AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHealth Care
Spinal CordSpinal Cord InjuriesSpinal Cord DiseasesSpinal Cord CompressionSpinal Cord NeoplasmsSpinal Cord IschemiaInjections, SpinalParaplegiaSpinal Nerve RootsSpinal NervesMotor NeuronsSpinal Cord RegenerationSpinal CanalSpinal NeoplasmsCervical VertebraeAnesthesia, SpinalQuadriplegiaThoracic VertebraeSpinal DiseasesUmbilical CordPosterior Horn CellsLaminectomyRats, Sprague-DawleyLumbosacral RegionRecovery of FunctionNerve RegenerationAxonsSpinal StenosisGanglia, SpinalSpinal Cord StimulationLocomotionSpinal FusionSpinal InjuriesAnterior Horn CellsMyelitisCordotomyParalysisMuscular Atrophy, SpinalPainNeuronsHyperalgesiaElectric Stimulation TherapyNeuralgiaDisease Models, AnimalMyelographyElectric StimulationSpineEpidural SpaceAfferent PathwaysUrinary Bladder, NeurogenicHematoma, Epidural, SpinalHindlimbNeurons, AfferentNociceptorsLumbar VertebraeReflexTime FactorsLampreysMotor ActivityAutonomic DysreflexiaInterneuronsPyramidal TractsElectromyographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPain MeasurementTuberculosis, SpinalMyelin SheathCatsCentral Nervous SystemFetal BloodPhysical StimulationNeurogliaImmunohistochemistryContusionsEvoked Potentials, SomatosensoryBrain StemSpinal CurvaturesOligodendrogliaSpermatic CordSciatic NerveSyringomyeliaMuscle SpasticityEfferent PathwaysStrychnineCauda EquinaSpinal Muscular Atrophies of ChildhoodDecompression, SurgicalParaparesisAnimals, NewbornSpinal FracturesWheelchairsGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinCord Blood Stem Cell TransplantationAmyotrophic Lateral SclerosisAstrocytesPain ThresholdAnalgesicsNerve Tissue ProteinsEvoked PotentialsSubstance PSpinal Cord Vascular DiseasesNeural PathwaysPeripheral NervesSynaptic TransmissionTrigeminal Nucleus, SpinalBehavior, AnimalNeuronal PlasticityDecerebrate StateRats, WistarMicrogliaInfarctionBrainAction PotentialsChick EmbryoDura MaterChondroitin ABC LyaseForelimbSubstantia GelatinosaSubarachnoid SpacePeripheral Nerve InjuriesSacrumDemyelinating DiseasesNeural ConductionMeningesPressure UlcerMorphineNeurologic ExaminationSpinal OsteophytosisEvoked Potentials, MotorNerve FibersTreatment OutcomeRhizotomyH-ReflexMedulla OblongataElectrophysiologyNerve Fibers, MyelinatedGlycine AgentsMuscle, SkeletalScoliosisSpinal PunctureHyperesthesiaSynapsesMice, Inbred C57BLSacrococcygeal RegionStilbamidinesUrinary BladderReflex, AbnormalIn Situ HybridizationAnalysis of VarianceSensationSpinal DysraphismCells, CulturedMice, TransgenicN-MethylaspartateNeuroprotective AgentsMovementTibial NerveNerve DegenerationElectrodes, ImplantedReticular Formationgamma-Aminobutyric AcidGliosisNociceptionNerve Fibers, UnmyelinatedReceptors, Neurokinin-1Manipulation, SpinalSensory Receptor CellsEpendymaReflex, MonosynapticPhrenic NerveUrinationPeriodicityDose-Response Relationship, DrugGait Disorders, NeurologicRed NucleusGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalSerotoninNeural InhibitionEncephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, ExperimentalMultiple SclerosisCapsaicinPain, IntractableStem CellsNaloxoneCord FactorsNervous SystemNeuronal Tract-TracersNerve TissueGlycineCell DifferentiationTailFunctional LateralityNeurosurgical ProceduresNerve Growth FactorsMyelin ProteinsSpasmBrown-Sequard SyndromeConstrictionSurvival of Motor Neuron 1 ProteinMotor Neuron DiseaseCell Count
Spinal Cord: A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.Spinal Cord Injuries: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.Spinal Cord Compression: Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the SPINAL CORD due to extramedullary neoplasm; EPIDURAL ABSCESS; SPINAL FRACTURES; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence.Spinal Cord Neoplasms: Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.Spinal Cord Ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the spinal cord which is supplied by the anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal arteries. This condition may be associated with ARTERIOSCLEROSIS, trauma, emboli, diseases of the aorta, and other disorders. Prolonged ischemia may lead to INFARCTION of spinal cord tissue.Injections, Spinal: Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.Paraplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.Spinal Nerve Roots: Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.Spinal Cord Regeneration: Repair of the damaged neuron function after SPINAL CORD INJURY or SPINAL CORD DISEASES.Spinal Canal: The cavity within the SPINAL COLUMN through which the SPINAL CORD passes.Spinal NeoplasmsCervical Vertebrae: The first seven VERTEBRAE of the SPINAL COLUMN, which correspond to the VERTEBRAE of the NECK.Anesthesia, Spinal: Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord.Quadriplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function in all four limbs which may result from BRAIN DISEASES; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; or rarely MUSCULAR DISEASES. The locked-in syndrome is characterized by quadriplegia in combination with cranial muscle paralysis. Consciousness is spared and the only retained voluntary motor activity may be limited eye movements. This condition is usually caused by a lesion in the upper BRAIN STEM which injures the descending cortico-spinal and cortico-bulbar tracts.Thoracic Vertebrae: A group of twelve VERTEBRAE connected to the ribs that support the upper trunk region.Spinal DiseasesUmbilical Cord: The flexible rope-like structure that connects a developing FETUS to the PLACENTA in mammals. The cord contains blood vessels which carry oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus and waste products away from the fetus.Posterior Horn Cells: Neurons in the SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. They send their axons either directly to ANTERIOR HORN CELLS or to the WHITE MATTER ascending and descending longitudinal fibers.Laminectomy: A surgical procedure that entails removing all (laminectomy) or part (laminotomy) of selected vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the SPINAL CORD and/or SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Vertebral lamina is the thin flattened posterior wall of vertebral arch that forms the vertebral foramen through which pass the spinal cord and nerve roots.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Lumbosacral Region: Region of the back including the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, SACRUM, and nearby structures.Recovery of Function: A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.Nerve Regeneration: Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.Spinal Stenosis: Narrowing of the spinal canal.Ganglia, Spinal: Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.Spinal Cord Stimulation: Application of electric current to the spine for treatment of a variety of conditions involving innervation from the spinal cord.Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.Spinal Fusion: Operative immobilization or ankylosis of two or more vertebrae by fusion of the vertebral bodies with a short bone graft or often with diskectomy or laminectomy. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p236; Dorland, 28th ed)Spinal Injuries: Injuries involving the vertebral column.Anterior Horn Cells: MOTOR NEURONS in the anterior (ventral) horn of the SPINAL CORD which project to SKELETAL MUSCLES.Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord. Relatively common etiologies include infections; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; SPINAL CORD; and ischemia (see also SPINAL CORD VASCULAR DISEASES). Clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction.Cordotomy: Any operation on the spinal cord. (Stedman, 26th ed)Paralysis: A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)Muscular Atrophy, Spinal: A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)Pain: An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Hyperalgesia: An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.Electric Stimulation Therapy: Application of electric current in treatment without the generation of perceptible heat. It includes electric stimulation of nerves or muscles, passage of current into the body, or use of interrupted current of low intensity to raise the threshold of the skin to pain.Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Myelography: X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Spine: The spinal or vertebral column.Epidural Space: Space between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal.Afferent Pathways: Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic: Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal: A rare epidural hematoma in the spinal epidural space, usually due to a vascular malformation (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS) or TRAUMA. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a neurologic emergency due to a rapidly evolving compressive MYELOPATHY.Hindlimb: Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR; TIBIA; and FIBULA; tarsals; METATARSALS; and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)Neurons, Afferent: Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Nociceptors: Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Lumbar Vertebrae: VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Lampreys: Common name for the only family (Petromyzontidae) of eellike fish in the order Petromyzontiformes. They are jawless but have a sucking mouth with horny teeth.Motor Activity: The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.Autonomic Dysreflexia: A syndrome associated with damage to the spinal cord above the mid thoracic level (see SPINAL CORD INJURIES) characterized by a marked increase in the sympathetic response to minor stimuli such as bladder or rectal distention. Manifestations include HYPERTENSION; TACHYCARDIA (or reflex bradycardia); FEVER; FLUSHING; and HYPERHIDROSIS. Extreme hypertension may be associated with a STROKE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp538 and 1232; J Spinal Cord Med 1997;20(3):355-60)Interneurons: Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.Pyramidal Tracts: Fibers that arise from cells within the cerebral cortex, pass through the medullary pyramid, and descend in the spinal cord. Many authorities say the pyramidal tracts include both the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts.Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.Pain Measurement: Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.Tuberculosis, Spinal: Osteitis or caries of the vertebrae, usually occurring as a complication of tuberculosis of the lungs.Myelin Sheath: The lipid-rich sheath surrounding AXONS in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (SCHWANN CELLS in the peripheral and OLIGODENDROGLIA in the central nervous system). Deterioration of the sheath in DEMYELINATING DISEASES is a serious clinical problem.Cats: The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.Fetal Blood: Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the PLACENTA. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels (UMBILICAL CORD) at the time of delivery.Physical Stimulation: Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.Neuroglia: The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Contusions: Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory: The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by stimulation along AFFERENT PATHWAYS from PERIPHERAL NERVES to CEREBRUM.Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.Spinal Curvatures: Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS).Oligodendroglia: A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendroglia may be called interfascicular, perivascular, or perineuronal (not the same as SATELLITE CELLS, PERINEURONAL of GANGLIA) according to their location. They form the insulating MYELIN SHEATH of axons in the central nervous system.Spermatic Cord: Either of a pair of tubular structures formed by DUCTUS DEFERENS; ARTERIES; VEINS; LYMPHATIC VESSELS; and nerves. The spermatic cord extends from the deep inguinal ring through the INGUINAL CANAL to the TESTIS in the SCROTUM.Sciatic Nerve: A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.Syringomyelia: Longitudinal cavities in the spinal cord, most often in the cervical region, which may extend for multiple spinal levels. The cavities are lined by dense, gliogenous tissue and may be associated with SPINAL CORD NEOPLASMS; spinal cord traumatic injuries; and vascular malformations. Syringomyelia is marked clinically by pain and PARESTHESIA, muscular atrophy of the hands, and analgesia with thermoanesthesia of the hands and arms, but with the tactile sense preserved (sensory dissociation). Lower extremity spasticity and incontinence may also develop. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1269)Muscle Spasticity: A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a "free interval") followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)Efferent Pathways: Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site. Such impulses are conducted via efferent neurons (NEURONS, EFFERENT), such as MOTOR NEURONS, autonomic neurons, and hypophyseal neurons.Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.Cauda Equina: The lower part of the SPINAL CORD consisting of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots.Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood: A group of recessively inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. They are classified as type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease), type II (intermediate form), and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Type I is fatal in infancy, type II has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. Type III has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (J Med Genet 1996 Apr:33(4):281-3)Decompression, Surgical: A surgical operation for the relief of pressure in a body compartment or on a body part. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Paraparesis: Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; MUSCULAR DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions.Animals, Newborn: Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.Spinal Fractures: Broken bones in the vertebral column.Wheelchairs: Chairs mounted on wheels and designed to be propelled by the occupant.Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein: An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation: Transplantation of STEM CELLS collected from the fetal blood remaining in the UMBILICAL CORD and the PLACENTA after delivery. Included are the HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS.Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)Astrocytes: A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.Pain Threshold: Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.Analgesics: Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.Nerve Tissue ProteinsEvoked Potentials: Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases: Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS feeding the SPINAL CORD, such as the anterior and paired posterior spinal arteries or their many branches. Disease processes may include ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; and ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS leading to ISCHEMIA or HEMORRHAGE into the spinal cord (hematomyelia).Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal: Nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. It is divided cytoarchitectonically into three parts: oralis, caudalis (TRIGEMINAL CAUDAL NUCLEUS), and interpolaris.Behavior, Animal: The observable response an animal makes to any situation.Neuronal Plasticity: The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.Decerebrate State: A condition characterized by abnormal posturing of the limbs that is associated with injury to the brainstem. This may occur as a clinical manifestation or induced experimentally in animals. The extensor reflexes are exaggerated leading to rigid extension of the limbs accompanied by hyperreflexia and opisthotonus. This condition is usually caused by lesions which occur in the region of the brainstem that lies between the red nuclei and the vestibular nuclei. In contrast, decorticate rigidity is characterized by flexion of the elbows and wrists with extension of the legs and feet. The causative lesion for this condition is located above the red nuclei and usually consists of diffuse cerebral damage. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p358)Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.Infarction: Formation of an infarct, which is NECROSIS in tissue due to local ISCHEMIA resulting from obstruction of BLOOD CIRCULATION, most commonly by a THROMBUS or EMBOLUS.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Chick Embryo: The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.Dura Mater: The outermost of the three MENINGES, a fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers the brain and the spinal cord.Chondroitin ABC Lyase: An enzyme that catalyzes the eliminative degradation of polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-D-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages to disaccharides containing 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)Forelimb: A front limb of a quadruped. (The Random House College Dictionary, 1980)Substantia Gelatinosa: Gelatinous-appearing material in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, consisting chiefly of Golgi type II neurons and some larger nerve cells.Subarachnoid Space: The space between the arachnoid membrane and PIA MATER, filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. It contains large blood vessels that supply the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.Peripheral Nerve Injuries: Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.Sacrum: Five fused VERTEBRAE forming a triangle-shaped structure at the back of the PELVIS. It articulates superiorly with the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, inferiorly with the COCCYX, and anteriorly with the ILIUM of the PELVIS. The sacrum strengthens and stabilizes the PELVIS.Demyelinating Diseases: Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.Neural Conduction: The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.Meninges: The three membranes that cover the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD. They are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.Pressure Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.Neurologic Examination: Assessment of sensory and motor responses and reflexes that is used to determine impairment of the nervous system.Spinal Osteophytosis: Outgrowth of immature bony processes or bone spurs (OSTEOPHYTE) from the VERTEBRAE, reflecting the presence of degenerative disease and calcification. It commonly occurs in cervical and lumbar SPONDYLOSIS.Evoked Potentials, Motor: The electrical response evoked in a muscle or motor nerve by electrical or magnetic stimulation. Common methods of stimulation are by transcranial electrical and TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION. It is often used for monitoring during neurosurgery.Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Rhizotomy: Surgical interruption of a spinal or cranial nerve root. (From Dorland, 28th ed)H-Reflex: A monosynaptic reflex elicited by stimulating a nerve, particularly the tibial nerve, with an electric shock.Medulla Oblongata: The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.Electrophysiology: The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.Nerve Fibers, Myelinated: A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.Glycine Agents: Substances used for their pharmacological actions on glycinergic systems. Glycinergic agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.Muscle, Skeletal: A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.Scoliosis: An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)Spinal Puncture: Tapping fluid from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae.Hyperesthesia: Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.Mice, Inbred C57BLSacrococcygeal Region: The body region between (and flanking) the SACRUM and COCCYX.Stilbamidines: STILBENES with AMIDINES attached.Urinary Bladder: A musculomembranous sac along the URINARY TRACT. URINE flows from the KIDNEYS into the bladder via the ureters (URETER), and is held there until URINATION.Reflex, Abnormal: An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Sensation: The process in which specialized SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS transduce peripheral stimuli (physical or chemical) into NERVE IMPULSES which are then transmitted to the various sensory centers in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Spinal Dysraphism: Congenital defects of closure of one or more vertebral arches, which may be associated with malformations of the spinal cord, nerve roots, congenital fibrous bands, lipomas, and congenital cysts. These malformations range from mild (e.g., SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA) to severe, including rachischisis where there is complete failure of neural tube and spinal cord fusion, resulting in exposure of the spinal cord at the surface. Spinal dysraphism includes all forms of spina bifida. The open form is called SPINA BIFIDA CYSTICA and the closed form is SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p34)Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).Neuroprotective Agents: Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.Movement: The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.Tibial Nerve: The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot.Nerve Degeneration: Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.Electrodes, Implanted: Surgically placed electric conductors through which ELECTRIC STIMULATION is delivered to or electrical activity is recorded from a specific point inside the body.Reticular Formation: A region extending from the PONS & MEDULLA OBLONGATA through the MESENCEPHALON, characterized by a diversity of neurons of various sizes and shapes, arranged in different aggregations and enmeshed in a complicated fiber network.gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.Gliosis: The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion.Nociception: Sensing of noxious mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli by NOCICEPTORS. It is the sensory component of visceral and tissue pain (NOCICEPTIVE PAIN).Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated: A class of nerve fibers as defined by their nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the unmyelinated nerve fibers are small in diameter and usually several are surrounded by a single MYELIN SHEATH. They conduct low-velocity impulses, and represent the majority of peripheral sensory and autonomic fibers, but are also found in the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.Receptors, Neurokinin-1: A class of cell surface receptors for TACHYKININS with a preference for SUBSTANCE P. Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptors have been cloned and are members of the G protein coupled receptor superfamily. They are found on many cell types including central and peripheral neurons, smooth muscle cells, acinar cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells.Manipulation, Spinal: Adjustment and manipulation of the vertebral column.Sensory Receptor Cells: Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.Ependyma: A thin membrane that lines the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES and the central canal of the SPINAL CORD.Reflex, Monosynaptic: A reflex in which the AFFERENT NEURONS synapse directly on the EFFERENT NEURONS, without any INTERCALATED NEURONS. (Lockard, Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)Phrenic Nerve: The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.Urination: Discharge of URINE, liquid waste processed by the KIDNEY, from the body.Periodicity: The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Gait Disorders, Neurologic: Gait abnormalities that are a manifestation of nervous system dysfunction. These conditions may be caused by a wide variety of disorders which affect motor control, sensory feedback, and muscle strength including: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; or MUSCULAR DISEASES.Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the CEREBELLUM via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral MOTOR CORTEX.Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.Neural Inhibition: The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental: An experimental animal model for central nervous system demyelinating disease. Inoculation with a white matter emulsion combined with FREUND'S ADJUVANT, myelin basic protein, or purified central myelin triggers a T cell-mediated immune response directed towards central myelin. The pathologic features are similar to MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, including perivascular and periventricular foci of inflammation and demyelination. Subpial demyelination underlying meningeal infiltrations also occurs, which is also a feature of ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED. Passive immunization with T-cells from an afflicted animal to a normal animal also induces this condition. (From Immunol Res 1998;17(1-2):217-27; Raine CS, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p604-5)Multiple Sclerosis: An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)Capsaicin: An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.Pain, Intractable: Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.Cord Factors: Toxic glycolipids composed of trehalose dimycolate derivatives. They are produced by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and other species of MYCOBACTERIUM. They induce cellular dysfunction in animals.Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)Neuronal Tract-Tracers: Substances used to identify the location and to characterize the types of NEURAL PATHWAYS.Nerve Tissue: Differentiated tissue of the central nervous system composed of NERVE CELLS, fibers, DENDRITES, and specialized supporting cells.Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.TailFunctional Laterality: Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.Neurosurgical Procedures: Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.Nerve Growth Factors: Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.Myelin Proteins: MYELIN-specific proteins that play a structural or regulatory role in the genesis and maintenance of the lamellar MYELIN SHEATH structure.Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.Brown-Sequard Syndrome: A syndrome associated with injury to the lateral half of the spinal cord. The condition is characterized by the following clinical features (which are found below the level of the lesion): contralateral hemisensory anesthesia to pain and temperature, ipsilateral loss of propioception, and ipsilateral motor paralysis. Tactile sensation is generally spared. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p162).Constriction: The act of constricting.Survival of Motor Neuron 1 Protein: A SMN complex protein that is essential for the function of the SMN protein complex. In humans the protein is encoded by a single gene found near the inversion telomere of a large inverted region of CHROMOSOME 5. Mutations in the gene coding for survival of motor neuron 1 protein may result in SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD.Motor Neuron Disease: Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)Cell Count: The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

