A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.
Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the SPINAL CORD due to extramedullary neoplasm; EPIDURAL ABSCESS; SPINAL FRACTURES; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence.
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.
Reduced blood flow to the spinal cord which is supplied by the anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal arteries. This condition may be associated with ARTERIOSCLEROSIS, trauma, emboli, diseases of the aorta, and other disorders. Prolonged ischemia may lead to INFARCTION of spinal cord tissue.
Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.
Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.
The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.
Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.
Repair of the damaged neuron function after SPINAL CORD INJURY or SPINAL CORD DISEASES.
The cavity within the SPINAL COLUMN through which the SPINAL CORD passes.
Spinal neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop on or in the spinal cord or surrounding tissues.
The first seven VERTEBRAE of the SPINAL COLUMN, which correspond to the VERTEBRAE of the NECK.
Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord.
Severe or complete loss of motor function in all four limbs which may result from BRAIN DISEASES; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; or rarely MUSCULAR DISEASES. The locked-in syndrome is characterized by quadriplegia in combination with cranial muscle paralysis. Consciousness is spared and the only retained voluntary motor activity may be limited eye movements. This condition is usually caused by a lesion in the upper BRAIN STEM which injures the descending cortico-spinal and cortico-bulbar tracts.
A group of twelve VERTEBRAE connected to the ribs that support the upper trunk region.
Spinal diseases refer to medical conditions that affect the spine, including the vertebrae, discs, nerves, and supporting structures, and can cause pain, dysfunction, and other symptoms.
The flexible rope-like structure that connects a developing FETUS to the PLACENTA in mammals. The cord contains blood vessels which carry oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus and waste products away from the fetus.
Neurons in the SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. They send their axons either directly to ANTERIOR HORN CELLS or to the WHITE MATTER ascending and descending longitudinal fibers.
A surgical procedure that entails removing all (laminectomy) or part (laminotomy) of selected vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the SPINAL CORD and/or SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Vertebral lamina is the thin flattened posterior wall of vertebral arch that forms the vertebral foramen through which pass the spinal cord and nerve roots.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Region of the back including the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, SACRUM, and nearby structures.
A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.
Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.
Narrowing of the spinal canal.
Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.
Application of electric current to the spine for treatment of a variety of conditions involving innervation from the spinal cord.
Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.
Operative immobilization or ankylosis of two or more vertebrae by fusion of the vertebral bodies with a short bone graft or often with diskectomy or laminectomy. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p236; Dorland, 28th ed)
Injuries involving the vertebral column.
MOTOR NEURONS in the anterior (ventral) horn of the SPINAL CORD which project to SKELETAL MUSCLES.
Inflammation of the spinal cord. Relatively common etiologies include infections; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; SPINAL CORD; and ischemia (see also SPINAL CORD VASCULAR DISEASES). Clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction.
Any operation on the spinal cord. (Stedman, 26th ed)
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)
A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.
Application of electric current in treatment without the generation of perceptible heat. It includes electric stimulation of nerves or muscles, passage of current into the body, or use of interrupted current of low intensity to raise the threshold of the skin to pain.
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space.
Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.
The spinal or vertebral column.
Space between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal.
Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.
Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.
A rare epidural hematoma in the spinal epidural space, usually due to a vascular malformation (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS) or TRAUMA. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a neurologic emergency due to a rapidly evolving compressive MYELOPATHY.
Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR; TIBIA; and FIBULA; tarsals; METATARSALS; and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)
Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.
An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Common name for the only family (Petromyzontidae) of eellike fish in the order Petromyzontiformes. They are jawless but have a sucking mouth with horny teeth.
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
A syndrome associated with damage to the spinal cord above the mid thoracic level (see SPINAL CORD INJURIES) characterized by a marked increase in the sympathetic response to minor stimuli such as bladder or rectal distention. Manifestations include HYPERTENSION; TACHYCARDIA (or reflex bradycardia); FEVER; FLUSHING; and HYPERHIDROSIS. Extreme hypertension may be associated with a STROKE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp538 and 1232; J Spinal Cord Med 1997;20(3):355-60)
Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.
Fibers that arise from cells within the cerebral cortex, pass through the medullary pyramid, and descend in the spinal cord. Many authorities say the pyramidal tracts include both the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts.
Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
Osteitis or caries of the vertebrae, usually occurring as a complication of tuberculosis of the lungs.
The lipid-rich sheath surrounding AXONS in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (SCHWANN CELLS in the peripheral and OLIGODENDROGLIA in the central nervous system). Deterioration of the sheath in DEMYELINATING DISEASES is a serious clinical problem.
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.
Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the PLACENTA. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels (UMBILICAL CORD) at the time of delivery.
Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.
The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.
The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by stimulation along AFFERENT PATHWAYS from PERIPHERAL NERVES to CEREBRUM.
The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS).
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendroglia may be called interfascicular, perivascular, or perineuronal (not the same as SATELLITE CELLS, PERINEURONAL of GANGLIA) according to their location. They form the insulating MYELIN SHEATH of axons in the central nervous system.
Either of a pair of tubular structures formed by DUCTUS DEFERENS; ARTERIES; VEINS; LYMPHATIC VESSELS; and nerves. The spermatic cord extends from the deep inguinal ring through the INGUINAL CANAL to the TESTIS in the SCROTUM.
A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.
Longitudinal cavities in the spinal cord, most often in the cervical region, which may extend for multiple spinal levels. The cavities are lined by dense, gliogenous tissue and may be associated with SPINAL CORD NEOPLASMS; spinal cord traumatic injuries; and vascular malformations. Syringomyelia is marked clinically by pain and PARESTHESIA, muscular atrophy of the hands, and analgesia with thermoanesthesia of the hands and arms, but with the tactile sense preserved (sensory dissociation). Lower extremity spasticity and incontinence may also develop. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1269)
A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a "free interval") followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)
Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site. Such impulses are conducted via efferent neurons (NEURONS, EFFERENT), such as MOTOR NEURONS, autonomic neurons, and hypophyseal neurons.
An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.
The lower part of the SPINAL CORD consisting of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots.
A group of recessively inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. They are classified as type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease), type II (intermediate form), and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Type I is fatal in infancy, type II has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. Type III has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (J Med Genet 1996 Apr:33(4):281-3)
A surgical operation for the relief of pressure in a body compartment or on a body part. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; MUSCULAR DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions.
Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.
Broken bones in the vertebral column.
Chairs mounted on wheels and designed to be propelled by the occupant.
An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.
Transplantation of STEM CELLS collected from the fetal blood remaining in the UMBILICAL CORD and the PLACENTA after delivery. Included are the HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS.
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.
Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.
Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.
Nerve tissue proteins are the structural and functional components of neurons and glial cells that make up the nervous system.
Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.
An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS feeding the SPINAL CORD, such as the anterior and paired posterior spinal arteries or their many branches. Disease processes may include ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; and ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS leading to ISCHEMIA or HEMORRHAGE into the spinal cord (hematomyelia).
Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.
The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
Nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. It is divided cytoarchitectonically into three parts: oralis, caudalis (TRIGEMINAL CAUDAL NUCLEUS), and interpolaris.
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.
A condition characterized by abnormal posturing of the limbs that is associated with injury to the brainstem. This may occur as a clinical manifestation or induced experimentally in animals. The extensor reflexes are exaggerated leading to rigid extension of the limbs accompanied by hyperreflexia and opisthotonus. This condition is usually caused by lesions which occur in the region of the brainstem that lies between the red nuclei and the vestibular nuclei. In contrast, decorticate rigidity is characterized by flexion of the elbows and wrists with extension of the legs and feet. The causative lesion for this condition is located above the red nuclei and usually consists of diffuse cerebral damage. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p358)
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.
Formation of an infarct, which is NECROSIS in tissue due to local ISCHEMIA resulting from obstruction of BLOOD CIRCULATION, most commonly by a THROMBUS or EMBOLUS.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.
The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.
The outermost of the three MENINGES, a fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers the brain and the spinal cord.
An enzyme that catalyzes the eliminative degradation of polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-D-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages to disaccharides containing 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)
A front limb of a quadruped. (The Random House College Dictionary, 1980)
Gelatinous-appearing material in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, consisting chiefly of Golgi type II neurons and some larger nerve cells.
The space between the arachnoid membrane and PIA MATER, filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. It contains large blood vessels that supply the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.
Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.
Five fused VERTEBRAE forming a triangle-shaped structure at the back of the PELVIS. It articulates superiorly with the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, inferiorly with the COCCYX, and anteriorly with the ILIUM of the PELVIS. The sacrum strengthens and stabilizes the PELVIS.
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.
The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.
The three membranes that cover the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD. They are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.
An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.
The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.
Assessment of sensory and motor responses and reflexes that is used to determine impairment of the nervous system.
Outgrowth of immature bony processes or bone spurs (OSTEOPHYTE) from the VERTEBRAE, reflecting the presence of degenerative disease and calcification. It commonly occurs in cervical and lumbar SPONDYLOSIS.
The electrical response evoked in a muscle or motor nerve by electrical or magnetic stimulation. Common methods of stimulation are by transcranial electrical and TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION. It is often used for monitoring during neurosurgery.
Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Surgical interruption of a spinal or cranial nerve root. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A monosynaptic reflex elicited by stimulating a nerve, particularly the tibial nerve, with an electric shock.
The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.
The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.
A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.
Substances used for their pharmacological actions on glycinergic systems. Glycinergic agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Tapping fluid from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae.
Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
C57BL mice are a commonly used strain of laboratory mice that are inbred to produce consistent and predictable results in scientific research.
The body region between (and flanking) the SACRUM and COCCYX.
STILBENES with AMIDINES attached.
A musculomembranous sac along the URINARY TRACT. URINE flows from the KIDNEYS into the bladder via the ureters (URETER), and is held there until URINATION.
An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.
A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
The process in which specialized SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS transduce peripheral stimuli (physical or chemical) into NERVE IMPULSES which are then transmitted to the various sensory centers in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Congenital defects of closure of one or more vertebral arches, which may be associated with malformations of the spinal cord, nerve roots, congenital fibrous bands, lipomas, and congenital cysts. These malformations range from mild (e.g., SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA) to severe, including rachischisis where there is complete failure of neural tube and spinal cord fusion, resulting in exposure of the spinal cord at the surface. Spinal dysraphism includes all forms of spina bifida. The open form is called SPINA BIFIDA CYSTICA and the closed form is SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p34)
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).
Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.
The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.
The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot.
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.
Surgically placed electric conductors through which ELECTRIC STIMULATION is delivered to or electrical activity is recorded from a specific point inside the body.
A region extending from the PONS & MEDULLA OBLONGATA through the MESENCEPHALON, characterized by a diversity of neurons of various sizes and shapes, arranged in different aggregations and enmeshed in a complicated fiber network.
The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion.
Sensing of noxious mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli by NOCICEPTORS. It is the sensory component of visceral and tissue pain (NOCICEPTIVE PAIN).
A class of nerve fibers as defined by their nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the unmyelinated nerve fibers are small in diameter and usually several are surrounded by a single MYELIN SHEATH. They conduct low-velocity impulses, and represent the majority of peripheral sensory and autonomic fibers, but are also found in the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.
A class of cell surface receptors for TACHYKININS with a preference for SUBSTANCE P. Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptors have been cloned and are members of the G protein coupled receptor superfamily. They are found on many cell types including central and peripheral neurons, smooth muscle cells, acinar cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells.
Adjustment and manipulation of the vertebral column.
Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.
A thin membrane that lines the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES and the central canal of the SPINAL CORD.
A reflex in which the AFFERENT NEURONS synapse directly on the EFFERENT NEURONS, without any INTERCALATED NEURONS. (Lockard, Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)
The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.
Discharge of URINE, liquid waste processed by the KIDNEY, from the body.
The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Gait abnormalities that are a manifestation of nervous system dysfunction. These conditions may be caused by a wide variety of disorders which affect motor control, sensory feedback, and muscle strength including: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; or MUSCULAR DISEASES.
A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the CEREBELLUM via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral MOTOR CORTEX.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.
A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.
The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.
An experimental animal model for central nervous system demyelinating disease. Inoculation with a white matter emulsion combined with FREUND'S ADJUVANT, myelin basic protein, or purified central myelin triggers a T cell-mediated immune response directed towards central myelin. The pathologic features are similar to MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, including perivascular and periventricular foci of inflammation and demyelination. Subpial demyelination underlying meningeal infiltrations also occurs, which is also a feature of ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED. Passive immunization with T-cells from an afflicted animal to a normal animal also induces this condition. (From Immunol Res 1998;17(1-2):217-27; Raine CS, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p604-5)
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)
An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.
Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.
A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.
Toxic glycolipids composed of trehalose dimycolate derivatives. They are produced by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and other species of MYCOBACTERIUM. They induce cellular dysfunction in animals.
The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)
Substances used to identify the location and to characterize the types of NEURAL PATHWAYS.
Differentiated tissue of the central nervous system composed of NERVE CELLS, fibers, DENDRITES, and specialized supporting cells.
A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.
Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.
Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.
MYELIN-specific proteins that play a structural or regulatory role in the genesis and maintenance of the lamellar MYELIN SHEATH structure.
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.
A syndrome associated with injury to the lateral half of the spinal cord. The condition is characterized by the following clinical features (which are found below the level of the lesion): contralateral hemisensory anesthesia to pain and temperature, ipsilateral loss of propioception, and ipsilateral motor paralysis. Tactile sensation is generally spared. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p162).
The act of constricting.
A SMN complex protein that is essential for the function of the SMN protein complex. In humans the protein is encoded by a single gene found near the inversion telomere of a large inverted region of CHROMOSOME 5. Mutations in the gene coding for survival of motor neuron 1 protein may result in SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD.
Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)
The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.
A pair of cone-shaped elastic mucous membrane projecting from the laryngeal wall and forming a narrow slit between them. Each contains a thickened free edge (vocal ligament) extending from the THYROID CARTILAGE to the ARYTENOID CARTILAGE, and a VOCAL MUSCLE that shortens or relaxes the vocal cord to control sound production.

Adenoviral gene transfer into the normal and injured spinal cord: enhanced transgene stability by combined administration of temperature-sensitive virus and transient immune blockade. (1/10835)

This study characterized gene transfer into both normal and injured adult rat dorsal spinal cord using first (E1-/E3-) or second (E1-/E2A125/E3-, temperature-sensitive; ts) generation of replication-defective adenoviral (Ad) vectors. A novel immunosuppressive regimen aimed at blocking CD4/CD45 lymphocytic receptors was tested for improving transgene persistence. In addition, the effect of gene transfer on nociception was also evaluated. Seven days after treatment, numerous LacZ-positive cells were observed after transfection with either viral vector. By 21 days after transfection, beta-galactosidase staining was reduced and suggestive of ongoing cytopathology in both Ad-treated groups, despite the fact that the immunogenicity of LacZ/Adts appeared less when compared with that elicited by the LacZ/Ad vector. In contrast, immunosuppressed animals showed a significant (P < or = 0.05) increase in the number of LacZ-positive cells not displaying cytopathology. In these animals, a concomitant reduction in numbers of macrophages/microglia and CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes was observed. Only animals that received LacZ/Adts and immunosuppression showed transgene expression after 60 days. Similar results were observed in animals in which the L4-L5 dorsal roots were lesioned before transfection. Gene transfer into the dorsal spinal cord did not affect nociception, independent of the adenovirus vector. These results indicate that immune blockade of the CD4/CD45 lymphocytic receptors enhanced transgene stability in adult animals with normal or injured spinal cords and that persistent transgene expression in the spinal cord does not interfere with normal neural function.  (+info)

Activity-dependent metaplasticity of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission in the lamprey spinal cord locomotor network. (2/10835)

Paired intracellular recordings have been used to examine the activity-dependent plasticity and neuromodulator-induced metaplasticity of synaptic inputs from identified inhibitory and excitatory interneurons in the lamprey spinal cord. Trains of spikes at 5-20 Hz were used to mimic the frequency of spiking that occurs in network interneurons during NMDA or brainstem-evoked locomotor activity. Inputs from inhibitory and excitatory interneurons exhibited similar activity-dependent changes, with synaptic depression developing during the spike train. The level of depression reached was greater with lower stimulation frequencies. Significant activity-dependent depression of inputs from excitatory interneurons and inhibitory crossed caudal interneurons, which are central elements in the patterning of network activity, usually developed between the fifth and tenth spikes in the train. Because these interneurons typically fire bursts of up to five spikes during locomotor activity, this activity-dependent plasticity will presumably not contribute to the patterning of network activity. However, in the presence of the neuromodulators substance P and 5-HT, significant activity-dependent metaplasticity of these inputs developed over the first five spikes in the train. Substance P induced significant activity-dependent depression of inhibitory but potentiation of excitatory interneuron inputs, whereas 5-HT induced significant activity-dependent potentiation of both inhibitory and excitatory interneuron inputs. Because these metaplastic effects are consistent with the substance P and 5-HT-induced modulation of the network output, activity-dependent metaplasticity could be a potential mechanism underlying the coordination and modulation of rhythmic network activity.  (+info)

Spinal cord-evoked potentials and muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in 10 awake human subjects. (3/10835)

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TCMS) causes leg muscle contractions, but the neural structures in the brain that are activated by TCMS and their relationship to these leg muscle responses are not clearly understood. To elucidate this, we concomitantly recorded leg muscle responses and thoracic spinal cord-evoked potentials (SCEPs) after TCMS for the first time in 10 awake, neurologically intact human subjects. In this report we provide evidence of direct and indirect activation of corticospinal neurons after TCMS. In three subjects, SCEP threshold (T) stimulus intensities recruited both the D wave (direct activation of corticospinal neurons) and the first I wave (I1, indirect activation of corticospinal neurons). In one subject, the D, I1, and I2 waves were recruited simultaneously, and in another subject, the I1 and I2 waves were recruited simultaneously. In the remaining five subjects, only the I1 wave was recruited first. More waves were recruited as the stimulus intensity increased. The presence of D and I waves in all subjects at low stimulus intensities verified that TCMS directly and indirectly activated corticospinal neurons supplying the lower extremities. Leg muscle responses were usually contingent on the SCEP containing at least four waves (D, I1, I2, and I3).  (+info)

Complete compensation in skilled reaching success with associated impairments in limb synergies, after dorsal column lesion in the rat. (4/10835)

Each of the dorsal columns of the rat spinal cord conveys primary sensory information, by way of the medullary dorsal column nucleus, to the ventrobasal thalamus on the contralateral side; thus the dorsal columns are an important source of neural input to the sensorimotor cortex. Damage to the dorsal columns causes impairments in synergistic proximal or whole-body movements in cats and distal limb impairments in primates, particularly in multiarticulated finger movements and tactile foviation while handling objects, but the behavioral effects of afferent fiber lesions in the dorsal columns of rodents have not been described. Female Long-Evans rats were trained to reach with a forelimb for food pellets and subsequently received lesions of the dorsomedial spinal cord at the C2 level, ipsilateral to their preferred limb. Reaching success completely recovered within a few days of dorsal column lesion. Nevertheless, a detailed analysis of high-speed video recordings revealed that rotatory limb movements (aiming, pronation, supination, etc.) were irreversibly impaired. Compensation was achieved with whole-body and alternate limb movements. These results indicate the following: (1) in the absence of the dorsal columns, other sensorimotor pathways support endpoint success in reaching; (2) sensory input conveyed by the dorsal columns is important for both proximal and distal limb movements used for skilled reaching; and (3) detailed behavioral analyses in addition to endpoint measures are necessary to completely describe the effects of dorsal column lesions.  (+info)

Neurite outgrowth-regulating properties of GABA and the effect of serum on mouse spinal cord neurons in culture. (5/10835)

Time-lapse photography was used to examine the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the outgrowth and motility of neurites in cultures from mouse spinal cord. GABA at concentrations of 100, 10 and 1 microM caused significant inhibition of neurite outgrowth and the motility of growth cones was significantly reduced by treatment with 100 and 10 microM GABA. This effect was mimicked by the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen, whereas the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol had no effect. The effect of GABA on outgrowth and motility seems to be dependent on the type of serum employed. The results reported here were obtained only when heat-inactivated serum was used and not when non heat-inactivated serum was added to the culture medium. They suggest that GABA has a role in the regulation of process outgrowth within the embryonic mouse spinal cord.  (+info)

Presence of the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter in GABAergic and glycinergic synaptic terminal boutons. (6/10835)

