewis negative, indicating that at least one alpha1,3 fucosyltransferase different from the Lewis enzyme was involved in the biosynthesis of this epitope. Finally, the sialyl-Lewis x determinant was also overexpressed in the mucins from severely infected patients. Altogether these differences in the glycosylation process of mucins from infected and noninfected patients suggest that bacterial infection influences the expression of sialyltransferases and alpha1,3 fucosyltransferases in the human bronchial mucosa.  (+info)

Legionnaires' disease on a cruise ship linked to the water supply system: clinical and public health implications. (2/3186)

The occurrence of legionnaires' disease has been described previously in passengers of cruise ships, but determination of the source has been rare. A 67-year-old, male cigarette smoker with heart disease contracted legionnaires' disease during a cruise in September 1995 and died 9 days after disembarking. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was isolated from the patient's sputum and the ship's water supply. Samples from the air-conditioning system were negative. L. pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates from the water supply matched the patient's isolate, by both monoclonal antibody subtyping and genomic fingerprinting. None of 116 crew members had significant antibody titers to L. pneumophila serogroup 1. One clinically suspected case of legionnaires' disease and one confirmed case were subsequently diagnosed among passengers cruising on the same ship in November 1995 and October 1996, respectively. This is the first documented evidence of the involvement of a water supply system in the transmission of legionella infection on ships. These cases were identified because of the presence of a unique international system of surveillance and collaboration between public health authorities.  (+info)

Airway inflammatory response to ozone in subjects with different asthma severity. (3/3186)

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether ozone exposure induces a similar airway inflammatory response in subjects with different degrees of asthma severity. Two groups of asthmatic subjects were studied: seven with intermittent mild asthma not requiring regular treatment (group A); and seven with persistent mild asthma requiring regular treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta2-agonists (group B). All subjects were exposed, in a randomized cross-over design, to air or O3 (0.26 parts per million (ppm) for 2 h with intermittent exercise); subjects in group B withdrew from regular treatment 72 h before each exposure. Before the exposure, and 1 and 2 h after the beginning of the exposure they performed a pulmonary function test, and a questionnaire was completed to obtain a total symptom score (TSS). Six hours after the end of the exposure, hypertonic saline (HS) sputum induction was conducted. Sputum cell percentages, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and interleukin (IL)-8 concentrations in the sputum supernatant were measured. TSS significantly increased and forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) significantly decreased after O3 exposure in comparison with air exposure in group A, whereas no changes were observed in group B except for a significant decrement of FEV1 2 h after the beginning of O3 exposure. Sputum neutrophil percentage was significantly higher after O3 exposure than after air exposure in both groups (Group A: 70.2% (28-87) versus 26.6% (8.6-73.2); Group B: 62.1% (25-82.4) versus 27.9% (14.4-54)). IL-8 was higher in sputum supernatant collected 6 h after O3 exposure than after air, only in group A. No change due to O3 has been found in sputum eosinophil percentage and ECP concentration in both groups. In conclusion, the degree of airway response to a short-term exposure to ozone is different in subjects with asthma of different severity. The available data do not allow elucidation of whether this difference depends on the severity of the disease or on the regular anti-inflammatory treatment.  (+info)

A pilot study of low-dose erythromycin in bronchiectasis. (4/3186)

Patients with bronchiectasis suffer from sputum production, recurrent exacerbations, and progressive airway destruction. Erythromycin is effective in diffuse panbronchiolitis, another suppurative airway disorder, although its efficacy is unknown in idiopathic bronchiectasis. A double-blind placebo-controlled study was therefore conducted to evaluate the effects of 8-week administration of low dose erythromycin (500 mg b.i.d.) in steady-state idiopathic bronchiectasis. Patients in the erythromycin group (n=11, 8 female, mean age 50+/-15 yrs), but not the placebo group (n=10, 8 female, mean age 59+/-16 yrs) had significantly improved forced expiratory volume in one second, forced vital capacity and 24-h sputum volume after 8 weeks (p<0.05). There was no parallel improvement in sputum pathogens, leukocytes, interleukin (IL)-1alpha and IL-8, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, or leukotriene B4. The results of this pilot study show that low-dose erythromycin improves lung function and sputum volume in bronchiectasis. Further studies are indicated to evaluate the efficacy of long-term erythromycin therapy in bronchiectasis.  (+info)

Cytokines and inflammatory mediators do not indicate acute infection in cystic fibrosis. (5/3186)

Various treatment regimens and difficulties with research design are encountered with cystic fibrosis (CF) because no standard diagnostic criteria exist for defining acute respiratory exacerbations. This study evaluated the role of serial monitoring of concentrations of selected cytokines and inflammatory mediators in serum and sputum as predictors of respiratory exacerbation, as useful outcome measures for CF, and to guide therapy. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), neutrophil elastase-alpha-1-protease inhibitor complex (NE complex), protein, and alpha-1-protease inhibitor (alpha-1-PI) were measured in serum and sputum collected from CF patients during respiratory exacerbations and periods of well-being. Levels of NE complex, protein, and alpha-1-PI in sputum rose during respiratory exacerbations and fell after institution of antibiotic therapy (P = 0.078, 0.001, and 0.002, respectively). Mean (+/- standard error of the mean) levels of IL-8 and TNF-alpha were extremely high in sputum (13,780 +/- 916 and 249.4 +/- 23.5 ng/liter, respectively) but did not change significantly with clinical deterioration of the patient (P > 0.23). IL-8 and TNF-alpha were generally undetectable in serum, and therefore these measures were unhelpful. Drop in forced expiratory volume in 1 s was the only clinical or laboratory parameter that was close to being a determinant of respiratory exacerbation (P = 0.055). This study provides evidence of intense immunological activity occurring continually within the lungs of adult CF patients. Measurement of cytokines and inflammatory mediators in CF sputum is not helpful for identifying acute respiratory exacerbations.  (+info)

A rapid polymerase chain reaction technique for detecting M tuberculosis in a variety of clinical specimens. (6/3186)

A rapid in-house polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay is described for the direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in clinical material. Its performance is compared with two kit based systems. The results of the in-house assay were comparable with the commercial assays, detecting M tuberculosis in 100% of smear positive, culture positive samples. The in-house assay proved to be rapid, easy, and inexpensive to perform, and the inclusion of an internal inhibitor control permitted validation of the PCR results.  (+info)

Comparison of isolation media for recovery of Burkholderia cepacia complex from respiratory secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis. (7/3186)

Burkholderia cepacia selective agar (BCSA) has previously been devised for isolation of B. cepacia from respiratory secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis and tested under research laboratory conditions. Here we describe a study in which BCSA, oxidation-fermentation polymyxin bacitracin lactose agar (OFPBL), and Pseudomonas cepacia agar (PCA) were compared in routine culture procedures for the ability to grow B. cepacia and inhibit other organisms. Three hundred twenty-eight specimens from 209 patients at two pediatric centers and 328 specimens from 109 adults were tested. Plates were inoculated, incubated, and read for quality and quantity of growth at 24, 48, and 72 h. Five (1.5%) specimens from 4 (1.9%) children and 75 (22.9%) specimens from 16 (14.7%) adults grew B. cepacia complex. At 24, 48, and 72 h, BCSA achieved 43, 93, and 100% detection, respectively; OFPBL achieved 26, 84, and 96%, respectively; and PCA achieved 33, 74, and 84% detection, respectively. Quality was assessed as pinpoint or good growth. At 24 h, most cultures growing B. cepacia complex had pinpoint colonies. By 48 and 72 h, 48 and 69% of B. cepacia complex cultures, respectively, had good growth on BCSA, while on OFPBL 19 and 30%, respectively, had good growth and on PCA 11 and 18%, respectively, had good growth. BCSA was superior to OFPBL and PCA in suppressing organisms other than B. cepacia complex; 40 non-B. cepacia complex organisms were isolated from BCSA, 263 were isolated from OFPBL, and 116 were isolated from PCA. We conclude that BCSA is superior to OFPBL and PCA in its ability to support the growth of B. cepacia complex and to suppress other respiratory organisms.  (+info)

Survey of outpatient sputum cytology: influence of written instructions on sample quality and who benefits from investigation. (8/3186)

OBJECTIVES: To evaluated quality of outpatient sputum cytology and whether written instructions to patients improve sample quality and to identify variables that predict satisfactory samples. DESIGN: Prospective randomised study. SETTING: Outpatient department of a district general hospital. PATIENTS: 224 patients recruited over 18 months whenever their clinicians requested sputum cytology, randomized to receive oral or oral and written advice. INTERVENTIONS: Oral advice from nurse on producing a sputum sample (114 patients); oral advice plus written instructions (110). MAIN MEASURES: Percentages of satisfactory sputum samples and of patients who produced more than one satisfactory sample; clinical or radiological features identified from subsequent review of patients' notes and radiographs associated with satisfactory samples; final diagnosis of bronchial cancer. RESULTS: 588 sputum samples were requested and 477 received. Patients in the group receiving additional written instructions produced 75(34%) satisfactory samples and 43(39%) of them one or more sets of satisfactory samples. Corresponding figures for the group receiving only oral advice (80(31%) and 46(40%) respectively)were not significantly different. Logistic regression showed that radiological evidence of collapse or consolidation (p<0.01) and hilar mass (p<0.05) were significant predictors of the production of satisfactory samples. Sputum cytology confirmed the diagnosis in only 9(17%) patients with bronchial carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: The quality of outpatients' sputum samples was poor and was not improved by written instructions. Sputum cytology should be limited to patients with probable bronchial cancer unsuitable for surgery. IMPLICATIONS: Collection of samples and requests for sputum cytology should be reviewed in other hospitals.  (+info)

Sputum is defined as a mixture of saliva and phlegm that is expelled from the respiratory tract during coughing, sneezing or deep breathing. It can be clear, mucoid, or purulent (containing pus) depending on the underlying cause of the respiratory issue. Examination of sputum can help diagnose various respiratory conditions such as infections, inflammation, or other lung diseases.

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs and can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. The infection typically enters the body when a person inhales droplets containing the bacteria, which are released into the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.

The symptoms of pulmonary TB can vary but often include:

* Persistent cough that lasts for more than three weeks and may produce phlegm or blood-tinged sputum
* Chest pain or discomfort, particularly when breathing deeply or coughing
* Fatigue and weakness
* Unexplained weight loss
* Fever and night sweats
* Loss of appetite

Pulmonary TB can cause serious complications if left untreated, including damage to the lungs, respiratory failure, and spread of the infection to other parts of the body. Treatment typically involves a course of antibiotics that can last several months, and it is essential for patients to complete the full treatment regimen to ensure that the infection is fully eradicated.

Preventive measures include vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which can provide some protection against severe forms of TB in children, and measures to prevent the spread of the disease, such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, wearing a mask in public places, and avoiding close contact with people who have active TB.

