Broken bones in the vertebral column.
Breaks in bones.
Injuries involving the vertebral column.
A group of twelve VERTEBRAE connected to the ribs that support the upper trunk region.
The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes BONY CALLUS formation and normal replacement of bone tissue.
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).
The use of internal devices (metal plates, nails, rods, etc.) to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment.
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
Fractures occurring as a result of disease of a bone or from some undiscoverable cause, and not due to trauma. (Dorland, 27th ed)
VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.
Fractures of the femur.
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).
Devices which are used in the treatment of orthopedic injuries and diseases.
The use of metallic devices inserted into or through bone to hold a fracture in a set position and alignment while it heals.
A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Operative immobilization or ankylosis of two or more vertebrae by fusion of the vertebral bodies with a short bone graft or often with diskectomy or laminectomy. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p236; Dorland, 28th ed)
Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.
The spinal or vertebral column.
Fractures due to the strain caused by repetitive exercise. They are thought to arise from a combination of MUSCLE FATIGUE and bone failure, and occur in situations where BONE REMODELING predominates over repair. The most common sites of stress fractures are the METATARSUS; FIBULA; TIBIA; and FEMORAL NECK.
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.
Fractures of the larger bone of the forearm.
The first seven VERTEBRAE of the SPINAL COLUMN, which correspond to the VERTEBRAE of the NECK.
The use of nails that are inserted into bone cavities in order to keep fractured bones together.
Fractures of the skull which may result from penetrating or nonpenetrating head injuries or rarely BONE DISEASES (see also FRACTURES, SPONTANEOUS). Skull fractures may be classified by location (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, BASILAR), radiographic appearance (e.g., linear), or based upon cranial integrity (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, DEPRESSED).
Fractures of the lower jaw.
A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
Crumbling or smashing of cancellous BONE by forces acting parallel to the long axis of bone. It is applied particularly to vertebral body fractures (SPINAL FRACTURES). (Blauvelt and Nelson, A Manual of Orthopedic Terminology, 1994, p4)
Fractures of the articular surface of a bone.
Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.
Implantable fracture fixation devices attached to bone fragments with screws to bridge the fracture gap and shield the fracture site from stress as bone heals. (UMDNS, 1999)
Rods of bone, metal, or other material used for fixation of the fragments or ends of fractured bones.
Fractures of the bones in the orbit, which include parts of the frontal, ethmoidal, lacrimal, and sphenoid bones and the maxilla and zygoma.
The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.
Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord.
Fracture of the lower end of the radius in which the lower fragment is displaced posteriorly.
The cavity within the SPINAL COLUMN through which the SPINAL CORD passes.
Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the SPINAL CORD due to extramedullary neoplasm; EPIDURAL ABSCESS; SPINAL FRACTURES; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence.
The bony deposit formed between and around the broken ends of BONE FRACTURES during normal healing.
Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.
Specialized devices used in ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY to repair bone fractures.
The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.
Fractures around joint replacement prosthetics or implants. They can occur intraoperatively or postoperatively.
Narrowing of the spinal canal.
Injuries to the wrist or the wrist joint.
Dressings made of fiberglass, plastic, or bandage impregnated with plaster of paris used for immobilization of various parts of the body in cases of fractures, dislocations, and infected wounds. In comparison with plaster casts, casts made of fiberglass or plastic are lightweight, radiolucent, able to withstand moisture, and less rigid.
Steel wires, often threaded through the skin, soft tissues, and bone, used to fix broken bones. Kirschner wires or apparatus also includes the application of traction to the healing bones through the wires.
Fractures of the upper jaw.
External devices which hold wires or pins that are placed through one or both cortices of bone in order to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment. These devices allow easy access to wounds, adjustment during the course of healing, and more functional use of the limbs involved.
Falls due to slipping or tripping which may result in injury.
Fractures of the zygoma.
Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.
Injuries to the part of the upper limb of the body between the wrist and elbow.
A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.
Agents that inhibit BONE RESORPTION and/or favor BONE MINERALIZATION and BONE REGENERATION. They are used to heal BONE FRACTURES and to treat METABOLIC BONE DISEASES such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)
A bone on the ventral side of the shoulder girdle, which in humans is commonly called the collar bone.
Bones that constitute each half of the pelvic girdle in VERTEBRATES, formed by fusion of the ILIUM; ISCHIUM; and PUBIC BONE.
The pull on a limb or a part thereof. Skin traction (indirect traction) is applied by using a bandage to pull on the skin and fascia where light traction is required. Skeletal traction (direct traction), however, uses pins or wires inserted through bone and is attached to weights, pulleys, and ropes. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed)
Harm or hurt to the ankle or ankle joint usually inflicted by an external source.
Internal devices used in osteosynthesis to hold the position of the fracture in proper alignment. By applying the principles of biomedical engineering, the surgeon uses metal plates, nails, rods, etc., for the correction of skeletal defects.
Reduced blood flow to the spinal cord which is supplied by the anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal arteries. This condition may be associated with ARTERIOSCLEROSIS, trauma, emboli, diseases of the aorta, and other disorders. Prolonged ischemia may lead to INFARCTION of spinal cord tissue.
Multiple physical insults or injuries occurring simultaneously.
Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.
The largest of the TARSAL BONES which is situated at the lower and back part of the FOOT, forming the HEEL.
The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones.
The distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. Range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. Joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES.
The shaft of long bones.
Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, its articulations, and associated structures.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Procedures to repair or stabilize vertebral fractures, especially compression fractures accomplished by injecting BONE CEMENTS into the fractured VERTEBRAE.
The toothlike process on the upper surface of the axis, which articulates with the CERVICAL ATLAS above.
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS).
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.
Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
A surgical procedure that entails removing all (laminectomy) or part (laminotomy) of selected vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the SPINAL CORD and/or SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Vertebral lamina is the thin flattened posterior wall of vertebral arch that forms the vertebral foramen through which pass the spinal cord and nerve roots.
The eight bones of the wrist: SCAPHOID BONE; LUNATE BONE; TRIQUETRUM BONE; PISIFORM BONE; TRAPEZIUM BONE; TRAPEZOID BONE; CAPITATE BONE; and HAMATE BONE.
Osteitis or caries of the vertebrae, usually occurring as a complication of tuberculosis of the lungs.
An anatomic severity scale based on the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and developed specifically to score multiple traumatic injuries. It has been used as a predictor of mortality.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
A noninvasive method for assessing BODY COMPOSITION. It is based on the differential absorption of X-RAYS (or GAMMA RAYS) by different tissues such as bone, fat and other soft tissues. The source of (X-ray or gamma-ray) photon beam is generated either from radioisotopes such as GADOLINIUM 153, IODINE 125, or Americanium 241 which emit GAMMA RAYS in the appropriate range; or from an X-ray tube which produces X-RAYS in the desired range. It is primarily used for quantitating BONE MINERAL CONTENT, especially for the diagnosis of OSTEOPOROSIS, and also in measuring BONE MINERALIZATION.
The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Organic compounds which contain P-C-P bonds, where P stands for phosphonates or phosphonic acids. These compounds affect calcium metabolism. They inhibit ectopic calcification and slow down bone resorption and bone turnover. Technetium complexes of diphosphonates have been used successfully as bone scanning agents.
The constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters.
Region of the back including the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, SACRUM, and nearby structures.
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
A hinge joint connecting the FOREARM to the ARM.
The bone which is located most lateral in the proximal row of CARPAL BONES.
A rare epidural hematoma in the spinal epidural space, usually due to a vascular malformation (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS) or TRAUMA. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a neurologic emergency due to a rapidly evolving compressive MYELOPATHY.
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by an exaggerated convexity of the vertebral column. The forward bending of the thoracic region usually is more than 40 degrees. This deformity sometimes is called round back or hunchback.
Neurons in the SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. They send their axons either directly to ANTERIOR HORN CELLS or to the WHITE MATTER ascending and descending longitudinal fibers.
The seven bones which form the tarsus - namely, CALCANEUS; TALUS; cuboid, navicular, and the internal, middle, and external cuneiforms.
Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
Fractures of the upper or lower jaw.
Procedures that avoid use of open, invasive surgery in favor of closed or local surgery. These generally involve use of laparoscopic devices and remote-control manipulation of instruments with indirect observation of the surgical field through an endoscope or similar device.
A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis.

Association of polymorphism at the type I collagen (COL1A1) locus with reduced bone mineral density, increased fracture risk, and increased collagen turnover. (1/1243)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between a common polymorphism within intron 1 of the COL1A1 gene and osteoporosis in a nested case-control study. METHODS: We studied 185 healthy women (mean +/- SD age 54.3+/-4.6 years). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using dual x-ray absorptiometry, and fractures were determined radiographically. The COL1A1 genotype was assessed using the polymerase chain reaction and Bal I endonuclease digestion. RESULTS: Genotype frequencies were similar to those previously observed and in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: SS 61.1%, Ss 36.2%, and ss 2.7%. Carriage of at least one copy of the "s" allele was associated with a significant reduction in lumbar spine BMD (P = 0.02) and an increased risk of total fracture (P = 0.04). Urinary pyridinoline levels were significantly elevated in those with the risk allele (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These data support the findings that the COL1A1 gene polymorphism is associated with low BMD and fracture risk, and suggest a possible physiologic effect on total body turnover of type I collagen.  (+info)

Intraoperative ultrasonography evaluation of posterior vertebral wall displacement in thoracolumbar fractures. (2/1243)

Intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) was used to evaluate the location and compressive effects of intraspinal fragments in thoracolumbar fractures and the efficacy of reduction maneuvers in patients operated on for isolated or attached intraspinal fragments or for global posterior wall disruption. Dynamic IOUS was used to evaluate the effects of traction and lordosis. Fifty-eight patients were evaluated using a 7.5 MHz ultrasound probe, including 27 treated by impaction, 19 by removal of apparently isolated fragments, and 12 by traction followed by lordosis for global posterior wall disruption. IOUS had limitations and problems caused by split fragments and residual pedicular attachments that can compromise intraoperative maneuvers. The risk of secondary displacement of isolated fragments treated by impaction was very high. In particular, the pinching effect produced by T-shaped fractures was commonly responsible for secondary displacement. IOUS evaluation of canal clearance after fragment removal was satisfactory, but did not provide quantitative data. IOUS was easier to perform and apparently more reliable than intraoperative myelography. The dynamic IOUS data suggest that, except for severely tilted fragments that are completely free or remain attached to a pedicle, residual discal attachments significantly influence the likelihood of successful reduction.  (+info)

Pathological fracture of a lumbar vertebra caused by rheumatoid arthritis--a case report. (3/1243)

We describe a case of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with collapse of the L3 lumbar vertebra for which surgery was performed. The pathogenesis of lumbar lesions affected by RA is discussed and the literature reviewed.  (+info)

Exposure of medical personnel to methylmethacrylate vapor during percutaneous vertebroplasty. (4/1243)

The occupational exposure to methylmethacrylate (MMA) vapor during percutaneous vertebroplasty was determined. During five vertebroplasty procedures, air-sampling pumps were attached to medical personnel. MMA vapor levels in the samples were then quantified using gas chromatography. The samples collected yielded MMA vapor levels of less than five parts per million (ppm). The MMA vapor concentrations measured were well below the recommended maximum exposure of 100 ppm over the course of an 8-hour workday.  (+info)

A high incidence of vertebral fracture in women with breast cancer. (5/1243)

Because treatment for breast cancer may adversely affect skeletal metabolism, we investigated vertebral fracture risk in women with non-metastatic breast cancer. The prevalence of vertebral fracture was similar in women at the time of first diagnosis to that in an age-matched sample of the general population. The incidence of vertebral fracture, however, was nearly five times greater than normal in women from the time of first diagnosis [odds ratio (OR), 4.7; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 2.3-9.9], and 20-fold higher in women with soft-tissue metastases without evidence of skeletal metastases (OR, 22.7; 95% CI, 9.1-57.1). We conclude that vertebral fracture risk is markedly increased in women with breast cancer.  (+info)

Effect of calcitonin on vertebral and other fractures. (6/1243)

We examined the incidence of vertebral and non-vertebral fractures in published randomised clinical trials using calcitonin by parenteral injection or intranasal spray. Trials were reviewed that compared calcitonin with placebo, no therapy, or calcium with or without vitamin D, and that mentioned fracture as an outcome. Studies that compared the effect of calcitonin with other active treatments were excluded. Fourteen trials with 1309 men and women were identified. In the calcitonin and the control groups, vertebral and non-vertebral fractures were summed and divided by the number of individuals originally allocated to the treatment groups. The relative risk of any fracture for individuals taking calcitonin versus those not taking calcitonin was 0.43 (95% CI 0.38-0.50). The effect was apparent for both vertebral fracture (RR 0.45; 95% CI 0.39-0.53) and non-vertebral fractures (RR 0.34; 95% CI 0.17-0.68). When studies identifying patients with fracture, rather than numbers of fractures were pooled, the magnitude of effect was less (RR 0.74; 95% CI 0.60-0.93), and the separate effects on vertebral and non-vertebral fractures was of borderline significance. We conclude that, within the limitations of this study, treatment with calcitonin is associated with a significant decrease in the number of vertebral and non-vertebral fractures.  (+info)

Reducing the cervical flexion tear-drop fracture with a posterior approach and plating technique: an original method. (7/1243)

Flexion tear-drop fractures (FTDF) in the cervical spine constitute a highly unstable condition with a high incidence of neurological complications due to posterior displacement of the fractured vertebra in the spinal canal. The widely accepted surgical management for this condition includes complete excision and grafting of the vertebral body through an anterior approach. Thorough radiological and CT analysis of FTDF shows that the vertebral body is often separated into two parts by a sagittal plane fracture, but remains continuous through the pedicle and anterior arch of the vertebral foramen with the lateral mass and the articular processes. We therefore hypothesized that reduction would be possible by acting on the articular process through a posterior approach with a particular plating technique. Eight patients with FTDF were operated on with the technique we describe. Three had complete tetraplegia, four had incomplete tetraplegia and one was normal. A preoperative CT scan was made in all patients. Local kyphosis, posterior displacement of the vertebral body, and general lordosis in the cervical spine were recorded. In all cases, a satisfactory reduction was achieved on the postoperative radiographs and at the mean follow-up of 18.6+/-12.1 months, with residual posterior displacement being less than 1 mm. No complication occurred. Out of seven neurologically impaired patients, five showed some motor recovery at the latest follow-up. The posterior technique is described, and the rationale and pros and cons are discussed. The study showed that posterior reduction and fixation of flexion tear-drop fracture is not only possible, but permits an accurate restoration of the anatomy of the fractured cervical spine.  (+info)

MR imaging for early complications of transpedicular screw fixation. (8/1243)

This series comprises ten patients treated with transpedicular screw fixation, who suffered early postoperative problems such as radicular pain or motor weakness. Besides plain radiographs, all patients were also evaluated with MR imaging. Three patients were reoperated for either repositioning or removal of the screws. MR images, especially T1-weighted ones, were very helpful for visualizing the problem and verifying the positions of the screws. In cases of wide areas of signal void around the screws, the neighboring axial MR images at either side, which have fewer artifacts, gave more information about the screws and the vertebrae.  (+info)

There are several types of spinal fractures, including:

1. Vertebral compression fractures: These occur when the vertebrae collapses due to pressure, often caused by osteoporosis or trauma.
2. Fracture-dislocations: This type of fracture occurs when the vertebra is both broken and displaced from its normal position.
3. Spondylolysis: This is a type of fracture that occurs in the spine, often due to repetitive stress or overuse.
4. Spondylolisthesis: This is a type of fracture where a vertebra slips out of its normal position and into the one below it.
5. Fracture-subluxation: This type of fracture occurs when the vertebra is both broken and partially dislocated from its normal position.

