Splenic Vein
Mesenteric Veins
Esophageal and Gastric Varices
Hypertension, Portal
Splenic Artery
Splenic Diseases
Hypersplenism
Portal System
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Splenic Rupture
Splenorenal Shunt, Surgical
Portasystemic Shunt, Surgical
Femoral Vein
Pulmonary Veins
Jugular Veins
Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Pancreatitis
Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
Splenic vein aneurysm: is it a surgical indication? (1/138)
Splenic vein aneurysms are rare and are usually caused by portal hypertension. Symptoms are unusual, but may include rupture or abdominal pain. Diagnosis can usually be made either by means of duplex ultrasonography or computed tomography scanning. Treatment varies from noninvasive follow-up to aneurysm excision. We report an expanding splenic vein aneurysm in a young woman with abdominal and back pain and no history of portal hypertension. She was treated with aneurysm excision and splenectomy. (+info)Results of surgical treatment (modified Sugiura-Futagawa operation) of portal hypertension associated to complete splenomesoportal thrombosis and cirrhosis. (2/138)
BACKGROUND: Hemorrhagic portal hypertension, secondary to both intrahepatic and extrahepatic portal hypertension, is an uncommon entity. In this condition, the extrahepatic and the intrahepatic obstruction of the portal vein, due to chronic liver disease, produce a more severe form of hemorrhagic portal hypertension that is more difficult to control. The results of surgical treatment (modified Sugiura-Futagawa operation) in this subset of patients is analyzed. METHODS: Among 714 patients with a history of hemorrhagic portal hypertension, 14 cases were found with histologically proven liver cirrhosis and complete splenomesoportal thrombosis demonstrated by means of preoperative angiography. Patients with incomplete (partial) splenomesoportal thrombosis were excluded. There were nine males and 5 females with a mean age of 51 years. Alcoholic cirrhosis was demonstrated in 50% of the cases, post hepatitic cirrhosis in 28%, primary biliary cirrhosis in 7%, and cryptogenic cirrhosis in 14%. There were nine Child-Pugh A and 5 B cases. All cases were treated by means of our modified Sugiura-Futagawa procedure. RESULTS: Bleeding recurrence from esophagogastric varices was shown in one case, colonic varices in one case and hypertensive gastropathy in another of the survivors. Post operative encephalopathy was shown in 3 of the cases. The thirty-six month survival rate was 30% (Kaplan-Meier). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of intrahepatic plus extrahepatic portal hypertension has a worse prognosis. Treatment options are limited (sclerotherapy and/or devascularization), because shunt surgery, TIPS and liver transplantation have a very restricted role and postoperative outcome is poor. (+info)Intractable oesophageal variceal bleeding caused by splenic arteriovenous fistula: treatment by transcatheter arterial embolization. (3/138)
We describe a rare case of splenic arteriovenous fistula and venous aneurysm which developed after splenectomy in a 40-year-old woman who presented with epigastralgia, watery diarrhoea, repeated haematemesis and melaena caused by hyperkinetic status of the portal system and bleeding of oesophageal varices. It was diagnosed by computed tomography and angiography, and obliterated with giant Gianturco steel coils. (+info)Growth stimulation of human bone marrow cells in agar culture by vascular cells. (4/138)
Human vascular cells are capable of stimulating granulopoiesis in agar culture of human bone marrow cells. This effect was obtained by including vein fragments in the culture or by using endothelial cells separated from the vein of human umbilical cords as feeder cells. Furthermore, the stimulatory capacity of conditioned medium obtained from cord veins was found to be highly active in comparison to that obtained from peripheral leukocytes. Endothelial cells within the bond marrow cavity are suggested as a local source of factors regulating granulopoiesis in humans in addition to the monocyte. (+info)Portosystemic shunting in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: a good risk disease. (5/138)
Five patients with primary biliary cirrhosis underwent portosystemic shunting for the control of variceal bleeding. Three procedures were emergencies and two were elective. There was no operative mortality; all patients were followed until the present or until death. One patient is alive 4 years and another, 2 years postoperatively. One patient died 4 years after operation and another died 16 months postoperatively. Another patient survived for 8 years following her shunt and eventually died as a result of a cerebrovascular accident. This group of patients is compared to a larger group undergoing portosystemic shunting because of portal hypertension secondary to other forms of liver disease. The absence of operative mortality and the fact that several of these patients had moderately long postoperative survival despite apparently poor liver function suggest that the usual criteria for the assessment of operative risk are not valid in primary biliary cirrhosis. (+info)Aspects of treatment. The anatomical basis for portal decompressive surgery. (6/138)
Definitive surgical techniques used in the treatment of portal hypertension all aim to achieve portal venous decompression. The historic development of the various procedures currently employed provides a broad repertoire of surgical operations. Each of the procedures merits consideration and may be specifically indicated in a given situation. Description of the operative steps emphasizes the importance of the anatomical relationships of the various structures. (+info)Pancreatic adenocarcinoma presenting as sinistral portal hypertension: an unusual presentation of pancreatic cancer. (7/138)
A rare syndrome, sinistral (left-sided) portal hypertension resulting from splenic vein thrombosis secondary to pancreatic adenocarcinoma of the tail is presented here. Pancreatic cancer is notorious for presenting with vague and nonspecific symptoms, including but not exclusively weight loss, abdominal pain, and anorexia with or without jaundice. However, physicians should be aware that in the presence of splenic vein thrombosis, this finding alone puts pancreatic cancer high on the differential diagnosis. (+info)Influence of adrenaline on the dissemination of antibody-producing cells from the spleen. (8/138)
Plaque-forming cells (PFC) and rosette-forming cells (RFC) were quantificated in splenic venous and splenic arterial blood and in spleen suspensions of guinea-pigs during a secondary immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The splenic veno-arterial differences in content of PFC and RFC were determined, indicating whether there had been a release of such cells from the spleen into the blood. The effect of an intracardial injection of adrenaline on the release of immune lymphocytes was investigated. In immunized control animals a splenic release of antigen-binding and antibody-forming cells was found, the release being restricted to the peak of the immune response in the spleen. However, after exogenous adrenaline a considerably increased release of both antigen-binding and antibody-forming cells occurred during a longer period of the immune response. Thus, adrenaline caused an enormous release of PFC from the spleen into the blood on day 4 of the secondary immune response, resulting in a diminished number of PFC remaining in the spleen after the treatment. A physiological significance of an adrenaline-induced dissemination of immune lymphocytes in the body during an immune response to a severe infectious disease is suggested. (+info)The splenic vein is a large, thin-walled vein that carries oxygenated blood from the spleen and pancreas to the liver. It is formed by the union of several smaller veins that drain the upper part of the stomach, the pancreas, and the left side of the colon (splenic flexure). The splenic vein runs along the top border of the pancreas and merges with the superior mesenteric vein to form the portal vein. This venous system allows for the filtration and detoxification of blood by the liver before it is distributed to the rest of the body.