Adenoviral gene transfer into the normal and injured spinal cord: enhanced transgene stability by combined administration of temperature-sensitive virus and transient immune blockade. (1/10835)

This study characterized gene transfer into both normal and injured adult rat dorsal spinal cord using first (E1-/E3-) or second (E1-/E2A125/E3-, temperature-sensitive; ts) generation of replication-defective adenoviral (Ad) vectors. A novel immunosuppressive regimen aimed at blocking CD4/CD45 lymphocytic receptors was tested for improving transgene persistence. In addition, the effect of gene transfer on nociception was also evaluated. Seven days after treatment, numerous LacZ-positive cells were observed after transfection with either viral vector. By 21 days after transfection, beta-galactosidase staining was reduced and suggestive of ongoing cytopathology in both Ad-treated groups, despite the fact that the immunogenicity of LacZ/Adts appeared less when compared with that elicited by the LacZ/Ad vector. In contrast, immunosuppressed animals showed a significant (P < or = 0.05) increase in the number of LacZ-positive cells not displaying cytopathology. In these animals, a concomitant reduction in numbers of macrophages/microglia and CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes was observed. Only animals that received LacZ/Adts and immunosuppression showed transgene expression after 60 days. Similar results were observed in animals in which the L4-L5 dorsal roots were lesioned before transfection. Gene transfer into the dorsal spinal cord did not affect nociception, independent of the adenovirus vector. These results indicate that immune blockade of the CD4/CD45 lymphocytic receptors enhanced transgene stability in adult animals with normal or injured spinal cords and that persistent transgene expression in the spinal cord does not interfere with normal neural function.  (+info)

Activity-dependent metaplasticity of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission in the lamprey spinal cord locomotor network. (2/10835)

Paired intracellular recordings have been used to examine the activity-dependent plasticity and neuromodulator-induced metaplasticity of synaptic inputs from identified inhibitory and excitatory interneurons in the lamprey spinal cord. Trains of spikes at 5-20 Hz were used to mimic the frequency of spiking that occurs in network interneurons during NMDA or brainstem-evoked locomotor activity. Inputs from inhibitory and excitatory interneurons exhibited similar activity-dependent changes, with synaptic depression developing during the spike train. The level of depression reached was greater with lower stimulation frequencies. Significant activity-dependent depression of inputs from excitatory interneurons and inhibitory crossed caudal interneurons, which are central elements in the patterning of network activity, usually developed between the fifth and tenth spikes in the train. Because these interneurons typically fire bursts of up to five spikes during locomotor activity, this activity-dependent plasticity will presumably not contribute to the patterning of network activity. However, in the presence of the neuromodulators substance P and 5-HT, significant activity-dependent metaplasticity of these inputs developed over the first five spikes in the train. Substance P induced significant activity-dependent depression of inhibitory but potentiation of excitatory interneuron inputs, whereas 5-HT induced significant activity-dependent potentiation of both inhibitory and excitatory interneuron inputs. Because these metaplastic effects are consistent with the substance P and 5-HT-induced modulation of the network output, activity-dependent metaplasticity could be a potential mechanism underlying the coordination and modulation of rhythmic network activity.  (+info)

Spinal cord-evoked potentials and muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in 10 awake human subjects. (3/10835)

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TCMS) causes leg muscle contractions, but the neural structures in the brain that are activated by TCMS and their relationship to these leg muscle responses are not clearly understood. To elucidate this, we concomitantly recorded leg muscle responses and thoracic spinal cord-evoked potentials (SCEPs) after TCMS for the first time in 10 awake, neurologically intact human subjects. In this report we provide evidence of direct and indirect activation of corticospinal neurons after TCMS. In three subjects, SCEP threshold (T) stimulus intensities recruited both the D wave (direct activation of corticospinal neurons) and the first I wave (I1, indirect activation of corticospinal neurons). In one subject, the D, I1, and I2 waves were recruited simultaneously, and in another subject, the I1 and I2 waves were recruited simultaneously. In the remaining five subjects, only the I1 wave was recruited first. More waves were recruited as the stimulus intensity increased. The presence of D and I waves in all subjects at low stimulus intensities verified that TCMS directly and indirectly activated corticospinal neurons supplying the lower extremities. Leg muscle responses were usually contingent on the SCEP containing at least four waves (D, I1, I2, and I3).  (+info)

Complete compensation in skilled reaching success with associated impairments in limb synergies, after dorsal column lesion in the rat. (4/10835)

Each of the dorsal columns of the rat spinal cord conveys primary sensory information, by way of the medullary dorsal column nucleus, to the ventrobasal thalamus on the contralateral side; thus the dorsal columns are an important source of neural input to the sensorimotor cortex. Damage to the dorsal columns causes impairments in synergistic proximal or whole-body movements in cats and distal limb impairments in primates, particularly in multiarticulated finger movements and tactile foviation while handling objects, but the behavioral effects of afferent fiber lesions in the dorsal columns of rodents have not been described. Female Long-Evans rats were trained to reach with a forelimb for food pellets and subsequently received lesions of the dorsomedial spinal cord at the C2 level, ipsilateral to their preferred limb. Reaching success completely recovered within a few days of dorsal column lesion. Nevertheless, a detailed analysis of high-speed video recordings revealed that rotatory limb movements (aiming, pronation, supination, etc.) were irreversibly impaired. Compensation was achieved with whole-body and alternate limb movements. These results indicate the following: (1) in the absence of the dorsal columns, other sensorimotor pathways support endpoint success in reaching; (2) sensory input conveyed by the dorsal columns is important for both proximal and distal limb movements used for skilled reaching; and (3) detailed behavioral analyses in addition to endpoint measures are necessary to completely describe the effects of dorsal column lesions.  (+info)

Neurite outgrowth-regulating properties of GABA and the effect of serum on mouse spinal cord neurons in culture. (5/10835)

Time-lapse photography was used to examine the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the outgrowth and motility of neurites in cultures from mouse spinal cord. GABA at concentrations of 100, 10 and 1 microM caused significant inhibition of neurite outgrowth and the motility of growth cones was significantly reduced by treatment with 100 and 10 microM GABA. This effect was mimicked by the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen, whereas the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol had no effect. The effect of GABA on outgrowth and motility seems to be dependent on the type of serum employed. The results reported here were obtained only when heat-inactivated serum was used and not when non heat-inactivated serum was added to the culture medium. They suggest that GABA has a role in the regulation of process outgrowth within the embryonic mouse spinal cord.  (+info)

Presence of the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter in GABAergic and glycinergic synaptic terminal boutons. (6/10835)

The characterization of the Caenorhabditis elegans unc-47 gene recently allowed the identification of a mammalian (gamma)-amino butyric acid (GABA) transporter, presumed to be located in the synaptic vesicle membrane. In situ hybridization data in rat brain suggested that it might also take up glycine and thus represent a general Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transporter (VIAAT). In the present study, we have investigated the localization of VIAAT in neurons by using a polyclonal antibody raised against the hydrophilic N-terminal domain of the protein. Light microscopy and immunocytochemistry in primary cultures or tissue sections of the rat spinal cord revealed that VIAAT was localized in a subset (63-65%) of synaptophysin-immunoreactive terminal boutons; among the VIAAT-positive terminals around motoneuronal somata, 32.9% of them were also immunoreactive for GAD65, a marker of GABAergic presynaptic endings. Labelling was also found apposed to clusters positive for the glycine receptor or for its associated protein gephyrin. At the ultrastructural level, VIAAT immunoreactivity was restricted to presynaptic boutons exhibiting classical inhibitory features and, within the boutons, concentrated over synaptic vesicle clusters. Pre-embedding detection of VIAAT followed by post-embedding detection of GABA or glycine on serial sections of the spinal cord or cerebellar cortex indicated that VIAAT was present in glycine-, GABA- or GABA- and glycine-containing boutons. Taken together, these data further support the view of a common vesicular transporter for these two inhibitory transmitters, which would be responsible for their costorage in the same synaptic vesicle and subsequent corelease at mixed GABA-and-glycine synapses.  (+info)

Cannabinoid suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity in wide dynamic range neurons in the lumbar dorsal horn of the rat. (7/10835)

The effects of cannabinoid agonists on noxious heat-evoked firing of 62 spinal wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons were examined in urethan-anesthetized rats (1 cell/animal). Noxious thermal stimulation was applied with a Peltier device to the receptive fields in the ipsilateral hindpaw of isolated WDR neurons. To assess the site of action, cannabinoids were administered systemically in intact and spinally transected rats and intraventricularly. Both the aminoalkylindole cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 (125 microg/kg iv) and the bicyclic cannabinoid CP55,940 (125 microg/kg iv) suppressed noxious heat-evoked activity. Responses evoked by mild pressure in nonnociceptive neurons were not altered by CP55,940 (125 microg/kg iv), consistent with previous observations with another cannabinoid agonist, WIN55,212-2. The cannabinoid induced-suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity was blocked by pretreatment with SR141716A (1 mg/kg iv), a competitive antagonist for central cannabinoid CB1 receptors. By contrast, intravenous administration of either vehicle or the receptor-inactive enantiomer WIN55,212-3 (125 microg/kg) failed to alter noxious heat-evoked activity. The suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity induced by WIN55,212-2 in the lumbar dorsal horn of intact animals was markedly attenuated in spinal rats. Moreover, intraventricular administration of WIN55,212-2 suppressed noxious heat-evoked activity in spinal WDR neurons. By contrast, both vehicle and enantiomer were inactive. These findings suggest that cannabinoids selectively modulate the activity of nociceptive neurons in the spinal dorsal horn by actions at CB1 receptors. This modulation represents a suppression of pain neurotransmission because the inhibitory effects are selective for pain-sensitive neurons and are observed with different modalities of noxious stimulation. The data also provide converging lines of evidence for a role for descending antinociceptive mechanisms in cannabinoid modulation of spinal nociceptive processing.  (+info)

Pharmacodynamic actions of (S)-2-[4,5-dihydro-5-propyl-2-(3H)-furylidene]-1,3-cyclopentanedione (oudenone). (8/10835)

The pharmacodynamic actions of (S)-2-[4,5-dihydro-5-propyl-2(3H)-furylidene]-1,3-cyclopentanedione (oudenone) were studied in both anesthetized animals and isolated organs. Oudenone (10--40 mg/kg i.v.) induced an initial rise in blood pressure followed by a prolonged hypotension in the anesthetized rats. In unanesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), oudenone (5--200 mg/kg p.o.) caused a dose-related decrease in the systolic blood pressure. The initial pressor effect was diminished by pretreatments with phentolamine, guanethidine, hexamethonium and was abolished in the pithed rats. In addition, intracisternal administrations of oudenone (100--600 mug/kg) showed a marked increase in blood pressure in the anesthetized rats, suggesting that the pressor effect may be due to centrally mediated actions. Oudenone, given intra-arterially into the femoral artery (400--800 mug/kg), caused a long-lasting vasodilation in anesthetized dogs. At a relatively high dose (40 mg/kg i.v.), oudenone antagonized all pressor responses to autonomic agents and central vagus nerve stimulation in anesthetized rats and dogs, however, oudenone showed no anti-cholinergic,-histaminergic, beta-adrenergic and adrenergic neuron blocking properties.  (+info)