The diagnosis of spinal fractures typically involves imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI to confirm the presence of a fracture and determine its severity and location. Treatment options for spinal fractures depend on the severity of the injury and may include pain management, bracing, physical therapy, or surgery to stabilize the spine and promote healing. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to realign the vertebrae and prevent further damage.

Overall, spinal fractures can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Open fracture: The bone breaks through the skin, exposing the bone to the outside environment.

Closed fracture: The bone breaks, but does not penetrate the skin.

Comminuted fracture: The bone is broken into many pieces.

Hairline fracture: A thin crack in the bone that does not fully break it.

Non-displaced fracture: The bone is broken, but remains in its normal position.

Displaced fracture: The bone is broken and out of its normal position.

Stress fracture: A small crack in the bone caused by repetitive stress or overuse.

Symptoms of spinal injuries may include:

* Loss of sensation below the level of the injury
* Weakness or paralysis below the level of the injury
* Pain or numbness in the back, arms, or legs
* Difficulty breathing or controlling bladder and bowel functions
* Changes in reflexes or sensation below the level of the injury.

Spinal injuries can be diagnosed using a variety of tests, including:

* X-rays or CT scans to assess the alignment of the spine and detect any fractures or dislocations
* MRI scans to assess the soft tissues of the spine and detect any damage to the spinal cord
* Electromyography (EMG) tests to assess the function of muscles and nerves below the level of the injury.

Treatment for spinal injuries depends on the severity and location of the injury, and may include:

* Immobilization using a brace or cast to keep the spine stable
* Medications to manage pain, inflammation, and other symptoms
* Rehabilitation therapies such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, and recreational therapy to help restore function and mobility.

In summary, spinal injuries can be classified into two categories: complete and incomplete, and can be caused by a variety of factors. Symptoms may include loss of sensation, weakness or paralysis, pain, difficulty breathing, and changes in reflexes or sensation. Diagnosis is typically made using X-rays, MRI scans, and EMG tests, and treatment may involve immobilization, medications, and rehabilitation therapies.

There are several types of hip fractures, including:

1. Femoral neck fracture: A break in the thin neck of the femur just above the base of the thigh bone.
2. Subtrochanteric fracture: A break between the lesser trochanter (a bony prominence on the upper end of the femur) and the neck of the femur.
3. Diaphyseal fracture: A break in the shaft of the femur, which is the longest part of the bone.
4. Metaphyseal fracture: A break in the area where the thigh bone meets the pelvis.

Hip fractures can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Osteoporosis: A condition that causes brittle and weak bones, making them more susceptible to fractures.
2. Trauma: A fall or injury that causes a direct blow to the hip.
3. Overuse: Repetitive strain on the bone, such as from sports or repetitive movements.
4. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as osteopenia (low bone density) or Paget's disease (a condition that causes abnormal bone growth), can increase the risk of hip fractures.

Treatment for hip fractures typically involves surgery to realign and stabilize the bones. This may involve inserting plates, screws, or rods to hold the bones in place while they heal. In some cases, a total hip replacement may be necessary. After surgery, physical therapy is often recommended to help regain strength and mobility in the affected limb.

Preventive measures for hip fractures include:

1. Exercise: Regular exercise, such as weight-bearing activities like walking or running, can help maintain bone density and reduce the risk of hip fractures.
2. Diet: A diet rich in calcium and vitamin D can help support bone health.
3. Fall prevention: Taking steps to prevent falls, such as removing tripping hazards from the home and using handrails, can help reduce the risk of hip fractures.
4. Osteoporosis treatment: If you have osteoporosis, medications or other treatments may be recommended to help strengthen your bones and reduce the risk of hip fractures.

Examples of spontaneous fractures include:

1. Pathological fractures: Fractures that occur in the presence of a bone-weakening condition such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, or bone cancer.
2. Stress fractures: Small cracks in the bone that occur due to repetitive stress or overuse, often seen in athletes or individuals engaged in high-impact activities.
3. Osteogenesis imperfecta: A genetic disorder characterized by brittle bones and an increased risk of fractures.
4. Osteoporotic fractures: Fractures that occur due to bone loss and weakening associated with osteoporosis.
5. Frailty fractures: Fractures that occur in individuals who are frail or have a low bone mineral density, often seen in older adults.

Symptoms of spontaneous fractures may include pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected limb. Treatment for these fractures depends on the underlying cause and may involve immobilization, medication, or surgery.

The symptoms of a femoral fracture may include:

* Severe pain in the thigh or groin area
* Swelling and bruising around the affected area
* Difficulty moving or straightening the leg
* A visible deformity or bone protrusion

Femoral fractures are typically diagnosed through X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs. Treatment for these types of fractures may involve immobilization with a cast or brace, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone, or in some cases, surgical plate and screws or rods may be used to hold the bone in place as it heals.

In addition to surgical intervention, patients may also require physical therapy to regain strength and mobility in the affected leg after a femoral fracture.

There are several different types of spinal cord injuries that can occur, depending on the location and severity of the damage. These include:

1. Complete spinal cord injuries: In these cases, the spinal cord is completely severed, resulting in a loss of all sensation and function below the level of the injury.
2. Incomplete spinal cord injuries: In these cases, the spinal cord is only partially damaged, resulting in some remaining sensation and function below the level of the injury.
3. Brown-Sequard syndrome: This is a specific type of incomplete spinal cord injury that affects one side of the spinal cord, resulting in weakness or paralysis on one side of the body.
4. Conus medullaris syndrome: This is a type of incomplete spinal cord injury that affects the lower part of the spinal cord, resulting in weakness or paralysis in the legs and bladder dysfunction.

The symptoms of spinal cord injuries can vary depending on the location and severity of the injury. They may include:

* Loss of sensation in the arms, legs, or other parts of the body
* Weakness or paralysis in the arms, legs, or other parts of the body
* Difficulty walking or standing
* Difficulty with bowel and bladder function
* Numbness or tingling sensations
* Pain or pressure in the neck or back

Treatment for spinal cord injuries typically involves a combination of medical and rehabilitative therapies. Medical treatments may include:

* Immobilization of the spine to prevent further injury
* Medications to manage pain and inflammation
* Surgery to relieve compression or stabilize the spine

Rehabilitative therapies may include:

* Physical therapy to improve strength and mobility
* Occupational therapy to learn new ways of performing daily activities
* Speech therapy to improve communication skills
* Psychological counseling to cope with the emotional effects of the injury.

Overall, the prognosis for spinal cord injuries depends on the severity and location of the injury, as well as the age and overall health of the individual. While some individuals may experience significant recovery, others may experience long-term or permanent impairment. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if symptoms of a spinal cord injury are present.

Comminuted fractures are often more complex and difficult to treat than other types of fractures because they involve multiple breaks that may require different treatment approaches. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign and stabilize the bone fragments, and the healing process can take longer for comminuted fractures compared to simple fractures.

Comminuted fractures are classified based on the number and distribution of the breaks in the bone. For example, a comminuted fracture may be described as being "segemental" if it involves multiple breaks in the same segment of the bone, or "non-segmental" if it involves breaks in multiple segments.

Treatment for comminuted fractures typically involves immobilization of the affected limb to allow the bone fragments to heal, as well as pain management and physical therapy to restore strength and range of motion. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to realign and stabilize the bone fragments or to remove any loose pieces of bone that may be causing complications.

Osteoporotic fractures can occur in any bone, but they most commonly affect the spine, hips, and wrists. The risk of developing osteoporotic fractures increases with age, and certain factors such as family history, lifestyle habits (e.g., smoking, alcohol consumption), and medical conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) can also contribute to the development of osteoporosis and associated fractures.

There are several types of osteoporotic fractures, including:

1. Vertebral compression fractures: These occur when the vertebrae in the spine collapse due to weakened bone density, causing back pain, loss of height, and a stooped posture.
2. Hip fractures: These are breaks in the thigh bone (femur) or pelvis that can be caused by falls or other injuries, and can lead to complications such as blood clots, pneumonia, and surgical intervention.
3. Wrist fractures: These occur when the bones of the wrist break due to a fall or other injury, and can cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility.
4. Fractures of the ribs and long bones: These are less common but can still cause significant pain and disability.

The diagnosis of osteoporotic fractures is typically made through imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs, and may also involve blood tests to assess bone mineral density (BMD) and other factors. Treatment for osteoporotic fractures typically involves a combination of medications, lifestyle modifications, and surgical interventions to help restore bone strength and prevent further fractures.

Types of Radius Fractures:

1. Stable fracture: The bone is broken but still in place.
2. Displaced fracture: The bone is broken and out of place.
3. Comminuted fracture: The bone is broken into several pieces.
4. Hairline fracture: A thin crack in the bone.

Symptoms:

1. Pain in the arm or forearm.
2. Swelling and bruising.
3. Limited mobility or deformity of the arm.
4. Difficulty moving the arm or wrist.

Diagnosis:

1. Physical examination and medical history.
2. Imaging tests, such as X-rays or CT scans.

Treatment:

1. Minor fractures may be treated with immobilization in a cast or brace.
2. Displaced or comminuted fractures may require surgical intervention to realign and stabilize the bone.
3. Physical therapy may be necessary to regain strength and mobility in the arm.

Complications:

1. Infection.
2. Nerve damage.
3. Delayed healing.
4. Malunion or nonunion of the fracture, which can cause long-term complications.

Prevention:

1. Wear protective gear during sports and physical activities.
2. Use proper lifting techniques to avoid strain on the arm.
3. Maintain good bone density through a balanced diet and exercise.

There are many different types of back pain, including:

1. Lower back pain: This type of pain occurs in the lumbar spine and can be caused by strained muscles or ligaments, herniated discs, or other factors.
2. Upper back pain: This type of pain occurs in the thoracic spine and can be caused by muscle strain, poor posture, or other factors.
3. Middle back pain: This type of pain occurs in the thoracolumbar junction and can be caused by muscle strain, herniated discs, or other factors.
4. Lower left back pain: This type of pain occurs in the lumbar spine on the left side and can be caused by a variety of factors, including muscle strain, herniated discs, or other factors.
5. Lower right back pain: This type of pain occurs in the lumbar spine on the right side and can be caused by a variety of factors, including muscle strain, herniated discs, or other factors.

There are many different causes of back pain, including:

1. Muscle strain: This occurs when the muscles in the back are overstretched or torn.
2. Herniated discs: This occurs when the soft tissue between the vertebrae bulges out and puts pressure on the surrounding nerves.
3. Structural problems: This includes conditions such as scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis, which can cause back pain due to the abnormal curvature of the spine.
4. Inflammatory diseases: Conditions such as arthritis, inflammatory myopathies, and ankylosing spondylitis can cause back pain due to inflammation and joint damage.
5. Infections: Infections such as shingles, osteomyelitis, and abscesses can cause back pain by irritating the nerves or causing inflammation in the spine.
6. Trauma: Traumatic injuries such as fractures, dislocations, and compression fractures can cause back pain due to damage to the vertebrae, muscles, and other tissues.
7. Poor posture: Prolonged sitting or standing in a position that puts strain on the back can lead to back pain over time.
8. Obesity: Excess weight can put additional strain on the back, leading to back pain.
9. Smoking: Smoking can reduce blood flow to the discs and other tissues in the spine, leading to degeneration and back pain.
10. Sedentary lifestyle: A lack of physical activity can lead to weak muscles and a poor posture, which can contribute to back pain.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any of the following symptoms with your back pain:

1. Numbness or tingling in the legs or feet
2. Weakness in the legs or feet
3. Loss of bladder or bowel control
4. Fever and chills
5. Severe headache or stiff neck
6. Difficulty breathing or swallowing

These symptoms could indicate a more serious condition, such as a herniated disc or spinal infection, that requires prompt medical treatment.

Stress fractures can occur in any bone, but are most common in the weight-bearing bones of the lower extremities (such as the femur, tibia, and fibula). They can also occur in the bones of the upper extremities (such as the humerus, ulna, and radius) and in the spine.

Symptoms of stress fractures may include pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness over the affected area. In some cases, a individual may experience a snapping or popping sensation when bending or twisting. If left untreated, stress fractures can progress to more severe fractures and lead to chronic pain, limited mobility, and other complications.

Treatment for stress fractures typically involves rest, physical therapy, and medication to manage pain and inflammation. In some cases, a brace or cast may be used to immobilize the affected area and allow it to heal. Surgery may be necessary in more severe cases or if the fracture does not heal properly with conservative treatment.

Preventing stress fractures involves taking steps to reduce the amount of repetitive stress placed on bones, such as increasing training intensity gradually, wearing proper footwear and protective gear, and incorporating strengthening exercises into one's workout routine. Proper nutrition and hydration can also help support bone health and reduce the risk of fractures.

Symptoms of femoral neck fractures can include pain in the knee and thigh, swelling and bruising, and difficulty moving the leg. Treatment for these fractures may involve immobilizing the leg in a cast or brace, or surgery to realign and stabilize the bone. In some cases, the fracture may be treated with a combination of both methods.

The main types of femoral neck fractures are:

* Transverse fractures: These fractures occur horizontally across the femoral neck and can be stabilized with a plate or screws.
* Spiral fractures: These fractures occur when the bone is twisted and can be more challenging to treat.
* Compression fractures: These fractures occur when the bone is crushed due to pressure and can be treated with surgery to relieve the compression.
* Oblique fractures: These fractures occur at an angle and can be stabilized with a plate or screws.

The recovery time for femoral neck fractures can vary depending on the severity of the injury, but it usually takes several months for the bone to fully heal. Physical therapy may be necessary to regain strength and mobility in the affected leg.

