Spinal nerves. Medical search

The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.

Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.

A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.

Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.

Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).

Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.

Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.

A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.

Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part.

The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.

An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.

Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.

Region of the back including the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, SACRUM, and nearby structures.

Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.

The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see SPINAL NERVE ROOTS) which may result from compression related to INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; SPINAL CORD INJURIES; SPINAL DISEASES; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root.

Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.

Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.

Mechanical compression of nerves or nerve roots from internal or external causes. These may result in a conduction block to nerve impulses (due to MYELIN SHEATH dysfunction) or axonal loss. The nerve and nerve sheath injuries may be caused by ISCHEMIA; INFLAMMATION; or a direct mechanical effect.

Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.

Disease or trauma involving a single peripheral nerve in isolation, or out of proportion to evidence of diffuse peripheral nerve dysfunction. Mononeuropathy multiplex refers to a condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. Mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ISCHEMIA; traumatic injury; compression; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; and other conditions.

Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.

Neurons in the SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. They send their axons either directly to ANTERIOR HORN CELLS or to the WHITE MATTER ascending and descending longitudinal fibers.

A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.

Transection or severing of an axon. This type of denervation is used often in experimental studies on neuronal physiology and neuronal death or survival, toward an understanding of nervous system disease.

Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)

Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.

Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.

Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.

Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.

Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.

Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord.

Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.

Surgical interruption of a spinal or cranial nerve root. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.

Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.

Drugs that act principally at one or more sites within the peripheral neuroeffector systems, the autonomic system, and motor nerve-skeletal system. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p75)

The cavity within the SPINAL COLUMN through which the SPINAL CORD passes.

The ventral rami of the thoracic nerves from segments T1 through T11. The intercostal nerves supply motor and sensory innervation to the thorax and abdomen. The skin and muscles supplied by a given pair are called, respectively, a dermatome and a myotome.

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.

Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.

A branch of the tibial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to parts of the lower leg and foot.

The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The lumbar and sacral plexuses taken together. The fibers of the lumbosacral plexus originate in the lumbar and upper sacral spinal cord (L1 to S3) and innervate the lower extremities.

A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand.

Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the SPINAL CORD due to extramedullary neoplasm; EPIDURAL ABSCESS; SPINAL FRACTURES; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence.

Treatment of muscles and nerves under pressure as a result of crush injuries.

The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and SALIVARY GLANDS, and convey afferent information for TASTE from the anterior two-thirds of the TONGUE and for TOUCH from the EXTERNAL EAR.

The observable response an animal makes to any situation.

A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the ulnar nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C7 to T1), travel via the medial cord of the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the hand and forearm.

Narrowing of the spinal canal.

A nerve originating in the lumbar spinal cord (usually L2 to L4) and traveling through the lumbar plexus to provide motor innervation to extensors of the thigh and sensory innervation to parts of the thigh, lower leg, and foot, and to the hip and knee joints.

Disease or damage involving the SCIATIC NERVE, which divides into the PERONEAL NERVE and TIBIAL NERVE (see also PERONEAL NEUROPATHIES and TIBIAL NEUROPATHY). Clinical manifestations may include SCIATICA or pain localized to the hip, PARESIS or PARALYSIS of posterior thigh muscles and muscles innervated by the peroneal and tibial nerves, and sensory loss involving the lateral and posterior thigh, posterior and lateral leg, and sole of the foot. The sciatic nerve may be affected by trauma; ISCHEMIA; COLLAGEN DISEASES; and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1363)

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

Operative immobilization or ankylosis of two or more vertebrae by fusion of the vertebral bodies with a short bone graft or often with diskectomy or laminectomy. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p236; Dorland, 28th ed)

The spinal or vertebral column.

The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.

A class of nerve fibers as defined by their nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the unmyelinated nerve fibers are small in diameter and usually several are surrounded by a single MYELIN SHEATH. They conduct low-velocity impulses, and represent the majority of peripheral sensory and autonomic fibers, but are also found in the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.

Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.

A group of twelve VERTEBRAE connected to the ribs that support the upper trunk region.

A group of compounds derived from ammonia by substituting organic radicals for the hydrogens. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The administration of medication by insertion of a tiny needle or catheter into the spinal sac or epidural cavity.

Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.

The first seven VERTEBRAE of the SPINAL COLUMN, which correspond to the VERTEBRAE of the NECK.

The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.

The 5th and largest cranial nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve. The larger sensory part forms the ophthalmic, mandibular, and maxillary nerves which carry afferents sensitive to external or internal stimuli from the skin, muscles, and joints of the face and mouth and from the teeth. Most of these fibers originate from cells of the TRIGEMINAL GANGLION and project to the TRIGEMINAL NUCLEUS of the brain stem. The smaller motor part arises from the brain stem trigeminal motor nucleus and innervates the muscles of mastication.

NERVE GROWTH FACTOR is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity.

The lower part of the SPINAL CORD consisting of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots.

X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space.

Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.

Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR; TIBIA; and FIBULA; tarsals; METATARSALS; and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)

Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers.

Injuries involving the vertebral column.

A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)

A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans the fibers of the radial nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C5 to T1), travel via the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, and supply motor innervation to extensor muscles of the arm and cutaneous sensory fibers to extensor regions of the arm and hand.

The resection or removal of the nerve to an organ or part. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.

Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.

Differentiated tissue of the central nervous system composed of NERVE CELLS, fibers, DENDRITES, and specialized supporting cells.

The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors.

The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon.

One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.

Reduced blood flow to the spinal cord which is supplied by the anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal arteries. This condition may be associated with ARTERIOSCLEROSIS, trauma, emboli, diseases of the aorta, and other disorders. Prolonged ischemia may lead to INFARCTION of spinal cord tissue.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A sensory branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The ophthalmic nerve carries general afferents from the superficial division of the face including the eyeball, conjunctiva, upper eyelid, upper nose, nasal mucosa, and scalp.

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura.

The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.

Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A network of nerve fibers originating in the upper four CERVICAL SPINAL CORD segments. The cervical plexus distributes cutaneous nerves to parts of the neck, shoulders, and back of the head. It also distributes motor fibers to muscles of the cervical SPINAL COLUMN, infrahyoid muscles, and the DIAPHRAGM.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.

The separation and isolation of tissues for surgical purposes, or for the analysis or study of their structures.

A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)

The major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen. The greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses. The lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia.

Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.

A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.

The twelve spinal nerves on each side of the thorax. They include eleven INTERCOSTAL NERVES and one subcostal nerve. Both sensory and motor, they supply the muscles and skin of the thoracic and abdominal walls.

The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.

The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS) of the BRAIN STEM. They mediate the sense of hearing.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

Purine bases found in body tissues and fluids and in some plants.

Osteitis or caries of the vertebrae, usually occurring as a complication of tuberculosis of the lungs.

An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.

Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile.

A surgical procedure that entails removing all (laminectomy) or part (laminotomy) of selected vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the SPINAL CORD and/or SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Vertebral lamina is the thin flattened posterior wall of vertebral arch that forms the vertebral foramen through which pass the spinal cord and nerve roots.

Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.

The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and CHEMORECEPTOR CELLS of the carotid sinus.

A dead body, usually a human body.

An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A form of acupuncture with electrical impulses passing through the needles to stimulate NERVE TISSUE. It can be used for ANALGESIA; ANESTHESIA; REHABILITATION; and treatment for diseases.

Any of the 23 plates of fibrocartilage found between the bodies of adjacent VERTEBRAE.

The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.

Injuries to the optic nerve induced by a trauma to the face or head. These may occur with closed or penetrating injuries. Relatively minor compression of the superior aspect of orbit may also result in trauma to the optic nerve. Clinical manifestations may include visual loss, PAPILLEDEMA, and an afferent pupillary defect.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)

Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.

Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS).

Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.

The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.

A rare epidural hematoma in the spinal epidural space, usually due to a vascular malformation (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS) or TRAUMA. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a neurologic emergency due to a rapidly evolving compressive MYELOPATHY.

The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.

The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.

Methods of PAIN relief that may be used with or in place of ANALGESICS.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

The 11th cranial nerve which originates from NEURONS in the MEDULLA and in the CERVICAL SPINAL CORD. It has a cranial root, which joins the VAGUS NERVE (10th cranial) and sends motor fibers to the muscles of the LARYNX, and a spinal root, which sends motor fibers to the TRAPEZIUS and the sternocleidomastoid muscles.

An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.

A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.

The 6th cranial nerve which originates in the ABDUCENS NUCLEUS of the PONS and sends motor fibers to the lateral rectus muscles of the EYE. Damage to the nerve or its nucleus disrupts horizontal eye movement control.

The 3d cranial nerve. The oculomotor nerve sends motor fibers to the levator muscles of the eyelid and to the superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles of the eye. It also sends parasympathetic efferents (via the ciliary ganglion) to the muscles controlling pupillary constriction and accommodation. The motor fibers originate in the oculomotor nuclei of the midbrain.

Benign and malignant neoplasms that arise from one or more of the twelve cranial nerves.

Traumatic injuries to the facial nerve. This may result in FACIAL PARALYSIS, decreased lacrimation and salivation, and loss of taste sensation in the anterior tongue. The nerve may regenerate and reform its original pattern of innervation, or regenerate aberrantly, resulting in inappropriate lacrimation in response to gustatory stimuli (e.g., "crocodile tears") and other syndromes.

A group of recessively inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. They are classified as type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease), type II (intermediate form), and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Type I is fatal in infancy, type II has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. Type III has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (J Med Genet 1996 Apr:33(4):281-3)

The 1st cranial nerve. The olfactory nerve conveys the sense of smell. It is formed by the axons of OLFACTORY RECEPTOR NEURONS which project from the olfactory epithelium (in the nasal epithelium) to the OLFACTORY BULB.

Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation.

Branches of the vagus (tenth cranial) nerve. The recurrent laryngeal nerves originate more caudally than the superior laryngeal nerves and follow different paths on the right and left sides. They carry efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid and carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.

Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

The 12th cranial nerve. The hypoglossal nerve originates in the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla and supplies motor innervation to all of the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus (which is supplied by the vagus). This nerve also contains proprioceptive afferents from the tongue muscles.

A sensory branch of the MANDIBULAR NERVE, which is part of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The lingual nerve carries general afferent fibers from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, the floor of the mouth, and the mandibular gingivae.

Broken bones in the vertebral column.

The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.

Repair of the damaged neuron function after SPINAL CORD INJURY or SPINAL CORD DISEASES.

Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.

Nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. It is divided cytoarchitectonically into three parts: oralis, caudalis (TRIGEMINAL CAUDAL NUCLEUS), and interpolaris.

Uninjured C-fiber nociceptors develop spontaneous activity and alpha-adrenergic sensitivity following L6 spinal nerve ligation in monkey. (1/562)

We investigated whether uninjured cutaneous C-fiber nociceptors in primates develop abnormal responses after partial denervation of the skin. Partial denervation was induced by tightly ligating spinal nerve L6 that innervates the dorsum of the foot. Using an in vitro skin-nerve preparation, we recorded from uninjured single afferent nerve fibers in the superficial peroneal nerve. Recordings were made from 32 C-fiber nociceptors 2-3 wk after ligation and from 29 C-fiber nociceptors in control animals. Phenylephrine, a selective alpha1-adrenergic agonist, and UK14304 (UK), a selective alpha2-adrenergic agonist, were applied to the receptive field for 5 min in increasing concentrations from 0.1 to 100 microM. Nociceptors from in vitro control experiments were not significantly different from nociceptors recorded by us previously in in vivo experiments. In comparison to in vitro control animals, the afferents found in lesioned animals had 1) a significantly higher incidence of spontaneous activity, 2) a significantly higher incidence of response to phenylephrine, and 3) a higher incidence of response to UK. In lesioned animals, the peak response to phenylephrine was significantly greater than to UK, and the mechanical threshold of phenylephrine-sensitive afferents was significantly lower than for phenylephrine-insensitive afferents. Staining with protein gene product 9.5 revealed an approximately 55% reduction in the number of unmyelinated terminals in the epidermis of the lesioned limb compared with the contralateral limb. Thus uninjured cutaneous C-fiber nociceptors that innervate skin partially denervated by ligation of a spinal nerve acquire two abnormal properties: spontaneous activity and alpha-adrenergic sensitivity. These abnormalities in nociceptor function may contribute to neuropathic pain. (+info)

The response of the brachial ventral horn or Xenopus laevis to forelimb amputation during development. (2/562)