Bronchiectasis is a medical condition characterized by permanent, abnormal widening and thickening of the walls of the bronchi (the airways leading to the lungs). This can lead to recurrent respiratory infections, coughing, and the production of large amounts of sputum. The damage to the airways is usually irreversible and can be caused by various factors such as bacterial or viral infections, genetic disorders, immune deficiencies, or exposure to environmental pollutants. In some cases, the cause may remain unknown. Treatment typically includes chest physiotherapy, bronchodilators, antibiotics, and sometimes surgery.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that primarily affects the lungs and digestive system. It is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, which regulates the movement of salt and water in and out of cells. When this gene is not functioning properly, thick, sticky mucus builds up in various organs, leading to a range of symptoms.

In the lungs, this mucus can clog the airways, making it difficult to breathe and increasing the risk of lung infections. Over time, lung damage can occur, which may lead to respiratory failure. In the digestive system, the thick mucus can prevent the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas, impairing nutrient absorption and leading to malnutrition. CF can also affect the reproductive system, liver, and other organs.

Symptoms of cystic fibrosis may include persistent coughing, wheezing, lung infections, difficulty gaining weight, greasy stools, and frequent greasy diarrhea. The severity of the disease can vary significantly among individuals, depending on the specific genetic mutations they have inherited.

Currently, there is no cure for cystic fibrosis, but treatments are available to help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These may include airway clearance techniques, medications to thin mucus, antibiotics to treat infections, enzyme replacement therapy, and a high-calorie, high-fat diet. Lung transplantation is an option for some individuals with advanced lung disease.

Bronchitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the bronchi, which are the large airways that lead to the lungs. This inflammation can cause a variety of symptoms, including coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Bronchitis can be either acute or chronic.

Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a viral infection, such as a cold or the flu, and typically lasts for a few days to a week. Symptoms may include a productive cough (coughing up mucus or phlegm), chest discomfort, and fatigue. Acute bronchitis often resolves on its own without specific medical treatment, although rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications to manage symptoms may be helpful.

Chronic bronchitis, on the other hand, is a long-term condition that is characterized by a persistent cough with mucus production that lasts for at least three months out of the year for two consecutive years. Chronic bronchitis is typically caused by exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, or occupational dusts and chemicals. It is often associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes both chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Treatment for chronic bronchitis may include medications to help open the airways, such as bronchodilators and corticosteroids, as well as lifestyle changes such as smoking cessation and avoiding irritants. In severe cases, oxygen therapy or lung transplantation may be necessary.

'Mycobacterium tuberculosis' is a species of slow-growing, aerobic, gram-positive bacteria that demonstrates acid-fastness. It is the primary causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) in humans. This bacterium has a complex cell wall rich in lipids, including mycolic acids, which provides a hydrophobic barrier and makes it resistant to many conventional antibiotics. The ability of M. tuberculosis to survive within host macrophages and resist the immune response contributes to its pathogenicity and the difficulty in treating TB infections.

M. tuberculosis is typically transmitted through inhalation of infectious droplets containing the bacteria, which primarily targets the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body (extrapulmonary TB). The infection may result in a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from latent TB infection (LTBI) to active disease. LTBI represents a dormant state where individuals are infected with M. tuberculosis but do not show symptoms and cannot transmit the bacteria. However, they remain at risk of developing active TB throughout their lifetime, especially if their immune system becomes compromised.

Effective prevention and control strategies for TB rely on early detection, treatment, and public health interventions to limit transmission. The current first-line treatments for drug-susceptible TB include a combination of isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for at least six months. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of M. tuberculosis present significant challenges in TB control and require more complex treatment regimens.

Specimen handling is a set of procedures and practices followed in the collection, storage, transportation, and processing of medical samples or specimens (e.g., blood, tissue, urine, etc.) for laboratory analysis. Proper specimen handling ensures accurate test results, patient safety, and data integrity. It includes:

1. Correct labeling of the specimen container with required patient information.
2. Using appropriate containers and materials to collect, store, and transport the specimen.
3. Following proper collection techniques to avoid contamination or damage to the specimen.
4. Adhering to specific storage conditions (temperature, time, etc.) before testing.
5. Ensuring secure and timely transportation of the specimen to the laboratory.
6. Properly documenting all steps in the handling process for traceability and quality assurance.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. The airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible, either spontaneously or with treatment.

The underlying cause of asthma involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors that result in hypersensitivity of the airways to certain triggers, such as allergens, irritants, viruses, exercise, and emotional stress. When these triggers are encountered, the airways constrict due to smooth muscle spasm, swell due to inflammation, and produce excess mucus, leading to the characteristic symptoms of asthma.

Asthma is typically managed with a combination of medications that include bronchodilators to relax the airway muscles, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and leukotriene modifiers or mast cell stabilizers to prevent allergic reactions. Avoiding triggers and monitoring symptoms are also important components of asthma management.

There are several types of asthma, including allergic asthma, non-allergic asthma, exercise-induced asthma, occupational asthma, and nocturnal asthma, each with its own set of triggers and treatment approaches. Proper diagnosis and management of asthma can help prevent exacerbations, improve quality of life, and reduce the risk of long-term complications.

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play an important role in the body's immune response. They are produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream, where they can travel to different tissues and organs throughout the body. Eosinophils are characterized by their granules, which contain various proteins and enzymes that are toxic to parasites and can contribute to inflammation.

Eosinophils are typically associated with allergic reactions, asthma, and other inflammatory conditions. They can also be involved in the body's response to certain infections, particularly those caused by parasites such as worms. In some cases, elevated levels of eosinophils in the blood or tissues (a condition called eosinophilia) can indicate an underlying medical condition, such as a parasitic infection, autoimmune disorder, or cancer.

Eosinophils are named for their staining properties - they readily take up eosin dye, which is why they appear pink or red under the microscope. They make up only about 1-6% of circulating white blood cells in healthy individuals, but their numbers can increase significantly in response to certain triggers.

Eosinophil granule proteins are a group of biologically active molecules that are stored within the granules of eosinophils, which are types of white blood cells. These proteins include:

1. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP): A protein with potent ribonuclease activity and the ability to disrupt cell membranes. It is involved in the immune response against parasites and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, such as asthma and allergies.
2. Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO): An enzyme that generates hypohalous acids, which can cause oxidative damage to cells and tissues. It contributes to the microbicidal activity of eosinophils and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases.
3. Major basic protein (MBP): A highly cationic protein that can disrupt cell membranes, leading to cell lysis. MBP is involved in the immune response against parasites and has been linked to tissue damage in several inflammatory conditions, such as asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis, and eosinophilic esophagitis.
4. Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN): A protein with ribonuclease activity that can induce histamine release from mast cells and contribute to the inflammatory response. EDN is also involved in the immune response against parasites and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma, allergies, and other inflammatory diseases.

These eosinophil granule proteins are released during eosinophil activation and degranulation, which can occur in response to various stimuli, such as immune complexes, cytokines, and infectious agents. Their release contributes to the inflammatory response and can lead to tissue damage in various diseases.

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) is a medical term used to describe the volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs in one second. It is often measured during pulmonary function testing to assess lung function and diagnose conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma.

FEV is typically expressed as a percentage of the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), which is the total volume of air that can be exhaled from the lungs after taking a deep breath in. The ratio of FEV to FVC is used to determine whether there is obstruction in the airways, with a lower ratio indicating more severe obstruction.

There are different types of FEV measurements, including FEV1 (the volume of air exhaled in one second), FEV25-75 (the average volume of air exhaled during the middle 50% of the FVC maneuver), and FEV0.5 (the volume of air exhaled in half a second). These measurements can provide additional information about lung function and help guide treatment decisions.

Antitubercular agents, also known as anti-tuberculosis drugs or simply TB drugs, are a category of medications specifically used for the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis (TB), a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These drugs target various stages of the bacteria's growth and replication process to eradicate it from the body or prevent its spread.

There are several first-line antitubercular agents, including:

1. Isoniazid (INH): This is a bactericidal drug that inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids, essential components of the mycobacterial cell wall. It is primarily active against actively growing bacilli.
2. Rifampin (RIF) or Rifampicin: A bactericidal drug that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, preventing the transcription of genetic information into mRNA. This results in the interruption of protein synthesis and ultimately leads to the death of the bacteria.
3. Ethambutol (EMB): A bacteriostatic drug that inhibits the arabinosyl transferase enzyme, which is responsible for the synthesis of arabinan, a crucial component of the mycobacterial cell wall. It is primarily active against actively growing bacilli.
4. Pyrazinamide (PZA): A bactericidal drug that inhibits the synthesis of fatty acids and mycolic acids in the mycobacterial cell wall, particularly under acidic conditions. PZA is most effective during the initial phase of treatment when the bacteria are in a dormant or slow-growing state.

These first-line antitubercular agents are often used together in a combination therapy to ensure complete eradication of the bacteria and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains. Treatment duration typically lasts for at least six months, with the initial phase consisting of daily doses of INH, RIF, EMB, and PZA for two months, followed by a continuation phase of INH and RIF for four months.

Second-line antitubercular agents are used when patients have drug-resistant TB or cannot tolerate first-line drugs. These include drugs like aminoglycosides (e.g., streptomycin, amikacin), fluoroquinolones (e.g., ofloxacin, moxifloxacin), and injectable bacteriostatic agents (e.g., capreomycin, ethionamide).

It is essential to closely monitor patients undergoing antitubercular therapy for potential side effects and ensure adherence to the treatment regimen to achieve optimal outcomes and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.

A hypertonic saline solution is a type of medical fluid that contains a higher concentration of salt (sodium chloride) than is found in the average person's blood. This solution is used to treat various medical conditions, such as dehydration, brain swelling, and increased intracranial pressure.

The osmolarity of a hypertonic saline solution typically ranges from 1500 to 23,400 mOsm/L, with the most commonly used solutions having an osmolarity of around 3000 mOsm/L. The high sodium concentration in these solutions creates an osmotic gradient that draws water out of cells and into the bloodstream, helping to reduce swelling and increase fluid volume in the body.

It is important to note that hypertonic saline solutions should be administered with caution, as they can cause serious side effects such as electrolyte imbalances, heart rhythm abnormalities, and kidney damage if not used properly. Healthcare professionals must carefully monitor patients receiving these solutions to ensure safe and effective treatment.

A cough is a reflex action that helps to clear the airways of irritants, foreign particles, or excess mucus or phlegm. It is characterized by a sudden, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs through the mouth and nose. A cough can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term), and it can be accompanied by other symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or fever. Coughing can be caused by various factors, including respiratory infections, allergies, asthma, environmental pollutants, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and chronic lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchitis. In some cases, a cough may be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition, such as heart failure or lung cancer.

Expectorants are a type of medication that help to thin and loosen mucus in the airways, making it easier to cough up and clear the airways. They work by increasing the production of fluid in the respiratory tract, which helps to moisten and soften thick or sticky mucus. This makes it easier for the cilia (tiny hair-like structures that line the airways) to move the mucus out of the lungs and into the throat, where it can be swallowed or spit out.