The portal vein is the large venous trunk that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver. It is formed by the union of the superior mesenteric vein (draining the small intestine and a portion of the large intestine) and the splenic vein (draining the spleen and pancreas). The portal vein then divides into right and left branches within the liver, where the blood flows through the sinusoids and gets enriched with oxygen and nutrients before being drained by the hepatic veins into the inferior vena cava. This unique arrangement allows the liver to process and detoxify the absorbed nutrients, remove waste products, and regulate metabolic homeostasis.
The mesenteric veins are a set of blood vessels that are responsible for draining deoxygenated blood from the small and large intestines. There are two main mesenteric veins: the superior mesenteric vein and the inferior mesenteric vein. The superior mesenteric vein drains blood from the majority of the small intestine, as well as the ascending colon and proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon. The inferior mesenteric vein drains blood from the distal third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. These veins ultimately drain into the portal vein, which carries the blood to the liver for further processing.
Esophageal varices and gastric varices are abnormal, enlarged veins in the lower part of the esophagus (the tube that connects the throat to the stomach) and in the stomach lining, respectively. They occur as a result of increased pressure in the portal vein, which is the large blood vessel that carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver. This condition is known as portal hypertension.
Esophageal varices are more common than gastric varices and tend to be more symptomatic. They can cause bleeding, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. Gastric varices may also bleed, but they are often asymptomatic until they rupture.
The most common causes of esophageal and gastric varices are cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and portal hypertension due to other liver diseases such as schistosomiasis or Budd-Chiari syndrome. Treatment options for esophageal and gastric varices include medications to reduce bleeding, endoscopic therapies to treat active bleeding or prevent recurrent bleeding, and surgical procedures to relieve portal hypertension.
Portal hypertension is a medical condition characterized by an increased pressure in the portal vein, which is the large blood vessel that carries blood from the intestines, spleen, and pancreas to the liver. Normal portal venous pressure is approximately 5-10 mmHg. Portal hypertension is defined as a portal venous pressure greater than 10 mmHg.
The most common cause of portal hypertension is cirrhosis of the liver, which leads to scarring and narrowing of the small blood vessels in the liver, resulting in increased resistance to blood flow. Other causes include blood clots in the portal vein, inflammation of the liver or bile ducts, and invasive tumors that block the flow of blood through the liver.
Portal hypertension can lead to a number of complications, including the development of abnormal blood vessels (varices) in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines, which are prone to bleeding. Ascites, or the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, is another common complication of portal hypertension. Other potential complications include encephalopathy, which is a condition characterized by confusion, disorientation, and other neurological symptoms, and an increased risk of bacterial infections.
Treatment of portal hypertension depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Medications to reduce pressure in the portal vein, such as beta blockers or nitrates, may be used. Endoscopic procedures to band or inject varices can help prevent bleeding. In severe cases, surgery or liver transplantation may be necessary.
Veins are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart. They have a lower pressure than arteries and contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. Veins have a thin, flexible wall with a larger lumen compared to arteries, allowing them to accommodate more blood volume. The color of veins is often blue or green due to the absorption characteristics of light and the reduced oxygen content in the blood they carry.
The splenic artery is the largest branch of the celiac trunk, which arises from the abdominal aorta. It supplies blood to the spleen and several other organs in the upper left part of the abdomen. The splenic artery divides into several branches that ultimately form a network of capillaries within the spleen. These capillaries converge to form the main venous outflow, the splenic vein, which drains into the hepatic portal vein.
The splenic artery is a vital structure in the human body, and any damage or blockage can lead to serious complications, including splenic infarction (reduced blood flow to the spleen) or splenic rupture (a surgical emergency that can be life-threatening).
Splenic diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or health of the spleen. The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, which plays a vital role in filtering the blood and fighting infections. Some common splenic diseases include:
1. Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen due to various causes such as infections, liver disease, blood disorders, or cancer.
2. Hypersplenism: Overactivity of the spleen leading to excessive removal of blood cells from circulation, causing anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia.
3. Splenic infarction: Partial or complete blockage of the splenic artery or its branches, resulting in tissue death and potential organ dysfunction.
