AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHealth Care
Spinal CordSpinal Cord InjuriesSpinal Cord DiseasesSpinal Cord CompressionSpinal Cord NeoplasmsSpinal Cord IschemiaInjections, SpinalParaplegiaSpinal Nerve RootsSpinal NervesMotor NeuronsSpinal Cord RegenerationSpinal CanalSpinal NeoplasmsCervical VertebraeAnesthesia, SpinalQuadriplegiaThoracic VertebraeSpinal DiseasesUmbilical CordPosterior Horn CellsLaminectomyRats, Sprague-DawleyLumbosacral RegionRecovery of FunctionNerve RegenerationAxonsSpinal StenosisGanglia, SpinalSpinal Cord StimulationLocomotionSpinal FusionSpinal InjuriesAnterior Horn CellsMyelitisCordotomyParalysisMuscular Atrophy, SpinalPainNeuronsHyperalgesiaElectric Stimulation TherapyNeuralgiaDisease Models, AnimalMyelographyElectric StimulationSpineEpidural SpaceAfferent PathwaysUrinary Bladder, NeurogenicHematoma, Epidural, SpinalHindlimbNeurons, AfferentNociceptorsLumbar VertebraeReflexTime FactorsLampreysMotor ActivityAutonomic DysreflexiaInterneuronsPyramidal TractsElectromyographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPain MeasurementTuberculosis, SpinalMyelin SheathCatsCentral Nervous SystemFetal BloodPhysical StimulationNeurogliaImmunohistochemistryContusionsEvoked Potentials, SomatosensoryBrain StemSpinal CurvaturesOligodendrogliaSpermatic CordSciatic NerveSyringomyeliaMuscle SpasticityEfferent PathwaysStrychnineCauda EquinaSpinal Muscular Atrophies of ChildhoodDecompression, SurgicalParaparesisAnimals, NewbornSpinal FracturesWheelchairsGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinCord Blood Stem Cell TransplantationAmyotrophic Lateral SclerosisAstrocytesPain ThresholdAnalgesicsNerve Tissue ProteinsEvoked PotentialsSubstance PSpinal Cord Vascular DiseasesNeural PathwaysPeripheral NervesSynaptic TransmissionTrigeminal Nucleus, SpinalBehavior, AnimalNeuronal PlasticityDecerebrate StateRats, WistarMicrogliaInfarctionBrainAction PotentialsChick EmbryoDura MaterChondroitin ABC LyaseForelimbSubstantia GelatinosaSubarachnoid SpacePeripheral Nerve InjuriesSacrumDemyelinating DiseasesNeural ConductionMeningesPressure UlcerMorphineNeurologic ExaminationSpinal OsteophytosisEvoked Potentials, MotorNerve FibersTreatment OutcomeRhizotomyH-ReflexMedulla OblongataElectrophysiologyNerve Fibers, MyelinatedGlycine AgentsMuscle, SkeletalScoliosisSpinal PunctureHyperesthesiaSynapsesMice, Inbred C57BLSacrococcygeal RegionStilbamidinesUrinary BladderReflex, AbnormalIn Situ HybridizationAnalysis of VarianceSensationSpinal DysraphismCells, CulturedMice, TransgenicN-MethylaspartateNeuroprotective AgentsMovementTibial NerveNerve DegenerationElectrodes, ImplantedReticular Formationgamma-Aminobutyric AcidGliosisNociceptionNerve Fibers, UnmyelinatedReceptors, Neurokinin-1Manipulation, SpinalSensory Receptor CellsEpendymaReflex, MonosynapticPhrenic NerveUrinationPeriodicityDose-Response Relationship, DrugGait Disorders, NeurologicRed NucleusGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalSerotoninNeural InhibitionEncephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, ExperimentalMultiple SclerosisCapsaicinPain, IntractableStem CellsNaloxoneCord FactorsNervous SystemNeuronal Tract-TracersNerve TissueGlycineCell DifferentiationTailFunctional LateralityNeurosurgical ProceduresNerve Growth FactorsMyelin ProteinsSpasmBrown-Sequard SyndromeConstrictionSurvival of Motor Neuron 1 ProteinMotor Neuron DiseaseCell Count
Spinal Cord: A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.Spinal Cord Injuries: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).Spinal Cord Diseases: Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.Spinal Cord Compression: Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the SPINAL CORD due to extramedullary neoplasm; EPIDURAL ABSCESS; SPINAL FRACTURES; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence.Spinal Cord Neoplasms: Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.Spinal Cord Ischemia: Reduced blood flow to the spinal cord which is supplied by the anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal arteries. This condition may be associated with ARTERIOSCLEROSIS, trauma, emboli, diseases of the aorta, and other disorders. Prolonged ischemia may lead to INFARCTION of spinal cord tissue.Injections, Spinal: Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.Paraplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.Spinal Nerve Roots: Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.Spinal Cord Regeneration: Repair of the damaged neuron function after SPINAL CORD INJURY or SPINAL CORD DISEASES.Spinal Canal: The cavity within the SPINAL COLUMN through which the SPINAL CORD passes.Spinal NeoplasmsCervical Vertebrae: The first seven VERTEBRAE of the SPINAL COLUMN, which correspond to the VERTEBRAE of the NECK.Anesthesia, Spinal: Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord.Quadriplegia: Severe or complete loss of motor function in all four limbs which may result from BRAIN DISEASES; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; or rarely MUSCULAR DISEASES. The locked-in syndrome is characterized by quadriplegia in combination with cranial muscle paralysis. Consciousness is spared and the only retained voluntary motor activity may be limited eye movements. This condition is usually caused by a lesion in the upper BRAIN STEM which injures the descending cortico-spinal and cortico-bulbar tracts.Thoracic Vertebrae: A group of twelve VERTEBRAE connected to the ribs that support the upper trunk region.Spinal DiseasesUmbilical Cord: The flexible rope-like structure that connects a developing FETUS to the PLACENTA in mammals. The cord contains blood vessels which carry oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus and waste products away from the fetus.Posterior Horn Cells: Neurons in the SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. They send their axons either directly to ANTERIOR HORN CELLS or to the WHITE MATTER ascending and descending longitudinal fibers.Laminectomy: A surgical procedure that entails removing all (laminectomy) or part (laminotomy) of selected vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the SPINAL CORD and/or SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Vertebral lamina is the thin flattened posterior wall of vertebral arch that forms the vertebral foramen through which pass the spinal cord and nerve roots.Rats, Sprague-Dawley: A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.Lumbosacral Region: Region of the back including the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, SACRUM, and nearby structures.Recovery of Function: A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.Nerve Regeneration: Renewal or physiological repair of damaged nerve tissue.Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.Spinal Stenosis: Narrowing of the spinal canal.Ganglia, Spinal: Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.Spinal Cord Stimulation: Application of electric current to the spine for treatment of a variety of conditions involving innervation from the spinal cord.Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.Spinal Fusion: Operative immobilization or ankylosis of two or more vertebrae by fusion of the vertebral bodies with a short bone graft or often with diskectomy or laminectomy. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p236; Dorland, 28th ed)Spinal Injuries: Injuries involving the vertebral column.Anterior Horn Cells: MOTOR NEURONS in the anterior (ventral) horn of the SPINAL CORD which project to SKELETAL MUSCLES.Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord. Relatively common etiologies include infections; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; SPINAL CORD; and ischemia (see also SPINAL CORD VASCULAR DISEASES). Clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction.Cordotomy: Any operation on the spinal cord. (Stedman, 26th ed)Paralysis: A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)Muscular Atrophy, Spinal: A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)Pain: An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.Hyperalgesia: An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.Electric Stimulation Therapy: Application of electric current in treatment without the generation of perceptible heat. It includes electric stimulation of nerves or muscles, passage of current into the body, or use of interrupted current of low intensity to raise the threshold of the skin to pain.Neuralgia: Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Myelography: X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space.Electric Stimulation: Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.Spine: The spinal or vertebral column.Epidural Space: Space between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal.Afferent Pathways: Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a peripheral part toward a nerve center.Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic: Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal: A rare epidural hematoma in the spinal epidural space, usually due to a vascular malformation (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS) or TRAUMA. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a neurologic emergency due to a rapidly evolving compressive MYELOPATHY.Hindlimb: Either of two extremities of four-footed non-primate land animals. It usually consists of a FEMUR; TIBIA; and FIBULA; tarsals; METATARSALS; and TOES. (From Storer et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p73)Neurons, Afferent: Neurons which conduct NERVE IMPULSES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Nociceptors: Peripheral AFFERENT NEURONS which are sensitive to injuries or pain, usually caused by extreme thermal exposures, mechanical forces, or other noxious stimuli. Their cell bodies reside in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. Their peripheral terminals (NERVE ENDINGS) innervate target tissues and transduce noxious stimuli via axons to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Lumbar Vertebrae: VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Lampreys: Common name for the only family (Petromyzontidae) of eellike fish in the order Petromyzontiformes. They are jawless but have a sucking mouth with horny teeth.Motor Activity: The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.Autonomic Dysreflexia: A syndrome associated with damage to the spinal cord above the mid thoracic level (see SPINAL CORD INJURIES) characterized by a marked increase in the sympathetic response to minor stimuli such as bladder or rectal distention. Manifestations include HYPERTENSION; TACHYCARDIA (or reflex bradycardia); FEVER; FLUSHING; and HYPERHIDROSIS. Extreme hypertension may be associated with a STROKE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp538 and 1232; J Spinal Cord Med 1997;20(3):355-60)Interneurons: Most generally any NEURONS which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose AXONS remain within a particular brain region in contrast to projection neurons, which have axons projecting to other brain regions.Pyramidal Tracts: Fibers that arise from cells within the cerebral cortex, pass through the medullary pyramid, and descend in the spinal cord. Many authorities say the pyramidal tracts include both the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts.Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.Pain Measurement: Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.Tuberculosis, Spinal: Osteitis or caries of the vertebrae, usually occurring as a complication of tuberculosis of the lungs.Myelin Sheath: The lipid-rich sheath surrounding AXONS in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (SCHWANN CELLS in the peripheral and OLIGODENDROGLIA in the central nervous system). Deterioration of the sheath in DEMYELINATING DISEASES is a serious clinical problem.Cats: The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges.Fetal Blood: Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the PLACENTA. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels (UMBILICAL CORD) at the time of delivery.Physical Stimulation: Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.Neuroglia: The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.Immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.Contusions: Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory: The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by stimulation along AFFERENT PATHWAYS from PERIPHERAL NERVES to CEREBRUM.Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES with the SPINAL CORD. It consists of the MESENCEPHALON; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA.Spinal Curvatures: Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS).Oligodendroglia: A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendroglia may be called interfascicular, perivascular, or perineuronal (not the same as SATELLITE CELLS, PERINEURONAL of GANGLIA) according to their location. They form the insulating MYELIN SHEATH of axons in the central nervous system.Spermatic Cord: Either of a pair of tubular structures formed by DUCTUS DEFERENS; ARTERIES; VEINS; LYMPHATIC VESSELS; and nerves. The spermatic cord extends from the deep inguinal ring through the INGUINAL CANAL to the TESTIS in the SCROTUM.Sciatic Nerve: A nerve which originates in the lumbar and sacral spinal cord (L4 to S3) and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the lower extremity. The sciatic nerve, which is the main continuation of the sacral plexus, is the largest nerve in the body. It has two major branches, the TIBIAL NERVE and the PERONEAL NERVE.Syringomyelia: Longitudinal cavities in the spinal cord, most often in the cervical region, which may extend for multiple spinal levels. The cavities are lined by dense, gliogenous tissue and may be associated with SPINAL CORD NEOPLASMS; spinal cord traumatic injuries; and vascular malformations. Syringomyelia is marked clinically by pain and PARESTHESIA, muscular atrophy of the hands, and analgesia with thermoanesthesia of the hands and arms, but with the tactile sense preserved (sensory dissociation). Lower extremity spasticity and incontinence may also develop. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1269)Muscle Spasticity: A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a "free interval") followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)Efferent Pathways: Nerve structures through which impulses are conducted from a nerve center toward a peripheral site. Such impulses are conducted via efferent neurons (NEURONS, EFFERENT), such as MOTOR NEURONS, autonomic neurons, and hypophyseal neurons.Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.Cauda Equina: The lower part of the SPINAL CORD consisting of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve roots.Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood: A group of recessively inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. They are classified as type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease), type II (intermediate form), and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Type I is fatal in infancy, type II has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. Type III has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (J Med Genet 1996 Apr:33(4):281-3)Decompression, Surgical: A surgical operation for the relief of pressure in a body compartment or on a body part. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Paraparesis: Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; MUSCULAR DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions.Animals, Newborn: Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.Spinal Fractures: Broken bones in the vertebral column.Wheelchairs: Chairs mounted on wheels and designed to be propelled by the occupant.Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein: An intermediate filament protein found only in glial cells or cells of glial origin. MW 51,000.Cord Blood Stem Cell Transplantation: Transplantation of STEM CELLS collected from the fetal blood remaining in the UMBILICAL CORD and the PLACENTA after delivery. Included are the HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS.Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)Astrocytes: A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with MICROGLIA) respond to injury.Pain Threshold: Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.Analgesics: Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.Nerve Tissue ProteinsEvoked Potentials: Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of PAIN, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses.Spinal Cord Vascular Diseases: Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS feeding the SPINAL CORD, such as the anterior and paired posterior spinal arteries or their many branches. Disease processes may include ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; and ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS leading to ISCHEMIA or HEMORRHAGE into the spinal cord (hematomyelia).Neural Pathways: Neural tracts connecting one part of the nervous system with another.Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium.Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal: Nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. It is divided cytoarchitectonically into three parts: oralis, caudalis (TRIGEMINAL CAUDAL NUCLEUS), and interpolaris.Behavior, Animal: The observable response an animal makes to any situation.Neuronal Plasticity: The capacity of the NERVOUS SYSTEM to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations.Decerebrate State: A condition characterized by abnormal posturing of the limbs that is associated with injury to the brainstem. This may occur as a clinical manifestation or induced experimentally in animals. The extensor reflexes are exaggerated leading to rigid extension of the limbs accompanied by hyperreflexia and opisthotonus. This condition is usually caused by lesions which occur in the region of the brainstem that lies between the red nuclei and the vestibular nuclei. In contrast, decorticate rigidity is characterized by flexion of the elbows and wrists with extension of the legs and feet. The causative lesion for this condition is located above the red nuclei and usually consists of diffuse cerebral damage. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p358)Rats, Wistar: A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling.Infarction: Formation of an infarct, which is NECROSIS in tissue due to local ISCHEMIA resulting from obstruction of BLOOD CIRCULATION, most commonly by a THROMBUS or EMBOLUS.Brain: The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.Action Potentials: Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.Chick Embryo: The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.Dura Mater: The outermost of the three MENINGES, a fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers the brain and the spinal cord.Chondroitin ABC Lyase: An enzyme that catalyzes the eliminative degradation of polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-D-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages to disaccharides containing 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)Forelimb: A front limb of a quadruped. (The Random House College Dictionary, 1980)Substantia Gelatinosa: Gelatinous-appearing material in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, consisting chiefly of Golgi type II neurons and some larger nerve cells.Subarachnoid Space: The space between the arachnoid membrane and PIA MATER, filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. It contains large blood vessels that supply the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.Peripheral Nerve Injuries: Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.Sacrum: Five fused VERTEBRAE forming a triangle-shaped structure at the back of the PELVIS. It articulates superiorly with the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, inferiorly with the COCCYX, and anteriorly with the ILIUM of the PELVIS. The sacrum strengthens and stabilizes the PELVIS.Demyelinating Diseases: Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.Neural Conduction: The propagation of the NERVE IMPULSE along the nerve away from the site of an excitation stimulus.Meninges: The three membranes that cover the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD. They are the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia mater.Pressure Ulcer: An ulceration caused by prolonged pressure on the SKIN and TISSUES when one stays in one position for a long period of time, such as lying in bed. The bony areas of the body are the most frequently affected sites which become ischemic (ISCHEMIA) under sustained and constant pressure.Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.Neurologic Examination: Assessment of sensory and motor responses and reflexes that is used to determine impairment of the nervous system.Spinal Osteophytosis: Outgrowth of immature bony processes or bone spurs (OSTEOPHYTE) from the VERTEBRAE, reflecting the presence of degenerative disease and calcification. It commonly occurs in cervical and lumbar SPONDYLOSIS.Evoked Potentials, Motor: The electrical response evoked in a muscle or motor nerve by electrical or magnetic stimulation. Common methods of stimulation are by transcranial electrical and TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION. It is often used for monitoring during neurosurgery.Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.Rhizotomy: Surgical interruption of a spinal or cranial nerve root. (From Dorland, 28th ed)H-Reflex: A monosynaptic reflex elicited by stimulating a nerve, particularly the tibial nerve, with an electric shock.Medulla Oblongata: The lower portion of the BRAIN STEM. It is inferior to the PONS and anterior to the CEREBELLUM. Medulla oblongata serves as a relay station between the brain and the spinal cord, and contains centers for regulating respiratory, vasomotor, cardiac, and reflex activities.Electrophysiology: The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.Nerve Fibers, Myelinated: A class of nerve fibers as defined by their structure, specifically the nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the myelinated nerve fibers are completely encased in a MYELIN SHEATH. They are fibers of relatively large and varied diameters. Their NEURAL CONDUCTION rates are faster than those of the unmyelinated nerve fibers (NERVE FIBERS, UNMYELINATED). Myelinated nerve fibers are present in somatic and autonomic nerves.Glycine Agents: Substances used for their pharmacological actions on glycinergic systems. Glycinergic agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.Muscle, Skeletal: A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.Scoliosis: An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)Spinal Puncture: Tapping fluid from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae.Hyperesthesia: Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.Mice, Inbred C57BLSacrococcygeal Region: The body region between (and flanking) the SACRUM and COCCYX.Stilbamidines: STILBENES with AMIDINES attached.Urinary Bladder: A musculomembranous sac along the URINARY TRACT. URINE flows from the KIDNEYS into the bladder via the ureters (URETER), and is held there until URINATION.Reflex, Abnormal: An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.In Situ Hybridization: A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Sensation: The process in which specialized SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS transduce peripheral stimuli (physical or chemical) into NERVE IMPULSES which are then transmitted to the various sensory centers in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.Spinal Dysraphism: Congenital defects of closure of one or more vertebral arches, which may be associated with malformations of the spinal cord, nerve roots, congenital fibrous bands, lipomas, and congenital cysts. These malformations range from mild (e.g., SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA) to severe, including rachischisis where there is complete failure of neural tube and spinal cord fusion, resulting in exposure of the spinal cord at the surface. Spinal dysraphism includes all forms of spina bifida. The open form is called SPINA BIFIDA CYSTICA and the closed form is SPINA BIFIDA OCCULTA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p34)Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).Neuroprotective Agents: Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.Movement: The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.Tibial Nerve: The medial terminal branch of the sciatic nerve. The tibial nerve fibers originate in lumbar and sacral spinal segments (L4 to S2). They supply motor and sensory innervation to parts of the calf and foot.Nerve Degeneration: Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.Electrodes, Implanted: Surgically placed electric conductors through which ELECTRIC STIMULATION is delivered to or electrical activity is recorded from a specific point inside the body.Reticular Formation: A region extending from the PONS & MEDULLA OBLONGATA through the MESENCEPHALON, characterized by a diversity of neurons of various sizes and shapes, arranged in different aggregations and enmeshed in a complicated fiber network.gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.Gliosis: The production of a dense fibrous network of neuroglia; includes astrocytosis, which is a proliferation of astrocytes in the area of a degenerative lesion.Nociception: Sensing of noxious mechanical, thermal or chemical stimuli by NOCICEPTORS. It is the sensory component of visceral and tissue pain (NOCICEPTIVE PAIN).Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated: A class of nerve fibers as defined by their nerve sheath arrangement. The AXONS of the unmyelinated nerve fibers are small in diameter and usually several are surrounded by a single MYELIN SHEATH. They conduct low-velocity impulses, and represent the majority of peripheral sensory and autonomic fibers, but are also found in the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.Receptors, Neurokinin-1: A class of cell surface receptors for TACHYKININS with a preference for SUBSTANCE P. Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptors have been cloned and are members of the G protein coupled receptor superfamily. They are found on many cell types including central and peripheral neurons, smooth muscle cells, acinar cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells.Manipulation, Spinal: Adjustment and manipulation of the vertebral column.Sensory Receptor Cells: Specialized afferent neurons capable of transducing sensory stimuli into NERVE IMPULSES to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Sometimes sensory receptors for external stimuli are called exteroceptors; for internal stimuli are called interoceptors and proprioceptors.Ependyma: A thin membrane that lines the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES and the central canal of the SPINAL CORD.Reflex, Monosynaptic: A reflex in which the AFFERENT NEURONS synapse directly on the EFFERENT NEURONS, without any INTERCALATED NEURONS. (Lockard, Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)Phrenic Nerve: The motor nerve of the diaphragm. The phrenic nerve fibers originate in the cervical spinal column (mostly C4) and travel through the cervical plexus to the diaphragm.Urination: Discharge of URINE, liquid waste processed by the KIDNEY, from the body.Periodicity: The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian).Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Gait Disorders, Neurologic: Gait abnormalities that are a manifestation of nervous system dysfunction. These conditions may be caused by a wide variety of disorders which affect motor control, sensory feedback, and muscle strength including: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; or MUSCULAR DISEASES.Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the CEREBELLUM via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral MOTOR CORTEX.Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.Neural Inhibition: The function of opposing or restraining the excitation of neurons or their target excitable cells.Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental: An experimental animal model for central nervous system demyelinating disease. Inoculation with a white matter emulsion combined with FREUND'S ADJUVANT, myelin basic protein, or purified central myelin triggers a T cell-mediated immune response directed towards central myelin. The pathologic features are similar to MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, including perivascular and periventricular foci of inflammation and demyelination. Subpial demyelination underlying meningeal infiltrations also occurs, which is also a feature of ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED. Passive immunization with T-cells from an afflicted animal to a normal animal also induces this condition. (From Immunol Res 1998;17(1-2):217-27; Raine CS, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p604-5)Multiple Sclerosis: An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)Capsaicin: An alkylamide found in CAPSICUM that acts at TRPV CATION CHANNELS.Pain, Intractable: Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.Cord Factors: Toxic glycolipids composed of trehalose dimycolate derivatives. They are produced by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS and other species of MYCOBACTERIUM. They induce cellular dysfunction in animals.Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus, composed of a central part, the brain and spinal cord, and a peripheral part, the cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and plexuses. (Stedman, 26th ed)Neuronal Tract-Tracers: Substances used to identify the location and to characterize the types of NEURAL PATHWAYS.Nerve Tissue: Differentiated tissue of the central nervous system composed of NERVE CELLS, fibers, DENDRITES, and specialized supporting cells.Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.TailFunctional Laterality: Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.Neurosurgical Procedures: Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.Nerve Growth Factors: Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.Myelin Proteins: MYELIN-specific proteins that play a structural or regulatory role in the genesis and maintenance of the lamellar MYELIN SHEATH structure.Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.Brown-Sequard Syndrome: A syndrome associated with injury to the lateral half of the spinal cord. The condition is characterized by the following clinical features (which are found below the level of the lesion): contralateral hemisensory anesthesia to pain and temperature, ipsilateral loss of propioception, and ipsilateral motor paralysis. Tactile sensation is generally spared. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p162).Constriction: The act of constricting.Survival of Motor Neuron 1 Protein: A SMN complex protein that is essential for the function of the SMN protein complex. In humans the protein is encoded by a single gene found near the inversion telomere of a large inverted region of CHROMOSOME 5. Mutations in the gene coding for survival of motor neuron 1 protein may result in SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD.Motor Neuron Disease: Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)Cell Count: The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