The normal development of the brachial ventral horn of the frog Xenopus laevis and the response of the brachial ventral horn to complete forelimb extirpation at five developmental stages were assessed histologically. Differentiation of brachial ventral horn neurons occurred in pre-metamorphic tadpoles between stages 52/53 and 57. Mean cell number in the brachial ventral horn reached a peak of 2576 (S.E.M. equals +/- 269, N equals 2) per side of the spinal cord at stage 55 and decreased to 1070 (S.E.M. equals +/- 35, n equals 7) by the end of metamorphosis. Cell degeneration was presumed to be the mode of cell loss since it was most prevalent during the period of rapid decrease in cell numbers. The response of the ventral horn to forelimb removal varied with the stage of the animal at amputation. Following amputation at stage 52/53 or 54 the ipsilateral ventral horn neurons appeared less differentiated than those on the control side and a rapid cell loss of about 80% occurred on the operated side. These effects occurred more rapidly after ablation at stage 54 than at stage 52/53. Amputation at stage 58, 61, or 66 caused chromatolysis in the ventral horn, a period of relative cell excess on the operated side, and a delayed neuronal loss of 32-66%. It was concluded that excess cell degeneration accounted for cell loss and that suppression of normal neuronal degeneration caused the relative cell excess on the operated side. The data indicate that the brachial ventral horn was indifferent to the periphery before stage 54, was quickly affected by limb removal between stages 54 and 58, and by stage 58 had entered a phase in which a delay preceded cell death. No forelimb regeneration occurred. (+info)

Receptor subtype mediating the adrenergic sensitivity of pain behavior and ectopic discharges in neuropathic Lewis rats. (3/562)

Receptor subtype mediating the adrenergic sensitivity of pain behavior and ectopic discharges in neuropathic Lewis rats. We attempted to identify the subtype of alpha-adrenergic receptor (alpha-AR) that is responsible for the sympathetic (adrenergic) dependency of neuropathic pain in the segmental spinal injury (SSI) model in the Lewis strain of rat. This model was chosen because our previous study showed that pain behaviors in this condition are particularly sensitive to systemic injection of phentolamine (PTL), a general alpha-AR blocker. We examined the effects of specific alpha1- and alpha2-AR blockers on 1) behavioral signs of mechanical allodynia, 2) ectopic discharges recorded in the in vivo condition, and 3) ectopic discharges recorded in an in vitro setup. One week after tight ligation of the L5 and L6 spinal nerves, mechanical thresholds of the paw for foot withdrawals were drastically lowered; we interpreted this change as a sign of mechanical allodynia. Signs of mechanical allodynia were significantly relieved by a systemic injection of PTL (a mixed alpha1- and alpha2-AR antagonist) or terazosin (TRZ, an alpha1-AR antagonist) but not by various alpha2-AR antagonists (idazoxan, rauwolscine, or yohimbine), suggesting that the alpha1-AR is in part the mediator of the signs of mechanical allodynia. Ongoing ectopic discharges were recorded from injured afferents in fascicles of the L5 dorsal root of the neuropathic rat with an in vivo recording setup. Ongoing discharge rate was significantly reduced after intraperitoneal injection of PTL or TRZ but not by idazoxan. In addition, by using an in vitro recording setup, spontaneous activity was recorded from teased dorsal root fibers in a segment in which the spinal nerve was previously ligated. Application of epinephrine to the perfusion bath enhanced ongoing discharges. This evoked activity was blocked by pretreatment with TRZ but not with idazoxan. This study demonstrated that both behavioral signs of mechanical allodynia and ectopic discharges of injured afferents in the Lewis neuropathic rat are in part mediated by mechanisms involving alpha1-ARs. These results suggest that the sympathetic dependency of neuropathic pain in the Lewis strain of the rat is mediated by the alpha1 subtype of AR. (+info)

Characterization of antiallodynic actions of ALE-0540, a novel nerve growth factor receptor antagonist, in the rat. (4/562)

There is growing evidence that nerve growth factor (NGF) may function as a mediator of persistent pain states. We have identified a novel nonpeptidic molecule, ALE-0540, that inhibits the binding of NGF to tyrosine kinase (Trk) A or both p75 and TrkA (IC50 5.88 +/- 1. 87 microM, 3.72 +/- 1.3 microM, respectively), as well as signal transduction and biological responses mediated by TrkA receptors. ALE-0540 was tested in models of neuropathic pain and thermally-induced inflammatory pain, using two routes of administration, a systemic i.p. and a spinal intrathecal (i.th.) route. Morphine was also tested for comparison in the antiallodynia model using mechanical stimuli. We show that either i.p. or i.th. administration of ALE-0540 in rats produced antiallodynia in the L5/L6 ligation model of neuropathic pain. The calculated A50 values (and 95% confidence intervals) for ALE-0540 administered i.p. and i. th. were 38 (17.5-83) mg/kg and 34.6 (17.3-69.4) microgram, respectively. ALE-0540 given i.th., at doses of 30 and 60 microgram, also blocked tactile allodynia in the thermal sensitization model. Although morphine displayed greater potency [A50 value of 7.1 (5.6-8. 8) mg/kg] than ALE-0540 in anti-allodynic effect when given i.p. to L5/L6-ligated rats, it was not active when administered i.th. These data suggest that a blockade of NGF bioactivity using a NGF receptor antagonist is capable of blocking neuropathic and inflammatory pain and further support the hypothesis that NGF is involved in signaling pathways associated with these pain states. ALE-0540 represents a nonpeptidic small molecule which can be used to examine mechanisms leading to the development of agents for the treatment of pain. (+info)

The structural effect of systemic NGF treatment on permanently axotomised dorsal root ganglion cells in adult rats. (5/562)

The effect of systemic NGF treatment on loss and shrinkage of dorsal root ganglion cells was studied in adult male rats after permanent axotomy. Nineteen 16 to 18-wk-old rats had their right 5th lumbar spinal nerve ligated and cut approximately 7 mm peripheral to the ganglion. Two days before the operation, treatment with subcutaneous injections of human recombinant NGF (1.0-0.5 mg/kg/day) was started in 9 test rats; 10 controls were given saline injections. After 1 mo the levels of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) were significantly increased in intact sciatic nerve. The number and mean volume of perikarya were estimated using assumption-free stereological techniques including vertical sections, the Cavalieri principle, optical disectors, the planar rotator and systematic sampling techniques. Systemic NGF administration had no influence on survival of primary sensory neurons after axotomy. The number of perikarya was 14300 (S.D. = 1800) in axotomised ganglia in control rats versus 14700 (S.D. = 2100) in axotomised ganglia of NGF treated rats. The reduction of perikarya volume after axotomy was significantly less after NGF treatment (11600 microm3 in the control group versus 8000 microm3 in the NGF treated group). However, the apparent protection of NGF-treatment on perikaryal volume is explained by a hitherto unrecognised size effect on nonaxotomised dorsal root ganglion cells. The untreated rats had a mean volume of 24700 microm3 (S.D. = 2700 microm3) whereas rats treated with NGF had a volume of 20400 microm3 (S.D. = 1700 microm3) on the nonaxotomised side. In conclusion, systemic NGF treatment in adult rats has no effect on dorsal root ganglion cell loss in permanent axotomy whereas perikaryal size of intact nonaxotomised cells is reduced. (+info)

External oblique abdominal muscle: a new look on its blood supply and innervation. (6/562)

Numerous reports have discussed the use of the external oblique abdominal muscle as a pedicled or a free flap for defect coverage. A detailed description of the supplying vessels and nerves is a prerequisite for successful tissue transfer but so far is not available in the literature. A study of the arteries and nerves supplying the external oblique abdominal muscle was carried out in 42 cadavers after injection of a mixture of latex and bariumsulfate. In seven fresh cadavers the motor branches were identified with the Karnovsky technique. Three different groups of arteries were identified as the nurturing vessels. The cranial part of the muscle is supplied by two branches of the intercostal arteries. While the lateral branches run on the outer surface of the muscle together with the nerves, the anterior branches enter the muscle from its inner surface. The caudal part of the muscle derives its main blood supply from one or two branches of the deep circumflex iliac artery (94.7%) or the iliolumbar artery (5.3%). The external oblique abdominal muscle is innervated by motor branches of the lateral cutaneous branches of the anterior spinal nerves in a segmental pattern. With the exception of the subcostal nerve the motor branches enter the outer surface of the muscle digitation arising from the rib above. The results show that the cranial half of the external oblique abdominal muscle has a strictly segmental blood and nerve supply while the caudal half of the muscle derives its main blood supply from one artery but still shows a segmental innervation. (+info)

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase mRNA upregulation in rat sensory neurons after spinal nerve ligation: lack of a role in allodynia development. (7/562)

Pharmacological evidence suggests a functional role for spinal nitric oxide (NO) in the modulation of thermal and/or inflammatory hyperalgesia. To assess the role of NO in nerve injury-induced tactile allodynia, we examined neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) expression in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of rats with tactile allodynia because of either tight ligation of the left fifth and sixth lumbar spinal nerves or streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy. RNase protection assays indicated that nNOS mRNA (1) was upregulated in DRG, but not spinal cord, neurons on the injury side beginning 1 d after nerve ligation, (2) peaked (approximately 10-fold increase) at 2 d, and (3) remained elevated for at least 13 weeks. A corresponding increase in DRG nNOS protein was also observed and localized principally to small and occasionally medium-size sensory neurons. In rats with diabetic neuropathy, there was no significant change in DRG nNOS mRNA. However, similar increases in DRG nNOS mRNA were observed in rats that did not develop allodynia after nerve ligation and in rats fully recovered from allodynia 3 months after the nerve ligation. Systemic treatment with a specific pharmacological inhibitor of nNOS failed to prevent or reverse allodynia in nerve-injured rats. Thus, regulation of nNOS may contribute to the development of neuronal plasticity after specific types of peripheral nerve injury. However, upregulation of nNOS is not responsible for the development and/or maintenance of allodynia after nerve injury. (+info)

Sex differences in cholinergic analgesia II: differing mechanisms in two models of allodynia. (8/562)

BACKGROUND: Cholinergic agents reduce allodynia after nerve injury in animals and may be useful in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Intrathecally administered neostigmine and neuronal nicotinic agonists are more potent in female than in male rats against acute thermal noxious stimuli. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is also a sex difference in the antiallodynic effects of intrathecal cholinomimetic agents in two models of allodynia and to test their pharmacologic mechanisms. METHODS: Male and female rats with indwelling intrathecal catheters received injections of neostigmine, bethanechol (muscarinic agonist), RJR-2403 (neuronal nicotinic agonist) alone or with atropine (muscarinic antagonist), mecamylamine (nicotinic antagonist), phentolamine (alpha-adrenergic antagonist), or saline control. The effect of these agents was determined on mechanical allodynia produced by either intraplantar injection of capsaicin or ligation of spinal nerves. RESULTS: Neostigmine and RJR-2403 but not bethanechol were more potent in female than in male rats in reducing allodynia after nerve injury, and antagonist studies were also consistent with a nicotinic component to explain this sex difference. Phentolamine did not reverse neostigmine's effect. In contrast, for capsaicin-induced allodynia, neostigmine plus mecamylamine but not neostigmine or RJR-2403 was more potent in female than in male rats. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate a sex difference of intrathecal neostigmine after nerve injury-induced allodynia similar to that observed in normal animals that received acute noxious thermal stimulation. However, this sex difference is not universal to all pain models because it was not present after intradermal capsaicin injection, nor is its interaction with spinal noradrenergic mechanisms consistent in all models. (+info)

Spinal nerves. Spinal cord and vertebral canal. Deep dissection. Cranial nerves "Spinal Nerves". National Library of Medicine. ... The spinal nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system. Each spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, formed from the combination of ... showing the exits of the spinal nerves. The spinal cord showing how the anterior and posterior roots join in the spinal nerves ... A spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_nerve

... may refer to: Posterior root of spinal nerve Anterior root of spinal nerve This article includes a list of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_nerve_root

The cervical spinal nerve 2 (C2) is a spinal nerve of the cervical segment. It is a part of the ansa cervicalis along with the ... the lesser occipital nerve, greater auricular nerve, and the transverse cervical nerve all emerge from C2, with the ladder two ... Cervical Nerves", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30844163, retrieved 2021-09-22 v t e (Spinal ... It originates from the spinal column from above the cervical vertebra 2 (C2). it innervates the rectus capitis anterior and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_2

The thoracic spinal nerve 12 (T12) is a spinal nerve of the thoracic segment. It originates from the spinal column from below ... v t e (Spinal nerves, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy stubs). ... "AMA (Atlas) Nervous System -- groups of nerves". Atlas. ... the thoracic vertebra 12 (T12). It may also be known as the subcostal nerve. " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_12

The sacral spinal nerve 4 (S4) is a spinal nerve of the sacral segment. It originates from the spinal column from below the 4th ... Groups of Nerves v t e (Spinal nerves, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy stubs). ... They are not innervated with S4 as single origin, but partly by S4 and partly by other spinal nerves. The muscles are: ... iliococcygeus puborectalis coccygeus Sphincter ani externus muscle sphincter urethrae membranaceae Sacral spinal nerve 4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacral_spinal_nerve_4

The thoracic spinal nerve 3 (T3) is a spinal nerve of the thoracic segment. It originates from the spinal column from below the ... thoracic vertebra 3 (T3). American Medical Association Nervous System -- Groups of Nerves v t e (Spinal nerves, All stub ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_3

The sacral spinal nerve 2 (S2) is a spinal nerve of the sacral segment. It originates from the spinal column from below the 2nd ... flexor hallucis longus abductor digiti minimi quadratus plantae Sacral spinal nerve 2 Sacral spinal nerve 2 Sacral spinal nerve ... They are not innervated with S2 as single origin, but partly by S2 and partly by other spinal nerves. They are most commonly ... 2 American Medical Association Nervous System -- Groups of Nerves v t e (Spinal nerves, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy stubs) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacral_spinal_nerve_2