4. Splenic rupture: Traumatic or spontaneous tearing of the spleen capsule, causing internal bleeding and potentially life-threatening conditions.
5. Infections: Bacterial (e.g., sepsis, tuberculosis), viral (e.g., mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus), fungal (e.g., histoplasmosis), or parasitic (e.g., malaria) infections can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
6. Hematologic disorders: Conditions such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hemolytic anemias, lymphomas, leukemias, or myeloproliferative neoplasms can involve the spleen and lead to its enlargement or dysfunction.
7. Autoimmune diseases: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or vasculitis can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
8. Cancers: Primary (e.g., splenic tumors) or secondary (e.g., metastatic cancer from other organs) malignancies can involve the spleen and lead to its enlargement, dysfunction, or rupture.
9. Vascular abnormalities: Conditions such as portal hypertension, Budd-Chiari syndrome, or splenic vein thrombosis can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
10. Trauma: Accidental or intentional injuries to the spleen can lead to bleeding, infection, or organ dysfunction.
Hypersplenism is a condition characterized by an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) that results in the abnormal removal or destruction of various blood components, such as red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. This leads to peripheral blood cytopenias, which means there is a decrease in one or more types of blood cells in the circulation.
The spleen becomes overactive in hypersplenism, and its increased removal of blood cells can be secondary to various underlying disorders, such as:
1. Infections: e.g., bacterial endocarditis, malaria, or EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) infection
2. Hematologic diseases: e.g., hemolytic anemias, thalassemia, leukemias, lymphomas, or myeloproliferative neoplasms
3. Cirrhosis and portal hypertension
4. Vascular disorders: e.g., splenic vein thrombosis or congestive splenomegaly
5. Storage diseases: e.g., Gaucher's disease, Niemann-Pick disease, or Hurler syndrome
Symptoms of hypersplenism may include fatigue, weakness, pallor (in case of anemia), infections (due to neutropenia), and easy bruising or bleeding (due to thrombocytopenia). Treatment for hypersplenism involves addressing the underlying cause. In some cases, splenectomy (surgical removal of the spleen) may be considered if the benefits outweigh the risks.
A portal system in medicine refers to a venous system in which veins from various tissues or organs (known as tributaries) drain into a common large vessel (known as the portal vein), which then carries the blood to a specific organ for filtration and processing before it is returned to the systemic circulation. The most well-known example of a portal system is the hepatic portal system, where veins from the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, pancreas, and stomach merge into the portal vein and then transport blood to the liver for detoxification and nutrient processing. Other examples include the hypophyseal portal system, which connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland, and the renal portal system found in some animals.
Gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage is a term used to describe any bleeding that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. The bleeding can range from mild to severe and can produce symptoms such as vomiting blood, passing black or tarry stools, or having low blood pressure.
GI hemorrhage can be classified as either upper or lower, depending on the location of the bleed. Upper GI hemorrhage refers to bleeding that occurs above the ligament of Treitz, which is a point in the small intestine where it becomes narrower and turns a corner. Common causes of upper GI hemorrhage include gastritis, ulcers, esophageal varices, and Mallory-Weiss tears.
Lower GI hemorrhage refers to bleeding that occurs below the ligament of Treitz. Common causes of lower GI hemorrhage include diverticulosis, colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and vascular abnormalities such as angiodysplasia.
The diagnosis of GI hemorrhage is often made based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as endoscopy, CT scan, or radionuclide scanning. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the bleeding and may include medications, endoscopic procedures, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.
The renal veins are a pair of large veins that carry oxygen-depleted blood and waste products from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava, which is the largest vein in the body that returns blood to the heart. The renal veins are formed by the union of several smaller veins that drain blood from different parts of the kidney.
In humans, the right renal vein is shorter and passes directly into the inferior vena cava, while the left renal vein is longer and passes in front of the aorta before entering the inferior vena cava. The left renal vein also receives blood from the gonadal (testicular or ovarian) veins, suprarenal (adrenal) veins, and the lumbar veins.
It is important to note that the renal veins are vulnerable to compression by surrounding structures, such as the overlying artery or a tumor, which can lead to renal vein thrombosis, a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention.
A splenic rupture is a medical condition characterized by a tear or complete breakage in the spleen, leading to the release of blood into the abdominal cavity. The spleen is a soft, fist-shaped organ located in the upper left part of the abdomen, which plays an essential role in filtering the blood and fighting infections.
Splenic rupture can occur as a result of trauma, such as a car accident or a direct blow to the abdomen, or it may develop spontaneously due to underlying medical conditions, such as cancer, infection, or inflammatory diseases. The severity of the rupture can vary from a small tear to a complete shattering of the spleen, leading to significant bleeding and potentially life-threatening complications.
Symptoms of splenic rupture may include sudden, severe pain in the left upper abdomen or shoulder, lightheadedness, dizziness, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, and decreased blood pressure. If left untreated, a splenic rupture can lead to shock, organ failure, and even death. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the spleen (splenectomy) or repair the damage, followed by close monitoring and supportive care to manage any complications.
A splenectomy is a surgical procedure in which the spleen is removed from the body. The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, near the stomach and behind the ribs. It plays several important roles in the body, including fighting certain types of infections, removing old or damaged red blood cells from the circulation, and storing platelets and white blood cells.