Adenoviral gene transfer into the normal and injured spinal cord: enhanced transgene stability by combined administration of temperature-sensitive virus and transient immune blockade. (1/10835)

This study characterized gene transfer into both normal and injured adult rat dorsal spinal cord using first (E1-/E3-) or second (E1-/E2A125/E3-, temperature-sensitive; ts) generation of replication-defective adenoviral (Ad) vectors. A novel immunosuppressive regimen aimed at blocking CD4/CD45 lymphocytic receptors was tested for improving transgene persistence. In addition, the effect of gene transfer on nociception was also evaluated. Seven days after treatment, numerous LacZ-positive cells were observed after transfection with either viral vector. By 21 days after transfection, beta-galactosidase staining was reduced and suggestive of ongoing cytopathology in both Ad-treated groups, despite the fact that the immunogenicity of LacZ/Adts appeared less when compared with that elicited by the LacZ/Ad vector. In contrast, immunosuppressed animals showed a significant (P < or = 0.05) increase in the number of LacZ-positive cells not displaying cytopathology. In these animals, a concomitant reduction in numbers of macrophages/microglia and CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes was observed. Only animals that received LacZ/Adts and immunosuppression showed transgene expression after 60 days. Similar results were observed in animals in which the L4-L5 dorsal roots were lesioned before transfection. Gene transfer into the dorsal spinal cord did not affect nociception, independent of the adenovirus vector. These results indicate that immune blockade of the CD4/CD45 lymphocytic receptors enhanced transgene stability in adult animals with normal or injured spinal cords and that persistent transgene expression in the spinal cord does not interfere with normal neural function.  (+info)

Activity-dependent metaplasticity of inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission in the lamprey spinal cord locomotor network. (2/10835)

Paired intracellular recordings have been used to examine the activity-dependent plasticity and neuromodulator-induced metaplasticity of synaptic inputs from identified inhibitory and excitatory interneurons in the lamprey spinal cord. Trains of spikes at 5-20 Hz were used to mimic the frequency of spiking that occurs in network interneurons during NMDA or brainstem-evoked locomotor activity. Inputs from inhibitory and excitatory interneurons exhibited similar activity-dependent changes, with synaptic depression developing during the spike train. The level of depression reached was greater with lower stimulation frequencies. Significant activity-dependent depression of inputs from excitatory interneurons and inhibitory crossed caudal interneurons, which are central elements in the patterning of network activity, usually developed between the fifth and tenth spikes in the train. Because these interneurons typically fire bursts of up to five spikes during locomotor activity, this activity-dependent plasticity will presumably not contribute to the patterning of network activity. However, in the presence of the neuromodulators substance P and 5-HT, significant activity-dependent metaplasticity of these inputs developed over the first five spikes in the train. Substance P induced significant activity-dependent depression of inhibitory but potentiation of excitatory interneuron inputs, whereas 5-HT induced significant activity-dependent potentiation of both inhibitory and excitatory interneuron inputs. Because these metaplastic effects are consistent with the substance P and 5-HT-induced modulation of the network output, activity-dependent metaplasticity could be a potential mechanism underlying the coordination and modulation of rhythmic network activity.  (+info)

Spinal cord-evoked potentials and muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in 10 awake human subjects. (3/10835)

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TCMS) causes leg muscle contractions, but the neural structures in the brain that are activated by TCMS and their relationship to these leg muscle responses are not clearly understood. To elucidate this, we concomitantly recorded leg muscle responses and thoracic spinal cord-evoked potentials (SCEPs) after TCMS for the first time in 10 awake, neurologically intact human subjects. In this report we provide evidence of direct and indirect activation of corticospinal neurons after TCMS. In three subjects, SCEP threshold (T) stimulus intensities recruited both the D wave (direct activation of corticospinal neurons) and the first I wave (I1, indirect activation of corticospinal neurons). In one subject, the D, I1, and I2 waves were recruited simultaneously, and in another subject, the I1 and I2 waves were recruited simultaneously. In the remaining five subjects, only the I1 wave was recruited first. More waves were recruited as the stimulus intensity increased. The presence of D and I waves in all subjects at low stimulus intensities verified that TCMS directly and indirectly activated corticospinal neurons supplying the lower extremities. Leg muscle responses were usually contingent on the SCEP containing at least four waves (D, I1, I2, and I3).  (+info)

Complete compensation in skilled reaching success with associated impairments in limb synergies, after dorsal column lesion in the rat. (4/10835)

Each of the dorsal columns of the rat spinal cord conveys primary sensory information, by way of the medullary dorsal column nucleus, to the ventrobasal thalamus on the contralateral side; thus the dorsal columns are an important source of neural input to the sensorimotor cortex. Damage to the dorsal columns causes impairments in synergistic proximal or whole-body movements in cats and distal limb impairments in primates, particularly in multiarticulated finger movements and tactile foviation while handling objects, but the behavioral effects of afferent fiber lesions in the dorsal columns of rodents have not been described. Female Long-Evans rats were trained to reach with a forelimb for food pellets and subsequently received lesions of the dorsomedial spinal cord at the C2 level, ipsilateral to their preferred limb. Reaching success completely recovered within a few days of dorsal column lesion. Nevertheless, a detailed analysis of high-speed video recordings revealed that rotatory limb movements (aiming, pronation, supination, etc.) were irreversibly impaired. Compensation was achieved with whole-body and alternate limb movements. These results indicate the following: (1) in the absence of the dorsal columns, other sensorimotor pathways support endpoint success in reaching; (2) sensory input conveyed by the dorsal columns is important for both proximal and distal limb movements used for skilled reaching; and (3) detailed behavioral analyses in addition to endpoint measures are necessary to completely describe the effects of dorsal column lesions.  (+info)

Neurite outgrowth-regulating properties of GABA and the effect of serum on mouse spinal cord neurons in culture. (5/10835)

Time-lapse photography was used to examine the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the outgrowth and motility of neurites in cultures from mouse spinal cord. GABA at concentrations of 100, 10 and 1 microM caused significant inhibition of neurite outgrowth and the motility of growth cones was significantly reduced by treatment with 100 and 10 microM GABA. This effect was mimicked by the GABA(B) receptor agonist baclofen, whereas the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol had no effect. The effect of GABA on outgrowth and motility seems to be dependent on the type of serum employed. The results reported here were obtained only when heat-inactivated serum was used and not when non heat-inactivated serum was added to the culture medium. They suggest that GABA has a role in the regulation of process outgrowth within the embryonic mouse spinal cord.  (+info)

Presence of the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter in GABAergic and glycinergic synaptic terminal boutons. (6/10835)

The characterization of the Caenorhabditis elegans unc-47 gene recently allowed the identification of a mammalian (gamma)-amino butyric acid (GABA) transporter, presumed to be located in the synaptic vesicle membrane. In situ hybridization data in rat brain suggested that it might also take up glycine and thus represent a general Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transporter (VIAAT). In the present study, we have investigated the localization of VIAAT in neurons by using a polyclonal antibody raised against the hydrophilic N-terminal domain of the protein. Light microscopy and immunocytochemistry in primary cultures or tissue sections of the rat spinal cord revealed that VIAAT was localized in a subset (63-65%) of synaptophysin-immunoreactive terminal boutons; among the VIAAT-positive terminals around motoneuronal somata, 32.9% of them were also immunoreactive for GAD65, a marker of GABAergic presynaptic endings. Labelling was also found apposed to clusters positive for the glycine receptor or for its associated protein gephyrin. At the ultrastructural level, VIAAT immunoreactivity was restricted to presynaptic boutons exhibiting classical inhibitory features and, within the boutons, concentrated over synaptic vesicle clusters. Pre-embedding detection of VIAAT followed by post-embedding detection of GABA or glycine on serial sections of the spinal cord or cerebellar cortex indicated that VIAAT was present in glycine-, GABA- or GABA- and glycine-containing boutons. Taken together, these data further support the view of a common vesicular transporter for these two inhibitory transmitters, which would be responsible for their costorage in the same synaptic vesicle and subsequent corelease at mixed GABA-and-glycine synapses.  (+info)