The characterization of the Caenorhabditis elegans unc-47 gene recently allowed the identification of a mammalian (gamma)-amino butyric acid (GABA) transporter, presumed to be located in the synaptic vesicle membrane. In situ hybridization data in rat brain suggested that it might also take up glycine and thus represent a general Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transporter (VIAAT). In the present study, we have investigated the localization of VIAAT in neurons by using a polyclonal antibody raised against the hydrophilic N-terminal domain of the protein. Light microscopy and immunocytochemistry in primary cultures or tissue sections of the rat spinal cord revealed that VIAAT was localized in a subset (63-65%) of synaptophysin-immunoreactive terminal boutons; among the VIAAT-positive terminals around motoneuronal somata, 32.9% of them were also immunoreactive for GAD65, a marker of GABAergic presynaptic endings. Labelling was also found apposed to clusters positive for the glycine receptor or for its associated protein gephyrin. At the ultrastructural level, VIAAT immunoreactivity was restricted to presynaptic boutons exhibiting classical inhibitory features and, within the boutons, concentrated over synaptic vesicle clusters. Pre-embedding detection of VIAAT followed by post-embedding detection of GABA or glycine on serial sections of the spinal cord or cerebellar cortex indicated that VIAAT was present in glycine-, GABA- or GABA- and glycine-containing boutons. Taken together, these data further support the view of a common vesicular transporter for these two inhibitory transmitters, which would be responsible for their costorage in the same synaptic vesicle and subsequent corelease at mixed GABA-and-glycine synapses.  (+info)

Cannabinoid suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity in wide dynamic range neurons in the lumbar dorsal horn of the rat. (7/10835)

The effects of cannabinoid agonists on noxious heat-evoked firing of 62 spinal wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons were examined in urethan-anesthetized rats (1 cell/animal). Noxious thermal stimulation was applied with a Peltier device to the receptive fields in the ipsilateral hindpaw of isolated WDR neurons. To assess the site of action, cannabinoids were administered systemically in intact and spinally transected rats and intraventricularly. Both the aminoalkylindole cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 (125 microg/kg iv) and the bicyclic cannabinoid CP55,940 (125 microg/kg iv) suppressed noxious heat-evoked activity. Responses evoked by mild pressure in nonnociceptive neurons were not altered by CP55,940 (125 microg/kg iv), consistent with previous observations with another cannabinoid agonist, WIN55,212-2. The cannabinoid induced-suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity was blocked by pretreatment with SR141716A (1 mg/kg iv), a competitive antagonist for central cannabinoid CB1 receptors. By contrast, intravenous administration of either vehicle or the receptor-inactive enantiomer WIN55,212-3 (125 microg/kg) failed to alter noxious heat-evoked activity. The suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity induced by WIN55,212-2 in the lumbar dorsal horn of intact animals was markedly attenuated in spinal rats. Moreover, intraventricular administration of WIN55,212-2 suppressed noxious heat-evoked activity in spinal WDR neurons. By contrast, both vehicle and enantiomer were inactive. These findings suggest that cannabinoids selectively modulate the activity of nociceptive neurons in the spinal dorsal horn by actions at CB1 receptors. This modulation represents a suppression of pain neurotransmission because the inhibitory effects are selective for pain-sensitive neurons and are observed with different modalities of noxious stimulation. The data also provide converging lines of evidence for a role for descending antinociceptive mechanisms in cannabinoid modulation of spinal nociceptive processing.  (+info)

Pharmacodynamic actions of (S)-2-[4,5-dihydro-5-propyl-2-(3H)-furylidene]-1,3-cyclopentanedione (oudenone). (8/10835)

The pharmacodynamic actions of (S)-2-[4,5-dihydro-5-propyl-2(3H)-furylidene]-1,3-cyclopentanedione (oudenone) were studied in both anesthetized animals and isolated organs. Oudenone (10--40 mg/kg i.v.) induced an initial rise in blood pressure followed by a prolonged hypotension in the anesthetized rats. In unanesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), oudenone (5--200 mg/kg p.o.) caused a dose-related decrease in the systolic blood pressure. The initial pressor effect was diminished by pretreatments with phentolamine, guanethidine, hexamethonium and was abolished in the pithed rats. In addition, intracisternal administrations of oudenone (100--600 mug/kg) showed a marked increase in blood pressure in the anesthetized rats, suggesting that the pressor effect may be due to centrally mediated actions. Oudenone, given intra-arterially into the femoral artery (400--800 mug/kg), caused a long-lasting vasodilation in anesthetized dogs. At a relatively high dose (40 mg/kg i.v.), oudenone antagonized all pressor responses to autonomic agents and central vagus nerve stimulation in anesthetized rats and dogs, however, oudenone showed no anti-cholinergic,-histaminergic, beta-adrenergic and adrenergic neuron blocking properties.  (+info)

Spinal cord injuries (SCI) are a type of injury that occurs when the spinal cord is damaged or disrupted, usually as a result of trauma or disease. The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that runs down the back of the neck and lower back, and it is responsible for transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body. When the spinal cord is injured, it can result in a range of symptoms, depending on the location and severity of the injury. These can include loss of sensation or movement in the affected area, difficulty with bladder or bowel control, and changes in sexual function. SCI can be caused by a variety of factors, including car accidents, falls, sports injuries, and acts of violence. Treatment for SCI typically involves a combination of medical and rehabilitative care, and the goal is to help individuals with SCI regain as much function as possible and improve their quality of life.

Spinal cord diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the spinal cord, which is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nerves that runs from the base of the brain down through the back. The spinal cord is responsible for transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body, and any damage to the spinal cord can result in a range of symptoms and complications. Spinal cord diseases can be classified into several categories, including: 1. Inflammatory diseases: These are conditions that cause inflammation of the spinal cord, such as multiple sclerosis, spinal cord inflammation, and transverse myelitis. 2. Traumatic injuries: These are injuries to the spinal cord caused by accidents, falls, or other external forces, such as spinal cord compression, spinal cord contusion, and spinal cord avulsion. 3. Tumors: These are abnormal growths of cells that can develop on or within the spinal cord, such as spinal cord tumors, schwannomas, and meningiomas. 4. Degenerative diseases: These are conditions that cause the spinal cord to deteriorate over time, such as spinal stenosis, spinal cord compression, and spinal cord atrophy. 5. Genetic disorders: These are conditions that are caused by genetic mutations and can affect the spinal cord, such as spinal muscular atrophy, Friedreich's ataxia, and spinal muscular dystrophy. Spinal cord diseases can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, numbness, weakness, loss of sensation, difficulty walking, and loss of bladder or bowel control. Treatment for spinal cord diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, and may include medications, physical therapy, surgery, or other interventions.

Spinal cord compression is a medical condition in which the spinal cord is compressed or squeezed, leading to damage or dysfunction of the spinal cord. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including injury, disease, or tumors. The spinal cord is a long, thin bundle of nerves that runs down the center of the spinal column, or spine. It is responsible for transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body, controlling movement, sensation, and other bodily functions. When the spinal cord is compressed, it can disrupt these signals and cause a range of symptoms, depending on the location and severity of the compression. Symptoms of spinal cord compression may include pain or discomfort in the back or neck, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, difficulty walking or standing, loss of bladder or bowel control, and changes in sensation or reflexes. In severe cases, spinal cord compression can lead to paralysis or even death. Treatment for spinal cord compression depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the compression. In some cases, conservative treatments such as rest, physical therapy, or medication may be sufficient to relieve symptoms and prevent further damage. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve pressure on the spinal cord and restore function.

Spinal cord neoplasms are tumors that develop in the spinal cord, which is a bundle of nerves that runs from the base of the brain down through the back. These tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can occur at any point along the length of the spinal cord. Spinal cord neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on their location and size. Some common symptoms include back pain, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, difficulty walking or standing, and changes in bladder or bowel function. In some cases, spinal cord neoplasms can also cause problems with sensation, coordination, and balance. Diagnosis of spinal cord neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as MRI or CT scans, and a physical examination by a healthcare provider. Treatment options for spinal cord neoplasms depend on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Spinal cord ischemia is a medical condition that occurs when the spinal cord is deprived of blood flow, leading to a lack of oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord cells. This can result in damage to the spinal cord and can cause a range of symptoms, including weakness, numbness, and loss of sensation in the affected area. There are several causes of spinal cord ischemia, including atherosclerosis (narrowing of the arteries), blood clots, and trauma to the spine. Treatment for spinal cord ischemia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to dissolve blood clots, surgery to repair damaged blood vessels, or physical therapy to help patients regain strength and mobility. In severe cases, spinal cord ischemia can lead to permanent paralysis or even death.

Paraplegia is a medical condition characterized by the loss of sensation and movement in the lower half of the body, including the legs and sometimes the pelvis and lower abdomen. It is usually caused by damage to the spinal cord, which can occur as a result of trauma, disease, or infection. In paraplegia, the affected individual may retain some sensation and movement in the upper half of the body, including the arms and hands. However, they may have difficulty with activities such as walking, standing, and bowel and bladder control. The severity of paraplegia can vary widely, depending on the location and extent of the spinal cord damage. Some individuals with paraplegia may be able to walk with the assistance of braces or other mobility aids, while others may be completely paralyzed from the waist down. Treatment for paraplegia typically involves a combination of physical therapy, medication, and assistive devices to help individuals maintain their independence and quality of life. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged spinal cord tissue.

Spinal neoplasms refer to tumors that develop in or on the spinal cord or spinal column. These tumors can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Spinal neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on their location and size. Some common symptoms include back pain, weakness or numbness in the arms or legs, difficulty walking or standing, and changes in bladder or bowel function. Diagnosis of spinal neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as MRI or CT scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment options for spinal neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the overall health of the patient.

The cervical vertebrae are the seven bones that make up the upper part of the spine, located in the neck region. They are numbered C1 through C7, with C1 being the atlas and C2 being the axis. The cervical vertebrae are responsible for supporting the head and allowing it to move freely. They also protect the spinal cord, which runs through the center of the vertebrae. The cervical vertebrae are smaller and more delicate than the vertebrae in the rest of the spine, and they have a unique shape that allows for greater mobility in the neck. Injuries to the cervical vertebrae can be serious and may require medical attention.

Anesthesia, spinal, also known as spinal anesthesia, is a type of regional anesthesia that numbs the lower half of the body, including the legs and lower abdomen. It is commonly used for surgeries on the lower half of the body, such as cesarean sections, hip replacements, and knee replacements. During spinal anesthesia, a small amount of anesthetic medication is injected into the spinal fluid, which surrounds the spinal cord. The medication numbs the nerves in the lower half of the body, causing a loss of sensation and pain relief. The patient is awake and able to communicate during the procedure, but they will not feel any pain or discomfort in their lower body. Spinal anesthesia is typically performed by an anesthesiologist or a trained nurse anesthetist. The procedure is usually done in a hospital setting and takes about 10-15 minutes to perform. The patient will need to lie on their back with their legs bent and feet flat on the table. The anesthetic medication is injected into the lower back, and the patient may feel a brief prick or pressure as the medication is injected. After spinal anesthesia, the patient may experience some side effects, such as headache, nausea, and low blood pressure. However, these side effects are usually temporary and can be managed with medication. Spinal anesthesia is a safe and effective method of anesthesia for many types of surgeries on the lower half of the body.

Quadriplegia is a type of paralysis that affects all four limbs and sometimes the trunk of the body. It is caused by damage to the spinal cord, which can result from a variety of factors such as trauma, infection, or tumors. Quadriplegia can be classified as complete or incomplete, depending on the extent of the damage to the spinal cord and the degree of muscle weakness and loss of sensation. Complete quadriplegia results in total paralysis of all four limbs and the trunk, while incomplete quadriplegia may result in some muscle function and sensation remaining. Treatment for quadriplegia typically involves physical therapy, assistive devices, and medications to manage symptoms such as pain and muscle spasms.

Spinal diseases refer to a wide range of medical conditions that affect the spine, which is the column of bones in the back that protects the spinal cord. These conditions can affect any part of the spine, including the vertebrae, discs, nerves, muscles, ligaments, and other supporting structures. Some common spinal diseases include: 1. Herniated disc: A condition where the soft tissue inside a spinal disc bulges out through a tear in the outer layer. 2. Degenerative disc disease: A condition where the discs between the vertebrae in the spine break down over time, causing pain and stiffness. 3. Spinal stenosis: A condition where the spinal canal narrows, putting pressure on the spinal cord and nerves. 4. Scoliosis: A condition where the spine curves abnormally to the side. 5. Osteoporosis: A condition where the bones become weak and brittle, increasing the risk of fractures. 6. Spinal cord injury: An injury to the spinal cord that can result in loss of sensation, movement, or other functions below the level of the injury. 7. Spinal tumors: Tumors that grow on or in the spine, which can cause pain, weakness, and other symptoms. 8. Spondylolisthesis: A condition where one vertebra slips over another, causing pain and instability in the spine. These conditions can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, injury, age, and lifestyle factors such as poor posture and repetitive strain. Treatment for spinal diseases may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

In the medical field, an axon is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell (neuron) that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body towards other neurons, muscles, or glands. The axon is covered by a myelin sheath, which is a fatty substance that insulates the axon and helps to speed up the transmission of electrical signals. Axons are responsible for transmitting information throughout the nervous system, allowing the brain and spinal cord to communicate with other parts of the body. They are essential for many bodily functions, including movement, sensation, and cognition. Damage to axons can result in a variety of neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and peripheral neuropathy. Treatments for these conditions often focus on preserving and regenerating axons to restore normal function.

Spinal stenosis is a medical condition that occurs when the spinal canal, which is the channel that runs through the spine and contains the spinal cord, becomes narrowed. This narrowing can put pressure on the spinal cord and the nerves that exit from the spinal cord, leading to a variety of symptoms. There are several types of spinal stenosis, including foraminal stenosis, central stenosis, and foraminal-central stenosis. Foraminal stenosis occurs when the openings that allow the nerves to exit the spinal canal become narrowed. Central stenosis occurs when the spinal canal itself becomes narrowed. Foraminal-central stenosis is a combination of both types of stenosis. Symptoms of spinal stenosis can include back pain, leg pain, numbness or tingling in the legs, weakness in the legs, and difficulty walking. In severe cases, spinal stenosis can lead to loss of bladder or bowel control. Treatment for spinal stenosis may include physical therapy, pain medication, and lifestyle changes such as exercise and weight loss. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve pressure on the spinal cord and nerves.

Spinal injuries refer to any damage or trauma that affects the spinal cord or the surrounding structures, such as the vertebrae, discs, ligaments, or muscles. These injuries can range from minor to severe and can result from a variety of causes, including falls, car accidents, sports injuries, and acts of violence. Spinal injuries can be classified into two main categories: complete and incomplete. A complete spinal cord injury results in a complete loss of function below the level of the injury, while an incomplete spinal cord injury results in some remaining function below the level of the injury. The severity of a spinal injury is typically determined by the level of the injury on the spinal cord, the extent of the damage, and the presence of any associated injuries. Treatment for spinal injuries may include surgery, physical therapy, and rehabilitation, depending on the severity and location of the injury.

Anterior horn cells, also known as motor neurons, are a type of nerve cell located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord and in the brainstem. These cells are responsible for transmitting signals from the brain to the muscles, allowing for voluntary movement. They receive input from sensory neurons in the periphery, process that information, and then send signals to the muscles to produce movement. Damage to anterior horn cells can result in various motor neuron diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).

Myelitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the spinal cord, which is a bundle of nerves that runs from the brain down through the back of the neck and back to the pelvis. The inflammation can cause damage to the spinal cord, leading to a range of symptoms, including pain, weakness, numbness, and tingling sensations in the affected area. Myelitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, autoimmune disorders, and certain medications. Some common causes of myelitis include viral infections such as herpes simplex virus, West Nile virus, and poliovirus, as well as bacterial infections such as tuberculosis and Lyme disease. Autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica can also cause myelitis. The symptoms of myelitis can vary depending on the location and severity of the inflammation. In some cases, the symptoms may be mild and resolve on their own, while in other cases, they can be severe and require medical treatment. Treatment for myelitis typically involves managing symptoms and addressing the underlying cause of the inflammation. This may include medications, physical therapy, and other supportive care.

A cordotomy is a surgical procedure that involves cutting or severing the spinal cord to relieve pain. It is typically performed when other pain management methods have been unsuccessful and the pain is severe and unrelenting. The procedure is usually done under general anesthesia and involves making a small incision in the skin over the spinal cord, then using a special instrument to cut or sever a small section of the cord. The goal of a cordotomy is to interrupt the nerve signals that are causing the pain, but it does not affect the ability to move or feel sensations below the level of the cut. Cordotomy is typically used to treat chronic pain conditions such as cancer pain, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), and severe back pain.

In the medical field, paralysis refers to a loss of muscle function or weakness in one or more areas of the body. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury, disease, or neurological disorders. There are several types of paralysis, including: 1. Complete paralysis: This is when a person is unable to move any part of their body. 2. Partial paralysis: This is when a person has some muscle function, but not all of it. 3. Flaccid paralysis: This is when the muscles are weak and floppy, and the person may have difficulty moving or maintaining their posture. 4. Spastic paralysis: This is when the muscles are tight and tense, and the person may have difficulty controlling their movements. Paralysis can affect any part of the body, including the arms, legs, face, and voice. It can be temporary or permanent, and can range from mild to severe. Treatment for paralysis depends on the underlying cause and can include physical therapy, medication, surgery, or other interventions.

Muscular atrophy, spinal, is a medical condition characterized by the wasting away or shrinkage of muscles in the spinal cord. This type of atrophy is caused by damage or injury to the spinal cord, which can result from a variety of factors such as trauma, disease, or surgery. Symptoms of spinal muscular atrophy may include weakness or paralysis in the affected muscles, difficulty with movement or coordination, and muscle cramps or spasms. The severity of the condition can vary widely depending on the extent of the spinal cord damage and the location of the affected muscles. Treatment for spinal muscular atrophy typically involves a combination of physical therapy, medication, and assistive devices such as braces or wheelchairs. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to address underlying spinal cord damage or to improve mobility and function.

In the medical field, pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Pain is a complex phenomenon that involves both physical and emotional components, and it can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury, illness, inflammation, and nerve damage. Pain can be acute or chronic, and it can be localized to a specific area of the body or can affect the entire body. Acute pain is typically short-lived and is a normal response to injury or illness. Chronic pain, on the other hand, persists for more than three months and can be caused by a variety of factors, including nerve damage, inflammation, and psychological factors. In the medical field, pain is typically assessed using a pain scale, such as the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), which measures pain intensity on a scale of 0 to 10. Treatment for pain depends on the underlying cause and can include medications, physical therapy, and other interventions.

Hyperalgesia is a medical condition characterized by an increased sensitivity to pain. It is a type of pain that is caused by an overactive nervous system, which results in a heightened perception of pain in response to a normal or low-intensity stimulus. Hyperalgesia can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury, inflammation, nerve damage, and certain medical conditions such as fibromyalgia, chronic pain syndrome, and multiple sclerosis. It can also be a side effect of certain medications, such as opioids. Symptoms of hyperalgesia may include increased pain sensitivity, a heightened response to touch or pressure, and a reduced ability to tolerate pain. Treatment for hyperalgesia may involve a combination of medications, physical therapy, and other interventions aimed at reducing pain and improving quality of life.

Neuralgia is a medical condition characterized by pain that is felt along the path of a nerve. It is caused by damage or irritation to the nerve, which can result in a variety of symptoms, including sharp, stabbing, or burning pain, numbness, tingling, and weakness. Neuralgia can affect any nerve in the body, but it is most commonly associated with the trigeminal nerve, which supplies sensation to the face. There are several different types of neuralgia, including trigeminal neuralgia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia, and postherpetic neuralgia. Treatment for neuralgia typically involves medications to manage pain and other symptoms, as well as lifestyle changes and physical therapy. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause of the neuralgia.

In the medical field, "Disease Models, Animal" refers to the use of animals to study and understand human diseases. These models are created by introducing a disease or condition into an animal, either naturally or through experimental manipulation, in order to study its progression, symptoms, and potential treatments. Animal models are used in medical research because they allow scientists to study diseases in a controlled environment and to test potential treatments before they are tested in humans. They can also provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of a disease and help to identify new therapeutic targets. There are many different types of animal models used in medical research, including mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, and monkeys. Each type of animal has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of model depends on the specific disease being studied and the research question being addressed.

Afferent pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry sensory information from the body's sensory receptors to the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord. These pathways are responsible for transmitting information about the external environment and internal bodily sensations to the CNS for processing and interpretation. Afferent pathways can be further divided into two types: sensory afferent pathways and motor afferent pathways. Sensory afferent pathways carry information about sensory stimuli, such as touch, temperature, pain, and pressure, from the body's sensory receptors to the CNS. Motor afferent pathways, on the other hand, carry information about the state of the body's muscles and organs to the CNS. Afferent pathways are essential for our ability to perceive and respond to the world around us. Any damage or dysfunction to these pathways can result in sensory deficits or other neurological disorders.