The cervical spinal nerve 3 (C3) is a spinal nerve of the cervical segment. It originates from the spinal column from above the ... Spinal nerves, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy stubs). ... Groups of Nerves v t e (Articles with short description, Short ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_3

The thoracic spinal nerve 9 (T9) is a spinal nerve of the thoracic segment. It originates from the spinal column from below the ... thoracic vertebra 9 (T9). American Medical Association Nervous System -- Groups of Nerves v t e (Spinal nerves, All stub ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_9

... may refer to: Dorsal root of spinal nerve Ventral root of spinal nerve This disambiguation page lists ... articles associated with the title Root of spinal nerve. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_of_spinal_nerve

The thoracic spinal nerve 2 (T2) is a spinal nerve of the thoracic segment. It originates from the spinal column from below the ... Spinal nerves, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy stubs). ... Groups of Nerves v t e (Articles with short description, Short ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_2

The thoracic spinal nerve 6 (T6) is a spinal nerve of the thoracic segment. It originates from the spinal column from below the ... Spinal nerves, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy stubs). ... Groups of Nerves v t e (Articles with short description, Short ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_6

The thoracic spinal nerve 8 (T8) is a spinal nerve of the thoracic segment. It originates from the spinal column from below the ... thoracic vertebra 8 (T8). American Medical Association Nervous System -- Groups of Nerves v t e (Spinal nerves, All stub ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_8

... , also called C4, is a spinal nerve of the cervical segment. It originates from the spinal cord above ... Cervical spinal nerve 4 Projectional radiograph of a man presenting with pain by the nape and left shoulder, showing a stenosis ... It contributes nerve fibers to the phrenic nerve, the motor nerve to the thoracoabdominal diaphragm. It also provides motor ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Spinal nerves, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_4

The cervical spinal nerve 1 (C1) is a spinal nerve of the cervical segment. C1 carries predominantly motor fibres, but also a ... v t e (Spinal nerves, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy stubs). ... Muscles innervated by this nerve are: Geniohyoid muscle- ... It originates from the spinal column from above the cervical vertebra 1 (C1). The dorsal root and ganglion of the first ... through Hypoglossal nerve Rectus capitis anterior muscle Longus capitis muscle (partly) Rectus capitis lateralis muscle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_1

The sacral spinal nerve 3 (S3) is a spinal nerve of the sacral segment. It originates from the spinal column from below the 3rd ... Groups of Nerves v t e (Spinal nerves, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy stubs). ... They are not innervated with S3 as single origin, but partly by S3 and partly by other spinal nerves. The muscles are: ... iliococcygeus puborectalis coccygeus sphincter urethrae membranaceae superior gemellus Sacral spinal nerve 3 American Medical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacral_spinal_nerve_3

The cervical spinal nerve 5 (C5) is a spinal nerve of the cervical segment. It originates from the spinal column from above the ... Cervical spinal nerve 5 American Medical Association Nervous System -- Groups of Nerves v t e (Spinal nerves, All stub articles ... long thoracic nerve, and dorsal scapular nerve before joining cervical spinal nerve 6 to form the upper trunk, a trunk of the ... brachial plexus, which then forms the lateral cord, and finally the musculocutaneous nerve. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_5

The sacral spinal nerve 1 (S1) is a spinal nerve of the sacral segment. It originates from the spinal column from below the 1st ... flexor hallucis longus abductor digiti minimi quadratus plantae Sacral spinal nerve 1 Sacral spinal nerve 1 Sacral spinal nerve ... They are not innervated with S1 as single origin, but partly by S1 and partly by other spinal nerves. The muscles are: gluteus ... 1 American Medical Association Nervous System -- Groups of Nerves v t e (Spinal nerves, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy stubs) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacral_spinal_nerve_1

The cervical spinal nerve 7 (C7) is a spinal nerve of the cervical segment. It originates from the spinal column from above the ... Cervical spinal nerve 7 American Medical Association Nervous System -- Groups of Nerves v t e (Spinal nerves, All stub articles ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_7

The thoracic spinal nerve 11 (T11) is a spinal nerve of the thoracic segment. It originates from the spinal column from below ... the thoracic vertebra 11 (T11). American Medical Association Nervous System -- Groups of Nerves v t e (Spinal nerves, All stub ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_11

The thoracic spinal nerve 5 (T5) is a spinal nerve of the thoracic segment. It originates from the spinal column from below the ... thoracic vertebra 5 (T5). American Medical Association Nervous System -- Groups of Nerves v t e (Spinal nerves, All stub ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_5

The thoracic spinal nerve 7 (T7) is a spinal nerve of the thoracic segment. It originates from the spinal column from below the ... thoracic vertebra 7 (T7). American Medical Association Nervous System -- Groups of Nerves v t e (Spinal nerves, All stub ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_7

The cervical spinal nerve 6 (C6) is a spinal nerve of the cervical segment. It originates from the spinal column from above the ... Cervical spinal nerve 6 American Medical Association Nervous System -- Groups of Nerves E-Hand, Electronic Textbook of Hand ... Surgery v t e (Spinal nerves, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy stubs). ... or degeneration of nerve tissue, can cause denervation of one or more of the associated muscles. Muscle atrophy and other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_6

The cervical spinal nerve 8 (C8) is a spinal nerve of the cervical segment. It originates from the spinal column from below the ... Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1) Flexor digiti minimi brevis - Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8, T1) Cervical spinal nerve 8 ... The particular muscles receive innervation from C8 (shown by specific nerve and spinal nerve segments; muscles in italics only ... Thoracodorsal nerve (C6, C7, C8) Triceps brachii - Radial nerve (C6, C7, C8) Flexor carpi ulnaris - Ulnar nerve (C7, C8, T1) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_8

The thoracic spinal nerve 10 (T10) is a spinal nerve of the thoracic segment. It originates from the spinal column from below ... the thoracic vertebra 10 (T10). American Medical Association Nervous System -- Groups of Nerves v t e (Spinal nerves, All stub ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_10

... may refer to: Anterior ramus of spinal nerve Posterior ramus of spinal nerve This disambiguation page ... lists articles associated with the title Ramus of spinal nerve. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramus_of_spinal_nerve

The thoracic spinal nerve 4 (T4) is a spinal nerve of the thoracic segment. It originates from the spinal column from below the ... thoracic vertebra 4 (T4). American Medical Association Nervous System -- Groups of Nerves v t e (Spinal nerves, All stub ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_4

The thoracic spinal nerve 1 (T1) is a spinal nerve of the thoracic segment. It originates from the spinal column from below the ... Groups of Nerves Archived December 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine v t e (Webarchive template wayback links, Spinal nerves, ... Thoracic spinal nerve 1 American Medical Association Nervous System -- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_1

The sacral spinal nerve 5 (S5) is a spinal nerve of the sacral segment. It originates from the spinal column from below the 5th ... American Medical Association Nervous System -- Groups of Nerves v t e (Spinal nerves, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacral_spinal_nerve_5

The lumbar plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves L1-L4. The sacral plexus contains ventral rami from spinal nerves L4 ... Spinal nerves are referred to as "mixed nerves". In the thoracic region they remain distinct from each other and each ... Each spinal nerve carries both sensory and motor information, via efferent and afferent nerve fibers - ultimately via the motor ... Shortly after a spinal nerve exits the intervertebral foramen, it branches into the dorsal ramus, the ventral ramus, and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_ramus_of_spinal_nerve

... sensory Spinal trigeminal nucleus (V) - sensory (crude touch, temperature and pain) Inferior olivary nucleus afferent fibres to ... All the nuclei except that of the trochlear nerve (CN IV) supply nerves of the same side of the body. In general, motor nuclei ... A cranial nerve nucleus is a collection of neurons (gray matter) in the brain stem that is associated with one or more of the ... This area is a bit below the autonomic motor nuclei, and includes the nucleus ambiguus, facial nerve nucleus, as well as the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus

If lesions affecting the branches of the ulnar nerve that run to the wasted muscles are excluded, the lesion is almost sure to ... A slow onset and a lack of pain or sensorial symptoms are arguments against a lesion of the spinal root or plexus brachialis. ... Schelhaas HJ, van de Warrenburg BP, Kremer HP, Zwarts MJ (December 2003). "The "split hand" phenomenon: evidence of a spinal ... Wilbourn AJ (January 2000). "The "split hand syndrome"". Muscle Nerve. 23 (1): 138. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(200001)23:1. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_hand_syndrome

... , T01, T.1 or T-1 may refer to: The first of the thoracic vertebrae in the vertebral column Thoracic spinal nerve 1, a nerve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T1

... pain along a nerve), spinal irritation, uterine irritability, impotence, hopelessness, claustrophobia, and dread of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_America_Dickson

Thus, tumor growth can impinge nerve function and result in vision loss and diplopia. As the tumor metastasizes to the oral ... patients with high grade tumors are more likely to experience leptomeningeal metastases or involvement of the cerebral spinal ... Esthesioneuroblastoma occurs in the upper nasal cavity, near the optic nerves and optic chiasm. ... Craniofacial resection can help preserve the optic nerves and brain while removing the cribriform plate, olfactory bulb, dura ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esthesioneuroblastoma

... damaging his spinal cord in the process, which left him paralyzed from the waist down as a result. In 2007, Bailey and Frank ... S&S magazine American Chronicle American School of Paris World Wide Aspect Santa Cruz Waves Coeur d'Alene Press It Takes Nerve ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Bailey

It transmits the medulla, the ascending portions of the spinal accessory nerve (XI), and the vertebral arteries. Lies in the ... nerves. Lies at the anterolateral margins of the f. magnum and transmits the hypoglossal (XII) nerve. Also visible in the ... It transmits the facial (VII) and vestibulocochlear (VIII) cranial nerves into a canal in the petrous temporal bone. Lies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cranial_fossa

Injection of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells has been clinically applied to treat various diseases including spinal cord injury ... malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, meningeal hemangiopericytomas, meningiomas, neurofibromas, schwannomas, and papillary ... "Autologous Multiple Injections of in Vitro Expanded Autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cells For Cervical Level Spinal Cord Injury - A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD34

Additionally, it is of high levels in the trigeminal nerve and spinal cord. Further, there is also high concentrations of the ... It is highly expressed in the spinal cord, as is FAM178B. There is currently no known structure for the protein. ZNF598 is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM178B

Coloboma of iris Coloboma of lens ala nasi Coloboma of macula type B brachydactyly Coloboma of macula Coloboma of optic nerve ... III deficiency Congenital aplastic anemia Congenital arteriovenous shunt Congenital articular rigidity Congenital benign spinal ... neuropathy Cervical hypertrichosis peripheral neuropathy Cervical ribs sprengel anomaly polydactyly Cervical spinal stenosis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diseases_(C)

... involving spinal interneurons or supraspinal pathways Cutaneous nerves The cutaneous reflex has been attributed to functional ... Examples of nerves whose cutaneous branches have been examined are the: 1. Superficial fibular nerve or peroneal nerve ( ... Sural nerve (SN) stimulation results in a reflex that is both phase and intensity dependent. The sural nerve innervates the ... The general pathway of a spinal reflex is one which involves neurons contained within the spinal cord. However, the brain may ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_reflex_in_human_locomotion

"A Spinal Analogue of Memory Reconsolidation Enables Reversal of Hyperalgesia - Fonds de recherche du Québec". Retrieved 29 ... Restoring KCC2 function in experimental models with nerve injury conversely restored the threshold. Guillaume Lavertu, first ... Bonin RP, De Koninck Y. A spinal analog of memory reconsolidation enables reversal of hyperalgesia. Nat Neurosci. 2014 Aug;17(8 ... Trans-synaptic shift in anion gradient in spinal lamina I neurons as a mechanism of neuropathic pain. Nature. 2003 Aug 21;424( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_De_Koninck

Lovett asked how to distinguish whether paralysis was caused by poliomyelitis or by a clot or lesion of the spinal cord.: 183- ... 97%: Facial paralysis, as Roosevelt had, in the absence of other cranial nerve abnormalities, is not consistent with a polio ... Paralysis can be determined by test of the spinal fluid.": 66 Eleanor communicated with Keen, who "very strenuously" resisted ... 58 Keen diagnosed a clot of blood to the lower spinal cord, and prescribed massage of the leg muscles. Eleanor and Howe began ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralytic_illness_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt

However the dynamic changed, Thiem overcame his nerves to win the match in a fifth set tiebreak. At the 2021 Madrid Open, ... Sinha, Shruti (7 May 2020). "Dominic Thiem participates in charity run for spinal cord research". sportskeeda.com. Retrieved 21 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Thiem

... roots combine to form spinal nerves (mixed; motor and sensory), one on each side of the spinal cord. Spinal nerves, with the ... showing the exits of the spinal nerves. The spinal cord showing how the anterior and posterior roots join in the spinal nerves ... The spinal cord showing how the anterior and posterior roots join in the spinal nerves. A longer view of the spinal cord. ... Projections of the spinal cord into the nerves (red motor, blue sensory). Projections of the spinal cord into the nerves (red ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord

Spinal nerves). ... Nerves and Nerve Injuries, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 619- ... It appears at the medial margin of the psoas major and runs downward over the pelvic brim to join the first sacral nerve.[ ... citation needed] The anterior division of the third sacral nerve divides into an upper and a lower branch, the former entering ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbosacral_trunk

", "Spinal Metaphors", "Comfort Me, Sweetheart", "Get Out of My Life", "Being a Little Well", "This Brown Leaf", "Leaving Our ... ", "Cats' Nerves", "Foxie", "Jackson", "Town-Life", "Nickie", "The Two-Kitten Problem", "Macramé's Lament", "Travelling Cats ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Aldiss

... travel through the sympathetic nervous system by means of preganglionic nerve fibers that emerge from the thoracic spinal cord ... When the body receives sensory information, the sympathetic nervous system sends a signal to preganglionic nerve fibers, which ... Chromaffin cells contained in the adrenal medulla act as postganglionic nerve fibers that release this chemical response into ... Once activated, norepinephrine and epinephrine are released directly into the blood by postganglionic nerve fibers where they ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathoadrenal_system

Treatments of the nerve in this temperature range are reversible. Nerves treated in this temperature range experience a ... "A systematic review of therapeutic facet joint interventions in chronic spinal pain". Pain Physician. 10 (1): 229-53. doi: ... Treatments of the nerve in this temperature range are irreversible. Nerves treated in this temperature range experience a ... The axons of myelinated nerves have a myelin sheath made up of Schwann cells that coat the axon. Classification of nerve damage ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryoneurolysis

Lyme radiculopathy is an inflammation of spinal nerve roots that often causes pain and less often weakness, numbness, or ... The spirochetes may also induce host cells to secrete quinolinic acid, which stimulates the NMDA receptor on nerve cells, which ... Cranial neuritis is an inflammation of cranial nerves. When due to Lyme it most typically causes facial palsy, impairing ... Rarely, early neuroborreliosis may involve inflammation of the brain or spinal cord, with symptoms such as confusion, abnormal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease

Surgery may become necessary if there is significant compression of the brainstem, spinal cord, the lower cranial nerves or ... and possibly lower cranial nerve (IX, X, XI, XII) deficits, tetraparesis or abnormal breathing. Among these, cranial nerve ... Orbay T, Aykol S, Seçkin Z, Ergün R (May 1989). "Late hypoglossal nerve palsy following fracture of the occipital condyle". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occipital_condyles

Common combat injuries include second and third degree burns, broken bones, shrapnel wounds, brain injuries, spinal cord ... injuries, nerve damage, paralysis, loss of sight and hearing, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and limb loss. For the U.S ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounded_in_action

... cranial or spinal nerves) or lower motor neuron system. Depending on which nerves are damaged, flaccid dysarthria affects ... Flaccid dysarthria is caused when damage occurs to the motor unit (one or more cranial or spinal nerves). Processes that can ... If the muscles of the face are affected (i.e. if there is damage to cranial nerve VII; V for the jaw in mastication), there may ... Some common signs include the following Phonation and prosody: Damage to cranial nerve X can present as changes in voice ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaccid_dysarthria

Gray matter is the darker tissue of the brain and spinal cord, consisting mainly of nerve cell bodies and branching dendrites.[ ... and white matter is responsible for transmitting that brain information between lobes and out through the spinal cord. Nerve ... Gray matter is responsible for generating nerve impulses that process brain information, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_learning

MIBG is taken up by sympathetic nerve endings, such as those that innervate the heart, and is labeled for scintigraphy with ... Also affected are the hypothalamus, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system-autonomic dysfunction. The European Federation of ... Autonomic dysfunction resulting from damage to nerves in the heart in patients with DLB is associated with lower cardiac uptake ... "Degeneration of the cardiac sympathetic nerves is a neuropathological feature" of the Lewy body dementias, according to Yamada ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies

It is recommended that spinal development be monitored regularly by X-ray and physical exams. Echocardiograms are recommended ... and the survival of nerve cells. The protein RSK2 which is encoded by the RPS6KA3 gene is a kinase which phosphorylates some ... which is why it is recommended that CLS patients undergo regular monitoring for spinal irregularities. Physical exams, CT ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin–Lowry_syndrome

... and spinal fusion. A specialized extension of its orthopedic program, Baptist Sports Medicine combines several services under ... colposcopy and tibial nerve stimulation), pelvic floor physical therapy (postural and pelvic floor muscle evaluation), and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas_-_Rutherford_Hospital

... it is placed between the hypoglossal nerve and the anterior root of the first cervical nerve and beneath the first digitation ... As the supplying component of the vertebrobasilar vascular system, the vertebral arteries supply blood to the upper spinal cord ... It is situated in front of the trunks of the cervical nerves, and pursues an almost vertical course as far as the transverse ... The first cervical or suboccipital nerve lies between the artery and the posterior arch of the atlas. The fourth (intradural or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_artery

... thrombosis and nerve compression syndrome of cranial nerves XI and XII. One death case appeared in the scientific literature, ... A similar condition involving the head and neck venous system may cause chronic cerebro-spinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) and ... Ghezzi A, Comi G, Federico A (February 2011). "Chronic cerebro-spinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) and multiple sclerosis". ... which in turn triggers autoimmunity and degeneration of the nerve's myelin sheath. While the initial article on CCSVI claimed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_cerebrospinal_venous_insufficiency_controversy

It has one of the shortest spinal cords of any mammal, extending only as far as the thorax. Whereas the human spinal cord ends ... These nerves protrude through microscopic holes at the end of the snout, which also has mucus glands on the end that act as ... The shorter spinal cord is thought to allow flexibility to enable wrapping into a ball. The musculature of the face, jaw and ... A highly sensitive optic nerve has been shown to have visual discrimination and spatial memory comparable to those of a rat. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-beaked_echidna

The spinal cord and its peripheral nerves are protected by the vertebral column, a stack of bones which surround and provide ... The spinal cord and its peripheral nerves are protected by the vertebral column, a stack of bones which surround and provide ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/9936.htm

... Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves. Anatomy and Physiology. *The ... The spinal nerves, with a detailed view of the cervical nerves, and a close up of the pathways leaving the lumbarvertebrae. ( ... 8 pairs of cervical nerves, 12 pairs ofthoracic nerves, 5 pairs of lumbar nerves, and 5 pairs of sacral nerves (see Figure 20.9 ... of the spinal nerve, or from the sympathetic nerve. As part of the posterior gray horn, it makes sense that sensory information ...

https://www.factmonster.com/math-science/biology/human-body/anatomy-and-physiology-spinal-cord-and-peripheral-nerves

NMOSD is a rare autoimmune disease that attacks the optic nerves and spinal cord. Uplizna is the second approved treatment for ... FDA Approves New Therapy for Rare Disease Affecting Optic Nerve, Spinal Cord. Second FDA Approved Therapy for Neuromyelitis ... FDA Approves New Therapy for Rare Disease Affecting Optic Nerve, Spinal Cord ... NMOSD is a rare autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that mainly affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. Uplizna ...

https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-therapy-rare-disease-affecting-optic-nerve-spinal-cord

... Read full article. ... Bloch and her team previously used their device to successfully activate nerves involved in movement in people with spinal cord ... In a new study published April 6 in the New England Journal of Medicine, Swiss researchers describe an electronic spinal cord ... "Weve already seen how this type of therapy can be applied to patients with spinal cord injury," said Jocelyne Bloch, a ...

https://news.yahoo.com/spinal-cord-implant-zaps-nerve-165538560.html?fr=sycsrp_catchall

Spinal Nerves, Somatic Reflexes quiz which has been attempted 2177 times by avid quiz takers. Also explore over 18 similar ... Spinal Cord Touro Neuroscience Quiz Spinal Cord Touro Neuroscience Quiz Sem 2 neuro, dps, week 2 - Spinal cord Sem 2 neuro, dps ... The intercostal nerves between the ribs arise from which spinal nerve plexus? ... Distal to the intervertebral foramen, a spinal nerve branches into an anterior and posterior _______. ...

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Illustrates spinal nerves cranial nerves and diagrams the portion of the thoracic spinal cord with spinal nerves. ... Illustrates the spinal nerves and pathways through the body.. Central illustration shows a posterior view of the spinal nerves ... Also includes detailed illustration of the cranial nerves; diagrams the portion of the thoracic spinal cord with spinal nerves ... Spinal Nerves - Paper - Unmounted SKU: 11194. Drop Ship. In Stock (Usually ships in 1-2 days). Mfr SKU: 9781587792069. $11.95 ...

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Read more of RhoA Protein Function Identified in Nerve Cell Development ». Nerve Cells Regrown In Rats With Spinal Cord Injury ... Posts Tagged nerve regeneration. Stem Cell Grafts and Rehabilitation Combined Boost Spinal Cord Injury Results. Posted on ... Read more of Nerve Cells Regrown In Rats With Spinal Cord Injury » ... Stem Cell Grafts and Rehabilitation Combined Boost Spinal Cord Injury Results. *Epigenetic Treatment in Mice Improves Spinal ...

https://www.sci-info-pages.com/news/tag/nerve-regeneration/

This illustration shows nerve cells from spinal ganglia. ... Nerve Cells from Spinal Ganglia. Add to Cart. , View Cart ⇗ , ...

https://etc.usf.edu/clipart/87000/87026/87026_nerve-cells-from-spinal-ganglia.htm

... and Nerve Disorders symptoms, diagnosis and treatment in the MSD Manual. HCP and Vet versions too! ... Diagnosis of Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that ... Symptoms of Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders Disorders that affect the brain, spinal cord, and nerves are called ... Tests for Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders * Electroencephalography * Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Studies * ...

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... within the spinal cord dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury. However, the relationship between the expression of spinal GR ... within the spinal cord dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury. However, the relationship between the expression of spinal GR ... Downregulation of spinal glutamate transporter EAAC1 following nerve injury is regulated by central glucocorticoid receptors in ... that spinal GR through NF-kappaB may play a significant role in the regulation of EAAC1 expression after peripheral nerve ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16360273/?dopt=Abstract

Stimulation of the vagus nerve Electrical stimulation of the 10th cranial nerve (vagus nerve) can reduce the number of focal- ... If doctors suspect a brain infection such as meningitis or encephalitis, a spinal tap Spinal Tap (lumbar puncture) is usually ... a birth defect Overview of Brain and Spinal Cord Birth Defects Birth defects of the brain and spinal cord can occur in early or ... vagus nerve stimulator) is implanted under the left collarbone and is connected to the vagus nerve in the neck with a wire that ...

https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/brain,-spinal-cord,-and-nerve-disorders/seizure-disorders/seizure-disorders?redirectid=2341?ruleredirectid=30&qt=&sc=&alt=

Human trials are ongoing for chronic spinal cord injury using adult stem cells. Now, the FDA is . . . . ... Nerve Cell Transplant Clinical Trial for Spinal Cord Injury Approved. by Wesley J. Smith 8 . 4 . 12. ... Now, the FDA is approving a human safety trial using patients own spinal cells for acute spinal cord injury-the kind of injury ... In what will be the only FDA-approved cell therapy-based clinical trial for sub-acute spinal cord injury in the United States, ...

https://www.firstthings.com/blogs/firstthoughts/2012/08/nerve-cell-transplant-clinical-trial-for-spinal-cord-injury-approved

What is a spinal nerve?. Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord, and supply the rest of the body. Through the spinal nerves ... What are spinal nerves made of?. Each spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, formed from the combination of nerve fibers from its ... What are spinal nerves quizlet?. Spinal nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system but originate from the spinal cord. ... between the sensory nerve and a nerve cell in the spinal cord. The impulse crosses from the nerve cell in the spinal cord to ...

https://www.onteenstoday.com/trending/what-nerve-passes-from-the-spinal-cord-into-the-limbs/

Retinal Hemorrhages and Spinal Nerve Root Hemorrhages in Pediatric Resuscitated Near-Drownings: Recognizing Ischemia- ...

https://www.aafs.org/research/retinal-hemorrhages-and-spinal-nerve-root-hemorrhages-pediatric-resuscitated-near

CHAPTER 16 SPINAL NERVES REVIEW SHEET Learning Objectives 1. Identify the parts of the spinal ... View CHAPTER 16 SPINAL NERVES REVIEW SHEET-1.docx from PTH_AS 2201 at University of Missouri, Columbia. ... CHAPTER 16 SPINAL NERVES REVIEW SHEET-1.docx - CHAPTER 16 SPINAL NERVES REVIEW SHEET Learning Objectives 1. Identify the parts ... Describe the basic spinal nerve plan for all 31 spinal nerves, how theycontribute to dermatomes.Explain, in your own words, ...

https://www.coursehero.com/file/118765323/CHAPTER-16-SPINAL-NERVES-REVIEW-SHEET-1docx/

... and impacting the nerve roots and cauda equina within the spine. ... disc herniation with impingement of both the spinal nerve roots ... Massive L5-S1 Lumbar Disc Herniation with Spinal Nerve Root Impingement - exh38637. Medical Exhibit. Add to my lightbox. Find ... Lumbar Vertebra with Herniated Disc and Impingement of Spinal Nerve Root - EK00037-B. Medical Illustration. Add to my lightbox ... Lumbar Vertebral Disc Herniation with Spinal Nerve Impingement - FX00004. Medical Illustration. Add to my lightbox. Find More ...