Induction of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and serine-threonine kinase-like immunoreactivity in rabbit spinal cord after...Induction of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and serine-threonine kinase-like immunoreactivity in rabbit spinal cord after...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Induction of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and serine-threonine kinase-like immunoreactivity in rabbit spinal cord after transient ischemia. AU - Sakurai, Masahiro. AU - Hayashi, Takeshi. AU - Abe, Koji. AU - Itoyuama, Yasuto. AU - Tabayashi, Koichi. PY - 2001/4/13. Y1 - 2001/4/13. N2 - The mechanism of spinal cord injury has been thought to be related with tissue ischemia, and spinal motor neuron cells are suggested to be vulnerable to ischemia. To evaluate the mechanism of such vulnerability of motor neurons, we attempted to make a reproducible model of rabbit spinal cord ischemia. Using this model, the inductions of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-k) and serine-threonine kinase (Akt) were investigated with immunohistochemical analyses for up to 7 days of the reperfusion following 15 min of ischemia in rabbit spinal cord. It has been demonstrated that both PI3-k and its downstream effector, Akt mediate growth factor-induced neuronal survival. Spinal cord sections from ...
Changes of intracellular free calcium following mechanical injury in a spinal cord slice preparation.Changes of intracellular free calcium following mechanical injury in a spinal cord slice preparation.
article{181863, author = {Leybaert, Luc and DEHEMPTINNE, A}, issn = {0014-4819}, journal = {EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH}, language = {eng}, number = {3}, pages = {392--402}, title = {Changes of intracellular free calcium following mechanical injury in a spinal cord slice preparation.}, volume = {112}, year = {1996 ...
Phospholipid and phospholipid fatty acid composition of mixed murine spinal cord neuronal cultures.Phospholipid and phospholipid fatty acid composition of mixed murine spinal cord neuronal cultures.
The phospholipid and phospholipid fatty acid compositions of mixed murine spinal cord neuronal cultures are reported. The phospholipid composition was primarily comprised of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (44.8%) and choline glycerophospholipids (43.5%). Plasmalogens made up 29.1% of the ethanola...
Ventral Spinal Cord Herniation - The Spine Hospital at The Neurological Institute of New YorkVentral Spinal Cord Herniation - The Spine Hospital at The Neurological Institute of New York
The spinal cord is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (spinal fluid) throughout its course in the spinal canal. The spinal fluid serves as a buffer of fluid that surrounds the spinal cord providing protection and insulation from movements and trauma to the body. The spinal fluid is kept in place by two thin membranes- the arachnoid and dura. The arachnoid is a very thin see through membrane that is suspended in the spinal fluid while the dura is a slightly thicker and stronger membrane that surrounds the spinal fluid space.. A ventral spinal cord herniation may occur if a breach or weakness of the dura occurs. Spinal fluid can leak through this opening causing headaches as part of a condition called spontaneous intracranial hypotension. In rare circumstances, the spinal cord may be pushed forward and protrude through the breach in the dura to produce a ventral spinal cord herniation. This condition usually occurs in the thoracic spine and can cause numbness and weakness in the legs with walking ...
Brevet US7582680 - Methods and compositions for treating mammalian spinal cord injuries - Google BrevetsBrevet US7582680 - Methods and compositions for treating mammalian spinal cord injuries - Google Brevets
Methods of treating an injured vertebrate spinal cord are described. In one aspect of the invention, a method of treating an injured vertebrate spinal cord includes contacting the spinal cord with a biomembrane fusion agent such as a polyalkylene glycol, especially polyethylene glycol. In alternative embodiments of the invention, methods of treating an injured vertebrate spinal cord include contacting the cord with a biomembrane fusion agent and a potassium channel blocker. Other aspects of the invention include compositions for treating a vertebrate nervous system. A preferred composition includes a biomembrane fusion agent, such as a polyalkylene glycol, and a potassium channel blocker, such as an amino-substituted pyridine.
Draxin is involved in the proper development of the dI3 interneuron in chick spinal cord<...Draxin is involved in the proper development of the dI3 interneuron in chick spinal cord<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Draxin is involved in the proper development of the dI3 interneuron in chick spinal cord. AU - Su, Yuhong. AU - Zhang, Sanbing. AU - Islam, Shahidul M.. AU - Shinmyo, Yohei. AU - Bin Naser, Iftekhar. AU - Ahmed, Giasuddin. AU - Tanaka, Hideaki. PY - 2010/6. Y1 - 2010/6. N2 - Generation of the appropriate types, numbers and distribution of neurons during the development of the nervous system requires the careful coordination of proliferation, differentiation, and patterning. In this work, we analyzed the roles of a repulsive axon guidance protein, draxin, on the development of chick spinal cord dI3 interneuron. draxin mRNA and/or protein were detected in the roof plate at first and then the boundary region between the ventricular and the mantle zones in chick spinal cord and dorsal basement membrane of the chick spinal cord. Overexpression of draxin caused the decreased and delayed migration of the dI3 interneuron, the reduction of progenitor cell proliferation, and abnormal ...
Age, gender and normalization covariates for spinal cord gray matter and total cross-sectional areas at cervical and thoracic...Age, gender and normalization covariates for spinal cord gray matter and total cross-sectional areas at cervical and thoracic...
Author(s): Papinutto, Nico; Schlaeger, Regina; Panara, Valentina; Zhu, Alyssa H; Caverzasi, Eduardo; Stern, William A; Hauser, Stephen L; Henry, Roland G | Abstract: The source of inter-subject variability and the influence of age and gender on morphometric characteristics of the spinal cord, such as the total cross-sectional area (TCA), the gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) areas, currently remain under investigation. Understanding the effect of covariates such as age, gender, brain volumes, and skull- and vertebra-derived metrics on cervical and thoracic spinal cord TCA and GM areas in healthy subjects would be fundamental for exploring compartment specific changes in neurological diseases affecting the spinal cord. Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 3T we investigated 32 healthy subjects using a 2D phase sensitive inversion recovery sequence and we measured TCA, GM and WM areas at 4 cervical and thoracic levels of the spinal cord. We assessed age and gender relationships of cord measures and
PLOS ONE: Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells from the Adult Human Spinal Cord Are Multipotent and Self-Renewing and Differentiate...PLOS ONE: Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells from the Adult Human Spinal Cord Are Multipotent and Self-Renewing and Differentiate...
Neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) transplantation is a promising therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI). However, little is known about NSPC from the adult human spinal cord as a donor source. We demonstrate for the first time that multipotent and self-renewing NSPC can be cultured, passaged and transplanted from the adult human spinal cord of organ transplant donors. Adult human spinal cord NSPC require an adherent substrate for selection and expansion in EGF (epidermal growth factor) and FGF2 (fibroblast growth factor) enriched medium. NSPC as an adherent monolayer can be passaged for at least 9 months and form neurospheres when plated in suspension culture. In EGF/FGF2 culture, NSPC proliferate and primarily express nestin and Sox2, and low levels of markers for differentiating cells. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) promotes NSPC proliferation and significantly enhances GFAP expression in hypoxia. In differentiating conditions in the presence of serum, these NSPC show multipotentiality, expressing
Assessment of spinal cord pathology following trauma using early changesin the spinal cord evoked potentials: a pharmacological...Assessment of spinal cord pathology following trauma using early changesin the spinal cord evoked potentials: a pharmacological...
Assessment of spinal cord pathology following trauma using early changesin the spinal cord evoked potentials: a pharmacological and morphologicalstudy in the rat. ...
real-spinal-cord-anatomy | eDoctorOnline.comreal-spinal-cord-anatomy | eDoctorOnline.com
spinal cord anatomy, spinal cord, spinal cord anatomy, cauda equina, image, anatomy of spinal cord, spinal nerves, cauda equina anatomy, human spinal cord anatomy, sacral spinal cord, spinal cord nerves, Spinal Nerve Anatomy, spinal cord anatomy, spinal cord segments, conus medullaris, Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves, spinal cord, real spinal cord, thoracic spinal cord, human spinal cord, ...
Investigation of the ability of regenerating spinal cord fiber tracts to regain their normal pathways :: MUSC Theses and...Investigation of the ability of regenerating spinal cord fiber tracts to regain their normal pathways :: MUSC Theses and...
The ability of regenerating fiber tracts to maintain or regain their normal pathways following a spinal cord transection was investigated. Utilizing the Holmes silver technique, examination of ran- domly chosen transected spinal cords of goldfish verified that the transections were complete. Normal goldfish spinal cords were studied using two micra plastic cross sections and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled longitudinal sections. Descending and ascending tracts were identified by transecting the spinal cord and examining sections for degeneration. Following regeneration, two micra plastic cross sections stained with toluidine blue, and longitudinal and cross sections of HRP labeled regenerate goldfish spinal cords (labeling of either the entire spinal cord or a limited number of fibers) were examined. Regeneration of the fibers was found to be limited to 5 or 6 millimeters. With HRP labeling of the regenerated spinal cord either rostral or caudal to the original transection, labeled fibers ...
Expression of D-type cyclins in differentiating cells of the mouse spinal cordExpression of D-type cyclins in differentiating cells of the mouse spinal cord
In contrast to cyclin D1 and D2, the expression level of cyclin D3 was high in the hindbrain at the E15.5 stage (Figure 3I, arrowhead). Moreover, in the midbrain cyclin D3 was expressed in cells closer to the ventricle than those expressing cyclin D2 (Figure 3H, I, arrows).. Discussion. At the E10.5 stage, all three D-type cyclins were expressed in most of the spinal cord cells but cyclin D1 and D3 showed higher expression levels in the dorsal half of the spinal cord. Wianny et al. (1998) found that the dorso-ventral gradient of the cyclin D1 transcript also occurs in the spinal cord of 7-9 somite-stage embryos. However, in our study we found that at the E10.5 stage cyclin D2 was not missing from the floor plate and also that cyclin D3 was not expressed only ventrally, as was reported for the transcripts of the genes in 7-9 somite stage embryos by Wianny et al. (1998). This may have been due to altered expression patterns of these genes during the time course of spinal cord development and ...
Bcl11a is required for neuronal morphogenesis and sensory circuit formation in dorsal spinal cord development | DevelopmentBcl11a is required for neuronal morphogenesis and sensory circuit formation in dorsal spinal cord development | Development
Bcl11a is expressed in both presynaptic sensory neurons and postsynaptic spinal target neurons (Fig. 1). We next asked whether Bcl11a is required for correct wiring, and if so, on which site. Central axons of sensory neurons were labeled at E16.5 with DiI. In the superficial dorsal horns of Brn4-Cre;Bcl11a mutants, the density of DiI-positive fibers was greatly reduced and the remaining fibers appeared disorganized. Only a few axons crossing the midline or located in a dorsolateral region of the dorsal horn were detectable by DiI labeling in mutants (Fig. 5A,B). TrkA (Ntrk1 - Mouse Genome Informatics) -positive nociceptive fibers preferentially terminate in the superficial dorsal horn. Immunohistological analysis with antibodies against TrkA or aquaporin 1, a water channel protein that is expressed by small-diameter nociceptive fibers (Oshio et al., 2006), invariably revealed almost complete loss of such fibers in the dorsal horn of Brn4-Cre;Bcl11a mutants (Fig. 5C-F). Similar results were ...
Adenosine release from the spinal cord may mediate antinodideption by intracerebroventricular morphine | IslandScholarAdenosine release from the spinal cord may mediate antinodideption by intracerebroventricular morphine | IslandScholar
Sweeney-Nixon, M. I., White, T., & Sawynok, J. (1989). Adenosine release from the spinal cord may mediate antinodideption by intracerebroventricular morphine. Society For Neuroscience Abstracts, 15, 371 ...
Figure: To and From and Up and Down the Spinal Cord - Merck Manuals Consumer VersionFigure: To and From and Up and Down the Spinal Cord - Merck Manuals Consumer Version
Spinal nerves carry nerve impulses to and from the spinal cord through two nerve roots: Motor (anterior) root: Located toward the front, this root carries impulses from the spinal cord to muscles to stimulate muscle movement. Sensory (posterior) root: Located toward the back, this root carries sensory information about touch, position, pain, and temperature from the body to the spinal cord. In the center of the spinal cord, a butterfly-shaped area of gray matter helps relay impulses to and from spinal nerves. Its wings are called horns. Motor (anterior) horns: These horns contain nerve cells that carry signals from the brain or spinal cord through the motor root to muscles. Posterior (sensory) horns: These horns contain nerve cells that receive signals about pain, temperature, and other sensory information through the sensory root from nerve cells outside the spinal cord. Impulses travel up (to the brain) or down (from the brain) the spinal cord through distinct pathways (tracts). Each tract ...
New microdevice replicates embryonic spinal cord developmentNew microdevice replicates embryonic spinal cord development
Researchers at the University of Maine MicroInstruments and Systems Laboratory (MISL), in collaboration with The Jackson Laboratory, have developed a new microfluidic tool that reproduces in the laboratory the same physiochemical environment that instructs embryonic stem cells to develop into organized tissue.
Get PDF - Consequences of irradiation of the cervical spinal cord following radiotherapy of tumors in the cervical region. II....Get PDF - Consequences of irradiation of the cervical spinal cord following radiotherapy of tumors in the cervical region. II....
Zett, W.; Lehmann, W.; Neumeister, K., 1968: Consequences of irradiation of the cervical spinal cord following radiotherapy of tumors in the cervical region. II. Electromyographic studies
Spinal Cord Development: Interplay Between Electrical Activity and Sonic Hedgehog - UC DavisSpinal Cord Development: Interplay Between Electrical Activity and Sonic Hedgehog - UC Davis
DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Nervous system development encompasses generation of neural cells, followed by their positioning and differentiation to culminate with establishment of specific connections that enable the execution of innumerable functions. Although both the developing and mature nervous system exhibit tremendous plasticity, comparatively, the former has a greater capacity for remodeling. When the neural tissue is injured or its function is imbalanced, as for patients suffering from spinal cord injury or epilepsy, recreating the remarkable plasticity of the developing nervous system towards repairing and regenerating damaged cells and connections is the ultimate goal. Understanding developmental processes becomes crucial to devising therapies targeting nervous system regeneration and repair. Two major developmental cues are key for nervous system development, the morphogentic protein, Sonic hedgehog (Shh), and early electrical activity. Although many aspects of their action ...
NOS1APc associates with Hippo Signaling components and contributes to spinal cord developmentNOS1APc associates with Hippo Signaling components and contributes to spinal cord development
The nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP) is an adaptor protein implicated in a number of human conditions including schizophrenia, anxiety and cardiac QT syndrome. Previous studies have shown that NOS1AP and some of its isoforms associate with the tumor suppressor protein scribble. Since scribble has been linked to the Hippo pathway, I set out to determine if NOS1AP associates with the Hippo pathway and whether it controls aspects of neuronal development. Here I show that NOS1AP and NOS1APc interact with the transcriptional co-activator yes-associated protein (YAP), a component of the Hippo cascade. Further both NOS1APa and NOS1APc show partial co-distribute with YAP in HEK293Tcells, with NOS1APc having better co-distribution. In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry studies reveal that NOS1APc is expressed in the developing spinal cord. NOS1APc is expressed in the floor plate and roof plate and shows a similar profile to radial glial cells. In ovo electroporation of cDNA ...
Projects | Lev-Tov Laboratory of Spinal Cord Research | Department of Medical Neurobiology | The Hebrew University Medical...Projects | Lev-Tov Laboratory of Spinal Cord Research | Department of Medical Neurobiology | The Hebrew University Medical...