The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ located in the pelvis that stores urine until it is eliminated from the body through the urethra. The term "neurogenic" refers to a condition or disorder that is caused by damage or dysfunction of the nervous system. Therefore, "Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic" refers to a condition where the normal functioning of the urinary bladder is affected due to damage or dysfunction of the nervous system. This can result in a variety of symptoms, such as difficulty emptying the bladder, frequent urination, and incontinence. The underlying cause of neurogenic bladder can be a variety of conditions, including spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and diabetes. Treatment for neurogenic bladder typically involves a combination of medications, physical therapy, and in some cases, surgery.

Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal is a medical condition that refers to the accumulation of blood within the epidural space of the spinal cord. The epidural space is a potential space between the dura mater (outermost layer of the spinal cord) and the outer layer of the spinal canal. An epidural hematoma can occur due to a variety of reasons, including trauma, bleeding disorders, or the use of anticoagulant medications. The accumulation of blood in the epidural space can put pressure on the spinal cord, leading to symptoms such as back pain, weakness, numbness, and loss of sensation in the legs or arms. If left untreated, an epidural hematoma can cause permanent damage to the spinal cord, leading to paralysis or even death. Treatment typically involves surgical evacuation of the hematoma to relieve pressure on the spinal cord.

Autonomic dysreflexia is a life-threatening medical condition that occurs when there is an overreaction of the autonomic nervous system in response to a noxious stimulus, such as a urinary tract infection, injury, or manipulation of an intravenous line. This overreaction can cause a sudden increase in blood pressure, heart rate, and sweating, which can lead to a stroke or other serious complications if not treated promptly. Autonomic dysreflexia is most commonly seen in people with spinal cord injuries above the T6 level, but it can also occur in people with other conditions that affect the autonomic nervous system. Treatment typically involves medications to lower blood pressure and prevent complications, as well as prompt medical attention if symptoms become severe.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Spinal tuberculosis, also known as Pott's disease, is a form of TB that affects the vertebrae in the spine. It is a serious condition that can lead to deformity of the spine, paralysis, and other complications if left untreated. Spinal TB typically affects the thoracic spine, which is the middle section of the spine that supports the rib cage. The infection can spread from other parts of the body, such as the lungs, to the spine through the bloodstream. It can also spread from one vertebra to another through the intervertebral discs. Symptoms of spinal TB may include back pain, stiffness, and tenderness, as well as fever, night sweats, and weight loss. In severe cases, the infection can cause the vertebrae to collapse, leading to spinal deformity and paralysis. Treatment for spinal TB typically involves a combination of antibiotics and surgery to remove any damaged bone or tissue. It is important to diagnose and treat spinal TB promptly to prevent complications and improve the chances of a full recovery.

In the medical field, "cats" typically refers to Felis catus, which is the scientific name for the domestic cat. Cats are commonly kept as pets and are known for their agility, playful behavior, and affectionate nature. In veterinary medicine, cats are commonly treated for a variety of health conditions, including respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal issues, and dental problems. Cats can also be used in medical research to study various diseases and conditions, such as cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders. In some cases, the term "cats" may also refer to a group of animals used in medical research or testing. For example, cats may be used to study the effects of certain drugs or treatments on the immune system or to test new vaccines.

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is a complex network of nerves and neurons that controls and coordinates all bodily functions in the human body. It is composed of the brain and spinal cord, which are protected by the skull and vertebral column, respectively. The brain is the control center of the CNS and is responsible for processing sensory information, controlling movement, regulating bodily functions, and governing emotions and thoughts. It is divided into several regions, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure that extends from the base of the brain down through the vertebral column. It serves as a communication pathway between the brain and the rest of the body, transmitting signals from the body's sensory receptors to the brain and from the brain to the body's muscles and glands. Together, the brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system, which is responsible for controlling and coordinating all bodily functions, including movement, sensation, thought, and emotion.

Contusions, also known as bruises, are a type of injury that occurs when blood vessels in the skin and underlying tissues are damaged, causing bleeding into the surrounding tissue. This can result in a discoloration of the skin, usually appearing as a dark, blue or purple mark. Contusions can be caused by a variety of factors, including blunt trauma, falls, and sports injuries. They are typically not serious and can be treated with rest, ice, compression, and elevation. In some cases, however, more severe contusions may require medical attention.

The brainstem is the lower part of the brain that connects the brain to the spinal cord. It is responsible for controlling many of the body's essential functions, including breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and sleep. The brainstem consists of three main parts: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. These structures are responsible for regulating many different bodily functions, including sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions such as heart rate and breathing. Damage to the brainstem can result in a range of symptoms, including difficulty breathing, changes in heart rate, and loss of consciousness.

Spinal curvatures refer to the natural curves that exist in the spine. The spine has three main curves: the cervical curve (at the neck), the thoracic curve (in the chest), and the lumbar curve (in the lower back). These curves help to distribute the weight of the body and provide flexibility and stability to the spine. In the medical field, spinal curvatures are important for diagnosing and treating spinal conditions such as scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis. Scoliosis is a condition in which the spine has an abnormal curvature to one side, while kyphosis is a curvature of the spine that causes the upper back to become hunched forward. Lordosis is a curvature of the spine that causes the lower back to become excessively curved. Abnormal spinal curvatures can cause pain, discomfort, and decreased mobility. Treatment options may include physical therapy, bracing, and surgery, depending on the severity of the condition.

Syringomyelia is a medical condition characterized by the formation of fluid-filled cysts (syringes) within the spinal cord. These cysts can cause damage to the spinal cord and lead to a range of symptoms, including pain, weakness, numbness, and tingling in the arms and legs. Syringomyelia can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma to the spine, spinal cord infections, and inherited conditions such as Chiari malformation. The condition can also be idiopathic, meaning its cause is unknown. Diagnosis of syringomyelia typically involves imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans, which can show the presence of the cysts within the spinal cord. Treatment options for syringomyelia depend on the severity of the symptoms and the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the cysts or relieve pressure on the spinal cord. Other treatment options may include medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes.

Muscle spasticity is a condition characterized by increased muscle tone or stiffness, which can result in difficulty with movement and range of motion. It occurs when the normal balance between the excitatory and inhibitory signals in the nervous system is disrupted, leading to an overactive response from the muscles. In the medical field, muscle spasticity is often seen in patients with neurological conditions such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, and cerebral palsy. It can also be a symptom of certain genetic disorders, such as Huntington's disease. Symptoms of muscle spasticity may include muscle tightness, spasms, cramps, and difficulty with movement and coordination. Treatment options for muscle spasticity may include physical therapy, medication, and in some cases, surgery.

Strychnine is a highly toxic alkaloid found in certain plants, including the seeds of the Strychnos nux-vomica tree. It is known for its ability to stimulate the central nervous system, leading to symptoms such as muscle spasms, convulsions, and hallucinations. In the medical field, strychnine is sometimes used as a muscle relaxant or as a treatment for certain types of muscle spasms. However, due to its toxicity, it is only used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional and is typically administered in very small doses. Strychnine is also used as a pesticide and is sometimes found in illicit drugs.

The Cauda Equina is a bundle of nerve roots located at the base of the spinal cord in the human body. It is composed of the lower spinal nerves (L1-L5) and the coccygeal nerve (S4-S5). The Cauda Equina is responsible for controlling various bodily functions, including bladder and bowel control, sexual function, and sensation in the lower extremities. Injuries to the Cauda Equina can result in a range of symptoms, including weakness, numbness, and loss of sensation in the lower extremities, as well as bladder and bowel dysfunction. These injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, tumors, and spinal cord compression. Treatment for Cauda Equina syndrome typically involves surgical intervention to relieve pressure on the affected nerve roots.

Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood (SMA) is a group of genetic disorders that affect the muscles responsible for movement. SMA is caused by a deficiency or absence of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein, which is necessary for the development and maintenance of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem. There are four main types of SMA, which are classified based on the severity of the symptoms and the age of onset. Type I SMA, also known as Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, is the most severe form of SMA and typically presents in infancy, with symptoms including weakness and loss of muscle tone in the arms and legs, difficulty breathing, and poor head control. Type II SMA, also known as intermediate SMA, typically presents in early childhood and is characterized by progressive weakness and loss of muscle tone in the arms and legs, but with better head control and breathing ability than in type I SMA. Type III SMA, also known as Kugelberg-Welander disease, typically presents in late childhood or adolescence and is characterized by progressive weakness and loss of muscle tone in the arms and legs, but with better head control and breathing ability than in type I and II SMA. Type IV SMA, also known as adult-onset SMA, typically presents in adulthood and is characterized by progressive weakness and loss of muscle tone in the arms and legs, but with better head control and breathing ability than in the other types of SMA. SMA is a progressive disorder, meaning that the symptoms typically worsen over time. There is currently no cure for SMA, but there are treatments available that can help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life. These treatments include physical therapy, respiratory support, and, in some cases, medication and surgery.

Decompression, surgical refers to a surgical procedure in which pressure is relieved from a compressed or trapped body part or tissue. This can be done to treat a variety of medical conditions, including: 1. Herniated discs: A herniated disc occurs when the soft tissue inside a spinal disc bulges out through a tear in the outer layer. This can put pressure on the spinal cord or nerves, causing pain, numbness, or weakness. A surgical decompression may be performed to remove the herniated disc material and relieve pressure on the affected nerves. 2. Carpal tunnel syndrome: Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition in which the median nerve, which runs from the forearm to the hand, becomes compressed or trapped in the wrist. This can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in the hand. A surgical decompression may be performed to release the pressure on the median nerve and relieve symptoms. 3. Sciatica: Sciatica is a type of pain that travels down the leg from the lower back. It can be caused by a herniated disc or other spinal condition that compresses the sciatic nerve. A surgical decompression may be performed to relieve pressure on the sciatic nerve and alleviate symptoms. 4. Tarsal tunnel syndrome: Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a condition in which the posterior tibial nerve, which runs from the calf to the foot, becomes compressed or trapped in the ankle. This can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in the foot. A surgical decompression may be performed to release the pressure on the posterior tibial nerve and relieve symptoms. Surgical decompression is typically performed under general anesthesia and may involve making a small incision in the skin to access the affected area. The surgeon will then use specialized instruments to remove any tissue or bone that is compressing the affected nerve or body part. After the procedure, the incision will be closed with stitches or staples, and the patient will be monitored for any complications.

Paraparesis is a medical term used to describe a type of partial paralysis that affects the lower extremities of the body. It is characterized by weakness or loss of muscle control on one or both sides of the body below the waist. Paraparesis can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury to the spinal cord, multiple sclerosis, stroke, spinal cord tumors, and infections such as polio or meningitis. The severity of paraparesis can vary widely, ranging from mild weakness to complete paralysis. Treatment for paraparesis depends on the underlying cause and can include physical therapy, medication, surgery, and other interventions. The goal of treatment is to improve muscle strength and function, prevent complications, and improve the patient's quality of life.

In the medical field, "Animals, Newborn" typically refers to animals that are less than 28 days old. This age range is often used to describe the developmental stage of animals, particularly in the context of research or veterinary medicine. Newborn animals may require specialized care and attention, as they are often more vulnerable to illness and injury than older animals. They may also have unique nutritional and behavioral needs that must be addressed in order to promote their growth and development. In some cases, newborn animals may be used in medical research to study various biological processes, such as development, growth, and disease. However, the use of animals in research is highly regulated, and strict ethical guidelines must be followed to ensure the welfare and safety of the animals involved.

Spinal fractures refer to a break or crack in one or more of the bones that make up the spine, also known as vertebrae. These fractures can occur in the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar regions of the spine and can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, degenerative conditions, and tumors. Spinal fractures can be classified into several types, including compression fractures, burst fractures, andChance fractures. Compression fractures occur when the vertebrae are compressed, causing the bone to collapse. Burst fractures occur when the vertebrae are crushed, resulting in a "burst" or "explosion" of the bone. Chance fractures occur when the vertebrae are twisted or bent, causing a crack or fracture to occur. Spinal fractures can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, numbness, weakness, and difficulty moving. In severe cases, spinal fractures can lead to paralysis or even death if the spinal cord is damaged. Treatment for spinal fractures depends on the severity of the injury and may include rest, physical therapy, pain management, and surgery.

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) is a protein that is primarily found in astrocytes, which are a type of glial cell in the central nervous system. GFAP is a structural protein that helps to maintain the shape and stability of astrocytes, and it is also involved in various cellular processes such as cell signaling and communication. In the medical field, GFAP is often used as a diagnostic marker for certain neurological conditions, particularly those that involve damage or dysfunction of astrocytes. For example, increased levels of GFAP in the cerebrospinal fluid or brain tissue have been associated with a variety of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and traumatic brain injury. Additionally, GFAP has been studied as a potential therapeutic target for these and other neurological conditions, as it plays a key role in astrocyte function and may be involved in the development and progression of disease.

Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation (CBSC Transplantation) is a medical procedure that involves the transplantation of stem cells from a donor's umbilical cord blood into a patient who has a damaged or diseased bone marrow or blood system. The stem cells are collected from the umbilical cord blood after a baby is born and are then cryopreserved for future use. CBSC transplantation is used to treat a variety of conditions, including leukemia, lymphoma, myelodysplastic syndrome, and sickle cell disease. The procedure is typically performed in a hospital setting and involves the administration of high-dose chemotherapy or radiation to the patient's bone marrow and blood system to destroy the diseased cells. The cryopreserved stem cells are then infused into the patient's bloodstream, where they can engraft and repopulate the patient's bone marrow and blood system with healthy, functioning cells. CBSC transplantation is considered a less invasive and less toxic alternative to traditional bone marrow transplantation, as it does not require the collection of stem cells from the patient's bone marrow or the use of a matched donor. However, the success of CBSC transplantation depends on the availability of a suitable donor and the patient's overall health and medical condition.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. These nerve cells, called motor neurons, control voluntary muscle movement. In ALS, the motor neurons gradually degenerate and die, leading to muscle weakness, wasting, and paralysis. The symptoms of ALS typically begin with muscle weakness or stiffness in the arms or legs, which may progress to difficulty speaking, swallowing, or breathing. The disease usually progresses slowly, and affected individuals may eventually become completely paralyzed and require assistance with basic activities of daily living. There is currently no cure for ALS, and treatment is focused on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. Some medications and therapies may help to slow the progression of the disease and alleviate symptoms, but they cannot stop the underlying neurodegeneration.

Astrocytes are a type of glial cell found in the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord. They are star-shaped cells that play a crucial role in supporting and maintaining the health of neurons, which are the nerve cells that transmit information throughout the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes have many functions in the brain, including: 1. Providing structural support to neurons and synapses, the connections between neurons. 2. Regulating the extracellular environment by controlling the levels of ions, neurotransmitters, and other molecules in the brain. 3. Maintaining the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream. 4. Participating in the formation and repair of blood vessels in the brain. 5. Modulating the activity of neurons by releasing signaling molecules called gliotransmitters. Astrocytes are also involved in many neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy. Understanding the role of astrocytes in the brain is an active area of research in neuroscience and may lead to new treatments for these and other neurological conditions.

In the medical field, analgesics are drugs that are used to relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness. They are commonly used to treat a wide range of conditions, including headaches, toothaches, menstrual cramps, and injuries. There are several types of analgesics, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, and local anesthetics. NSAIDs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, work by reducing inflammation and blocking the production of prostaglandins, which are chemicals that cause pain and inflammation. Opioids, such as morphine and oxycodone, work by binding to receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which reduces the perception of pain. Local anesthetics, such as lidocaine, work by numbing a specific area of the body. It is important to note that while analgesics can be effective in relieving pain, they can also have side effects and may not be appropriate for everyone. It is always best to consult with a healthcare provider before taking any medication.

Nerve tissue proteins are proteins that are found in nerve cells, also known as neurons. These proteins play important roles in the structure and function of neurons, including the transmission of electrical signals along the length of the neuron and the communication between neurons. There are many different types of nerve tissue proteins, each with its own specific function. Some examples of nerve tissue proteins include neurofilaments, which provide structural support for the neuron; microtubules, which help to maintain the shape of the neuron and transport materials within the neuron; and neurofilament light chain, which is involved in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, which are a hallmark of certain neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Nerve tissue proteins are important for the proper functioning of the nervous system and any disruption in their production or function can lead to neurological disorders.

Substance P is a neuropeptide that is involved in the transmission of pain signals in the nervous system. It is a small protein that is produced by sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system and is released into the spinal cord and brain when these neurons are activated by noxious stimuli such as injury or inflammation. Substance P acts on specific receptors on nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain, triggering the release of other neurotransmitters and hormones that contribute to the perception of pain. It is also involved in other physiological processes, such as regulating blood pressure and heart rate. In the medical field, substance P is often studied in the context of pain management and the development of new pain medications. It is also used as a diagnostic tool in certain conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, where it may be present in higher levels in the body.

Spinal cord vascular diseases refer to a group of disorders that affect the blood vessels in the spinal cord. These diseases can cause damage to the spinal cord and lead to a range of symptoms, including pain, weakness, numbness, and loss of sensation. Some common spinal cord vascular diseases include spinal cord infarction (a type of stroke that occurs in the spinal cord), spinal cord hemorrhage (bleeding in the spinal cord), and spinal arteriovenous malformations (abnormal connections between arteries and veins in the spinal cord). These conditions can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, infection, and underlying medical conditions such as high blood pressure or atherosclerosis. Treatment for spinal cord vascular diseases typically involves a combination of medications, surgery, and rehabilitation to manage symptoms and improve function.

In the medical field, "Behavior, Animal" refers to the study of the actions, responses, and interactions of animals, including humans, with their environment. This field encompasses a wide range of topics, including animal behavior in the wild, animal behavior in captivity, animal behavior in domestic settings, and animal behavior in laboratory settings. Animal behaviorists study a variety of behaviors, including social behavior, mating behavior, feeding behavior, communication behavior, and aggression. They use a variety of research methods, including observational studies, experiments, and surveys, to understand the underlying mechanisms that drive animal behavior. Animal behavior research has important applications in fields such as conservation biology, animal welfare, and veterinary medicine. For example, understanding animal behavior can help conservationists develop effective strategies for protecting endangered species, and it can help veterinarians develop more effective treatments for behavioral disorders in animals.

In the medical field, a decerebrate state refers to a condition in which the brainstem is damaged or removed, resulting in a lack of control over movement and reflexes. This can occur as a result of injury or disease affecting the brainstem, such as a stroke, tumor, or trauma. In a decerebrate state, the individual may have difficulty maintaining posture and balance, and may exhibit abnormal movements such as tremors or jerky, uncoordinated movements. They may also have difficulty swallowing and speaking, and may experience changes in their level of consciousness or responsiveness. Treatment for a decerebrate state depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to manage symptoms, physical therapy to improve movement and coordination, and other supportive care. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to address the underlying cause of the condition.

In the medical field, infarction refers to the death of tissue due to a lack of blood supply. This can occur in various organs, including the heart, brain, lungs, and kidneys. In the case of a heart infarction, also known as a heart attack, the lack of blood supply to the heart muscle can cause damage or death to the affected area. This is typically caused by a blockage in one of the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart. In the case of a brain infarction, also known as a stroke, the lack of blood supply to the brain can cause damage or death to brain tissue. This is typically caused by a blockage in a blood vessel that supplies blood to the brain. In the case of a lung infarction, the lack of blood supply to the lung tissue can cause damage or death to the affected area. This is typically caused by a blockage in a blood vessel that supplies blood to the lung. In the case of a kidney infarction, the lack of blood supply to the kidney tissue can cause damage or death to the affected area. This is typically caused by a blockage in a blood vessel that supplies blood to the kidney.

In the medical field, the brain is the most complex and vital organ in the human body. It is responsible for controlling and coordinating all bodily functions, including movement, sensation, thought, emotion, and memory. The brain is located in the skull and is protected by the skull bones and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain is composed of billions of nerve cells, or neurons, which communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals. These neurons are organized into different regions of the brain, each with its own specific functions. The brain is also divided into two hemispheres, the left and right, which are connected by a bundle of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum. Damage to the brain can result in a wide range of neurological disorders, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. Treatment for brain disorders often involves medications, surgery, and rehabilitation therapies to help restore function and improve quality of life.