Expectorants are often used to treat respiratory conditions such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which can cause excessive mucus production and difficulty breathing. Some common expectorants include guaifenesin, iodinated glycerol, and potassium iodide.

It is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully when taking expectorants, as taking too much can lead to side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It is also important to drink plenty of fluids while taking expectorants, as this can help to thin the mucus and make it easier to cough up.

Bacteriological techniques refer to the various methods and procedures used in the laboratory for the cultivation, identification, and study of bacteria. These techniques are essential in fields such as medicine, biotechnology, and research. Here are some common bacteriological techniques:

1. **Sterilization**: This is a process that eliminates or kills all forms of life, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. Common sterilization methods include autoclaving (using steam under pressure), dry heat (in an oven), chemical sterilants, and radiation.

2. **Aseptic Technique**: This refers to practices used to prevent contamination of sterile materials or environments with microorganisms. It includes the use of sterile equipment, gloves, and lab coats, as well as techniques such as flaming, alcohol swabbing, and using aseptic transfer devices.

3. **Media Preparation**: This involves the preparation of nutrient-rich substances that support bacterial growth. There are various types of media, including solid (agar), liquid (broth), and semi-solid (e.g., stab agar). The choice of medium depends on the type of bacteria being cultured and the purpose of the investigation.

4. **Inoculation**: This is the process of introducing a bacterial culture into a medium. It can be done using a loop, swab, or needle. The inoculum should be taken from a pure culture to avoid contamination.

5. **Incubation**: After inoculation, the bacteria are allowed to grow under controlled conditions of temperature, humidity, and atmospheric composition. This process is called incubation.

6. **Staining and Microscopy**: Bacteria are too small to be seen with the naked eye. Therefore, they need to be stained and observed under a microscope. Gram staining is a common method used to differentiate between two major groups of bacteria based on their cell wall composition.

7. **Biochemical Tests**: These are tests used to identify specific bacterial species based on their biochemical characteristics, such as their ability to ferment certain sugars, produce particular enzymes, or resist certain antibiotics.

8. **Molecular Techniques**: Advanced techniques like PCR and DNA sequencing can provide more precise identification of bacteria. They can also be used for genetic analysis and epidemiological studies.

Remember, handling microorganisms requires careful attention to biosafety procedures to prevent accidental infection or environmental contamination.

Suppuration is the process of forming or discharging pus. It is a condition that results from infection, tissue death (necrosis), or injury, where white blood cells (leukocytes) accumulate to combat the infection and subsequently die, forming pus. The pus consists of dead leukocytes, dead tissue, debris, and microbes (bacteria, fungi, or protozoa). Suppuration can occur in various body parts such as the lungs (empyema), brain (abscess), or skin (carbuncle, furuncle). Treatment typically involves draining the pus and administering appropriate antibiotics to eliminate the infection.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by the persistent obstruction of airflow in and out of the lungs. This obstruction is usually caused by two primary conditions: chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to excessive mucus production and coughing. Emphysema is a condition where the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs are damaged, resulting in decreased gas exchange and shortness of breath.

The main symptoms of COPD include progressive shortness of breath, chronic cough, chest tightness, wheezing, and excessive mucus production. The disease is often associated with exposure to harmful particles or gases, such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, or occupational dusts and chemicals. While there is no cure for COPD, treatments can help alleviate symptoms, improve quality of life, and slow the progression of the disease. These treatments may include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, combination inhalers, pulmonary rehabilitation, and, in severe cases, oxygen therapy or lung transplantation.

Bronchoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the examination of the inside of the airways and lungs with a flexible or rigid tube called a bronchoscope. This procedure allows healthcare professionals to directly visualize the airways, take tissue samples for biopsy, and remove foreign objects or secretions. Bronchoscopy can be used to diagnose and manage various respiratory conditions such as lung infections, inflammation, cancer, and bleeding. It is usually performed under local or general anesthesia to minimize discomfort and risks associated with the procedure.

"Inhalation administration" is a medical term that refers to the method of delivering medications or therapeutic agents directly into the lungs by inhaling them through the airways. This route of administration is commonly used for treating respiratory conditions such as asthma, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and cystic fibrosis.

Inhalation administration can be achieved using various devices, including metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), nebulizers, and soft-mist inhalers. Each device has its unique mechanism of delivering the medication into the lungs, but they all aim to provide a high concentration of the drug directly to the site of action while minimizing systemic exposure and side effects.

The advantages of inhalation administration include rapid onset of action, increased local drug concentration, reduced systemic side effects, and improved patient compliance due to the ease of use and non-invasive nature of the delivery method. However, proper technique and device usage are crucial for effective therapy, as incorrect usage may result in suboptimal drug deposition and therapeutic outcomes.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also involve other organs and tissues in the body. The infection is usually spread through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.

The symptoms of pulmonary TB include persistent cough, chest pain, coughing up blood, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, chest X-ray, and microbiological tests such as sputum smear microscopy and culture. In some cases, molecular tests like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may be used for rapid diagnosis.

Treatment usually consists of a standard six-month course of multiple antibiotics, including isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. In some cases, longer treatment durations or different drug regimens might be necessary due to drug resistance or other factors. Preventive measures include vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine and early detection and treatment of infected individuals to prevent transmission.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

A leukocyte count, also known as a white blood cell (WBC) count, is a laboratory test that measures the number of leukocytes in a sample of blood. Leukocytes are a vital part of the body's immune system and help fight infection and inflammation. A high or low leukocyte count may indicate an underlying medical condition, such as an infection, inflammation, or a bone marrow disorder. The normal range for a leukocyte count in adults is typically between 4,500 and 11,000 cells per microliter (mcL) of blood. However, the normal range can vary slightly depending on the laboratory and the individual's age and sex.

Eosinophilia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high concentration of eosinophils in the circulating blood. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play an important role in the immune system, particularly in fighting off parasitic infections and regulating allergic reactions. However, when their numbers become excessively high, they can contribute to tissue damage and inflammation.

Eosinophilia is typically defined as a count of more than 500 eosinophils per microliter of blood. Mild eosinophilia (up to 1,500 cells/μL) may not cause any symptoms and may be discovered during routine blood tests. However, higher levels of eosinophilia can lead to various symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, skin rashes, and organ damage, depending on the underlying cause.

The causes of eosinophilia are varied and can include allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune disorders, certain medications, and some types of cancer. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of eosinophilia require identification and management of the underlying cause.

Respiratory Function Tests (RFTs) are a group of medical tests that measure how well your lungs take in and exhale air, and how well they transfer oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of your blood. They can help diagnose certain lung disorders, measure the severity of lung disease, and monitor response to treatment.

RFTs include several types of tests, such as:

1. Spirometry: This test measures how much air you can exhale and how quickly you can do it. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other lung diseases.
2. Lung volume testing: This test measures the total amount of air in your lungs. It can help diagnose restrictive lung diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis or sarcoidosis.
3. Diffusion capacity testing: This test measures how well oxygen moves from your lungs into your bloodstream. It's often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like pulmonary fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, and other lung diseases that affect the ability of the lungs to transfer oxygen to the blood.
4. Bronchoprovocation testing: This test involves inhaling a substance that can cause your airways to narrow, such as methacholine or histamine. It's often used to diagnose and monitor asthma.
5. Exercise stress testing: This test measures how well your lungs and heart work together during exercise. It's often used to diagnose lung or heart disease.

Overall, Respiratory Function Tests are an important tool for diagnosing and managing a wide range of lung conditions.

"Pseudomonas aeruginosa" is a medically important, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is widely found in the environment, such as in soil, water, and on plants. It's an opportunistic pathogen, meaning it usually doesn't cause infection in healthy individuals but can cause severe and sometimes life-threatening infections in people with weakened immune systems, burns, or chronic lung diseases like cystic fibrosis.

P. aeruginosa is known for its remarkable ability to resist many antibiotics and disinfectants due to its intrinsic resistance mechanisms and the acquisition of additional resistance determinants. It can cause various types of infections, including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal infections, dermatitis, and severe bloodstream infections known as sepsis.

The bacterium produces a variety of virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenicity, such as exotoxins, proteases, and pigments like pyocyanin and pyoverdine, which aid in iron acquisition and help the organism evade host immune responses. Effective infection control measures, appropriate use of antibiotics, and close monitoring of high-risk patients are crucial for managing P. aeruginosa infections.

Pseudomonas infections are infections caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa or other species of the Pseudomonas genus. These bacteria are gram-negative, opportunistic pathogens that can cause various types of infections, including respiratory, urinary tract, gastrointestinal, dermatological, and bloodstream infections.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common cause of healthcare-associated infections, particularly in patients with weakened immune systems, chronic lung diseases, or those who are hospitalized for extended periods. The bacteria can also infect wounds, burns, and medical devices such as catheters and ventilators.

Pseudomonas infections can be difficult to treat due to the bacteria's resistance to many antibiotics. Treatment typically involves the use of multiple antibiotics that are effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In severe cases, intravenous antibiotics or even hospitalization may be necessary.

Prevention measures include good hand hygiene, contact precautions for patients with known Pseudomonas infections, and proper cleaning and maintenance of medical equipment.

Leukocyte elastase is a type of enzyme that is released by white blood cells (leukocytes), specifically neutrophils, during inflammation. Its primary function is to help fight infection by breaking down the proteins in bacteria and viruses. However, if not properly regulated, leukocyte elastase can also damage surrounding tissues, contributing to the progression of various diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and cystic fibrosis.

Leukocyte elastase is often measured in clinical settings as a marker of inflammation and neutrophil activation, particularly in patients with lung diseases. Inhibitors of leukocyte elastase have been developed as potential therapeutic agents for these conditions.

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of tuberculosis (TB) infection caused by bacteria that are resistant to at least two of the first-line anti-TB drugs, isoniazid and rifampin. This makes MDR-TB more difficult and expensive to treat, requiring longer treatment durations and the use of second-line medications, which can have more severe side effects.

MDR-TB can occur when there are errors in prescribing or taking anti-TB drugs, or when people with TB do not complete their full course of treatment. It is a significant global health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where TB is more prevalent and resources for diagnosis and treatment may be limited.

MDR-TB can spread from person to person through the air when someone with the infection coughs, speaks, or sneezes. People at higher risk of contracting MDR-TB include those who have been in close contact with someone with MDR-TB, people with weakened immune systems, and healthcare workers who treat TB patients.

Preventing the spread of MDR-TB involves early detection and prompt treatment, as well as infection control measures such as wearing masks, improving ventilation, and separating infected individuals from others. It is also important to ensure that anti-TB drugs are used correctly and that patients complete their full course of treatment to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.

Microscopy is a technical field in medicine that involves the use of microscopes to observe structures and phenomena that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. It allows for the examination of samples such as tissues, cells, and microorganisms at high magnifications, enabling the detection and analysis of various medical conditions, including infections, diseases, and cellular abnormalities.