There are several reasons why a splenectomy may be necessary, including:
* Trauma to the spleen that cannot be repaired
* Certain types of cancer, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
* Sickle cell disease, which can cause the spleen to enlarge and become damaged
* A ruptured spleen, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly
* Certain blood disorders, such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) or hemolytic anemia
A splenectomy is typically performed under general anesthesia and may be done using open surgery or laparoscopically. After the spleen is removed, the incision(s) are closed with sutures or staples. Recovery time varies depending on the individual and the type of surgery performed, but most people are able to return to their normal activities within a few weeks.
It's important to note that following a splenectomy, individuals may be at increased risk for certain types of infections, so it's recommended that they receive vaccinations to help protect against these infections. They should also seek medical attention promptly if they develop fever, chills, or other signs of infection.
The saphenous vein is a term used in anatomical description to refer to the great or small saphenous veins, which are superficial veins located in the lower extremities of the human body.
The great saphenous vein (GSV) is the longest vein in the body and originates from the medial aspect of the foot, ascending along the medial side of the leg and thigh, and drains into the femoral vein at the saphenofemoral junction, located in the upper third of the thigh.
The small saphenous vein (SSV) is a shorter vein that originates from the lateral aspect of the foot, ascends along the posterior calf, and drains into the popliteal vein at the saphenopopliteal junction, located in the popliteal fossa.
These veins are often used as conduits for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery due to their consistent anatomy and length.
Venous thrombosis is a medical condition characterized by the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the deep veins, often in the legs (deep vein thrombosis or DVT), but it can also occur in other parts of the body such as the arms, pelvis, or lungs (pulmonary embolism).
The formation of a venous thrombus can be caused by various factors, including injury to the blood vessel wall, changes in blood flow, and alterations in the composition of the blood. These factors can lead to the activation of clotting factors and platelets, which can result in the formation of a clot that blocks the vein.
Symptoms of venous thrombosis may include swelling, pain, warmth, and redness in the affected area. In some cases, the clot can dislodge and travel to other parts of the body, causing potentially life-threatening complications such as pulmonary embolism.
Risk factors for venous thrombosis include advanced age, obesity, smoking, pregnancy, use of hormonal contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy, cancer, recent surgery or trauma, prolonged immobility, and a history of previous venous thromboembolism. Treatment typically involves the use of anticoagulant medications to prevent further clotting and dissolve existing clots.
A splenorenal shunt is a surgical procedure that creates a connection between the spleen and the left kidney vein (renal vein). This type of shunt is typically performed to reroute the flow of blood from the spleen when there is an obstruction in the portal vein, which carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and spleen. The procedure helps to alleviate portal hypertension (high blood pressure in the portal vein) and its complications, such as variceal bleeding (bleeding from enlarged veins in the esophagus or stomach).
During a surgical splenorenal shunt procedure, the surgeon will make an incision in the left flank region to access both the spleen and the left renal vein. The splenic vein is then divided, and one end is connected to the left renal vein using a synthetic graft or a portion of the patient's own blood vessel (autograft). This connection allows the blood from the spleen to bypass the obstructed portal vein and flow directly into the systemic venous circulation.
It is important to note that splenorenal shunts have been largely replaced by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) as the first-line treatment for managing portal hypertension due to their lower invasiveness and fewer complications. However, surgical splenorenal shunts may still be considered in specific cases where TIPS is not feasible or has failed.
Splenic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the spleen, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can arise from various cell types present within the spleen, including hematopoietic cells (red and white blood cells, platelets), stromal cells (supporting tissue), or lymphoid cells (part of the immune system).
There are several types of splenic neoplasms:
1. Hematologic malignancies: These are cancers that affect the blood and bone marrow, such as leukemias, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma. They often involve the spleen, causing enlargement (splenomegaly) and neoplastic infiltration of splenic tissue.
2. Primary splenic tumors: These are rare and include benign lesions like hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, and hamartomas, as well as malignant tumors such as angiosarcoma, littoral cell angiosarcoma, and primary splenic lymphoma.
3. Metastatic splenic tumors: These occur when cancer cells from other primary sites spread (metastasize) to the spleen. Common sources of metastasis include lung, breast, colon, and ovarian cancers, as well as melanomas and sarcomas.
Symptoms of splenic neoplasms may vary depending on the type and extent of the disease but often include abdominal pain or discomfort, fatigue, weight loss, and anemia. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies (such as ultrasound, CT, or MRI scans) and sometimes requires a biopsy for confirmation. Treatment options depend on the type of neoplasm and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy.
A portosystemic shunt is a surgical procedure that creates a connection between the portal vein (the blood vessel that carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver) and another systemic vein (a vein that carries blood away from the liver). This procedure is typically performed in animals, particularly dogs, to treat conditions such as portal hypertension or liver disease.
In a surgical portosystemic shunt, the surgeon creates a connection between the portal vein and a systemic vein, allowing blood from the digestive organs to bypass the liver. This can help to reduce the pressure in the portal vein and improve blood flow to the liver. The specific type of shunt created and the surgical approach used may vary depending on the individual patient's needs and the surgeon's preference.
It is important to note that while a surgical portosystemic shunt can be an effective treatment for certain conditions, it is not without risks and potential complications. As with any surgical procedure, there is always a risk of infection, bleeding, or other complications. Additionally, the creation of a portosystemic shunt can have long-term effects on the liver and overall health of the patient. It is important for pet owners to carefully consider the risks and benefits of this procedure and to discuss any questions or concerns they may have with their veterinarian.
Varicose veins are defined as enlarged, swollen, and twisting veins often appearing blue or dark purple, which usually occur in the legs. They are caused by weakened valves and vein walls that can't effectively push blood back toward the heart. This results in a buildup of blood, causing the veins to bulge and become varicose.