Action potentials are electrical signals that are generated by neurons in the nervous system. They are responsible for transmitting information throughout the body and are the basis of all neural communication. When a neuron is at rest, it has a negative electrical charge inside the cell and a positive charge outside the cell. When a stimulus is received by the neuron, it causes the membrane around the cell to become more permeable to sodium ions. This allows sodium ions to flow into the cell, causing the membrane potential to become more positive. This change in membrane potential is called depolarization. Once the membrane potential reaches a certain threshold, an action potential is generated. This is a rapid and brief change in the membrane potential that travels down the length of the neuron. The action potential is characterized by a rapid rise in membrane potential, followed by a rapid fall, and then a return to the resting membrane potential. Action potentials are essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. They allow neurons to communicate with each other and transmit information throughout the body. They are also involved in a variety of important physiological processes, including muscle contraction, hormone release, and sensory perception.

In the medical field, a chick embryo refers to a fertilized egg of a chicken that has been incubated for a certain period of time, typically between 4 and 21 days, until it has developed into an embryo. Chick embryos are commonly used in scientific research as a model system for studying developmental biology, genetics, and other areas of biology. They are particularly useful for studying the early stages of development, as they can be easily manipulated and observed under a microscope. Chick embryos are also used in some medical treatments, such as in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Chondroitin ABC Lyase (CABCyL) is an enzyme that breaks down chondroitin sulfate, a complex carbohydrate found in cartilage, tendons, and other connective tissues. It is involved in the degradation of proteoglycans, which are large molecules composed of proteins and carbohydrates, and plays a role in the turnover of extracellular matrix in tissues. In the medical field, CABCyL has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications in various conditions, including osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage and the development of bone spurs. CABCyL has been shown to increase the turnover of cartilage matrix and promote the synthesis of new cartilage, which may help to slow down the progression of osteoarthritis. It has also been studied for its potential use in the treatment of other connective tissue disorders, such as intervertebral disc degeneration and fibrosis.

Peripheral nerve injuries refer to damage or trauma to the nerves that are located outside of the brain and spinal cord. These nerves are responsible for transmitting signals between the central nervous system and the rest of the body, allowing us to feel sensations, move our muscles, and control our organs. Peripheral nerve injuries can occur as a result of a variety of factors, including trauma, compression, infection, or disease. Symptoms of peripheral nerve injuries can vary depending on the location and severity of the injury, but may include numbness, tingling, weakness, or loss of sensation in the affected area. Treatment for peripheral nerve injuries depends on the cause and severity of the injury. In some cases, conservative treatments such as physical therapy or medication may be sufficient to manage symptoms and promote healing. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged nerve tissue.

Demyelinating diseases are a group of neurological disorders characterized by the loss of the protective myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers in the central nervous system (CNS). The myelin sheath is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system, as it allows electrical signals to travel quickly and efficiently along the nerve fibers. Demyelinating diseases can be classified into two main categories: primary and secondary. Primary demyelinating diseases, also known as idiopathic demyelinating diseases, are caused by an autoimmune response in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the myelin sheath. Examples of primary demyelinating diseases include multiple sclerosis (MS), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), and neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Secondary demyelinating diseases, on the other hand, are caused by an underlying condition that damages the myelin sheath. Examples of secondary demyelinating diseases include chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), and transverse myelitis. Symptoms of demyelinating diseases can vary widely depending on the specific disease and the location of the affected nerve fibers. Common symptoms include weakness, numbness, tingling, difficulty with coordination and balance, vision problems, and cognitive impairment. Treatment for demyelinating diseases typically involves medications to reduce inflammation and slow the progression of the disease, as well as physical therapy and other supportive measures to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

A pressure ulcer, also known as a bedsore or decubitus ulcer, is a localized injury to the skin and underlying tissue that occurs when there is prolonged or excessive pressure on a particular area of the body. Pressure ulcers are most commonly seen in people who are bedridden or have limited mobility, as the constant pressure on certain areas of the body can cause the blood flow to be restricted, leading to tissue damage. Pressure ulcers can occur anywhere on the body where there is prolonged pressure, but they are most commonly seen on the back of the head, heels, hips, and tailbone. The severity of a pressure ulcer can range from a red, painful area of skin to a deep, open wound that extends through the underlying tissue. Treatment for pressure ulcers typically involves relieving pressure on the affected area, keeping the wound clean and moist, and providing nutritional support to promote healing. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or repair underlying structures. Prevention of pressure ulcers is also important, and can involve regular repositioning of the patient, the use of specialized pressure-relieving devices, and maintaining good nutrition and hydration.

Morphine is a powerful opioid medication that is used to relieve severe pain. It is derived from the opium poppy and is one of the most potent naturally occurring opioids. Morphine works by binding to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which can reduce the perception of pain and produce feelings of euphoria. It is often prescribed for patients who are experiencing severe pain, such as those with cancer or after surgery. Morphine can be administered in a variety of ways, including orally, intravenously, or through injection. It can also be used in combination with other medications to enhance its pain-relieving effects. However, morphine can also be highly addictive and can lead to dependence and withdrawal symptoms if used for an extended period of time. It is important for patients to use morphine only as directed by their healthcare provider and to avoid taking more than the recommended dose.

Spinal osteophytosis is a medical condition characterized by the growth of bony projections, or osteophytes, on the spinal vertebrae. These osteophytes are typically caused by the natural aging process or by chronic wear and tear on the spine, and they can occur anywhere along the spine, although they are most commonly found in the cervical and lumbar regions. Spinal osteophytosis is often associated with other spinal conditions, such as spinal stenosis, herniated discs, and degenerative disc disease. Symptoms of spinal osteophytosis may include neck or back pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion. In some cases, the osteophytes may compress the spinal cord or nerves, leading to more severe symptoms such as numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms or legs. Treatment for spinal osteophytosis may include non-surgical options such as physical therapy, pain medication, and lifestyle changes, as well as surgical interventions in cases where the symptoms are severe or debilitating.

Scoliosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal curvature of the spine. The spine may curve to the side, creating a "C" or "S" shape, and may also rotate or twist. Scoliosis can affect people of all ages, but it is most commonly diagnosed in children and adolescents. Scoliosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, muscle imbalances, and structural abnormalities of the spine. In some cases, the cause of scoliosis is unknown. Symptoms of scoliosis may include back pain, uneven shoulders, and a tilted head or rib cage. In severe cases, scoliosis can cause breathing difficulties and heart problems. Treatment for scoliosis depends on the severity of the curvature and the age of the patient. In mild cases, observation and regular check-ups may be sufficient. In more severe cases, bracing or surgery may be necessary to correct the curvature and prevent further progression of the condition.

Hyperesthesia is a medical condition characterized by an increased sensitivity or over-responsiveness to stimuli. It can refer to an increased sensitivity to touch, pressure, temperature, pain, or other types of sensory input. Hyperesthesia can be a symptom of various medical conditions, including nerve damage, inflammation, or infection. It can also be caused by certain medications or substances, such as alcohol or certain drugs. In some cases, hyperesthesia may be a harmless condition that resolves on its own. However, in other cases, it may be a sign of a more serious underlying health issue that requires medical attention. Treatment for hyperesthesia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, physical therapy, or other interventions.

Stilbamidines are a class of synthetic organic compounds that are structurally related to the stilbene group. They have been used in the treatment of various medical conditions, including glaucoma, high blood pressure, and depression. Some stilbamidines have also been studied for their potential use in the treatment of cancer and other diseases.

In the medical field, an abnormal reflex refers to a reflex action that is either absent or present in an excessive or inappropriate manner. A reflex is an automatic, involuntary response to a specific stimulus, such as the withdrawal of a hand from a hot surface. Abnormal reflexes can be caused by a variety of neurological disorders, including brain injuries, spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, and certain genetic disorders. Abnormal reflexes can also be a sign of a more serious underlying condition, such as a tumor or infection. In some cases, abnormal reflexes may be a normal part of an individual's physiology, particularly in infants and young children. However, if an abnormal reflex persists beyond the expected developmental stage, it may be a cause for concern and warrant further medical evaluation.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical method used to compare the means of three or more groups. In the medical field, ANOVA can be used to compare the effectiveness of different treatments, interventions, or medications on a particular outcome or variable of interest. For example, a researcher may want to compare the effectiveness of three different medications for treating a particular disease. They could use ANOVA to compare the mean response (e.g., improvement in symptoms) between the three groups of patients who received each medication. If the results show a significant difference between the groups, it would suggest that one medication is more effective than the others. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different groups of patients based on a categorical variable, such as age, gender, or race. For example, a researcher may want to compare the mean blood pressure of patients in different age groups. They could use ANOVA to compare the mean blood pressure between the different age groups and determine if there are significant differences. Overall, ANOVA is a powerful statistical tool that can be used to compare the means of different groups in the medical field, helping researchers to identify which treatments or interventions are most effective and to better understand the factors that influence health outcomes.

Spinal dysraphism is a group of birth defects that affect the development of the spinal cord and the surrounding tissues. These defects can occur anywhere along the length of the spine, from the base of the skull to the coccyx (tailbone). The most common type of spinal dysraphism is spina bifida, which occurs when the spinal cord fails to close properly during fetal development. Other types of spinal dysraphism include meningomyelocele, myelomeningocele, and lipomyelomeningocele. These conditions can cause a range of symptoms, including weakness or paralysis, loss of sensation, and problems with bladder and bowel control. Treatment for spinal dysraphism typically involves surgery to repair the defect and manage any associated complications.

In the medical field, "Cells, Cultured" refers to cells that have been grown and maintained in a controlled environment outside of their natural biological context, typically in a laboratory setting. This process is known as cell culture and involves the isolation of cells from a tissue or organism, followed by their growth and proliferation in a nutrient-rich medium. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including human or animal tissues, and can be used for a wide range of applications in medicine and research. For example, cultured cells can be used to study the behavior and function of specific cell types, to develop new drugs and therapies, and to test the safety and efficacy of medical products. Cultured cells can be grown in various types of containers, such as flasks or Petri dishes, and can be maintained at different temperatures and humidity levels to optimize their growth and survival. The medium used to culture cells typically contains a combination of nutrients, growth factors, and other substances that support cell growth and proliferation. Overall, the use of cultured cells has revolutionized medical research and has led to many important discoveries and advancements in the field of medicine.

N-Methylaspartate (NMA) is a chemical compound that is found in the human body. It is a non-essential amino acid that is structurally similar to aspartate, another amino acid that is important for the proper functioning of the nervous system. NMA is thought to play a role in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and has been implicated in a number of neurological disorders, including epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. In the medical field, NMA is often used as a research tool to study the function of the nervous system and to develop new treatments for neurological disorders.

Nerve degeneration refers to the progressive loss of function and structure of a nerve over time. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including injury, disease, or aging. Nerve degeneration can lead to a range of symptoms, depending on which nerves are affected and the severity of the degeneration. Common symptoms of nerve degeneration include pain, numbness, weakness, and tingling sensations. In some cases, nerve degeneration can lead to more serious complications, such as muscle atrophy or paralysis. Treatment for nerve degeneration typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the degeneration, as well as managing symptoms and preventing further damage to the affected nerves.

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the central nervous system. It is a non-protein amino acid that is synthesized from glutamate in the brain and spinal cord. GABA acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, meaning that it reduces the activity of neurons and helps to calm and relax the brain. In the medical field, GABA is often used as a treatment for anxiety disorders, insomnia, and epilepsy. It is available as a dietary supplement and can also be prescribed by a doctor in the form of medication. GABA supplements are believed to help reduce feelings of anxiety and promote relaxation by increasing the levels of GABA in the brain. However, more research is needed to fully understand the effects of GABA on the human body and to determine the most effective ways to use it as a treatment.

Gliosis is a term used in the medical field to describe the process of scar tissue formation in the brain or spinal cord. It occurs when there is damage to the central nervous system (CNS) due to injury, infection, or disease. During gliosis, astrocytes, a type of glial cell, become activated and proliferate, forming a scar tissue called gliosis. This scar tissue helps to protect the surrounding healthy tissue and limit the spread of damage. However, it can also interfere with the normal functioning of the CNS and contribute to the development of neurological disorders. Gliosis can be classified into two types: reactive gliosis and neoplastic gliosis. Reactive gliosis is a normal response to injury or disease, while neoplastic gliosis refers to the abnormal proliferation of astrocytes that can lead to the development of gliomas, a type of brain tumor.

Receptors, Neurokinin-1 (NK1 receptors) are a type of G protein-coupled receptor found on the surface of certain cells in the body, including nerve cells (neurons) and immune cells. These receptors are activated by a group of signaling molecules called neurokinins, which are released by nerve cells in response to various stimuli, such as injury, stress, or inflammation. NK1 receptors play a role in a number of physiological processes, including pain perception, inflammation, and regulation of the immune system. They are also involved in the development of certain diseases, such as chronic pain, asthma, and irritable bowel syndrome. In the medical field, NK1 receptors are targeted by drugs used to treat a variety of conditions, including pain, nausea, and inflammation. One example of a drug that targets NK1 receptors is aprepitant, which is used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. Other drugs that target NK1 receptors include telaprevir and maraviroc, which are used to treat hepatitis C and HIV, respectively.

Gait disorders, neurologic refer to a group of conditions that affect the way a person walks due to a neurological disorder. These disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including damage to the nervous system, muscle weakness or spasticity, and problems with balance or coordination. Some common examples of neurologic gait disorders include Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, and stroke. These disorders can cause a range of symptoms, such as shuffling gait, difficulty with balance, tripping or falling, and changes in stride length or cadence. Treatment for neurologic gait disorders typically involves a combination of physical therapy, medication, and assistive devices, such as canes or walkers. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to address underlying neurological issues or to improve mobility.

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter, a chemical messenger that transmits signals between nerve cells in the brain and throughout the body. It plays a crucial role in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, and other bodily functions. In the medical field, serotonin is often studied in relation to mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Low levels of serotonin have been linked to these conditions, and medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are often prescribed to increase serotonin levels in the brain and improve symptoms. Serotonin is also involved in the regulation of pain perception, blood pressure, and other bodily functions. Imbalances in serotonin levels have been implicated in a variety of medical conditions, including migraines, fibromyalgia, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental (EAE) is an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS). EAE is induced by the administration of myelin antigens, such as myelin basic protein (MBP), to susceptible animals, which triggers an autoimmune response against the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers in the CNS. In EAE, the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath, leading to inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage. This results in a range of neurological symptoms, including paralysis, loss of coordination, and cognitive impairment, which are similar to those seen in MS patients. EAE is widely used in research to study the pathogenesis of MS and to test potential treatments for the disease. It is a valuable tool for understanding the complex interplay between the immune system, the nervous system, and the environment that contributes to the development of MS.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. In MS, the immune system attacks and damages the protective covering (myelin) that surrounds nerve fibers in the CNS, leading to inflammation, scarring (sclerosis), and loss of nerve function. The symptoms of MS can vary widely and may include: - Fatigue - Muscle weakness - Numbness or tingling in the limbs - Blurred vision - Difficulty with coordination and balance - Difficulty speaking or understanding speech - Seizures - Depression and anxiety MS can be diagnosed through a combination of physical exams, medical history, and imaging tests such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). There is currently no cure for MS, but treatments are available to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.

Capsaicin is a chemical compound found in chili peppers that is responsible for their spicy flavor and pungency. In the medical field, capsaicin is used as a topical analgesic, meaning it is applied to the skin to relieve pain. It works by activating sensory nerves called TRPV1 receptors, which are responsible for detecting heat and pain. When capsaicin binds to these receptors, it causes them to fire, which can help to reduce pain signals to the brain. Capsaicin is often used to treat conditions such as arthritis, nerve pain, and migraines. It is available in various forms, including creams, patches, and gels, and is generally considered safe when used as directed. However, some people may experience side effects such as skin irritation, redness, or burning when using capsaicin products.

Intractable pain is a type of chronic pain that is resistant to conventional medical treatments, including pain medications, physical therapy, and other interventions. It is often defined as pain that persists for more than three months despite the use of appropriate medical treatment. Intractable pain can be caused by a variety of conditions, including nerve damage, cancer, fibromyalgia, and other chronic illnesses. It can also be caused by psychological factors, such as depression or anxiety. Treatment for intractable pain may involve a combination of medications, physical therapy, psychological counseling, and other interventions. In some cases, more invasive treatments, such as nerve blocks or spinal cord stimulation, may be considered. However, finding effective treatment for intractable pain can be challenging, and many people with this condition continue to experience significant pain and disability.

Naloxone is a medication used to reverse the effects of opioid overdose. It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and body, blocking the effects of opioids and causing the person to breathe normally again. Naloxone is often administered as an injection, but it can also be administered nasally or intravenously. It is commonly used in emergency medical settings to treat opioid overdose, but it can also be used in non-emergency situations, such as in the management of chronic pain or opioid addiction.

In the medical field, "Cord Factors" refers to the various factors that can affect the health and development of the umbilical cord, which is the lifeline that connects the developing fetus to the placenta during pregnancy. Cord factors can include: 1. Cord length: The length of the umbilical cord can affect the amount of oxygen and nutrients that the fetus receives, as well as the risk of cord compression or knotting. 2. Cord diameter: The diameter of the umbilical cord can also impact the amount of blood flow and oxygen delivery to the fetus. 3. Cord blood flow: The flow of blood through the umbilical cord is critical for the development and health of the fetus. Abnormalities in cord blood flow, such as decreased or increased flow, can lead to complications during pregnancy. 4. Cord position: The position of the umbilical cord within the uterus can also affect its function. A transverse or oblique position can increase the risk of cord compression or knotting. 5. Cord integrity: Cord integrity refers to the condition of the umbilical cord, including any tears or defects that may occur during delivery. Cord integrity can impact the health and development of the fetus. 6. Cord coiling: The way the umbilical cord coils around the fetus can also affect its function. Abnormal cord coiling, such as excessive or tight coiling, can lead to complications during pregnancy. Overall, cord factors are important considerations for healthcare providers to monitor during pregnancy to ensure the health and development of the fetus.

Glycine is an amino acid that is essential for the proper functioning of the human body. It is a non-essential amino acid, meaning that the body can synthesize it from other compounds, but it is still important for various physiological processes. In the medical field, glycine is used as a dietary supplement to support muscle growth and recovery, as well as to improve sleep quality. It is also used in the treatment of certain medical conditions, such as liver disease, as it can help to reduce the buildup of toxins in the liver. Glycine is also used in the production of various medications, including antibiotics and tranquilizers. It has been shown to have a calming effect on the nervous system and may be used to treat anxiety and other mental health conditions. Overall, glycine is an important nutrient that plays a vital role in many physiological processes in the body.

Cell differentiation is the process by which cells acquire specialized functions and characteristics during development. It is a fundamental process that occurs in all multicellular organisms, allowing cells to differentiate into various types of cells with specific functions, such as muscle cells, nerve cells, and blood cells. During cell differentiation, cells undergo changes in their shape, size, and function, as well as changes in the proteins and other molecules they produce. These changes are controlled by a complex network of genes and signaling pathways that regulate the expression of specific genes in different cell types. Cell differentiation is a critical process for the proper development and function of tissues and organs in the body. It is also involved in tissue repair and regeneration, as well as in the progression of diseases such as cancer, where cells lose their normal differentiation and become cancerous.

Nerve growth factors (NGFs) are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in the development, maintenance, and repair of the nervous system. They are primarily produced by neurons and Schwann cells, which are glial cells that wrap around and support neurons. NGFs are involved in a variety of processes related to the nervous system, including the growth and survival of neurons, the regulation of synaptic plasticity, and the modulation of pain perception. They also play a role in the development of the peripheral nervous system, including the formation of sensory and motor neurons. In the medical field, NGFs have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications in a variety of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and traumatic brain injury. They have also been investigated as a potential treatment for peripheral neuropathy, a condition characterized by damage to the nerves that carry sensory and motor signals to and from the body's extremities.

Myelin proteins are a group of proteins that are essential for the formation and maintenance of myelin, a fatty substance that surrounds and insulates nerve fibers in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Myelin is critical for the proper functioning of the nervous system, as it allows electrical signals to travel quickly and efficiently along nerve fibers. There are several different types of myelin proteins, including proteolipid protein (PLP), myelin basic protein (MBP), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). These proteins are synthesized by specialized cells called oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Mutations in genes that encode myelin proteins can lead to a variety of neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis, leukodystrophies, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Understanding the structure and function of myelin proteins is therefore important for developing new treatments for these conditions.

In the medical field, a spasm is a sudden, involuntary contraction or tightening of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms can occur in any part of the body and can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury, nerve damage, muscle fatigue, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and certain medications. Spasms can range in severity from mild twitches to severe, painful contractions that can interfere with normal movement and function. Some common examples of spasm include muscle cramps, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and spasmodic dysphonia. Treatment for spasm depends on the underlying cause and can include medications, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to address the underlying issue and prevent further spasms.