Cannabinoid suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity in wide dynamic range neurons in the lumbar dorsal horn of the rat. (7/10835)

The effects of cannabinoid agonists on noxious heat-evoked firing of 62 spinal wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons were examined in urethan-anesthetized rats (1 cell/animal). Noxious thermal stimulation was applied with a Peltier device to the receptive fields in the ipsilateral hindpaw of isolated WDR neurons. To assess the site of action, cannabinoids were administered systemically in intact and spinally transected rats and intraventricularly. Both the aminoalkylindole cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 (125 microg/kg iv) and the bicyclic cannabinoid CP55,940 (125 microg/kg iv) suppressed noxious heat-evoked activity. Responses evoked by mild pressure in nonnociceptive neurons were not altered by CP55,940 (125 microg/kg iv), consistent with previous observations with another cannabinoid agonist, WIN55,212-2. The cannabinoid induced-suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity was blocked by pretreatment with SR141716A (1 mg/kg iv), a competitive antagonist for central cannabinoid CB1 receptors. By contrast, intravenous administration of either vehicle or the receptor-inactive enantiomer WIN55,212-3 (125 microg/kg) failed to alter noxious heat-evoked activity. The suppression of noxious heat-evoked activity induced by WIN55,212-2 in the lumbar dorsal horn of intact animals was markedly attenuated in spinal rats. Moreover, intraventricular administration of WIN55,212-2 suppressed noxious heat-evoked activity in spinal WDR neurons. By contrast, both vehicle and enantiomer were inactive. These findings suggest that cannabinoids selectively modulate the activity of nociceptive neurons in the spinal dorsal horn by actions at CB1 receptors. This modulation represents a suppression of pain neurotransmission because the inhibitory effects are selective for pain-sensitive neurons and are observed with different modalities of noxious stimulation. The data also provide converging lines of evidence for a role for descending antinociceptive mechanisms in cannabinoid modulation of spinal nociceptive processing.  (+info)

Pharmacodynamic actions of (S)-2-[4,5-dihydro-5-propyl-2-(3H)-furylidene]-1,3-cyclopentanedione (oudenone). (8/10835)

The pharmacodynamic actions of (S)-2-[4,5-dihydro-5-propyl-2(3H)-furylidene]-1,3-cyclopentanedione (oudenone) were studied in both anesthetized animals and isolated organs. Oudenone (10--40 mg/kg i.v.) induced an initial rise in blood pressure followed by a prolonged hypotension in the anesthetized rats. In unanesthetized spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), oudenone (5--200 mg/kg p.o.) caused a dose-related decrease in the systolic blood pressure. The initial pressor effect was diminished by pretreatments with phentolamine, guanethidine, hexamethonium and was abolished in the pithed rats. In addition, intracisternal administrations of oudenone (100--600 mug/kg) showed a marked increase in blood pressure in the anesthetized rats, suggesting that the pressor effect may be due to centrally mediated actions. Oudenone, given intra-arterially into the femoral artery (400--800 mug/kg), caused a long-lasting vasodilation in anesthetized dogs. At a relatively high dose (40 mg/kg i.v.), oudenone antagonized all pressor responses to autonomic agents and central vagus nerve stimulation in anesthetized rats and dogs, however, oudenone showed no anti-cholinergic,-histaminergic, beta-adrenergic and adrenergic neuron blocking properties.  (+info)