Types of Ulna Fractures:

There are several types of ulna fractures, depending on the location and severity of the injury. These include:

1. Distal Humerus-Ulna (DHU) fracture: A break between the ulna and humerus bones near the wrist joint.
2. Mid-shaft ulna fracture: A break in the middle portion of the ulna bone.
3. Proximal ulna fracture: A break at the base of the ulna bone, nearest to the elbow joint.
4. Monteggia fracture: A combination of a proximal ulna fracture and a dislocation of the radial head (a bone in the forearm).

Symptoms of Ulna Fractures:

Patients with ulna fractures may experience pain, swelling, bruising, limited mobility and difficulty grasping objects. In some cases, there may be an audible snapping or popping sound when the injury occurs.

Diagnosis of Ulna Fractures:

Ulna fractures are typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, X-rays and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. In some cases, an open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) surgery may be necessary to realign and stabilize the bones.

Treatment of Ulna Fractures:

The treatment for ulna fractures depends on the severity and location of the injury. Non-surgical treatments may include immobilization with a cast or splint, pain management with medication and physical therapy to regain strength and range of motion. Surgical intervention may be necessary in more severe cases or those that do not respond to non-surgical treatment.

Complications of Ulna Fractures:

As with any fracture, there is a risk of complications with ulna fractures including infection, nerve damage, and poor healing. In some cases, the fracture may not properly align, leading to long-term functional issues such as loss of grip strength or limited mobility.

Prevention of Ulna Fractures:

While it is not possible to completely prevent ulna fractures, there are steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of injury. These include wearing protective gear during sports and physical activities, maintaining good bone density through a balanced diet and exercise, and taking steps to prevent falls such as removing tripping hazards from the home environment.

Prognosis for Ulna Fractures:

The prognosis for ulna fractures is generally good, with most patients experiencing a full recovery within 6-8 weeks. However, in some cases, complications may arise and long-term functional issues may persist. It is important to follow the treatment plan recommended by your healthcare provider and attend all scheduled follow-up appointments to ensure proper healing and minimize the risk of complications.

Conclusion:

Ulna fractures are a common injury that can occur as a result of sports, falls, or other traumatic events. The prognosis for ulna fractures is generally good, but it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time. With proper treatment and follow-up care, most patients experience a full recovery within 6-8 weeks. However, in some cases, complications may arise and long-term functional issues may persist, so it is important to be aware of the risk factors and seek medical attention if any concerns or symptoms arise.

There are different types of rib fractures, including:

1. Linear fractures: These are simple cracks in the ribs without any displacement of the bone fragments.
2. Compression fractures: These occur when the rib is crushed due to pressure, causing the vertebrae to collapse.
3. Stress fractures: These are small cracks that develop over time due to repetitive stress or strain on the ribs.
4. Hairline fractures: These are very thin cracks in the ribs that do not necessarily displace the bone fragments.

Rib fractures can cause significant pain and discomfort, especially when taking deep breaths or coughing. Other symptoms may include bruising, swelling, and difficulty moving the chest wall. In severe cases, rib fractures can lead to complications such as pneumonia, respiratory failure, or even cardiac arrest.

Diagnosis of rib fractures is typically made through X-rays or CT scans, which can reveal the location and severity of the fracture. Treatment may involve pain management with medication, rest, and breathing exercises, as well as immobilization of the affected area with a cast or brace. In severe cases, surgery may be required to stabilize the bones or repair any damage to organs or blood vessels.

Overall, rib fractures can be serious injuries that require prompt medical attention to prevent complications and ensure proper healing.

There are several different types of skull fractures, including:

1. Linear skull fractures: These are fractures that occur in a straight line and do not involve the brain.
2. Depressed skull fractures: These are fractures that cause the bone to be pushed inward, creating a depression in the skull.
3. Comminuted skull fractures: These are fractures that involve multiple pieces of bone breaking off and fragmenting.
4. Basilar skull fractures: These are fractures that occur at the base of the skull and can involve the brainstem or cranial nerves.
5. Cerebral edema: This is a condition in which fluid accumulates in the brain as a result of a head injury or other traumatic event.
6. Epidural hematoma: This is a collection of blood between the skull and the dura mater, which is the membrane that covers the brain.
7. Subdural hematoma: This is a collection of blood between the dura mater and the brain.
8. Intracerebral hematoma: This is a collection of blood within the brain tissue.

Skull fractures can be diagnosed using a variety of imaging tests, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment for skull fractures may involve observation, medication, or surgery, depending on the severity of the injury and any other complications that may have arisen.

Complications of skull fractures can include:

1. Cerebral edema
2. Epidural hematoma
3. Subdural hematoma
4. Intracerebral hematoma
5. Brain contusion
6. Skull base fractures
7. Facial trauma
8. Sinus fractures
9. Orbital blowout fractures
10. Meningitis or sepsis.

It is important to seek medical attention immediately if any of the following symptoms are present:

1. Severe headache
2. Confusion or disorientation
3. Slurred speech or difficulty speaking
4. Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs
5. Vision changes, such as double vision or blurred vision
6. Difficulty with balance or coordination
7. Seizures or convulsions
8. Fever
9. Stiff neck
10. Loss of consciousness or coma.

Mandibular fractures can be classified into different types based on their location and severity. Some common types of mandibular fractures include:

1. Symphyseal fracture: This type of fracture occurs in the joint portion of the mandible, where the two bone parts meet.
2. Body fracture: This type of fracture occurs in the main body of the mandible.
3. Condylar fracture: This type of fracture occurs in the part of the mandible that forms the jaw joint, called the condyle.
4. Angle fracture: This type of fracture occurs near the angle of the mandible, where it meets the maxilla (the bone of the upper jaw).
5. Subcondylar fracture: This type of fracture occurs below the condyle, in the lower part of the mandible.

The symptoms of mandibular fractures can vary depending on the severity of the injury, but may include:

* Pain and tenderness in the jaw and facial area
* Swelling and bruising around the affected eye
* Difficulty opening or closing the mouth
* Numbness or tingling in the lower jaw and tongue
* Difficulty speaking or eating

Treatment for mandibular fractures usually involves immobilizing the jaw with a splint or brace to allow the bone to heal properly. In some cases, surgery may be required to realign the bones and secure them in place with plates, screws, or wires.

Complications of mandibular fractures can include:

* Infection
* Nerve damage
* Facial asymmetry
* Difficulty speaking or eating
* Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction

It is important to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect that you have a mandibular fracture, as prompt treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Spondylitis, ankylosing can affect any part of the spine, but it most commonly affects the lower back (lumbar spine) and the neck (cervical spine). The condition can also affect other joints, such as the hips, shoulders, and feet.

The exact cause of spondylitis, ankylosing is not known, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, meaning that the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the joints. Genetics may also play a role in the development of the condition.

Symptoms of spondylitis, ankylosing can include:

* Back pain and stiffness
* Pain and swelling in the joints
* Limited mobility and flexibility
* Redness and warmth in the affected area
* Fatigue

If you suspect that you or someone you know may have spondylitis, ankylosing, it is important to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment. A healthcare professional can perform a physical examination and order imaging tests, such as X-rays or MRIs, to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions.

Treatment for spondylitis, ankylosing typically involves a combination of medications and physical therapy. Medications may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Physical therapy can help improve mobility and flexibility, as well as strengthen the muscles supporting the affected joints.

In severe cases of spondylitis, ankylosing, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged joints. In some cases, the condition may progress to the point where the joints become fused and immobile, a condition known as ankylosis.

While there is no cure for spondylitis, ankylosing, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. With proper care and support, individuals with spondylitis, ankylosing can lead active and fulfilling lives.

There are several types of tooth fractures, including:

1. Vertical fractures: These occur when the tooth breaks vertically and can affect one or more layers of the tooth.
2. Horizontal fractures: These occur when the tooth breaks horizontally and can affect the enamel, dentin, or cementum layers.
3. Oblique fractures: These occur when the tooth breaks at an angle and can affect multiple layers of the tooth.
4. Root fractures: These occur when the root of the tooth becomes cracked or broken.
5. Crown-root fractures: These occur when the crown (the visible part of the tooth) and the root become separated.

Tooth fractures can cause symptoms such as pain, sensitivity to temperature or sweetness, difficulty chewing or biting, and discomfort when speaking or opening the mouth. Treatment options for tooth fractures depend on the severity of the injury and may include dental fillings, crowns, root canals, or extraction.

It is important to seek professional dental care as soon as possible if you suspect that you have a tooth fracture, as early treatment can help prevent further damage and restore the tooth to its normal function and appearance.

Compression fractures are more common in older adults due to the natural aging process that weakens bones, causing them to become brittle and prone to breaking. This type of fracture can also be caused by other conditions such as cancer or infections that weaken bones.

Compression fractures are often diagnosed with X-rays or CT scans, which show the extent of the fracture and any damage to surrounding tissue. Treatment typically involves pain management, bracing to support the spine, and medication to prevent further bone loss. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to stabilize the spine or correct deformities.

Compression fractures can have a significant impact on quality of life, causing chronic back pain, limited mobility, and emotional distress. However, with proper treatment and support, many people are able to recover and maintain their independence.

Preventing compression fractures is essential, particularly for older adults or those with osteoporosis. This can be achieved through a healthy diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. Additionally, falling prevention strategies such as removing tripping hazards from the home environment and improving lighting can help reduce the risk of compression fractures.

Overall, compression fractures are a common condition that can significantly impact quality of life. Understanding the causes, diagnosis, and treatment options is crucial for effective management and prevention of this condition.

Intra-articular fractures can be classified into several categories based on their location within the joint:

1. Intra-articular fractures of the shoulder: These include fractures of the humeral head, glenoid, and clavicle.
2. Intra-articular fractures of the elbow: These include fractures of the radial head and neck, coronoid process, and distal humerus.
3. Intra-articular fractures of the wrist: These include fractures of the scaphoid, lunate, and capitate bones.
4. Intra-articular fractures of the hip: These include fractures of the femoral head and acetabulum.
5. Intra-articular fractures of the knee: These include fractures of the tibial plateau, femoral condyle, and patella.
6. Intra-articular fractures of the ankle: These include fractures of the talus, calcaneus, and fibula.

Intra-articular fractures can be caused by a variety of factors, such as falls, sports injuries, and motor vehicle accidents. Treatment for these types of fractures often involves immobilization with a cast or brace, surgery to realign and stabilize the bones, and physical therapy to restore strength and range of motion. In some cases, arthroscopy may be used to help repair the joint and improve outcomes.

Overall, intra-articular fractures can be challenging to treat and require careful planning and execution to ensure proper healing and minimize complications. It is important for patients to seek medical attention if they experience symptoms such as pain, swelling, or difficulty moving the affected joint.

There are several types of osteoporosis, including:

1. Postmenopausal osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis is caused by hormonal changes that occur during menopause. It is the most common form of osteoporosis and affects women more than men.
2. Senile osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis is caused by aging and is the most common form of osteoporosis in older adults.
3. Juvenile osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis affects children and young adults and can be caused by a variety of genetic disorders or other medical conditions.
4. secondary osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis is caused by other medical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis.

The symptoms of osteoporosis can be subtle and may not appear until a fracture has occurred. They can include:

1. Back pain or loss of height
2. A stooped posture
3. Fractures, especially in the spine, hips, or wrists
4. Loss of bone density, as determined by a bone density test

The diagnosis of osteoporosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests, such as X-rays or bone density tests. Treatment for osteoporosis can include medications, such as bisphosphonates, hormone therapy, or rANK ligand inhibitors, as well as lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise and a balanced diet.

Preventing osteoporosis is important, as it can help to reduce the risk of fractures and other complications. To prevent osteoporosis, individuals can:

1. Get enough calcium and vitamin D throughout their lives
2. Exercise regularly, especially weight-bearing activities such as walking or running
3. Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
4. Maintain a healthy body weight
5. Consider taking medications to prevent osteoporosis, such as bisphosphonates, if recommended by a healthcare provider.

Orbital fractures can have serious consequences if left untreated, including vision loss, double vision, and eye movement restrictions. Treatment for orbital fractures typically involves immobilization of the affected eye with a splint or sling, as well as antibiotics to prevent infection. In some cases, surgery may be required to realign the bones of the orbit and restore proper function to the eye.

Some common types of orbital fractures include:

1. Zygomatic fracture: A break in the zygoma (cheekbone) that can affect the orbit.
2. Maxillary fracture: A break in the maxilla bone, which forms the upper jaw and eye socket.
3. Orbital blowout fracture: A break in the thin wall of the orbit that can cause damage to the eye and surrounding tissues.
4. Medial rectus fracture: A break in the muscle that controls lateral movement of the eye.
5. Infradial fracture: A break in the bone of the lower jaw that can affect the orbit.

Orbital fractures can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and vision testing. Treatment for these fractures is typically individualized based on the severity and location of the break, as well as the patient's overall health and symptoms.

Some common examples of spinal cord diseases include:

1. Spinal muscular atrophy: This is a genetic disorder that affects the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement. It can cause muscle weakness and wasting, as well as other symptoms such as respiratory problems and difficulty swallowing.
2. Multiple sclerosis: This is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and damage to the protective covering of nerve fibers in the spinal cord. Symptoms can include vision problems, muscle weakness, balance and coordination difficulties, and cognitive impairment.
3. Spinal cord injuries: These can occur as a result of trauma, such as a car accident or a fall, and can cause a range of symptoms including paralysis, numbness, and loss of sensation below the level of the injury.
4. Spinal stenosis: This is a condition in which the spinal canal narrows, putting pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots. Symptoms can include back pain, leg pain, and difficulty walking or standing for long periods.
5. Tumors: Benign or malignant tumors can grow in the spinal cord, causing a range of symptoms including pain, weakness, and numbness or tingling in the limbs.
6. Infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can cause inflammation and damage to the spinal cord, leading to symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscle weakness.
7. Degenerative diseases: Conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) can cause progressive degeneration of the spinal cord nerve cells, leading to muscle weakness, twitching, and wasting.
8. Trauma: Traumatic injuries, such as those caused by sports injuries or physical assault, can damage the spinal cord and result in a range of symptoms including pain, numbness, and weakness.
9. Ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the spinal cord can cause tissue damage and lead to symptoms such as weakness, numbness, and paralysis.
10. Spinal cord infarction: A blockage in the blood vessels that supply the spinal cord can cause tissue damage and lead to symptoms similar to those of ischemia.

It's important to note that some of these conditions can be caused by a combination of factors, such as genetics, age, lifestyle, and environmental factors. It's also worth noting that some of these conditions can have a significant impact on quality of life, and in some cases, may be fatal.

The symptoms of Colles' fracture can include pain and swelling in the wrist and forearm, as well as limited mobility and deformity of the affected hand. Treatment typically involves immobilization of the wrist in a cast or splint for several weeks to allow the bone to heal properly. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to realign and stabilize the bones.