Afferent input has been shown to play a major role in our capacity to reactivate spinal circuits that generate coordinated rhythmic flexion and extension of the limb muscles in spinal cord injury patients. Our studies revealed that stimulation of sacrocaudal afferents (SCA) is a potent means for activating the locomotor central pattern generators (CPGs) in rodents spinal cords that lack the descending control from the brain. These studies showed that capacity of SCA to induce the locomotor rhythm depends on activation of sacrocaudal neurons the crossed and uncrossed projections of which, ascend through the ventral and lateral white matter funiculi (VF,VLF, LF, and DLF) to the limb innervating segments of the cord. The project examines the axonal projections, spatial distribution, organization and physiological properties of these sacrocaudal neurons and evaluates their role in the generation of afferent induced rhythmicity in the spinal cord. The studies are performed in collaboration with Dr. ...
Spinal Cord Level of InjurySpinal Cord Level of Injury
The spinal cord level of injury refers to the point where the spinal cord is injured and Marks a border between areas of the body that are affected and not affected by the spinal cord injury.
Changing pattern of expression of parvalbumin immunoreactivity during human fetal spinal cord development - ePrints - Newcastle...Changing pattern of expression of parvalbumin immunoreactivity during human fetal spinal cord development - ePrints - Newcastle...
Full text for this publication is not currently held within this repository. Alternative links are provided below where available. ...
Cocultures of rat sensorimotor cortex and spinal cord slices to investigate corticospinal tract sproutingCocultures of rat sensorimotor cortex and spinal cord slices to investigate corticospinal tract sprouting
STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study of corticospinal axonal sprouting in an organotypic slice culture model. OBJECTIVE: To develop an in vitro model that simplifies the study of various factors regulating neuronal regeneration. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Spinal cord injury leads to permanent neurologic damage, mainly due to the inability of the adult central nervous system to regenerate. Much attention has been focused on promoting axonal regeneration and sprouting, either by exogenous administration of various neurotrophic factors or by the antagonization of factors inhibiting regeneration. METHODS: An in vitro system that allows coculture of slices from rat sensorimotor cortex and spinal cord (p4) was established. Two groups of cultures were investigated: In the first group, intact spinal cord slices were cultured adjacent to sensorimotor cortex slices, while in the second group the spinal cord slices were sagittally cut into halves, with the sectioned interface placed directly adjacent to the ...
Human Spinal Cord Derived Neural Stem Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Full Text View ...Human Spinal Cord Derived Neural Stem Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Full Text View ...
These stem cells are called Human Spinal Stem Cells (HSSC) and have been engineered from the spinal cord of a single fetus electively aborted after 8 weeks of gestation. The tissue was obtained with the mothers consent. The cells will be transplanted into the ALS patients spinal cord after laminectomy, an operation that removes bone surrounding the spine. After the spinal cord is exposed, a device manufactured for this purpose will be mounted onto the patient and will hold a syringe filled with the cells. The syringe will have a needle attached and the needle will enter the spinal cord in specified areas. The device will minimize trauma to the spinal cord by the needle by making the puncture precise and steady and injecting the material at a slow and steady speed.. ALS is a universally fatal neurodegenerative condition that causes weakness leading to paralysis and death. Life expectancy is 2-5 years. The cause is unknown and there is no effective treatment. Previous research has shown that on ...
Human Spinal Cord Derived Neural Stem Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Full Text View ...Human Spinal Cord Derived Neural Stem Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Full Text View ...
These stem cells are called Human Spinal Stem Cells (HSSC) and have been engineered from the spinal cord of a single fetus electively aborted after 8 weeks of gestation. The tissue was obtained with the mothers consent. The cells will be transplanted into the ALS patients spinal cord after laminectomy, an operation that removes bone surrounding the spine. After the spinal cord is exposed, a device manufactured for this purpose will be mounted onto the patient and will hold a syringe filled with the cells. The syringe will have a needle attached and the needle will enter the spinal cord in specified areas. The device will minimize trauma to the spinal cord by the needle by making the puncture precise and steady and injecting the material at a slow and steady speed.. ALS is a universally fatal neurodegenerative condition that causes weakness leading to paralysis and death. Life expectancy is 2-5 years. The cause is unknown and there is no effective treatment. Previous research has shown that on ...
Spinal Cord Cross Section Tracts Cross Section Of Spinal Cord Stock Vector Image 41446425 - Anatomy Body ChartsSpinal Cord Cross Section Tracts Cross Section Of Spinal Cord Stock Vector Image 41446425 - Anatomy Body Charts
Spinal Cord Cross Section Tracts Cross Section Of Spinal Cord Stock Vector Image 41446425 photo, Spinal Cord Cross Section Tracts Cross Section Of Spinal Cord Stock Vector Image 41446425 image, Spinal Cord Cross Section Tracts Cross Section Of Spinal Cord Stock Vector Image 41446425 gallery
Synaptic corelease of ATP and GABA in cultured spinal neurons<...Synaptic corelease of ATP and GABA in cultured spinal neurons<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Synaptic corelease of ATP and GABA in cultured spinal neurons. AU - Jo, Young-Hwan. AU - Schlichter, Rémy. PY - 1999/3. Y1 - 1999/3. N2 - In the spinal dorsal horn (DH), transmission and modulation of peripheral nociceptive (pain-inducing) messages involve classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. We show that approximately half of DH neurons use ATP as a fast excitatory neurotransmitter acting at ionotropic P2X postsynaptic receptors. ATP was not codetected with glutamate but was coreleased with the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Moreover, adenosine, probably generated by extracellular metabolism of ATP, finely tuned GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Differential modulation of excitatory versus inhibitory components of this mixed cotransmission may help to explain changes in sensory message processing in the DH during mechanical hyperalgesia and neuropathic pain.. AB - In the spinal dorsal horn (DH), transmission and modulation of peripheral nociceptive ...
The current state-of-the-art of spinal cord imaging: Methods - Wellcome Centre for Integrative NeuroimagingThe current state-of-the-art of spinal cord imaging: Methods - Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging
A first-ever spinal cord imaging meeting was sponsored by the International Spinal Research Trust and the Wings for Life Foundation with the aim of identifying the current state-of-the-art of spinal cord imaging, the current greatest challenges, and greatest needs for future development. This meeting was attended by a small group of invited experts spanning all aspects of spinal cord imaging from basic research to clinical practice. The greatest current challenges for spinal cord imaging were identified as arising from the imaging environment itself; difficult imaging environment created by the bone surrounding the spinal canal, physiological motion of the cord and adjacent tissues, and small cross-sectional dimensions of the spinal cord, exacerbated by metallic implants often present in injured patients. Challenges were also identified as a result of a lack of critical mass of researchers taking on the development of spinal cord imaging, affecting both the rate of progress in the field, and the
MR imaging of compressive cervical myelopathy after surgery--high signal intensity of the spinal cord on T2 weighted images]. -...MR imaging of compressive cervical myelopathy after surgery--high signal intensity of the spinal cord on T2 weighted images]. -...
We reviewed the MR images of 32 patients with cervical myelopathy, showing lesions of high signal intensity in the spinal cord on the sagittal T2 weighted images (T2WI) after surgery: 16 with OPLL; 9 with spondylosis; 4 with disc herniation and 3 with trauma. All images were obtained on a superconducting 1.5 Tesla system. The lesions were classified into five groups, according to the shape and grade of signal intensity on the sagittal T2WI: (I) oval-shaped lesion of signal intensity less brighter than CSF with blurred margin, (II) longitudinal linear-shaped lesion of signal intensity similar to CSF, (III) spindle-shaped lesion of signal intensity similar to CSF, (IV) round-shaped lesion of signal intensity similar to CSF and (V) mixed-types lesions which consisted of group I and II. The present study was summarized as follows: 1) Oval-shaped lesions were seen in the cases of disc herniation and spondylosis with relatively short duration of the symptom, presumptively with relatively short duration of the
PPT - Spinal Cord Function After Injury PowerPoint Presentation - ID:6341268PPT - Spinal Cord Function After Injury PowerPoint Presentation - ID:6341268
Spinal Cord Function After Injury. spinal cord structure in relation to vertebrae types of lesions fibre tracts in spinal cord sensory loss motor loss reflexes and spinal shock neuropathic pain. Orientation of spinal cord and spinal roots with respect to vertebrae. Posterior. Slideshow 6341268 by oren-livingston
Spinal Cord Development: Interplay Between Electrical Activity and Sonic Hedgehog - Laura BorodinskySpinal Cord Development: Interplay Between Electrical Activity and Sonic Hedgehog - Laura Borodinsky
Nervous system development encompasses generation of neural cells, followed by their positioning and differentiation to culminate with establishment of specific...
ModelDB: Models that contain the Cell : Spinal cord motor neuron fast fatiguingModelDB: Models that contain the Cell : Spinal cord motor neuron fast fatiguing
A Web-based simulation system of the spinal cord circuitry responsible for muscle control is described. The simulator employs two-compartment motoneuron models for S, FR and FF types, with synaptic inputs acting through conductance variations. Four motoneuron pools with their associated interneurons are represented in the simulator, with the possibility of inclusion of more than 2,000 neurons and 2,000,000 synapses. ... Inputs to the motoneuron pool come from populations of interneurons (Ia reciprocal inhibitory interneurons, Ib interneurons, and Renshaw cells) and from stochastic point processes associated with descending tracts. ... The generation of the H-reflex by the Ia-motoneuron pool system and its modulation by spinal cord interneurons is included in the simulation system ...
Polycomb group proteins are essential for spinal cord developmentPolycomb group proteins are essential for spinal cord development
Birth defects are the leading cause of infantile mortality, followed by neural tube defects (NTD) and congenital heart defects. Spina bifida and anencephaly are among the most common forms of NTD. NTD etiologies are complex, and are associated with both genetic and environmental factors. Polycomb gr …
Receptor tyrosine phosphatase PTPγ is a regulator of spinal cord neurogenesis : WestminsterResearchReceptor tyrosine phosphatase PTPγ is a regulator of spinal cord neurogenesis : WestminsterResearch
During spinal cord development the proliferation, migration and survival of neural progenitors and precursors is tightly controlled, generating the fine spatial organisation of the cord. In order to understand better the control of these processes, we have examined the function of an orphan receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP) PTPγ, in the developing chick spinal cord. Widespread expression of PTPγ occurs post-embryonic day 3 in the early cord and is consistent with a potential role in either neurogenesis or neuronal maturation. Using gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches in ovo, we show that PTPγ perturbation significantly reduces progenitor proliferation rates and neuronal precursor numbers, resulting in hypoplasia of the neuroepithelium. PTPγ gain-of-function causes widespread suppression of Wnt/β-catenin-driven TCF signalling. One potential target of PTPγ may therefore be β-catenin itself, since PTPγ can dephosphorylate it in vitro, but alternative targets are also ...
Lumbar spinal cord | Article about Lumbar spinal cord by The Free DictionaryLumbar spinal cord | Article about Lumbar spinal cord by The Free Dictionary
Looking for Lumbar spinal cord? Find out information about Lumbar spinal cord. the part of the nervous system nervous system, network of specialized tissue that controls actions and reactions of the body and its adjustment to the... Explanation of Lumbar spinal cord
Lignocaine selectively reduces C fibre-evoked neuronal activity in rat spinal cord in vitro by decreasing N-methyl-D-aspartate...Lignocaine selectively reduces C fibre-evoked neuronal activity in rat spinal cord in vitro by decreasing N-methyl-D-aspartate...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Lignocaine selectively reduces C fibre-evoked neuronal activity in rat spinal cord in vitro by decreasing N-methyl-D-aspartate and neurokinin receptor-mediated post-synaptic depolarizations; implications for the development of novel centrally acting analgesics. AU - Nagy, I.. AU - Woolf, Clifford J.. PY - 1996/1. Y1 - 1996/1. N2 - The action of lignocaine on nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord has been studied in vitro using ventral root potential (VRP) recordings from 10-12-day-old rat hemisected spinal cord preparations. Single-shock stimulation of a dorsal root at intensities sufficient to activate high-threshold C-primary afferent fibres elicited VRPs lasting for 15-20 sec in the corresponding ventral root. The VRP consisted of 3 distinct parts: the early, slow and prolonged components, as previously described (Thompson et al. 1992), where the early represents Aβfibre-evoked mono- and polysynaptic responses lasting for tens of milliseconds, the slow is a largely ...
Synapse Formation in the Zebrafish Spinal CordSynapse Formation in the Zebrafish Spinal Cord
This dissertation describes research to elucidate the early steps in the process of synapse formation in the zebrafish spinal cord. One question is how presynaptic proteins are trafficked and recruited to nascent synapses. Previous work has suggested two possible models of presynaptic transport, either (1) most presynaptic proteins are transported together or (2) two types of transport packets, synaptic vesicle (SV) protein transport vesicles (STVs) and Piccolo-containing active zone precursor transport vesicles (PTVs), transport the necessary components separately. We tested these models using in vivo imaging in zebrafish spinal cord and found that the recruitment of at least three distinct transport packets during presynaptic assembly of a glutamatergic synapse occurs in an ordered sequence. First, STVs are stabilized at future synaptic sites, then PTVs, followed by a third transport packet type carrying Synapsin, a cytosolic protein that can tether SVs to actin. These results identify an ...
Spinal Cord Axon Injury Location Determines Neurons Regenerative Fate - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.comSpinal Cord Axon Injury Location Determines Neuron's Regenerative Fate - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.com
Researchers at University of California, San Diego School of Medicine report a previously unappreciated phenomenon in which the location of injury to a neurons communication wire in the spinal cord - the axon - determines whether the neuron simply stabilizes or attempts to regenerate. The study, published April 30 by Neuron, demonstrates how advances in live-imaging techniques are revealing new insights into the bodys ability to respond to spinal cord injuries.. While the body of a neuron is small, its axon can extend far up or down the spinal cord, which is about one and half feet long in humans. Along that distance, the axon branches out to make hundreds of connections with other cells, sending out signals that allow us to sense and respond to the world around us. Unless something happens to disrupt the axons reach, that is. Adult human axons in the brain and spinal cord are very limited in their ability to regenerate after injury - a hurdle that many researchers are trying to overcome in ...
Ischemic Tolerance of the Brain and Spinal Cord: A Review. | Physicians Weekly for Medical News, Journals & ArticlesIschemic Tolerance of the Brain and Spinal Cord: A Review. | Physician's Weekly for Medical News, Journals & Articles
Ischemic tolerance is an endogenous neuroprotective phenomenon induced by sublethal ischemia. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), the first discovered form of ischemic tolerance, is widely seen in many species and in various organs including the brain and the spinal cord. Ischemic tolerance of the spinal cord is less familiar among neurosurgeons, although it has been reported from the viewpoint of preventing ischemic spinal cord injury during aortic surgery. It is important for neurosurgeons to have opportunities to see patients with spinal cord ischemia, and to understand ischemic tolerance of the spinal cord as well as the brain. IPC has a strong neuroprotective effect in animal models of ischemia; however, clinical application of IPC for ischemic brain and spinal diseases is difficult because they cannot be predicted. In addition, one drawback of preconditioning stimuli is that they are also capable of producing injury with only minor changes to their intensity or duration. Numerous methods to ...
CellNEWS: Stem Cells Repair Damaged Spinal Cord TissueCellNEWS: Stem Cells Repair Damaged Spinal Cord Tissue