Induction of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and serine-threonine kinase-like immunoreactivity in rabbit spinal cord after...Induction of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and serine-threonine kinase-like immunoreactivity in rabbit spinal cord after...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Induction of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and serine-threonine kinase-like immunoreactivity in rabbit spinal cord after transient ischemia. AU - Sakurai, Masahiro. AU - Hayashi, Takeshi. AU - Abe, Koji. AU - Itoyuama, Yasuto. AU - Tabayashi, Koichi. PY - 2001/4/13. Y1 - 2001/4/13. N2 - The mechanism of spinal cord injury has been thought to be related with tissue ischemia, and spinal motor neuron cells are suggested to be vulnerable to ischemia. To evaluate the mechanism of such vulnerability of motor neurons, we attempted to make a reproducible model of rabbit spinal cord ischemia. Using this model, the inductions of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-k) and serine-threonine kinase (Akt) were investigated with immunohistochemical analyses for up to 7 days of the reperfusion following 15 min of ischemia in rabbit spinal cord. It has been demonstrated that both PI3-k and its downstream effector, Akt mediate growth factor-induced neuronal survival. Spinal cord sections from ...
Changes of intracellular free calcium following mechanical injury in a spinal cord slice preparation.Changes of intracellular free calcium following mechanical injury in a spinal cord slice preparation.
article{181863, author = {Leybaert, Luc and DEHEMPTINNE, A}, issn = {0014-4819}, journal = {EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH}, language = {eng}, number = {3}, pages = {392--402}, title = {Changes of intracellular free calcium following mechanical injury in a spinal cord slice preparation.}, volume = {112}, year = {1996 ...
Phospholipid and phospholipid fatty acid composition of mixed murine spinal cord neuronal cultures.Phospholipid and phospholipid fatty acid composition of mixed murine spinal cord neuronal cultures.
The phospholipid and phospholipid fatty acid compositions of mixed murine spinal cord neuronal cultures are reported. The phospholipid composition was primarily comprised of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (44.8%) and choline glycerophospholipids (43.5%). Plasmalogens made up 29.1% of the ethanola...
Ventral Spinal Cord Herniation - The Spine Hospital at The Neurological Institute of New YorkVentral Spinal Cord Herniation - The Spine Hospital at The Neurological Institute of New York
The spinal cord is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (spinal fluid) throughout its course in the spinal canal. The spinal fluid serves as a buffer of fluid that surrounds the spinal cord providing protection and insulation from movements and trauma to the body. The spinal fluid is kept in place by two thin membranes- the arachnoid and dura. The arachnoid is a very thin see through membrane that is suspended in the spinal fluid while the dura is a slightly thicker and stronger membrane that surrounds the spinal fluid space.. A ventral spinal cord herniation may occur if a breach or weakness of the dura occurs. Spinal fluid can leak through this opening causing headaches as part of a condition called spontaneous intracranial hypotension. In rare circumstances, the spinal cord may be pushed forward and protrude through the breach in the dura to produce a ventral spinal cord herniation. This condition usually occurs in the thoracic spine and can cause numbness and weakness in the legs with walking ...
Brevet US7582680 - Methods and compositions for treating mammalian spinal cord injuries - Google BrevetsBrevet US7582680 - Methods and compositions for treating mammalian spinal cord injuries - Google Brevets
Methods of treating an injured vertebrate spinal cord are described. In one aspect of the invention, a method of treating an injured vertebrate spinal cord includes contacting the spinal cord with a biomembrane fusion agent such as a polyalkylene glycol, especially polyethylene glycol. In alternative embodiments of the invention, methods of treating an injured vertebrate spinal cord include contacting the cord with a biomembrane fusion agent and a potassium channel blocker. Other aspects of the invention include compositions for treating a vertebrate nervous system. A preferred composition includes a biomembrane fusion agent, such as a polyalkylene glycol, and a potassium channel blocker, such as an amino-substituted pyridine.
PLOS ONE: Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells from the Adult Human Spinal Cord Are Multipotent and Self-Renewing and Differentiate...PLOS ONE: Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells from the Adult Human Spinal Cord Are Multipotent and Self-Renewing and Differentiate...
Neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) transplantation is a promising therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI). However, little is known about NSPC from the adult human spinal cord as a donor source. We demonstrate for the first time that multipotent and self-renewing NSPC can be cultured, passaged and transplanted from the adult human spinal cord of organ transplant donors. Adult human spinal cord NSPC require an adherent substrate for selection and expansion in EGF (epidermal growth factor) and FGF2 (fibroblast growth factor) enriched medium. NSPC as an adherent monolayer can be passaged for at least 9 months and form neurospheres when plated in suspension culture. In EGF/FGF2 culture, NSPC proliferate and primarily express nestin and Sox2, and low levels of markers for differentiating cells. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) promotes NSPC proliferation and significantly enhances GFAP expression in hypoxia. In differentiating conditions in the presence of serum, these NSPC show multipotentiality, expressing
Assessment of spinal cord pathology following trauma using early changesin the spinal cord evoked potentials: a pharmacological...Assessment of spinal cord pathology following trauma using early changesin the spinal cord evoked potentials: a pharmacological...
Assessment of spinal cord pathology following trauma using early changesin the spinal cord evoked potentials: a pharmacological and morphologicalstudy in the rat. ...
real-spinal-cord-anatomy | eDoctorOnline.comreal-spinal-cord-anatomy | eDoctorOnline.com
spinal cord anatomy, spinal cord, spinal cord anatomy, cauda equina, image, anatomy of spinal cord, spinal nerves, cauda equina anatomy, human spinal cord anatomy, sacral spinal cord, spinal cord nerves, Spinal Nerve Anatomy, spinal cord anatomy, spinal cord segments, conus medullaris, Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves, spinal cord, real spinal cord, thoracic spinal cord, human spinal cord, ...
Investigation of the ability of regenerating spinal cord fiber tracts to regain their normal pathways :: MUSC Theses and...Investigation of the ability of regenerating spinal cord fiber tracts to regain their normal pathways :: MUSC Theses and...
The ability of regenerating fiber tracts to maintain or regain their normal pathways following a spinal cord transection was investigated. Utilizing the Holmes silver technique, examination of ran- domly chosen transected spinal cords of goldfish verified that the transections were complete. Normal goldfish spinal cords were studied using two micra plastic cross sections and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled longitudinal sections. Descending and ascending tracts were identified by transecting the spinal cord and examining sections for degeneration. Following regeneration, two micra plastic cross sections stained with toluidine blue, and longitudinal and cross sections of HRP labeled regenerate goldfish spinal cords (labeling of either the entire spinal cord or a limited number of fibers) were examined. Regeneration of the fibers was found to be limited to 5 or 6 millimeters. With HRP labeling of the regenerated spinal cord either rostral or caudal to the original transection, labeled fibers ...
Expression of D-type cyclins in differentiating cells of the mouse spinal cordExpression of D-type cyclins in differentiating cells of the mouse spinal cord
In contrast to cyclin D1 and D2, the expression level of cyclin D3 was high in the hindbrain at the E15.5 stage (Figure 3I, arrowhead). Moreover, in the midbrain cyclin D3 was expressed in cells closer to the ventricle than those expressing cyclin D2 (Figure 3H, I, arrows).. Discussion. At the E10.5 stage, all three D-type cyclins were expressed in most of the spinal cord cells but cyclin D1 and D3 showed higher expression levels in the dorsal half of the spinal cord. Wianny et al. (1998) found that the dorso-ventral gradient of the cyclin D1 transcript also occurs in the spinal cord of 7-9 somite-stage embryos. However, in our study we found that at the E10.5 stage cyclin D2 was not missing from the floor plate and also that cyclin D3 was not expressed only ventrally, as was reported for the transcripts of the genes in 7-9 somite stage embryos by Wianny et al. (1998). This may have been due to altered expression patterns of these genes during the time course of spinal cord development and ...
Bcl11a is required for neuronal morphogenesis and sensory circuit formation in dorsal spinal cord development | DevelopmentBcl11a is required for neuronal morphogenesis and sensory circuit formation in dorsal spinal cord development | Development
Bcl11a is expressed in both presynaptic sensory neurons and postsynaptic spinal target neurons (Fig. 1). We next asked whether Bcl11a is required for correct wiring, and if so, on which site. Central axons of sensory neurons were labeled at E16.5 with DiI. In the superficial dorsal horns of Brn4-Cre;Bcl11a mutants, the density of DiI-positive fibers was greatly reduced and the remaining fibers appeared disorganized. Only a few axons crossing the midline or located in a dorsolateral region of the dorsal horn were detectable by DiI labeling in mutants (Fig. 5A,B). TrkA (Ntrk1 - Mouse Genome Informatics) -positive nociceptive fibers preferentially terminate in the superficial dorsal horn. Immunohistological analysis with antibodies against TrkA or aquaporin 1, a water channel protein that is expressed by small-diameter nociceptive fibers (Oshio et al., 2006), invariably revealed almost complete loss of such fibers in the dorsal horn of Brn4-Cre;Bcl11a mutants (Fig. 5C-F). Similar results were ...
Adenosine release from the spinal cord may mediate antinodideption by intracerebroventricular morphine | IslandScholarAdenosine release from the spinal cord may mediate antinodideption by intracerebroventricular morphine | IslandScholar
Sweeney-Nixon, M. I., White, T., & Sawynok, J. (1989). Adenosine release from the spinal cord may mediate antinodideption by intracerebroventricular morphine. Society For Neuroscience Abstracts, 15, 371 ...
Figure: To and From and Up and Down the Spinal Cord - Merck Manuals Consumer VersionFigure: To and From and Up and Down the Spinal Cord - Merck Manuals Consumer Version
Spinal nerves carry nerve impulses to and from the spinal cord through two nerve roots: Motor (anterior) root: Located toward the front, this root carries impulses from the spinal cord to muscles to stimulate muscle movement. Sensory (posterior) root: Located toward the back, this root carries sensory information about touch, position, pain, and temperature from the body to the spinal cord. In the center of the spinal cord, a butterfly-shaped area of gray matter helps relay impulses to and from spinal nerves. Its wings are called horns. Motor (anterior) horns: These horns contain nerve cells that carry signals from the brain or spinal cord through the motor root to muscles. Posterior (sensory) horns: These horns contain nerve cells that receive signals about pain, temperature, and other sensory information through the sensory root from nerve cells outside the spinal cord. Impulses travel up (to the brain) or down (from the brain) the spinal cord through distinct pathways (tracts). Each tract ...
New microdevice replicates embryonic spinal cord developmentNew microdevice replicates embryonic spinal cord development
Researchers at the University of Maine MicroInstruments and Systems Laboratory (MISL), in collaboration with The Jackson Laboratory, have developed a new microfluidic tool that reproduces in the laboratory the same physiochemical environment that instructs embryonic stem cells to develop into organized tissue.
Get PDF - Consequences of irradiation of the cervical spinal cord following radiotherapy of tumors in the cervical region. II....Get PDF - Consequences of irradiation of the cervical spinal cord following radiotherapy of tumors in the cervical region. II....
Zett, W.; Lehmann, W.; Neumeister, K., 1968: Consequences of irradiation of the cervical spinal cord following radiotherapy of tumors in the cervical region. II. Electromyographic studies
NOS1APc associates with Hippo Signaling components and contributes to spinal cord developmentNOS1APc associates with Hippo Signaling components and contributes to spinal cord development
The nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP) is an adaptor protein implicated in a number of human conditions including schizophrenia, anxiety and cardiac QT syndrome. Previous studies have shown that NOS1AP and some of its isoforms associate with the tumor suppressor protein scribble. Since scribble has been linked to the Hippo pathway, I set out to determine if NOS1AP associates with the Hippo pathway and whether it controls aspects of neuronal development. Here I show that NOS1AP and NOS1APc interact with the transcriptional co-activator yes-associated protein (YAP), a component of the Hippo cascade. Further both NOS1APa and NOS1APc show partial co-distribute with YAP in HEK293Tcells, with NOS1APc having better co-distribution. In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry studies reveal that NOS1APc is expressed in the developing spinal cord. NOS1APc is expressed in the floor plate and roof plate and shows a similar profile to radial glial cells. In ovo electroporation of cDNA ...
Projects | Lev-Tov Laboratory of Spinal Cord Research | Department of Medical Neurobiology | The Hebrew University Medical...Projects | Lev-Tov Laboratory of Spinal Cord Research | Department of Medical Neurobiology | The Hebrew University Medical...
Afferent input has been shown to play a major role in our capacity to reactivate spinal circuits that generate coordinated rhythmic flexion and extension of the limb muscles in spinal cord injury patients. Our studies revealed that stimulation of sacrocaudal afferents (SCA) is a potent means for activating the locomotor central pattern generators (CPGs) in rodents spinal cords that lack the descending control from the brain. These studies showed that capacity of SCA to induce the locomotor rhythm depends on activation of sacrocaudal neurons the crossed and uncrossed projections of which, ascend through the ventral and lateral white matter funiculi (VF,VLF, LF, and DLF) to the limb innervating segments of the cord. The project examines the axonal projections, spatial distribution, organization and physiological properties of these sacrocaudal neurons and evaluates their role in the generation of afferent induced rhythmicity in the spinal cord. The studies are performed in collaboration with Dr. ...
Spinal Cord Level of InjurySpinal Cord Level of Injury
The spinal cord level of injury refers to the point where the spinal cord is injured and Marks a border between areas of the body that are affected and not affected by the spinal cord injury.
Changing pattern of expression of parvalbumin immunoreactivity during human fetal spinal cord development - ePrints - Newcastle...Changing pattern of expression of parvalbumin immunoreactivity during human fetal spinal cord development - ePrints - Newcastle...
Full text for this publication is not currently held within this repository. Alternative links are provided below where available. ...
Cocultures of rat sensorimotor cortex and spinal cord slices to investigate corticospinal tract sproutingCocultures of rat sensorimotor cortex and spinal cord slices to investigate corticospinal tract sprouting
STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study of corticospinal axonal sprouting in an organotypic slice culture model. OBJECTIVE: To develop an in vitro model that simplifies the study of various factors regulating neuronal regeneration. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Spinal cord injury leads to permanent neurologic damage, mainly due to the inability of the adult central nervous system to regenerate. Much attention has been focused on promoting axonal regeneration and sprouting, either by exogenous administration of various neurotrophic factors or by the antagonization of factors inhibiting regeneration. METHODS: An in vitro system that allows coculture of slices from rat sensorimotor cortex and spinal cord (p4) was established. Two groups of cultures were investigated: In the first group, intact spinal cord slices were cultured adjacent to sensorimotor cortex slices, while in the second group the spinal cord slices were sagittally cut into halves, with the sectioned interface placed directly adjacent to the ...
Human Spinal Cord Derived Neural Stem Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Full Text View ...Human Spinal Cord Derived Neural Stem Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Full Text View ...
These stem cells are called Human Spinal Stem Cells (HSSC) and have been engineered from the spinal cord of a single fetus electively aborted after 8 weeks of gestation. The tissue was obtained with the mothers consent. The cells will be transplanted into the ALS patients spinal cord after laminectomy, an operation that removes bone surrounding the spine. After the spinal cord is exposed, a device manufactured for this purpose will be mounted onto the patient and will hold a syringe filled with the cells. The syringe will have a needle attached and the needle will enter the spinal cord in specified areas. The device will minimize trauma to the spinal cord by the needle by making the puncture precise and steady and injecting the material at a slow and steady speed.. ALS is a universally fatal neurodegenerative condition that causes weakness leading to paralysis and death. Life expectancy is 2-5 years. The cause is unknown and there is no effective treatment. Previous research has shown that on ...
Human Spinal Cord Derived Neural Stem Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Full Text View ...Human Spinal Cord Derived Neural Stem Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Full Text View ...
These stem cells are called Human Spinal Stem Cells (HSSC) and have been engineered from the spinal cord of a single fetus electively aborted after 8 weeks of gestation. The tissue was obtained with the mothers consent. The cells will be transplanted into the ALS patients spinal cord after laminectomy, an operation that removes bone surrounding the spine. After the spinal cord is exposed, a device manufactured for this purpose will be mounted onto the patient and will hold a syringe filled with the cells. The syringe will have a needle attached and the needle will enter the spinal cord in specified areas. The device will minimize trauma to the spinal cord by the needle by making the puncture precise and steady and injecting the material at a slow and steady speed.. ALS is a universally fatal neurodegenerative condition that causes weakness leading to paralysis and death. Life expectancy is 2-5 years. The cause is unknown and there is no effective treatment. Previous research has shown that on ...
Spinal Cord Cross Section Tracts Cross Section Of Spinal Cord Stock Vector Image 41446425 - Anatomy Body ChartsSpinal Cord Cross Section Tracts Cross Section Of Spinal Cord Stock Vector Image 41446425 - Anatomy Body Charts
Spinal Cord Cross Section Tracts Cross Section Of Spinal Cord Stock Vector Image 41446425 photo, Spinal Cord Cross Section Tracts Cross Section Of Spinal Cord Stock Vector Image 41446425 image, Spinal Cord Cross Section Tracts Cross Section Of Spinal Cord Stock Vector Image 41446425 gallery
Synaptic corelease of ATP and GABA in cultured spinal neurons<...Synaptic corelease of ATP and GABA in cultured spinal neurons<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Synaptic corelease of ATP and GABA in cultured spinal neurons. AU - Jo, Young-Hwan. AU - Schlichter, Rémy. PY - 1999/3. Y1 - 1999/3. N2 - In the spinal dorsal horn (DH), transmission and modulation of peripheral nociceptive (pain-inducing) messages involve classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. We show that approximately half of DH neurons use ATP as a fast excitatory neurotransmitter acting at ionotropic P2X postsynaptic receptors. ATP was not codetected with glutamate but was coreleased with the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Moreover, adenosine, probably generated by extracellular metabolism of ATP, finely tuned GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Differential modulation of excitatory versus inhibitory components of this mixed cotransmission may help to explain changes in sensory message processing in the DH during mechanical hyperalgesia and neuropathic pain.. AB - In the spinal dorsal horn (DH), transmission and modulation of peripheral nociceptive ...