Colles' fracture is classified into three types based on the extent of displacement and the presence of other injuries:

* Type 1: Non-displaced fracture with minimal displacement (less than 2 mm).
* Type 2: Displaced fracture with moderate displacement (greater than 2 mm but less than 50%).
* Type 3: Comminuted fracture with severe displacement (greater than 50%).

Overall, Colles' fracture is a relatively common and treatable injury that can be successfully managed with appropriate immobilization and/or surgical intervention. However, it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time to prevent complications such as infection, nerve damage, or long-term disability.

There are several types of spinal cord compression, including:

1. Central canal stenosis: This occurs when the central canal of the spine narrows, compressing the spinal cord.
2. Foraminal stenosis: This occurs when the openings on either side of the spine (foramina) narrow, compressing the nerves exiting the spinal cord.
3. Spondylolisthesis: This occurs when a vertebra slips out of place, compressing the spinal cord.
4. Herniated discs: This occurs when the gel-like center of a disc bulges out and presses on the spinal cord.
5. Bone spurs: This occurs when bone growths develop on the vertebrae, compressing the spinal cord.
6. Tumors: This can be either primary or metastatic tumors that grow in the spine and compress the spinal cord.
7. Trauma: This occurs when there is a direct blow to the spine, causing compression of the spinal cord.

Symptoms of spinal cord compression may include:

* Pain, numbness, weakness, or tingling in the arms and legs
* Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
* Muscle wasting or loss of muscle mass
* Decreased reflexes
* Loss of bladder or bowel control
* Weakness in the muscles of the face, arms, or legs
* Difficulty with fine motor skills such as buttoning a shirt or typing

Diagnosis of spinal cord compression is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment options for spinal cord compression depend on the underlying cause and may include medication, surgery, or a combination of both.

In conclusion, spinal cord compression is a serious medical condition that can have significant impacts on quality of life, mobility, and overall health. It is important to be aware of the causes and symptoms of spinal cord compression in order to seek medical attention if they occur. With proper diagnosis and treatment, many cases of spinal cord compression can be effectively managed and improved.

Types of Spinal Neoplasms:

1. Benign tumors: Meningiomas, schwannomas, and osteochondromas are common types of benign spinal neoplasms. These tumors usually grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body.
2. Malignant tumors: Primary bone cancers (chordoma, chondrosarcoma, and osteosarcoma) and metastatic cancers (cancers that have spread to the spine from another part of the body) are types of malignant spinal neoplasms. These tumors can grow rapidly and spread to other parts of the body.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Genetic mutations: Some genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis type 1 and tuberous sclerosis complex, increase the risk of developing spinal neoplasms.
2. Previous radiation exposure: People who have undergone radiation therapy in the past may have an increased risk of developing a spinal tumor.
3. Family history: A family history of spinal neoplasms can increase an individual's risk.
4. Age and gender: Spinal neoplasms are more common in older adults, and males are more likely to be affected than females.

Symptoms:

1. Back pain: Pain is the most common symptom of spinal neoplasms, which can range from mild to severe and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as numbness, weakness, or tingling in the arms or legs.
2. Neurological deficits: Depending on the location and size of the tumor, patients may experience neurological deficits such as paralysis, loss of sensation, or difficulty with balance and coordination.
3. Difficulty with urination or bowel movements: Patients may experience changes in their bladder or bowel habits due to the tumor pressing on the spinal cord or nerve roots.
4. Weakness or numbness: Patients may experience weakness or numbness in their arms or legs due to compression of the spinal cord or nerve roots by the tumor.
5. Fractures: Spinal neoplasms can cause fractures in the spine, which can lead to a loss of height, an abnormal curvature of the spine, or difficulty with movement and balance.

Diagnosis:

1. Medical history and physical examination: A thorough medical history and physical examination can help identify the presence of symptoms and determine the likelihood of a spinal neoplasm.
2. Imaging studies: X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, or PET scans may be ordered to visualize the spine and detect any abnormalities.
3. Biopsy: A biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of tumor present.
4. Laboratory tests: Blood tests may be ordered to assess liver function, electrolyte levels, or other parameters that can help evaluate the patient's overall health.

Treatment:

1. Surgery: Surgical intervention is often necessary to remove the tumor and relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots.
2. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used before or after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells.
3. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used in combination with radiation therapy or as a standalone treatment for patients who are not candidates for surgery.
4. Supportive care: Patients may require supportive care, such as physical therapy, pain management, and rehabilitation, to help them recover from the effects of the tumor and any treatment-related complications.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for patients with spinal neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type and location of the tumor, the extent of the disease, and the patient's overall health. In general, the prognosis is better for patients with slow-growing tumors that are confined to a specific area of the spine, as compared to those with more aggressive tumors that have spread to other parts of the body.

Survival rates:

The survival rates for patients with spinal neoplasms vary depending on the type of tumor and other factors. According to the American Cancer Society, the 5-year survival rate for primary spinal cord tumors is about 60%. However, this rate can be as high as 90% for patients with slow-growing tumors that are confined to a specific area of the spine.

Lifestyle modifications:

There are no specific lifestyle modifications that can cure spinal neoplasms, but certain changes may help improve the patient's quality of life and overall health. These may include:

1. Exercise: Gentle exercise, such as yoga or swimming, can help improve mobility and strength.
2. Diet: A balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help support overall health.
3. Rest: Getting enough rest and avoiding strenuous activities can help the patient recover from treatment-related fatigue.
4. Managing stress: Stress management techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing exercises, can help reduce anxiety and improve overall well-being.
5. Follow-up care: Regular follow-up appointments with the healthcare provider are crucial to monitor the patient's condition and make any necessary adjustments to their treatment plan.

In conclusion, spinal neoplasms are rare tumors that can develop in the spine and can have a significant impact on the patient's quality of life. Early diagnosis is essential for effective treatment, and survival rates vary depending on the type of tumor and other factors. While there are no specific lifestyle modifications that can cure spinal neoplasms, certain changes may help improve the patient's overall health and well-being. It is important for patients to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan and follow-up care to ensure the best possible outcome.

Some common types of spinal diseases include:

1. Degenerative disc disease: This is a condition where the discs between the vertebrae in the spine wear down over time, leading to pain and stiffness in the back.
2. Herniated discs: This occurs when the gel-like center of a disc bulges out through a tear in the outer layer, putting pressure on nearby nerves and causing pain.
3. Spinal stenosis: This is a narrowing of the spinal canal, which can put pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots, causing pain, numbness, and weakness in the legs.
4. Spondylolisthesis: This is a condition where a vertebra slips out of place, either forward or backward, and can cause pressure on nearby nerves and muscles.
5. Scoliosis: This is a curvature of the spine that can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, injury, or disease.
6. Spinal infections: These are infections that can affect any part of the spine, including the discs, vertebrae, and soft tissues.
7. Spinal tumors: These are abnormal growths that can occur in the spine, either primary ( originating in the spine) or metastatic (originating elsewhere in the body).
8. Osteoporotic fractures: These are fractures that occur in the spine as a result of weakened bones due to osteoporosis.
9. Spinal cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can form in the spine, either as a result of injury or as a congenital condition.
10. Spinal degeneration: This is a general term for any type of wear and tear on the spine, such as arthritis or disc degeneration.

If you are experiencing any of these conditions, it is important to seek medical attention to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Benign spinal cord neoplasms are typically slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms in the early stages. However, as they grow, they can compress or damage the surrounding healthy tissue, leading to a range of symptoms such as pain, numbness, weakness, or paralysis.

Malignant spinal cord neoplasms are more aggressive and can grow rapidly, invading surrounding tissues and spreading to other parts of the body. They can cause similar symptoms to benign tumors, as well as other symptoms such as fever, nausea, and weight loss.

The diagnosis of spinal cord neoplasms is based on a combination of clinical findings, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and location of the tumor, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

The prognosis for spinal cord neoplasms depends on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. In general, benign tumors have a better prognosis than malignant tumors, and early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes. However, even with successful treatment, some patients may experience long-term neurological deficits or other complications.

Treatment for periprosthetic fractures typically involves a combination of immobilization in a cast or brace, pain management with medication, and physical therapy to regain strength and mobility in the affected joint. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace the damaged artificial joint.

Periprosthetic fractures can have serious consequences if left untreated, including ongoing pain, limited mobility, and potentially even infection or sepsis. As such, it is important for individuals who experience any symptoms of a periprosthetic fracture to seek medical attention as soon as possible.

Word: Periprosthetic
Pronunciation: /p?r?p?stræt?k/
Part of Speech: Adjective
Definition: Relating to or being a fracture that occurs around an artificial joint, such as a hip or knee replacement.

Symptoms of spinal stenosis may include:

* Pain in the neck, back, or legs that worsens with walking or standing
* Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms or legs
* Difficulty controlling bladder or bowel functions
* Muscle weakness in the legs

Treatment for spinal stenosis may include:

* Pain medications
* Physical therapy to improve mobility and strength
* Injections of steroids or pain relievers
* Surgery to remove bone spurs or decompress the spinal cord

It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms of spinal stenosis worsen over time, as untreated condition can lead to permanent nerve damage and disability.

Types of Wrist Injuries:

1. Sprains and Strains: These are common wrist injuries that occur when the ligaments or muscles are stretched or torn due to sudden movements or overuse.
2. Fractures: A fracture is a break in one or more of the bones in the wrist, which can be caused by a fall onto an outstretched hand or by a direct blow to the wrist.
3. Tendinitis: This is inflammation of the tendons, which connect muscles to bones. Wrist tendinitis can occur due to repetitive movements such as typing or gripping.
4. Carpal tunnel syndrome: This is a condition where the median nerve, which runs down the arm and into the hand through a narrow passageway in the wrist, becomes compressed or pinched. It can cause pain, numbness, and tingling in the hand and wrist.
5. Wrist fracture-dislocations: This is a type of injury where a bone in the wrist is broken and displaced from its normal position.
6. Ganglion cysts: These are non-cancerous lumps that can develop on the top of the wrist, usually due to repetitive movement or inflammation.
7. De Quervain's tenosynovitis: This is a condition that affects the tendons on the thumb side of the wrist, causing pain and stiffness in the wrist and thumb.

Symptoms of Wrist Injuries:

1. Pain
2. Swelling
3. Bruising
4. Limited mobility or stiffness
5. Difficulty gripping or grasping objects
6. Numbness or tingling in the hand or fingers
7. Weakness in the wrist or hand

Treatment of Wrist Injuries:

The treatment for wrist injuries depends on the severity of the injury and can range from conservative methods such as rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) to surgical intervention. Some common treatments include:

1. Immobilization: A cast or splint may be used to immobilize the wrist and allow it to heal.
2. Physical therapy: Gentle exercises and stretches can help improve mobility and strength in the wrist.
3. Medications: Pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs, or steroid injections may be prescribed to manage pain and inflammation.
4. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissue or realign bones.
5. Rest: Avoid activities that aggravate the injury and give your wrist time to heal.
6. Ice: Apply ice to the affected area to reduce pain and inflammation.
7. Compression: Use a compression bandage to help reduce swelling.
8. Elevation: Keep your hand elevated above the level of your heart to reduce swelling.

It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any of the following symptoms:

* Severe pain that doesn't improve with medication
* Swelling or bruising that gets worse over time
* Difficulty moving your wrist or fingers
* Deformity or abnormal alignment of the wrist
* Numbness or tingling in your hand or fingers
* Weakness or difficulty gripping objects

If you suspect that you have a wrist injury, it's important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. A healthcare professional can evaluate your symptoms and provide an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

The symptoms of maxillary fractures can vary depending on the severity of the injury, but may include:

* Pain and swelling in the face
* Difficulty opening or closing the mouth
* Numbness or loss of sensation in the face
* Crooked or misshapen appearance of the face
* Difficulty breathing through the nose

Treatment for maxillary fractures may include:

* Immobilization of the jaw with a splint or cast to allow the bone to heal
* Medication to manage pain and swelling
* Surgery to realign the bones and stabilize them with plates, screws, or wires.

It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated maxillary fractures can lead to complications such as infection, nerve damage, or long-term facial deformity.

Zygomatic fractures, also known as zygoma fractures or malar fractures, are breaks in the bone of the zygomatic arch, which is a curved bone that forms the upper and lateral portion of the eye socket. These fractures can be caused by direct blows to the face, such as in a fall or a sports injury, or by indirect forces, such as those sustained during a motor vehicle accident.

Types of Zygomatic Fractures[2]

There are several types of zygomatic fractures, including:

1. Extension-rotation fractures: These fractures occur when the bone is broken in both the vertical and horizontal planes.
2. Simple fractures: These fractures involve a single break in the bone without any displacement.
3. Comminuted fractures: These fractures involve multiple breaks in the bone with displacement.
4. Open fractures: These fractures involve a break in the skin over the affected area, exposing the bone and increasing the risk of infection.

Symptoms of Zygomatic Fractures[3]

The symptoms of zygomatic fractures can vary depending on the severity of the injury, but may include:

1. Pain and tenderness in the affected eye socket and cheekbone.
2. Swelling and bruising around the eyes and face.
3. Difficulty moving the jaw or tongue.
4. Numbness or tingling sensations in the face.
5. Difficulty closing the eye or eyelid on the affected side.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Zygomatic Fractures[4]

Zygomatic fractures are typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as X-rays or CT scans, and other diagnostic tests. Treatment for these fractures may include:

1. Pain management with medication and ice packs.
2. Immobilization of the affected eye socket with a facial splint or sling.
3. Surgery to realign and stabilize the bone fragments, which may involve the use of plates, screws, or wires.
4. Monitoring for signs of infection or other complications.
5. Physical therapy to help regain strength and range of motion in the affected eye and jaw.

Prognosis and Complications of Zygomatic Fractures[5]

The prognosis for zygomatic fractures is generally good, with most patients experiencing a full recovery within 6-8 weeks. However, there are potential complications to be aware of, including:

1. Infection: As with any surgical procedure, there is a risk of infection with zygomatic fracture repair.
2. Nerve damage: The nerves that control sensation and movement in the face and jaw can be damaged during the injury or surgical repair, leading to numbness, tingling, or weakness.
3. Eye complications: Zygomatic fractures can lead to eye complications such as double vision, dry eyes, or even loss of vision if the fracture is not properly treated.
4. Asymmetry: The bone fragments may not heal perfectly, leading to asymmetry in the face and jaw.
5. Malocclusion: The teeth may no longer fit together properly after a zygomatic fracture, leading to malocclusion or misaligned teeth.
6. Maxillary sinus involvement: The maxillary sinus, a air-filled cavity in the cheekbone, can become involved in the fracture and may require additional treatment.
7. Cerebral injury: Zygomatic fractures can be associated with cerebral injury, particularly if the fracture is caused by a high-energy trauma such as a car accident or fall from a height.