A joint study by Professor Jonas Friséns research group at Karolinska Institute and their colleagues from France and Japan, and published in Cell Stem Cell, shows how stem cells and several other cell types contribute to the formation of new spinal cord cells in mice and how this changes dramatically after trauma. The research group has identified a type of stem cell, called an ependymal cell, in the spinal cord. They show that these cells are inactive in the healthy spinal cord, and that the cell formation that takes place does so mainly through the division of more mature cells. When the spinal cord is injured, however, these stem cells are activated to become the dominant source of new cells ...
From Embryonic Stem Cells to Spinal Motor Neurons: Modeling Neural Development in a Petri Dish | NYU Tandon School of...From Embryonic Stem Cells to Spinal Motor Neurons: Modeling Neural Development in a Petri Dish | NYU Tandon School of...
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are a unique system to model mammalian embryonic development in an accessible in vitro setting. The ability of ES cells to generate any cell type found in our organism can be harnessed to study how cellular diversity is established during development. We demonstrate this by recapitulating key aspects of neural tube patterning and spinal cord development in differentiating ES cells, leading to efficient production of spinal motor neurons in vitro. Access to a virtually unlimited supply of spinal motor neurons creates a unique opportunity to decipher molecular processes governing the conversion of a pluripotent stem cell to a committed and differentiated cell type at global and comprehensive level. Currently we examine how differentiating cells integrate patterning signals and translate them into lasting changes in chromatin architecture and in patterns of gene expression. We believe that the studies will not only elucidate the complex, yet highly reproducible processes ...
Animal organs. Nervous system. Spinal cord. Atlas of plant and animal histologyAnimal organs. Nervous system. Spinal cord. Atlas of plant and animal histology
The axons of motoneurons, neurons that make synaptic contacts with muscle cells, and the axons of the neurons that send sensory information to the central nervous system, leave or enter the spinal cord, respectively, as bundles known as nerve roots. There are two types of nerve roots: ventral roots, which leave the spinal cord ventrally and carry motor information to muscle cells, and dorsal roots, which enter the spinal cord dorsally, and carry sensory information from most parts of the body. Furthermore, some axons from sympathetic preganglionar neurons (thoracic and lumbar levels: T1 to L3) or from parasympathetic neurons (sacral level: S2-S4), belonging to the autonomous nervous system, also travel through the ventral nerve roots. Both ventral and dorsal roots are distributed at more or less regular intervals along the spinal cord. They are sorted in couples, that is, two ventral roots and two dorsal roots are located at the same level of the spinal cord (one ventral root and one dorsal ...
Secretagogin is expressed in sensory CGRP neurons and in spinal cord of mouse and complements other calcium-binding proteins,...Secretagogin is expressed in sensory CGRP neurons and in spinal cord of mouse and complements other calcium-binding proteins,...
Background: Secretagogin (Scgn), a member of the EF-hand calcium-binding protein (CaBP) superfamily, has recently been found in subsets of developing and adult neurons. Here, we have analyzed the expression of Scgn in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and trigeminal ganglia (TGs), and in spinal cord of mouse at the mRNA and protein levels, and in comparison to the well-known CaBPs, calbindin D-28k, parvalbumin and calretinin. Rat DRGs, TGs and spinal cord, as well as human DRGs and spinal cord were used to reveal phylogenetic variations. Results: We found Scgn mRNA expressed in mouse and human DRGs and in mouse ventral spinal cord. Our immunohistochemical data showed a complementary distribution of Scgn and the three CaBPs in mouse DRG neurons and spinal cord. Scgn was expressed in similar to 7% of all mouse DRG neuron profiles, mainly small ones and almost exclusively co-localized with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). This co-localization was also seen in human, but not in rat DRGs. Scgn could ...
Spinal Cord Neurology | The Hospital Neurology Book | AccessNeurology | McGraw-Hill MedicalSpinal Cord Neurology | The Hospital Neurology Book | AccessNeurology | McGraw-Hill Medical
The spinal cord is segmentally organized. These segments correspond embryologically to the nerve supply of somites, which give rise to the musculature. There are 31 spinal cord segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each segment corresponds to a spinal nerve. These nerves are named after the segment from which they originate. C1-7 exist in the spinal canal above their corresponding vertebrae and the rest exist below their vertebrae. The spinal cord ends at the level L1, so that with more caudal segments the distance between the spinal segment and the point of exit of the spinal nerve from the vertebral column increases. In the lumbar vertebral column, the spinal roots have to travel a distance to reach their point of exit. The mass of stringy roots travelling in the lower vertebral column resemble a horses tail or cauda equina. ...
MRI monitoring of spinal cord changes | LiveWiseMSMRI monitoring of spinal cord changes | LiveWiseMS
REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING Papers of particular interest, published within the annual period of review, have been highlighted as: & of special interest && of outstanding interest 1. Lycklama G, Thompson A, Filippi M, et al. Spinal-cord MRI in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2003; 2:555-562. 2. Stankiewicz JM, Neema M, Alsop DC, et al. Spinal cord lesions and clinical status in multiple sclerosis: a 1.5 T and 3 T MRI study. J Neurol Sci 2009; 279:99-105. 3. Philpott C, Brotchie P. Comparison of MRI sequences for evaluation of multiple sclerosis of the cervical spinal cord at 3 T. Eur J Radiol 2011; 80:780-785. 4. Bot JC, Barkhof F, Lycklama a` Nijeholt GJ, et al. Comparison of a conventional cardiac-triggered dual spin-echo and a fast STIR sequence in detection of spinal cord lesions in multiple sclerosis. Eur Radiol 2000; 10:753-758. 5. Riederer I, Karampinos DC, Settles M, et al. Double inversion recovery sequence of the cervical spinal cord in multiple sclerosis and related ...
Spinal Implants and Spinal Surgical Devices Market Size, Share, Growth & Forecast to 2020-2030 : Key Players Medtronic,...Spinal Implants and Spinal Surgical Devices Market Size, Share, Growth & Forecast to 2020-2030 : Key Players Medtronic,...
Medtronic, plc, K2M Group Holdings, Inc., Orthofix International N.V., DePuy Synthes, NuVasive, Inc., RTI Surgical, Inc., Globus Medical, Inc., Zimmer Biomet Holdings, Inc., Stryker Corporation, and Alphatec Holdings, Inc., among others.A spinal cord stimulator is used to send electric shock to heal back pain. The rods are the threaded, rounded or smooth devices that limit the movement of specific section to improve the spinal cord. The spinal surgical devices are the tools used for treating the spinal injuries. They help improve the body restructure or realign the spinal cord for normal movements. The major devices used for spinal surgery are fracture repair devices, non-fusion devices, arthroplasty devices. Other procedures for improving the spinal deformities include spinal fusion and spinal decompression.Key Findings In Spinal Implants and Spinal Surgical Devices Market Report:-To break down and inspect the worldwide Spinal Implants and Spinal Surgical Devices status and future figure including,
Immune Cells in Spinal Cord Cause Neuropathic PainImmune Cells in Spinal Cord Cause Neuropathic Pain
Nearly one-fifth of us will experience neuropathic pain during our lifetimes, with exaggerated pain sensations or pain in response to a stimulus that is not normally painful, such as a light touch. Now, researchers report that overly active immune cells in the spinal cord may be to blame.. Yves De Koninck at Laval University and Michael Salter at The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto and colleagues have linked two earlier observations together to map of at least one route to neuropathic pain. The new data may suggest novel ways to treat the problem.. Normal pain is triggered by a stimulus somewhere in the body. The signal then passes through the spinal cord, where initial processing occurs, and travels to the brain, where it is perceived as pain. Any disruption along the way can lead to neuropathic pain, including abnormal processing of information from nonpainful stimuli.. In 2003, De Konincks team identified a key mechanism in the spinal cord that leads to neuropathic pain. In healthy ...
spinal cord nervous system spinal neurons - Human Anatomy Chartspinal cord nervous system spinal neurons - Human Anatomy Chart
spinal cord nervous system spinal neurons photo, spinal cord nervous system spinal neurons image, spinal cord nervous system spinal neurons gallery
Intrinsically organized resting state networks in the human spinal cord. - Wellcome Centre for Integrative NeuroimagingIntrinsically organized resting state networks in the human spinal cord. - Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging
Spontaneous fluctuations in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals of the brain have repeatedly been observed when no task or external stimulation is present. These fluctuations likely reflect baseline neuronal activity of the brain and correspond to functionally relevant resting-state networks (RSN). It is not known however, whether intrinsically organized and spatially circumscribed RSNs also exist in the spinal cord, the brains principal sensorimotor interface with the body. Here, we use recent advances in spinal fMRI methodology and independent component analysis to answer this question in healthy human volunteers. We identified spatially distinct RSNs in the human spinal cord that were clearly separated into dorsal and ventral components, mirroring the functional neuroanatomy of the spinal cord and likely reflecting sensory and motor processing. Interestingly, dorsal (sensory) RSNs were separated into right and left components, presumably related to ongoing hemibody processing of
Numbers of axons in lateral and ventral funiculi of rat sacral spinal cord<...Numbers of axons in lateral and ventral funiculi of rat sacral spinal cord<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Numbers of axons in lateral and ventral funiculi of rat sacral spinal cord. AU - Chung, K.. AU - Coggeshall, R. E.. PY - 1983. Y1 - 1983. N2 - The present study determines the numbers of myelinated and unmyelinated axons in the ventral and lateral funiculi of rat sacral spinal cord. On average, there are 55,000 myelinated and 110,000 unmyelinated axons in the lateral funiculus and 26,000 myelinated and 9,000 unmyelinated axons in the ventral funiculus at these levels. These figures combined with data from earlier studies of the posterior funiculus and the tract of Lissauer give approximate figures of 88,500 myelinated and 131,500 unmyelinated axons for the entire white matter of one side of the rat sacral spinal cord. Thus unmyelinated axons predominate in the white matter of the rat sacral spinal cord. The majority of axons, particularly the unmyelinated axons, are located in the lateral funiculus. The axons are concentrated in the dorsolateral part of the lateral funiculus, and ...
Effect of aminophylline and isoproterenol on spinal cord blood flow after impact injury<...Effect of aminophylline and isoproterenol on spinal cord blood flow after impact injury<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Effect of aminophylline and isoproterenol on spinal cord blood flow after impact injury. AU - Dow-Edwards, D.. AU - DeCrescito, V.. AU - Tomasula, J. J.. AU - Flamm, Eugene S.. PY - 1980. Y1 - 1980. N2 - A study of the effects of spinal cord injury upon spinal cord blood flow was carried out in cats. A 400 g-cm impact produced an overall reduction in spinal cord blood flow of 24% in the white matter and 30% in the gray matter, as determined by 14C-antipyrine autoradiography. At the level of the injury, white-matter flow was 8.1 ml/100 g/min, g/min, a reduction of 49%, and in the gray matter, 12.5 ml/100 g/min, a reduction of 76%. Treatment with aminophylline and isoproterenol improved the overall blood flow in the spinal cord. At the level of the injury, white-matter flow after this treatment was no longer significantly different from control values. The gray-matter flow remained decreased to 26.2 ml/100 g/min, a reduction of only 47%. It is proposed that aminophylline and ...
Abstract TP157: Rates of Spinal Cord Infarction After Repair of Aortic Aneurysm or Dissection | StrokeAbstract TP157: Rates of Spinal Cord Infarction After Repair of Aortic Aneurysm or Dissection | Stroke
Introduction: The rate of spinal cord infarction associated with repair of an aortic aneurysm or dissection is uncertain.. Methods: We identified all adult patients discharged from nonfederal acute care hospitals in California, New York, and Florida who underwent surgical or endovascular repair of a thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysm or dissection between 2005 and 2013. Our outcome was a spinal cord infarction (ICD9-CM codes: 336.1 or 344.1-5) occurring during the index hospitalization for aortic repair. Patients with a spinal cord infarction prior to the hospitalization for aortic repair were excluded. Descriptive statistics with exact confidence intervals (CIs) were used to report crude rates of spinal cord infarction in patients with repair of ruptured aortic aneurysm or dissection and in patients with repair of unruptured aneurysm. In a secondary analysis, we evaluated the rate of spinal cord infarction in these groups by treatment approach - surgical versus endovascular.. Results: We ...
Spinal cord statisticsSpinal cord statistics
For Statistics: For Business: TDD:. Mar 05, · Key Statistics for Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors The American Cancer Society s estimates for brain and spinal cord tumors in the United States for include both adults and children. About 23, 820 malignant tumors of the brain or spinal cord ( 13, 410 in males and 10, 410 in. 7 percent of spinal cord injury survivors are married, and the rate of marriage increases as spinal cord injury survivors age, suggesting that a spinal cord injury doesn t have to mean a life free of romantic relationships. And the higher the injury occurs in the spinal cord, the more severe the damage. Spinal Cord Injury Statistics Every year thousands of Americans experience a spinal cord injury. Does recovery occur after spinal cord injury? Annual incidence of spinal cord injury ( SCI) is approximately 54 cases per million population in the U. New SCI cases do not include those who die at the. New SCI cases do not include those who die at the scene of the accident ...
Pathological changes of distal motor neurons after complete spinal cord injury | Molecular Brain | Full TextPathological changes of distal motor neurons after complete spinal cord injury | Molecular Brain | Full Text
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) causes serious disruption of neuronal circuits that leads to motor functional deficits. Regeneration of disrupted circuits back to their original target is necessary for the restoration of function after SCI, but the pathophysiological condition of the caudal spinal cord has not been sufficiently studied. Here we investigated the histological and biological changes in the distal part of the injured spinal cord, using a mice model of complete thoracic SCI in the chronic stage (3 months after injury). Atrophic changes were widely observed in the injured spinal cord both rostral and caudal to the lesion, but the decrease in area was mainly in the white matter in the rostral spinal cord while both the white and gray matter decreased in the caudal spinal cord. The number of the motor neurons was maintained in the chronic phase of injury, but the number of presynaptic boutons decreased in the lumbar motor neurons caudal to the lesion. Using laser microdissection, to
Neurologic Tumors - Spinal Cord - DR. JULIUS LIPTAKNeurologic Tumors - Spinal Cord - DR. JULIUS LIPTAK
BACKGROUND. Spinal cord tumors are rare in cats and dogs. The most common spinal cord tumors are lymphoma in cats and meningioma in dogs. The majority of cats with spinal lymphoma are FeLV positive. Other spinal cord tumors include intradural-extramedullary spinal cord tumor of young dogs (also known as nephroblastoma and ependymoma) and glial tumors such as astrocytomas, oligodendroglioma, and choroid plexus tumors. The spinal cord can also be affected by extension of peripheral nerve tumors into the spinal canal. Spinal cord tumors cause neurologic dysfunction with clinical signs being dependent on their location along the spinal cord. Metastasis is rare.. DIAGNOSIS. Survey and contrast radiographs (myelogram) are important to rule out other causes of neurologic disease, such as intervertebral disk disease and vertebral tumors. The contrast pattern on the myelogram is used to classify spinal cord tumors as extradural, intradural-extramedullary, or intramedullary. Meningiomas and peripheral ...
Spinal Cord Injury Facts - causes, costs, life expectancy......Spinal Cord Injury Facts - causes, costs, life expectancy......
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that results in a loss of function such as mobility or feeling. Frequent causes of damage are trauma (car accident, gunshot, sports accidents, falls, etc.) or disease (polio, spina bifida, spinal tumours, etc.). The spinal cord does not have to be severed in order for a loss of functioning to occur. In fact, in most people with SCI, the spinal cord is intact, but the damage to it results in loss of functioning. SCI is very different from other back injuries such as ruptured disks, or pinched nerves.. A person can "break their back or neck" yet not sustain a spinal cord injury if only the bones around the spinal cord (the vertebrae) are damaged, but the spinal cord is not affected. In these situations, the individual may not experience paralysis after the bones are stabilized.. What is the spinal cord and the vertebra? The spinal cord is about 18 inches long and extends from the base of the brain, down the middle of the back, to about the ...
Lumbar spinal cord | definition of Lumbar spinal cord by Medical dictionaryLumbar spinal cord | definition of Lumbar spinal cord by Medical dictionary