There are several types of microscopy used in medicine, including:

1. Light Microscopy: This is the most common type of microscopy, which uses visible light to illuminate and magnify samples. It can be used to examine a wide range of biological specimens, such as tissue sections, blood smears, and bacteria.
2. Electron Microscopy: This type of microscopy uses a beam of electrons instead of light to produce highly detailed images of samples. It is often used in research settings to study the ultrastructure of cells and tissues.
3. Fluorescence Microscopy: This technique involves labeling specific molecules within a sample with fluorescent dyes, allowing for their visualization under a microscope. It can be used to study protein interactions, gene expression, and cell signaling pathways.
4. Confocal Microscopy: This type of microscopy uses a laser beam to scan a sample point by point, producing high-resolution images with reduced background noise. It is often used in medical research to study the structure and function of cells and tissues.
5. Scanning Probe Microscopy: This technique involves scanning a sample with a physical probe, allowing for the measurement of topography, mechanical properties, and other characteristics at the nanoscale. It can be used in medical research to study the structure and function of individual molecules and cells.

Vital capacity (VC) is a term used in pulmonary function tests to describe the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking a deep breath. It is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. In other words, it's the total amount of air you can forcibly exhale after inhaling as deeply as possible. Vital capacity is an important measurement in assessing lung function and can be reduced in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and other respiratory disorders.

Obstructive lung disease is a category of respiratory diseases characterized by airflow limitation that causes difficulty in completely emptying the alveoli (tiny air sacs) of the lungs during exhaling. This results in the trapping of stale air and prevents fresh air from entering the alveoli, leading to various symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and decreased exercise tolerance.

The most common obstructive lung diseases include:

1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A progressive disease that includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, often caused by smoking or exposure to harmful pollutants.
2. Asthma: A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and an underlying inflammation. Symptoms can be triggered by various factors such as allergens, irritants, or physical activity.
3. Bronchiectasis: A condition in which the airways become abnormally widened, scarred, and thickened due to chronic inflammation or infection, leading to mucus buildup and impaired clearance.
4. Cystic Fibrosis: An inherited genetic disorder that affects the exocrine glands, resulting in thick and sticky mucus production in various organs, including the lungs. This can lead to chronic lung infections, inflammation, and airway obstruction.
5. Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency: A genetic condition characterized by low levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin protein, which leads to uncontrolled protease enzyme activity that damages the lung tissue, causing emphysema-like symptoms.

Treatment for obstructive lung diseases typically involves bronchodilators (to relax and widen the airways), corticosteroids (to reduce inflammation), and lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation and pulmonary rehabilitation programs. In severe cases, oxygen therapy or even lung transplantation may be considered.

Bronchial provocation tests are a group of medical tests used to assess the airway responsiveness of the lungs by challenging them with increasing doses of a specific stimulus, such as methacholine or histamine, which can cause bronchoconstriction (narrowing of the airways) in susceptible individuals. These tests are often performed to diagnose and monitor asthma and other respiratory conditions that may be associated with heightened airway responsiveness.

The most common type of bronchial provocation test is the methacholine challenge test, which involves inhaling increasing concentrations of methacholine aerosol via a nebulizer. The dose response is measured by monitoring lung function (usually through spirometry) before and after each exposure. A positive test is indicated when there is a significant decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) or other measures of airflow, which suggests bronchial hyperresponsiveness.

Other types of bronchial provocation tests include histamine challenges, exercise challenges, and mannitol challenges. These tests have specific indications, contraindications, and protocols that should be followed to ensure accurate results and patient safety. Bronchial provocation tests are typically conducted in a controlled clinical setting under the supervision of trained healthcare professionals.

"Cell count" is a medical term that refers to the process of determining the number of cells present in a given volume or sample of fluid or tissue. This can be done through various laboratory methods, such as counting individual cells under a microscope using a specialized grid called a hemocytometer, or using automated cell counters that use light scattering and electrical impedance techniques to count and classify different types of cells.

Cell counts are used in a variety of medical contexts, including hematology (the study of blood and blood-forming tissues), microbiology (the study of microscopic organisms), and pathology (the study of diseases and their causes). For example, a complete blood count (CBC) is a routine laboratory test that includes a white blood cell (WBC) count, red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin level, hematocrit value, and platelet count. Abnormal cell counts can indicate the presence of various medical conditions, such as infections, anemia, or leukemia.

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are infections that affect the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, and lungs. These infections can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or, less commonly, fungi.

RTIs are classified into two categories based on their location: upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). URTIs include infections of the nose, sinuses, throat, and larynx, such as the common cold, flu, laryngitis, and sinusitis. LRTIs involve the lower airways, including the bronchi and lungs, and can be more severe. Examples of LRTIs are pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis.

Symptoms of RTIs depend on the location and cause of the infection but may include cough, congestion, runny nose, sore throat, difficulty breathing, wheezing, fever, fatigue, and chest pain. Treatment for RTIs varies depending on the severity and underlying cause of the infection. For viral infections, treatment typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms, while antibiotics may be prescribed for bacterial infections.

Diagnostic techniques for the respiratory system are methods used to identify and diagnose various diseases and conditions affecting the lungs and breathing. Here are some commonly used diagnostic techniques:

1. Physical Examination: A healthcare provider will listen to your chest with a stethoscope to check for abnormal breath sounds, such as wheezing or crackles. They may also observe your respiratory rate and effort.
2. Chest X-ray: This imaging test can help identify abnormalities in the lungs, such as tumors, fluid accumulation, or collapsed lung sections.
3. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan uses X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of the lungs and surrounding structures. It can help detect nodules, cysts, or other abnormalities that may not be visible on a chest X-ray.
4. Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs): These tests measure how well your lungs are working by assessing your ability to inhale and exhale air. Common PFTs include spirometry, lung volume measurement, and diffusing capacity testing.
5. Bronchoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a camera and light is inserted through the nose or mouth into the airways to examine the lungs' interior and obtain tissue samples for biopsy.
6. Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL): During a bronchoscopy, fluid is introduced into a specific area of the lung and then suctioned out to collect cells and other materials for analysis.
7. Sleep Studies: These tests monitor your breathing patterns during sleep to diagnose conditions like sleep apnea or other sleep-related breathing disorders.
8. Sputum Analysis: A sample of coughed-up mucus is examined under a microscope to identify any abnormal cells, bacteria, or other organisms that may be causing respiratory issues.
9. Blood Tests: Blood tests can help diagnose various respiratory conditions by measuring oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, identifying specific antibodies or antigens, or detecting genetic markers associated with certain diseases.
10. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan: A PET scan uses a small amount of radioactive material to create detailed images of the body's internal structures and functions, helping identify areas of abnormal cell growth or metabolic activity in the lungs.

Bronchopneumonia is a type of pneumonia that involves inflammation and infection of the bronchioles (small airways in the lungs) and alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs). It can be caused by various bacteria, viruses, or fungi and often occurs as a complication of a respiratory tract infection.

The symptoms of bronchopneumonia may include cough, chest pain, fever, chills, shortness of breath, and fatigue. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as respiratory failure or sepsis. Treatment typically involves antibiotics for bacterial infections, antiviral medications for viral infections, and supportive care such as oxygen therapy and hydration.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Color perception refers to the ability to detect, recognize, and differentiate various colors and color patterns in the visual field. This complex process involves the functioning of both the eyes and the brain.

The eye's retina contains two types of photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. Rods are more sensitive to light and dark changes and help us see in low-light conditions, but they do not contribute much to color vision. Cones, on the other hand, are responsible for color perception and function best in well-lit conditions.

There are three types of cone cells, each sensitive to a particular range of wavelengths corresponding to blue, green, and red colors. The combination of signals from these three types of cones allows us to perceive a wide spectrum of colors.

The brain then interprets these signals and translates them into the perception of different colors and hues. It is important to note that color perception can be influenced by various factors, including cultural background, personal experiences, and even language. Some individuals may also have deficiencies in color perception due to genetic or acquired conditions, such as color blindness or cataracts.

In the context of medical terminology, 'color' is not defined specifically with a unique meaning. Instead, it generally refers to the characteristic or appearance of something, particularly in relation to the color that a person may observe visually. For instance, doctors may describe the color of a patient's skin, eyes, hair, or bodily fluids to help diagnose medical conditions or monitor their progression.

For example, jaundice is a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes that can indicate liver problems, while cyanosis refers to a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in the blood. Similarly, doctors may describe the color of stool or urine to help diagnose digestive or kidney issues.

Therefore, 'color' is not a medical term with a specific definition but rather a general term used to describe various visual characteristics of the body and bodily fluids that can provide important diagnostic clues for healthcare professionals.

Colorimetry is the scientific measurement and quantification of color, typically using a colorimeter or spectrophotometer. In the medical field, colorimetry may be used in various applications such as:

1. Diagnosis and monitoring of skin conditions: Colorimeters can measure changes in skin color to help diagnose or monitor conditions like jaundice, cyanosis, or vitiligo. They can also assess the effectiveness of treatments for these conditions.
2. Vision assessment: Colorimetry is used in vision testing to determine the presence and severity of visual impairments such as color blindness or deficiencies. Special tests called anomaloscopes or color vision charts are used to measure an individual's ability to distinguish between different colors.
3. Environmental monitoring: In healthcare settings, colorimetry can be employed to monitor the cleanliness and sterility of surfaces or equipment by measuring the amount of contamination present. This is often done using ATP (adenosine triphosphate) bioluminescence assays, which emit light when they come into contact with microorganisms.
4. Medical research: Colorimetry has applications in medical research, such as studying the optical properties of tissues or developing new diagnostic tools and techniques based on color measurements.

In summary, colorimetry is a valuable tool in various medical fields for diagnosis, monitoring, and research purposes. It allows healthcare professionals to make more informed decisions about patient care and treatment plans.

Angioscopy is a medical diagnostic procedure that uses a small fiber-optic scope, called an angioscope, to directly visualize the interior of blood vessels. The angioscope is inserted into the vessel through a small incision or catheter and allows physicians to examine the vessel walls for abnormalities such as plaque buildup, inflammation, or damage. This procedure can be used to diagnose and monitor conditions such as coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and vasculitis. It can also be used during surgical procedures to assist with the placement of stents or other devices in the blood vessels.