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Clonidine-induced Neuronal Activation in the Spinal Cord Is Altered after Peripheral Nerve Injury Carlo Pancaro, M.D.; Carlo ... 5Sciatic nerve injury associated with allodynia results in a loss of the A but not the C subtype in the lumbar spinal cord. 6In ... First, we compared the pattern of spinal cord neuronal activation from intrathecal clonidine in normal to nerve-injured animals ... In contrast, intrathecal clonidine decreased pCREB-immunoreactive nuclei in the spinal cord of animals with sciatic nerve ...

https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/98/3/748/40686/Clonidine-induced-Neuronal-Activation-in-the

... and prevention strategies and possible therapies that may be of benefit to the peripheral nerves in spinal cord injury require ... Preventing or reversing peripheral nerve dysfunction after SCI is essential to maintain this critical component of the nervous ... Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to an immediate loss of sensory and motor function below the level of injury mostly affecting ... the primary injury there is accumulating neurophysiological and histological evidence of dysfunction in the peripheral nerves, ...

https://www.lidsen.com/journals/neurobiology/neurobiology-04-04-075

... From the area of supply, the peripheral branch of the sensory neuron continues ... Home , , The Massage Connection ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY , The Spinal Cord, Spinal nerves, and Dermatomes ... Thirty-one spinal nerves and certain cranial nerves are responsible for all body sensations. Figure 2.6,. ... The Massage Connection ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY : Nervous System : The Spinal Cord, Spinal nerves, and Dermatomes , ...

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We are introducing nerve flossing in this Mobility Monday. To start off we are looking at the spinal cord and sciatic nerve ... Careful when you do it to make sure you dont irritate the nerve. Quick on and quick off to mobilize but not overstretch. ...

https://www.totalathletictherapy.com/2017/02/mobility-monday-spinal-cord-and-sciatic.html

Ischemic Stroke - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version.

https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-jp/home/brain,-spinal-cord,-and-nerve-disorders/stroke-cva/ischemic-stroke

Learn and reinforce your understanding of Anatomy clinical correlates: Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (X), spinal accessory ( ... nerves Videos, Flashcards, High Yield Notes, & Practice Questions. ... spinal accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) ... spinal accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves. ... The glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, and hypoglossal nerves, also known as cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII, ...

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The effects of vagus nerve stimulation on induced spinal cord seizures involve descending spinal pathways. The authors believe ... Vagus nerve stimulation for induced spinal cord seizures: Insights into seizure cessation Academic Article ... Transection of the spinal cord superior to the site of seizure induction resulted in the ineffectiveness of vagus nerve ... Vagus nerve stimulation resulted in cessation of spinal cord seizure activity in all (87.5%) but one experimented animal. ...

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Contributions of the fourth spinal nerve to the brachial plexus without prefixation: Laboratory investigation. Journal of ... Contributions of the fourth spinal nerve to the brachial plexus without prefixation : Laboratory investigation. In: Journal of ... Dive into the research topics of Contributions of the fourth spinal nerve to the brachial plexus without prefixation: ... Contributions of the fourth spinal nerve to the brachial plexus without prefixation : Laboratory investigation. / Tubbs, R. ...

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The forces pulling opposite directions resulted in all the nerve roots to my left arm being yanked out of my spinal cord. ... However, some injuries like large burns or spinal cord damage cause pain so severe that the body reacts with cardiac arrest or ... Comments from Another Spinal Injury Victim - Hes up against same thing as I… maybe worse…. ...

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To each internal organ from the spinal cord are nerve fibers, which are responsible for their normal functioning and work. ... For example, an inflamed kidney can poison the spinal cord with toxins and send pathological impulses along the nerve endings ... Organ Health Depend on Spinal Nerves. Posted on October 26, 2017. October 26, 2017. ... The spine serves as a support for the human body, in addition, the spinal cord is in the spinal column responsible for the ...

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THE SPINAL NERVE TRANSECTION MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERATIONS OF THE MOLECULAR ORGANISATION OF THE ... THE SPINAL NERVE TRANSECTION MODEL OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN IS ASSOCIATED WITH ALTERATIONS OF THE MOLECULAR ORGANISATION OF THE ...

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Intrathecal saline or clonidine, 10 and 30 microg, was injected in normal rats or those with mechanical allodynia following partial sciatic nerve section. (asahq.org)
1-3 Similarly, intrathecal clonidine is more potent to reverse allodynia from sciatic nerve section than to cause antinociception in animals. (asahq.org)
To start off we are looking at the spinal cord and sciatic nerve and how to mobilize them through your muscle tissue to help out with potential symptoms. (totalathletictherapy.com)
Sciatica is pain that radiates along the sciatic nerve, which is a nerve that runs from the lower back into the hips and buttocks, and then down each leg. (raleighneurosurgical.com)
Pain along the sciatic nerve can range from being constant or acutely related to certain movements. (bayareanuccacare.com)
The general experience is radiating pain from the low back to the gluteus muscles, hamstrings and even to the calves, due to pressure placed on the sciatic nerve. (bayareanuccacare.com)
Unfortunately, this is a common enough predicament that as many as 4 out of 10 people will deal with sciatic nerve pain in their lifetime. (bayareanuccacare.com)
Natural solutions have become more and more popular among sciatic nerve sufferers, not only to discover what is at the bottom of their pain but to resolve it permanently. (bayareanuccacare.com)
The sciatic nerve is a compilation of many small nerves composing one large nerve that runs from the low back. (bayareanuccacare.com)
One of the side effects can be extra weight bearing for the sciatic nerve in the lower back. (bayareanuccacare.com)
An adjustment to the atlas could be the very answer to becoming pain free from sciatic nerve pain. (bayareanuccacare.com)
People develop sciatica when the sciatic nerve becomes pinched or compressed, which causes a burning pain in the lower back that radiates through the buttocks. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Because lumbar stenosis almost always impinges the sciatic nerve, one or both of the legs can also be affected. (modesto-chiro.com)
It is actually a symptom of another condition in which the sciatic nerve is pinched or compressed. (dp.ua)
Since the sciatic nerve is quite long - running through the lumbar area down the back of the thigh and towards the feet - there is a greater chance that this nerve can experience some form of disruption. (dp.ua)
The theory is that by hanging upside down, the spine is decompressed and the pressure on the sciatic nerve is relieved. (tastestl.com)
Release of endogenous dynorphin opioids within the spinal cord after partial sciatic nerve ligation (pSNL) is known to contribute to the neuropathic pain processes. (duke.edu)
Sciatica develops when the sciatic nerve becomes irritated. (jeranekchiro.com)
The sciatic nerve is the biggest nerve in the body, and it can lead to back and leg pain. (jeranekchiro.com)
Spinal decompression therapy can alleviate pressure on the sciatic nerve, helping you recover from this condition. (jeranekchiro.com)
Sciatica is when the sciatic nerve, which runs from your lower back to your feet, is irritated or compressed. (wales.nhs.uk)
Sciatica is due to something pressing or rubbing on the sciatic nerve. (wales.nhs.uk)
Group N: In the group receiving nerve block (combined sciatic-femoral nerve block), 40cc of Lidocaine 1.5% mixed with 200mcg of epinephrine is divided and injected around the sciatic nerve and femoral nerve, respectively. (who.int)

Objectives: To assess the diagnostic value of the sedimentation sign seen on MRI with lumbar spinal stenosis and to compare postoperative clinical results. (kci.go.kr)
Summary of Literature Review: Nerve root sedimentation sign is an additional tool to diagnose lumbar spinal stenosis. (kci.go.kr)
Materials and Methods: There were 302 patients enrolled that had been diagnosed with lumbar spinal stenosis by MRI, which were reviewed to identify a sedimentation sign and all underwent the operative treatment. (kci.go.kr)
There were 142 patients who could not have their spinal stenosis diagnosis confirmed by MRI, and thus were selected as the control group to estimate the diagnostic value of nerve root sedimentation sign. (kci.go.kr)
Conclusions: The nerve root sedimentation sign is an additional tool to diagnose lumbar spinal stenosis and the considerable factor to decide the operation. (kci.go.kr)
journal] Katz JN / 1995 / Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. (kci.go.kr)
journal] Amundsen T / 1995 / Lumbar spinal stenosis. (kci.go.kr)
Foraminal stenosis - A form of compressive neuropathy, foraminal stenosis is a nerve impingement in the lower back. (modesto-chiro.com)
Spinal conditions such as spinal arthritis , spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal), and ruptured or herniated disks can also cause upper back discomfort. (medicinenet.com)
What is spinal stenosis? (nih.gov)
Spinal stenosis happens when the spaces in the spine narrow and create pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots. (nih.gov)
In spinal stenosis, the narrowing usually occurs over time. (nih.gov)
Spinal refers to your spinal cord, which consists of vertebrae running down your back, and stenosis simply means narrowing. (pcmedicalcenters.com)
Spinal stenosis is most commonly caused by arthritis, scoliosis, or injury. (pcmedicalcenters.com)
Spinal stenosis can be diagnosed through a variety of tests such as x-rays, CT or MRI scans, bone scans, EMG, or myelograms. (pcmedicalcenters.com)
Spinal decompression therapy can also be an effective treatment option if you suffer from spinal stenosis. (jeranekchiro.com)
Spinal decompression therapy can alleviate this stenosis, giving your nerves more room to operate. (jeranekchiro.com)

Just as there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that attach to the brainstem, attached to thespinal cord there are four sets of peripheral nerves: 8 pairs of cervical nerves, 12 pairs ofthoracic nerves, 5 pairs of lumbar nerves, and 5 pairs of sacral nerves (see Figure 20.9).These are easy to remember if you think about the divisions of the spine. (factmonster.com)
brachial plexus: A network of nerve fibers, running from the spine, formed by the ventral rami of the lower four cervical and first thoracic nerve roots (C5-C8, T1). (onteenstoday.com)
The anatomy drawings show the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc (disk) protruding posteriorly (to the rear) and impacting the nerve roots and cauda equina within the spine. (doereport.com)
The spine serves as a support for the human body, in addition, the spinal cord is in the spinal column responsible for the operation of all vital organs of the human being, which is why disorders in the spine contribute to the onset of diseases, to their chronic course and are burdened by conservative treatment. (curechiropractic.com)
The illustration clearly shows how the spinal nerves exit at different levels of the spine. (kirografiks.com)
This Spinal Nerve Chart also shows your practice members, in a clear manner, how nerve interference at different levels of the spine can affect the body. (kirografiks.com)
At the lower end of the spine, the nerves extend out to the legs, hence the radiating pain people experience all the way down the body. (bayareanuccacare.com)
The spinal discs are elastic sections of the spine that sit between the vertebrae. (dralexjimenez.com)
Chiropractic is a branch of the healing arts which is based upon the understanding that good health depends, in part, upon a normally functioning nervous system (especially the spine, and the nerves extending from the spine to all parts of the body). (modesto-chiro.com)
Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves extend down the spine from the brain and exit through a series of openings. (modesto-chiro.com)
The nerves leave the spine and form a complicated network which influences every living tissue in your body. (modesto-chiro.com)
Your spine includes an incredibly complex network of nerves that originate in your brain, coursing their way downward through the spinal column and exiting at more than 60 different locations from the base of your skull all the way to the top of your lower back. (modesto-chiro.com)
A general term for nerve disorders in the spine is 'compressive neuropathy,' which occurs when nerves in the spine are compressed. (modesto-chiro.com)
Moreover, if nerves in your spine become permanently damaged, you may experience long-term adverse health effects in other systems and organs in your body. (modesto-chiro.com)
A pinched or damaged nerve in your spine may lead to blurred vision or headaches, loss of hearing, slurred speech, and bowel and bladder problems, to name a few. (modesto-chiro.com)
The spinal cord is made up of many nerves that run up and down the entirety of the spine. (texasback.com)
Whenever there is a condition that causes the compression or constriction of the spine and irritates the nerves, the resulting condition and its symptoms is called myelopathy. (texasback.com)
The spine can easily become inflamed, we can develop arthritis, or spinal discs can flatten, all leading to irritating the nerves of the spine, which causes pain. (texasback.com)
The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that comes out of the base of the brain and runs down the center of the spine. (nih.gov)
Reducing nerve interferences in the spine may help restore proper nervous system control of the lungs and improved function can begin. (chiropracticusasc.com)
The bony spine is positioned so that individual vertebrae (bones of the spine) provide a flexible support structure while also protecting the spinal cord. (wakespine.com)
Medial branch nerves are small nerve branches that communicate pain caused by the facet joints in the spine to the brain. (wakespine.com)
When considering spinal treatments, Dr. Glenn L. Keiper Jr MD considers minimally invasive spine surgery to be a successful option for the right candidates. (infolific.com)