Looking for online definition of Lumbar spinal cord in the Medical Dictionary? Lumbar spinal cord explanation free. What is Lumbar spinal cord? Meaning of Lumbar spinal cord medical term. What does Lumbar spinal cord mean?
K-252a and staurosporine promote choline acetyltransferase activity in rat spinal cord cultures. - Science ExchangeK-252a and staurosporine promote choline acetyltransferase activity in rat spinal cord cultures. - Science Exchange
The protein kinase inhibitor K-252a increased choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in rat embryonic spinal cord cultures in a dose-dependent manner (EC50 of approximately 100 nM) with maximal stimulatory activity at 300 nM resulting in as much as a fourfold increase. A single application of K-252a completely prevented the marked decline in ChAT activity occurring over a 5-day period following culture initiation. Of 11 kinase inhibitors, only the structurally related inhibitor staurosporine also increased ChAT activity (EC50 of approximately 0.5 nM). Effective concentrations of K-252a were not cytotoxic or mitogenic and did not alter the total protein content of treated cultures. Insulin-like growth factor I, basic fibroblast growth factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and leukemia inhibitory factor yielded dose-dependent increases in ChAT activity in spinal cord cultures. The combination of K-252a with insulin-like growth factor-I or basic fibroblast growth factor increased ChAT activity up ...
The neuroprotective effects of fibronectin mats and fibronectin peptides following spinal cord injury in the rat - Open...The neuroprotective effects of fibronectin mats and fibronectin peptides following spinal cord injury in the rat - Open...
We have shown previously that mats made from the glycoprotein fibronectin are permissive for axonal growth when implanted into the injured spinal cord. Recent evidence has indicated that fibronectin and its peptides also have neuroprotective effects in the CNS. We have therefore examined the neuroprotective effects of fibronectin applied to a spinal cord injury site. Adult rats with fibronectin mats implanted into a spinal cord lesion cavity had decreased apoptosis in the intact adjoining spinal cord tissue at 1 and 3 days post-injury compared to rats that had gelfoam implanted into the lesion cavity. Rats with fibronectin mat implants also showed enhanced hindlimb locomotor performance for the first 3 weeks post-surgery compared to control animals. To further examine the neuroprotective potential of fibronectin following spinal cord injury, we examined the effects of placing fibronectin mats over the site of a spinal cord hemisection or of delivering a solution derived from a dissolved ...
Spinal Cord Injuries | Donahue LawSpinal Cord Injuries | Donahue Law
When the Good Lord made the human being, He gave us a very important piece of equipment- the spinal cord. It is an incredibly intricate, detailed and multi-facted part of our body.. Damage to the spinal cord can be a very big deal, that can have life-long ramifications.. I can help if your spinal cord has been injured as the result of anothers carelessness.. Spinal cord injuries occur when the spine (or rather, the discs and nerve tissues within the spine) become damaged, usually due to excessive force or some type of trauma. A large majority of spinal cord injuries occur as the result of some type of accident, such as auto accidents, motorcycle accidents, truck accidents, pedestrian accidents, bicycle accidents, slip and falls (due to dangerous property conditions), and more.. If you were injured or involved in an accident, and as a result have sustained a spinal cord injury, its to your advantage to speak with a skilled injury attorney right away. Spinal cord injuries can result in a number ...
Cervical myelopathy / spinal cord damage publications - Karinas instabile Halswirbelsäule und Ehlers-Danlos-SyndromCervical myelopathy / spinal cord damage publications - Karina's instabile Halswirbelsäule und Ehlers-Danlos-Syndrom
Cervical myelopathy. Dvorak J, Sutter M, Herdmann J. Cervical myelopathy: clinical and neurophysiological evaluation. European Spine Journal. 2003 Oct 1;12(2):S181-7.. AYDEMIR, S., et al. The effect of melatonin on spinal cord after ischemia in rats. Spinal cord, 2015.. FATIMA, G.; SHARMA, V. P.; VERMA, N. S. Circadian variations in melatonin and cortisol in patients with cervical spinal cord injury. Spinal cord, 2015.. DURGA, Padmaja, et al. Neurological deterioration during intubation in cervical spine disorders. Indian journal of anaesthesia, 2014, 58. Jg., Nr. 6, S. 684.. ALSHAREEF, Mohammed, et al. Effect of Spinal Cord Compression on Local Vascular Blood Flow and Perfusion Capacity. PloS one, 2014, 9. Jg., Nr. 9, S. e108820.. LAGINHA, Inês, et al. Natural Killer (NK) Cell Functionality after human Spinal Cord Injury (SCI): protocol of a prospective, longitudinal study. BMC neurology, 2016, 16. Jg., Nr. 1, S. 170.. ...
Recovering from Spinal Cord Injury: Treatment Stages - Burke Rehabilitation HospitalRecovering from Spinal Cord Injury: Treatment Stages - Burke Rehabilitation Hospital
Director, Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Program. People often ask me when or if there will ever be a cure for spinal cord injury. Although there are many differing opinions about this, I am confident there will be a cure in my lifetime. In the meantime, anyone with a spinal cord injury should have a long-term plan for their treatment and care.. The number of spinal cord injuries per year has remained fairly stable over the last two decades, with nearly 12,000 occurring each year mostly from sports injuries, car accidents and other forms of traumatic injury. Currently in the United States there are approximately 200,000 people are living with spinal cord injuries or spinal dysfunction. With todays advanced medical treatments, more spinal cord injury patients survive the trauma compared to just a few decades ago. This positive shift in mortality rate underlines the great importance of initial acute treatment and follow up rehabilitation.. Treatment for spinal cord injuries can be divided into ...
Terminations of reticulospinal fibers originating from the gigantocellular reticular formation in the mouse spinal cord.Terminations of reticulospinal fibers originating from the gigantocellular reticular formation in the mouse spinal cord.
The present study investigated the projections of the gigantocellular reticular nucleus (Gi) and its neighbors-the dorsal paragigantocellular reticular nucleus (DPGi), the alpha/ventral part of the gigantocellular reticular nucleus (GiA/V), and the lateral paragigantocellular reticular nucleus (LPGi)-to the mouse spinal cord by injecting the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the Gi, DPGi, GiA/GiV, and LPGi. The Gi projected to the entire spinal cord bilaterally with an ipsilateral predominance. Its fibers traveled in both the ventral and lateral funiculi with a greater presence in the ventral funiculus. As the fibers descended in the spinal cord, their density in the lateral funiculus increased. The terminals were present mainly in laminae 7-10 with a dorsolateral expansion caudally. In the lumbar and sacral cord, a considerable number of terminals were also present in laminae 5 and 6. Contralateral fibers shared a similar pattern to their ipsilateral counterparts and some ...
Spinal Cord StimulationSpinal Cord Stimulation
The results of spinal cord stimulation depend on the severity of your condition, your level of health, physical activity, among other factors. SCS does not intend to cure the condition leading to pain, rather it leads to successful pain management and successful outcomes are generally considered to be a reduction of pain by at least half. As this is a non-invasive procedure, there are no risks or general complications. SCS may be used in conjunction with medications as prescribed by Dr. Ali.. Common conditions that have been treated with spinal cord stimulation include, Sciatica or chronic leg or arm pain, spinal cord injuries, inflammation of the spinal nerves, pain from failed back surgeries, and others.. If you would like to schedule a consultation or find out more about spinal cord stimulation, please feel free to reach out to us and we will be more than happy to assist you.. ...
Spinal cord tumors, Information about Spinal cord tumorsSpinal cord tumors, Information about Spinal cord tumors
If the tumor is malignant and has spread into the spine from other parts of the body, treatment depends on the type of cancer it is. Surgery is usually the first step in treating cancerous and noncancerous tumors outside the spinalcord. Tumors inside the spinal cord may not be able to be completely removedwith surgery. If they cant be removed, radiation and chemotherapy treatments may ease symptoms. Treatment also may include pain relievers and drugs to lessen swelling around the tumor, and relieve pressure on the spinal cord.. Early diagnosis and treatment can produce a higher success rate. Long-term survival depends on the tumors type, location, and size. Surgery to remove thebone around the spinal cord can ease pressure on the spinal nerves and nervepathways, which will usually ease pain and other symptoms; however, it may make walking more difficult. Physical therapy and rehabilitation may help.. Since spinal cord tumors usually are caused by spread of cancer that has first appeared ...
Health conditions in people with spinal cord injury: Contemporary evidence from a population-based community survey in...Health conditions in people with spinal cord injury: Contemporary evidence from a population-based community survey in...
Health conditions in people with spinal cord injury are major determinants for disability, reduced well-being, and mortality. However, population-based evidence on the prevalence and treatment of health conditions in people with spinal cord injury is scarce.; To investigate health conditions in Swiss residents with spinal cord injury, specifically to analyse their prevalence, severity, co-occurrence, and treatment.; Cross-sectional data (n = 1,549) from the community survey of the Swiss Spinal Cord Injury (SwiSCI) cohort study, including Swiss residents with spinal cord injury aged over 16 years, were analysed. Nineteen health conditions and their self-reported treatment were assessed with the spinal cord injury Secondary Conditions Scale and the Self-Administered Comorbidity Questionnaire. Prevalence and severity were compared across demographics and spinal cord injury characteristics. Co-occurrence of health conditions was examined using a binary non-metric dissimilarity measure and ...
spinal cord injuries - Symptoms, Treatments and Resources for spinal cord injuriesspinal cord injuries - Symptoms, Treatments and Resources for spinal cord injuries
spinal cord injuries - MedHelps spinal cord injuries Center for Information, Symptoms, Resources, Treatments and Tools for spinal cord injuries. Find spinal cord injuries information, treatments for spinal cord injuries and spinal cord injuries symptoms.
Spinal Cord Stimulation - Advanced Spine & Pain CenterSpinal Cord Stimulation - Advanced Spine & Pain Center
OVERVIEW. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a pain-relief technique that delivers a low-voltage electrical current continuously to the spinal cord to block the sensation of pain. SCS is the most commonly used implantable neurostimulator treatment for the management of chronic pain of the trunk and limbs (back, legs and arms).. WHAT IS CHRONIC PAIN?. Chronic pain is long standing pain that persists beyond the usual recovery period or that accompanies a chronic health condition. Because this pain is not protective and is not a result of an ongoing injury, it is referred to as "pathological" and is therefore treated as a condition, not as a symptom. Chronic pain may prevent people from working, eating properly, participating in physical activity or enjoying Life.. WHAT IS A SPINAL CORD STIMULATOR?. A Spinal Cord Stimulator (SCS) is a device surgically placed under the skin that sends mild electric current to the spinal cord. A small wire carries the current from a pulse generator to the ...
Facts associated with an incomplete spinal cord injury - Donahey Law FirmFacts associated with an incomplete spinal cord injury - Donahey Law Firm
Any type of spinal cord injury is one that can alter your life in many ways. For this reason, its important to do two things:. - Pay close attention to the health of your spinal cord.. - Receive immediate medical treatment if your spinal cord is injured in any way.. With an incomplete spinal cord injury, its difficult to know what the future will bring. However, there are several things you should know about this:. - Spinal cord injuries that do not cause complete paralysis are those with which there is a greater chance of additional recovery in the future.. - When a person still has sensation in the lower part of his or her body, there is a chance that he or she could experience some muscle recovery.. - The sooner muscles begin to work after an incomplete spinal cord injury, the better chance there is that the person will experience additional recovery, especially as it pertains to walking.. While these are some of the most important facts associated with an incomplete spinal cord injury, ...
What Everyone Needs to Know About Spinal Cord Injury - Burke Rehabilitation HospitalWhat Everyone Needs to Know About Spinal Cord Injury - Burke Rehabilitation Hospital
Graphic by Frank Jackson III/MEDILL based on data from The Chris and Dana Reeve Foundation, courtesy of the Medill School of Northwestern University. Click on image for larger version.. Direct injury, such as cuts, can occur to the spinal cord from broken vertebrae or foreign fragments entering the spinal cord or surrounding area. Direct damage can also occur if the spinal cord is pulled, pressed sideways or compressed. This may occur if the head, neck or back are pushed back or twisted abnormally during an accident. Bleeding, fluid buildup and swelling can also occur inside or outside the spinal cord. The swelling and buildup of blood or fluid can press on the spinal cord and also damage it.. Spinal cord injury happens to all age groups. Data from the 1970s showed young men from 16 to 30 years old had the highest incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury. The latest data from 2005 shows that the average age at injury is 41 years old. An increase in trauma to middle-aged as well as to the ...
Spinal cord injury, Australia 2004-05, Table of contents - Australian Institute of Health and WelfareSpinal cord injury, Australia 2004-05, Table of contents - Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
Severe spinal cord injury is a very debilitating injury. This report presents information from the Australian Spinal Cord Injury Register on 381 cases from trauma and disease in 2004-05. During the year, 280 new cases of spinal cord injury from traumatic causes were registered in Australia, an age-adjusted incidence rate of 15.4 cases per million population. The most common clinical outcome of spinal cord injury was incomplete tetraplegia. Falling was the most common type of event leading to traumatic spinal cord injury at older ages. The Australian Spinal Cord Injury Register is a collaborative activity of the AIHW National Injury Surveillance Unit and all of the specialist spinal units in Australia.. ...
A culture model for neurite regeneration of human spinal cord neurons. - Department of OncologyA culture model for neurite regeneration of human spinal cord neurons. - Department of Oncology
Effective therapeutic interventions for injuries of the central nervous system such as spinal cord injury are still unavailable, having a great impact on the quality of life of victims and their families, as well as high costs in medical care. Animal models of spinal cord injury are costly, time-consuming and labor-intensive, making them unsuitable for screening large numbers of experimental conditions. Thus, culture models that recapitulate key aspects of neuronal changes in central nervous system injuries are needed to gain further understanding of the pathological and regenerative mechanisms involved, as well as to accelerate the screening of potential therapeutic agents. In this study we differentiated adherent cultures of dissociated human fetal spinal cord neural precursors into postmitotic neurons which we could then detach from culture plates and successfully freeze down in a viable state. When replated in neuronal medium without neurodifferentiating factors, these ready-to-use human spinal cord
2013 Barbara Turnbull Award for Spinal Cord Research - Brain Canada2013 Barbara Turnbull Award for Spinal Cord Research - Brain Canada
Although the spinal cord contains all the circuitry necessary for locomotion, due to the absence of commands from the brain, people with spinal cord injuries are unable to walk. Motor recovery can be partially achieved by strategies or therapies intended to regenerate axons from the brain to the spinal cord. Some of these approaches have reported such promising results in animal models that clinical trials are currently underway. However, a major obstacle to achieving this goal is the lack of identification and characterization of appropriate targets at the brain and spinal cord levels, as well as the lack of knowledge of the mechanisms of plasticity of these targets. Dr. Bretzners project aims to investigate the pathways between the brain and the spinal cord that are important for initiation and modulation of locomotion. This will allow for the identification and characterization of the nervous circuits that need to be repaired in order to improve functional recovery following spinal cord ...
anatomy-of-the-human-spinal-cord | eDoctorOnline.comanatomy-of-the-human-spinal-cord | eDoctorOnline.com
spinal cord anatomy, spinal cord, spinal cord, spinocerebellar tract, corticospinal tract, spinal cord anatomy, Spinal cord tracts, lateral corticospinal tract, spinal cord anatomy, spinal cord tract, anatomy of spinal cord, spinal tract, Dorsal spinocerebellar tract, spinal cord, image, spinal tracts, vestibulospinal tract, lateral horn, human spinal cord, spinocerebellar tracts, ...
Atlanta Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Attorney - Windham LawAtlanta Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Attorney - Windham Law