The current state-of-the-art of spinal cord imaging: Methods - Wellcome Centre for Integrative NeuroimagingThe current state-of-the-art of spinal cord imaging: Methods - Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging
A first-ever spinal cord imaging meeting was sponsored by the International Spinal Research Trust and the Wings for Life Foundation with the aim of identifying the current state-of-the-art of spinal cord imaging, the current greatest challenges, and greatest needs for future development. This meeting was attended by a small group of invited experts spanning all aspects of spinal cord imaging from basic research to clinical practice. The greatest current challenges for spinal cord imaging were identified as arising from the imaging environment itself; difficult imaging environment created by the bone surrounding the spinal canal, physiological motion of the cord and adjacent tissues, and small cross-sectional dimensions of the spinal cord, exacerbated by metallic implants often present in injured patients. Challenges were also identified as a result of a lack of critical mass of researchers taking on the development of spinal cord imaging, affecting both the rate of progress in the field, and the
MR imaging of compressive cervical myelopathy after surgery--high signal intensity of the spinal cord on T2 weighted images]. -...MR imaging of compressive cervical myelopathy after surgery--high signal intensity of the spinal cord on T2 weighted images]. -...
We reviewed the MR images of 32 patients with cervical myelopathy, showing lesions of high signal intensity in the spinal cord on the sagittal T2 weighted images (T2WI) after surgery: 16 with OPLL; 9 with spondylosis; 4 with disc herniation and 3 with trauma. All images were obtained on a superconducting 1.5 Tesla system. The lesions were classified into five groups, according to the shape and grade of signal intensity on the sagittal T2WI: (I) oval-shaped lesion of signal intensity less brighter than CSF with blurred margin, (II) longitudinal linear-shaped lesion of signal intensity similar to CSF, (III) spindle-shaped lesion of signal intensity similar to CSF, (IV) round-shaped lesion of signal intensity similar to CSF and (V) mixed-types lesions which consisted of group I and II. The present study was summarized as follows: 1) Oval-shaped lesions were seen in the cases of disc herniation and spondylosis with relatively short duration of the symptom, presumptively with relatively short duration of the
PPT - Spinal Cord Function After Injury PowerPoint Presentation - ID:6341268PPT - Spinal Cord Function After Injury PowerPoint Presentation - ID:6341268
Spinal Cord Function After Injury. spinal cord structure in relation to vertebrae types of lesions fibre tracts in spinal cord sensory loss motor loss reflexes and spinal shock neuropathic pain. Orientation of spinal cord and spinal roots with respect to vertebrae. Posterior. Slideshow 6341268 by oren-livingston
ModelDB: Models that contain the Cell : Spinal cord motor neuron fast fatiguingModelDB: Models that contain the Cell : Spinal cord motor neuron fast fatiguing
A Web-based simulation system of the spinal cord circuitry responsible for muscle control is described. The simulator employs two-compartment motoneuron models for S, FR and FF types, with synaptic inputs acting through conductance variations. Four motoneuron pools with their associated interneurons are represented in the simulator, with the possibility of inclusion of more than 2,000 neurons and 2,000,000 synapses. ... Inputs to the motoneuron pool come from populations of interneurons (Ia reciprocal inhibitory interneurons, Ib interneurons, and Renshaw cells) and from stochastic point processes associated with descending tracts. ... The generation of the H-reflex by the Ia-motoneuron pool system and its modulation by spinal cord interneurons is included in the simulation system ...
Polycomb group proteins are essential for spinal cord developmentPolycomb group proteins are essential for spinal cord development
Birth defects are the leading cause of infantile mortality, followed by neural tube defects (NTD) and congenital heart defects. Spina bifida and anencephaly are among the most common forms of NTD. NTD etiologies are complex, and are associated with both genetic and environmental factors. Polycomb gr …
Receptor tyrosine phosphatase PTPγ is a regulator of spinal cord neurogenesis : WestminsterResearchReceptor tyrosine phosphatase PTPγ is a regulator of spinal cord neurogenesis : WestminsterResearch
During spinal cord development the proliferation, migration and survival of neural progenitors and precursors is tightly controlled, generating the fine spatial organisation of the cord. In order to understand better the control of these processes, we have examined the function of an orphan receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP) PTPγ, in the developing chick spinal cord. Widespread expression of PTPγ occurs post-embryonic day 3 in the early cord and is consistent with a potential role in either neurogenesis or neuronal maturation. Using gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches in ovo, we show that PTPγ perturbation significantly reduces progenitor proliferation rates and neuronal precursor numbers, resulting in hypoplasia of the neuroepithelium. PTPγ gain-of-function causes widespread suppression of Wnt/β-catenin-driven TCF signalling. One potential target of PTPγ may therefore be β-catenin itself, since PTPγ can dephosphorylate it in vitro, but alternative targets are also ...
Lignocaine selectively reduces C fibre-evoked neuronal activity in rat spinal cord in vitro by decreasing N-methyl-D-aspartate...Lignocaine selectively reduces C fibre-evoked neuronal activity in rat spinal cord in vitro by decreasing N-methyl-D-aspartate...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Lignocaine selectively reduces C fibre-evoked neuronal activity in rat spinal cord in vitro by decreasing N-methyl-D-aspartate and neurokinin receptor-mediated post-synaptic depolarizations; implications for the development of novel centrally acting analgesics. AU - Nagy, I.. AU - Woolf, Clifford J.. PY - 1996/1. Y1 - 1996/1. N2 - The action of lignocaine on nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord has been studied in vitro using ventral root potential (VRP) recordings from 10-12-day-old rat hemisected spinal cord preparations. Single-shock stimulation of a dorsal root at intensities sufficient to activate high-threshold C-primary afferent fibres elicited VRPs lasting for 15-20 sec in the corresponding ventral root. The VRP consisted of 3 distinct parts: the early, slow and prolonged components, as previously described (Thompson et al. 1992), where the early represents Aβfibre-evoked mono- and polysynaptic responses lasting for tens of milliseconds, the slow is a largely ...
Synapse Formation in the Zebrafish Spinal CordSynapse Formation in the Zebrafish Spinal Cord
This dissertation describes research to elucidate the early steps in the process of synapse formation in the zebrafish spinal cord. One question is how presynaptic proteins are trafficked and recruited to nascent synapses. Previous work has suggested two possible models of presynaptic transport, either (1) most presynaptic proteins are transported together or (2) two types of transport packets, synaptic vesicle (SV) protein transport vesicles (STVs) and Piccolo-containing active zone precursor transport vesicles (PTVs), transport the necessary components separately. We tested these models using in vivo imaging in zebrafish spinal cord and found that the recruitment of at least three distinct transport packets during presynaptic assembly of a glutamatergic synapse occurs in an ordered sequence. First, STVs are stabilized at future synaptic sites, then PTVs, followed by a third transport packet type carrying Synapsin, a cytosolic protein that can tether SVs to actin. These results identify an ...
Spinal Cord Axon Injury Location Determines Neurons Regenerative Fate - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.comSpinal Cord Axon Injury Location Determines Neuron's Regenerative Fate - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.com
Researchers at University of California, San Diego School of Medicine report a previously unappreciated phenomenon in which the location of injury to a neurons communication wire in the spinal cord - the axon - determines whether the neuron simply stabilizes or attempts to regenerate. The study, published April 30 by Neuron, demonstrates how advances in live-imaging techniques are revealing new insights into the bodys ability to respond to spinal cord injuries.. While the body of a neuron is small, its axon can extend far up or down the spinal cord, which is about one and half feet long in humans. Along that distance, the axon branches out to make hundreds of connections with other cells, sending out signals that allow us to sense and respond to the world around us. Unless something happens to disrupt the axons reach, that is. Adult human axons in the brain and spinal cord are very limited in their ability to regenerate after injury - a hurdle that many researchers are trying to overcome in ...
Ischemic Tolerance of the Brain and Spinal Cord: A Review. | Physicians Weekly for Medical News, Journals & ArticlesIschemic Tolerance of the Brain and Spinal Cord: A Review. | Physician's Weekly for Medical News, Journals & Articles
Ischemic tolerance is an endogenous neuroprotective phenomenon induced by sublethal ischemia. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), the first discovered form of ischemic tolerance, is widely seen in many species and in various organs including the brain and the spinal cord. Ischemic tolerance of the spinal cord is less familiar among neurosurgeons, although it has been reported from the viewpoint of preventing ischemic spinal cord injury during aortic surgery. It is important for neurosurgeons to have opportunities to see patients with spinal cord ischemia, and to understand ischemic tolerance of the spinal cord as well as the brain. IPC has a strong neuroprotective effect in animal models of ischemia; however, clinical application of IPC for ischemic brain and spinal diseases is difficult because they cannot be predicted. In addition, one drawback of preconditioning stimuli is that they are also capable of producing injury with only minor changes to their intensity or duration. Numerous methods to ...
CellNEWS: Stem Cells Repair Damaged Spinal Cord TissueCellNEWS: Stem Cells Repair Damaged Spinal Cord Tissue
A joint study by Professor Jonas Friséns research group at Karolinska Institute and their colleagues from France and Japan, and published in Cell Stem Cell, shows how stem cells and several other cell types contribute to the formation of new spinal cord cells in mice and how this changes dramatically after trauma. The research group has identified a type of stem cell, called an ependymal cell, in the spinal cord. They show that these cells are inactive in the healthy spinal cord, and that the cell formation that takes place does so mainly through the division of more mature cells. When the spinal cord is injured, however, these stem cells are activated to become the dominant source of new cells ...
From Embryonic Stem Cells to Spinal Motor Neurons: Modeling Neural Development in a Petri Dish | NYU Tandon School of...From Embryonic Stem Cells to Spinal Motor Neurons: Modeling Neural Development in a Petri Dish | NYU Tandon School of...
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are a unique system to model mammalian embryonic development in an accessible in vitro setting. The ability of ES cells to generate any cell type found in our organism can be harnessed to study how cellular diversity is established during development. We demonstrate this by recapitulating key aspects of neural tube patterning and spinal cord development in differentiating ES cells, leading to efficient production of spinal motor neurons in vitro. Access to a virtually unlimited supply of spinal motor neurons creates a unique opportunity to decipher molecular processes governing the conversion of a pluripotent stem cell to a committed and differentiated cell type at global and comprehensive level. Currently we examine how differentiating cells integrate patterning signals and translate them into lasting changes in chromatin architecture and in patterns of gene expression. We believe that the studies will not only elucidate the complex, yet highly reproducible processes ...
Animal organs. Nervous system. Spinal cord. Atlas of plant and animal histologyAnimal organs. Nervous system. Spinal cord. Atlas of plant and animal histology
The axons of motoneurons, neurons that make synaptic contacts with muscle cells, and the axons of the neurons that send sensory information to the central nervous system, leave or enter the spinal cord, respectively, as bundles known as nerve roots. There are two types of nerve roots: ventral roots, which leave the spinal cord ventrally and carry motor information to muscle cells, and dorsal roots, which enter the spinal cord dorsally, and carry sensory information from most parts of the body. Furthermore, some axons from sympathetic preganglionar neurons (thoracic and lumbar levels: T1 to L3) or from parasympathetic neurons (sacral level: S2-S4), belonging to the autonomous nervous system, also travel through the ventral nerve roots. Both ventral and dorsal roots are distributed at more or less regular intervals along the spinal cord. They are sorted in couples, that is, two ventral roots and two dorsal roots are located at the same level of the spinal cord (one ventral root and one dorsal ...
Secretagogin is expressed in sensory CGRP neurons and in spinal cord of mouse and complements other calcium-binding proteins,...Secretagogin is expressed in sensory CGRP neurons and in spinal cord of mouse and complements other calcium-binding proteins,...
Background: Secretagogin (Scgn), a member of the EF-hand calcium-binding protein (CaBP) superfamily, has recently been found in subsets of developing and adult neurons. Here, we have analyzed the expression of Scgn in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and trigeminal ganglia (TGs), and in spinal cord of mouse at the mRNA and protein levels, and in comparison to the well-known CaBPs, calbindin D-28k, parvalbumin and calretinin. Rat DRGs, TGs and spinal cord, as well as human DRGs and spinal cord were used to reveal phylogenetic variations. Results: We found Scgn mRNA expressed in mouse and human DRGs and in mouse ventral spinal cord. Our immunohistochemical data showed a complementary distribution of Scgn and the three CaBPs in mouse DRG neurons and spinal cord. Scgn was expressed in similar to 7% of all mouse DRG neuron profiles, mainly small ones and almost exclusively co-localized with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). This co-localization was also seen in human, but not in rat DRGs. Scgn could ...
Spinal Cord Neurology | The Hospital Neurology Book | AccessNeurology | McGraw-Hill MedicalSpinal Cord Neurology | The Hospital Neurology Book | AccessNeurology | McGraw-Hill Medical
The spinal cord is segmentally organized. These segments correspond embryologically to the nerve supply of somites, which give rise to the musculature. There are 31 spinal cord segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each segment corresponds to a spinal nerve. These nerves are named after the segment from which they originate. C1-7 exist in the spinal canal above their corresponding vertebrae and the rest exist below their vertebrae. The spinal cord ends at the level L1, so that with more caudal segments the distance between the spinal segment and the point of exit of the spinal nerve from the vertebral column increases. In the lumbar vertebral column, the spinal roots have to travel a distance to reach their point of exit. The mass of stringy roots travelling in the lower vertebral column resemble a horses tail or cauda equina. ...
MRI monitoring of spinal cord changes | LiveWiseMSMRI monitoring of spinal cord changes | LiveWiseMS
REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING Papers of particular interest, published within the annual period of review, have been highlighted as: & of special interest && of outstanding interest 1. Lycklama G, Thompson A, Filippi M, et al. Spinal-cord MRI in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2003; 2:555-562. 2. Stankiewicz JM, Neema M, Alsop DC, et al. Spinal cord lesions and clinical status in multiple sclerosis: a 1.5 T and 3 T MRI study. J Neurol Sci 2009; 279:99-105. 3. Philpott C, Brotchie P. Comparison of MRI sequences for evaluation of multiple sclerosis of the cervical spinal cord at 3 T. Eur J Radiol 2011; 80:780-785. 4. Bot JC, Barkhof F, Lycklama a` Nijeholt GJ, et al. Comparison of a conventional cardiac-triggered dual spin-echo and a fast STIR sequence in detection of spinal cord lesions in multiple sclerosis. Eur Radiol 2000; 10:753-758. 5. Riederer I, Karampinos DC, Settles M, et al. Double inversion recovery sequence of the cervical spinal cord in multiple sclerosis and related ...
Spinal Implants and Spinal Surgical Devices Market Size, Share, Growth & Forecast to 2020-2030 : Key Players Medtronic,...Spinal Implants and Spinal Surgical Devices Market Size, Share, Growth & Forecast to 2020-2030 : Key Players Medtronic,...
Medtronic, plc, K2M Group Holdings, Inc., Orthofix International N.V., DePuy Synthes, NuVasive, Inc., RTI Surgical, Inc., Globus Medical, Inc., Zimmer Biomet Holdings, Inc., Stryker Corporation, and Alphatec Holdings, Inc., among others.A spinal cord stimulator is used to send electric shock to heal back pain. The rods are the threaded, rounded or smooth devices that limit the movement of specific section to improve the spinal cord. The spinal surgical devices are the tools used for treating the spinal injuries. They help improve the body restructure or realign the spinal cord for normal movements. The major devices used for spinal surgery are fracture repair devices, non-fusion devices, arthroplasty devices. Other procedures for improving the spinal deformities include spinal fusion and spinal decompression.Key Findings In Spinal Implants and Spinal Surgical Devices Market Report:-To break down and inspect the worldwide Spinal Implants and Spinal Surgical Devices status and future figure including,
Immune Cells in Spinal Cord Cause Neuropathic PainImmune Cells in Spinal Cord Cause Neuropathic Pain
Nearly one-fifth of us will experience neuropathic pain during our lifetimes, with exaggerated pain sensations or pain in response to a stimulus that is not normally painful, such as a light touch. Now, researchers report that overly active immune cells in the spinal cord may be to blame.. Yves De Koninck at Laval University and Michael Salter at The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto and colleagues have linked two earlier observations together to map of at least one route to neuropathic pain. The new data may suggest novel ways to treat the problem.. Normal pain is triggered by a stimulus somewhere in the body. The signal then passes through the spinal cord, where initial processing occurs, and travels to the brain, where it is perceived as pain. Any disruption along the way can lead to neuropathic pain, including abnormal processing of information from nonpainful stimuli.. In 2003, De Konincks team identified a key mechanism in the spinal cord that leads to neuropathic pain. In healthy ...
spinal cord nervous system spinal neurons - Human Anatomy Chartspinal cord nervous system spinal neurons - Human Anatomy Chart
spinal cord nervous system spinal neurons photo, spinal cord nervous system spinal neurons image, spinal cord nervous system spinal neurons gallery
Intrinsically organized resting state networks in the human spinal cord. - Wellcome Centre for Integrative NeuroimagingIntrinsically organized resting state networks in the human spinal cord. - Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging
Spontaneous fluctuations in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals of the brain have repeatedly been observed when no task or external stimulation is present. These fluctuations likely reflect baseline neuronal activity of the brain and correspond to functionally relevant resting-state networks (RSN). It is not known however, whether intrinsically organized and spatially circumscribed RSNs also exist in the spinal cord, the brains principal sensorimotor interface with the body. Here, we use recent advances in spinal fMRI methodology and independent component analysis to answer this question in healthy human volunteers. We identified spatially distinct RSNs in the human spinal cord that were clearly separated into dorsal and ventral components, mirroring the functional neuroanatomy of the spinal cord and likely reflecting sensory and motor processing. Interestingly, dorsal (sensory) RSNs were separated into right and left components, presumably related to ongoing hemibody processing of
Fatty acid amide concentrations in thoracic spinal cord | Open-iFatty acid amide concentrations in thoracic spinal cord | Open-i
Fatty acid amide concentrations in thoracic spinal cord segments rostral to the spinal injury from SCI rats or comparable thoracic spinal cord segments from uni
View source for File:Spinal cord histology 01.jpg - EmbryologyView source for File:Spinal cord histology 01.jpg - Embryology
Spinal Cord Histology== * Tissue - sheep spinal cord * Stain - luxol fast blue/cresyl violet {{Spinal Cord Histology}} {{Blue Histology}} Spinal cord histology 01.jpg Original file name: spico000lf.jpg [[Category:Sheep]] [[Category:Spinal Cord]] [[Category:Neural ...
Spinal cord of cow | Lens on LeeuwenhoekSpinal cord of cow | Lens on Leeuwenhoek
Figure 1: lengthwise section of spinal cord nerve from cow showing nerve branching offFigure 2: cross section of spinal cord nerve showing five bundled nerves and surrounding fatFigure 3: section of spinal cord nerveFigure 4: cross section of spinal cord nerve showing hollow cavity in the centerFigure 5: cross section of spinal cord nerve showing hollow cavity partially closed
A-fiber sensory input induces neuronal cell death in the dorsal horn of the adult rat spinal cord<...A-fiber sensory input induces neuronal cell death in the dorsal horn of the adult rat spinal cord<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - A-fiber sensory input induces neuronal cell death in the dorsal horn of the adult rat spinal cord. AU - Coggeshall, Richard E.. AU - Lekan, Helena A.. AU - White, Fletcher A.. AU - Woolf, Clifford J.. PY - 2001/7/2. Y1 - 2001/7/2. N2 - Excitoxicity due to excessive synaptic glutamate release is featured in many neurological conditions in which neuronal death occurs. Whether activation of primary sensory pathways can ever produce sufficient over-activity in secondary sensory neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord to induce cell death, however, has not been determined. In this study, we asked whether activity in myelinated afferents (A fibers), which use glutamate as a transmitter, can induce cell death in the dorsal horn. Using stereological estimates of neuron numbers from electron microscopic sections, we found that stimulation of A-fibers in an intact sciatic nerve at 10 Hz, 20 Hz, and 50 Hz in 10-minute intervals at a stimulus strength that activates both Aβ and Aδ ...
Spinal cord financial definition of spinal cordSpinal cord financial definition of spinal cord
Definition of spinal cord in the Financial Dictionary - by Free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. What is spinal cord? Meaning of spinal cord as a finance term. What does spinal cord mean in finance?
Rapid, high-resolution quantitative magnetization transfer MRI of the human spinal cord. - Nuffield Department of Clinical...Rapid, high-resolution quantitative magnetization transfer MRI of the human spinal cord. - Nuffield Department of Clinical...
Quantitative magnetization transfer (qMT) imaging can provide indices describing the interactions between free water protons and immobile macromolecular protons. These indices include the macromolecular proton fraction (MPF), which has been shown to correlate with myelin content in white matter. Because of the long scan times required for high-resolution spinal cord imaging, qMT studies of the human spinal cord have not found wide-spread application. Herein, we investigated whether these limitations could be overcome by utilizing only a single MT-weighted acquisition and a reference measurement, as was recently proposed in the brain. High-resolution, in vivo qMT data were obtained at 3.0T in the spinal cords of healthy volunteers and patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). Low- and high-resolution acquisitions (low/high resolution=1×1×5mm(3)/0.65×0.65×5mm(3)) with clinically acceptable scan times (12min/7min) were evaluated. We also evaluated the reliability over time and the
Motor neurons with limb-innervating character in the cervical spinal cord are sculpted by apoptosis based on the Hox code in...Motor neurons with limb-innervating character in the cervical spinal cord are sculpted by apoptosis based on the Hox code in...
In the developing chick embryo, a certain population of motor neurons (MNs) in the non-limb-innervating cervical spinal cord undergoes apoptosis between embryonic days 4 and 5. However, the characteristics of these apoptotic MNs remain undefined. Here, by examining the spatiotemporal profiles of apoptosis and MN subtype marker expression in normal or apoptosis-inhibited chick embryos, we found that this apoptotic population is distinguishable by Foxp1 expression. When apoptosis was inhibited, the Foxp1+ MNs survived and showed characteristics of lateral motor column (LMC) neurons, which are of a limb-innervating subtype, suggesting that cervical Foxp1+ MNs are the rostral continuation of the LMC. Knockdown and misexpression of Foxp1 did not affect apoptosis progression, but revealed the role of Foxp1 in conferring LMC identity on the cervical MNs. Furthermore, ectopic expression of Hox genes that are normally expressed in the brachial region prevented apoptosis, and directed Foxp1+ MNs to LMC ...
UBC-Vancouver Coastal Health researcher discovers new type of spinal cord stem cell - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.comUBC-Vancouver Coastal Health researcher discovers new type of spinal cord stem cell - Healthcanal.com : Healthcanal.com
The radial glial cells, which are marked by long projections that can forge through brain tissue, had never previously been found in an adult spinal cord. Radial glia, which are instrumental in building the brain and spinal cord during an organisms embryonic phase, vastly outnumber other potential stem cells in the spinal cord and are much more accessible. Their findings were published online this week in PLoS One.. Stem cells have the capability of dividing into more specialized types of cells, either during the growth of an organism or to help replenish other cells. Scientists consider stem cells a promising way to replace injured or diseased organs and tissues.. The search for spinal stem cells of the central nervous system has until now focused deep in the spinal cord. Jane Roskams, a professor in the UBC Dept. of Zoology, broadened the search by using genetic profiles of nervous system stem cells that were developed and made publicly accessible by the Allen Institute for Brain Science in ...
Best 25+ Spinal lesion ideas on Pinterest | Spinal cord lesions, Spinal cord and Physical therapyBest 25+ Spinal lesion ideas on Pinterest | Spinal cord lesions, Spinal cord and Physical therapy
Find and save ideas about Spinal lesion on Pinterest. | See more ideas about Spinal cord lesions, Spinal cord and Physical therapy.
Spinal Cord Pathology: Introduction - Online Medical VideoSpinal Cord Pathology: Introduction - Online Medical Video
Watch the video lecture Spinal Cord Pathology: Introduction & boost your knowledge! Study for your classes, USMLE, MCAT or MBBS. Learn online with high-yield video lectures by world-class professors & earn perfect scores. Save time & study efficiently. ➨ Try now for free!
HOXC9 directly regulates distinct sets of genes to coordinate diverse cellular processes during neuronal differentiation | BMC...HOXC9 directly regulates distinct sets of genes to coordinate diverse cellular processes during neuronal differentiation | BMC...
Our findings that HOXC9 can both activate and repress gene transcription are consistent with previous observations from the study of spinal cord development in chick and mouse embryos. In the developing spinal cord, Hoxc9 functions as a transcription activator to promote the fate of preganglionic motor column (PGC) neurons [42], most likely through its interaction with the transcription factor FoxP1 [43, 44]. However, Hoxc9 can also specify the fate of hypaxial motor column (HMC) neurons by repressing the Hox genes that promote the switch of HMC neurons to the lateral motor column (LMC) neurons [35]. Importantly, our study further demonstrated that within the same population of neuroblastoma cells, HOXC9 could simultaneously activate the genes that promote neuronal differentiation and repress the genes that are essential for cell cycle progression and the DNA damage response. While the molecular basis for the transcription activator function of HOXC9 in neuroblastoma cells remain to be defined, ...
Automatic magnetic resonance spinal cord segmentation - IACLAutomatic magnetic resonance spinal cord segmentation - IACL
But these problems have solutions. The topology atlas serves as the topological rule set for the objects being segmented in our algorithm. In our model for the spinal cord this atlas only contains three objects: the spinal cord with spherical topology, the CSF with a spherical shell topology, and a "wrapper object also with a spherical shell topology. The wrapper is a "catch all" object for any structures that immediately surround the spinal canal (vertebrae, surrounding muscles, ect.). The diversity of tissues encompassed in the wrapper allow it to cover a wide range of image intensities. Its primary purpose is to provide a boundary that prevents the CSF object from extending past the spinal canal. Any object outside the wrapper is treated as background. We represent the topological relationships between these objects with just two basic assumptions: that the spinal cord is completely surrounded by the CSF and that the union of the CSF and spinal cord is completely surrounded by the wrapper. In ...
Modeling the neuroanatomic propagation of ALS in the spinal cord | www.icb.ucsb.eduModeling the neuroanatomic propagation of ALS in the spinal cord | www.icb.ucsb.edu
Recent hypotheses of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) progression have posited a point-source origin of motor neuron death with neuroanatomic propagation either contiguously to adjacent regions, or along networks via axonal and synaptic connections. Although the molecular mechanisms of propagation are unknown, one leading hypothesis is a "prion-like" spread of misfolded and aggregated proteins, including SOD1 and TDP-43. We have developed a mathematical model representing cellular and molecular spread of ALS in the human spinal cord. Our model is based on the stochastic reaction-diffusion master equation approach using a tetrahedral discretized space to capture the complex geometry of the spinal cord. Domain dimension and shape was obtained by reconstructing human spinal cord from high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images and known gross and histological neuroanatomy. Our preliminary results qualitatively recapitulate the clinically observed pattern of spread of ALS thorough the spinal ...
PatientsLikeMe | Spinal cord infarct symptoms, treatments & patient forums | PatientsLikeMePatientsLikeMe | Spinal cord infarct symptoms, treatments & patient forums | PatientsLikeMe
Spinal cord infarct: Find the most comprehensive real-world symptom and treatment data on spinal cord infarct at PatientsLikeMe. 13 patients with spinal cord infarct experience fatigue, pain, anxious mood, depressed mood, and insomnia and use Acetaminophen (Paracetamol), Naproxen Prescription, and Pregabalin to treat their spinal cord infarct and its symptoms.
Commissural axonal corridors instruct neuronal migration in the mouse spinal cordCommissural axonal corridors instruct neuronal migration in the mouse spinal cord
Unravelling how neurons are guided during vertebrate embryonic development has wide implications for understanding the assembly of the nervous system. During embryogenesis, migration of neuronal cell bodies and axons occurs simultaneously, but to what degree they influence each others development remains obscure. We show here that within the mouse embryonic spinal cord, commissural axons bisect, delimit or preconfigure ventral interneuron cell body position. Furthermore, genetic disruption of commissural axons results in abnormal ventral interneuron cell body positioning. These data suggest that commissural axonal fascicles instruct cell body position by acting either as border landmarks (axon-restricted migration), which to our knowledge has not been previously addressed, or acting as cellular guides. This study in the developing spinal cord highlights an important function for the interaction of cell bodies and axons, and provides a conceptual proof of principle that is likely to have ...
Gentaur Molecular :Neuromi \ E18 Primary Rat Spinal Cord Cells \ PC35106Gentaur Molecular :Neuromi \ E18 Primary Rat Spinal Cord Cells \ PC35106
Gentaur molecular products has all kinds of products like :search , Neuromi \ E18 Primary Rat Spinal Cord Cells \ PC35106 for more molecular products just contact us
Theoretical and Experimental Evaluation of a Simple Cooling Pad for Inducing Hypothermia in the Brain and in the Spinal Cord...Theoretical and Experimental Evaluation of a Simple Cooling Pad for Inducing Hypothermia in the Brain and in the Spinal Cord...
This dissertation investigates the temperature in the torso and head during selective hypothermia using a cooling pad. The Pennes bioheat equation and finite element analysis are used to predict the temperatures in the spinal cord, the brain and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during hypothermia. Following 30 minutes of cooling (Tcool = 20�C), the temperature in the CSF and the spinal cord is reduced by more than 2.5�C. The spinal cord temperature is sensitive to the spinal cord blood perfusion rate, the cooling temperature, the cooling pad width, and the CSF velocity. The temperature in the grey matter is reduced by approximately 1�C, while the temperature in the white matter remains normal after 90 minutes of cooling. Ischemia in the grey matter increases cooling extent to the brain. For the in vivo animal study, a cooling pad is used to induce hypothermia in rats to test its effectiveness in a biological environment. Coolant is circulated through the pad to induce mild or moderate ...
Loss of spinal nerve fibers not the only cause of disability in multiple sclerosis - Scienmag: Latest Science and Health NewsLoss of spinal nerve fibers not the only cause of disability in multiple sclerosis - Scienmag: Latest Science and Health News
The nature of the spinal cord as a highly organised and largely autonomous network needs to be appreciated. We need to identify other factors which - over and above axonal loss - determine the collapse of the spinal cord network and lead to the functional deficits seen in MS.. In spinal cord trauma, people with less than 10% of their spinal cord axons may still be able to have useful lower limb movement, but in MS, patients with as much as 40% of their axons retained, as shown in our study, are almost invariably wheelchair bound. So there is clearly something happening here which weve yet to understand.. The researchers say that finding other factors that cause the chronic disability seen in MS could help identify targets for new treatments. The teams preliminary results indicate that the loss of synaptic connections in the MS spinal cord is substantial, and that this could be the missing link that is driving disability. ###. Research paper: ...
A-level Biology/Mammalian Physiology and Behavior/The Nervous System - Wikibooks, open books for an open worldA-level Biology/Mammalian Physiology and Behavior/The Nervous System - Wikibooks, open books for an open world
Peripheral nervous system includes all the neurones that are outside of the brain and spinal cord - sensory and motor neurones. Sensory neurones are situated just outside the spinal cord, in the dorsal root and pickup information at receptors and transmit action potential from the receptor toward their cell bodies. The action potential then goes to the central nervous system. Motor neurones carry action potentials from the central nervous system to effectors, and the cell bodies of them are usually in the spinal cord - their long axons pass from the spinal cord to the effectors.. Cell bodies of sensory neurones are situated in the dorsal root ganglia just outside the spinal cord. A ganglion is a group of nerve cell bodies.. The cell bodies of motor neurones are in the spinal cord and their axons pass out of the spinal cord and towards effectors.. Axons and dendrons are arranged in bundles known as nerves. They leave and enter the spinal cord in spinal nerves, each with a dorsal root, which ...
Toronto Rehab celebrates Canadian-first in spinal cord rehabToronto Rehab celebrates Canadian-first in spinal cord rehab
Joanne Zee, Senior Clinical Director of the Brain and Spinal Cord Program at Toronto Rehab remembers when conversations around SCI standards began - she was about one year into her role at Lyndhurst.. When we reviewed the regular Rehabilitation Standards with Accreditation Canada, we knew it wasnt enough to raise the bar for our program, says Joanne. Lyndhurst is a designated provincial specialized program for spinal cord rehabilitation and we dont take that responsibility lightly. General rehabilitation standards do not cover areas of practice specific and essential to spinal cord care, Joanne explains. For example, only in spinal cord injury is the impact on every system in the body seen. Specifically, the control systems that regulate heart rate, blood pressure, bowel, bladder and respiratory system - they no longer operate the same way after the injury. If these systems arent assessed and managed appropriately, the consequences can be fatal. These standards will help ensure Toronto ...
The Role of Hoxd10 in the Development of the Motoneurons in the Posterior Spinal Cord - D-Scholarship@PittThe Role of Hoxd10 in the Development of the Motoneurons in the Posterior Spinal Cord - [email protected]
Hox genes encode anterior-posterior identity during central nervous system development. Few studies have examined Hox gene function at lumbosacral (LS) levels of the spinal cord, where there is extensive information on normal development. Hoxd10 is expressed at high levels in the embryonic LS spinal cord, but not the thoracic (T) spinal cord. To test the hypothesis that restricted expression of Hoxd10 contributes to the attainment of an LS identity, and specifically an LS motoneuron identity, Hoxd10 was ectopically expressed in T segments in chick embryos via in ovo electroporation. Electroporations were carried out at early neural tube stages (stages 13-15) and at the onset of motoneuron differentiation (stages 17-18). Regional motoneuron identity was assessed after the normal period of motor column formation (stages 28-29). Subsets of motoneurons in transfected T segments developed a molecular profile normally shown by anterior LS LMCl motoneurons, including Lim 1 and RALDH2 expression. In ...
Nano Matters - Tapping into the spinal cord to treat pain | Listen via Stitcher for PodcastsNano Matters - Tapping into the spinal cord to treat pain | Listen via Stitcher for Podcasts
Listen to Nano Matters episodes free, on demand. Spinal cord stimulators are a promising approach to treating pain and spinal cord injuries. In this episode of Nano Matters, Dr. Angelique Johnson, CEO of MEMStim LLC, describes her work on developing new types of spinal cord stimulators using nanotechnology. If you would like to learn more about nanotechnology, go to nano.gov or email us at [email protected] Closed captioning is provided on our YouTube channel. For this episode, go to: https://youtu.be/MI7J8-utHv8 CREDITS Special thanks to:Dr. Angelique JohnsonMEMStim, LLC Music:Inspirational Outlook by Scott Holmeshttps://www.freemusicarchive.org/music/Scott_Holmes/Inspiring__Upbeat_Music/Scott_Holmes_-_Inspirational_Outlookhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode Produced by:Mallory Hinks, Ph.D.AAAS S&T Policy Fellow at NNCO Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this podcast are those of the guest and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National
Dorsal horn of the spinal cord | KenhubDorsal horn of the spinal cord | Kenhub
Dorsal horn of the spinal cord aka Dorsal horn of the spinal cord in the latin terminology and part of take a closer look at the histological slides of the fetal spinal cord and liver. Learn more now!