Conclusion[6]

Zygomatic fractures are complex injuries that require prompt and careful management to ensure proper healing and minimize complications. Treatment may involve a combination of conservative and surgical methods, depending on the severity and location of the fracture. Patients with zygomatic fractures should be closely monitored for signs of infection, malocclusion, and asymmetry, and may require long-term follow-up to address any complications that arise.

During menopause, the levels of estrogen in the body decrease significantly, which can lead to a loss of bone density and an increased risk of developing osteoporosis. Other risk factors for postmenopausal osteoporosis include:

* Family history of osteoporosis
* Early menopause (before age 45)
* Poor diet or inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake
* Sedentary lifestyle or lack of exercise
* Certain medications, such as glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants
* Other medical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and liver or kidney disease.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including bone mineral density (BMD) measurements, which can determine the density of bones and detect any loss of bone mass. Treatment options for postmenopausal osteoporosis typically involve a combination of medications and lifestyle changes, such as:

* Bisphosphonates, which help to slow down bone loss and reduce the risk of fractures
* Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), which can help to replace the estrogen that is lost during menopause and improve bone density
* Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), which mimic the effects of estrogen on bone density but have fewer risks than HRT
* RANK ligand inhibitors, which can help to slow down bone loss and reduce the risk of fractures
* Parathyroid hormone (PTH) analogues, which can help to increase bone density and improve bone quality.

It is important for women to discuss their individual risks and benefits with their healthcare provider when determining the best course of treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Additionally, lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, a balanced diet, and avoiding substances that can harm bone health (such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption) can also help to manage the condition.

Types of Forearm Injuries:

1. Fractures: Breakage of one or more bones in the forearm is a common injury. The most common fracture is a radial head fracture, which affects the upper end of the radius bone.
2. Sprains and strains: Overstretching or tearing of ligaments and muscles in the forearm can occur due to sudden twisting or bending movements.
3. Tendon injuries: Injuries to tendons, which connect muscles to bones, are common in the forearm. Tendinitis is inflammation of a tendon, while tendon rupture is a more severe injury.
4. Nerve injuries: Compression or damage to nerves in the forearm can cause numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and fingers.
5. Contusions: Bruises caused by direct blows to the forearm can result in pain, swelling, and limited mobility.

Symptoms of Forearm Injuries:

1. Pain: Sudden, sharp pain or a dull ache in the forearm, wrist, or hand may indicate an injury.
2. Swelling and bruising: Inflammation and discoloration in the affected area can occur due to bleeding under the skin.
3. Limited mobility: Difficulty moving the wrist, hand, or fingers can be a sign of a forearm injury.
4. Numbness or tingling: Decreased sensation in the hand or fingers may indicate nerve damage.
5. Deformity: Visible deviations from the normal shape of the forearm or wrist may indicate a more severe injury.

Treatment for Forearm Injuries:

1. Rest and ice: Allowing the affected area to rest and applying ice can reduce pain and inflammation.
2. Compression: Wrapping the forearm with an elastic bandage can help reduce swelling.
3. Elevation: Keeping the affected arm above heart level can promote blood flow and reduce swelling.
4. Medications: Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, can alleviate discomfort.
5. Physical therapy: Gentle exercises and stretches can help improve mobility and strength in the affected hand and wrist.
6. Immobilization: In some cases, a cast or splint may be used to immobilize the forearm and allow healing.
7. Surgery: In severe cases of nerve damage or tendon rupture, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair the damaged tissue.

There are different types of SMA, ranging from mild to severe, with varying degrees of muscle wasting and weakness. The condition typically becomes apparent during infancy or childhood and can progress rapidly or slowly over time. Symptoms may include muscle weakness, spinal curvature (scoliosis), respiratory problems, and difficulty swallowing.

SMA is caused by a defect in the Survival Motor Neuron 1 (SMN1) gene, which is responsible for producing a protein that protects motor neurons from degeneration. The disorder is usually inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning that a person must inherit two copies of the defective gene - one from each parent - to develop the condition.

There is currently no cure for SMA, but various treatments are available to manage its symptoms and slow its progression. These may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, bracing, and medications to improve muscle strength and function. In some cases, stem cell therapy or gene therapy may be considered as potential treatment options.

Prognosis for SMA varies depending on the type and severity of the condition, but it is generally poor for those with the most severe forms of the disorder. However, with appropriate management and support, many individuals with SMA can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their goals despite physical limitations.

There are many different types of ankle injuries, ranging from mild sprains and strains to more severe fractures and dislocations. Some common causes of ankle injuries include:

* Rolling or twisting the ankle
* Landing awkwardly on the foot
* Direct blows to the ankle
* Overuse or repetitive motion

Symptoms of an ankle injury can vary depending on the severity of the injury, but may include:

* Pain and tenderness in the ankle area
* Swelling and bruising
* Difficulty moving the ankle or putting weight on it
* Instability or a feeling of the ankle giving way
* Limited range of motion

Ankle injuries can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as X-rays or MRIs, and other diagnostic procedures. Treatment for ankle injuries may include:

* Rest and ice to reduce swelling and pain
* Compression bandages to help stabilize the ankle
* Elevation of the injured ankle to reduce swelling
* Physical therapy exercises to strengthen the muscles around the ankle and improve range of motion
* Bracing or taping to provide support and stability
* In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged ligaments or bones.

It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated ankle injuries can lead to chronic pain, instability, and limited mobility. With proper treatment and care, however, many people are able to recover from ankle injuries and return to their normal activities without long-term complications.

Dislocation is a term used in medicine to describe the displacement of a bone or joint from its normal position, often due to injury or disease. This can cause pain, limited mobility, and potentially lead to long-term complications if left untreated.

There are several types of dislocations that can occur in different parts of the body, including:

1. Shoulder dislocation: The upper arm bone (humerus) is forced out of the shoulder socket.
2. Hip dislocation: The femur (thigh bone) is forced out of the hip socket.
3. Knee dislocation: The kneecap (patella) is forced out of its normal position in the knee joint.
4. Ankle dislocation: The bones of the ankle are forced out of their normal position.
5. Elbow dislocation: The humerus is forced out of the elbow joint.
6. Wrist dislocation: The bones of the wrist are forced out of their normal position.
7. Finger dislocation: One or more of the bones in a finger are forced out of their normal position.
8. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation: The jawbone is forced out of its normal position, which can cause pain and difficulty opening the mouth.

Dislocations can be caused by a variety of factors, including sports injuries, car accidents, falls, and certain medical conditions such as osteoporosis or degenerative joint disease. Treatment for dislocations often involves reducing the displaced bone or joint back into its normal position, either through manual manipulation or surgery. In some cases, physical therapy may be necessary to help restore strength and range of motion in the affected area.

Symptoms of Spinal Cord Ischemia may include weakness, paralysis, loss of sensation, and loss of reflexes in the affected area. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and laboratory tests.

Treatment for Spinal Cord Ischemia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to dissolve blood clots, surgery to repair arterial damage, or supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent further damage. In severe cases, Spinal Cord Ischemia can lead to permanent neurological damage or death.

Spinal Cord Ischemia is a serious medical condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent long-term neurological damage or death.

Multiple trauma can involve various types of injuries, including:

1. Blunt trauma: This refers to injuries caused by a blow or impact, such as those sustained in a car accident or fall.
2. Penetrating trauma: This refers to injuries caused by a sharp object, such as a gunshot wound or stab wound.
3. Burns: This refers to injuries caused by heat or chemicals that can cause tissue damage and scarring.
4. Neurological trauma: This refers to injuries affecting the brain and spinal cord, such as concussions or herniated discs.
5. Orthopedic trauma: This refers to injuries affecting the musculoskeletal system, such as fractures or dislocations.
6. Soft tissue trauma: This refers to injuries affecting the skin, muscles, and other soft tissues, such as lacerations or contusions.
7. Visceral trauma: This refers to injuries affecting the internal organs, such as internal bleeding or organ damage.

The severity of multiple trauma can vary widely, ranging from mild to life-threatening. In some cases, multiple trauma may be caused by a single incident, while in other cases, it may result from a series of events over time.

Treatment for multiple trauma typically involves a comprehensive approach that addresses all of the injuries and takes into account the patient's overall health and well-being. This may include surgery, medication, physical therapy, and other forms of rehabilitation. In severe cases, multiple trauma can result in long-term disability or even death, making prompt and appropriate treatment essential for optimal outcomes.

1. Infection: Bacterial or viral infections can develop after surgery, potentially leading to sepsis or organ failure.
2. Adhesions: Scar tissue can form during the healing process, which can cause bowel obstruction, chronic pain, or other complications.
3. Wound complications: Incisional hernias, wound dehiscence (separation of the wound edges), and wound infections can occur.
4. Respiratory problems: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, and atelectasis (collapsed lung) can develop after surgery, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
5. Cardiovascular complications: Myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac failure can occur after surgery, especially in high-risk patients.
6. Renal (kidney) problems: Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease can develop postoperatively, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal impairment.
7. Neurological complications: Stroke, seizures, and neuropraxia (nerve damage) can occur after surgery, especially in patients with pre-existing neurological conditions.
8. Pulmonary embolism: Blood clots can form in the legs or lungs after surgery, potentially causing pulmonary embolism.
9. Anesthesia-related complications: Respiratory and cardiac complications can occur during anesthesia, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
10. delayed healing: Wound healing may be delayed or impaired after surgery, particularly in patients with pre-existing medical conditions.

It is important for patients to be aware of these potential complications and to discuss any concerns with their surgeon and healthcare team before undergoing surgery.

Kyphosis is an exaggerated forward curvature of the spine, also known as "roundback" or "hunchback". This type of curvature can be caused by a variety of factors such as osteoporosis, degenerative disc disease, and Scheuermann's disease.

Lordosis is an excessive inward curvature of the spine, also known as "swayback". This type of curvature can be caused by factors such as pregnancy, obesity, and spinal injuries.

Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine, which can be caused by a variety of factors such as genetics, injury, or birth defects. Scoliosis can be classified into two main types: Cervical (neck) scoliosis and Thoracic (chest) scoliosis.

All three types of curvatures can cause discomfort, pain and decreased mobility if left untreated. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the curvature and may include physical therapy, bracing, or surgery.

Paraplegia is classified into two main types:

1. Complete paraplegia: Total loss of motor function in both legs and pelvis.
2. Incomplete paraplegia: Some degree of motor function remains in the affected limbs.

Symptoms of paraplegia can include weakness, paralysis, numbness, or tingling sensations below the level of the spinal cord injury. Loss of bladder and bowel control, sexual dysfunction, and changes in sensation (such as decreased sensitivity to touch and temperature) are also common.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, neurological tests such as reflexes and muscle strength, and imaging studies like X-rays or MRIs to determine the underlying cause of paraplegia. Treatment depends on the specific cause of the condition and may include medications, rehabilitation therapy, and assistive devices such as braces, canes, or wheelchairs.

Symptoms of spinal tuberculosis may include:

* Back pain
* Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs
* Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
* Fever, fatigue, and weight loss
* Loss of bladder or bowel control

If left untreated, spinal tuberculosis can lead to severe complications such as paralysis, nerve damage, and infection of the bloodstream. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and surgery to remove infected tissue.

Spinal TB is a rare form of TB, but it is becoming more common due to the increasing number of people living with HIV/AIDS, which weakens the immune system and makes them more susceptible to TB infections. Spinal TB can be difficult to diagnose as it may present like other conditions such as cancer or herniated discs.

The prognosis for spinal tuberculosis is generally good if treated early, but the condition can be challenging to treat and may require long-term management.

There are several different types of pain, including:

1. Acute pain: This type of pain is sudden and severe, and it usually lasts for a short period of time. It can be caused by injuries, surgery, or other forms of tissue damage.
2. Chronic pain: This type of pain persists over a long period of time, often lasting more than 3 months. It can be caused by conditions such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, or nerve damage.
3. Neuropathic pain: This type of pain results from damage to the nervous system, and it can be characterized by burning, shooting, or stabbing sensations.
4. Visceral pain: This type of pain originates in the internal organs, and it can be difficult to localize.
5. Psychogenic pain: This type of pain is caused by psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, or depression.

The medical field uses a range of methods to assess and manage pain, including:

1. Pain rating scales: These are numerical scales that patients use to rate the intensity of their pain.
2. Pain diaries: These are records that patients keep to track their pain over time.
3. Clinical interviews: Healthcare providers use these to gather information about the patient's pain experience and other relevant symptoms.
4. Physical examination: This can help healthcare providers identify any underlying causes of pain, such as injuries or inflammation.
5. Imaging studies: These can be used to visualize the body and identify any structural abnormalities that may be contributing to the patient's pain.
6. Medications: There are a wide range of medications available to treat pain, including analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and muscle relaxants.
7. Alternative therapies: These can include acupuncture, massage, and physical therapy.
8. Interventional procedures: These are minimally invasive procedures that can be used to treat pain, such as nerve blocks and spinal cord stimulation.

It is important for healthcare providers to approach pain management with a multi-modal approach, using a combination of these methods to address the physical, emotional, and social aspects of pain. By doing so, they can help improve the patient's quality of life and reduce their suffering.

There are several types of kyphosis, including:

1. Postural kyphosis: This type of kyphosis is caused by poor posture and is often seen in teenagers.
2. Scheuermann's kyphosis: This type of kyphosis is caused by a structural deformity of the spine and is most common during adolescence.
3. Degenerative kyphosis: This type of kyphosis is caused by degenerative changes in the spine, such as osteoporosis or degenerative disc disease.
4. Neuromuscular kyphosis: This type of kyphosis is caused by neuromuscular disorders such as cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy.

Symptoms of kyphosis can include:

* An abnormal curvature of the spine
* Back pain
* Difficulty breathing
* Difficulty maintaining posture
* Loss of height
* Tiredness or fatigue

Kyphosis can be diagnosed through a physical examination, X-rays, and other imaging tests. Treatment options for kyphosis depend on the type and severity of the condition and can include:

* Physical therapy
* Bracing
* Medication
* Surgery

It is important to seek medical attention if you or your child is experiencing any symptoms of kyphosis, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent further progression of the condition and improve quality of life.

A jaw fracture is a break or crack in one or more of the bones of the jaw. It can occur as a result of trauma, such as a blow to the face or a fall, or it can be caused by a condition that weakens the bone, such as osteoporosis.

There are several types of jaw fractures, including:

* Mandible fracture: A break in the lower jawbone (mandible)
* Maxilla fracture: A break in the upper jawbone (maxilla)
* Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) fracture: A break in the joint that connects the jawbones to the skull

Symptoms of a jaw fracture can include:

* Pain and tenderness in the jaw
* Swelling and bruising in the face
* Difficulty opening or closing the mouth
* Numbness or tingling in the face or jaw

Treatment for a jaw fracture may include:

* Wiring the jawbones together to hold them in place
* Using a splint to immobilize the jaw
* Inserting screws or plates to stabilize the bones
* Performing surgery to realign the bones and repair any damaged tissue

In some cases, jaw fractures may also be associated with other injuries, such as facial lacerations or concussions. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect that you have a jaw fracture, as untreated fractures can lead to complications such as infection, nerve damage, or poor alignment of the jaw.