A spinal cord injury is an injury that causes the accident victims spinal cord to sever - either fully or partially - resulting in a limited or permanent inability to function. One of the primary consequences of a spinal cord injury is full or partial paralysis. Spinal cord injuries often come about when the accident victim strikes his or her neck or back on the ground in an accident. Motorcycle and bicycle accident victims are especially prone to spinal cord injuries because the neck and back are not covered by a helmet and are at least partially exposed to the impact. If you or a loved one suffered a spinal cord injury, an Atlanta spinal injury attorney might be able to help you recover damages. ...
Timing of decompressive surgery of spinal cord after traumatic spinal cord injury - Ensayos universitarios - Ldgd007Timing of decompressive surgery of spinal cord after traumatic spinal cord injury - Ensayos universitarios - Ldgd007
While the recommendations for spinesurgery in specific cases of acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) are well recognized, there is considerable uncertainty regarding the role of the timing of surgical decompression of the spinal cord in the management of patients with SCI. Given this, we sought to critically review the literature regarding the pre-clinical and clinical evidence on the potential impact of timing of surgicaldecompression of the spinal cord on outcomes after traumatic SCI. The primary literature search was performed using MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. A secondary search strategy incorporated articles referenced in prior meta-analyses and systematic and nonsystematic review articles. Two reviewers independently assessed every study with regard to eligibility, level of evidence, and studyquality. Of 198 abstracts of pre-clinical studies, 19 experimental studies using animal SCI models fulfilled our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Despite some discrepancies ...
The effect of distal aortic pressure on spinal cord perfusion in rats.The effect of distal aortic pressure on spinal cord perfusion in rats.
Aortic cross clamping is associated with spinal cord ischemia. This study used a rat spinal cord ischemia model to investigate the effect of distal aortic pressure on spinal cord perfusion. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=12) were divided into thre
Spinal Cord Injury Ring - This ring contains web pages that pertain exclusively to spinal cord injury, spinal cord injury...Spinal Cord Injury Ring - This ring contains web pages that pertain exclusively to spinal cord injury, spinal cord injury...
Spinal Cord Injury Ring,This ring contains web pages that pertain exclusively to spinal cord injury, spinal cord injury resources, and spinal cord injury rehabilitation facilities.
Patent US7121996 - Severed spinal cord regeneration using natural processes and patients own ... - Google PatentsPatent US7121996 - Severed spinal cord regeneration using natural processes and patient's own ... - Google Patents
A method and apparatus for repairing a severed spinal cord using natural processes and patients own resources, which includes removing cells from the patient, such as embryonic and somatic cells, and a segment of vein from the patient. The vein segment is used to encase the severed portion of the spinal cord. The cultured cells of the patient are injected into the encasement of vein segment surrounding the severed spinal cord. A chip that can generate a magnetic or electric field is then placed on top of the vein to provide a magnetic or electric field on the severed area of the spinal cord that includes the patients cultured cells. The purpose is to repair spinal cord damage through regeneration using a patients own cells and magnetic or electromagnetic energy.
Stem Cell Trials to Treat Spinal Cord Injuries Biology BytesStem Cell Trials to Treat Spinal Cord Injuries Biology Bytes
So how can hESCs be used to treat spinal cord injuries? It comes down to the different types of cells in the spinal cord, and their vital roles in making sure that everything works as it should. The two key cell types are neurons and oligodendrocytes. Neurons transmit information in the spinal cord, while oligodendrocytes protect these neurons. Oligodendrocytes do this mostly by making myelin, which is an insulating material that forms a sheath around part of the neuron (similar to how an electrical wire must be insulated to work properly). When the spinal cord is injured, large numbers of oligodendrocytes die and so the neurons no longer have a protective sheath. The oligodendrocytes can be so damaged, and are so important, that a person can become paralyzed even if the neurons themselves survive. To treat a spinal cord injury, its thought the best approach is to introduce new oligodendrocytes into the damaged spinal cord area.. In 2005, researchers found that hESCs could make oligodendrocyte ...
MK801 attenuates secondary injury in a mouse experimental compression model of spinal cord trauma | BMC Neuroscience | Full TextMK801 attenuates secondary injury in a mouse experimental compression model of spinal cord trauma | BMC Neuroscience | Full Text
Glutamergic excitotoxicity has been shown to play a deleterious role in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI). The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effect of dizocilpine maleate, MK801 (2 mg/Kg, 30 min and 6 hours after injury) in a mice model of SCI. The spinal cord trauma was induced by the application of vascular clips to the dura via a four-level T5-T8 laminectomy. Spinal cord injury in mice resulted in severe trauma characterized by edema, neutrophil infiltration and apoptosis. In this study we clearly demonstrated that administration of MK801 attenuated all inflammatory parameters. In fact 24 hours after injury, the degree of spinal cord inflammation and tissue injury (evaluated as histological score), infiltration of neutrophils, NF-κB activation, iNOS, cytokines levels (TNF-α and IL-1β), neurotrophin expression were markedly reduced by MK801 treatment. Moreover, in a separate set of experiments, we have demonstrated that MK801 treatment significantly improved
MRI | Spinal Cord Injury Zone!MRI | Spinal Cord Injury Zone!
The most common types of spinal cord injury are contusions and compressions. Unlike most other parts of the human body that get contused (bruised) or compressed (pressured), the spinal cord when so affected can lead to severe and permanent dysfunction. Spinal contusions occur when the spinal cord is bruised, often causing inflammation and bleeding from blood vessels near the injury site. Spinal compressions occur when pressure is applied to the spinal cord by an outside source, such as bones, from a vertebral fracture, or blood, from an adjacent hematoma. Since the spinal cord is composed of neural pathways that cannot regenerate once they are destroyed, spinal contusions and compressions can lead to permanent paralysis. Spinal contusions and compressions are usually medical emergencies, requiring immediate treatment.. ...
Two-step production of monoamines in monoenzymatic cells in the spinal cord : A different control strategy of neurotransmitter...Two-step production of monoamines in monoenzymatic cells in the spinal cord : A different control strategy of neurotransmitter...
article{9a61eb3f-8c54-482b-b9ab-17e99c703a0d, abstract = {,p,Monoamine neurotransmitters play an important role in the modulation of sensory, motor and autonomic functions in the spinal cord. Although traditionally it is believed that in mammalian spinal cord, monoamine neurotransmitters mainly originate from the brain, accumulating evidence indicates that especially when the spinal cord is injured, they can also be produced in the spinal cord. In this review, I will present evidence for a possible pathway for two-step synthesis of dopamine and serotonin in the spinal cord. Published data from different sources and unpublished data from my own ongoing projects indicate that monoenzymatic cells expressing aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) are present in the spinal cord and that these TH and THP cells often lie in close proximity to AADC cells. Prompted by the above evidence, I hypothesize that dopamine and serotonin could be ...
Cervical spinal nerve - Biology-Online DictionaryCervical spinal nerve - Biology-Online Dictionary
Supplement The spinal nerve is a nerve that occurs in pairs emerging from the spinal cord. Each pair is attached to the cord by two roots, i.e. the anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) roots. Although these two roots unite in the intervertebral foramen they divide again into anterior division (or ventral ramus) and posterior division (or dorsal ramus).1 In humans, there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves emerging from the spinal cord and are grouped based on the corresponding regions of the vertebral column, i.e. cervical spinal nerves, thoracic spinal nerves, lumbar spinal nerves, sacral spinal nerves, and coccygeal spinal nerves. These nerves emerge from the spinal cord through an opening called intervertebral foramen (an opening between adjacent vertebrae of the vertebral column). The cervical spinal nerves are spinal nerves emerging from the cervical region of the spinal cord. They all emerge above their corresponding vertebrae except for the eighth cervical nerve, which emerges below the ...
Dural Repair or Other Spinal Cord Repair - Troy I. Mounts MD Orthopaedic Spine Surgeon CaliforniaDural Repair or Other Spinal Cord Repair - Troy I. Mounts MD Orthopaedic Spine Surgeon California
The spinal cord is covered by three layers of tissue called meninges, the outermost being the dura mater. Although it is a rare complication, the dura may get injured or tear during spinal surgery resulting in the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which normally surrounds the brain and spinal cord. This can cause severe headaches and nausea. Spinal cord injury can occur as a result of trauma, or from arthritis, bleeding, cancer, infection and inflammation. The effects of a spinal cord injury can range from transient deficits to more serious complications such as paralysis or bladder and bowel dysfunction.. During spine surgery, injury may occur due to instruments used to decompress nerves, misplaced implants or grafts, manipulation and ischemia (compromised blood supply). The risk of having a spinal cord injury or a dural tear during spine surgery increases with age as your surgeon needs to cut through toughened spinal ligaments, and in the process, damage the dura. It may also occur in ...
Spinal Cord InjurySpinal Cord Injury
... can be completely devastating and severely impacts the lives of everyone that surrounds the injured individual. Michael Lamson has practiced personal injury law for over 35 years and represents clients who have experienced spinal cord injury.. Spinal cord injury occurs when a body has sustained damage to the spinal column, causing paralysis, loss of motor control and sensation. A person with spinal injury can be paraplegic with loss of sensation/motor control of legs, or quadriplegic with loss of sensation/control of all limbs. Not only is a spinal cord injury permanently disabling, it also makes a person even more susceptible to serious health problems due to lack of control of essential body functions like breathing, control of bladder, body temperature and more.. Call Michael Lamson if you have experienced a spinal cord injury as the result of the following:. ...
Methodist neurosurgeon first in Texas to offer chronic pain sufferers next generation technology in spinal cord stimulation -...Methodist neurosurgeon first in Texas to offer chronic pain sufferers next generation technology in spinal cord stimulation -...
During a 40-minute procedure, Richard Simpson, M.D., Ph.D., a neurosurgeon with the Methodist Neurological Institute, implanted the Infinion™ 16 Percutaneous Lead, part of the Precision Plus Spinal Cord Stimulator (SCS) System. The new lead is designed to deliver 16 stimulation contacts to the spinal cord to control pain signals to the brain.. Previous percutaneous leads only offered eight stimulation contacts. The new lead is able cover more of the spinal cord to manage chronic pain for suffering patients. Simpson said, "Previous surgeries and medical management therapies did not alleviate the pain in the patients lower back and thighs.". "Patients typically exhaust other treatment options before considering this type of technology. If the pain becomes unbearable, it is almost too late, so we want chronic pain sufferers to know about these options as a viable treatment to providing long-lasting relief," Simpson said.. In addition to spinal cord stimulation, other proven implantable therapies ...
Thermal sweating following spinal cord injury by Bradley Wilsmore, J D. Cotter et al."Thermal sweating following spinal cord injury" by Bradley Wilsmore, J D. Cotter et al.
A complete spinal cord injury prevents neural connections between distal sites and higher neural structures. While it has previously been demonstrated that an isolated spinal cord can elicit non-thermal sweating independently of the hypothalamus [1-3], the ability of the spinal cord to control sweating in response to thermal stimuli, without hypothalamic influence, is less clear. The majority of early literature indicates that thermal sweating is absent below a complete spinal cord injury (SCI) [4-7], yet several studies suggest otherwise [8-11]. However, invasive measures have failed to observe altered sympathetic activity when thermally stimulating insensate regions [12], which is inconsistent with the observations of sweating below a SCI.
Long descending cervical propriospinal neurons differ from thoracic propriospinal neurons in response to low thoracic spinal...Long descending cervical propriospinal neurons differ from thoracic propriospinal neurons in response to low thoracic spinal...
Propriospinal neurons, with axonal projections intrinsic to the spinal cord, have shown a greater regenerative response than supraspinal neurons after axotomy due to spinal cord injury (SCI). Our previous work focused on the response of axotomized short thoracic propriospinal (TPS) neurons following a low thoracic SCI (T9 spinal transection or moderate spinal contusion injury) in the rat. The present investigation analyzes the intrinsic response of cervical propriospinal neurons having long descending axons which project into the lumbosacral enlargement, long descending propriospinal tract (LDPT) axons. These neurons also were axotomized by T9 spinal injury in the same animals used in our previous study. Utilizing laser microdissection (LMD), qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry, we studied LDPT neurons (located in the C5-C6 spinal segments) between 3-days, and 1-month following a low thoracic (T9) spinal cord injury. We examined the response of 89 genes related to growth factors, cell surface receptors,
Spinal cord trauma - Centura HealthSpinal cord trauma - Centura Health
Arora S, Flower OJ. Spinal injuries. In: Bersten AD, Soni N, eds. Ohs Intensive Care Manual. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2014:chap 78. Bryce TN. Spinal cord injury. In: Cifu DX, ed. Braddoms Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 49. Dalzell K, Nouri A, Fehlings MG. The timing of management of spinal cord injuries. In: Browner BD, Jupiter JB, Krettek C, Anderson PA, eds. Skeletal Trauma: Basic Science, Management, and Reconstruction. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2015:chap 32. Kaji AH, Newton EJ, Hockberger RS. Spinal injuries. In: Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, et al, eds. Rosens Emergency Medicine. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014:chap 43. Snyder LA, Tan L, Gerard C, Fessler RG. Spinal cord trauma. In: Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, eds. Bradleys Neurology in Clinical Practice. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 63. ...
Han, et al. (2004). Fibrocartilaginous embolism--an uncommon cause of spinal cord infarctionHan, et al. (2004). Fibrocartilaginous embolism--an uncommon cause of spinal cord infarction
• Han JJ, Massagli TL and Jaffe KM (2004). Fibrocartilaginous embolism--an uncommon cause of spinal cord infarction: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 85: 153-7. Childrens Hospital and Regional Medical Center and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. [email protected] Fibrocartilaginous embolism is a rare cause of spinal cord infarction. It is postulated that an acute vertical disk herniation of the nucleus
Dissociated predegenerated peripheral nerve transplants for spinal cord injury repair: A comprehensive assessment of their...Dissociated predegenerated peripheral nerve transplants for spinal cord injury repair: A comprehensive assessment of their...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Dissociated predegenerated peripheral nerve transplants for spinal cord injury repair. T2 - A comprehensive assessment of their effects on regeneration and functional recovery compared to schwann cell transplants. AU - Hill, Caitlin E.. AU - Brodak, Danika M.. AU - Bartlett Bunge, Mary. PY - 2012/8/10. Y1 - 2012/8/10. N2 - Several recent studies suggest that predegenerated nerves (PDNs) or dissociated PDNs (dPDNs) can improve behavioral and histological outcomes following transplantation into the injured rat spinal cord. In the current study we tested the efficacy of dPDN transplantation by grafting cells isolated from the sciatic nerve 7 days after crush. We did not replicate one study, but rather assessed what appeared, based on five published reports, to be a reported robust effect of dPDN grafts on corticospinal tract (CST) regeneration and locomotor recovery. Using a standardized rodent spinal cord injury model (200 kD IH contusion) and transplantation procedure (injection ...
Glioma of the spinal cord | definition of glioma of the spinal cord by Medical dictionaryGlioma of the spinal cord | definition of glioma of the spinal cord by Medical dictionary
Looking for online definition of glioma of the spinal cord in the Medical Dictionary? glioma of the spinal cord explanation free. What is glioma of the spinal cord? Meaning of glioma of the spinal cord medical term. What does glioma of the spinal cord mean?