Brown-Sequard Syndrome is a type of spinal cord injury that occurs when there is damage to one side of the spinal cord. This damage can be caused by trauma, such as a spinal cord injury, or by a tumor or other disease that affects the spinal cord. The symptoms of Brown-Sequard Syndrome depend on the location and extent of the damage to the spinal cord, but they typically include weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, loss of sensation on the same side of the body, and changes in bladder and bowel function. Treatment for Brown-Sequard Syndrome typically involves physical therapy and other rehabilitation techniques to help patients regain as much function as possible. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove a tumor or other cause of the spinal cord damage.

In the medical field, constriction refers to the narrowing or reduction in the diameter of a blood vessel, airway, or other tubular structure. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including inflammation, fibrosis, or the presence of a physical obstruction. Constriction can have a significant impact on the function of the affected structure. For example, constriction of a blood vessel can reduce blood flow to a particular area of the body, leading to tissue damage or organ dysfunction. Constriction of an airway can make it difficult to breathe, and can lead to conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Treatment for constriction depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, medications or other therapies may be used to relax the constriction and improve blood flow or airway function. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the physical obstruction or repair damaged tissue.

Survival of Motor Neuron 1 (SMN1) protein is a protein that plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of motor neurons, which are specialized nerve cells that control muscle movement. Mutations in the SMN1 gene can lead to a group of inherited disorders known as spinal muscular atrophies (SMAs), which are characterized by progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. SMN1 protein is synthesized in the nucleus of cells and then transported to the cytoplasm, where it helps to assemble and stabilize snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins), which are essential for the processing of pre-mRNA (messenger RNA) into mature mRNA. This process is critical for the production of proteins, including those involved in muscle function. In individuals with SMA, mutations in the SMN1 gene lead to a deficiency in SMN1 protein, which in turn disrupts the assembly and function of snRNPs. This results in a reduction in the production of proteins necessary for muscle function, leading to progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. SMN1 protein is the primary gene responsible for SMA, but a second gene called SMN2 can also produce a functional protein. However, the amount of functional protein produced by SMN2 is much lower than that produced by SMN1, which contributes to the severity of SMA in affected individuals.

Motor Neuron Disease (MND) is a group of neurological disorders that affect the motor neurons, which are the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movement. These diseases are characterized by the progressive degeneration and death of motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness, atrophy, and eventually paralysis. There are several types of MND, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), progressive muscular atrophy (PMA), and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). ALS is the most common form of MND and is also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, after the famous baseball player who died from the disease. MND is a fatal disease, and there is currently no cure. Treatment is focused on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. This may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and the use of assistive devices. Medications may also be used to manage symptoms such as muscle stiffness, spasticity, and pain.

In the medical field, "cell count" refers to the measurement of the number of cells present in a specific sample of tissue or fluid. This measurement is typically performed using a microscope and a specialized staining technique to distinguish between different types of cells. For example, a complete blood count (CBC) is a common laboratory test that measures the number and types of cells in the blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Similarly, a urine analysis may include a cell count to measure the number of white blood cells or bacteria present in the urine. Cell counts can be used to diagnose a variety of medical conditions, such as infections, inflammation, or cancer. They can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments or to detect any changes in the body's cellular makeup over time.

Ependymoma is a type of brain tumor that arises from the ependymal cells, which line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. These tumors are typically slow-growing and can occur at any age, although they are most common in children and young adults. Ependymomas can be classified into different subtypes based on their location and the specific genetic mutations they exhibit. Treatment for ependymoma typically involves surgery to remove as much of the tumor as possible, followed by radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. The prognosis for ependymoma depends on several factors, including the location and size of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and the response to treatment.

Cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP) is the pressure exerted by the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the spinal canal and the ventricles of the brain. It is an important parameter in the diagnosis and management of various neurological conditions, including hydrocephalus, meningitis, and intracranial hypertension. CSFP is typically measured using a device called a lumbar puncture, which involves inserting a needle into the lower back and withdrawing a small amount of CSF for analysis. The pressure is then measured using a manometer. Normal CSFP ranges from 5 to 15 mmHg, although this can vary depending on the individual and the specific circumstances. Abnormal CSFP can be caused by a variety of factors, including increased production of CSF, decreased absorption of CSF, or blockage of the flow of CSF. High CSFP can lead to symptoms such as headache, nausea, vomiting, and confusion, while low CSFP can cause symptoms such as dizziness, weakness, and loss of consciousness.

Dynorphins are a group of endogenous opioid peptides that are synthesized in the central nervous system. They are similar in structure to the endorphins, but have different effects on the body. Dynorphins are primarily involved in the regulation of pain, reward, and stress responses. They bind to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, and can produce analgesic, sedative, and mood-altering effects. Dynorphins are also involved in the development of addiction and withdrawal symptoms, and have been implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of psychiatric disorders, including depression and anxiety.

Neurofilament proteins are a group of proteins that are primarily found in the axons of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. They are important structural components of the neuronal cytoskeleton and play a role in maintaining the shape and stability of axons. There are three main types of neurofilament proteins: neurofilament light (NF-L), neurofilament medium (NF-M), and neurofilament heavy (NF-H). These proteins are encoded by different genes and have different molecular weights and functions. Abnormalities in the expression or function of neurofilament proteins have been implicated in a number of neurological disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal dementia, and multiple sclerosis. In these conditions, the accumulation of abnormal neurofilament proteins in the brain and spinal cord can lead to the degeneration of neurons and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, which are characteristic hallmarks of these diseases.

Receptors, Glycine are a type of ionotropic receptor that are activated by the neurotransmitter glycine. These receptors are found in the central nervous system and are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including muscle relaxation, sleep regulation, and pain perception. Activation of glycine receptors leads to the opening of ion channels, allowing positively charged ions to flow into the cell and causing a change in the electrical potential across the cell membrane. This change in membrane potential can lead to the generation of an electrical signal, which can then be transmitted to other cells in the nervous system.

Kyphosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal curvature of the spine, resulting in a forward) or hunched posture. It can occur in the thoracic spine (upper back) or the lumbar spine (lower back), and can be caused by a variety of factors, including aging, osteoporosis, spinal injuries, and certain medical conditions such as scoliosis or ankylosing spondylitis. In severe cases, kyphosis can lead to pain, reduced mobility, and breathing difficulties. Treatment options may include physical therapy, bracing, and in some cases, surgery. Early detection and treatment are important to prevent complications and improve quality of life.

Sciatic neuropathy is a condition that occurs when there is damage or compression of the sciatic nerve, which is the largest nerve in the human body. The sciatic nerve runs from the lower back down the back of each leg, and it is responsible for controlling movement and sensation in the lower extremities. There are several potential causes of sciatic neuropathy, including injury, infection, compression by a herniated disk or other spinal condition, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes or multiple sclerosis. Symptoms of sciatic neuropathy can include pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, and muscle spasms in the lower back, buttocks, and legs. Treatment for sciatic neuropathy depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the symptoms. In some cases, conservative treatments such as physical therapy, pain medication, and lifestyle changes may be effective. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve pressure on the nerve or repair damage.

Cell transplantation is a medical treatment that involves the transfer of healthy cells from one part of the body to another to replace damaged or diseased cells. The cells can be derived from the patient's own body or from a donor. There are several types of cell transplantation, including bone marrow transplantation, cord blood transplantation, and stem cell transplantation. These treatments are used to treat a variety of conditions, including leukemia, lymphoma, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and spinal cord injuries. During cell transplantation, the healthy cells are typically harvested from the donor or the patient's own body and then infused into the recipient's bloodstream or directly into the affected area. The cells then migrate to the damaged or diseased area and begin to replace the damaged cells. Cell transplantation is a complex and often risky procedure, and it is typically reserved for patients with severe or life-threatening conditions. However, it has the potential to provide significant benefits to patients who are not responsive to other treatments.

Neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of the nervous system. It is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors, which are secreted by neurons and other cells to support the growth, survival, and differentiation of neurons. NT-3 is primarily expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), where it is involved in the development and maintenance of sensory and motor neurons. It is also found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and has been implicated in the development and maintenance of sensory neurons in the skin and other tissues. In addition to its role in neurodevelopment, NT-3 has been shown to have neuroprotective effects in various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. It has also been studied as a potential therapeutic agent for these conditions, as well as for other neurological disorders such as spinal cord injury and stroke.

Heterotopic ossification is the formation of bone in soft tissues where it is not normally found. This can occur in response to injury, surgery, or certain medical conditions such as burns, fractures, or neurological disorders. Heterotopic ossification can cause pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion, and may require treatment to prevent it from worsening or causing complications. Treatment options may include medications, physical therapy, or surgery.

Choline O-Acetyltransferase (ChAT) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is involved in many important functions in the body, including muscle movement, memory, and learning. In the medical field, ChAT is often studied in relation to various neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and myasthenia gravis. In these conditions, the levels of ChAT may be reduced or abnormal, leading to a deficiency in acetylcholine and potentially contributing to the symptoms of the disease. ChAT is also used as a diagnostic marker for certain conditions, such as myasthenia gravis, where it can be measured in the blood or in muscle tissue. Additionally, ChAT inhibitors are being studied as potential treatments for certain neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, where they may help to increase acetylcholine levels in the brain.

In the medical field, analgesia refers to the relief of pain without loss of consciousness. It is a common medical intervention used to manage pain caused by various conditions, such as surgery, injury, illness, or chronic conditions. There are different types of analgesia, including: 1. Local analgesia: This type of analgesia involves the use of numbing agents to block pain signals in a specific area of the body, such as during a dental procedure or surgery. 2. Systemic analgesia: This type of analgesia involves the use of medications that are absorbed into the bloodstream and affect the entire body to relieve pain. Examples include opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and acetaminophen. 3. Neuromodulation: This type of analgesia involves the use of electrical or magnetic stimulation to alter the way the nervous system processes pain signals. Analgesia is an important part of pain management and can help improve a patient's quality of life by reducing pain and discomfort. However, it is important to use analgesia appropriately and with caution, as it can also have side effects and risks, such as addiction, respiratory depression, and constipation.

Autonomic fibers, preganglionic, refer to the nerve fibers that carry signals from the central nervous system (CNS) to the ganglia (clusters of nerve cell bodies) in the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The ANS is responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and breathing. Preganglionic autonomic fibers are classified as either sympathetic or parasympathetic, depending on which part of the ANS they belong to. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in the spinal cord and travel to the sympathetic ganglia in the chest and abdomen, while parasympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in the brainstem and travel to the parasympathetic ganglia in the head and neck. These preganglionic fibers use the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to stimulate the release of other neurotransmitters in the ganglia, which then act on the target organs to produce the desired effect.

Epidural neoplasms are tumors that develop in the epidural space, which is the space between the outer layer of the spinal cord (dura mater) and the bony vertebrae. These tumors can be either benign or malignant and can arise from a variety of different tissue types, including bone, fat, and connective tissue. Epidural neoplasms can cause a range of symptoms, depending on their location and size. Some common symptoms include back pain, weakness or numbness in the legs or arms, difficulty walking, and changes in bowel or bladder function. In some cases, epidural neoplasms can also cause compression of the spinal cord, leading to more severe neurological symptoms. Diagnosis of an epidural neoplasm typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as MRI or CT scans, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of a tumor. Treatment options for epidural neoplasms depend on the type and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Meningomyelocele is a birth defect that occurs when the spinal cord and the protective membranes surrounding it (the meninges) protrude through a weak spot in the baby's spine (vertebrae). This can result in a sac-like structure containing the spinal cord and meninges, which is usually located at the base of the spine or the lower back. Meningomyelocele can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the severity of the defect and the extent of the spinal cord damage. Some common symptoms include weakness or paralysis in the legs, difficulty walking or standing, loss of sensation in the lower body, and problems with bladder and bowel control. Treatment for meningomyelocele typically involves surgery to repair the spinal defect and close the sac. In some cases, additional surgery may be necessary to address complications such as hydrocephalus (an accumulation of fluid in the brain) or tethered spinal cord (a condition in which the spinal cord is attached to surrounding tissues, causing it to stretch and damage nerve fibers). Overall, meningomyelocele is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention and ongoing management to ensure the best possible outcomes for affected individuals.

Bicuculline is a chemical compound that is commonly used in the medical field as a muscle relaxant and as a tool for studying the function of the central nervous system. It is a non-competitive antagonist of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, which is a type of ion channel that is involved in the regulation of muscle tone and other functions in the brain and spinal cord. Bicuculline is typically administered intravenously or intramuscularly, and it can cause a range of effects, including muscle relaxation, sedation, and changes in heart rate and blood pressure. It is also used in research to study the role of GABA receptors in various neurological disorders, such as epilepsy and anxiety disorders. It is important to note that bicuculline can be toxic in high doses and can cause serious side effects, including respiratory depression, seizures, and coma. As such, it is typically only used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.

Spondylosis is a medical condition that refers to the degenerative changes that occur in the vertebrae of the spine. It is a common condition that affects people of all ages, but it is most commonly seen in older adults. The term "spondylosis" comes from the Greek words "spondylos," which means vertebra, and "osis," which means inflammation or disease. Spondylosis is caused by the wear and tear of the spinal joints and discs, which can lead to the formation of bone spurs, herniated discs, and other structural changes in the spine. These changes can cause pain, stiffness, and limited mobility in the affected area. Spondylosis can affect any part of the spine, but it is most commonly seen in the neck (cervical spine) and lower back (lumbar spine). Symptoms of spondylosis can include neck or back pain, stiffness, numbness or tingling in the arms or legs, and difficulty with movement or balance. Treatment for spondylosis depends on the severity of the symptoms and the location of the affected vertebrae. Non-surgical treatments may include physical therapy, pain medication, and lifestyle changes such as exercise and weight loss. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove bone spurs or repair damaged discs.

In the medical field, "Analgesics, Opioid" refers to a class of drugs that are used to relieve pain. Opioids are a subclass of analgesics that are derived from the opium poppy or synthesized in the laboratory. Opioids work by binding to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which can reduce the perception of pain and produce feelings of euphoria. They are commonly used to treat moderate to severe pain, such as that caused by surgery, injury, or chronic conditions like cancer. However, opioids can also be addictive and can cause side effects such as drowsiness, nausea, constipation, and respiratory depression. As a result, they are typically prescribed only for short-term use and under close medical supervision.

Baclofen is a medication that is primarily used to treat muscle spasms and other symptoms associated with conditions such as multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, and cerebral palsy. It works by blocking the action of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which helps to relax muscles and reduce spasticity. Baclofen is usually taken orally in tablet form, and the dosage may be adjusted based on the severity of the symptoms and the individual's response to the medication. It can also be administered intravenously or intrathecally (into the spinal fluid) in some cases. Baclofen can cause side effects such as dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, and dry mouth. In rare cases, it can also cause more serious side effects such as hallucinations, confusion, and depression. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider when taking baclofen and to report any side effects that occur.

Respiratory paralysis is a medical condition in which the muscles responsible for breathing become weak or paralyzed, making it difficult or impossible for a person to breathe on their own. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including injury to the spinal cord, brainstem, or nerves that control breathing, as well as certain medical conditions such as myasthenia gravis or Guillain-Barre syndrome. Respiratory paralysis can be life-threatening if not treated promptly, as it can lead to a lack of oxygen in the body and brain damage. Treatment typically involves providing mechanical ventilation to assist with breathing and addressing the underlying cause of the paralysis.

Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) are a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor found in the central nervous system. They are named after the agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), which binds to and activates these receptors. NMDA receptors are important for a variety of physiological processes, including learning and memory, synaptic plasticity, and neuroprotection. They are also involved in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression, and addiction. NMDA receptors are heteromeric complexes composed of two subunits, NR1 and NR2, which can be differentially expressed in various brain regions and cell types. The NR2 subunit determines the pharmacological properties and functional profile of the receptor, while the NR1 subunit is essential for receptor function. Activation of NMDA receptors requires the binding of both glutamate and a co-agonist, such as glycine or d-serine, as well as the depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. This leads to the opening of a cation-permeable channel that allows the influx of calcium ions, which can trigger various intracellular signaling pathways and modulate gene expression. In summary, NMDA receptors are a type of glutamate receptor that play a crucial role in various physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system.

Radiculopathy is a medical condition that occurs when there is damage or compression of the nerve roots in the spine. The nerve roots are the branches of the spinal cord that carry sensory and motor information from the body to the brain and vice versa. When these nerve roots are damaged or compressed, it can cause pain, numbness, weakness, and other symptoms in the affected area. Radiculopathy can be caused by a variety of factors, including herniated discs, spinal stenosis, spinal tumors, infections, and injuries. The symptoms of radiculopathy can vary depending on the location and severity of the nerve damage, but they often include pain that radiates from the back down the legs, numbness or tingling in the feet or hands, muscle weakness, and difficulty with bowel or bladder control. Treatment for radiculopathy depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the symptoms. It may include medications, physical therapy, injections, or surgery. In some cases, conservative treatments may be sufficient to manage the symptoms, while in other cases, more aggressive interventions may be necessary.

Hematoma, Subdural, Spinal refers to a collection of blood that forms between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater, the two layers that cover the spinal cord. This type of hematoma can occur as a result of trauma, such as a spinal cord injury, or it can be caused by a bleeding disorder or a tumor. Symptoms of a spinal subdural hematoma may include back pain, weakness or numbness in the legs, difficulty walking, and loss of bladder or bowel control. Treatment for a spinal subdural hematoma may involve surgery to remove the blood clot, as well as medications to manage pain and other symptoms.

An epidural abscess is a rare but serious medical condition that occurs when bacteria or other microorganisms enter the space between the outer layer of the spinal cord (dura mater) and the surrounding bone (vertebrae). This can lead to the formation of a collection of pus, which can cause inflammation, pressure on the spinal cord, and other complications. Epidural abscesses can occur in any part of the spine, but they are most common in the lumbar region (lower back). They can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections from other parts of the body (such as the urinary tract or skin), injection of drugs into the spine, or surgery on the spine. Symptoms of an epidural abscess may include severe back pain, fever, chills, weakness or numbness in the legs, difficulty walking, and loss of bladder or bowel control. If left untreated, an epidural abscess can lead to serious complications, such as paralysis, meningitis, or even death. Treatment for an epidural abscess typically involves antibiotics to treat the underlying infection, as well as surgery to drain the abscess and relieve pressure on the spinal cord. In some cases, additional procedures may be necessary to address any damage to the spinal cord or other complications.

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide that is primarily produced by the C cells of the thyroid gland and by certain sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system. It is also found in high concentrations in the trigeminal ganglion, which is the main sensory ganglion of the face. CGRP plays a role in the regulation of various physiological processes, including vasodilation, pain perception, and inflammation. It is also involved in the pathophysiology of migraine headaches, where it is thought to contribute to the dilation of blood vessels in the brain and the release of other inflammatory molecules. In the medical field, CGRP is used as a diagnostic marker for certain conditions, such as medullary thyroid cancer, and as a target for the development of new treatments for migraine headaches and other conditions. It is also being studied as a potential therapeutic agent for a variety of other conditions, including chronic pain, osteoporosis, and inflammatory bowel disease.

Hypesthesia is a medical term that refers to an abnormal sensitivity or increased perception of touch, pressure, temperature, or pain in a specific area of the body. It is often described as a feeling of pins and needles, burning, tingling, or numbness. Hypesthesia can be caused by a variety of factors, including nerve damage, injury, inflammation, or compression. It can also be a symptom of certain medical conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, diabetes, or peripheral neuropathy. In the medical field, hypesthesia is typically evaluated and treated by a neurologist or other healthcare provider who specializes in the diagnosis and management of neurological disorders. Treatment options may include medication, physical therapy, or surgery, depending on the underlying cause of the hypesthesia.

Clonidine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called alpha-agonists. It is primarily used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension) by relaxing blood vessels and decreasing heart rate. Clonidine can also be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults, and to help manage withdrawal symptoms in people who are quitting smoking. It is usually taken by mouth, but can also be given by injection or applied as a patch on the skin. Side effects of clonidine may include dizziness, dry mouth, constipation, and drowsiness.

Biomechanical phenomena refer to the study of the mechanical properties and behavior of living organisms, particularly in relation to movement and function. In the medical field, biomechanical phenomena are often studied in the context of musculoskeletal disorders, sports injuries, and rehabilitation. This involves analyzing the forces and movements involved in various activities, such as walking, running, or lifting, and how they affect the body's tissues and structures. Biomechanical engineers and researchers use a variety of techniques, including computer simulations, imaging technologies, and physical measurements, to study biomechanical phenomena and develop new treatments and interventions for a range of medical conditions.