The condition is generally harmless but may cause symptoms like aching, burning, muscle cramp, or a feeling of heaviness in the legs. In some cases, varicose veins can lead to more serious problems, such as skin ulcers, blood clots, or chronic venous insufficiency. Treatment options include lifestyle changes, compression stockings, and medical procedures like sclerotherapy, laser surgery, or endovenous ablation.
Splenomegaly is a medical term that refers to an enlargement or expansion of the spleen beyond its normal size. The spleen is a vital organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, behind the stomach and below the diaphragm. It plays a crucial role in filtering the blood, fighting infections, and storing red and white blood cells and platelets.
Splenomegaly can occur due to various underlying medical conditions, including infections, liver diseases, blood disorders, cancer, and inflammatory diseases. The enlarged spleen may put pressure on surrounding organs, causing discomfort or pain in the abdomen, and it may also lead to a decrease in red and white blood cells and platelets, increasing the risk of anemia, infections, and bleeding.
The diagnosis of splenomegaly typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or other interventions to manage the underlying condition.
A pancreatectomy is a surgical procedure in which all or part of the pancreas is removed. There are several types of pancreatectomies, including:
* **Total pancreatectomy:** Removal of the entire pancreas, as well as the spleen and nearby lymph nodes. This type of pancreatectomy is usually done for patients with cancer that has spread throughout the pancreas or for those who have had multiple surgeries to remove pancreatic tumors.
* **Distal pancreatectomy:** Removal of the body and tail of the pancreas, as well as nearby lymph nodes. This type of pancreatectomy is often done for patients with tumors in the body or tail of the pancreas.
* **Partial (or segmental) pancreatectomy:** Removal of a portion of the head or body of the pancreas, as well as nearby lymph nodes. This type of pancreatectomy is often done for patients with tumors in the head or body of the pancreas that can be removed without removing the entire organ.
* **Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD):** A type of surgery used to treat tumors in the head of the pancreas, as well as other conditions such as chronic pancreatitis. In this procedure, the head of the pancreas, duodenum, gallbladder, and bile duct are removed, but the stomach and lower portion of the esophagus (pylorus) are left in place.
After a pancreatectomy, patients may experience problems with digestion and blood sugar regulation, as the pancreas plays an important role in these functions. Patients may need to take enzyme supplements to help with digestion and may require insulin therapy to manage their blood sugar levels.
The femoral vein is the large vein that runs through the thigh and carries oxygen-depleted blood from the lower limbs back to the heart. It is located in the femoral triangle, along with the femoral artery and nerve. The femoral vein begins at the knee as the popliteal vein, which then joins with the deep vein of the thigh to form the femoral vein. As it moves up the leg, it is joined by several other veins, including the great saphenous vein, before it becomes the external iliac vein at the inguinal ligament in the groin.
Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. There are four pulmonary veins in total, two from each lung, and they are the only veins in the body that carry oxygen-rich blood. The oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins is then pumped by the left ventricle to the rest of the body through the aorta. Any blockage or damage to the pulmonary veins can lead to various cardiopulmonary conditions, such as pulmonary hypertension and congestive heart failure.
The jugular veins are a pair of large, superficial veins that carry blood from the head and neck to the heart. They are located in the neck and are easily visible when looking at the side of a person's neck. The external jugular vein runs along the surface of the muscles in the neck, while the internal jugular vein runs within the carotid sheath along with the carotid artery and the vagus nerve.
The jugular veins are important in clinical examinations because they can provide information about a person's cardiovascular function and intracranial pressure. For example, distention of the jugular veins may indicate heart failure or increased intracranial pressure, while decreased venous pulsations may suggest a low blood pressure or shock.
It is important to note that medical conditions such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) can also affect the jugular veins and can lead to serious complications if not treated promptly.
X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.
The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.
CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.
In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.
CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.
In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.
Pancreatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, a gland located in the abdomen that plays a crucial role in digestion and regulating blood sugar levels. The inflammation can be acute (sudden and severe) or chronic (persistent and recurring), and it can lead to various complications if left untreated.
Acute pancreatitis often results from gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption, while chronic pancreatitis may be caused by long-term alcohol abuse, genetic factors, autoimmune conditions, or metabolic disorders like high triglyceride levels. Symptoms of acute pancreatitis include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and increased heart rate, while chronic pancreatitis may present with ongoing abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, and malabsorption issues due to impaired digestive enzyme production. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, pain management, and addressing the underlying cause. In severe cases, hospitalization and surgery may be necessary.
Gastrointestinal endoscopy is a medical procedure that allows direct visualization of the inner lining of the digestive tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), and sometimes the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum). This procedure is performed using an endoscope, a long, thin, flexible tube with a light and camera at its tip. The endoscope is inserted through the mouth for upper endoscopy or through the rectum for lower endoscopy (colonoscopy), and the images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor for the physician to view.
Gastrointestinal endoscopy can help diagnose various conditions, such as inflammation, ulcers, tumors, polyps, or bleeding in the digestive tract. It can also be used for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps, taking tissue samples (biopsies), treating bleeding, and performing other interventions to manage certain digestive diseases.
There are different types of gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures, including:
1. Upper Endoscopy (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD): This procedure examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
2. Colonoscopy: This procedure examines the colon and rectum.
3. Sigmoidoscopy: A limited examination of the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon) using a shorter endoscope.
4. Enteroscopy: An examination of the small intestine, which can be performed using various techniques, such as push enteroscopy, single-balloon enteroscopy, or double-balloon enteroscopy.