A spinal fracture, also called a vertebral fracture or a broken back, is a fracture affecting the vertebrae of the spinal ... Cervical fracture Fracture of C1, including Jefferson fracture Fracture of C2, including Hangman's fracture Flexion teardrop ... Most types of spinal fracture confer a significant risk of spinal cord injury. After the immediate trauma, there is a risk of ... fracture - a fracture of the anteroinferior aspect of a cervical vertebra Clay-shoveler fracture - fracture through the spinous ...
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... of spinal fractures and 55% of cervical fractures (in patients with head injury). Within C2 fractures, the hangman's fracture ... survival from this fracture is relatively common, as the fracture itself tends to expand the spinal canal at the C2 level. It ... Sasso Rick C (2001). "C2 Dens Fractures: Treatment Options". Journal of Spinal Disorders. 14 (5): 455-463. doi:10.1097/00002517 ... Hangman's fracture is the colloquial name given to a fracture of both pedicles, or partes interarticulares, of the axis ...
"Pelvic Fractures". OrthoInfo. American Academy of Orthopedics. Retrieved July 27, 2017. "Spinal cord injury Causes". MayoClinic ... Automotive and motorcycle accidents together are the leading cause of spinal cord injuries, about 35% percent. Tire issues such ... Automotive and motorcycle accidents together are the leading cause of spinal cord injuries, about 35% percent; this can include ... Hurson, Conor; Collins, Denis; McElwain, John P. (February 2004). "Crotch rocket pelvic fractures". Injury Extra. 36 (2): 17-19 ...
Spinal fracture Cervical fracture Fracture of C1, including Jefferson fracture Fracture of C2, including Hangman's fracture ... Patella fracture Crus fracture Tibia fracture Pilon fracture Tibial plateau fracture Bumper fracture - a fracture of the ... of the spine Rib fracture Sternal fracture Shoulder fracture Clavicle fracture Scapular fracture Arm fracture Humerus fracture ... Skull fracture Basilar skull fracture Blowout fracture - a fracture of the walls or floor of the orbit Mandibular fracture ...
Spinal fracture". Herpetological Review. 40 (3): 348-349. Media related to Novomessor ensifer at Wikimedia Commons (Articles ...
Later he suffered from spinal fractures. On May 26, 1982, he passed away due to osteomyelitis and other complications. Yoo ...
Spinal Fractures Can Be Terribly Painful. A Common Treatment Isn't Helping. NYTs 2019 (Articles with short description, Short ... Kolata, Gina (2019-01-24). "Spinal Fractures Can Be Terribly Painful. A Common Treatment Isn't Helping". The New York Times. ... August 2009). "A randomized trial of vertebroplasty for osteoporotic spinal fractures". N. Engl. J. Med. 361 (6): 569-79. doi: ... September 2010), The Treatment of Symptomatic Osteoporotic Spinal Compression Fractures: Guideline and Evidence Report (PDF), ...
"Osteoporosis and Spinal Fractures - OrthoInfo - AAOS". www.orthoinfo.org. Retrieved 2020-07-31. Kanis JA, Johansson H, Johnell ... Hip fractures alone are particularly debilitating and have a nearly 20% higher mortality rate within one year of the fracture. ... Other fractures are more subtle and can go undetected for some time. For example, vertebral compression fractures in the spine ... As bone mass declines with age, the risk of fractures increases. Annual incidence of osteoporotic fractures is more than 1.5 ...
Ratini M. "Causes of Spinal Compression Fractures". WebMD. "Osteoarthritis". The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. Retrieved 22 ... Spinal stenosis is an abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal or neural foramen that results in pressure on the spinal cord or ... Thoracic spinal stenosis, at the level of the mid-back, is much less common. In lumbar stenosis, the spinal nerve roots in the ... Cervical spinal stenosis is a condition involving narrowing of the spinal canal at the level of the neck. It is frequently due ...
A burst fracture is a type of traumatic spinal injury in which a vertebra breaks from a high-energy axial load (e.g., traffic ... A burst fracture of L4 as seen on plane X ray A burst fracture of L4 as seen one plane X ray A burst fracture of L4 as seen on ... Burst Fracture Lumbar Fractures: Compression, Wedge, Burst, Flexion-distraction Burst Fracture: surgery or not Baaj AA, ... The burst fracture is categorized by the "severity of the deformity, the severity of (spinal) canal compromise, the degree of ...
Zhang suffered multiple fractures, spinal, and internal injuries. He underwent emergency surgery and was warded in the ...
A catastrophic injury is a severe injury to the spine, spinal cord, or brain. It may also include skull or spinal fractures. ... and other pathologic fractures. Pneumonia is a common cause of death among patients with spinal cord injuries. A skull fracture ... The types of acute catastrophic spinal injuries are those associated with unstable fractures and dislocations, intervertebral ... one as a result of a herniated intervertebral disc and four from fractures or fracture-dislocations. For rugby union, the ...
As of 2014, the system has been used to treat more than 15,000 spinal fractures worldwide. The STAR Tumor Ablation System is an ... Ricketts, Camille (11 January 2010). "DFine takes in $2.8M to heal spinal fractures". Venture Beat. Retrieved 5 May 2014. ... one for the treatment of vertebral compression fractures and one for palliative treatment of metastatic spinal tumors. Both ... treatment of vertebral compression fractures and the STAR Tumor Ablation System for pain relief treatment of metastatic spinal ...
He was seriously injured with a reported spinal fracture. Due to the severity of his injuries, he was flown to South Africa for ...
"Vertebral compression fractures after stereotactic body radiotherapy for spinal metastases". J Neurosurg Spine. 16 (4): 379-86 ... Spinal tumor Invasiveness of surgical procedures Interventional pain management Zablow, B (2013). "E-072 Image Guided Targeted ... The physician can then deliver the energy to heat and destroy metastatic spinal tumor cells. The procedure minimizes damage to ... This procedure uses radiofrequency energy to target and ablate a specific spinal tumor, causing it shrink and reduce the ...
She was later diagnosed with a spinal fracture, for which she underwent a surgery lasting almost 10 hours the following day, ... Marcus, Simmons; Noble, Jonathan (18 November 2018). "Floersch suffers spinal fracture in Macau crash". Motorsport.com. "【澳門大賽車 ... "Sophia Floersch fractures spine after airborne crash in Formula 3". the Guardian. 18 November 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2018 ...
Abnormal movement of neck bones or pieces of bone can cause a spinal cord injury resulting in loss of sensation, paralysis, or ... Fracture of C1, including Jefferson fracture Fracture of C2, including Hangman's fracture Flexion teardrop fracture - a ... A cervical fracture, commonly called a broken neck, is a fracture of any of the seven cervical vertebrae in the neck. Examples ... Collars, traction and surgery can be used to immobilize and stabilize the neck after a cervical fracture. Minor fractures can ...
... multiple fractures on her neck; and a spinal cord injury causing paralysis from the chest down. After a speedy recovery at the ... Lomas ran a fundraising campaign to raise £50,000 for the charity Spinal Research to find a repair for spinal cord injury. This ... Donations for Spinal Research were gathered mostly online through the Just Giving UK website and reached £90,000 as she crossed ... "Celebrity supporters". Spinal Research. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2012. "Claire Lomas ...
"Petkovic Withdraws From Australian Open With Spinal Fracture". Tennis Perspective. 11 January 2012. Archived from the original ... Petkovic received treatment for what was revealed the following day to be a double stress fracture of her spine and a spinal ...
Spinal orthoses may also be used in the treatment of spinal fractures. A Jewett brace, for instance, may be used to facilitate ... Paralysis may be caused by diseases or injuries to the spinal or peripheral nervous system after spinal cord injury and also ... A spinal orthosis (English abbreviation: TLSO for Thoraco-lumbo-sacral orthoses) affects the thoracic spine, the lumbar spine ... A spinal skeletal traction fixation device". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 50 (7): 1400-9. doi: ...
He was admitted to intensive care and diagnosed with a spinal injury and fractured legs. He was reported to be conscious and ... Herrero, Daniel (1 September 2019). "Correa suffers spinal injury, fractured legs in Spa crash". speedcafe.com. Speedcafe. ...
Fracture Cervical Spinal Column" as the cause of death. Feguer was buried in an unmarked grave in Fort Madison City Cemetery in ...
In the accident, he suffered a fractured spinal cord. During surgery to correct his injury, de Castro suffered a fatal cardiac ...
... post fracture (e.g., spine, pelvis and lower limb); soft tissue injuries; thoracic or breast surgery; and neurological ... conditions (e.g., cerebrovascular accident, spinal injury, Parkinson's disease, head injury). Dutton, M. 2011. Orthopaedics for ...
Bone metastases can cause pain, bone fractures, and compression of the spinal cord. Metastasis into the bone marrow can deplete ...
Medication for osteoporosis helps strengthen the bones to help prevent any spinal fractures. Lumbar hyperlordosis is a ...
Early Care of the Patient With a Spinal Cord Injury; Placement on litter and evacuation; traction for fractures; surgery for ... PMF 5013 - PMF 5014 - PMF 5015 (1946) - Convalescent Care and Rehabilitation of Patients with Injury to Spinal Cord (Surgery ... case history of 20-year-old male with fracture of right mandible; complete wiring procedure in the case of this patient (28 min ... treatment of lower motor neuron and spinal cord pathology, myotonia congenita and acquisita, and hysterical paralysis (18 min; ...
Forceful propulsion of the body, producing such injuries as spinal and limb fractures. These injuries must be treated in ... Involuntary contraction of muscles due to electrical interference which can cause bone fractures and dislocations. Interference ...
He suffered spinal fracture and injuries to his spinal cord. Two passengers in his car (two women, aged 19 and 20) received ...
... fracturing several vertebrae in his back (L3, L4, S3), damaging his spinal cord in the process, which left him paralyzed from ...
He broke two vertebrae in his back, causing damage to his spinal cord which left him paralysed. Following his accident Docker ... the financial problems and eventual collapse of governing body SnowsportGB in the run up to the Games and a hairline fracture ...
He skipped Miami because of the hairline fracture ankle injury. Thiem next played in Monte Carlo, losing to Rafael Nadal in the ... Sinha, Shruti (7 May 2020). "Dominic Thiem participates in charity run for spinal cord research". sportskeeda.com. Retrieved 21 ...
He contracted spinal meningitis as a boy and lost vision in one eye. He completed only one semester of high school at New ... In January 1965, Graham fell at his home in New Rochelle, New York, fracturing his skull. He died several days later at Nathan ...
", "Spinal Metaphors", "Comfort Me, Sweetheart", "Get Out of My Life", "Being a Little Well", "This Brown Leaf", "Leaving Our ... ", "Auto-Ancestral Fracture" (novelette), "Confluence", "The Dead Immortal", "Down the Up Escalation", "Full Sun", "Just ... ", "Drake-Man Route", and novelettes: "Auto-Ancestral Fracture", "Ouspenski's Astrabahn" Perhaps Aldiss's most experimental ...
Having fallen on a police motorcycle in the courtyard of the police department, Mikheyev got a severe compression fracture of ... the fall resulted in a spinal cord injury that rendered him a paraplegic. On the evening of September 8, 1998, 22-year-old ... spine (L-I) with a crush of spinal cord and other injuries. On the same day - September 19, 1998 - Maria Savelyeva returned ...
Max fractured his arm in the accident so Shane helps with Max's business but quits when Max interferes too much. Danny returns ... Shane and Danny are involved in a car accident in which Shane suffers a ruptured spleen and a spinal-cord injury, which ends ...
He fractured his C3 and C4 cervical vertebrae. About two weeks later, he was transferred to Kessler Institute for ... On October 16, 2010, LeGrand had severe spinal cord injury during a game against Army in East Rutherford, New Jersey, at ... The Eric LeGrand Patriot Saint Foundation is dedicated to helping those with spinal cord injuries. Nike presented their Eric ... On October 16, 2016 (the sixth anniversary of his spinal cord injury), Avenel, NJ's former Fifth District Park was rededicated ...
"New Titanium Foam Spinal Implant Comes Pre-Attached to Disposable Delivery Device". mddionline.com. 2020-06-30. Retrieved 2020- ... The report by UCSF states "At 40mm of cantilever deflection, the composite polymer instrument showed no visible fracture while ... "Plastic spinal surgery device outperforms traditional metal instrument". Plastics Today. 2 October 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2016 ... Medical Design and Outsourcing News reported that the Xenco Medical spinal implants are injection-molded titanium foam and are ...
The first season tied with the FX series American Horror Story as the biggest new cable series of the year among adults 18-49. ... that connected the harness to the spinal column. Season five reveals through an Espheni communication device, with which Ben ... In the UK, it premiered on nonterrestrial channel FX, with 402,000 viewers. "TNT Sets Summer Dates for Last Ship, Major Crimes ... Falling Skies' launches with 420k on FX". Digital Spy. Retrieved July 7, 2011. Andreeva, Nellie (June 9, 2011). "Critics' ...
Fracture of an occipital condyle may occur in isolation, or as part of a more extended basilar skull fracture. Isolated condyle ... Surgery may become necessary if there is significant compression of the brainstem, spinal cord, the lower cranial nerves or ... Bilateral condyle fractures (e.g. as part of an atlanto-occipital dislocation or the "occipital ring fracture") are rare, but ... Bloom AI, Neeman Z, Slasky BS, Floman Y, Milgrom M, Rivkind A, Bar-Ziv J (March 1997). "Fracture of the occipital condyles and ...
Common combat injuries include second and third degree burns, broken bones, shrapnel wounds, brain injuries, spinal cord ... all fractures, burns, blast concussions, all effects of biological and chemical warfare, the effects of exposure to ionizing ...
After sustaining a spinal fracture and growing 22 cm, she switched from singles to ice dancing. She was coached by Lidia ...
While on their first large tour in the US, Monroe fractured his ankle, and some dates had to be pushed back. The band traveled ... Spinal Tap). The album was mastered by Grammy winner Richard Dodd, who had worked with Tom Petty and The Dixie Chicks. In ...
People with RBD may fall out of bed or injure themselves or their bed partners, which may cause bruises, fractures, or subdural ... Also affected are the hypothalamus, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system-autonomic dysfunction. The European Federation of ... To lessen the risk of fractures in individuals at risk for falls, bone mineral density screening and testing of vitamin D ...
However, after more comprehensive testing the following day, no fractures were found and it was diagnosed as a spinal contusion ... Gerber's neck injury was initially thought to be a compression fracture of a cervical vertebra and it was believed that he ... On 13 December 2009, while playing for Atlant, Gerber suffered an apparent fracture of the fourth vertebrae when an opposing ...
Chief Electrician (Air) Michael Edward Hall, L/FX.82634. Chief Engine Room Artificer Percy Edward Hills, C/MX.61635. Chief ... Ludwig Guttmann, OBE, MD, MRCP, Director, National Spinal Injuries Centre, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Aylesbury. Ivan Conrad ... Chief Electrical Artificer (Air) James Ewart, L/FX.78689. Chief Engineering Mechanic Ronald Francis Francis, C/KX.93235. ... Chief Aircraft Artificer Donald Hullah, L/FX.78299. Colour Sergeant James Anthony Kelly, RMV200321, Royal Marine Forces ...
This journal is the official publication of the Orthopaedic Trauma Association, International Society for Fracture Repair, ... spinal cord, and tendons. Diagnoses and management of these injuries is also covered. Furthermore, methods and tools are ... "A staged protocol for soft tissue management in the treatment of complex pilon fractures". Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 13 (2 ... "A staged protocol for soft tissue management in the treatment of complex pilon fractures". Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 13 (2 ...