Neural Tube Defects - Revision Cards in University MedicineNeural Tube Defects - Revision Cards in University Medicine
1) Anencephaly: - Anterior end not closes. -Lack of brain development = improper bone and skin development over the head. (2) Spina bifida: -Posterior end does not close. -Improper spinal cord development in lumbar region. -Vertebrae from incomplete support over spinal cord to complete paraylsis of the legs and exposed spinal cord. ...
Tingling and numbness in hands and weak legs. Had bones scraped to relieve pressure on spinal cord.Tingling and numbness in hands and weak legs. Had bones scraped to relieve pressure on spinal cord.
Question - Tingling and numbness in hands and weak legs. Had bones scraped to relieve pressure on spinal cord.. Ask a Doctor about Spinal cord, Ask an Orthopaedic Surgeon
Brain, Spinal Cord, and NervesBrain, Spinal Cord, and Nerves
The brain is the control centre for the rest of the body. All parts of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves pass messages using electrical current. Most automatic actions like breathing are controlled in the lower brain at the back and bottom of the skull. Decision making, movement, sensation, and many other functions are controlled by different parts in the larger, upper part of the brain. There are spaces called ventricles in the middle of the brain that hold cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) that acts as a cushion for the brain. There are also important nerves called cranial nerves that link directly from the brain to specific areas of the body.. The spinal cord is the main link connecting the brain and the body. It is protected inside a series of spinal bones called vertebrae. The vertebrae are stacked on top of each other with padding in between. Each pad is called a disc. Nerves to and from the rest of the body branch off of the spinal cord all the way down the back. These nerves branch off ...
Combined effects of acrobatic exercise and magnetic stimulation on the functional recovery after spinal cord lesions.Combined effects of acrobatic exercise and magnetic stimulation on the functional recovery after spinal cord lesions.
The objective of the study was to determine whether physical exercise combined with epidural spinal cord magnetic stimulation could improve recovery after injury of the spinal cord. Spinal cord lesioning in mice resulted in reduced locomotor function
Strategies to Identify Interneurons Involved in Locomotor Pattern Generation in the Mammalian Spinal Cord | SpringerLinkStrategies to Identify Interneurons Involved in Locomotor Pattern Generation in the Mammalian Spinal Cord | SpringerLink
The mammalian spinal cord contains intrinsic neural systems capable of producing rhythmic alternating activity in limb flexor and extensor motor nuclei (see also Grillner, 1981; Stein, 1984) which...
Tethered spinal cord - Clinical MRITethered spinal cord - Clinical MRI
The spinal cord extends to the L5-S1 level and merges with a fatty mass within the sacral spinal canal. The sacral spinal cord itself appears enlarged. This heterogeneous mass is bright on T1-weighted images, suggesting a high fat content. Its inferior aspect merges with fat in the spinal canal deep to a dysraphic defect. No concomitant diastematomyelia or syringomyelia is identified.. ...
The comparision of organotypic culture spinal cord and internal spinal cord - China diseases of the nervous system...The comparision of organotypic culture spinal cord and internal spinal cord - China diseases of the nervous system...
Chinese Journal of Cell Biology June, 2004 Vol.26 No.3 The comparision of organotypic culture spinal cord and internal spinal cord Li Chun Yan, Wang Xiaojuan Read more: en/upfiles/pdf/The_comparision_of_organotypic_culture_spinal_cord_and_internal_sp
Leicester Research Archive: The involvement of the cyclooxygenase pathway in spinal nociceptive processingLeicester Research Archive: The involvement of the cyclooxygenase pathway in spinal nociceptive processing
In recent years evidence has accumulated which suggests that prostaglandins are involved in spinal nociceptive processing. Several studies have shown that spinally-administered prostaglandins evoke characteristic pain behaviour in rats. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, inhibit the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) and thus prevent the formation of prostaglandins. It has been hypothesised that a component of the analgesic properties of NSAIDs may be due to an action in the spinal cord, a theory which is supported by behavioural and electrophysiological studies. The current study shows by Western blotting that the two isoforms of COX, COX-1 and COX-2, are present in rat spinal cord tissue. Furthermore, using immunocytochemical techniques, we have localised COX-2-like immunoreactivity to regions of the spinal cord associated with nociceptive processing, namely the superficial and deep dorsal horn and around the central canal. Spinal COX-2, but not COX-1 is bilaterally ...
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Given the susceptibility of DTI to movement artifacts, diffusion images were examined for movement artifacts. Two subjects (22-year-old male and 45-year-old female) with visible artifacts were excluded from analysis. FA values were calculated voxel-by-voxel using MedINRIA software (http://www-sop.inria.fr/asclepios/software/MedINRIA) (Cohen-Adad et al., 2008). Regions of interest (ROIs) of similar size were drawn on the left and right sides on b0 images (axial views). ROIs included (1) the lateral part and (2) the medial part of the spinal cord on both sides. The spinal cord ROIs were defined as follows. First, the spinal cord was divided into a right and left half. For the lateral spinal cord ROI, the midpoint of one half of the spinal cord was identified, and then two lines, extending at 45° from the midpoint to the ventrolateral and dorsolateral margins of the cord, were drawn. Thus, the lateral spinal cord ROI was defined in accordance with the anatomical position of the lateral CST (Nathan ...
Whats going on in Spinal Cord Research here in Australia?What's going on in Spinal Cord Research here in Australia?
Whats going on in Spinal Cord Research here in Australia? Recently I have been asked so many questions about how spinal cord research is going, so I thought I would do a bit of research. I have scoured the country talking to the scientists and asking them to contribute some information about their work. This article below outlines the work of some of Australias top scientific researchers. Bare in mind, not every piece of research is working exactly on spinal cord research, however, in the
Central Nervous System and Quiz 2 | histologyCentral Nervous System and Quiz 2 | histology
Slide 66a Webscope Imagescope shows a section of thoracic spinal cord. In addition to the dorsal and ventral horns, two structures especially obvious in the thoracic cord are the dorsal nucleus of Clarke and the lateral extension of the ventral horn. The dorsal nucleus of Clarke #066a WebScope is in the dorsal horn and contains relatively large, multipolar neurons that receive proprioceptive information from dorsal root ganglion cells that are innervated by muscle spindles in the trunk and lower limb. The cells of Clarkes nucleus then relay this information via axonal projections that extend all the way up into the cerebellum (hence the reason why the cells are so large) where it is processed to allow for coordinated movement. The lateral extension of the ventral horn #065-2 contains relatively large, multipolar visceral motor neurons of the intermediolateral cell column that extends from levels T1 through L2 of the spinal cord. The cells here are preganglionic sympathetic neurons whose axons ...
USDA to test advanced meat recovery products for spinal cord tissue | CIDRAPUSDA to test 'advanced meat recovery' products for spinal cord tissue | CIDRAP
(CIDRAP News) The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced this week that it will begin using laboratory testing to ensure that beef products from mechanical advanced meat recovery (AMR) systems are free of spinal cord tissue.
AID 51967 - Compound was tested in vitro for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity (maximal ChAT stimulation) in embryonic...AID 51967 - Compound was tested in vitro for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity (maximal ChAT stimulation) in embryonic...
BioAssay record AID 51967 submitted by ChEMBL: Compound was tested in vitro for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity (maximal ChAT stimulation) in embryonic rat spinal cord cultures at a concentration of 10 uM.
Free Occupational Therapy Flashcards about Spinal Cord LevelsFree Occupational Therapy Flashcards about Spinal Cord Levels
Free flashcards to help memorize facts about Different Levels of Spinal Cord Injury. Other activities to help include hangman, crossword, word scramble, games, matching, quizes, and tests.
The Modulatory Role of Caffeine and Other Adenosine Receptor Antagonists onto Spinal Locomotor Circuits: Evidence for its...The Modulatory Role of Caffeine and Other Adenosine Receptor Antagonists onto Spinal Locomotor Circuits: Evidence for its...
Locomotion is generally defined as any type of motor activity that animals use, including humans, to produce activity such as walking, running, swimming, jumping, flying, and gliding. In vertebrates, these activities are controlled by a complex neural network located in the spinal cord referred to as the central pattern generator (CPG) for locomotion. Spinal CPG adjustments, rely mostly on sensory motor stretch reflexes, which provides direct excitatory feedback to the motoneurons (MNs) innervating the muscle which has been stretched, and thus sending that information to the spinal interneurons for readjustments on movements or posture. After the loss of supraspinal brain/brainstem) inputs to the spinal cord via injury or disease, locomotion is entirely directed by the CPG and the sensory information coming from periphery. Within motor control systems, neuromodulators are necessary for proper and efficient CPG function because they induce or regulate essential components of spinal network ...
Health LibraryHealth Library
The spinal cord is a vital part of your nervous system. It relays messages between the brain and body. Problems with the spinal cord can cause a loss of sensation and movement. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is often due to injury, such as a car accident. But injury isnt the only cause of damage to the spinal cord. Certain illnesses and conditions can also cause it. These are known as spinal cord disorders. This sheet outlines the most common types of spinal cord disorders.. ...
Effects of 5-Fluorouracil on Astrocyte Density in the Rat Spinal Cord Dorsal Funiculi after Stab-Wound Lesion.Effects of 5-Fluorouracil on Astrocyte Density in the Rat Spinal Cord Dorsal Funiculi after Stab-Wound Lesion.
Lesions of both groups contained moderate densities of astrocytes. The average density in the 5-FU treated group was less than that of the controls by 12.6% at the 95% confidence level; therefore, the chemotherapy reduced the cell density. Cell migration into the lesion is a possible explanation for the relatively small reduction in astrocyte density. With the present state of knowledge, 5-FU chemotherapy is not warranted to facilitate CNS nerve regeneration. (Modified author abstract)*Spinal cord
Electrical maturation of spinal neurons in the human fetus: comparison of ventral and dorsal horn - Enlighten: PublicationsElectrical maturation of spinal neurons in the human fetus: comparison of ventral and dorsal horn - Enlighten: Publications
The spinal cord is critical for modifying and relaying sensory information to, and motor commands from, higher centres in the central nervous system to initiate and maintain contextually relevant locomotor responses. Our understanding of how spinal sensorimotor circuits are established during in utero development is based largely on studies in rodents. In contrast, there is little functional data on the development of sensory and motor systems in humans. Here, we use patch clamp electrophysiology to examine the development of neuronal excitability in human fetal spinal cords (10-18 weeks gestation; WG). Transverse spinal cord slices (300 µm thick) were prepared and recordings were made from visualized neurons in either the ventral (VH) or dorsal (DH) horn at 32oC. Action potentials (APs) could be elicited in VH neurons throughout the period examined, but only after 16 WG in DH neurons. At this age, VH neurons discharged multiple APs, whereas most DH neurons discharged single APs. In addition, ...
spinal cord nervous system definition Archives - Human Anatomy Chartspinal cord nervous system definition Archives - Human Anatomy Chart
spinal cord nervous system definition pictures, spinal cord nervous system definition photos, spinal cord nervous system definition image gallery
Damage to the spinal cord (virilization spinalis lesions)Damage to the spinal cord (virilization spinalis lesions)
Damage to the spinal cord would cause paralysis or tactile disturbances. Damage to the spinal cord is often caused by damage to his back after the stroke, car accidents or falls. In the elderly, damage to the spinal cord caused by discs.
PVA Education Foundation is Helping Spinal Cord Essentials | Spinal Cord EssentialsPVA Education Foundation is Helping Spinal Cord Essentials | Spinal Cord Essentials
In June of 2014, Spinal Cord Essentials received a Paralyzed Veterans of America (PVA) Education Foundation grant to fund a second phase of Spinal Cord
Axon and dendrite geography predict the specificity of synaptic connections in a functioning spinal cord network | Neural...Axon and dendrite geography predict the specificity of synaptic connections in a functioning spinal cord network | Neural...
The hatchling frog tadpole can be used to study the specificity of connections between different types of neurons because recent technical advances have made it routine to record from pairs of neurons in the spinal cord. This has allowed the networks of spinal and caudal hindbrain neurons controlling swimming to be defined in considerable detail [23, 28, 25, 26, 31, 27]. It would be rash to claim that all the neurons involved have been found; on the other hand, the evidence suggests that we have now defined all the major elements in the spinal network controlling swimming. Our knowledge of the neurons and connections in this example of a functioning vertebrate circuit producing meaningful behaviour provides a unique opportunity to ask questions about how such a circuit develops. We have therefore examined synaptic connections between seven different types of neuron. This allowed us to define the synaptic contact probabilities between these different neurons (Table 1). When considered in a ...
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This study examined the electrophysiological consequences of selective activation of delta 1-, delta 2-, or mu-opioid receptors using whole- cell recordings made from visually identified lamina II neurons in thin transverse slices of young adult rat lumbar spinal cord. Excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) or potentials (EPSPs) were evoked electrically at the ipsilateral dorsal root entry zone after blocking inhibitory inputs with bicuculline and strychnine, and NMDA receptors with D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid. Bath application of the mu receptor agonist [D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly5-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO) or the delta 1 receptor agonist [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE) produced a long-linear, concentration-dependent reduction in the amplitude of the evoked EPSP/EPSC. By comparison, the delta 2 receptor agonist [D- Ala2,Glu4]deltorphin (DELT) was unable to reduce the evoked EPSP/EPSC by more than 50% at 100 microM, the highest concentration tested. At concentrations that reduced evoked ...
Spinal Cord Stimultaors - Epione Center for Pain Relief & BeyondSpinal Cord Stimultaors - Epione Center for Pain Relief & Beyond
The procedure is done in two steps. In the first step the trial of the device is done in which the patient is taken into operation theatre and under local anaesthesia,spinal cord stimulators are put in correct position by identifying on fluoroscopy . If there is 50 percent reduction in pain with spinal cord stimulators after 2-3 days then plan for permanent placements of device is planned. The device consist of leads which are placed in the epidural space. A wire connects it to generator. Generator is placed inside the skin pocket.. ...
Novel salamander robot crawls its way up the evolutionary ladderNovel salamander robot crawls its way up the evolutionary ladder
The researchers used a numerical model of the salamanders spinal cord to explore three fundamental issues related to this vertebrates movement: what were the changes in the spinal cord that made it possible to evolve from aquatic to terrestrial locomotion? How are the limb and axial movements coordinated? And how is a simple electrical signal from the brain stem translated by the spinal cord into a change in gait? Once they thought they had answers to these questions, the team implemented the model - a system of coupled oscillators representing the neural networks in the spinal cord - on a primitive salamander-like robot. Simple electrical signals, like the signals sent from the upper brain to the spinal cord, were sent wirelessly from a laptop to the robot. These signals were enough to cause the robot to change its speed and direction and change from walking to swimming. The model therefore provides a potential explanation - relevant for all four-legged organisms - of how agile locomotion is ...
George L. Wilcox, Ph.D. | Graduate Program in NeuroscienceGeorge L. Wilcox, Ph.D. | Graduate Program in Neuroscience
Dr. Wilcox and colleagues are engaged in research into the spinal neurotransmission of pain and mechanisms underlying hyperalgesia, analgesia and analgesic tolerance. Studies of both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the rodent spinal cord apply behavioral, lectrophysiological (both in vivo and in vitro), immunocytochemical and molecular techniques.. Behavioral experiments define biologically relevant interactions, which are then examined at the cellular and molecular level using the more reductionist approaches. A key feature of research projects in this laboratory is open collaboration with laboratories located both here and at other universities.. One major thrust of these investigations examines neurotransmitters thought to mediate major components of excitatory neurotransmission from primary afferent sensory fibers to secondary projection neurons in spinal cord dorsal horn: the excitatory amino acids (EAAs) like glutamate and the neurokinins like substance P. Intense or ...
CXCL1 - WikipediaCXCL1 - Wikipedia
The chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that was previously called GRO1 oncogene, GROα, KC, neutrophil-activating protein 3 (NAP-3) and melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha (MSGA-α). In humans, this protein is encoded by the CXCL1 gene. CXCL1 is secreted by human melanoma cells, has mitogenic properties and is implicated in melanoma pathogenesis. CXCL1 is expressed by macrophages, neutrophils and epithelial cells, and has neutrophil chemoattractant activity. CXCL1 plays a role in spinal cord development by inhibiting the migration of oligodendrocyte precursors and is involved in the processes of angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, inflammation, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. This chemokine elicits its effects by signaling through the chemokine receptor CXCR2. The gene for CXCL1 is located on human chromosome 4 amongst genes for other CXC chemokines. An initial study in mice showed evidence that CXCL1 decreased the severity of ...
Human Spinal cord (Normal) tissue lysate, Membrane Fraction | GeneTexHuman Spinal cord (Normal) tissue lysate, Membrane Fraction | GeneTex
, Human Spinal cord (Normal) tissue lysate, Membrane Fraction, GTX26592, Applications: ELISA, IP, WB; ELISA, Immunoprecipitation, Western Blot (WB); CrossReactivity:
Protocol for Culturing Embryonic Rat Spinal Motor Neurons: R&D SystemsProtocol for Culturing Embryonic Rat Spinal Motor Neurons: R&D Systems
Protocol for successful culture of motor neurons in vitro together with a simple step-by-step method for isolating and culturing these neurons.
The Spinal CordThe Spinal Cord