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A sputum culture is a test to detect and identify bacteria or fungi that infect the lungs or breathing passages. Sputum is a ... Normally, fresh morning sample is preferred for the bacteriological examination of sputum. A sample of sputum is collected in a ... In a hospital setting, a sputum culture is most commonly ordered if a patient has a pneumonia. The Infectious Diseases Society ... One reason for such a discrepancy is that normal, healthy lungs have bacteria, and sputum cultures collect both normal and ...
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The cough is often worse soon after awakening, and the sputum produced may have a yellow or green color and may be streaked ... The most common symptom is a cough, that may or may not produce sputum. Other symptoms may include coughing up mucus, wheezing ... Excess mucus shows itself as a chronic productive cough and its severity and volume of sputum can fluctuate in periods of acute ... Chronic bronchitis is defined as a productive cough - one that produces sputum - that lasts for three months or more per year ...
"SubGenius SPUTUM vs. Spammers". Netsurfer Digest. Online Culture. Netsurfer Communications, Inc. 03 (28). 1997-09-06. Archived ... SPUTUM). This group of Internet-savvy people embarked on a successful campaign to drive the warez traders out of the newsgroup ...
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The presence of pneumolysin in sputum, urine, CSF and blood can be indicative of an S. pneumoniae infection. Rossjohn, J; ... September 1999). "Detection of pneumolysin in sputum". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 48 (9): 863-6. doi:10.1099/00222615-48- ...
Biosafety level 1. First isolated from sputum, Koblenz, Germany. strain 1389/90 = ATCC 49920 = CIP 105510 = DSM 44017 = JCM ...
Rarely is Brucella isolated from sputum. Genitourinary infection can include epidydemoorchitis or pyonephrosis (rare). ...
Myo Lwin (16-22 March 2009). "Sputum microscopy centre opens in Tarmwe". The Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 24 ...
Moreover, sputum samples might be less frequently obtained in the elderly. Aspiration (both of microscopic drops and ... New or progressive infiltrate on the chest X-ray with one of the following: Fever > 37.8 °C (100 °F) Purulent sputum ... This is based on studies using sputum samples and intensive care patients, in whom these bacteria were commonly found. cefepime ... Other symptoms may include: A cough with greenish or pus-like phlegm (sputum) Fever and chills General discomfort, uneasiness, ...
Part 2: sputum, vomit, blood, sweat, autopsies". Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. 43 (1): 90-96. doi:10.1515/CCLM. ...
Egg production begins about three weeks later, and eggs are coughed up and expelled in sputum, or excreted in feces. Larvae may ... Finding M. laryngeus eggs in the sputum or feces is another sure sign of infection. The eggs closely resemble hookworm eggs, ... Eggs do not develop at body temperature, and are expelled in sputum or reswallowed and excreted in feces. Hypothesis #2: The ... Eggs are expelled in sputum or feces. Most often, travelers to tropical climate places become exposed to contaminated sources ...
"Curschmann's spiral in sputum from asthma patient". Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2008-11-25. Academic ... They are elongated microscopic mucous casts from small bronchi and are often found in sputum samples from patients with ... Cenci M, Giovagnoli MR, Alderisio M, Vecchione A (November 1998). "Curschmann's spirals in sputum of subjects exposed daily to ... Curschmann's spirals are a microscopic finding in the sputum of asthmatics. They are spiral-shaped mucus plugs from ...
Symptoms include fever, cough and blood-tinged sputum. As the disease progresses, sputum becomes free-flowing and bright red. ...
... is the production of more than 100 mL per day of watery sputum. Chronic bronchitis is a common cause, but it may ... Shimura S, Sasaki T, Sasaki H, Takishima T (1988). "Chemical properties of bronchorrhea sputum in bronchial asthma". Chest. 94 ...
Another method is by taking a sputum sample. This is a mixture of saliva and mucus coughed up from the lungs. The sample is ... "Sputum: Definition, colors, causes, and when to see a doctor". www.medicalnewstoday.com. 2017-08-13. Retrieved 2021-11-30. (CS1 ... It can be diagnosed through fecal examination or taking a sputum sample and treated by killing the nematode larvae and adults. ...
His violent coughing continued, bringing up bloody sputum. Apart from Mackenzie, the other doctors, led by Bergmann, now held ... examined Frederick's sputum under a microscope and confirmed the presence of "so-called cancroid bodies...from a cancerous new ...
Laennec's pearls refer to sputum produced by asthmatics; Hamman's murmur, also known as Laënnec-Hamman symptom, Laënnec-Müller- ...
Diagnosis is by sampling of blood, sputum, or skin. The disease can appear similar to tuberculosis, leukaemia, and lymphoma ... More than 90% of cases can be diagnoses with direct histological examination of tissue, such as sputum, bronchial lavage fluid ...
Casual resident in human sputum and gastric lavage specimens. Colony characteristics Smooth, with yellow or orange ...
"Characteristics of Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae isolated from purulent sputum samples". J Clin Microbiol. 44 (3): 923-927. ...
Cui, Zelin; Zhou, Yuhua; Li, Hong; Zhang, Yan; Zhang, Shulin; Tang, Shenjie; Guo, Xiaokui (2012). "Complex sputum microbial ...
Also recovered from gastric juice, sputum and urine samples. Strain 2186/92 = ATCC 51985 = CCUG 42422 = CCUG 42559 = CIP 105465 ...
Sampling of sputum from the lungs for sputum culture. It can be performed by special techniques of coughing, or by a protected ... Obtaining excretions or materials that leave the body anyway, such as urine, stool, sputum, or vomitus, by direct collection as ...
"Sputa sull'avversario, tre turni a Castaignos". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). 19 February 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2012 ...
This stimulates the cough reflex, and sputum is brought out. This is called postural drainage. Paradoxical Respiration: during ...
In 1860 he found and described cancer cells in sputum. Beale pioneered differential staining. From observing the differences in ...
Almost all experience fever, while around half have cough with sputum, and one-third cough up blood or bloody sputum. Some also ... Diagnosis is by a urinary antigen test and sputum culture. No vaccine is available. Prevention depends on good maintenance of ... Those with Legionnaires' disease usually have fever, chills, and a cough, which may be dry or may produce sputum. ... The Legionella bacteria can be cultured from sputum or other respiratory samples. Legionella spp. stain poorly with Gram stain ...
OPN has also been reported to be increased in the sputum supernatant of smoking asthmatics, as well as the BALF and bronchial ... January 2013). "Increased levels of osteopontin in sputum supernatant of smoking asthmatics". Cytokine. 61 (1): 251-255. doi: ...
Sputum is mucus that is coughed up from the lower airways (the trachea and bronchi). In medicine, sputum samples are usually ... Pink sputum - it indicates sputum evenly mixed with blood from alveoli and/or small peripheral bronchi as is seen in potential ... Sputum Color is the Key to Treating Acute COPD Exacerbations Scholia has a topic profile for Sputum. (Articles with short ... Sputum can be (when examined by the naked eye):[citation needed] Bloody (hemoptysis) Blood-streaked sputum -an indicator of ...
Sputum is the material that comes up from air passages when you cough deeply. ... Sputum is the material that comes up from air passages when you cough deeply. ... A sputum fungal smear is a laboratory test that looks for fungus in a sputum sample. ... A sputum fungal smear is a laboratory test that looks for fungus in a sputum sample. ...
The supernatant from sputum induced with hypertonic saline and dispersed using dithiotrietol has been successfully used to ... We conclude that induced sputum contains high concentrations of eicosanoids and that sputum LTC(4)/D(4)/E(4) concentrations are ... Induced sputum eicosanoid concentrations in asthma Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999 Dec;160(6):1905-9. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.6 ... although there was a negative correlation between the percentage sputum eosinophil count and sputum PGE(2) concentration (r = - ...
Sometimes you may cough up blood-tinged sputum. Learn about causes (like bronchitis), prevention, and more. ... Sputum is a mixture of saliva and mucus. ... When you cough up phlegm, its called sputum. If your sputum is ... Sputum, or phlegm, is a mixture of saliva and mucus that youve coughed up. Sometimes sputum can have visible streaks of blood ... See your doctor if you have yellow or green sputum. Coughing up yellow or green sputum may be a sign of a respiratory infection ...
... analysis on sputum from 18 adults with acute severe asthma and compared the results with results of analysis of sputum from 12 ... Prominent neutrophilic inflammation in sputum from subjects with asthma exacerbation J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1995 Apr;95(4):843 ... In addition, the high IL-8 levels and free neutrophil elastase activity observed in asthmatic sputum suggests that IL-8 may ... Analysis of fluid phase chemicals in asthmatic and CF sputum samples showed that despite overall lower mean values of ...
CysticFibrosis.com is one of the worlds largest social media networks dedicated exclusively to the cystic fibrosis community. In addition to the forums, the site contains information on clinical trials, gene therapy, testing, associations, research and events. Read our website disclaimer ...
... has designed a pilot program aimed at improving the current process for sputum testing. ... The patient was asked to follow the instructions on their kit in order to collect a good sputum sample (how to collect sputum ... Home sputum collection provides a safe and accessible alternative to producing sputum in the laboratory setting. ... The Home Sputum Collection Project. is now closed.. We would like to thank our partners, NTMiR and National Jewish Health as ...
Souprava pro přípravu vzorků sputa k měření na přístroji M10 ...
Sputum is easily obtainable and alterations in the sputum microbiome correlate with clinical outcomes. Thus, sputum microbiome ... Sputum microbiome profiles in stable COPD. In stable COPD, reduced sputum bacterial microbiome diversity has been shown to be ... Sputum microbiome profiling in COPD: limitations, challenges and future perspectives. There are several limitations of sputum ... Sputum microbiome profiles in COPD exacerbations. GOLD guidelines recommend performing sputum cultures in patients with ...
Diagnosing occupational asthma: use of induced sputum. C Lemiere, MM Pizzichini, R Balkissoon, L Clelland, A Efthimiadis, D ... Diagnosing occupational asthma: use of induced sputum. C Lemiere, MM Pizzichini, R Balkissoon, L Clelland, A Efthimiadis, D ... Diagnosing occupational asthma: use of induced sputum. C Lemiere, MM Pizzichini, R Balkissoon, L Clelland, A Efthimiadis, D ... Diagnosing occupational asthma: use of induced sputum Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from European ...
Sputum cytology detects the presence of abnormal cells in sputum sample. No advance preparation is required for test. Find more ... Importance of Sputum Cytology Sputum cytology detects the presence of abnormal cells in a sputum or mucus sample. Sputum ... A sputum sample may also be obtained through a bronchoscopy. Reasons Why It is Conducted Sputum cytology is conducted to screen ... Normal lung cells are present in sputum. Sputum cytology may be conducted in order to determine the presence of certain lung ...
... recovery and follow-up care for Sputum Gram stain. ... Learn about Sputum Gram stain, find a doctor, complications, ... A sputum Gram stain is a laboratory test used to detect bacteria in a sputum sample. Sputum is the material that comes up from ... A sputum sample is needed.. *You will be asked to cough deeply and spit any substance that comes up from your lungs (sputum) ... This makes you cough more deeply and produce sputum.. *If you still do not produce enough sputum, you might have a procedure ...
Inflammatory response after inhalation of bacterial endotoxin assessed by the induced sputum technique ... Inflammatory response after inhalation of bacterial endotoxin assessed by the induced sputum technique ... Inflammatory response after inhalation of bacterial endotoxin assessed by the induced sputum technique ...
... in sputum) by microscopy is a medical classification as listed by WHO under t ... Tuberculoma of spinal cord tubercle bacilli found (in sputum) by microscopy (013.43). ICD-9 code 013.43 for Tuberculoma of ... spinal cord tubercle bacilli found (in sputum) by microscopy is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range - ...