... in a jungle near her home to extract some leaves to feed animals on her family's farm but she fell and fractured her spinal ...
... the opening at the base of the skull that the spinal cord passes through), the petrous temporal ridge, and the inner portions ... while fractures of the facial portion of the skull are facial fractures, or if the jaw is fractured, a mandibular fracture. The ... Le Fort facial fracture Facial fracture Mandibular fracture Haar FL (October 1975). "Complication of linear skull fracture in ... Linear fractures are the most common, and usually require no intervention for the fracture itself. Depressed fractures are ...
Stewart missed the majority of the 1950-51 NHL season and his career was believed over after he suffered a serious spinal ... Early in the season, Stewart suffered a minor skull fracture after colliding with teammate Clare Martin, an injury that forced ... "Stewart suffers skull fracture". Saskatoon Star-Phoenix. 1951-10-18. p. 19. Retrieved 2011-08-04. Fischler, Stan (2002). ... he defied expectations by returning to the game after suffering a ruptured disc in his back and later a fractured skull. He was ...
A basilar skull fracture can result in a rupture of the barrier between the sinonasal cavity and the anterior cranial fossae or ... spinal fluid leak, and tobacco smoke. Rhinorrhea is especially common in cold weather. Cold-induced rhinorrhea occurs due to a ...
The bullet entered through King's right cheek, breaking his jaw and several vertebrae as it traveled down his spinal cord, ... Perlstein, Rick (2009). Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America. Scribner. ISBN 978-0743243032. United ...
He fell onto the stone floor below, fracturing the femur of his left leg. The injury required that the leg be kept in traction ... but the second was a bullet wound that entered the upper chest near the armpit and exited near his spinal column, leaving a pea ...
... compound fractures (where the broken bone has pierced through the skin), chronic sores and infections and intravenous drug use ... such as an infection of the brain and/or spinal cord covering, have occurred after vaccination. However, these are so rare that ... 1 or 2 in 100 will die In teens and adults symptoms include weight loss loss of bladder control passing out rib fractures from ... infection of the covering of the brain and spinal cord) meningitis can result in brain damage and/or hearing loss Many ...
On 24 February 2007 O'Connor suffered a fractured c-spine at C6 - C7 with spinal cord damage following an accident whilst ...
As of 2014, the system has been used to treat more than 15,000 spinal fractures worldwide. RF-TVA was first developed by DFINE ... Robertson, Scott C. (2011). Percutaneous Vertebral Augmentation: StabilitiT A New Delivery System for Vertebral Fractures. ... "Radiofrequency-Targeted Vertebral Augmentation for the Treatment of Vertebral Compression Fractures as a Result of Multiple ... the viscosity of polymethylmethacrylate cement and deliver it into the vertebral body to treat vertebral compression fractures ...
... while the ejaculatory phase is under control of a spinal reflex at the level of the spinal nerves S2-4 via the pudendal nerve. ... Penile fracture can occur if the erect penis is bent excessively. A popping or cracking sound and pain is normally associated ... Andrews HO, Nauth-Misir R, Shah PJ (March 1998). "Iatrogenic hypospadias-a preventable injury?". Spinal Cord. 36 (3): 177-80. ...
Spinal Cord, and Ans (Third Edition), Saint Louis: Mosby, pp. 135-209, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-07954-9.00005-0, ISBN 978-0-323- ... Mandibular Subcondylar Fractures", Current Therapy In Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saint Louis: W.B. Saunders, pp. 298-304, ... Condylar Fractures", Maxillofacial Surgery (Third Edition), Churchill Livingstone, pp. 74-92, doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-6056- ...
Spinal fracture secondary to resuscitation procedures. Clinical and medicolegal issues Fractura espinal secundaria a maniobras ...
Learn more about spinal compression fractures, including causes, symptoms, and available treatments. ... What starts out as a tiny, hairline fracture, eventually worsens and becomes a spinal compression fracture. These fractures can ... Spinal compression fractures occur when spinal vertebrae form cracks in their tough, outer exterior. ... Surgical interventions for spinal compression fractures include vertebroplasties, kyphoplasties, and spinal fusion surgeries. ...
Fractional spinal anesthesia and systemic hemodynamics in frail elderly hip fracture patie ... Fractional spinal anesthesia and systemic hemodynamics in frail elderly hip fracture patients. ... Fractional spinal anaesthesia administered prior to surgery induced a minor to moderate fall in MAP, mainly caused by a ... We included 15 patients aged over 65 with significant comorbidities, planned for hip fracture repair. Patients received a ...
2 Simple Band Exercises For Spinal Compression Fractures. Posted on March 31, 2017 by , 5 Comments ... to visit Rebeccas parents and give some rehab and nutrition strategies to her Dad for his recent spinal compression fracture. ...
Consult with our spine health specialists to treat spinal fractures with Kyphoplasty. Visit us today! ... USA Vascular Centers provide spinal fracture surgery and treatment. ... If your pain is caused by a spinal fracture or osteoporosis that has caused the vertebrae to collapse, you know the agony of ... Our spine health specialists treat spinal fractures with a surgical procedure known as Kyphoplasty. This procedure uses a ...
Autopsy confirmed C-3 cervical fracture from blunt force head and neck trauma.. 8. (see above) 9. (see above) 10. (see above). ... Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Fatalities Among High School and College Football Players - United States, 2005-2014. Weekly / ... Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Fatalities Among High School and College Football Players - United States, 2005-2014. MMWR Morb ... The finding of an annual average of 2.8 brain and spinal cord injury deaths for high school and college football combined is ...
Symptoms of spinal fractures can include back pain, tingling sensation or numbness, weakness in the legs or feet, loss of ... Experts Warn that Delayed Treatment of Spinal Fractures can lead to More Serious Injury. Symptoms of spinal fractures can ... A spinal fracture is a painful condition that afflicts millions of individuals worldwide. Vitruvian Health knows that Spinal ... If left untreated, spinal fractures can lead to permanent spinal cord injury, nerve damage, and paralysis. ...
... drug holidays from risedronate versus alendronate linked to 18 percent increase in hip fracture risk ... Hip Fracture Risk Up With Drug Holiday From Risedronate Versus Alendronate. After three or more years of therapy, drug holidays ... The researchers found that the rates of hip fracture were higher among risedronate versus alendronate drug holidays (12.4 ... When any fracture was included as the outcome (hazard ratio, 1.07; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.00 to 1.16) and with ...
A 78-year-old patient recently presented with a fractured spine caused by weakened bones. He would be given a VERTEBROPLASTY, ... 78-year old spine fracture patient.. February 14, 2020 Patient Cases. Recently, a patient, 78 years of age, came in with a case ... 0 comments on "78-year old spine fracture patient." Leave Comment Cancel reply. ,b,Comment,/b, ( * ). ... of weakened bones which had led to a fracture in the spine. This caused severe pain in his back, hindered his mobility, and he ...
Devastating impact of spinal osteoporotic fractures revealed on World Osteoporosis Day. International Osteoporosis Foundation ... spotlight on the severe impact of spinal fractures and calls on health professionals to recognize the signs of these fractures ...
6 = (degenerative diseases, spinal fusion, fractures) Values for DXXOSBCC 0 = valid data. 1 = invalid data ... and sclerotic spine/spinal fusion/laminectomy. The "Not scanned, other reason" code includes no time to complete the ...
Fractures refer to bones that are partially or completely broken at one or multiple sites and at various angles. ... A 62-year-old mans late postoperative infection after hip fracture surgery developed into osteomyelitis, but over a 2-year ... Cell Therapies for Spinal Cord Injury. Brain July 24, 2023 View All Additional Resources Medscape Drugs & Diseases ... period he was able to achieve fracture union and decreased bacterial burden. ...
Patients with spinal cord injury usually have permanent and often devastating neurologic deficits and disability. ... is an insult to the spinal cord resulting in a change, either temporary or permanent, in its normal motor, sensory, or ... However, primary spinal cord injury may occur in the absence of spinal fracture or dislocation. Penetrating injuries due to ... Spinal injuries proximal to L1, above the termination of the spinal cord, often involve a combination of spinal cord lesions ...
Align fractures. Bioglass-metal fibre composite, Polysulphone-carbon fibre composite Harrington rods. Correct chronic spinal ... Spinal fusion. Immobilise vertebrae to protect spinal cord. Bioglass Alveolar bone replacements, mandibular reconstruction. ... Reconstruct arthritic or fractured joints. High-density alumina, metal bioglass coatings Bone plates, screws, wires. Repair ... fractures. Bioglass-metal fibre composite, Polysulphone-carbon fibre composite Intramedullary nails. ...
The authors describe 3 patients with isthmic spondylolisthesis at L5-S1 who experienced sacral fractures after insertion of a ... Spinal Fractures / complications * Spinal Fractures / diagnostic imaging * Spinal Fractures / surgery* * Spinal Fusion* ... Sacral fractures following stand-alone L5-S1 anterior lumbar interbody fusion for isthmic spondylolisthesis J Neurosurg Spine. ... In each case the failure was due to fracture of the anterior portion of the S-1 body. Each patient underwent reduction and ...
12 months treatment with romosozumab was associated with large reductions in the risk of a vertebral fracture ... Of particular concern are vertebral (spinal) and hip fractures. Vertebral fractures can result in intense back pain and ... The effect of romosozumab on the risk of vertebral fracture was rapid, with only 2 additional vertebral fractures (of a total ... In women with clinical vertebral fracture vs. no clinical vertebral fracture, measurements of BMD showed more severe ...
Fractures. *Spinal cord injuries. *Arthritis. SERVICES AND TREATMENTS. Imaging procedures can help diagnose or even treat many ... Spine surgery, including diskectomy, foraminotomy, laminectomy, and spinal fusion Newer orthopedic services procedures include: ...
Large database study shows lower mortality within 5 years after a fracture among individuals using longer acting, ... Journal Article Should Q-CT Be the Gold Standard for Detecting Spinal Osteoporosis? ... He added that hip fracture, in particular, triples the overall 1-year mortality risk in women aged 75-84 years and quadruples ... "We dont know all the reasons why people die after a fracture. These are older people who often have multiple medical problems ...
unhealed upper extremity fracture. *any other medical complication limiting participation in the assessments and/or activity- ... Transcutaneous Spinal Stimulation: Safety and Feasibility for Upper Limb Function in Children With Spinal Cord Injury. The ... Spinal Cord Injuries. Wounds and Injuries. Spinal Cord Diseases. Central Nervous System Diseases. Nervous System Diseases. ... Transcutaneous Spinal Stimulation Promoting Recovery of Hand and Arm Function After Pediatric-onset Spinal Cord Injury. ...
h) fractures and their immobilization;. *. (i) chest injuries;. *. (j) head and spinal injuries; ...
Spinal Cord Injury. Spinal Fracture. Spinal Stenosis. Spondylolisthesis. Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome. Thoracic radiculopathy ...
Fractures and dislocations:. 5005.0 Head and face Includes: Skull Jaw Nose Facial bones. 5010.0 Spinal column Includes: Neck ... 5050.0 Fracture, other and unspecified. Sprains and strains:. 5105.0 Cervical spine, neck Includes: Whiplash. 5110.0 Back. ... 5015.0 Trunk area, except spinal column Includes: Rib Clavicle Collarbone Pelvic scapula. 5020.0 Leg Includes: Knee Femur Tibia ... 3370.0 Other and unspecified diagnostic tests Includes: Centesis Electronic fetal monitoring Lab test, NOS Spinal tap Pulmonary ...
Spinal cord dysfunction: may be due to swelling; trauma; vertebral fractures; disk slippage ...
Northwestern Medicines integrated Spine Center uses the very latest surgical techniques to treat acute and chronic spinal ... Spinal fractures and other traumatic injuries. *Sports-related back and neck injuries ... From minor back pain to complex spinal injuries, we have the best treatment options and the most experienced team for your ... At Northwestern Medicine, we treat a wide range of spinal conditions with the most advanced treatment options available. ...
When this happens, the spinal cord and/or nerve roots exiting the spine become compressed or pinched. ... Spinal stenosis is the narrowing of spaces within your spine. ... Spinal fractures and injuries: Broken or dislocated bones and ... spinal-cord,-and-nerve-disorders/spinal-cord-disorders/spinal-cord-compression?query=spinal%20cord%20compression) Accessed 8/4/ ... Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of space around the spinal cord itself and the nerve roots that branch off your spinal cord.. ...
Back injuries - slipped discs, spinal stenosis, strains and sprains. *Trauma - bone fractures ...
Spinal Fractures. Pharmacists. Nephrology. Kidney Failure, Chronic. Hip Fractures. Polypharmacy. House Calls. Diabetic ...
Fractures (261). *. Head injury (54). *. Spinal cord injury (22). *. Injury mechanisms. *. ATV motorcycle injury ...
Epidemiology of spinal osteoporosis. Spine, 1997, 22(24 Suppl.):2S-11S.. *Cauley JA et al. Risk of mortality following clinical ... It is estimated that yearly over 250 000 hip fractures, an equal number of wrist fractures and more than twice that number of ... The majority of the patients who had , 1 fracture were over the age of 70 years. The number and severity of fractures were ... In only 37.8% of the radiographs with fractures was a vertebral fracture highlighted in the radiologists report, and only 13.2 ...
  • Spinal compression fractures are typically caused by a bone-thinning disease called osteoporosis. (neuromicrospine.com)
  • Vitruvian Health knows that Spinal fractures are serious injuries that can occur due to falls, accidents, sports injuries, or another high-velocity impact on the back. (newsworthy.ai)
  • Fatalities resulting from catastrophic brain and spinal cord injuries occur infrequently among high school and college football players. (cdc.gov)
  • Implementing enhanced safety measures to prevent fatalities from catastrophic brain and spinal cord injuries among high school and college football players has the potential to reduce the number of these fatalities. (cdc.gov)
  • During 2005-2014, a total of 28 deaths (2.8 deaths per year) from traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries occurred among high school (24 deaths) and college football players (four deaths) combined. (cdc.gov)
  • The events included in this study were defined as fatal traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries that occurred during a scheduled team activity (game, practice, or conditioning session) and were directly related to football-specific activities (e.g., tackling or being tackled). (cdc.gov)
  • From minor back pain to complex spinal injuries, we have the best treatment options and the most experienced team for your condition. (spine-health.com)
  • Distracted operation of these types of industrial devices can lead to injuries ranging from minor contusions, surface cuts, and abrasions to severe or even fatal lacerations, bone fractures, nerve or spinal cord damage, and amputations. (cdc.gov)
  • Spinal compression fractures occur when spinal vertebrae form cracks in their tough, outer exterior. (neuromicrospine.com)
  • If your pain is caused by a spinal fracture or osteoporosis that has caused the vertebrae to collapse, you know the agony of chronic pain. (usavascularcenters.com)
  • A special balloon is inserted through the tube and into the fractured vertebrae. (usavascularcenters.com)
  • Numerous broken bones were found, but a fracture of her vertebrae (spine) was not found for two days. (njatty.com)