5. Capsule Endoscopy: A procedure that involves swallowing a small capsule containing a camera, which captures images of the digestive tract as it passes through.
Gastrointestinal endoscopy is generally considered safe when performed by experienced medical professionals. However, like any medical procedure, there are potential risks and complications, such as bleeding, infection, perforation, or adverse reactions to sedatives used during the procedure. Patients should discuss these risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy.
Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by the replacement of normal liver tissue with scarred (fibrotic) tissue, leading to loss of function. The scarring is caused by long-term damage from various sources such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and other causes. As the disease advances, it can lead to complications like portal hypertension, fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites), impaired brain function (hepatic encephalopathy), and increased risk of liver cancer. It is generally irreversible, but early detection and treatment of underlying causes may help slow down its progression.
Splenic vein
Gastric varices
Greater omentum
Lan Xichun
Esophageal varices
Left gastroepiploic vein
Pancreas
Splenic artery
Inferior mesenteric vein
Portal vein thrombosis
Superior mesenteric artery
Portal vein
Ascites
Transpyloric plane
Inferior mesenteric artery
Duodenum
Renal artery
Superior mesenteric vein
Abdominal aorta
Schistosomiasis
Butyl cyanoacrylate
Renal vein
Congenital portosystemic shunt
Red pulp
Distal splenorenal shunt procedure
Spleen
Celiac artery
Acute pancreatitis
Large intestine
Hepatic portal system
Splenic vein - Wikipedia
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Hepatic11
- It collects branches from the stomach and pancreas, and most notably from the large intestine (also drained by the superior mesenteric vein) via the inferior mesenteric vein, which drains in the splenic vein shortly before the origin of the hepatic portal vein. (wikipedia.org)
- During angiography, a catheter is placed selectively via either the transjugular or transfemoral route into the hepatic vein to measure portal pressure. (medscape.com)
- In a series of 50 cases of hepatic fibrosis associated with bilharzial mansoni infection, hematemesis occurred in 14 per cent, esophageal varicosities in 30 per cent, and collateral veins in the anterior abdominal wall in 54 per cent. (ajtmh.org)
- Splenic venography yielded evidences of portal hypertension, degree of hepatic fibrosis and of patency or thrombosis of the splenic or portal veins. (ajtmh.org)
- The hepatic portal vein is a vessel that moves blood from the spleen and gastrointestinal tract to the liver. (healthline.com)
- The hepatic veins carry oxygen-depleted blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava. (healthline.com)
- The liver is divided into two lobes by the middle hepatic vein: the right lobe of liver and the left lobe of liver. (healthline.com)
- Role of hepatic vein catheterisation and transient elastography in the diagnosis of idiopathic portal hypertension. (medscape.com)
- Assessment of the agreement between wedge hepatic vein pressure and portal vein pressure in cirrhotic patients. (medscape.com)
- accessory pancreatic or splenic arteries.Objective: To present three cases of accessory right hepatic artery originating from the superior mesenteric artery in black African cadavers as found during routine cadaveric dissections.Materials and Method: The abdomens of 8 adult male black African cadavers were dissected according to the description and guidance by Romanes (1996). (bvsalud.org)
- portal veins and gastroduodenal arteries were exposed.Results: Three cadaveric cases of the accessory right hepatic arteries arising from the superior mesenteric arteries were observed. (bvsalud.org)
Spleen17
- In human anatomy, the splenic vein (formerly the lienal vein) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the spleen, the stomach fundus and part of the pancreas. (wikipedia.org)
- The splenic vein is formed from small venules that leave the spleen. (wikipedia.org)
- Cross-section of the spleen, showing the splenic vein and its tributaries. (wikipedia.org)
- Splenic vein thrombosis is an uncommon condition that, in general, only affects people dealing with other spleen-related conditions. (houstonacupuncture.com)
- Splenic vein thrombosis is characterized by a blood clot (thrombosis) that originates in the splenic vein - the vein branching off the liver's portal vein that connects the liver to the spleen. (houstonacupuncture.com)
- Although the most common splenic irradiation regimen was 10Gy in 1Gy fractions over 2 weeks, these authors concluded that lower doses (eg, 5Gy in 5 fractions) might be as effective as higher doses, as they found no correlation between the biologically equivalent dose of radiation therapy and response duration, pain relief, spleen reduction, or cytopenia improvement. (medscape.com)
- Univariate and multivariate analysis demonstrated portal vein thrombosis , spleen infarction percentage, and the diameter of the splenic vein were independent risk factors for progressive PVST. (bvsalud.org)
- Spleen infarction percentage and the diameter of the splenic vein were independent risk factors for new PVST after PSAE. (bvsalud.org)
- The present study demonstrated portal vein thrombosis , spleen infarction percentage, and the diameter of the splenic vein were independent risk factors for PVST after PSAE in cirrhotic patients with hypersplenism . (bvsalud.org)
- As damaged red blood cells passing through the red pulp of the spleen are removed by splenic macrophages, splenectomy is one possible therapeutic approach to the management of severely affected patients. (haematologica.org)
- Splenectomy has been suggested as a possible therapeutic approach to manage severely affected patients, based on the evidence that abnormal or damaged red blood cells passing through the spleen red pulp are removed by the splenic macrophage system. (haematologica.org)