A microscope is used to verify whether the decompression of the spinal nerves is complete. (atlspinesurgery.com)
Browning, J E. "Chiropractic distractive decompression in the treatment of pelvic pain and organic dysfunction in patients with evidence of lower sacral nerve root compression. (dralexjimenez.com)
DRX9000 spinal decompression therapy is also becoming a popular form of non-invasive treatment. (dp.ua)
The DRX9000 spinal decompression system uses a sophisticated and advanced computerized system to administer and monitor a series of oscillating motions that are designed to bring relief and healing to the areas affecting the pinched nerve. (dp.ua)
Relieve Pain Through Spinal Decompression. (tastestl.com)
The most common surgical treatment for Myelopathy is spinal decompression surgery. (texasback.com)
In a minority of cases, surgery is required for one of two reasons: 1) nerve/spinal cord decompression and/or 2) instability. (jmsa.org)
If you suffer from back pain, you may benefit from spinal decompression in Kenosha. (jeranekchiro.com)
Learn more about how spinal decompression therapy near me can help you. (jeranekchiro.com)
Spinal decompression refers to a therapeutic technique that increases the amount of space between your vertebrae. (jeranekchiro.com)
This can lead to back pain, but a chiropractor who specializes in spinal decompression can help you address this issue. (jeranekchiro.com)
If you are interested in spinal decompression, there are a number of injuries that this technique can treat. (jeranekchiro.com)
A chiropractor can help you by using spinal decompression to alleviate this pressure on your spinal discs. (jeranekchiro.com)
If you have degenerative discs in your spinal cord, spinal decompression can help you. (jeranekchiro.com)
This can lead to compression issues, and spinal decompression can help you recover. (jeranekchiro.com)
Talk to a chiropractor about how spinal decompression therapy can help you if you suffer from degenerative disc disease. (jeranekchiro.com)
If you have herniated discs in your back, spinal decompression therapy can help you as well. (jeranekchiro.com)
Spinal decompression can reverse this compression, helping you recover from a herniated disc. (jeranekchiro.com)
Spinal decompression therapy can also help you if you suffer from pinched nerves. (jeranekchiro.com)
Spinal decompression therapy can address this issue, alleviating irritation and pressure on your nerves. (jeranekchiro.com)
If you are looking for help with spinal decompression, you should rely on a chiropractor in the local area. (jeranekchiro.com)
During spinal decompression therapy, traction will be placed on your spinal column to slightly increase the amount of space between the vertebrae. (jeranekchiro.com)
We are Jeranek Family Chiropractic, and we provide spinal decompression in Kenosha. (jeranekchiro.com)

Each spinal nerve has two roots (Fig. 8). (onteenstoday.com)
Each spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, formed from the combination of nerve fibers from its dorsal and ventral roots. (onteenstoday.com)
This medical illustration series shows a massive L5-S1 lumbar disc herniation with impingement of both the spinal nerve roots and the cauda equina resulting in severe pain. (doereport.com)
The forces pulling opposite directions resulted in all the nerve roots to my left arm being yanked out of my spinal cord. (musicalavatars.com)
The dorsal roots are nerves where axons travel into the back of the spinal cord into the gray matter of the spinal cord. (easynotecards.com)
This can irritate any nearby nerve roots causing inflammation and pain . (dralexjimenez.com)
Traumatic obstetrical brachial plexopathy or 'neonatal brachial plexus palsy' (NBPP) usually results from traction on the brachial plexus (predominantly upper trunk) and its associated spinal roots. (ebrary.net)
This can lead to stretching or rupture of the trunks of the plexus and/or partial axonotmesis or avulsion of the spinal roots. (ebrary.net)
Severe brachial plexus injuries may involve the entire plexus and C5-T1 nerve roots diffusely. (ebrary.net)
Accidents, falls, stress, tension, overexertion, and countless other factors can result in a displacements or derangements of the spinal column, causing irritation to spinal nerve roots. (modesto-chiro.com)
Such nerves are formed by union of ventral and dorsal roots. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
The nerve roots branch out from the cord. (nih.gov)
Perineural cysts of the spinal nerve roots. (bvsalud.org)
Extramedullary tumors typically surround the spinal cord or nerve roots. (infolific.com)
The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. (bvsalud.org)
The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. (bvsalud.org)

Since the arms arecontrolled by cervical nerves, and the legs are controlled by the lumbar and sacral nerves,the thoracic nerves have little to do, hence the narrowness of the thoracic spinal cord. (factmonster.com)
The ______ nerves arise from the cervical plexus and innervate the diaphragm. (proprofs.com)
Brachial plexus: Cervical (C5-C8) and thoracic (T1) nerves comprise the brachial plexus, which is a nerve plexus that provides sensory and motor function to the shoulders and upper limbs. (onteenstoday.com)
Identify the parts of the spinal cord, including the cervical and lumbar enlargements, gray and white matter (Chapter 16.1) 2. (coursehero.com)
What is Upper Cervical Spinal Care? (legacyucc.com)
Cranial nerve XI, the spinal accessory nerve (SAN), is vulnerable to injury, owing to its long and superficial course in the posterior cervical neck. (medscape.com)
Course of the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) in the posterior cervical triangle. (medscape.com)
Anatomic study of the SAN has long maintained a debate as to the exact contributions of this nerve and other cervical motor nerves to the innervation of the trapezius muscle. (medscape.com)
In 1933, Bardeen suggested that the origin of motor input to the trapezius muscle was purely from the cervical nerves. (medscape.com)
Subsequent anatomic study reported a possible plexus composed of both cervical nerves and contributions from the SAN that collectively provided trapezial motor innervation. (medscape.com)
The classic and much-used Gray's Anatomy assigned cervical nerves to a proprioceptive sensory role, with only the SAN providing motor innervation to the trapezius. (medscape.com)
Medial branch RFA is a minimally invasive outpatient procedure that reduces cervical (neck), thoracic (mid-back), and lumbar (low back) pain by interrupting the nerve supply from painful facet joints (Murtagh & Foerster, 2006). (wakespine.com)
According to the American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians, multiple RFA injections for medial branch blocks provide long-term pain relief, and the evidence for pain relief with radiofrequency neurotomy of cervical and lumbar medial branch nerves is moderate for short and long-term pain relief (Boswell et al, 2007). (wakespine.com)
Occipital neuralgia (ON) is a rare neuralgic pain in the distribution of the sensory branches of the cervical plexus, usually described as a paroxystic, stabbing pain in the distribution of the greater occipital nerve (GON), lesser occipital nerve (LON) and/or third occipital nerve and presents tenderness over the affected nerve 11 . (bvsalud.org)

If you can remember epimysium (see The Structure of the Muscles and Muscle Cells ), then you will know what the epineurium is (the fascia around the nerve). (factmonster.com)
see The Structure of the Muscles and Muscle Cells ) around the nerve is called epineurium (like the epimy-sium). (factmonster.com)
This is also true interms of the muscles, in terms of the nerves that innervate them. (factmonster.com)
Some of the cranial nerves are involved in the special senses (such as seeing, hearing, and taste), and others control muscles in the face or regulate glands. (msdmanuals.com)
Every body movement, from raising a hand to smiling, involves a complex interaction between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), nerves, and muscles. (msdmanuals.com)
Electrical impulses enable the brain to communicate with the spinal cord, nerves, and muscles as well as within itself. (merckmanuals.com)
8. Apply this information to clinical scenarios by predicting loss of function in muscles and skin regions in brachial and lumbar plexus nerve lesions. (coursehero.com)
Neuromuscular diseases include a range of conditions that affect the nerves that control muscles, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis, or spasticity. (raleighneurosurgical.com)
Back pain occurs as a result of problems affecting the muscles, bones, or nerves in the back. (medicalnewstoday.com)
It corresponds both to the maturation of the nervous structures (brain, marrow, nerves and muscles. (cun.es)
Posterolateral structures include the anterior scalene muscle with the phrenic nerve, brachial plexus and its branches, vertebral artery, and longus colli muscles. (medscape.com)
Pelvic rehab is traditionally centered around muscles, but muscles are at the will of the innervating nerve. (hermanwallace.com)
This allows the ligaments-muscles to move freely and become more flexible, stronger, and less atrophy of the related joint, nerve, ligament, and muscle. (totalhealthchiro.me)
branch of radial nerve 'movable mass' of muscles. (medscape.com)

Meningitis is inflammation of the layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord (meninges) and of the fluid-filled space between the meninges (subarachnoid space). (msdmanuals.com)
List the spinal meninges and explain their relationship to cranial meninges (Chapter 16.2) 3. (coursehero.com)
The remaining 5 percent are distributed among the cranial and spinal meninges, cranial nerves and spinal cord. (krebsdaten.de)

Previous studies have shown that glucocorticoid receptors (GR) were upregulated, whereas glutamate transporters were downregulated, within the spinal cord dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury. (nih.gov)
Since, NF-kappaB has been shown to regulate the expression of those cellular elements linked to inflammation and tissue injury and its activity can be negatively regulated by GR activation, these results suggest that spinal GR through NF-kappaB may play a significant role in the regulation of EAAC1 expression after peripheral nerve injury, a cellular pathway that may contribute to the development of neuropathic pain behaviors in rats. (nih.gov)
Where does a peripheral nerve pass from the spinal cord? (onteenstoday.com)
A peripheral nerve passes from the spinal cord into the limbs True, the nerve, located inside, goes behind and outward (peripheral). (onteenstoday.com)
Galea MP, Zyl Nv, Messina A. Peripheral Nerve Dysfunction after Spinal Cord Injury. (lidsen.com)
Preventing or reversing peripheral nerve dysfunction after SCI is essential to maintain this critical component of the nervous system in readiness for the application of other emerging interventions focused on spinal cord repair. (lidsen.com)
Clinical assessment and differential diagnosis will include history, symptoms, strength and sensation changes, and differential neural tension testing for each major peripheral nerve of the lumbar plexus. (hermanwallace.com)
Treatments will encompass manually releasing the specific fascial pathway of each nerve, treating the proximal spinal nerve for each peripheral nerve, and direct neural manipulation. (hermanwallace.com)
People with neurologic and neurodevelopment conditions (including disorders of the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerve, and muscle such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy [seizure disorders], stroke, intellectual disability, moderate to severe developmental delay, muscular dystrophy, or spinal cord injury). (cdc.gov)
The physiology of peripheral nerve disease / Austin J. Sumner. (who.int)

Between adjacent vertebrae are spaces called neural foramen through which spinal nerves pass to communicate with the rest of your body. (atlspinesurgery.com)
This condition can be called a slipped disc or pinched nerve , affecting the nerves close to the neck and lower vertebrae. (dralexjimenez.com)
Subluxations (misalignments in the vertebrae), genetic disorders, diseases such as osteoarthritis, and traumatic injuries are all leading causes of spinal nerve disorders. (modesto-chiro.com)
Emerging between the C1 and C2 vertebrae are the C2 spinal nerves. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)
When these vertebrae start pressing on the nerves within our spinal cord, narrowing begins. (pcmedicalcenters.com)
Your vertebrae are responsible for protecting the nerves of your spinal cord from top to bottom. (jeranekchiro.com)
Sometimes, your vertebrae can get too close together, irritating the nerves in your spinal canal. (jeranekchiro.com)
If you have discs that are bulging in your spinal canal, this might be because your vertebrae are too close together. (jeranekchiro.com)
When the disc herniates, the vertebrae collapse on top of each other, irritating the nerves in your spinal cord. (jeranekchiro.com)
One of the biggest reasons why people get pinched nerves is that their vertebrae are too close together. (jeranekchiro.com)

Bloch and her team previously used their device to successfully activate nerves involved in movement in people with spinal cord injuries. (yahoo.com)
In recent years, researchers have made measurable progress, using animal models, to promote tissue regeneration in spinal cord injuries (SCI) through implanted neural stem cells or grafts. (sci-info-pages.com)
A recent study has revealed new findings about nerve cell development that could help to facilitate future treatment options for spinal cord injuries. (sci-info-pages.com)
Researchers are cautiously excited about these results which could potentially have a future role in the treatment of human patients with similar spinal injuries. (sci-info-pages.com)
The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, a Center of Excellence at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, has received permission from the Food and Drug Administration to begin a revolutionary Phase 1 clinical trial to evaluate the safety of transplanting human Schwann cells to treat patients with recent spinal cord injuries. (firstthings.com)
Now, we know that cranial nerves can be a hard pill to swallow, but soon you'll see that by knowing the anatomy and the important functions of these nerves, the clinical presentations and the management of these injuries isn't so difficult to understand. (osmosis.org)
However, some injuries like large burns or spinal cord damage cause pain so severe that the body reacts with cardiac arrest or the brain simply shuts down in overload. (musicalavatars.com)
Complete injuries are characterized electromyographically by absent MUAPs and absent CMAP amplitudes in peripheral nerves supplied by the transected axons. (ebrary.net)
We believe that gabapentin could be repurposed as a prophylactic therapy that can prevent autonomic dysfunction in people affected by spinal cord injuries," Popovich added in a school news release. (wellealthy.com)
The possibility of repurposing gabapentin … to prevent the development of autonomic dysfunction could significantly improve the quality of life for individuals living with spinal cord injuries, including greater independence in society, reduced caregiver reliance, reduced infection susceptibility and increased life expectancy," Brennan said in the release. (wellealthy.com)
Spinal cord injuries are devastating for both the victim of these injuries and their family. (townsleylawfirm.com)
However, a cure for spinal cord injuries is still nonexistent. (townsleylawfirm.com)
While more research is conducted, people with spinal cord injuries might want to pursue rigorous physical therapy and other techniques to help recover as much as possible. (townsleylawfirm.com)
Road accidents account for the largest cause of spinal cord injuries on a global scale. (hastingsdirect.com)