Spinal cord stimulation in the treatment of chronic pain - Oxford MedicineSpinal cord stimulation in the treatment of chronic pain - Oxford Medicine
Spinal cord stimulation 142SCS hardware and technique 146Mechanism of action 150Novel techniques 152Complications of SCS 154Conclusion 156In 1965 the gate control theory revolutionized understanding of chronic pain syndromes. In 1967 it was suggested that stimulating the dorsal columns of the spinal cord would in effect close the gate and control intractable pain in the lower extremities. Since then spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has undergone a variety of technical modifications and has been applied to a variety of pain conditions....
Module - Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerve (4 of 14)Module - Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerve (4 of 14)
The spinal cord itself begins as a continuation of the medulla oblongata of the brain at the level of the foramen magnum in the skull. Along its course, the spinal cord gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. In general, the spinal nerves emerge below the pedicle of the vertebra for which they are named. For example, spinal nerve T3 exits through the intervertebral foramen between the 3rd and 4th thoracic vertebrae. In the cervical region, this rule does not apply. While the cervical region of the spine has 7 vertebrae, there are 8 cervical spinal nerves. Spinal nerve C1 exits above vertebra C1, spinal nerve C2 exits through the intervertebral foramen between the 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae, etc. That pattern holds until spinal nerve C8 which exits between vertebrae C7 and T1. The nerve exiting below vertebra T1 is spinal nerve T1. This relationship is rather confusing in words, but is fairly clear when studied in a diagram. The ...
Spinal Cord Injury Network | Spine and Limb FoundationSpinal Cord Injury Network | Spine and Limb Foundation
MEDIA RELEASE 8th October 2014. Connections 2014 hosted by the Spinal Cord Injury Network will mark the launch of an online toolkit for people with chronic pain and spinal cord injury, on 13th October at the Royal Randwick Racecourse in Sydney.. With funding from the Lifetime Care and Support Authority of NSW, the ACI Pain Management Network created the online toolkit to help improve the quality of life for the 60% of people living with spinal cord injury who experience chronic pain.. Chronic pain affects around 3.2 million Australians and costs more than $34 billion to the Australian economy.. The online toolkit will be an easily accessible collection of resources, which include:. • Videos about successful strategies used by people with spinal cord injury to manage chronic pain. • A Navigator decision support tool to guide healthcare professionals through the complexity of chronic pain in spinal cord injury to support the development of a pain management plan. • Complementary ...
Specialized Rehabilitation for Spinal Cord Injury at HealthSouth Rehabilitation HospitalsSpecialized Rehabilitation for Spinal Cord Injury at HealthSouth Rehabilitation Hospitals
Spinal cord injuries generally result from trauma to the spinal column. The force can fracture or dislocate vertebrae - the bone segments in the back. And spinal cord tissue is damaged. A wide range of symptoms can be experienced, depending on the severity and location. Some spinal injury victims can expect full recovery with rehabilitation. Other injuries are more serious and can result in paralysis. In either case, rehabilitation is important to treatment and repair. In addition to limiting mobility, spinal cord injuries can result in additional issues, such as respiratory problems. HealthSouth has all the resources needed for specialized spinal cord injury care. The team approach puts the right experts and therapies together for the best possible outcome, focused on:. ...
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USDA to test advanced meat recovery products for spinal cord tissue | CIDRAPUSDA to test 'advanced meat recovery' products for spinal cord tissue | CIDRAP
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Understanding spinal cord injury<span><i class=icon-caret-right...Understanding spinal cord injury<span><i class="icon-caret-right"...
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Injuries5
Neurons4
  • In healthy people, some spinal cord neurons dampen pain signals, allowing individuals to tolerate intense stimuli at times, such as when a woman is giving birth or during a fight. (dana.org)
  • Normally, when a pain signal arrives from sensory nerves, it stimulates both relay neurons and inhibitory neurons in the spinal cord. (dana.org)
  • BDNF then binds to a protein on the surface of relay neurons in the spinal cord, which causes the chloride ion pump to stop working. (dana.org)
  • To investigate the functional consequences of the interplay between Shh signaling and calcium spike activity, a crucial biological outcome will be studied: dorsoventral differentiation of developing spinal neurons. (elsevier.com)
Nerve1
  • After a spinal cord injury there is an increased production of a protein (RhoA) that blocks regeneration of nerve cells that carry signals along the spinal cord and prevents the injured tissue from healing. (thefreedictionary.com)
Rats5
Stimulation2
  • It has been identified that patients who have received Medtronic spinal cord stimulation devices (see below for lists of devices affected by the hazard alert, including neurostimulators, leads, kits and programmers) have a very small risk of developing a tissue mass around a device lead that can cause spinal cord compression. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • Through low-voltage electrical stimulation, the normal pain signals which travel in the spinal cord are altered to provide partial or complete pain relief. (thefreedictionary.com)
Sensory2
Vertebrae1
Lesions1
Neuropathic3
Human spinal cord2
  • We have developed a mathematical model representing cellular and molecular spread of ALS in the human spinal cord. (ucsb.edu)
  • Domain dimension and shape was obtained by reconstructing human spinal cord from high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images and known gross and histological neuroanatomy. (ucsb.edu)
Tissue2
  • When the neural tissue is injured or its function is imbalanced, as for patients suffering from spinal cord injury or epilepsy, recreating the remarkable plasticity of the developing nervous system towards repairing and regenerating damaged cells and connections is the ultimate goal. (elsevier.com)
  • Four weeks following SCI, FAA levels were markedly reduced in spinal cord tissue. (nih.gov)
Brain2
  • The signal then passes through the spinal cord, where initial processing occurs, and travels to the brain, where it is perceived as pain. (dana.org)
  • The spinal cord is the continuation of the brain stem medulla below the foramen magnum. (lecturio.com)
Patients1
Lesion1
Nervous2
  • This study will test the hypothesis that the Shh gradient across the dorsoventral axis of the nervous system contributes to establish a gradient of calcium-dependent electrical activity across the dorsoventral developing spinal cord that in turn regulates neuronal differentiation. (elsevier.com)
  • Our objective was to assess the relative merits of iTRAQ analysis of fresh frozen versus FFPE nervous tissues by comparing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-induced proteomic changes in FFPE rat spinal cords and frozen tissues. (figshare.com)
Histology1
Neuronal1
  • This investigation of mechanisms underlying neuronal differentiation may set the basis for devising treatments for neurological disorders such as pediatric epilepsy and spinal cord injury, in which both the reestablishment of balanced excitability and the reposition of damaged cells are key events for promoting recovery. (elsevier.com)
Spine20
Human spinal6
American Spinal Injury Association4
Acute spinal9
Paraplegia3
Paralysis12
Nerve fibers6
  • The spinal cord is a bundle of nerve fibers, no thicker than the human thumb, that links the brain with the rest of the body. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The nerve fibers enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root. (washington.edu)
  • We found a central role for so-called proprioceptive afferents, nerve fibers which signal proprioceptive information back to the spinal cord," says Takeoka. (eurekalert.org)
  • That leads to the rapid death of neurons, damage to the insulating sheaths around nerve fibers that allow them to send signals, and the formation of a scar that blocks the regeneration of the spinal cord's nerve cells. (eurekalert.org)
  • The researchers found certain nerve fibers that were not damaged when the spinal cord was injured spontaneously grew, or sprouted, and compensated for the severed connections, allowing the monkeys to gain back much sensation and movement. (livescience.com)
  • The corticospinal tract is a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the brain's cortex with the spinal cord. (livescience.com)
Tumor18
  • Although trauma, degenerative back disease, and genetic disorders can cause pressure on the spinal cord, the term spinal cord compression is usually reserved for cases in which the presence of a tumor results in pressure on the spinal cord. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The tumor may originate in a number of areas and either directly or indirectly put pressure on the cord. (encyclopedia.com)
  • In rare cases, children have inherited genes that increase the risk of a brain or spinal cord tumor. (webmd.com)
  • That means there's no standard age for children to be diagnosed with a brain or spinal cord tumor. (webmd.com)
  • If her doctor suspects a tumor, your child may undergo imaging tests like a CT scan or MRI to get a picture of her brain or spinal cord. (webmd.com)
  • The pathologies associated with spinal cord infarction are numerous and include neoplasm, spinal epidural or subdural abscess, granuloma, spinal epidural or subdural hematoma, extramedullary spinal tumor (including meningioma, neurofibroma, extradural lymphoma, metastasis), and herniated intervertebral disk. (medscape.com)
  • A spinal cord tumor may be either a cancerous or noncancerous lesion in the spinal cord that grows between the membranes covering the spinal cord or in the spinal canal. (faqs.org)
  • A tumor here can compress the spinal cord or its nerve roots,so even a noncancerous growth may be disabling unless it's properly treated. (faqs.org)
  • Treatment also may include pain relievers and drugs to lessen swelling around the tumor, and relieve pressure on the spinal cord. (faqs.org)
  • A risk factor is anything that increases your chances of getting a disease such as a brain or spinal cord tumor. (cancer.org)
  • An illustration shows an example of spinal cord compression caused by a tumor.Photo Source:123RF.com. (spineuniverse.com)
  • The first step in diagnosing a spinal cord tumor includes a discussion of the child's health history and a thorough physical examination. (spineuniverse.com)
  • If a spinal cord tumor is suspected, the child will need to undergo some diagnostic tests to rule out other possible health problems. (spineuniverse.com)
  • The microscopic appearance of the tumor after it is biopsied or excised (histopathology), is essential for determining the appropriate treatment of a spinal cord tumor. (spineuniverse.com)
  • Surgery is performed to remove or reduce the size of the tumor and alleviate the pressure ont he spinal column caused by the tumor. (spineuniverse.com)
  • The tumor can put pressure on the cord if this occurs, causing compression. (healthline.com)
  • Your doctor may prescribe other treatments, such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy, to shrink a tumor that's causing cord compression. (healthline.com)
  • UCSF is home to one of the largest centers for spinal tumor care in the U.S., treating more than 10,000 patients each year. (ucsfhealth.org)
Thoracic5
Stimulator7
Rehabilitation10
People with spinal cord i6
Experienced a spinal cord i1
Neurological6
Epidural2
Complete spinal cord i3
Disorders3
Trauma8
Diagnosis2
Vertebral column5
Brain or spinal cord5
Peripheral4
Complications2
Treatments1
Stimulators2
Ventral8
Occur4
Suffering from a spinal cord i1
Researchers15
  • Spinal Cord wants to encourage researchers that are still working to consider conducting Systematic Reviews or Narrative Reviews. (nature.com)
  • With all of their background knowledge on the effects of the gut microbiome, the researchers hypothesized that changes in the gut microbiome could affect spinal cord injury recovery. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Purdue researchers have now shown that the micelles themselves repair damaged axons, fibers that transmit electrical impulses in the spinal cord. (redorbit.com)
  • The researchers used the chamber to study how well micelles repaired damaged nerve cells by measuring the "compound action potential," or the ability of a spinal cord to transmit signals. (redorbit.com)
  • A team of researchers at the University of South Florida investigating the short and long-term effects of ischemic stroke in a rodent model has found that stroke can cause long-term damage to the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), creating a "toxic environment" in the spinal cord that might leave stroke survivors susceptible to motor dysfunction and disease pathology. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The researchers, who evaluated the BSCB in test animals at seven and 30 days after stroke modeling, found that ischemic stroke damaged the gray and white matter in the cervical spinal cord on both sides of the spinal column, based on analysis of electron microscope images. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • These stroke-related alterations in the cervical spinal cord indicate pervasive and long-lasting BSCB damage that would severely affect spinal cord function, wrote the researchers, adding that the widespread microvascular impairment in the gray and white matter of the cervical spinal cord aggravated motor neuron deterioration and had the potential to cause motor dysfunction. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • But now, U-M researchers have designed nanoparticles that intercept immune cells on their way to the spinal cord, redirecting them away from the injury. (eurekalert.org)
  • We hope this book can demonstrate advances in spinal cord injury as well as give references to the researchers, students and other related people. (scirp.org)
  • A major part of the map of spinal cords of mice is released by researchers from Allen Institute for Brain Science in Fremont. (emaxhealth.com)
  • Researchers were working several months in creating a map, which is to describe spinal cord of mice. (emaxhealth.com)
  • Allen Institute researchers expect to completely finish spinal cord map early next year, and the map will cost about $2.3 million. (emaxhealth.com)
  • This growth was able to restore 60 percent of the original spinal cord connections, the researchers said. (livescience.com)
  • Spinal cord stimulating device created by researchers at the Mayo Clinic. (upi.com)
  • Another of the researchers Dr Ann Turnley said most people with spinal cord damage often suffered devastating effects and there was usually little chance they would ever regain much movement. (abc.net.au)
Symptoms5
  • If there are several tumors in different areas of the spinal cord at the same time, it may cause symptoms in a variety of spots on the body. (faqs.org)
  • Symptoms of spinal tumors generally develop slowly and worsen over time. (spineuniverse.com)
  • Symptoms may include loss of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury. (scirp.org)
  • This delayed presentation of symptoms is related to the degree of strain placed on the spinal cord over time. (smartdraw.com)
  • Generally, the higher up the level of the injury to the spinal cord, the more severe the symptoms. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Severe4
Sensory and motor2
Tumors that originate1
  • Newly-formed tumors that originate in the spinal cord are unusual, especiallyamong children and the elderly. (faqs.org)
Muscles2
  • Thus, depending on which angle the spinal cord is compressed from, a person could experience numbness versus a loss of the ability to control muscles (often seen as an odd limp), depending on which area is compressed. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The area of skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve is called a dermatome, and the group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve is called a myotome. (wikipedia.org)
Dorsal columns1
  • In subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord, the "combined" refers to the fact that the dorsal columns and lateral corticospinal tracts are both affected, in contrast to tabes dorsalis which is selective for the dorsal columns. (wikipedia.org)
Prevent spinal1
19972
Cancerous3
Surgery8
Signals5
  • A spinal cord injury disrupts the signals. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The bottom graphs show data indicating damaged spinal cord tissue recovered its "action potential," or ability to transmit signals, after treatment with the micelles. (redorbit.com)
  • Following spinal cord injury, disrupted neuronal pathways can no longer provide sufficiently strong signals to the spinal networks below the injury, often leading to permanent and devastating motor impairment," explains prof. Aya Takeoka from NERF (NeuroElectronics Research Flanders), an interdisciplinary research center empowered by VIB, KU Leuven and imec. (eurekalert.org)
  • The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body (motor and sensory information, traveling in opposite directions down the spinal cord). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body, and from the afferent fibers of the sensory neurons to the sensory cortex. (wikipedia.org)
Incomplete spinal2
  • While a partial or incomplete spinal cord injury means that the spinal cord transmits some information to move the limbs or provides some sensory information from the skin. (spine.org)
  • An "incomplete" spinal cord injury involves preservation of motor or sensory function below the level of injury in the spinal cord. (wikipedia.org)
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