- The arterial supply of the spleen comes from the tortuous splenic artery, which reaches the spleen as it travels through the splenorenal ligament. (shakuhachi.net)
- It is closely related to the hilum of the spleen and runs with the splenic vessels in the splenorenal ligament. (firebaseapp.com)
- 2020-06-07 · Gastrosplenic ligament - anterior to the splenic hilum, connects the spleen to the greater curvature of the stomach. (firebaseapp.com)
- Splenorenal ligament - posterior to the splenic hilum, connects the hilum of the spleen to the left kidney. (firebaseapp.com)
- During DSRS, the vein from your spleen is removed from the portal vein. (medlineplus.gov)
- The portal vein brings blood from the intestine, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver. (medlineplus.gov)
Pancreas7
- It travels above the pancreas, alongside the splenic artery. (wikipedia.org)
- Subsequent computed tomography (CT) imaging demonstrated an atrophic calcified pancreas with occlusion of the splenic vein, splenomegaly, and multiple perigastric collaterals. (mhmedical.com)
- Her CT scan showed a 6 cm sized cystic lesion in the tail of pancreas close to splenic hilum. (sages.org)
- The small branches draining the head of the pancreas into the right side of the portal vein were carefully ligated and divided, freeing the specimen. (vesalius.com)
- Two centimeters of distal pancreas was mobilized off the splenic vein. (vesalius.com)
- It is approximately three to four inches in length and is usually formed by the merging of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins behind the upper edge of the head of the pancreas. (healthline.com)
- Extrapulmonary TB is a diagnostic prob- trointestinal bleeding, pancreatic abscess, lem, especially when an unusual organ such chronic pancreatitis, diabetes and splenic as the pancreas is involved [ 6 ]. (who.int)
Pancreatic4
- A 65-year old asymptomatic male was referred to our Gastroenterology Department following incidental detection on abdominal ultrasound of a pancreatic head tumour, strongly hypoechoic, with 35mm in diameter, just above the confluence of the superior mesenteric and splenic veins. (spg.pt)
- An aneurysm of the splenic vein may mimic a pancreatic mass and result in unwanted surgery. (spg.pt)
- In patients with a dilated pancreatic duct, a Roux-en-Y side-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy is indicated. (medscape.com)
- Portal hypertension of the SPLENIC VEIN due to occlusion caused by pancreatic pathology such as PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST and PANCREATIC CANCER. (bvsalud.org)
Splenectomy6
- In addition, splenectomy enables pathologic diagnosis in lymphoproliferative disorders such as splenic marginal zone lymphoma or hairy cell leukemia. (medscape.com)
- [ 20 ] Of note, splenic marginal zone lymphoma secondary to hepatitis C can often resolve with treatment of the viral hepatitis, and cases not associated with hepatitis C can be treated with rituximab monotherapy thereby sparing the complications of splenectomy. (medscape.com)
- Treatment of splenic sequestration involves conservative management with blood transfusions/exchange transfusions to reduce the number of sickled red blood cells, or splenectomy. (medscape.com)
- Splenectomy, if full, will prevent further sequestration and if partial, may reduce the recurrence of acute splenic sequestration crises. (medscape.com)
- As splenic vessels were going through the lesion, proceeded for splenectomy en bloc. (sages.org)
- Background : Laparoscopic splenectomy is the first surgical choice for benign splenic disease. (sages.org)
Artery and vein1
- Subsequently, ligation of short gastric vessels was performed and the splenic artery and vein were divided individually, isolated at the hilum, and ligated using hemolocks and a Harmonic scalpel. (sages.org)
Inferior3
- In some individuals, the inferior mesenteric vein may enter this intersection instead. (healthline.com)
- the inferior mesenteric vein empties into the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein to form the portal vein. (lookformedical.com)
- A vein on either side of the body which is formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins and passes upward to join with its fellow of the opposite side to form the inferior vena cava. (lookformedical.com)
Splenomegaly2
- [ 26 ] Bruns et al reported that low-dose splenic irradiation produced hematologic response and long-term relief of splenic pain in four of five patients with symptomatic congestive splenomegaly. (medscape.com)
- Abdominal ultrasound showed splenomegaly, dilated portal vein and hepatomegaly with periportal thickening. (who.int)
Main Portal Vein1
- There is thrombosis of the right and left portal veins, main portal vein, splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein. (uab.edu)
Thrombosis is characterized1
- Chronic SMV thrombosis is characterized by mild enlargement of the vein with central low denstiy surrounded by higher density wall. (uab.edu)
Portal22
- The splenic vein ends in the portal vein, formed when the splenic vein joins the superior mesenteric vein. (wikipedia.org)
- The splenic vein can be affected by thrombosis, presenting some of the characteristics of portal vein thrombosis and portal hypertension but localized to part of the territory drained by the splenic vein. (wikipedia.org)
- About 65 percent of all splenic vein thrombosis cases are the result of pancreatitis, though some types of cancer and portal vein blood clots can also cause the condition. (houstonacupuncture.com)
- Risk factors for portal vein system thrombosis after partial splenic embolisation in cirrhotic patients with hypersplenism. (bvsalud.org)
- To determine risk factors for portal venous system thrombosis (PVST) after partial splenic artery embolisation (PSAE) in cirrhotic patients with hypersplenism . (bvsalud.org)
- The imaging data showed significant differences in PVST, the diameters of the portal, splenic, and superior mesenteric veins between the progressive PVST group and non-progressive PVST group. (bvsalud.org)
- Portal vein. (vesalius.com)
- The exposed superior mesenteric/portal vein is shown. (vesalius.com)