Be able to understand how the brachial plexus nerves merge and divide into terminal branches. (coursehero.com)
The intradural contributions of the C-4 nerve rootlets have not been previously evaluated for their connections to the brachial plexus. (utmb.edu)

NMOSD is a rare autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that mainly affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. (fda.gov)
The nervous system has two distinct parts: the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord). (msdmanuals.com)
The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body ( peripheral nerves). (msdmanuals.com)
The peripheral nervous system refers to the parts of the nervous system that are outside the central nervous system, that is, those outside the brain and spinal cord. (msdmanuals.com)
Spinal nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system but originate from the spinal cord. (onteenstoday.com)
One main function of the spinal cord is to receive sensory information from the body(via the peripheral nervous system) and send these messages to the brain for processing. (onteenstoday.com)
How many nerves are in the peripheral nervous system? (onteenstoday.com)
Myelopathy, at its most basic definition, is a disorder of the nervous system, most specifically the spinal cord. (texasback.com)
There is research that suggests a link between the spinal column, the nervous system and the respiratory system. (chiropracticusasc.com)
Once the nerve path is addressed, neural mobilization with movement (gliding), manual regional integration with the nervous system, and a home program to maintain neural strength and mobility will be provided in easy to use handouts for your patients. (hermanwallace.com)
The outgoing forces from a center play upon the etheric counterpart of the entire intricate network of nerves which constitute the nervous system. (energyenhancement.org)
The nadis, therefore, determine the nature and the quality of the nervous system with its extensive network of nerves and plexi covering the entire physical body. (energyenhancement.org)
Central nervous system (CNS) cancers are neoplasms of the neuroepithelial tissue and membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord, tumors of the pituitary gland, and cancers arising from the cranial nerves and CNS hematopoietic cells. (cdc.gov)
Neurologic diseases involve the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, which make up the nervous system. (medlineplus.gov)
Devic's neuromyelitis optica is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that mainly affects spinal cord, optic nerve and brain regions with high aquaporin 4 antigen expression. (bvsalud.org)

For many years, scientists have been aware that olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC) could be helpful in treating the damaged spinal cord because of their distinctive properties. (sci-info-pages.com)

This refers to a narrowing of the spinal canal, and it can irritate the nerves in your spinal cord. (jeranekchiro.com)
A narrowing of the spinal canal may occur over time resulting in a loss of height. (infolific.com)

Any obstructions or lesions, most commonly tumors in the area, but also trauma or an abscess , can damage these cranial nerves and cause jugular foramen syndrome . (osmosis.org)
There are multiple types of spinal tumors, including intramedullary and extramedullary. (infolific.com)
Intramedullary tumors are created inside the cells of the spinal cord. (infolific.com)
Most types of spinal tumors will cause pain and potentially neurological problems. (infolific.com)

diagrams the portion of the thoracic spinal cord with spinal nerves, spinal cord segments, anterior and posterior cutaneous distribution of spinal nerves and dermal segmentation (dermatomes). (massagesupplies.com)

Symptoms are associated with impaired function of the affected nerves. (osmosis.org)
Next, let's discuss jugular foramen syndrome , which refers to a collection of symptoms that arise when cranial nerves IX , X, and XI, which all pass through the jugular foramen, are damaged in that area. (osmosis.org)
Spinal disc problems can be similar in their pain and symptoms. (dralexjimenez.com)
Gabapentin is often prescribed as a treatment for pain , but if it is given early after injury - before symptoms develop - it can also limit structural changes in nerve cells. (wellealthy.com)
Symptoms of nerve damage range from mild cases of numbness or weakness to severe cases of radiating or stabbing pain, fatigue, loss of motor control, difficulty walking, sitting or standing, and in the extreme, paralysis. (modesto-chiro.com)
If you have a condition that pinches a nerve, you may also experience symptoms in your arms and hands. (alternativephysicalmedicine.com)

The intercostal nerves between the ribs arise from which spinal nerve plexus? (proprofs.com)
nerve plexus: A network of intersecting nerves. (onteenstoday.com)
Nerve Plexus. (onteenstoday.com)
Define a nerve plexus (Chapter 16.4b) 5. (coursehero.com)
This three-day course for the experienced pelvic rehab therapist will address manual treatments and problem-solving assessments for the major contributory nerves from the lumbar plexus to the pelvis in an organized, systematic fashion. (hermanwallace.com)
Neural structures addressed in this course include the lumbar plexus nerves (Iliohypogastric, Ilioinguinal, Genitofemoral, Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve, Femoral Nerve, and Obturator Nerve and Foramen), This course will be very lab heavy, around 65% of the course will be interactive, hands-on learning. (hermanwallace.com)

The spinal cord and its peripheral nerves are protected by the vertebral column, a stack of bones which surround and provide support. (medlineplus.gov)
Central illustration shows a posterior view of the spinal nerves exiting from the vertebral column and running throughout the body. (massagesupplies.com)
Degeneration and arthritis of the bones can lead to painful friction between facet joints and compression of nerves that exit the vertebral column. (wakespine.com)

Each segment of the spinal cord has a pair of spinal nerves. (onteenstoday.com)

Most nerve fibers inside and outside the brain are wrapped with many layers of tissue composed of a fat (lipoprotein) called myelin. (msdmanuals.com)
The axons target these chemo-attractants, and therefore the spinal cord tissue remaining on the other side of the scar from the injury. (spinalnewsinternational.com)
Not only had axons grown robustly through the scar tissue," Sofroniew recalls, "but many fibres had penetrated into the remaining spinal cord tissue on the other side of the lesion and made new connections with neurons there. (spinalnewsinternational.com)
Tail nerve electrical stimulation promoted the efficiency of transplanted spinal cord-like tissue as a neuronal relay to repair the motor function of rats with transected spinal cord injury. (bvsalud.org)
Brain, ulnar and sciatic nerves, and spinal cord tissue were examined histologically. (cdc.gov)
In adults, the predominant histological type of CNS tumour is glioma, originating from the supporting tissue of the nerve cells. (krebsdaten.de)
The injection site is numbed and a needle is directed through the tissue toward the affected nerve using fluoroscopic (X-ray) guidance. (wakespine.com)
Pulsed-RFA does not destroy the nerve tissue, but instead stuns the nerve. (wakespine.com)

The spinal discs are prone to injury because of the extreme amount of pressure/stress placed on the lower back and neck. (dralexjimenez.com)
Different types of pain can be caused by problems with the spinal discs. (dralexjimenez.com)
Spinal disc pain has two major sources of pain related to spinal discs: They are disc degeneration and nerve root pain . (dralexjimenez.com)
For example , degenerative disc disease can weaken the spinal discs to such a degree that nerve root pain follows, creating a dual combination of pain. (dralexjimenez.com)
Bone spurs or herniated, ruptured or bulging vertebral discs, can also compress and damage a nerve. (modesto-chiro.com)
This is a treatment option that can address a wide variety of concerns, including herniated discs and pinched nerves. (jeranekchiro.com)
They can place a lot of pressure on your spinal discs, causing them to bulge outward. (jeranekchiro.com)

When this happens, they can irritate the nerves in your spinal canal. (jeranekchiro.com)
If these cushions, also known as disks, are no longer aligned, this can irritate the nerves. (infolific.com)

We've already seen how this type of therapy can be applied to patients with spinal cord injury," said Jocelyne Bloch, a neurosurgeon at Lausanne University Hospital in Switzerland and co-author of the study, in a press release . (yahoo.com)
Researchers at the Case Western Medical School and the Cleveland Clinic have developed a technique that regenerates nerve cells in rats, permitting them to urinate normally after severe spinal cord injury. (sci-info-pages.com)
However, the relationship between the expression of spinal GR and glutamate transporter after nerve injury remains unknown. (nih.gov)
In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that central GR would regulate the expression of spinal glutamate transporter EAAC1 following chronic constriction nerve injury (CCI) in rats. (nih.gov)
Human trials are ongoing for chronic spinal cord injury using adult stem cells. (firstthings.com)
Now, the FDA is approving a human safety trial using patients' own spinal cells for acute spinal cord injury-the kind of injury sought to be improved by the now defunct Geron embryonic stem cell human trial. (firstthings.com)
In what will be the only FDA-approved cell therapy-based clinical trial for sub-acute spinal cord injury in the United States, investigators plan to transplant a patient's own Schwann cells at the injury site in the hope of ascertaining safety that will allow further trials to proceed. (firstthings.com)
Alpha 2 adrenoceptor agonists produce antinociception in normal animals and alleviate mechanical allodynia in animals with nerve injury, although their mechanism of action may differ in these situations. (asahq.org)
Previous studies suggest a shift in alpha 2 adrenoceptor subtype and the involvement of cholinergic interneurons in antinociception in the spinal cord after nerve injury. (asahq.org)
The current results suggest that intrathecal clonidine, by direct or indirect methods, increases neuronal activation in normal animals, presumably leading to net inhibition of pain signaling, whereas it reduces the increase in neuronal activity induced by nerve injury. (asahq.org)
The mechanisms by which they do so appear to differ depending on the cause of pain-acute noxious stimuli in normal subjects compared to ongoing pain and hypersensitivity to innocuous stimuli, termed allodynia , in subjects with nerve injury. (asahq.org)
Not only are α 2 -AR agonist potency and efficacy altered by nerve injury, but the α 2 -AR subtypes involved and their interaction with cholinergic systems of inhibition are shifted as well. (asahq.org)
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to an immediate loss of sensory and motor function below the level of injury mostly affecting people in the prime of life. (lidsen.com)
In addition to the primary injury there is accumulating neurophysiological and histological evidence of dysfunction in the peripheral nerves, not related to direct damage from the primary injury, which exacerbates muscle wasting, and contributes to further functional loss and poor recovery. (lidsen.com)
The reversibility of these factors, and prevention strategies and possible therapies that may be of benefit to the peripheral nerves in spinal cord injury require further investigation. (lidsen.com)
Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to an abrupt severe lifelong impairment of sensorimotor function. (lidsen.com)
The annual crude incidence rates of traumatic SCI varies from 12.1 per million to 57.8 per million, with leading causes being motor vehicle accidents, falls, violence and sports activities [ 1. Van den Berg ME, Castelloe JM, Mahillo-Fernandez I, de Pedro-Cuesta J. Incidence of spinal cord injury worldwide: A systematic review. Neuroepidemiol. 2010; 34: 184-192. [ CrossRef ] ">1 ]. (lidsen.com)
Injury of these nerves can affect important functions like swallowing, the gag reflex , breathing, and even cardiac output . (osmosis.org)
Pseudobulbar palsy , on the other hand, refers to a bilateral upper motor neuron lesion of cranial nerves XI, X, XI and XII, caused by more supra nuclear proximal damage to motor fibers somewhere between the cortex and the medulla leading to an upper motor neuron injury. (osmosis.org)
Neonatal spinal cord injury (SCI) may occur as an obstetrical complication or as a result of a vascular insult to the spinal cord. (ebrary.net)
High-resolution ultrasonography (HRUS) allows visualization of the normal SAN, as well as changes after accessory nerve injury. (medscape.com)
9, 10, 11] Likewise, methods of nerve repair following surgical injury have been also been investigated. (medscape.com)
The nerve pain drug gabapentin might reduce damage after a spinal cord injury , research in mice suggests. (wellealthy.com)
The drug prevented harmful structural changes in injured spinal cords, as well as cardiovascular changes and immune suppression caused by spinal cord injury , according to the study. (wellealthy.com)
Autonomic dysfunction is a major problem for people living with a spinal cord injury. (wellealthy.com)
But after a spinal cord injury, major structural changes occur within spinal autonomic nerve centers that control the fight or flight response, resulting in uncontrolled autonomic reflexes. (wellealthy.com)
The U.S. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke has more on spinal cord injury . (wellealthy.com)
At top, damaged axons in an untreated rat stop at the border of the spinal cord injury. (spinalnewsinternational.com)
Neuroscientists at UCLA, Harvard University and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology have identified a three-pronged treatment that triggers axons to regrow after complete spinal cord injury in rodents. (spinalnewsinternational.com)
If researchers can produce similar results in human studies, the findings could lead to a therapy to restore axon connections in people living with spinal cord injury. (spinalnewsinternational.com)
When we stimulated the animal's spinal cord with a low electrical current above the injury site, the regrown axons conducted 20% of normal electrical activity below the lesion," comments Sofroniew. (spinalnewsinternational.com)
Neurological functions following spinal cord injury have generally been assessed using the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale. (cosmeticskindoctor.com)
Speaking with an experienced attorney might be able to help a person understand their rights after a spinal cord injury . (townsleylawfirm.com)
Following transected spinal cord injury (SCI), there is a critical need to restore nerve conduction at the injury site and activate the silent neural circuits caudal to the injury to promote the recovery of voluntary movement . (bvsalud.org)
During a car accident it's possible for spinal nerves below the area of injury to become partially or fully cut off from the brain, which can lead to paralysis of limbs or areas of the body. (hastingsdirect.com)