Peripheral nervous system diseases refer to disorders that affect the peripheral nerves, which are the nerves that carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. These diseases can affect the nerves themselves or the tissues surrounding them, and can result in a range of symptoms, including pain, numbness, weakness, and tingling. Some examples of peripheral nervous system diseases include: 1. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: A group of inherited disorders that affect the nerves in the hands and feet, causing weakness, numbness, and loss of sensation. 2. Guillain-Barre syndrome: A rare autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system attacks the peripheral nerves, causing weakness and paralysis. 3. Peripheral neuropathy: A general term for any disorder that affects the peripheral nerves, which can be caused by a variety of factors, including diabetes, alcoholism, and exposure to certain toxins. 4. Multiple sclerosis: An autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord, but can also affect the peripheral nerves, causing symptoms such as numbness and weakness. 5. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): A progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the nerves controlling muscle movement, leading to weakness and paralysis. Treatment for peripheral nervous system diseases depends on the specific disorder and its underlying cause. In some cases, medications or physical therapy may be used to manage symptoms, while in other cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary.

Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) is a protein that is found in the myelin sheath, which is a fatty layer that surrounds and insulates nerve fibers in the central nervous system (CNS). MBP plays a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of the myelin sheath, and it is thought to be involved in the development and progression of several neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and some forms of leukodystrophy. In these conditions, the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath, leading to inflammation and damage to the nerve fibers. MBP is also being studied as a potential biomarker for these disorders, as levels of MBP in the blood or cerebrospinal fluid may be elevated in people with these conditions.

Glutamic acid is an amino acid that is naturally occurring in the human body and is essential for various bodily functions. It is a non-essential amino acid, meaning that the body can produce it from other compounds, but it is still important for maintaining good health. In the medical field, glutamic acid is sometimes used as a medication to treat certain conditions. For example, it is used to treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Glutamic acid is also used to treat certain types of brain injuries, such as stroke, by promoting the growth of new brain cells. In addition to its medicinal uses, glutamic acid is also an important component of the diet. It is found in many foods, including meats, fish, poultry, dairy products, and grains. It is also available as a dietary supplement.

SMN Complex Proteins are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in the process of splicing pre-mRNA molecules in the nucleus of cells. The SMN complex is responsible for the assembly of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), which are essential for the proper splicing of pre-mRNA molecules. Mutations in the genes encoding SMN complex proteins can lead to a group of genetic disorders known as spinal muscular atrophies (SMAs), which are characterized by progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. These disorders are caused by a deficiency in the production of functional SMN protein, leading to impaired splicing of pre-mRNA molecules and ultimately, the death of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem.

Freund's Adjuvant is a substance used in medical research and vaccine development to enhance the body's immune response to a vaccine. It is a mixture of heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis and aluminum hydroxide, which is injected into the body along with the vaccine. The adjuvant stimulates the immune system to produce a stronger and more long-lasting immune response to the vaccine, which can help to protect against infection or disease. Freund's Adjuvant is named after its discoverer, Paul Ehrlich's student, Paul Freund.

In the medical field, RNA, Messenger (mRNA) refers to a type of RNA molecule that carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus of a cell to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. During the process of transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a complementary RNA sequence called messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA molecule then leaves the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm of the cell, where it binds to ribosomes and serves as a template for the synthesis of a specific protein. The sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein that is synthesized. Therefore, changes in the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA molecule can result in changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein, which can affect the function of the protein and potentially lead to disease. mRNA molecules are often used in medical research and therapy as a way to introduce new genetic information into cells. For example, mRNA vaccines work by introducing a small piece of mRNA that encodes for a specific protein, which triggers an immune response in the body.

Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) is an enzyme that is commonly used in medical research and diagnostics. It is a protein that catalyzes the oxidation of a wide range of substrates, including hydrogen peroxide, which is a reactive oxygen species that is produced by cells as a byproduct of metabolism. In medical research, HRP is often used as a label for antibodies or other molecules, allowing researchers to detect the presence of specific proteins or other molecules in tissues or cells. This is done by first attaching HRP to an antibody or other molecule of interest, and then using a substrate that reacts with HRP to produce a visible signal. This technique is known as immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence. HRP is also used in diagnostic tests, such as pregnancy tests, where it is used to detect the presence of specific hormones or other molecules in urine or blood samples. In these tests, HRP is attached to an antibody that binds to the target molecule, and the presence of the target molecule is detected by the production of a visible signal. Overall, HRP is a versatile enzyme that is widely used in medical research and diagnostics due to its ability to catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of substrates and its ability to be easily labeled and detected.

Receptors, Opioid, mu (OPRM1) are a type of protein found on the surface of nerve cells in the brain and throughout the body. These receptors are activated by opioid drugs, such as morphine, heroin, and oxycodone, as well as endogenous opioid peptides, such as endorphins and enkephalins. The mu-opioid receptors play a key role in the body's response to pain, as well as in regulating mood, reward, and stress. They are also involved in the development of addiction to opioid drugs. Mutations in the OPRM1 gene can affect the function of mu-opioid receptors and may be associated with altered responses to opioid drugs and an increased risk of addiction.

In the medical field, a chronic disease is a long-term health condition that persists for an extended period, typically for more than three months. Chronic diseases are often progressive, meaning that they tend to worsen over time, and they can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life. Chronic diseases can affect any part of the body and can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Some examples of chronic diseases include heart disease, diabetes, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and arthritis. Chronic diseases often require ongoing medical management, including medication, lifestyle changes, and regular monitoring to prevent complications and manage symptoms. Treatment for chronic diseases may also involve rehabilitation, physical therapy, and other supportive care.

Anesthetics, Local are medications that are used to numb a specific area of the body, such as a tooth or a surgical site, to reduce pain and discomfort during a procedure. These medications work by blocking the transmission of pain signals from the nerves in the affected area to the brain. Local anesthetics are typically administered by injection, cream, or spray, and their effects can last for several hours. There are several types of local anesthetics, including lidocaine, benzocaine, and novocaine, each with its own specific properties and uses. Local anesthetics are commonly used in dentistry, surgery, and other medical procedures where a patient needs to be numbed for a specific area of the body.

Myelitis, transverse, is a medical condition that refers to inflammation of the spinal cord that affects a specific region or segment of the cord. The inflammation causes damage to the spinal cord, which can result in a range of symptoms depending on the location and severity of the inflammation. Transverse myelitis is typically caused by an autoimmune response, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the spinal cord. Other possible causes include infections, such as viral or bacterial infections, and certain medications. Symptoms of transverse myelitis can include sudden onset of severe back pain, weakness or numbness in the legs or arms, difficulty with bladder or bowel control, and changes in sensation, such as tingling or burning. In some cases, the symptoms may be severe and can lead to paralysis. Diagnosis of transverse myelitis typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, and laboratory tests to rule out other possible causes. Treatment may include medications to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms, physical therapy to help with mobility and strength, and in some cases, surgery to relieve pressure on the spinal cord.

Wallerian degeneration is a process that occurs in the nervous system following damage to a nerve or neuron. It is named after the scientist Sir Charles Bell's student, John Charles Waller, who first described it in the 19th century. When a nerve or neuron is damaged, the part of the nerve that is closest to the site of injury begins to break down and die. This is called the axon. The axon is surrounded by a layer of supportive cells called the myelin sheath, which helps to insulate and protect the nerve fibers. As the axon dies, the myelin sheath begins to break down as well. The process of Wallerian degeneration is a natural response to injury, and it helps to prevent the spread of damage to healthy tissue. However, it can also lead to the loss of function in the affected nerve or neuron. This is because the myelin sheath is important for transmitting electrical signals along the nerve fibers, and its breakdown can disrupt this process. Wallerian degeneration can occur in a variety of conditions that affect the nervous system, including traumatic injuries, infections, and certain neurological disorders. It is an important area of study in the field of neuroscience, as it helps researchers to understand the mechanisms of nerve damage and repair.

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a rare autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system, specifically the optic nerves and spinal cord. It is characterized by episodes of severe optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve) and transverse myelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord). The symptoms of NMO can include vision loss, pain or numbness in the limbs, difficulty walking, and bladder or bowel problems. The disease can be very debilitating and can lead to permanent disability if left untreated. NMO is caused by the immune system attacking the protective covering of the nerves, called myelin. This can disrupt the normal functioning of the nerves and lead to the symptoms associated with the disease. Diagnosis of NMO typically involves a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Treatment typically involves the use of immunosuppressive medications to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the nerves.

In the medical field, a cicatrix is a scar that forms after the healing of a wound or injury. It is typically a raised, thickened area of skin that is usually pale or lighter in color than the surrounding skin. Cicatrices can be caused by a variety of factors, including surgery, burns, acne, and skin infections. They can range in size and appearance, and may be permanent or fade over time. In some cases, cicatrices may cause discomfort or interfere with the function of the affected area. Treatment options for cicatrices may include topical creams, laser therapy, or surgical procedures.

Homeodomain proteins are a class of transcription factors that play a crucial role in the development and differentiation of cells and tissues in animals. They are characterized by a highly conserved DNA-binding domain called the homeodomain, which allows them to recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences. Homeodomain proteins are involved in a wide range of biological processes, including embryonic development, tissue differentiation, and organogenesis. They regulate the expression of genes that are essential for these processes by binding to specific DNA sequences and either activating or repressing the transcription of target genes. There are many different types of homeodomain proteins, each with its own unique function and target genes. Some examples of homeodomain proteins include the Hox genes, which are involved in the development of the body plan in animals, and the Pax genes, which are involved in the development of the nervous system. Mutations in homeodomain proteins can lead to a variety of developmental disorders, including congenital malformations and intellectual disabilities. Understanding the function and regulation of homeodomain proteins is therefore important for the development of new treatments for these conditions.

Nervous system diseases refer to a broad range of medical conditions that affect the nervous system, which is responsible for transmitting signals between different parts of the body. These diseases can affect any part of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. Some examples of nervous system diseases include: 1. Neurodegenerative diseases: These are conditions that cause the progressive loss of nerve cells and their functions, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. 2. Neuromuscular diseases: These are conditions that affect the muscles and nerves that control movement, such as muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis. 3. Neurological disorders: These are conditions that affect the brain and nervous system, such as epilepsy, stroke, and traumatic brain injury. 4. Neuropsychiatric disorders: These are conditions that affect the brain and behavior, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression. 5. Infections of the nervous system: These are conditions caused by infections, such as meningitis, encephalitis, and neurocysticercosis. Treatment for nervous system diseases depends on the specific condition and can include medications, surgery, physical therapy, and lifestyle changes. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for improving outcomes and managing symptoms.

Ischemia is a medical condition that occurs when there is a lack of blood flow to a particular part of the body. This can happen when the blood vessels that supply blood to the affected area become narrowed or blocked, either due to a physical obstruction or a decrease in blood pressure. Ischemia can affect any part of the body, but it is most commonly associated with the heart and brain. In the heart, ischemia can lead to a condition called angina, which is characterized by chest pain or discomfort. If the blood flow to the heart is completely blocked, it can result in a heart attack. In the brain, ischemia can cause a stroke, which can lead to permanent damage or even death if not treated promptly. Ischemia can also occur in other organs, such as the kidneys, limbs, and intestines, and can cause a range of symptoms depending on the affected area. Treatment for ischemia typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the blockage or narrowing of the blood vessels, such as through medication, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Urinary bladder diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the urinary bladder, a muscular sac located in the pelvis that stores urine until it is eliminated from the body through the urethra. These diseases can affect the bladder's ability to empty completely, leading to urinary retention, or cause pain, discomfort, and other symptoms. Some common urinary bladder diseases include: 1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): These are infections that occur in the urinary tract, including the bladder, urethra, kidneys, and ureters. UTIs can cause symptoms such as pain, burning, and frequent urination. 2. Overactive bladder (OAB): This is a condition in which the bladder contracts involuntarily, leading to frequent and urgent urination. OAB can be caused by a variety of factors, including age, genetics, and certain medical conditions. 3. Interstitial cystitis (IC): This is a chronic condition that causes pain, pressure, and discomfort in the bladder and surrounding areas. The exact cause of IC is not known, but it is thought to be related to inflammation and damage to the bladder lining. 4. Bladder stones: These are hard deposits that form in the bladder and can cause pain, discomfort, and difficulty urinating. Bladder stones can be caused by a variety of factors, including dehydration, certain medical conditions, and certain medications. 5. Bladder cancer: This is a type of cancer that starts in the cells of the bladder lining. Bladder cancer can cause symptoms such as blood in the urine, pain, and frequent urination.

Arachnoiditis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the arachnoid membrane, which is a thin layer of tissue that covers the spinal cord and brain. The inflammation can be caused by a variety of factors, including infection, injury, autoimmune disorders, or exposure to certain medications or toxins. Symptoms of arachnoiditis can vary depending on the location and severity of the inflammation, but may include back or neck pain, headache, numbness or tingling in the extremities, difficulty walking or standing, and changes in bowel or bladder function. In some cases, arachnoiditis can lead to more serious complications, such as spinal cord compression or hydrocephalus (buildup of fluid in the brain). Treatment for arachnoiditis typically involves managing symptoms and addressing any underlying causes of the inflammation. This may include medications to reduce pain and inflammation, physical therapy to improve mobility and strength, and in some cases, surgery to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or brain.

Axotomy refers to the surgical or traumatic severing of a nerve or nerve fiber. This can result in the loss of function in the affected area, as the nerve is no longer able to transmit signals to or from the brain or spinal cord. Axotomy can occur in a variety of medical conditions, including traumatic injuries, surgical procedures, and certain diseases such as multiple sclerosis or peripheral neuropathy. Treatment for axotomy may involve medications, physical therapy, or in some cases, surgical repair or reconstruction of the damaged nerve.

Axonal transport is the movement of molecules and organelles within the axons of neurons. It is a vital process for maintaining the proper functioning of neurons and the nervous system as a whole. Axonal transport occurs in two main directions: anterograde transport, which moves materials from the cell body towards the axon terminal, and retrograde transport, which moves materials from the axon terminal towards the cell body. There are two main types of axonal transport: fast axonal transport and slow axonal transport. Fast axonal transport is faster and moves larger molecules, such as mitochondria and synaptic vesicles, while slow axonal transport is slower and moves smaller molecules, such as proteins and RNA. Disruptions in axonal transport can lead to a variety of neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as well as traumatic brain injury and stroke.

Nociceptive pain is a type of pain that is caused by the activation of nerve fibers called nociceptors. Nociceptors are specialized sensory receptors that are sensitive to stimuli such as heat, cold, pressure, and chemical irritants. When these stimuli are detected by nociceptors, they send signals to the spinal cord and brain, which are interpreted as pain. Nociceptive pain is the most common type of pain and can be caused by a variety of factors, including injury, inflammation, infection, and tissue damage. It is often described as sharp, stabbing, or burning and can be localized to a specific area of the body. Treatment for nociceptive pain typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the pain, such as treating an injury or infection. Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids may also be used to manage pain. In some cases, physical therapy or other forms of rehabilitation may be recommended to help reduce pain and improve function.

Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in protecting cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide radicals. ROS are naturally produced by cells as a byproduct of metabolism, but in excess, they can cause oxidative stress and damage to cellular components, including DNA, proteins, and lipids. SOD catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide radicals into molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, which are less reactive and less harmful to cells. There are several different forms of SOD, including copper-zinc SOD (CuZnSOD), manganese SOD (MnSOD), and iron SOD (FeSOD), which are found in different cellular compartments and have different substrate specificities. In the medical field, SOD is of interest because of its potential therapeutic applications in treating a variety of diseases and conditions that are associated with oxidative stress, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, and aging. SOD supplements are also sometimes used as dietary supplements to enhance the body's natural antioxidant defenses. However, the efficacy and safety of SOD supplements have not been well-established, and more research is needed to fully understand their potential benefits and risks.

Denervation refers to the loss of nerve supply to a particular tissue or organ. This can occur due to various reasons such as injury, disease, or surgical removal of the nerve. When a tissue or organ is denervated, it loses its ability to receive signals from the nervous system, which can lead to a range of symptoms and complications. In the medical field, denervation can have significant implications for the diagnosis and treatment of various conditions. For example, denervation of the muscles can lead to muscle weakness or paralysis, while denervation of the heart can lead to arrhythmias or other cardiac problems. In some cases, denervation may be reversible with appropriate treatment, while in other cases it may be permanent.