- Abdominal and pelvic MRI (axial view): lesion adjacent to the splenic-mesenteric-portal venous confluence. (spg.pt)
- EUS: Anechoic structure adjacent to the portal confluent and continuing with the splenic vein, with positive colour Doppler and monophasic waveform. (spg.pt)
- In most people, the portal vein splits into left and right veins before entering the liver. (healthline.com)
- The portal vein supplies approximately 75 percent of blood flow to the liver. (healthline.com)
- The portal vein is not a true vein, which means it does not drain into the heart. (healthline.com)
- Abnormally high blood pressure in the portal vein is known as portal hypertension . (healthline.com)
- For part of its course, it runs near the portal vein and the common bile duct. (healthline.com)
- The Safety and Effectiveness of Reno-Portal By Pass in Patients with complete Portal Vein Thrombosis: Our Analysis on 10 patients. (uic.edu)
- Higher rates are reported in patients with left-sided portal hypertension due to thrombosis of the splenic vein. (medscape.com)
- Review article: Modern management of portal vein thrombosis. (medscape.com)
- A distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS) is a type of surgery done to relieve extra pressure in the portal vein. (medlineplus.gov)
- The portal vein carries blood from your digestive organs to your liver. (medlineplus.gov)
- This helps reduce blood flow through the portal vein. (medlineplus.gov)
- When blood can't flow normally through the portal vein, it takes another path. (medlineplus.gov)
Symptomatic2
Vessels1
- With time, splenic vein thrombosis can result in upper GI bleeding (including vomiting blood), varices (expanded blood vessels), anemia, and restricted blood flow to the intestines. (houstonacupuncture.com)
Venous3
- Apart from IDA, other hematologic abnormalities seen in patients with CD are thrombocytosis, splenic hypofunction, leukopenia, IgA deficiency, enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma (EATL), and rarely venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). (hindawi.com)
- Venous system aneurysms are uncommon and splenic vein aneurysms are exceedingly rare. (spg.pt)
- Skin breakdown or ulceration caused by VARICOSE VEINS in which there is too much hydrostatic pressure in the superficial venous system of the leg. (lookformedical.com)
Aneurysm5
- Based on EUS appearance of the lesion and its relation to the splenic vein, the diagnosis of splenic vein aneurysm was easily made. (spg.pt)
- Lowenthal and Jacob described the first case of splenic vein aneurysm in 1953. (spg.pt)
- Splenic vein aneurysm: a rare clinical entity. (spg.pt)
- Heeren M, Op de Beeck B, Van den Brande P. Aneurysm of the splenic vein. (spg.pt)
- Splenic vein aneurysm. (spg.pt)
Cirrhotic patients1
- Between March 2014 and February 2022, 428 cirrhotic patients with hypersplenism underwent partial splenic artery embolisation and from these patients 208 were enrolled and 220 were excluded. (bvsalud.org)
Drains1
- The vein which drains the foot and leg. (lookformedical.com)
Iliac Vein4
- Iliac vein. (lookformedical.com)
- it is a continuation of the popliteal vein and becomes the external iliac vein. (lookformedical.com)
- A compression of ILIAC VEIN that results in a decreased flow in the vein and in the left LOWER EXTREMITY due to a vascular malformation. (lookformedical.com)
- Compression of the left common ILIAC VEIN by the right common ILIAC ARTERY against the underlying fifth LUMBAR VERTEBRA is the typical underlying malformation. (lookformedical.com)
Tortuous1
- Enlarged and tortuous VEINS. (lookformedical.com)
Tail1
- Methods: In this study, the biosafety of both Janus Fe3O4-TiO2 NPs (20-25 nm) and the maternal material TiO2 NPs (7-10 nm) were evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats after one intravenous injection into the tail vein. (cdc.gov)
Kidney1
- The vein is then attached to the vein to your left kidney. (medlineplus.gov)
Anterior1
- The right vein then branches off into anterior and superior veins. (healthline.com)
Thrombus1
- The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein. (lookformedical.com)
Adrenal1
- Left adrenal vein clipped and divided. (sages.org)
ARTERIES1
- Neoplasms located in the vasculature system, such as ARTERIES and VEINS. (lookformedical.com)
Chronic2
- The most common cause for splenic vein thrombosis is both chronic and acute pancreatitis. (wikipedia.org)
- In a review by Zaorsky et al that included 766 courses of splenic irradiation for 486 patients from 1960 to 2016, the most common cancers treated included chronic lymphocytic leukemia and myeloproliferative disorders. (medscape.com)
Abdominal1
- These include varices in the stomach wall due to hypertension in the short gastric veins and abdominal pain. (wikipedia.org)
Left1
- The veins that return the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. (lookformedical.com)
Marginal1
- Of those, 34 patients (50%) had an underlying malignancy, of which more than half were splenic marginal zone lymphoma. (medscape.com)
Blood3
- Upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins. (encyclopedia.com)
- A condition caused by one or more episodes of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS, usually the blood clots are lodged in the legs. (lookformedical.com)
- When blood flow is blocked, the pressure in this vein becomes too high. (medlineplus.gov)
Individually1
- Splenic artery and splenic vein ligated and clipped (hemolock) individually and divided. (sages.org)
Thick1
- A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein. (lookformedical.com)
Contrast2
- B: With a contrast-enhanced scan, the mass projected into the splenic vein (arrow). (wjgnet.com)
- Radiographic visualization or recording of a vein after the injection of contrast medium. (lookformedical.com)
Patients1
- Together, these herbs are a good match for splenic vein thrombosis, though it's recommended that patients consult with a licensed Houston practitioner to verify that they are indicated for a particular patient, and for proper usage and dosing. (houstonacupuncture.com)