  • Spinal stenosis, a narrowing of the spaces in your spine, can compress your spinal cord and nerve roots exiting each vertebrae. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Narrowing of the spinal canal usually occurs due to changes associated with aging that decrease the size of the canal, including the movement of one of the vertebrae out of alignment. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Each vertebrae has a round front portion (the body), a central ring-shaped opening (the spinal canal), flat bony areas (facet joints) where one vertebrae comes into contact with others above and below it, and bone sections along the sides (transverse processes) and back (laminae). (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Nerves roots are the initial segment of a bundle of nerve fibers that come off the spinal cord and exit the spinal column through side spaces between the vertebrae called the neural foramen. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The results of a study presented at the Annual European Congress of Rheumatology (EULAR) 2017 press conference showed that, in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, 12 months treatment with romosozumab was associated with rapid and large reductions in their risk of a vertebral fracture compared to placebo. (spinalsurgerynews.com)
  • overall, the risk of a vertebral fracture was more than five times greater in the group of women given placebo. (spinalsurgerynews.com)
  • The rapid and large reduction in clinical vertebral fracture risk is an important and highly relevant clinical outcome," he added. (spinalsurgerynews.com)
  • FRAME enrolled 7,180 postmenopausal women, 55-85 years old, with evidence of osteoporosis confirmed by abnormally low bone density scores in their spine, hip, and femoral neck, but no severe vertebral fracture. (spinalsurgerynews.com)
  • The effect of romosozumab on the risk of vertebral fracture was rapid, with only 2 additional vertebral fractures (of a total of 16 such fractures in the romosozumab group) occurring in the second 6 months of therapy. (spinalsurgerynews.com)
  • These new data from FRAME focussed on the incidence of clinical vertebral fracture in those women in the study who developed back pain consistent with this diagnosis. (spinalsurgerynews.com)
  • Monthly study visits in FRAME enabled timely X-ray confirmation of any suspected clinical vertebral fracture. (spinalsurgerynews.com)
  • Of those 119 women reporting back pain over 12 months, 20 were diagnosed with a new or worsening vertebral fracture. (spinalsurgerynews.com)
  • Clinical vertebral fracture risk was 83 per cent lower in the romosozumab group vs. placebo at 12 months. (spinalsurgerynews.com)
  • In only 37.8% of the radiographs with fractures was a vertebral fracture highlighted in the radiologist's report, and only 13.2% of the women with vertebral fractures were on antiresorptive therapy for osteoporosis. (who.int)
  • Melton reported that 30% of postmenopausal white women in the USA have osteoporosis, of whom 25% have a vertebral fracture [3]. (who.int)
  • These fractures can cause a reduction in vertebral height in the spine, among other complications, which is why it's imperative for patients to receive treatment for their spinal compression fractures before the condition worsens. (neuromicrospine.com)
  • This condition predominantly affects women over the age of 50, but anyone can develop spinal compression fractures. (neuromicrospine.com)
  • As such, spinal compression fractures rarely repair themselves, so it's important for patients to receive treatment right away. (neuromicrospine.com)
  • Initially, pain management for spinal compression fractures may comprise of over-the-counter pain medications, bed rest, hot and cold therapy, physical therapy, and back bracing. (neuromicrospine.com)
  • Surgical interventions for spinal compression fractures include vertebroplasties, kyphoplasties, and spinal fusion surgeries. (neuromicrospine.com)
  • If you're experiencing moderate to severe back pain due to your compression fractures, call NeuroMicroSpine today to schedule a consultation with Dr. Mark Giovanini. (neuromicrospine.com)
  • The most common fractures associated with postmenopausal osteoporosis occur at the hip, spine and wrist. (spinalsurgerynews.com)
  • Where does spinal stenosis occur? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Patients have been made very fearful of the unusual side effects, particularly of the antiresorptive drugs," which he notes include the rare adverse effects of jaw necrosis and atypical femoral fracture, which only occur in about 1 per 10,000 patient-years. (medscape.com)
  • It is estimated that yearly over 250 000 hip fractures, an equal number of wrist fractures and more than twice that number of vertebral fractures occur in the United States of America (USA) alone [1,2]. (who.int)
  • If left untreated, spinal fractures can lead to permanent spinal cord injury, nerve damage, and paralysis. (newsworthy.ai)
  • During 2005-2014, a total of 28 traumatic brain and spinal cord injury deaths in high school and college football were identified (2.8 deaths per year). (cdc.gov)
  • This report updates the incidence and characteristics of deaths caused by traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury ( 4 ) in high school and college football and presents illustrative case descriptions. (cdc.gov)
  • The defense claimed that the spinal injury was so severe that the paralysis would have occurred regardless. (njatty.com)
  • Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an insult to the spinal cord resulting in a change, either temporary or permanent, in the cord's normal motor, sensory, or autonomic function. (medscape.com)
  • Children who suffer a spinal cord injury in the neck region have difficulty using their hands due to paralysis and/or weakness of their arms and hand muscles. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Adults with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) rank gaining arm and hand function as the highest priority for improving their quality of life. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation (TcStim) is a non-invasive painless technique that augments the intrinsic capacity of the spinal cord below the level of injury to generate patterned motor output. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Other conditions that affect the spine, such as scoliosis , or injury to the spine can put you at risk for developing spinal stenosis. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of space around the spinal cord itself and the nerve roots that branch off your spinal cord. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • What is spinal stenosis? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Spinal stenosis is the narrowing of one or more spaces within your spine. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Spinal stenosis usually develops slowly over time. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Neck (cervical spinal stenosis). (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Lumbar canal stenosis is the narrowing of the spinal canal or the tunnels through which nerves and other structures communicate with that canal. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Who gets spinal stenosis? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Spinal stenosis can develop in anyone but is most common in men and women over the age of 50. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Younger people who are born with a narrow spinal canal can also have spinal stenosis. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Spinal stenosis has many causes. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • b]Spinal &/or Foraminal Stenosis[/b] The Code Set M99 is for Biomechanics Lesions, NEC, which does cover various spinal stenosis situations, but comes with the Coding Note that "This category should. (aapc.com)
  • The main reasons for completed, but invalid, spine scans were an insufficient scan area or partial scan, degenerative disease/severe scoliosis, and sclerotic spine/spinal fusion/laminectomy. (cdc.gov)
  • at least 40 per cent of these women will go on to sustain one or more fragility fractures in their lifetime. (spinalsurgerynews.com)
  • Osteoporosis is a silent skeletal disease which decreases the bone quantity and quality causing fragility fractures. (who.int)
  • However, excess fluoride can also result in dental fluorosis and can result in an increased prevalence of bone fractures in the elderly or skeletal fluorosis. (cdc.gov)
  • These results support this new class of drug as a highly effective treatment for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis with established bone mineral density (BMD) deficit who are at increased risk of fracture," said Professor Piet Geusens lead author from Maastricht University, The Netherlands. (spinalsurgerynews.com)
  • The Fracture Study in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis (FRAME) is an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial. (spinalsurgerynews.com)
  • Between 2009 and 2017, 219,461 individuals had been newly diagnosed with an osteoporotic fracture. (medscape.com)
  • To diagnose this condition, patients must receive a thorough physical examination, which typically includes diagnostic imaging, to ensure other spinal conditions, diseases, or ailments are not present. (neuromicrospine.com)
  • Spinal cord diseases--classification. (who.int)
  • Fractional spinal anaesthesia administered prior to surgery induced a minor to moderate fall in MAP, mainly caused by a reduction in cardiac output , induced by systemic venodilation, causing a fall in venous return. (bvsalud.org)
  • When it was discovered, surgery was scheduled for the next afternoon to stabilize the spinal fracture. (njatty.com)
  • Surgery was done immediately, but blood had accumulated around the spinal fracture, compressing the spinal cord, resulting in permanent damage and paralysis. (njatty.com)
  • A 62-year-old man's late postoperative infection after hip fracture surgery developed into osteomyelitis, but over a 2-year period he was able to achieve fracture union and decreased bacterial burden. (medscape.com)
  • He will walk you through the various spinal procedures and work with you to determine whether or not you're a candidate. (neuromicrospine.com)
  • Quality control procedures for osteoporosis of the lumbar spinal of fracture) during menopause than were followed in accordance with the and the neck of the left femur. (who.int)
  • We have found that early diagnosis and treatment is crucial to successful outcomes for patients with spinal fractures. (newsworthy.ai)
  • It's essential to raise awareness about spinal fractures and encourage the public to seek early medical attention if symptoms arise, such as campaigns to educate the public on the importance of spinal health and early diagnosis and treatment of spinal fractures. (newsworthy.ai)
  • Our spine health specialists treat spinal fractures with a surgical procedure known as Kyphoplasty. (usavascularcenters.com)
  • Northwestern Medicine's integrated Spine Center uses the very latest surgical techniques to treat acute and chronic spinal conditions. (spine-health.com)
  • ABSTRACT The study aimed to determine hospital-based prevalence of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal Saudi Arabian women. (who.int)
  • Of 785 radiographs analysed 159 (20.3%) patients had 198 vertebral fractures. (who.int)
  • In the early stages, patients may not experience any symptoms that indicate that presence of a compression fracture. (neuromicrospine.com)
  • Symptoms of spinal fractures can include back pain, tingling sensation or numbness, weakness in the legs or feet, loss of bladder/bowel control, and difficulty standing, walking, or sitting. (newsworthy.ai)
  • The spinal cord and/or nerve roots become compressed or pinched, which causes symptoms, such as low back pain and sciatica. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Normal spine with no narrowing of the space around the spinal cord or nerve roots exiting the spinal column. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The narrowing of the spinal canal or the side canals that protect the nerves often results in a pinching of the nerve root of the spinal cord. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Fractional spinal anesthesia and systemic hemodynamics in frail elderly hip fracture patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • We included 15 patients aged over 65 with significant comorbidities, planned for hip fracture repair. (bvsalud.org)
  • Patients received a spinal catheter and cardiac output monitoring using the LiDCOplus system. (bvsalud.org)
  • This procedure may correct a deformity or restore body height that was shortened by the compression fracture. (usavascularcenters.com)
  • Vertebral fractures can result in intense back pain and deformity. (spinalsurgerynews.com)
  • Once the presence of a spinal compression fracture is confirmed, Dr. Mark Giovanini of NeuroMicroSpine will recommend various treatment options to not only slow down the progression of the condition, but to correct the spinal compression fracture altogether. (neuromicrospine.com)
  • Vitruvian Health provides pain management and treatment options for spinal fractures. (newsworthy.ai)
  • According to experts, Spinal fractures are often overlooked or misdiagnosed, leading to a delay in treatment that can result in further complications. (newsworthy.ai)
  • For more information on spinal fractures and the treatment options available at Vitruvian Health , please visit our website or call us to schedule a consultation today. (newsworthy.ai)
  • At Northwestern Medicine, we treat a wide range of spinal conditions with the most advanced treatment options available. (spine-health.com)
  • Treatment for osteoporosis has the potential to minimize mortality risk in people of all ages and sexes for any type of fracture. (medscape.com)
  • During the Kyphoplasty procedure our surgeon guides the tube, using x-ray images, to the fractured area of the spine. (usavascularcenters.com)
  • THURSDAY, Jan. 13, 2022 (HealthDay News) -- Drug holidays after long-term risedronate are associated with a small increase in the risk for hip fracture compared with drug holidays after long-term alendronate, according to a study published online Jan. 11 in the Annals of Internal Medicine . (healthday.com)
  • Compared with SERMs, at all fracture sites, the hazard ratios for mortality were 0.83 for alendronate/risedronate, 0.86 for denosumab, and 0.78 for zoledronic acid. (medscape.com)
  • This procedure uses a narrow tube, inserted through a very tiny incision in the back, to access the fracture. (usavascularcenters.com)
  • A tightened space can cause the spinal cord or nerves to become irritated, compressed or pinched, which can lead to back pain and sciatica. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The findings, from nearly 50,000 individuals in a nationwide Taiwanese database from 2009 until 2018, suggest that alendronate / risedronate , denosumab , and zoledronic acid all result in a significantly lower risk for death post-fracture of 17% to 22%, compared with raloxifene and bazedoxifene. (medscape.com)
  • Recently, a patient, 78 years of age, came in with a case of weakened bones which had led to a fracture in the spine. (sanchetihospital.org)
  • These fractures decrease quality of life, adding to age-related complications with increased morbidity and mortality [4,5]. (who.int)
  • The Plaintiff claimed that the fracture should have been discovered sooner, and that she should not have received blood thinners until a spinal fracture had been ruled out, because of the risk that they could cause additional bleeding at the fracture site. (njatty.com)
  • Initial results from FRAME had shown romosozumab was associated with a lower risk of new vertebral fractures than placebo at 12 months. (spinalsurgerynews.com)
  • Long-term osteoporosis medications are associated with a reduced mortality risk following a fracture, new data suggest. (medscape.com)
  • He added that hip fracture , in particular, triples the overall 1-year mortality risk in women aged 75-84 years and quadruples the risk in men. (medscape.com)
  • Less space within your spine reduces the amount of space available for your spinal cord and nerves that branch off your spinal cord. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The spinal cord - the body's "master cable cord" that sends and receives messages between the body (including muscles and organs) and the brain - runs through the center of the spinal canal. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Spring break gave us a chance to visit Rebecca's parents and give some rehab and nutrition strategies to her Dad for his recent spinal compression fracture. (gettoyourcore.com)