Blood in sputum for four weeks, no cough , no fever , no chest pain, have been examined by my doctor said no problem.What do I ... Smoking and now blood in sputum may suggest chronic bronchitis although serious causes like underlying lung cancer can not be ... when i wake up in the morning, i notice that ive blood in my sputum. plus i regularly smoke.. 2 doctor answers • 2 doctors ... But i still experience blood on my sputum especially when i wake up. Is it okay?. 1 doctor answer • 2 doctors weighed in ...
... the rate was inversely associated with treatment duration and sputum conversion prior to defaulting. Smear grade at start of ...
Evaluation of Toluidine Blue O staining for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jiroveci in expectorated sputum sample and ... The sputum PCR showed high concordance rate with BAL PCR. The sensitivity and specificity of sputum PCR as compared to BALPCR ... The sputum PCR showed high concordance rate with BAL PCR. The sensitivity and specificity of sputum PCR as compared to BALPCR ... The sensitivity of TBO as compared to IF and PCR was 71.4% and 34.5% in expectorated sputum and 68% and 41.5% in BAL samples, ...
Sputum. Scale. Nom. Method. Silver stain. Additional Names. Short Name. Silv Stn Spt. Display Name. Microscopic observation ... Microscopic observation, Sputum. Basic Attributes. Class. PATH. Type. Laboratory. First Released. Version 1.0i. Last Updated. ... sputum:. nominaal:. zilverkleuring. pl-PL. Polish (Poland). Obserwacja mikroskopowa:. wykrycie lub identyfikacja:. punkt w ... Microscopic observation [Identifier] in Sputum by Silver stain Active Part Description. LP40224-5 Microscopic observation. ...
The utility model discloses an it produces oscillating movement not have the vibration sputum discharging device of creating ... and the event has the sputum discharging of vibration to act on, in addition, gas outlet diameter that do not have to create ... and the result can make the adhesion easily discharge in the sputum of patients respiratory track surface and lung is not hard ... and easily the sputum of patient lung is discharged. ... gos back involving vibrations sputum discharging device in the ...
IL-13 expression in sputum was detected by SomaScan.. Results: The JAK-STAT signalling pathway was enriched in the sputum of ... Methods: Sputum transcriptomics data from 120 subjects with severe asthma (SA) who were smokers (SAsm) or non-smokers (SAn), ... Enrichment of the Janus kinase (JAK) activation signature in severe asthma sputum: Correlation with IL-13 expression. Stelios ... We investigated whether this pathway was activated in the sputum and blood of patients from the U-BIOPRED cohort. ...
In this study, we compared the validity of measuring CML levels and percentage of eosinophils in induced sputum for assessment ... non-invasive technique of measurement of CML levels in induced sputum may prove to be important not only in the evaluation of ... We examined CML levels and percentage of eosinophils in induced sputum from 37 asthmatic patients and 15 normal controls, and ... The percentage of eosinophils in induced sputum was significantly higher in asthmatic patients than in normal controls. ...
All of them had comprehensive pulmonary function tests and induced sputum. ... in the sputum of people who had rheumatoid arthritis (RA) for a long time. The cross-sectional study included 19 patients with ... 0.64+ 0.14, P=0.02). Sputum ACPAs and age, serum ACPAs, sputum anti-NorP, serum anti-CitP/NorP reactivity ratio, and the number ... The ratio of reactivity with CitP and NorP peptides in RA sputum to control sputum was substantially greater (1.33 +1.2 vs. ...
A note on the use of immunofluorescent methods for the detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bronchitic sputum. ... A note on the use of immunofluorescent methods for the detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bronchitic sputum. ... By immunofluorescent microscopy of sputum from 67 cases of bronchitis Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detectable in 14 as compared ...
The ERS-education website provides centralised access to all educational material produced by the European Respiratory Society. It is the worlds largest CME collection for lung diseases and treatment offering high quality e-learning and teaching resources for respiratory specialists. This distance learning portal contains up-to-date study material for the state-of-the-art in Pulmonology.
Patients referred for assessment for TB, whose initial sputum was Xpert MTB positive, were recruited and their sputum specimens ... We tested 101 Xpert MTB positive sputum specimens. Among these, 96% of valid test results (95% confidence interval (CI) 89-99 ... Pooling sputum specimens is one potential strategy for reducing the cost of using Xpert MTB/RIF, a rapid polymerase chain ... were pooled for analysis with sputum specimens that were Xpert MTB negative. Two alternative pooling strategies were employed: ...
T1 - Cytokine concentrations and neutrophil elastase activity in bronchoalveolar lavage and induced sputum from patients with ... Cytokine concentrations and neutrophil elastase activity in bronchoalveolar lavage and induced sputum from patients with cystic ... Cytokine concentrations and neutrophil elastase activity in bronchoalveolar lavage and induced sputum from patients with cystic ... Cytokine concentrations and neutrophil elastase activity in bronchoalveolar lavage and induced sputum from patients with cystic ...
Sputa were collected at baseline from all participants and at 1 and 2 months from the confirmed TB cases. The sputa were ... Conclusion We have discovered novel sputum host biomarkers and biosignatures for screening of tuberculosis and treatment ... development of optimal signatures for detection of pulmonary tuberculosis from other respiratory disorders using ex vivo sputum ... Sputa is vanaf die beginlyn by alle deelnemers versamel en op 1 en 2 maande van die bevestigde TB-gevalle. Die sputa is met ...
Alfahl Z, Einarsson G, Lee A, ONeill K, Johnston E, Bradley J et al.. Quantitative PCR to detect changes in sputum microbial ... Quantitative PCR to detect changes in sputum microbial load in CF patients enrolled in the CFMATTERS Study. / Alfahl, Zina; ... Quantitative PCR to detect changes in sputum microbial load in CF patients enrolled in the CFMATTERS Study. Poster session ... title = "Quantitative PCR to detect changes in sputum microbial load in CF patients enrolled in the CFMATTERS Study", ...
Is a sputum sample required? Sputum collection is not an activity specific to use of this regimen alone. Collection of sputum ... Is sputum induction acceptable? Sputum induction with hypertonic saline is an acceptable method to collect sputum. ... Testing of sputum specimens should be attempted, however, testing of other respiratory specimens is acceptable. If the sputum ... can be considered for testing in patients who are unable to produce sputum; however, a less invasive procedure such as sputum ...
  • Sputum is mucus that is coughed up from the lower airways (the trachea and bronchi). (wikipedia.org)
  • Sputum, or phlegm, is a mixture of saliva and mucus that you've coughed up. (healthline.com)
  • Sputum cytology detects the presence of abnormal cells in a sputum or mucus sample. (medicalhealthtests.com)
  • Now im still cough but not severe as before but im noticing there's few blood mixed with the mucus/sputum. (healthtap.com)
  • sputum definition: noun pl. spu′ta saliva, usually mixed with mucus from the respiratory tract, ejected from the mouthOrigin of sputumL, that which is spit out from sputus, past participle of spuere, to spit. (novimage.com)
  • sputum (countable and uncountable, plural sputa) Matter coughed up and expectorated from the mouth, composed of saliva and discharges from the respiratory passages such as mucus, phlegm or … Define sputa. (novimage.com)
  • Sputum is the mucus or phlegm that is coughed up from the lower respiratory tract, such as the lungs and bronchi. (amarismedicalsolutions.com)
  • 80mL sputum/mucus trap are used for collection, transport, and storage mucus specimens and samples using any suction pump or device. (pacbiosupply.com)
  • The sputum is a thick mucus produced in the lungs. (orangehealth.in)
  • The sputum color of patients with acute cough and no underlying chronic lung disease does not imply therapeutic consequences such as prescription of antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sputum is the material that comes up from air passages when you cough deeply. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cough suppressants can lead to airway obstructions or keep the sputum trapped in your lungs, prolonging or worsening an infection. (healthline.com)
  • 1 2 It is heterogeneous, but many patients experience progressive airflow obstruction, exacerbations and/or persistent symptoms of dyspnoea, cough and sputum production. (bmj.com)
  • Then inhaling deeply, he must cough into the container so as to obtain a sample of sputum from deep within the lungs. (medicalhealthtests.com)
  • You will be asked to cough deeply and spit any substance that comes up from your lungs (sputum) into a special container. (mountsinai.org)
  • This makes you cough more deeply and produce sputum. (mountsinai.org)
  • What causes chronic cough w/ bloody sputum? (healthtap.com)
  • Blood in sputum for four weeks, no cough , no fever , no chest pain, have been examined by my doctor said no problem.What do I do? (healthtap.com)
  • Relieve your cough with sputum thanks to our selection of effective preparations. (wohlfuehlprodukte.com)
  • Patient factors, duration of cough, sample related characteristics, laboratory personnel related factors, and being HIV/AIDS patient statistical significant factors to sputum smear positivity. (amhsr.org)
  • ICD-9 code 013.43 for Tuberculoma of spinal cord tubercle bacilli found (in sputum) by microscopy is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range -TUBERCULOSIS (010-018). (aapc.com)
  • By immunofluorescent microscopy of sputum from 67 cases of bronchitis Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detectable in 14 as compared with nine by cultural methods. (bmj.com)
  • Direct sputum smear microscopy is the mainstay of TB diagnosis in most low and middle income countries, and is highly specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in such settings. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Various physical and chemical sputum processing methods have been identified which can improve the sensitivity of microscopy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Sputum microscopy is a simple and inexpensive test, and although the overall sensitivity of this test is modest (less than 40%), the potential for rapid identification of the pathogen makes it a reasonable initial option. (medscape.com)
  • Sputum microscopy is performed by placing a small sample of freshly expectorated sputum on a slide digested with 10% potassium hydroxide. (medscape.com)
  • Technical guide : sputum examination for tuberculosis by direct microscopy in low income countries. (who.int)
  • Quality assurance of sputum microscopy in DOTS programmes : regional guidelines in countries in the Western Pacific. (who.int)
  • Sputum Smear Microscopy at Two Months into Continuation-Phase: Should It Be Done in All Patients with Sputum Smear-Positive Tuberculosis? (cdc.gov)
  • Bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of PCP is often not required for patients who can produce sputum. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • For patients who cannot produce sputum, however, the cost and efficacy of TBO in IS sample needs to be investigated in resource-poor countries. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Children with pulmonary disease who are unable to produce sputum may require invasive procedures, such as bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage, percutaneous needle biopsy of lung, and open lung biopsy, for diagnostic confirmation. (medscape.com)
  • The currently recommended diagnostic methods using induced sputum (IS) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) are neither technically feasible nor affordable for a wider clinical use in developing countries. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Cytokine concentrations and neutrophil elastase activity in bronchoalveolar lavage and induced sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis, mild asthma and healthy volunteers. (qub.ac.uk)
  • Tissue from the upper or lower respiratory tract, sputum samples, and samples obtained by nasopharyngeal washing, bronchoalveolar lavage, and biopsy may be submitted for viral culture. (medscape.com)