Diagrams of the spinal cord. Cross-section through the spinal cord at the mid-thoracic level. Cross-sections of the spinal cord ... The spinal cord with dura cut open, showing the exits of the spinal nerves. The spinal cord showing how the anterior and ... The spinal cord showing how the anterior and posterior roots join in the spinal nerves. A longer view of the spinal cord. ... Sometimes the split can be along the length of the spinal cord. Spinal cord injuries can be caused by trauma to the spinal ...
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. Symptoms ... Anterior spinal artery syndrome also known as anterior spinal cord syndrome, due to damage to the front portion of the spinal ... At each level of the spinal column, spinal nerves branch off from either side of the spinal cord and exit between a pair of ... spinal cord injury involves preservation of motor or sensory function below the level of injury in the spinal cord. To be ...
... is a form of myelopathy in which the spinal cord is compressed. Causes can be bone fragments from a ... Spinal stenosis Cervical spinal stenosis Myelopathy "Spinal Cord Compression - Neurologic Disorders". "Cervical Spondylotic ... Regardless of the pace, spinal cord compression will predictably progress over time. The most common causes of cord compression ... Typically, the symptoms of spinal cord compression develop slowly and progress steadily over several years. In some patients, ...
Unlike anterior spinal cord stroke, motor functions are not handicapped in posterior spinal cord stroke. In central spinal cord ... Spinal cord stroke is a rare type of stroke with compromised blood flow to any region of spinal cord owing to occlusion or ... It is possible that spinal cord ischaemia patients have a full recovery. Although the mortality rate after spinal cord ... thus reducing the risk of spinal cord ischaemia. Probability of postoperative spinal cord stroke is linked to both aneurysm ...
... (SCT) is a suite of analysis tools optimized for spinal cord images acquired with magnetic resonance ... Propseg Automatic spinal cord segmentation. The PAM50 template is an anatomical template of the spinal cord that covers the ... SCT: Spinal Cord Toolbox, an open-source software for processing spinal cord MRI data. Neuroimage. 2017;145: 24-43. doi:10.1016 ... neuroimage.2016.10.009 De Leener B, Cohen-Adad J, Kadoury S. Automatic segmentation of the spinal cord and spinal canal coupled ...
There are also spinal cord stimulators under research and development that could enable patients with spinal cord injury to ... the spinal cord. In September 2018, Mayo Clinic and UCLA reported that spinal cord stimulation supported with physical therapy ... of lead migration for spinal cord stimulation. The neurophysiological mechanisms of action of spinal cord stimulation are not ... implanted the first spinal cord stimulator device directly on the dorsal column for the treatment of chronic pain and in 1971, ...
... is the first novel by Joshua S. Porter, better known by his stage name Josh Dies, the singer/ ... Porter joked about this in a 2008 interview when asked if he'd read a book called "The Spinal Cord Perception" saying "I have ... Porter posted a blog on his website warning readers that The Spinal Cord Perception contained some graphic content that may ...
The theory behind the new spinal cord stimulator is that in certain cases of spinal cord injury the spinal nerves between the ... Spinal cord injury research seeks new ways to cure or treat spinal cord injury in order to lessen the debilitating effects of ... Spinal cord implants, such as e-dura implants, designed for implantation on the surface of the spinal cord, are being studied ... Spinal cord stimulators and intense physical therapy are helping paraplegic patients relearn how to walk. Spinal cord ...
... permeability in experimental spinal cord injury: dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. NMR Biomed 2009;22: ... Because of its function as a protective barrier for the spinal cord, disruption of the BSCB exposes spinal cord tissue to ... The cross-talk between autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress in blood-spinal cord barrier disruption after spinal cord ... "Lithium chloride contributes to blood-spinal cord barrier integrity and functional recovery from spinal cord injury by ...
Spinal Cord Society - Indian Chapter Turkish Society of Spinal Cord Diseases (TrSCD) SPINAL CORD is the monthly publication of ... The International Spinal Cord Society (ISCoS). to study all problems relating to lesions of the spinal cord enables scientific ... Dutch Flemish Spinal Cord Society (DUFSCoS) Japan Medical Society of Spinal Cord Lesions(JASCoL) Latin American Society of ... Nordic Spinal Cord Society(NoSCoS) Romanian Spinal Cord Society (RoSCoS) Societá Medica Italiana di Paraplegia (SoMIPAR) ...
... may refer to: Anterolateral sulcus of spinal cord Posterolateral sulcus of spinal cord Posterior median ... sulcus of spinal cord This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sulcus of spinal cord. If an internal ...
All forms involve the pulling of the spinal cord at the base of the spinal canal, literally a tethered cord. The spinal cord ... In children, a tethered cord can force the spinal cord to stretch as they grow. In adults the spinal cord stretches in the ... in the spinal column Dermal Sinus Tract (congenital deformity) Diastematomyelia (split spinal cord) Tethered spinal cord is a ... In tethered spinal cord cases spina bifida can be accompanied by tethering of the spinal cord but in rare cases with Spina ...
... (SCIA) is a non-government organisation which provides advocacy and services to people with ... Under SCIA's constitution at least 50% of its board of directors must have a spinal cord injury or similar condition. The ... the SCIA online Resource Library provides a wide variety of resources for people with spinal cord injuries and their families, ... A regional information team also provides individual support and advice for people with spinal cord injury in coastal and ...
... spinal cord independence measure:a new disability scale for patients with spinal cord lesions". Spinal Cord. 36 (10): 734-5. ... Catz, Amiram (2007). "Spinal Cord Independence Measure:comprehensive ability rating scale for the spinal cord lesion patient". ... Unalan, H (2015). "Validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of Spinal Cord Independence Measure III". Spinal Cord ... Spinal Cord. 49 (8): 880-885. doi:10.1038/sc.2011.20. PMID 21445081. Itzkovich, M (2007). "The Spinal Cord Independence Measure ...
2008). "Evaluation of an occupational therapy program for patients with spinal cord injury" (PDF). Spinal Cord. 46 (1): 78-81. ... individuals with a spinal cord injury can greatly benefit from exercise reconditioning. In the majority of cases, spinal cord ... "Augmentation of Voluntary Locomotor Activity by Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation in Motor-Incomplete Spinal Cord-Injured ... Spinal cord injury research Frood R (2010). "The use of treadmill training to recover locomotor ability in patients with spinal ...
The Anterolateral sulcus of spinal cord is a landmark on the anterior side of the spinal cord. It denotes the location at which ... Spinal cord medicine: principles and practice. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. 17-. ISBN 978-1-888799-61-3. Retrieved 19 June ... the ventral fibers leave the spinal cord. The anterolateral sulcus is less visible than the posterolateral sulcus. ... Spinal cord, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy stubs). ...
The nucleus proprius can be found in the gray matter in all levels of the spinal cord. It constitutes the first synapse of the ... Cells in this nucleus project to deeper laminae of the spinal cord, to the posterior column nuclei, and to other supraspinal ... The nucleus proprius is a layer of the spinal cord adjacent to the substantia gelatinosa. ... v t e (Articles with TA98 identifiers, Spinal cord, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy stubs). ...
20,000 For Spinal Cord Injury Association". Hartford Courant. Retrieved December 26, 2012. "NSCIA". National Spinal Cord Injury ... "Spinal Cord Injury Hot Line Offers Help". The Palm Beach Post. October 18, 1984. Retrieved November 12, 2012. "National Spinal ... The National Spinal Cord Injury Association was a U.S. medical charity that stated its mission was to "is to provide active- ... v t e (Articles with ISNI identifiers, Articles with VIAF identifiers, Articles with LCCN identifiers, Spinal cord disorders, ...
Committee on Spinal Cord Injury; Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health; Institute of Medicine (27 July 2005). Spinal Cord ... Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine (2010). "Sexuality and reproductive health in adults with spinal cord injury: A clinical ... ISBN 978-1-60406-727-9. Field-Fote, E. (26 March 2009). "Spinal cord injury: An overview". In Field-Fote, E. (ed.). Spinal Cord ... University of Alabama at Birmingham Spinal Cord Injury Model System video series Sexuality and spinal cord injury: Where we are ...
The marginal nucleus of spinal cord, or posteromarginal nucleus, Rexed lamina I, is located at the most dorsal aspect of the ... Dafny, Nachum (2020-10-07). "Anatomy of the Spinal Cord". Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy. 3 (2) - via University of ... Ganapathy, Muthu Kuzhali; Reddy, Vamsi; Tadi, Prasanna (2022), "Neuroanatomy, Spinal Cord Morphology", StatPearls, Treasure ... "Morphological characterization of spinal cord dorsal horn lamina I neurons projecting to the parabrachial nucleus in the rat". ...
On either side of the posterior median sulcus of the spinal cord, and at a short distance from it, the posterior nerve roots ... Spinal cord, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy stubs). ...
MRI-T2 images may reveal increased signal within the white matter of the spinal cord, predominantly in the posterior columns ... Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord, also known as myelosis funiculus, or funicular myelosis, also Lichtheim's ... refers to degeneration of the posterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord as a result of vitamin B12 deficiency (most ... Pearce JM (June 2008). "Subacute combined degeneration of the cord: Putnam-Dana syndrome". European Neurology. 60 (1): 53-56. ...
"Use of penile prostheses to maintain external condom catheter drainage in spinal cord injury patients". Spinal Cord. 30 (5): ... Van Arsdalen Keith N.; Klein Frederick A.; Hackler Robert H.; Brady Susan M. (1981-09-01). "Penile Implants in Spinal Cord ... Penile implants may be employed to treat erectile dysfunction or urinary troubles after a spinal cord injury. Penile erection ... Rossier, A. B.; Fam, B. A. (January 1984). "Indication and results of semirigid penile prostheses in spinal cord injury ...
The anterior median fissure of the spinal cord is a deep midline groove of the anterior/ventral spinal cord.: 486 It divides ... 487 The spinal pia mater extends into the fissure to line the surfaces of the spinal cord.: 453 It has an average depth of ... Fluid-signal structures in the cervical spinal cord on MRI in Chiari patients: Central canal or anterior median fissure? AJNR ... but this is increased in the lower part of the spinal cord. It contains a double fold of pia mater. Its floor is formed by a ...
The septum varies in depth from 4 to 6 mm, but diminishes considerably in the lower part of the spinal cord. This article ... The posterior median sulcus is the posterior end of the posterior median septum of neuroglia of the spinal cord. ... Spinal cord, All stub articles, Neuroanatomy stubs). ...
... (SCIWORA) is symptoms of a spinal cord injury (SCI) with no evidence of ... A number of underlying mechanisms are proposed including spinal cord contusion, injury to the blood supply to the spinal cord, ... Historical literature regarding spinal cord concussion, spinal cord contusion and hyperextension/hyperflexion injuries to the ... The term SCIWOCTET (spinal cord injury without CT evidence of trauma) was introduced by Martinez-Perez. Finally, the use of ...
Andrews HO, Nauth-Misir R, Shah PJ (March 1998). "Iatrogenic hypospadias-a preventable injury?". Spinal Cord. 36 (3): 177-80. ... while the ejaculatory phase is under control of a spinal reflex at the level of the spinal nerves S2-4 via the pudendal nerve. ...
Electrical stimulation devices have been effective in allowing spinal cord injury patients to have improved ability to urinate ... Importantly, because traditional methods of neurostimulation and certain forms of nerve stimulation such as spinal cord ... Spinal Cord. 20 (6): 365-381. doi:10.1038/sc.1982.65. ISSN 1476-5624. PMID 6984503. Hariz, Marwan I.; Blomstedt, Patric; Zrinzo ...
"Longitudinal study of the bone mineral content and of soft tissue composition after spinal cord section". Spinal Cord. 33 (11 ... Data from immobilization studies and from patients with spinal cord injuries support this. Spaceflight data suggest this as ...
"Outcome measures in spinal cord injury : recent assessments and recommendations for future directions". Spinal Cord. 47 (8): ... Others like the Spinal Cord Independence Measure are designed to evaluate participants in a specific type of disability. Most ... Katz ADL scale Anderson, Kim (2007). "Functional recovery measures for spinal cord injury : an evidence-based review for ... Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 31 (2): 133-144. doi:10.1080/10790268.2008.11760704. PMC 2578796. PMID 18581660. Alexander, MS ...
Spinal cord injuries disrupt signals between your brain and body. This can cause problems like weakness and paralysis. Read ... Spinal cord injuries can be complete or incomplete. With a complete spinal cord injury, the cord cant send signals below the ... Overview of Spinal Cord Disorders (Merck & Co., Inc.) Also in Spanish * Spinal Cord Injury (National Institute of Neurological ... Spinal Cord Injury Basics (Hill Foundation for Families Living with Disabilities) * Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Basics ( ...
... spinal stroke) are diagnostic challenges. As is the case for the more common cerebrovascular accident affecting cerebral ... Joseph G, Santosh C, Marimuthu R. Spinal cord infarction due to a self-inflicted needle stick injury. Spinal Cord. 2004 Nov. 42 ... encoded search term (Spinal Cord Infarction) and Spinal Cord Infarction What to Read Next on Medscape ... Pathophysiological classification of human spinal cord ischemia. J Spinal Cord Med. 1997 Jan. 20(1):74-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link] ...
... paraplegia and spinal cord damage can be found at the ParaQuad Web site, www.paraquad.asn.au/introduction/spinal/spinal.html, ... paraplegia and spinal cord damage can be found at the ParaQuad Web site, www.paraquad.asn.au/introduction/spinal/spinal.html, ... paraplegia and spinal cord damage can be found at the ParaQuad Web site, www.paraquad.asn.au/introduction/spinal/spinal.html, ... Animal Studies Raise Hopes for Spinal Cord Repair. Ingrid Wickelgren in Science, Vol. 297, pages 178-181; July 12, 2002. ...
... giving patients with spinal cord injury a whole new realm of independence. ... "Many spinal cord injury patients still have the ability to move their shoulders, bend their elbows and expand their wrists - ... "I was doing a lot of brachial plexus nerve transfer surgeries and I thought it might work in spinal cord injury so we started ... The ability to use their hands for functions like this is what spinal cord injury patients want most - more so than being able ...
A tethered spinal cord is a spinal cord that is pulled down and stuck, or fixed, to the spinal canal. The spinal cord normally ... What causes tethered spinal cord? Children have tethered spinal cords for many reasons. Tethered spinal cord most often happens ... Treating tethered spinal cord Treatment for a tethered spinal cord usually is surgery to free the spinal cord. ... As a child grows, the spinal cord must be able to move freely inside the spinal canal. If the spinal cord is stuck, it will ...
... Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999 Feb;80(2):225-35. ... Study selection: Studies that reported outcome measures of walking for spinal cord injured persons with an incomplete motor ... developments and concepts emerging from both animal and human studies aimed at enhancing recovery of walking after spinal cord ... function loss or cats with either a complete or incomplete spinal section. ...
With brain-computer interface (BCI) technology, the thoughts of Tim Hemmes, who sustained a spinal cord injury that left him ... Pitt/UPMC Team Describes Technology that Lets Spinal Cord-Injured Man Control Robot Arm with Thoughts. ...
Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Fatalities Among High School and College Football Players - United States, 2005-2014. Weekly / ... Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Fatalities Among High School and College Football Players - United States, 2005-2014. MMWR Morb ... The finding of an annual average of 2.8 brain and spinal cord injury deaths for high school and college football combined is ... Traumatic brain and spinal cord injury fatalities among high school and college football players, by selected characteristics ...
Get MAX compensation with a free Spinal Cord Injury lawyer and CASE review at (424) 999-7246. ... What Is a Spinal Cord Injury?. You suffer a spinal cord injury when you receive a severe blow to the spine, fracturing or ... How Do You Determine Legal Responsibility in a Spinal Cord Injury Case?. Determining who is at fault in a spinal cord injury ... What Are the Types of Spinal Cord Injuries?. A spinal cord injury can either be complete or incomplete. An incomplete injury ...
Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation puts most families in crushing debt. Often, a lawsuit is the only way to finance it ... Spinal Cord Injury *Spinal Cord Injury Treatment ». *Spinal Cord Injury Prognosis ». *Spinal Cord Levels » ... Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Rehabilitation in Rhode Island. *South Carolina. *Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Rehabilitation in ... Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Rehabilitation in Pennsylvania. * ... Spinal Cord Injury *Spinal Cord Injury Facts *Facts. *Cervical ...
It could one day be possible to chemically reprogram and repair damaged nerves after spinal cord injury or brain trauma, a new ... New Method of Spinal Cord Tissue Repair. Nov. 29, 2022 Unique new material has shown significant promise in the treatment of ... New discovery gives hope that nerves could be repaired after spinal cord injury. Date:. April 1, 2014. Source:. Imperial ... 10, 2018 Neurons in the brain and spinal cord dont grow back after injury, unlike those in the rest of the body. Now, ...
Bull Riding-Related Brain and Spinal Cord Injuries -- Louisiana, 1994-1995 ... A spinal cord injury resulting in any preserved motor or sensory function below the level of the injury. POINT OF CONTACT FOR ... Bull Riding-Related Brain and Spinal Cord Injuries -- Louisiana, 1994-1995 MMWR 45(37);796-798 Publication date: 09/20/1996. ... He sustained a brain stem contusion and an incomplete C2 spinal cord injury and was unconscious for 16 days. No information was ...
Hyperexcitability of spinal reflexes and reduced synaptic inhibition are commonly associated with spasticity after spinal cord ... Now, Laurent Vinay and his colleagues report that downregulation of the potassium-chloride cotransporter in spinal cord motor ... The onset of hyperreflexia in the rat following complete spinal cord transection. Spinal Cord 46, 798-803 (2008). ... Hyperexcitability of spinal reflexes and reduced synaptic inhibition are commonly associated with spasticity after spinal cord ...
Urologic Management of the Spinal Cord Injured Patient. Urologic Management of the Spinal Cord Injured Patient. - See:. - ... Acute Phase of Spinal Shock: (see spinal shock). - this variable period, which is manifested by a hypotonic, paresthetic ... traumatic cord lesions above T12 usually result in a reflex neurogenic bladder (upper motor neuron) and lesions below that ...
Lin and spinal cord treatment at Shepherd Center. ... serves as the medical director of Shepherd Centers Spinal Cord ... He has also served as the director of Spinal Cord Injury Service and as a primary care physician at the Atlanta Veterans ... Lin is the medical director of the Spinal Cord Injury Program at Shepherd Center. He is triple board-certified in physical ... spinal cord injury medicine and internal medicine and is a graduate of the Medical University of South Carolina and Emory ...
... did so through functional spinal locomotion by reflexes, while one achieved this through the recovery of deep pain perception. ... This control is based on spinal cord autonomy, the influence of sensory stimuli on the spinal cord autonomy, neuromodulation, ... Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation and Carry-Over Effect in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Patients. Appl. Neurophysiol. 1987, 50, ... Spontaneous recovery after spinal cord injury and statistical power needed for therapeutic clinical trials. Spinal Cord 2007, ...
"He suffered a spinal cord injury," says Dr. Coufal. "At that level, if it was a complete injury, it would have rendered him a ... A potentially life-changing spinal cord injury. "At first I thought it was a temporary thing, and Id be normal in a week and ... The traumatic bruising on his spinal cord was causing weakness in his arms, though not much in his legs. In addition, he was ... The tests showed Espinoza had a bruised upper spinal cord. In addition, an acutely herniated disc was putting additional ...
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) can have catastrophic effects on individuals resulting in loss of physical abilities and ... Exercise following spinal cord injury: physiology to therapy David R Dolbow School of Kinesiology, University of Southern ... Effect of spinal cord injury on the respiratory system: basic research and current clinical treatment options. J Spinal Cord ... International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2011;34(6):535-546. ...
Researchers have designed a new way to grow nose cells in the lab heralding hope for sufferers of spinal cord injuries, ... which can treat mice with spinal cord injuries. "My colleagues placed the nerve cells into mice that were suffering from spinal ... While the results have been positive for mice, spinal cord injuries in humans are more complex. But this research paves the way ... "These nasal cells heal better than many other nerve cells which makes them ideal to treat damaged spinal cords," says Mr Chen. ...
... researchers reprogrammed scar-forming cells in mouse spinal cords to create nerve cells, spurring recovery after spinal cord ... Working with a mouse model of spinal cord injury, the researchers looked in the animals injured spinal cords for a marker ... the spinal cord typically does not generate new neurons after injury - a key roadblock to recovery. Because the spinal cord ... When spinal cords of mice that had been manipulated were cut, the researchers saw far fewer immature neurons in the days ...
Tethered cord syndrome is a rare condition in which the spinal cord is attached (tethered) to the surrounding tissues of the ... This prevents the spinal cord from moving freely in the spinal canal as it normally would. If the spinal cord is tethered, it ... What Are Tethered Spinal Cord Symptoms in Children?. Home / gillette STORIES / What Are Tethered Spinal Cord Symptoms in ... A tethered spinal cord occurs when the spinal cord is pulled down and is stuck or attached to the base of the spines ...
Spinal cord injury archive , Weizmann Wonder Wander - News, Features and Discoveries from the Weizmann Institute of Science ... New therapies for spinal cord injury based on original concepts proposed by Prof. Michal Schwartz are being developed and ... Weizmann Institute Scientists Devise an Approach For Recruiting an Immune System Response to Partial Spinal Cord Injuries ... REHOVOT, Israel -- June 30, 1998 -- Weizmann Institute scientists have managed to partially heal the damaged spinal cords... ...
... cerebral disordersglobal edematous changesimmunohistochemical changesgray matterdrastically inducedspinal microgliaspinal cord ...
... Axis Scientific Axis Scientific Enlarged Thoracic ... Decrease Quantity of Axis Scientific Enlarged Thoracic Vertebrae with Spinal Cord and Nerves Increase Quantity of Axis ... The model also exposes to the viewer the spinal cord interaction with the bone and its connecting anterior and posterior roots. ... The spinal cord is sectioned transversely, showing details of the grey and... ...
Clinical trial for Spinal Cord Injuries , Neurogenic Bladder , Intravesical Lactobacillus rhamnosusGG Versus Saline Bladder ... Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common outpatient infection world-wide, and for people with spinal cord injury (SCI) ...
Eades CG The action of tryptamine on the dog spinal cord and its relationship to the agonistic actions of LSD-like psychotogens ... "The action of tryptamine on the dog spinal cord and its relationship to the agonistic actions of LSD-like psychotogens". ... "The action of tryptamine on the dog spinal cord and its relationship to the agonistic actions of LSD-like psychotogens" ...
Learn and reinforce your understanding of Spinal cord disorders: Pathology review. ... Spinal cord disorders: Pathology review Videos, Flashcards, High Yield Notes, & Practice Questions. ... Some common spinal cord disorders include Spinal cord injury, which occurs when there is damage to the spinal cord from trauma ... Spinal cord tumors, which refers to growths that develop within the spinal cord and can cause pressure on the spinal cord; ...
Spinal Chord is a Glasgow based performance company, delivering dance, aerial arts and cutting edge circus in Scotland. Trapeze ... Spinal Chord 2023 Company No - SC234264 · Charity No - SCO33235 · Tel - +44 7863 132 481 Ts & Cs Privacy Policy. ... Spinal Chord is GDPR compliant, your data will not be passed on to third parties. You can choose to join our private social ... Please inform Spinal Chord instructors of any medical condition, re-current injury or medicine which may affect your physical ...