All nerves and their corresponding vertebra are clearly labeled. (massagesupplies.com)

Another common site treated with Radiofrequency Ablation is the sphenopalatine ganglion, a bundle of nerves that provides innervation to the face and head. (wakespine.com)
The outbreak had taken place along the dermatomal innervation of the T10 - T11 thoracic nerves, emanating from the spinal cord at these two levels. (cdc.gov)

The number of pCREB immunoreactive cells increased in nerve-injured compared to normal rats. (asahq.org)
There are three α 2 -AR subtypes, termed A, B, and C, and the A and C subtypes predominate in the spinal cord of rats. (asahq.org)
Although no cure exists, scientists recently made progress in regrowing nerve cells, which led to restored bladder function in rats. (townsleylawfirm.com)

The purpose of this study was to examine the location and number of cells in the spinal cord activated by intrathecal clonidine in these two circumstances and to test whether one class of interneurons, cholinergic, express alpha 2 adrenoceptors. (asahq.org)
In response to stress or danger, autonomic nerve cells in the spinal cord trigger a 'fight or flight' response. (wellealthy.com)

Posterior horn - is located in the back of the spinal cord (outside of back). (easynotecards.com)

The definitive spinal nerve is short and exits the intervertebral foramen where it subsequently divides into ventral and dorsal primary rami. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)

Conditions such as a herniated intervertebral disc or bony overgrowth may cause compression of the spinal nerves as they pass through the neural foramen. (atlspinesurgery.com)
Special instruments are inserted through the incisions to remove bone spurs, thickened ligaments, and all or part of the disc causing the nerve compression. (atlspinesurgery.com)
However, it disorders such as hypercalcaemia, urae- does not confirm that a long survival time mia and hyperviscosity or due to periph- might increase the prevalence, and a large eral neuro pathy, spinal cord compression series over several years might be needed to and cranial nerve infiltration [ 5 ]. (who.int)

A look at the spinal cord, our bridge to the PNS, shows that the sensory and motor tracts occupy areas of the cord. (factmonster.com)
They are mixed nerves carrying sensory and motor information. (easynotecards.com)

Around each bundle of nerve fibers (neurons) called fascicles (so named because theyare little bundles wrapped in fascia), the fascia is called perineurium . (factmonster.com)
Sometimes the nerve fibers are also damaged. (msdmanuals.com)
Most spinal nerves are mixed, meaning that they carry both sensory afferent fibers and motor efferent fibers. (onteenstoday.com)
To each internal organ from the spinal cord are nerve fibers, which are responsible for their normal functioning and work. (curechiropractic.com)
The spinal nerve contains motor and sensory nerve fibers to and from all parts of the body. (easynotecards.com)

Twelve pairs of nerves-the cranial nerves-lead directly from the brain to various parts of the head, neck, and trunk. (msdmanuals.com)
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves. (easynotecards.com)

A typical college level text will explore the various functions of the spinal nerves as well as the plexuses , which are braids of nerves that control various functions. (factmonster.com)
functions of the spinal cord. (onteenstoday.com)

First, the researchers reactivated nerve cells in the spinal cords of mice by injecting a treatment packaged in a viral vector initially developed in the lab of Zhigang He (Harvard, Cambridge, USA). (spinalnewsinternational.com)
Two weeks later, the UCLA team anesthetised the animals and disconnected the axons in their lower spinal cords. (spinalnewsinternational.com)
The researchers implanted nerve cells from another part of the body, hoping to bridge the gap in the animal's spinal cords. (townsleylawfirm.com)
This technology has the potential to work wonders for people who have been injured or paralyzed, able to restore the sense of touch for amputees, help someone who has been paralyzed to walk again by stimulating their spinal cords, or silence the nerve activity of people suffering from chronic pain. (lifeboat.com)

The radial, median, and ulnar nerves originate in the. (onteenstoday.com)
No differences were found between controls and chemically treated animals, between sciatic and ulnar nerves, and between different levels of these nerves. (cdc.gov)

Describe the basic spinal nerve plan for all 31 spinal nerves, how they contribute to dermatomes. (coursehero.com)

Overview of Brain and Spinal Cord Birth Defects Birth defects of the brain and spinal cord can occur in early or late fetal development. (merckmanuals.com)

Optic neuritis (ON) is a demyelinating inflammation of the optic nerve that often occurs in association with multiple sclerosis (MS) and, much less commonly, neuromyelitis optica (NMO). (medscape.com)
A. 1.5 Tesla, contrast-enhanced spin echo T1-weighted, fat-suppressed coronal MRI through the orbits shows enlargement and contrast enhancement of the left optic nerve in the retrobulbar portion (arrow). (medscape.com)
Initially, the optic nerve head may appear normal, with disc pallor months later. (medscape.com)
Visual evoked potentials may be abnormal even when visual acuity is normal and when MRI of the optic nerve reveals no abnormalities. (medscape.com)

Nerve root pain does not take place within the disc but is usually caused by a bulging or herniated disc . (dralexjimenez.com)

Think about the sensory nerves, which have dendrites from the receptors, and axons up to the brain. (factmonster.com)
The areas of the spinal cord where axons cross from one side of the cord to the other are the. (onteenstoday.com)
The dorsal root ganglion contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons that bring axons to the spinal cord. (easynotecards.com)
The ventral root contain motor neutron axons that exit the front of the spinal cord into the gray matter of the spinal cord. (easynotecards.com)
The idea was to deliver a sequence of three very different treatments and test whether the combination could stimulate disconnected axons to regrow across the scar in the injured spinal cord," says lead author Michael Sofroniew (David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, USA). (spinalnewsinternational.com)

Our Spinal Nerve Function poster is an essential piece of educational material for any chiropractic clinic. (kirografiks.com)
Here you can learn more about Spinal Centers of Texas, Chiropractic, and Dr. Frederick Savard, today's choice for Chiropractors in Houston, TX. (spinalcenterstexas.com)
Read Dr. Frederick Savard's Chiropractic Katy Pinched Nerve for the health of it. (spinalcenterstexas.com)
This specific form of chiropractic has been developed to safely align and clear the central pathway for brain and body communication through the brain-stem, spinal cord, nerves and blood flow. (legacyucc.com)
Chiropractic teaches that reducing or eliminating this irritation to spinal nerves can cause your body to operate more efficiently and more comfortably. (modesto-chiro.com)
Chronic pediatric asthma and chiropractic spinal manipulation: a prospective clinical series and randomized clinical pilot study , Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, Jul. (chiropracticusasc.com)
Chiropractic Biophysics (CBP) is a specialized, rigorously researched, results-based approach that focuses on restoring spinal alignment. (mychirosolutions.com)

While this electronic implant is a game-changer for patients suffering from MSA-P and potentially other diseases where patients have limited mobility because of neurological disorders or nerve damage, it isn't a cure. (yahoo.com)
Disorders that affect the brain, spinal cord, and nerves are called neurologic disorders. (msdmanuals.com)
While minimally invasive surgery is well known for its ability to treat certain spinal disorders, it can also help treat heart issues and kidney transplants. (infolific.com)

Lateral horn projects to the side in a triangular shape in the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal sections. (easynotecards.com)

The sensations from the face reach the brain via cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve). (brainkart.com)
The authors believe that this experiment is the first to demonstrate that spinal cord neuronal hyperactivity can be suppressed by stimulation of a cranial nerve. (uab.edu)

Welcome To Westside Medical & Spinal Centers of Texas! (spinalcenterstexas.com)
Welcome to Spinal Centers of Texas's Katy Pinched Nerve Archive. (spinalcenterstexas.com)
The nadis, and consequently the network of nerves, are related primarily to two aspects of man's physical equipment - the seven major centers in the etheric body (the substantial body which underlies the dense physical body), and the spinal column with the head. (energyenhancement.org)
When this relationship existing between the nadis and the nerves, and their joint relationship to the centers and spinal column is recognized, we shall see a great revolution in medical and psychiatric methods. (energyenhancement.org)
It does not yet recognize the fact of the relationship of the glands to the centers, with the intermediate systems of nadis, and nerves. (energyenhancement.org)

There are three pathways for sensory information, from the ventral ramus and dorsal ramus (ramus = branch, plural = rami ) of the spinal nerve, or from the sympathetic nerve. (factmonster.com)
Sensory nerve cell bodies go in the dorsal root ganglia , and motor nerve cell bodies go in the sympathetic ganglia , which sit anterior to the ventral root, but branch off of the spinal nerve itself. (factmonster.com)

The nerves that exit the spinal canal become trapped, compressed, and swollen. (modesto-chiro.com)
This is continuous with spinal dura in the vertebral canal. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)

The ________ ganglion contains the ________ of neurons that carry sensory signals to the spinal cord. (proprofs.com)
A similar ganglion is present in the route of cranial nerves that contain branches of sen-sory neurons. (brainkart.com)
Sensory neurons, as already mentioned, are unipolar, and the other branch leading off the cell body (axon) enters the spinal cord where it immediately synapses or travels up (and/or down) before synapsing. (brainkart.com)
The distal part of the latter shows a swelling, the dorsal root or spinal ganglion, containing the cell bodies of sensory neurons associated with this nerve. (neurosurgicalatlas.com)

However, the scale primarily evaluates motor function, and little attention has been given to autonomic nerve functions, such as defecation, sweating or skin response. (cosmeticskindoctor.com)

It's a neurologic disease that affects the spinal cord. (medlineplus.gov)

CCI induced a significant downregulation of EAAC1 expression primarily within the ipsilateral spinal cord dorsal horn when examined on postoperative day 7 using both Western blot and immunohistochemistry. (nih.gov)
The immunohistochemical data indicated a pattern of colocalization between GR and EAAC1 as well as GR and NF-kappaB within the spinal cord dorsal horn. (nih.gov)

Anatomy68

Organisms3

Diseases41

Chemicals and Drugs17

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes10

Disciplines and Occupations2

Health Care1

Uninjured C-fiber nociceptors develop spontaneous activity and alpha-adrenergic sensitivity following L6 spinal nerve ligation in monkey. (1/562)

The response of the brachial ventral horn or Xenopus laevis to forelimb amputation during development. (2/562)

Receptor subtype mediating the adrenergic sensitivity of pain behavior and ectopic discharges in neuropathic Lewis rats. (3/562)

Characterization of antiallodynic actions of ALE-0540, a novel nerve growth factor receptor antagonist, in the rat. (4/562)

The structural effect of systemic NGF treatment on permanently axotomised dorsal root ganglion cells in adult rats. (5/562)

External oblique abdominal muscle: a new look on its blood supply and innervation. (6/562)

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase mRNA upregulation in rat sensory neurons after spinal nerve ligation: lack of a role in allodynia development. (7/562)

Sex differences in cholinergic analgesia II: differing mechanisms in two models of allodynia. (8/562)

Spinal Nerves

Spinal Nerve Roots

Spinal Cord

Neuralgia

Spinal Cord Injuries

Injections, Spinal

Peripheral Nerve Injuries

Sciatic Nerve

Ligation

Peripheral Nerves

Hyperalgesia

Nerve Fibers

Ganglia, Spinal

Lumbosacral Region

Peripheral Nervous System Diseases

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Pain

Optic Nerve

Radiculopathy

Pain Threshold

Spinal Cord Neoplasms

Nerve Compression Syndromes

Nerve Regeneration

Mononeuropathies

Pain Measurement

Posterior Horn Cells

Neuritis

Axotomy

Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms

Hyperesthesia

Physical Stimulation

Neurons, Afferent

Lumbar Vertebrae

Analgesics

Spinal Cord Diseases

Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids

Anesthesia, Spinal

Motor Neurons

Rhizotomy

Sciatica

Nerve Block

Peripheral Nervous System Agents

Spinal Canal

Intercostal Nerves

Axons

Nerve Fibers, Myelinated

Nerve Endings

Sural Nerve

Tibial Nerve

Disease Models, Animal

Lumbosacral Plexus

Median Nerve

Spinal Diseases

Spinal Cord Compression

Nerve Crush

Facial Nerve

Spinal Neoplasms

Behavior, Animal

Ulnar Nerve

Spinal Stenosis

Femoral Nerve

Sciatic Neuropathy

Electric Stimulation

Spinal Fusion

Spine

Neural Conduction

Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated

Sensory Receptor Cells

Thoracic Vertebrae

Amines

Infusions, Spinal

Nociceptors

Nerve Growth Factors

Cervical Vertebrae

Phrenic Nerve

Trigeminal Nerve

Nerve Growth Factor

Cauda Equina

Myelography

Wallerian Degeneration