  • Pooling sputum specimens is one potential strategy for reducing the cost of using Xpert MTB/RIF, a rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based test, for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Patients referred for assessment for TB, whose initial sputum was Xpert MTB positive, were recruited and their sputum specimens were pooled for analysis with sputum specimens that were Xpert MTB negative. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We tested 101 Xpert MTB positive sputum specimens. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have confirmed that pooling of two sputum specimens for testing in a single cartridge is a valid method of reducing the number of cartridges required when using Xpert MTB to detect pulmonary tuberculosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Zishiri and colleagues have shown, in 20 acid-fast bacilli smear positive and 17 smear negative sputum specimens that were Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) culture positive and Xpert MTB positive, that pooling up to five-fold (that is, each with four negative sputum samples collected from other individuals) was associated with acceptable sensitivity when implemented in a reference laboratory [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In some screening settings, such as general community-wide screening, the prior probability of TB will be lower and likely concentration of M. tuberculosis in sputum specimens submitted for testing will be lower. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hence, it is encouraging that we have shown, using sputum specimens spiked with a low concentration of M. tuberculosis and diluted from 2- to 12-fold that, despite an expected linear increase in cycle threshold with increasing dilution, the majority of diluted specimens were still Xpert MTB positive [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The goal of the present study was to establish whether reducing the ratio of buffer used in the preparation of sputum for testing, in order to retain a higher concentration of sputum in the test solution, would yield a higher level of test sensitivity when sputum specimens are pooled prior to Xpert MTB/RIF analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Testing of sputum specimens should be attempted, however, testing of other respiratory specimens is acceptable. (cdc.gov)
  • Overall, sputum specimens are observed for mucopurulent strands, leukocytes, and blood and culture results. (medscape.com)
  • Specimen adequacy is assessed by the laboratory technologists by examining a Gram stain or cytology stain of the sputum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sputum cytology may be conducted in order to determine the presence of certain lung conditions that are noncancerous. (medicalhealthtests.com)
  • It may also become necessary to conduct sputum cytology in lung cancer cases. (medicalhealthtests.com)
  • Sputum cytology is conducted to screen for lung cancer. (medicalhealthtests.com)
  • Noncancerous lung conditions such as pneumonia, tuberculosis or asbestosis may also be detected through cytology of sputum. (medicalhealthtests.com)
  • When a sputum specimen is plated out in microbiology, it is best to get the portion of the sample that almost looks like yellow pus onto the swab. (wikipedia.org)
  • Whitish gray sputum color against a white color background (such as a white sink surface) tends to indicate either a specimen from someone who is dehydrated, and/or from an older person, and/or a specimen with a mixed, modest number of eosinophils and maybe some acute inflammatory neutrophil cells (this last choice tends to suggest chronic allergic bronchitis). (wikipedia.org)
  • Once the patient was able to collect a quality sputum sample, they mailed their specimen directly to the laboratory at National Jewish Health using the pre-paid label included within their kit. (copdfoundation.org)
  • Expectorated sputum is, therefore, the most practical specimen and TBO staining an inexpensive diagnostic method to be recommended for high-HIV, resource-constrained settings. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A sputum mug, also known as a sputum cup or specimen mug, is a medical container specifically designed for collecting and holding sputum samples. (amarismedicalsolutions.com)
  • We conclude that neutrophils predominate more frequently than eosinophils as the major inflammatory cell in sputum from patients with asthma in acute exacerbation. (nih.gov)
  • The objective of this study was to investigate whether there is an increase in induced sputum and blood eosinophils and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in OA after work exposure. (ersjournals.com)
  • Patients with OA had a significant increase in median (interquartile range) sputum eosinophils and ECP when at work compared with the periods out of work, 10.0 (17.05) versus 0.8 (1.6)% (p=0.007) and 3,840 (6,076) versus 116 (180) microg x L(-1) (p=0.01). (ersjournals.com)
  • In conclusion, the proportion of eosinophils and levels of eosinophil cationic protein in sputum are particularly high at work in patients with occupational asthma, suggesting that the measurement of these factors can supplement other physiological outcomes in establishing the diagnosis of occupational asthma. (ersjournals.com)
  • In this study, we compared the validity of measuring CML levels and percentage of eosinophils in induced sputum for assessment of airway functions, and evaluated the clinical implications of sputum CML levels in the asthmatic airways. (medscimonit.com)
  • Material/Methods: We examined CML levels and percentage of eosinophils in induced sputum from 37 asthmatic patients and 15 normal controls, and evaluated the relationships between these parameters and clinical profiles of asthmatic patients. (medscimonit.com)
  • Results: The percentage of eosinophils in induced sputum was significantly higher in asthmatic patients than in normal controls. (medscimonit.com)
  • If there is any blood in the sputum, this should also be on the swab. (wikipedia.org)
  • Eosinophil differential count in induced sputum is a recommended, evidence-based mode of assessing airway inflammation in asthma and its use is incorporated into the relevant guidelines. (ersjournals.com)
  • c-e) Spearman correlation testing comparing the enrichment score of PRISE #1 with the c) time to exacerbation, d) sputum eosinophil counts (log 10 ), and e) macrophage cell counts (log 10 ). (ersjournals.com)
  • We have measured induced sputum supernatant LTC(4)/D(4)/E(4) concentrations using enzyme immunoassay and PGE(2), PGD(2), TXB(2), and PGF(2alpha) using gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization-mass spectroscopy in 10 normal subjects and in 26 subjects with asthma of variable severity. (nih.gov)
  • Patients are able to provide sputum samples in the home setting. (copdfoundation.org)
  • Our goal was to try to close this gap by tackling common challenges that patients and physicians face with traditional sputum collection methods. (copdfoundation.org)
  • With our home collection process, patients did not have to travel to provide a sputum sample. (copdfoundation.org)
  • The yield of Toluidine Blue O (TBO) stain, immunofluorescence (IF), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis jiroveci were compared in 78 expectorated sputum and 118 BAL samples of 131 HIV-infected patients presenting with atypical chest X-ray and sputum smear-negative for acid-fast bacilli. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • We investigated whether this pathway was activated in the sputum and blood of patients from the U-BIOPRED cohort. (ersjournals.com)
  • Antibodies to citrullinated (CitP) and norleucine-containing (NorP) peptides were detected in the sputum of patients with RA and control participants, as well as in the serum of RA patients, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent test. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • ACPAs were detected in the sputum of four of the seropositive (40%) RA patients, none of the seronegative RA patients, and only one of the control participants. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Antiicitrullinated protein/peptide antibodies could be found in RA patients' sputum and were linked to their presence in the serum. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Hence, the aim of this project was to profile a broad array of host markers for development of optimal signatures for detection of pulmonary tuberculosis from other respiratory disorders using ex vivo sputum samples Methods We recruited patients who were seeking medical attention at the MRCG at LSHTM outpatients department and Tuberculosis clinic with symptoms suggestive of TB, prior to clinical or microbiological diagnosis. (sun.ac.za)
  • Disposable or Reusable: Depending on the intended use and medical facility's practices, sputum mugs may be disposable, designed for single-use and disposal after each patient, or reusable, designed to be cleaned, sterilized, and reused for multiple patients. (amarismedicalsolutions.com)
  • Hence, we can observe an increase in the ROS level in the sputum sample in primary states of patients' COVID-19 involvement. (nanoelechealth.com)
  • As a result, we can observe an increased ROS level in the sputum sample of COVID-19 patients in higher and severe levels. (nanoelechealth.com)
  • For patients without spontaneous sputum production lower airway secretions can be sampled by sputum induction. (ersjournals.com)
  • The study aimed at assessing sputum smear positivity and associated factors among TB suspected patients in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia. (amhsr.org)
  • Patients were grouped as positive if two sputum smears became positive. (amhsr.org)
  • The petri dish is checked after a day or more to evaluate the amount and type of bacteria present.The Sputum Culture test detects the presence of disease-causing pathogens in those patients who are suspected of having bacterial infections, pneumonia, or other lower respiratory tract infections. (orangehealth.in)
  • 85% of sputum smear-positive patients with pulmonary tuberculosis under treatment. (who.int)
  • The internationally agreed target for 2005 of a treatment success rate of at least 85% under the DOTS strategy was reached globally in 2007, but the case detection rate in 2008 of 62% of patients with sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis lagged behind the 71% target contained in the Global Plan. (who.int)
  • Having green, yellow, or thickened phlegm (sputum) does not always indicate the presence of an infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Also, if an infection is present, the color of the phlegm (sputum) does not determine whether a virus, a bacterium or another pathogen has caused it. (wikipedia.org)
  • Words similar to sputum : phlegm , sputa , more. (novimage.com)
  • Sputum mugs play a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of respiratory conditions. (amarismedicalsolutions.com)
  • Proper handling, labeling, and transportation of sputum samples are essential to ensure accurate and reliable test results, aiding in the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory infections and diseases. (amarismedicalsolutions.com)
  • Isolation and identification of the organism on sputum culture provides absolute confirmation of the diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • Red, jelly-like sputum - an indicator of possible pneumonia caused by Klebsiella. (wikipedia.org)
  • sputum to identify Haemophilus influenzae in a patient with http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1907.121599 community-acquired pneumonia. (cdc.gov)
  • The presence of abnormal cells in the sputum sample may be indicative of lung conditions such as inflammation, asbestosis fiber build up in the lungs, pneumonia or cancer of the lung. (medicalhealthtests.com)
  • Rusty sputum (sputum mixed with and colored by blood) is a sign of lobar pneumonia. (novimage.com)
  • The best sputum samples contain very little saliva, as saliva contaminates the sample with oral bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sputum differs from saliva and is produced in the lungs and in the respiratory passage that leads to the lungs. (medicalhealthtests.com)
  • The client should be instructed to avoid adding saliva or nasopharyngeal secretions to the sputum sample. (medscape.com)
  • A sputum sample is obtained by coughing deeply and expelling the material that comes from the lungs into a sterile cup. (mountsinai.org)
  • Abundant purulent sputum is characteristic of a ruptured abscess in the lungs. (novimage.com)
  • A Sputum Culture test checks for bacteria or another type of organism that may be causing an infection in your lungs or the airways leading to the lungs. (orangehealth.in)
  • In medicine, sputum samples are usually used for a naked eye examination, microbiological investigation of respiratory infections and cytological investigations of respiratory systems. (wikipedia.org)
  • Analysis of fluid phase chemicals in asthmatic and CF sputum samples showed that despite overall lower mean values of neutrophil elastase (27 +/- 11 micrograms/ml vs 466 +/- 121 micrograms/ml, p = 0.0001) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) (55 +/- 15 ng/ml vs 186 +/- 24 ng/ml, p = 0.0001), some of the asthmatic samples had values for these variables that overlapped those in the CF samples. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, the high IL-8 levels and free neutrophil elastase activity observed in asthmatic sputum suggests that IL-8 may mediate airway neutrophilia in acute asthma and that neutrophil elastase may mediate mucin glycoprotein hypersecretion in acute asthma, as has been proposed for the mucin hypersecretion in CF. (nih.gov)