Spinal Injury? We help spine injury accident victims throughout Georgia. Click now for a fre case review! ... Do I Have a Good Spinal Cord Injury Case?. The first thing our Atlanta spinal cord injury lawyers do is determine if you have a ... Choosing the Right Atlanta Spinal Cord Injury Attorneys Can Make All the Difference. A spinal cord injury can happen to anyone ... Our team of experienced Atlanta spinal cord injury attorneys understands traumatic spinal cord injuries. ...
Our expert spinal cord injury claim solicitors offer free advice and guidance on whether you can make a claim and act on a no ... Spinal cord injury claims. In most cases the damage caused by a spinal cord injury is irreversible and can have a catastrophic ... How do serious spinal cord injuries occur?. A spinal injury can happen in many different ways, whether during a road traffic ... How much can I get for a spinal cord injury compensation claim?. We will look at the compensation for your injury as well as ...
  • You suffer a spinal cord injury when you receive a severe blow to the spine, fracturing or dislocating vertebrae. (ehlinelaw.com)
  • The findings, published online today in Cell Stem Cell , could offer hope for the hundreds of thousands of people worldwide who suffer a spinal cord injury each year. (sci-info-pages.com)
  • Every year, around the world, between 250 000 and 500 000 people suffer a spinal cord injury (SCI). (who.int)
  • Your spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that runs down the middle of your back. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A new technique in which working nerves are rerouted to paralyzed sites in patients with spinal cord injury provides patients with significant functional improvement in upper limb and hand function and is being described as "a game changer. (medscape.com)
  • Many spinal cord injury patients still have the ability to move their shoulders, bend their elbows and expand their wrists - this means we have the nerves to these muscles at our disposal," she said. (medscape.com)
  • This pressure may cause pain and permanent damage to the spinal tissue and nerves if left untreated. (gillettechildrens.org)
  • The spinal cord is a complex bundle of millions of nerves. (hornsbylaw.com)
  • The spinal nerves consist of the sensory nerve roots, which enter the spinal cord at each level, and the motor roots, which emerge from the cord at each level. (medscape.com)
  • The spinal nerves are named and numbered according to the site of their emergence from the vertebral canal. (medscape.com)
  • During 2005-2014, a total of 28 traumatic brain and spinal cord injury deaths in high school and college football were identified (2.8 deaths per year). (cdc.gov)
  • This report updates the incidence and characteristics of deaths caused by traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury ( 4 ) in high school and college football and presents illustrative case descriptions. (cdc.gov)
  • During 2005-2014, a total of 28 deaths (2.8 deaths per year) from traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries occurred among high school (24 deaths) and college football players (four deaths) combined. (cdc.gov)
  • The events included in this study were defined as fatal traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries that occurred during a scheduled team activity (game, practice, or conditioning session) and were directly related to football-specific activities (e.g., tackling or being tackled). (cdc.gov)
  • A traumatic spinal injury is a medical emergency. (hornsbylaw.com)
  • A traumatic spinal injury is typically caused by an accident, fall or violence. (hornsbylaw.com)
  • No matter how minor an accident, all accidents involving traumatic spinal injuries have the potential to leave you partially paralyzed or completely paralyzed. (hornsbylaw.com)
  • Our team of experienced Atlanta spinal cord injury attorneys understands traumatic spinal cord injuries. (hornsbylaw.com)
  • The medical costs for a traumatic spinal chord injury can be staggering. (hornsbylaw.com)
  • The most difficult thing to hear is being told there is no "cure" for a traumatic spinal cord injury. (hornsbylaw.com)
  • Traumatic spinal injuries have life changing implications for an individual and their family. (hughjames.com)
  • Up to 90% of these cases are due to traumatic causes, though the proportion of non-traumatic spinal cord injury appears to be growing. (who.int)
  • Sustaining a life-threatening spinal cord injury can change a person's life in an instant. (ehlinelaw.com)
  • She notes that tendon transfer is already an established technique for patients with spinal cord injury, but nerve transfer gives different benefits. (medscape.com)
  • Cheshire WP, Santos CC, Massey EW, Howard JF Jr. Spinal cord infarction: etiology and outcome. (medscape.com)
  • During 1994-1995 in Louisiana, five cases of central nervous system trauma associated with riding bulls in rodeo events were identified through the Louisiana Central Nervous System Injury Registry, a statewide, population-based surveillance system addressing brain and spinal cord injury incidence, etiology, and outcome. (cdc.gov)
  • Case report: A vertebral bone spur as an etiology for spinal cord herniation: case presentation, surgical technique, and review of the literature. (bvsalud.org)
  • The signal transmitted by the brain is routed through 2 intermediate segments (the brainstem and the sacral spinal cord) prior to reaching the bladder. (medscape.com)
  • The spinal cord is located inside the vertebral canal, which is formed by the foramina of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, and 5 sacral vertebrae, which together form the spine. (medscape.com)
  • The lumbar and sacral portions of the cord have 5 segments each. (medscape.com)
  • The cauda equina (Latin for horse tail) is the collection of lumbar and sacral spinal nerve roots that travel caudally prior to exiting at their respective intervertebral foramina. (medscape.com)
  • Combarros O, Vadillo A, Gutierrez-Perez R. Cervical spinal cord infarction simulating myocardial infarction. (medscape.com)
  • The authors note that cervical spinal cord injury is a devastating, life-changing injury, which affects 250,000-500,000 people worldwide each year, with more than 50% of these injuries resulting in tetraplegia. (medscape.com)
  • 18 months post-injury) cervical spinal cord injury of motor level C5 and below who underwent single or multiple nerve transfers in one or both upper limbs, sometimes combined with tendon transfers, for restoration of elbow extension, grasp, pinch, and hand opening. (medscape.com)
  • From that opening, the filum terminale, or the band of tissue at the base of the spinal cord, is cut to release the spinal cord so that it can move freely. (gillettechildrens.org)
  • You need a team of experts and attorneys who have a proven record of helping spinal injury victims on their road to recovery. (hornsbylaw.com)
  • The pathologies associated with spinal cord infarction are numerous and include neoplasm, spinal epidural or subdural abscess, granuloma, spinal epidural or subdural hematoma, extramedullary spinal tumor (including meningioma, neurofibroma, extradural lymphoma, metastasis), and herniated intervertebral disk. (medscape.com)
  • Lyders EM, Morris PP. A Case of Spinal Cord Infarction Following Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection: MR Imaging and Angiographic Findings. (medscape.com)
  • Metastatic spinal cord compression usually follows hematogenous dissemination of malignant cells to the vertebral bodies, with subsequent expansion into the epidural space. (medscape.com)
  • Principles of treating intramedullary cancer are similar to those for epidural spinal cord compression. (medscape.com)
  • Metastatic tumors that cause epidural cord compression and dysfunction are the most common causes of oncologic CNS injury. (medscape.com)
  • Spinal cord injuries usually begin with a blow that fractures (breaks) or dislocates your vertebrae, the bone disks that make up your spine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Instead, they cause damage when pieces of vertebrae tear into cord tissue or press down on the nerve parts that carry signals. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A 28-year-old man with 15 years' riding experience was thrown to the ground while riding a bull and suffered a fracture of the fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae and an incomplete * spinal cord injury. (cdc.gov)
  • Your spinal cord is protected and surrounded by the 33 bones called vertebrae that make up your spinal column. (hornsbylaw.com)
  • They presented with symptoms and signs due to cord compression at the lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. (who.int)
  • Additionally, cancers that metastasize to the vertebrae or surrounding tissues frequently cause spinal cord compression. (medscape.com)
  • The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum down to the level of the first and second lumbar vertebrae (at birth, down to second and third lumbar vertebrae). (medscape.com)
  • He is triple board-certified in physical medicine and rehabilitation, spinal cord injury medicine and internal medicine and is a graduate of the Medical University of South Carolina and Emory University. (shepherd.org)
  • Dr. Lin is a member of the American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Spinal Injury Association and the American Paraplegia Society. (shepherd.org)
  • Evidence is mounting that advanced rehabilitation techniques can result in beneficial improvements in the spinal cord. (hornsbylaw.com)
  • Until then, our Atlanta spinal cord injury lawyer team remains committed to making sure that our clients know about the latest supportive care and rehabilitation strategies. (hornsbylaw.com)
  • There is a small tract that is not normal, going from the skin into the spinal canal (dermal sinus tract). (seattlechildrens.org)
  • ABSTRACT Schistosomiasis of the spinal cord is an uncommon but potentially curable form of schistosomiasis, if diagnosed and managed early. (who.int)
  • In several studies, rats with injured spinal cords have recovered some movement, a few even walking again. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Schwab partially severed the spinal cords of several rats. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Behavioral tests indicated that the rats moved similarly to others that did not have any spinal cord damage. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Figure 3: Blockade of KCC2 with DIOA increases polysynaptic reflexes in the in vitro spinal cord preparation isolated from neonatal rats. (nature.com)
  • Li, Y., Gorassini, M.A. & Bennett, D.J. Role of persistent sodium and calcium currents in motoneuron firing and spasticity in chronic spinal rats. (nature.com)
  • Researchers have designed a new way to grow nose cells in the lab heralding hope for sufferers of spinal cord injuries, including those who are wheelchair bound. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Using genetic engineering, researchers at UT Southwestern and Indiana University have reprogrammed scar-forming cells in mouse spinal cords to create new nerve cells, spurring recovery after spinal cord injury. (sci-info-pages.com)
  • Working with a mouse model of spinal cord injury, the researchers looked in the animals' injured spinal cords for a marker normally found in immature neurons. (sci-info-pages.com)
  • When spinal cords of mice that had been manipulated were cut, the researchers saw far fewer immature neurons in the days following injury, suggesting that SOX2 plays a key role in helping NG2 glia make these cells. (sci-info-pages.com)
  • Zhang notes that, eventually, researchers may be able to discover safe and effective ways to overproduce SOX2 in human spinal cord injury patients, helping repair their injuries with new neurons while reducing scar tissue formation. (sci-info-pages.com)
  • Researchers at Kessler Foundation confirmed that spinal cord transcutaneous stimulation results in immediate and long-lasting gains in strength and handgrip, with positive effects evident. (spinalcordinjuryzone.com)
  • Spinal cord injuries can be complete or incomplete. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Studies that reported outcome measures of walking for spinal cord injured persons with an incomplete motor function loss or cats with either a complete or incomplete spinal section. (nih.gov)
  • Weber P, Vogel T, Bitterling H, Utzschneider S, von Schulze Pellengahr C, Birkenmaier C. Spinal cord infarction after operative stabilisation of the thoracic spine in a patient with tuberculous spondylodiscitis and sickle cell trait. (medscape.com)
  • Although medicine cannot treat tethered cord syndrome, it may help to reduce muscle stiffness or relieve your child from any pain caused by the spine. (gillettechildrens.org)
  • Neoplastic disease that involves the spine with spinal cord compression may be devastating. (medscape.com)
  • Consequent signs and symptoms may be referable to the spine or spinal cord. (medscape.com)
  • Differentiate spinal cord infarction from acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy (AIDP, Guillain-Barré syndrome ) by following the diagnostic criteria for AIDP. (medscape.com)
  • Salvador de la Barrera S, Barca-Buyo A, Montoto-Marques A. Spinal cord infarction: prognosis and recovery in a series of 36 patients. (medscape.com)
  • Joseph G, Santosh C, Marimuthu R. Spinal cord infarction due to a self-inflicted needle stick injury. (medscape.com)
  • Spinal cord infarction occurring during insertion of aortic graft. (medscape.com)
  • Spinal cord infarction in disease and surgery of the aorta. (medscape.com)
  • Zhang J, Huan Y, Qian Y. Multishot diffusion-weighted imaging features in spinal cord infarction. (medscape.com)
  • Spinal cord infarction during use of zolmitriptan: a case report. (medscape.com)
  • Paraplegia due to Spinal Cord Infarction After Lifting Heavy Objects. (medscape.com)
  • Weidauer S, Nichtweiss M, Lanfermann H. Spinal cord infarction: MR imaging and clinical features in 16 cases. (medscape.com)
  • Luo CB, Chang FC, Teng MM. Magnetic resonance imaging as a guide in the diagnosis and follow-up of spinal cord infarction. (medscape.com)
  • Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common outpatient infection world-wide, and for people with spinal cord injury (SCI) and neurogenic bladder (NB), it is the most common infection, secondary condition, cause for emergency room visits, and infectious cause of hospitalization. (centerwatch.com)
  • Metastatic lesions are featured in this discussion since they cause 85% of the cases of neoplastic spinal cord compression. (medscape.com)
  • Metastatic lesions that involve the spinal cord affect about 5-10% of patients with cancer. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] Approximately 15% of all primary CNS lesions arise from the spinal cord, with an estimated incidence rate of 0.5-2.5 cases per 100,000 population. (medscape.com)
  • AFM is an illness that's characterized by the sudden onset of flaccid weakness in one or more extremities and also by distinct longitudinal gray matter lesions in the spinal cord. (cdc.gov)
  • The spinal cord is split into 2 cords near the end (diastematomyelia or diplomyelia). (seattlechildrens.org)
  • The pathophysiology of idiopathic spinal cord herniation remains unknown. (bvsalud.org)
  • This pulls on the spinal cord as the child grows, causing symptoms . (seattlechildrens.org)
  • To diagnose tethered spinal cord, the doctor examines your child, looking for signs and symptoms. (seattlechildrens.org)
  • What Are Tethered Spinal Cord Symptoms in Children? (gillettechildrens.org)
  • Initial tethered spinal cord symptoms in children may be visible on the lower back. (gillettechildrens.org)
  • If your child has tethered spinal cord symptoms, seeking a diagnosis and treatment can help to avoid the possibility of lasting nerve damage. (gillettechildrens.org)
  • Your child's symptoms and test results will be examined closely by a neurosurgeon before determining if tethered spinal cord release surgery is necessary. (gillettechildrens.org)
  • Although tethered spinal cord surgery prevents symptoms from getting worse, it is important to keep in mind that it may not be able to reverse the damage that's already been done. (gillettechildrens.org)
  • Tosi L, Rigoli G, Beltramello A. Fibrocartilaginous embolism of the spinal cord: a clinical and pathogenetic reconsideration. (medscape.com)
  • But this research paves the way for clinical trials anticipated to begin in 2020, using nasal cells from spinal cord injury sufferers and giving hope to many that they may walk again. (medicalxpress.com)
  • New therapies for spinal cord injury based on original concepts proposed by Prof. Michal Schwartz are being developed and tested in clinical. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • This paper describes the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis of the spinal cord in 5 patients attending Shaab and Ibn Khuldoun Hospitals, Khartoum from 1997 to 2007. (who.int)
  • Basic clinical descriptions of common patterns of spinal cord involvement are related to essential aspects of spinal cord anatomy. (medscape.com)
  • Herein, the diagnosis and surgical treatment of a patient with spinal cord herniation caused by an intraspinal bone spur is presented along with a relevant literature review . (bvsalud.org)
  • He sustained a brain stem contusion and an incomplete C2 spinal cord injury and was unconscious for 16 days. (cdc.gov)
  • He sustained an incomplete T10-T11 spinal cord injury, multiple rib fractures, a tension pneumothorax, and a splenic injury. (cdc.gov)
  • Boorman, G.I., Lee, R.G., Becker, W.J. & Windhorst, U.R. Impaired 'natural reciprocal inhibition' in patients with spasticity due to incomplete spinal cord injury. (nature.com)
  • Fatalities resulting from catastrophic brain and spinal cord injuries occur infrequently among high school and college football players. (cdc.gov)
  • Implementing enhanced safety measures to prevent fatalities from catastrophic brain and spinal cord injuries among high school and college football players has the potential to reduce the number of these fatalities. (cdc.gov)
  • Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) can have catastrophic effects on individuals resulting in loss of physical abilities and independence. (dovepress.com)
  • In most cases the damage caused by a spinal cord injury is irreversible and can have a catastrophic impact on you and your family. (hughjames.com)
  • Following extradural spinal cord mobilization by denticulate ligament transection, the spinal cord was finally released. (bvsalud.org)
  • Finally, however, science offers glimmers of hope that nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain could someday regenerate. (scientificamerican.com)
  • In recent years, however, improved medical technology has shown that after a spinal cord is cut, nerve cells do begin to extend new fingers, called axons, which could carry signals across the gap. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Nerve cells carry signals or information up and down the spinal cord, between the body and the brain. (ehlinelaw.com)
  • Griffith University's Mr Mo Chen grew nose nerve cells in the lab, which can treat mice with spinal cord injuries. (medicalxpress.com)
  • My colleagues placed the nerve cells into mice that were suffering from spinal cord injuries," says Mr Chen. (medicalxpress.com)
  • These nasal cells heal better than many other nerve cells which makes them ideal to treat damaged spinal cords," says Mr Chen. (medicalxpress.com)
  • If you believe your child may have a tethered spinal cord, there are tests to diagnose the syndrome and its severity. (gillettechildrens.org)
  • The impact a spinal cord injury has on your life will vary widely depending on the severity of the injury, the segment of the spinal cord at which the injury occurs, and which nerve fibers are damaged. (hornsbylaw.com)
  • If fault can be proven, your solicitor will gather further evidence regarding the severity of the spinal cord injury and investigate likely care and medical needs. (hughjames.com)
  • The severity of spinal cord compromise secondary to a tumor spans a wide range. (medscape.com)
  • Normal voiding is essentially a spinal reflex modulated by the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), which coordinates function of the bladder and urethra. (medscape.com)
  • Evidence of spinal compromise may include lower extremity weakness, paresthesias, reflex asymmetry, and spinal pain. (medscape.com)
  • Imaging studies revealed intramedullary masses compressing the cord. (who.int)
  • Anatomically, neoplasms of the spinal cord may be classified according to the compartment of origin, either intramedullary (inside the cord) or extramedullary (outside the cord). (medscape.com)
  • Metastases to the substance of the cord (intramedullary) are relatively rare. (medscape.com)
  • Most primary intramedullary spinal cord tumors are astrocytomas or ependymomas . (medscape.com)
  • An SCI results in a complex series of events that include a lesion within the spinal cord, glial scarring around the lesion, release of chemicals that inhibit axonal growth in the damaged area, and axonal demyelination of nearby but initially unaffected neurons. (dovepress.com)
  • Primary spinal cord tumors arise from the different elements of the CNS, including neurons, supporting glial cells, and meninges. (medscape.com)
  • Less frequently, tumors may induce cyst formation or cavitation within the spinal cord. (medscape.com)
  • Since the first description of spinal cord herniation by Wortzman et al. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although multimodal intraoperative spinal cord monitoring provides greater accuracy, transcranial electrical stimulation motor evoked potential (TcMEP) monitoring became the gold standard for intraoperative spinal cord monitoring. (thejns.org)
  • We know the problem can cause lasting damage to a child's spinal cord and cause loss of function, like the ability to walk or control their bladder, if the problem is not treated effectively. (seattlechildrens.org)
  • Victims of spinal cord injuries often suffer from medical complications such as bladder and bowel dysfunction. (ehlinelaw.com)
  • The model also exposes to the viewer the spinal cord interaction with the bone and its connecting anterior and posterior roots. (anatomywarehouse.com)
  • Grey matter is found within the medial portion of the spinal cord and has two dorsal or posterior horns that contain cell bodies of sensory neurons and two ventral or anterior horns that contain cell bodies of motor neurons. (osmosis.org)
  • The secondary neuron then ascends up the length of the spinal cord via the spinothalamic tracts , and eventually synapse with a 3rd order neuron located in the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus . (osmosis.org)
  • Nerve tracts most vulnerable to mechanical pressure include the corticospinal and spinocerebellar tracts and the posterior spinal columns. (medscape.com)
  • REHOVOT, Israel -- June 30, 1998 -- Weizmann Institute scientists have managed to partially heal the damaged spinal cords. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • Even more promising, says Zhang, is that this genetic engineering led to functional improvements after spinal cord injury. (sci-info-pages.com)
  • A tethered spinal cord occurs when the spinal cord is pulled down and is stuck or attached to the base of the spine's surrounding tissue. (gillettechildrens.org)
  • The top priority is to exclude spinal cord compression by a mass lesion. (medscape.com)
  • Mazzocchio, R. & Rossi, A. Involvement of spinal recurrent inhibition in spasticity. (nature.com)
  • How Do You Determine Legal Responsibility in a Spinal Cord Injury Case? (ehlinelaw.com)
  • Determining who is at fault in a spinal cord injury case is crucial. (ehlinelaw.com)
  • Do I Have a Good Spinal Cord Injury Case? (hornsbylaw.com)
  • The spinal cord, about as thick as your finger, contains millions of nerve fibers that drive a vast array of bodily functions, including muscle control and sensory processing. (scientificamerican.com)
  • For this to happen, a first order neuron, found inside a dorsal root ganglion carries sensory input from the skin to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord , where it synapses with the second order neuron. (osmosis.org)
  • Depending on its pathogenesis, spinal cord disease can manifest with variable impairment of motor, sensory, or autonomic function. (medscape.com)
  • The central nervous system is composed of the brain, brain stem, and the spinal cord. (medscape.com)
  • As a child grows, the spinal cord must be able to move freely inside the spinal canal. (seattlechildrens.org)
  • While the results have been positive for mice , spinal cord injuries in humans are more complex. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Excitingly, in the weeks after spinal cord injury, mice with this manipulation produced tens of thousands of new mature neurons. (sci-info-pages.com)
  • Studies contradict the belief that everyone that has spinal cord injury (SCI) suffers from depression. (bvsalud.org)
  • If a tethered spinal cord is not repaired, it can cause lasting nerve damage and loss of function over time. (seattlechildrens.org)
  • The field of spinal cord injury has extensively researched trying to heal the damage with stem cells that produce new neurons, but what we're proposing here is that we may not need to transplant cells from the outside," Zhang says. (sci-info-pages.com)
  • The term 'spinal cord injury' refers to damage to the spinal cord resulting from trauma (e.g. a car crash) or from disease or degeneration (e.g. cancer). (who.int)
  • A tethered spinal cord is a spinal cord that is pulled down and stuck, or fixed, to the spinal canal. (seattlechildrens.org)
  • Crone, C., Johnsen, L.L., Biering-Sorensen, F. & Nielsen, J.B. Appearance of reciprocal facilitation of ankle extensors from ankle flexors in patients with stroke or spinal cord injury. (nature.com)