  • The JAK-STAT signalling pathway was enriched in the sputum of asthmatic subjects compared to HC although this was only significant in the SAn group (p=0.01). (ersjournals.com)
  • Comparison of sputum processing techniques in cystic fibrosis. (edu.au)
  • Sputum samples have been used to quantify the degree of airway inflammation in human diseases such as asthma. (wikipedia.org)
  • We conclude that induced sputum contains high concentrations of eicosanoids and that sputum LTC(4)/D(4)/E(4) concentrations are significantly greater in subjects with asthma than in normal subjects. (nih.gov)
  • Fifty percent of the subjects with asthma reported that their asthma exacerbation was precipitated by a respiratory tract infection, and these subjects had a significantly higher percentage of neutrophils in their sputum (85% +/- 6% vs 57% +/- 12%, p = 0.05). (nih.gov)
  • Sputum transcriptomics data from 120 subjects with severe asthma (SA) who were smokers (SAsm) or non-smokers (SAn), mild moderate asthmatics (MMA) or healthy controls (HC). (ersjournals.com)
  • Conclusions: Our novel, non-invasive technique of measurement of CML levels in induced sputum may prove to be important not only in the evaluation of small airway involvements, but also in helping us move toward a better understanding of the roles of the small airways in the pathogenesis of asthma. (medscimonit.com)
  • Relevant clinical guidelines incorporate the use of induced sputum for the monitoring of asthma. (ersjournals.com)
  • For further information readers are advised to use additional sources of information, such as the task force report [ 3 - 8 ], the ERS website for video-based educational material on sputum induction and the material from the ERS School course on Monitoring of Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Other Airway Diseases ( www.ersnet.org/education/courses/item/4559-monitoring-of-asthma-copd-a-other-airway-diseases.html ). (ersjournals.com)
  • The supernatant from sputum induced with hypertonic saline and dispersed using dithiotrietol has been successfully used to measure other molecular markers of airway inflammation and might be a useful method. (nih.gov)
  • The inverse relationship between eosinophilic airway inflammation and sputum PGE(2) concentration would be consistent, with the latter having an anti-inflammatory role. (nih.gov)
  • RDSS is a real-time ROS detection system in the sputum sample that detects Reactive Oxygen Species of respiratory and inflammatory cells (pulmonary inflammation detection system) using an electrochemical sensor containing a nanostructured ROS-sensitive material. (nanoelechealth.com)
  • Differential cell count in induced sputum is of clinical relevance in phenotyping airway inflammation. (ersjournals.com)
  • A sputum fungal smear is a laboratory test that looks for fungus in a sputum sample. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Home sputum collection provides a safe and accessible alternative to producing sputum in the laboratory setting. (copdfoundation.org)
  • A sputum Gram stain is a laboratory test used to detect bacteria in a sputum sample. (mountsinai.org)
  • The Sputum Culture test measures:Whether bacteria or other germs grow after a sputum sample is placed in a special dish, called a petri dish in a laboratory. (orangehealth.in)
  • citation needed] Microbiological sputum samples are used to look for infections, such as Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conclusion We have discovered novel sputum host biomarkers and biosignatures for screening of tuberculosis and treatment response. (sun.ac.za)
  • If the sputum sample is not optimal for molecular testing (e.g., low bacillary load), referral of an isolate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis should be considered for baseline molecular susceptibility testing. (cdc.gov)
  • Found 126 sentences matching phrase "sputum".Found in 6 ms. Lack of awareness: A large number of people in Tanzania are unfamiliar with the symptoms of tuberculosis - coughing, night sweats, weight loss, etc. (novimage.com)
  • A recent study reported encouraging performance of ligand-coated magnetic beads in combination with FM, in detection of M. tuberculosis in a panel of frozen sputum samples, with good correlation reported between magnetic bead concentration and centrifugation [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • If tuberculosis is suspected, an acid-fast stain should be performed immediately, and the sputum cultured on special media, which are incubated for at least 6 weeks. (medscape.com)
  • A normal Gram stain of sputum contains polymorphonuclear leukocytes, alveolar macrophages, and a few squamous epithelial cells. (medscape.com)
  • We hypothesized that the presence and relative abundance of the most prevalent, live, anaerobic bacteria in sputum of adults with CF were associated with adverse clinical outcomes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • This is the first study to prospectively investigate viable anaerobic bacteria present in the sputum microbiota and their relationship with long-term outcomes in adults with CF. We performed 16S rRNA analysis using a viability quantitative PCR technique on sputum samples obtained from a prospective cohort of 70 adults with CF and collected clinical data over an 8 year follow-up period. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • We examined the associations of the ten most abundant obligate anaerobic bacteria present in the sputum with annual rate of FEV 1 change. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The most common pathogens detected with a sputum culture are bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella species . (medscape.com)
  • Summary Sputum induction is a relatively non-invasive mode of airway sampling that provides an opportunity for analysis of cellular components and infective agents, including bacteria and viruses, together with fluid-phase constituents. (ersjournals.com)
  • Normal lung cells are present in sputum. (medicalhealthtests.com)
  • Smoking and now blood in sputum may suggest chronic bronchitis although serious causes like underlying lung cancer can not be excluded. (healthtap.com)
  • To be solved in the utility model is that existing non-invasive ventilation mask cannot assist patient carrying out normal physiologic respiration During exclude the problem of sputum in lung and respiratory tract. (google.com)
  • The presence and relative abundance of certain anaerobes in the sputum of adults with CF are associated with a greater rate of long-term lung function decline. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The quality of sputum samples is determined by the minimum number of squamous epithelial cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes per low power field. (medscape.com)
  • A sputum sample is needed. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The patient was asked to follow the instructions on their kit in order to collect a good sputum sample (how to collect sputum at home). (copdfoundation.org)
  • Sputum is an easily obtainable sample and has provided a wealth of information on COPD pathobiology, and thus has been a preferred sample type for microbiome studies. (bmj.com)
  • The sample of sputum may be obtained through coughing or coughing after breathing in a saline mist. (medicalhealthtests.com)
  • A sputum sample may also be obtained through a bronchoscopy. (medicalhealthtests.com)
  • It is advisable to collect the sputum sample immediately on waking up in the morning. (medicalhealthtests.com)
  • In a bronchoscopy, a thin instrument with a light called a bronchoscope is used to collect the sample of sputum. (medicalhealthtests.com)
  • Capacity: Sputum mugs come in various sizes, usually ranging from 30 ml to 100 ml or more, to accommodate different sample volumes. (amarismedicalsolutions.com)
  • Graduated Measurement: Many sputum mugs have measurement markings on the side, allowing healthcare professionals to assess the volume of the collected sample accurately. (amarismedicalsolutions.com)
  • Labeling: Some sputum mugs may have an area on the lid or side for labeling patient information and sample details for proper identification and tracking. (amarismedicalsolutions.com)
  • The RDSS system's impact is identifying respiratory inflammatory signatures in the sputum sample of a patient. (nanoelechealth.com)
  • Sputum analysis has been used as a diagnostic technique for centuries, and reports on sputum in different diseases, containing important aspects of sample processing, were published more than a century ago [ 1 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • We require a sputum sample for this test. (orangehealth.in)
  • sputum (noun) definition and synonyms Macmillan Dictionary Phrases that include sputum: sputum cruentum, sputum diagnostic utility, abnormal sputum, brick red sputum, currant jelly sputum, more. (novimage.com)
  • A sputum pot and tissues should be provided if appropriate and steam Phrases that include sputum: sputum cruentum, sputum diagnostic utility, abnormal sputum, brick red sputum, currant jelly sputum, more. (novimage.com)
  • With the support of a team of highly experienced sputum test experts, Omega Diagnostic Centre is offering the best sputum test services to the clients. (omegadomkal.com)
  • Although the sputum microbiome likely reflects the respiratory microbiome only in part, there is increasing evidence that microbial community structure and diversity are associated with disease severity and clinical outcomes, both in stable COPD and during the exacerbations. (bmj.com)
  • This review provides an overview of the basic principles of high-throughput microbiome sequencing techniques, current literature on sputum microbiome profiling in COPD, and a discussion of the associated limitations and future perspectives. (bmj.com)
  • The pathogens are identified by the Sputum Culture test, and accordingly, after susceptibility testing, the treatment is initiated. (orangehealth.in)
  • Also, contacts of persons with sputum-positive smears have an increased prevalence of infection as opposed to contacts of those with sputum-negative smears. (medscape.com)
  • Sputum induction is conducted by inhalation of nebulised sterile saline solution (isotonic or hypertonic) followed by coughing and expectoration of airway secretions. (ersjournals.com)
  • Collect the expectorated sputum in a leak-proof sterile container. (medscape.com)
  • Purulent sputum is typically yellow or green. (wikipedia.org)
  • Leucocytes of Purulent Human Sputum. (elastin.com)
  • Prepared from purulent human sputum by salt fractionation, ion exchange and affinity chromatographies. (elastin.com)
  • There was no statistically significant relationship between sputum ACPAs and disease severity, smoking history, pulmonary function testing, or RA medication. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • The sensitivity of TBO as compared to IF and PCR was 71.4% and 34.5% in expectorated sputum and 68% and 41.5% in BAL samples, respectively, with a specificity approaching 100% in both. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The sensitivity and specificity of sputum PCR as compared to BALPCR was 78.9% and 89%, respectively. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Compared to IF, TBO staining has an acceptable sensitivity and very high specificity both in expectorated sputum and BAL samples. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Llame al 866.731.COPD (2673) y presione 9 para hablar en español con un paciente o cuidador. (copdfoundation.org)
  • The sputa were digested with Sputolysin and the supernatant analysed using Luminex arrays while RNA extracted from the pellet were analysed with RT-qPCR. (sun.ac.za)
  • But methods may be available to help prevent some cases of blood-tinged sputum. (healthline.com)
  • A note on the use of immunofluorescent methods for the detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in bronchitic sputum. (bmj.com)
  • Instead of having a sputum smear test done, they seek traditional healers who may at best be able to relieve the symptoms, but are expensive and ultimately ineffective. (novimage.com)
  • The Sputum Culture test is prescribed by your doctor after a complete assessment of your symptoms and conditions. (orangehealth.in)
  • Differential gene expression of sputum RNA-sequencing data. (ersjournals.com)
  • Material: Sputum mugs are typically made of transparent, durable, and leak-proof materials like plastic or polypropylene. (amarismedicalsolutions.com)
  • Sputum ACPAs and age, serum ACPAs, sputum anti-NorP, serum anti-CitP/NorP reactivity ratio, and the number of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the sputum all showed a positive connection. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • There was no correlation between JAK-STAT enrichment and sputum IL-13 levels. (ersjournals.com)
  • If you still do not produce enough sputum, you might have a procedure called bronchoscopy . (mountsinai.org)