Externally, the spinal cord does not appear to be segmented because it does not possess transverse markings. Nevertheless, it is considered to be divided into 31 segments because it gives attachment to 31 pairs of nerves. Spinal segments are grouped as follows from above downwards: -8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal. The first 8 segments are called 1st to 8th cervical (C1 - C8) segments. Next 12 segments i.e., 9th to 20th segments are called 1st to 12th thoracic (T1 - T12) segments. Similarly, the 21st to 25th segments are termed 1st to 5th lumbar (L1 - L5) segments ; 26th to 30th segments are represented as 1st to 5th sacral (S1 - S5) segments and the last one (31st segment) is known as coccygeal segment. The cavity within the spinal cord is called central canal.. ...
Spinal cord on stand | SkeletonsSpinal cord on stand | Skeletons
Film & Medical Services, 5-7 Commercial Way, Park Royal, London, NW10 7XF Tel: +44 020 8961 3222 Mob: +44 020 8961 7427 Open 9-5 Mon-Fri. ...
Pages that link to BGDA Practical Placenta - Cord Development - EmbryologyPages that link to "BGDA Practical Placenta - Cord Development" - Embryology
The following pages link to BGDA Practical Placenta - Cord Development: View (previous 50 , next 50) (20 , 50 , 100 , 250 , 500) ...
New spinal technologies and devices on the up - Orthopaedic Product NewsNew spinal technologies and devices on the up - Orthopaedic Product News
Medical companies bend over backwards to meet demand for advanced spinal surgery devices. The market for spinal surgery devices is being driven forward, as patients are offered safer, more reliable surgery that will preserve natural movement and prevent degeneration of the spine, states another report by GBI Research.. The new report looks at spinal surgery devices, which are used for the treatment of lower back pain caused by degenerative disorders, trauma and sports injuries.. Motion-preservation techniques in spinal non-fusion procedures are predicted to be the next big thing in spinal surgery, and have seen enhanced adoption rates over the last few years. Following developments in the understanding of spinal physiology, anatomy and spinal biomechanics, innovative techniques can now maintain spinal mobility while treating spinal degeneration, and a number of manufacturers have developed motion-preserving devices to exploit this growing trend.. Increasing the range of motion. While spinal ...
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHealth Care
Spinal CordSpinal Cord InjuriesSpinal Cord DiseasesSpinal Cord CompressionSpinal Cord NeoplasmsSpinal Cord IschemiaInjections, SpinalParaplegiaSpinal Nerve RootsSpinal NervesMotor NeuronsSpinal Cord RegenerationSpinal CanalSpinal NeoplasmsCervical VertebraeAnesthesia, SpinalQuadriplegiaThoracic VertebraeSpinal DiseasesUmbilical CordPosterior Horn CellsLaminectomyRats, Sprague-DawleyLumbosacral RegionRecovery of FunctionNerve RegenerationAxonsSpinal StenosisGanglia, SpinalSpinal Cord StimulationLocomotionSpinal FusionSpinal InjuriesAnterior Horn CellsMyelitisCordotomyParalysisMuscular Atrophy, SpinalPainNeuronsHyperalgesiaElectric Stimulation TherapyNeuralgiaDisease Models, AnimalMyelographyElectric StimulationSpineEpidural SpaceAfferent PathwaysUrinary Bladder, NeurogenicHematoma, Epidural, SpinalHindlimbNeurons, AfferentNociceptorsLumbar VertebraeReflexTime FactorsLampreysMotor ActivityAutonomic DysreflexiaInterneuronsPyramidal TractsElectromyographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPain MeasurementTuberculosis, SpinalMyelin SheathCatsCentral Nervous SystemFetal BloodPhysical StimulationNeurogliaImmunohistochemistryContusionsEvoked Potentials, SomatosensoryBrain StemSpinal CurvaturesOligodendrogliaSpermatic CordSciatic NerveSyringomyeliaMuscle SpasticityEfferent PathwaysStrychnineCauda EquinaSpinal Muscular Atrophies of ChildhoodDecompression, SurgicalParaparesisAnimals, NewbornSpinal FracturesWheelchairsGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinCord Blood Stem Cell TransplantationAmyotrophic Lateral SclerosisAstrocytesPain ThresholdAnalgesicsNerve Tissue ProteinsEvoked PotentialsSubstance PSpinal Cord Vascular DiseasesNeural PathwaysPeripheral NervesSynaptic TransmissionTrigeminal Nucleus, SpinalBehavior, AnimalNeuronal PlasticityDecerebrate StateRats, WistarMicrogliaInfarctionBrainAction PotentialsChick EmbryoDura MaterChondroitin ABC LyaseForelimbSubstantia GelatinosaSubarachnoid SpacePeripheral Nerve InjuriesSacrumDemyelinating DiseasesNeural ConductionMeningesPressure UlcerMorphineNeurologic ExaminationSpinal OsteophytosisEvoked Potentials, MotorNerve FibersTreatment OutcomeRhizotomyH-ReflexMedulla OblongataElectrophysiologyNerve Fibers, MyelinatedGlycine AgentsMuscle, SkeletalScoliosisSpinal PunctureHyperesthesiaSynapsesMice, Inbred C57BLSacrococcygeal RegionStilbamidinesUrinary BladderReflex, AbnormalIn Situ HybridizationAnalysis of VarianceSensationSpinal DysraphismCells, CulturedMice, TransgenicN-MethylaspartateNeuroprotective AgentsMovementTibial NerveNerve DegenerationElectrodes, ImplantedReticular Formationgamma-Aminobutyric AcidGliosisNociceptionNerve Fibers, UnmyelinatedReceptors, Neurokinin-1Manipulation, SpinalSensory Receptor CellsEpendymaReflex, MonosynapticPhrenic NerveUrinationPeriodicityDose-Response Relationship, DrugGait Disorders, NeurologicRed NucleusGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalSerotoninNeural InhibitionEncephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, ExperimentalMultiple SclerosisCapsaicinPain, IntractableStem CellsNaloxoneCord FactorsNervous SystemNeuronal Tract-TracersNerve TissueGlycineCell DifferentiationTailFunctional LateralityNeurosurgical ProceduresNerve Growth FactorsMyelin ProteinsSpasmBrown-Sequard SyndromeConstrictionSurvival of Motor Neuron 1 ProteinMotor Neuron DiseaseCell Count
Stem-cell therapyStem-cell therapy
Spinal cord injuries are one of the most common traumas brought into veterinary hospitals.[86] Spinal injuries occur in two ... Brain and spinal cord injury[edit]. Stroke and traumatic brain injury lead to cell death, characterized by a loss of neurons ... Clinical and animal studies have been conducted into the use of stem cells in cases of spinal cord injury.[21][22][23] ... 2005). "A 37-year-old spinal cord-injured female patient, transplanted of multipotent stem cells from human UC blood, with ...
Pia materPia mater
Spinal pia mater[edit]. The spinal pia mater closely follows and encloses the curves of the spinal cord, and is attached to it ... Spinal cord compression[edit]. The pia mater also functions to deal with the deformation of the spinal cord under compression. ... it is able to provide a constraint on the surface of the spinal cord. This constraint stops the elongation of the spinal cord, ... At the point where the pia mater reaches the conus medullaris or medullary cone at the end of the spinal cord, the membrane ...
Complex regional pain syndromeComplex regional pain syndrome
Spinal cord stimulators[edit]. Spinal cord stimulator appears to be an effective therapy in the management of patients with ... Taylor RS, Van Buyten JP, Buchser E (February 2006). "Spinal cord stimulation for complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic ... "A Comprehensive Outcome-Specific Review of the Use of Spinal Cord Stimulation for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome". Pain ...
NeurooncologyNeurooncology
1. Spinal Cord Metastasis. The management of spinal cord metastasis depends on whether or not the metastasis is causing ... 2. Spinal Cord Tumor Presentations. *Pain is the first symptom in ,90% of patients presenting with epidural metastasis and ... Neuro-oncology is the study of brain and spinal cord neoplasms, many of which are (at least eventually) very dangerous and life ... Diagnostic imaging of the brain and spinal cord[edit]. The imaging studies commonly used in neurooncology are computed ...
Urinary tract infectionUrinary tract infection
Persons with spinal cord injury are at increased risk for urinary tract infection in part because of chronic use of catheter, ... Eves, FJ; Rivera, N (April 2010). "Prevention of urinary tract infections in persons with spinal cord injury in home health ... those with spinal cord injuries, and those who have urinary catheters.[73][74] Pregnancy is an exception and it is recommended ... "Cranberry is not effective for the prevention or treatment of urinary tract infections in individuals with spinal cord injury ...
SyringomyeliaSyringomyelia
It is most usually observed in the part of the spinal cord corresponding to the neck area. Symptoms are due to spinal cord ... The diagnosis is confirmed with a spinal CT, myelogram or MRI of the spinal cord. The cavity may be reduced by surgical ... If the syrinx is higher up in the spinal cord or affecting the brainstem as in syringobulbia, vocal cord paralysis, ipsilateral ... These include Chiari malformation, spinal arachnoiditis, scoliosis, spinal vertebrae misalignment, spinal tumors, spina bifida ...
Onufs nucleusOnuf's nucleus
Onufronwicz B (1899), "Notes on the arrangement and function of the cell groups of the sacral region of the spinal cord", J ... Onufronwicz, B. (1899), "Notes on the arrangement and function of the cell groups of the sacral region of the spinal cord", J ... When the sacral sections of the spinal cord were studied in patients with Shy-Drager syndrome, it was revealed that cell death ... Forger, Nancy G.; Breedlove, S. Marc (1986), "Sexual dimorphism in human and canine spinal cord: role of early androgen", Proc ...
Cervical spine disorderCervical spine disorder
Blunt cervical spine trauma as a cause of spinal cord injury and delayed cortical blindness. Spinal Cord. Retrieved from http ... Blood work might be utilized in addition to radiographic imaging in order to identify spinal cord diseases. Basic imaging ... encasing and shielding the spinal cord. This fragment of the spine starts from the region above the shoulder blades and ends by ... The young Patients younger than eight years old with cervical spinal cord casualties have an increased chance of dying while ...
Template:Congenital malformations and deformations of nervous systemTemplate:Congenital malformations and deformations of nervous system
Spinal cord. Neural tube defect. *Spina bifida. *Rachischisis. Other. *Currarino syndrome. *Diastomatomyelia ...
Opioid receptorOpioid receptor
"Identity of the putative delta1-opioid receptor as a delta-kappa heteromer in the mouse spinal cord". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 467 (1 ... in the spinal cord, on peripheral neurons, and digestive tract. ...
Benign Prostatic HyperplasiaBenign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Wyndaele, JJ (2002). "Complications of intermittent catheterization: their prevention and treatment". Spinal Cord. 40 (10): 536 ... and spinal cord injuries as well as disorders of the peripheral nervous system such as diabetes mellitus, vitamin B12 ...
AnhedoniaAnhedonia
Spinal cord injury. *Multiple sclerosis. *Use of SSRI antidepressants[19]. *Use (or previous use) of antidopaminergic ...
Intracerebral hemorrhageIntracerebral hemorrhage
Spinal cord injury. *Anterior spinal artery syndrome. *Brown-Séquard syndrome. *Cauda equina syndrome ...
SchistosomiasisSchistosomiasis
If eggs migrate to the brain or spinal cord, seizures, paralysis, or spinal-cord inflammation are possible.[15] ... "Spinal Cord Schistosomiasis". In El Ridi, R. (ed.). Parasitic Diseases - Schistosomiasis. InTech. doi:10.5772/55787. ISBN 978- ... haematobium eggs in the spinal cord can lead to transverse myelitis with flaccid paraplegia.[25] Eggs are thought to travel to ... Sokolow, Susanne H.; Jones, Isabel J.; La, Diana; Cords, Olivia; Knight, Anika; Lund, Andrea; Wood, Chelsea L.; Lafferty, Kevin ...
Bowel obstructionBowel obstruction
Spinal cord lesions. *Mechanical outlet obstruction *Internal intussusception. *Enterocele. *Dissipation of force vector * ...
Vestibulospinal tractVestibulospinal tract
... in the anterior portion of the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord.[2][7] Fibers run down the total length of the spinal cord ... spinal cord: Vestibulospinal tract (Medial vestibulospinal tract, Lateral vestibulospinal tract). *thalamus: Ventral ... The spinal cord induces extensor effects in the muscle on the side of the neck to which the head is bent, and flexor effects in ... Bono, Christopher (2010). Spinal Cord Medicine. Demos Medical Publishing. ISBN 978-1-933864-19-8. .. ...
Subarachnoid hemorrhageSubarachnoid hemorrhage
... disorders of the blood vessels in the spinal cord, and bleeding into various tumors.[4] ... Lumbar puncture, in which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is removed from the subarachnoid space of the spinal canal using a ...
AnhedoniaAnhedonia
Spinal cord injury. *Multiple sclerosis. *Use of SSRI antidepressants or having used SSRI antidepressants in the past.[19] ...
Extreme sportExtreme sport
Spinal cord injury. *Brachial plexus injury. *Peripheral nerve injury. *Sciatic nerve injury ...
VistAVistA
My HealtheVet Spinal Cord Injury and Disorders Outcomes (SCIDO). *National Utilization Management Integration (NUMI) ...
Biological half-lifeBiological half-life
Lin VW; Cardenas DD (2003). Spinal Cord Medicine. Demos Medical Publishing, LLC. p. 251. ISBN 1-888799-61-7. .. .mw-parser- ...
List of regions in the human brainList of regions in the human brain
Spinal cord. *Outline of the human nervous system. *List of nerves of the human body ... 1° (Free nerve ending → A delta fiber) → 2° (Anterior white commissure → Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tract → Spinal ...
MonsterVisionMonsterVision
Head ripping, with spinal cord. Arm ripping. Zombie drilling. Ax to the brain stem. Face kicking. Horns to the tummy. ... Power chord Fu. Siphon Fu. Electric drill Fu. Rubber dildo and anal beads Fu. Beer bottle Fu. Hag zombie Fu. Weed whacker Fu. ... Umbilical-cord belly dancing. Serious zit-popping. Anal sex with metal hoses. Sprocket-spouting skull face. Face licking. Face ...
User:Mikael HäggströmUser:Mikael Häggström
Mikael Häggström is a Doctor of Medicine, and the creator of WikiJournal of Medicine, as well as Radlines. He was born in Gothenburg, Sweden, and is a grandchild of Estonian historian Karin Aasma. He grew up in Uddevalla on the Swedish west coast. He decided to become a doctor while backpacking for half a year in 2005, taking the Trans-Siberian train to China and crossing the Himalayas from Tibet to Nepal. He graduated from Uppsala University, Faculty of Medicine in 2013. He did his internship in Sundsvall, and has worked 1.5 years as a physician in obstetrics and gynecology and 3 years in radiology. He is currently doing specialist training in pathology at the NU Hospital Group, Sweden. He has contributed to Wikipedia since 2006, including a multitude of medical images. He is the creator and current editor-in-chief of WikiJournal of Medicine, a new Wikipedia-integrated, peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal.[1] He is also the creator of Radlines and Patholines, containing open access ...
Category:Central nervous system pathwaysCategory:Central nervous system pathways
Template:Spinal cord. *Spinocervical pathway. *Spinotectal tract. *Superior longitudinal fasciculus. T. *Trigeminal lemniscus ...
Computational neuroscienceComputational neuroscience
Spinal cord. *Brain *Hindbrain *Medulla. *Pons. *Cerebellum. *Midbrain. *Forebrain *Diencephalon *Retina. *Optic nerve ...
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsHealth Care
Spinal CordSpinal Cord InjuriesSpinal Cord DiseasesSpinal Cord CompressionSpinal Cord NeoplasmsSpinal Cord IschemiaInjections, SpinalParaplegiaSpinal Nerve RootsSpinal NervesMotor NeuronsSpinal Cord RegenerationSpinal CanalSpinal NeoplasmsCervical VertebraeAnesthesia, SpinalQuadriplegiaThoracic VertebraeSpinal DiseasesUmbilical CordPosterior Horn CellsLaminectomyRats, Sprague-DawleyLumbosacral RegionRecovery of FunctionNerve RegenerationAxonsSpinal StenosisGanglia, SpinalSpinal Cord StimulationLocomotionSpinal FusionSpinal InjuriesAnterior Horn CellsMyelitisCordotomyParalysisMuscular Atrophy, SpinalPainNeuronsHyperalgesiaElectric Stimulation TherapyNeuralgiaDisease Models, AnimalMyelographyElectric StimulationSpineEpidural SpaceAfferent PathwaysUrinary Bladder, NeurogenicHematoma, Epidural, SpinalHindlimbNeurons, AfferentNociceptorsLumbar VertebraeReflexTime FactorsLampreysMotor ActivityAutonomic DysreflexiaInterneuronsPyramidal TractsElectromyographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPain MeasurementTuberculosis, SpinalMyelin SheathCatsCentral Nervous SystemFetal BloodPhysical StimulationNeurogliaImmunohistochemistryContusionsEvoked Potentials, SomatosensoryBrain StemSpinal CurvaturesOligodendrogliaSpermatic CordSciatic NerveSyringomyeliaMuscle SpasticityEfferent PathwaysStrychnineCauda EquinaSpinal Muscular Atrophies of ChildhoodDecompression, SurgicalParaparesisAnimals, NewbornSpinal FracturesWheelchairsGlial Fibrillary Acidic ProteinCord Blood Stem Cell TransplantationAmyotrophic Lateral SclerosisAstrocytesPain ThresholdAnalgesicsNerve Tissue ProteinsEvoked PotentialsSubstance PSpinal Cord Vascular DiseasesNeural PathwaysPeripheral NervesSynaptic TransmissionTrigeminal Nucleus, SpinalBehavior, AnimalNeuronal PlasticityDecerebrate StateRats, WistarMicrogliaInfarctionBrainAction PotentialsChick EmbryoDura MaterChondroitin ABC LyaseForelimbSubstantia GelatinosaSubarachnoid SpacePeripheral Nerve InjuriesSacrumDemyelinating DiseasesNeural ConductionMeningesPressure UlcerMorphineNeurologic ExaminationSpinal OsteophytosisEvoked Potentials, MotorNerve FibersTreatment OutcomeRhizotomyH-ReflexMedulla OblongataElectrophysiologyNerve Fibers, MyelinatedGlycine AgentsMuscle, SkeletalScoliosisSpinal PunctureHyperesthesiaSynapsesMice, Inbred C57BLSacrococcygeal RegionStilbamidinesUrinary BladderReflex, AbnormalIn Situ HybridizationAnalysis of VarianceSensationSpinal DysraphismCells, CulturedMice, TransgenicN-MethylaspartateNeuroprotective AgentsMovementTibial NerveNerve DegenerationElectrodes, ImplantedReticular Formationgamma-Aminobutyric AcidGliosisNociceptionNerve Fibers, UnmyelinatedReceptors, Neurokinin-1Manipulation, SpinalSensory Receptor CellsEpendymaReflex, MonosynapticPhrenic NerveUrinationPeriodicityDose-Response Relationship, DrugGait Disorders, NeurologicRed NucleusGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalSerotoninNeural InhibitionEncephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, ExperimentalMultiple SclerosisCapsaicinPain, IntractableStem CellsNaloxoneCord FactorsNervous SystemNeuronal Tract-TracersNerve TissueGlycineCell DifferentiationTailFunctional LateralityNeurosurgical ProceduresNerve Growth FactorsMyelin ProteinsSpasmBrown-Sequard SyndromeConstrictionSurvival of Motor Neuron 1 ProteinMotor Neuron DiseaseCell Count
Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors: Background, History of the Procedure, ProblemIntramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors: Background, History of the Procedure, Problem
... refer to a subgroup of intradural spinal tumors that arise from cells within the spinal cord, as opposed to adjacent structures ... Intramedullary spinal cord tumors, like the one depicted in the image below, ... The spinal cord contains the same cell types as the brain, but these are highly specialized to their niche in the spinal cord. ... Intramedullary spinal cord tumors are tumors that occur inside the spinal cord. They are relatively rare, compared with brain ...
emedicine.medscape.com
Spinal Cord Injury | MedlinePlusSpinal Cord Injury | MedlinePlus
Spinal cord injuries disrupt signals between your brain and body. This can cause problems like weakness and paralysis. Read ... Spinal cord injuries can be complete or incomplete. With a complete spinal cord injury, the cord cant send signals below the ... Overview of Spinal Cord Disorders (Merck & Co., Inc.) Also in Spanish * Spinal Cord Injury (National Institute of Neurological ... A spinal cord injury disrupts the signals. Spinal cord injuries usually begin with a blow that fractures (breaks) or dislocates ...
medlineplus.gov
Home Page - NSCISC ApplicationHome Page - NSCISC Application
National Spinal Cord Injury Database. History, objectives as well as information for data collectors and researchers.. ... The National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center (NSCISC) is funded by the National Institute on Disability, Independent ... NSCISC supports and directs the collection, management and analysis of the worlds largest and longest spinal cord injury ...
nscisc.uab.edu
Spinal cord injury - Symptoms and causes - Mayo ClinicSpinal cord injury - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
Learn more about what happens after your spinal cord has been damaged. ... A spinal cord injury - damage to any part of the spinal cord or nerves at the end of the spinal canal (cauda equina) - often ... Spinal cord injuries may result from damage to the vertebrae, ligaments or disks of the spinal column or to the spinal cord ... Common causes of spinal cord injuries. The most common causes of spinal cord injuries in the United States are:. *Motor vehicle ...
mayoclinic.org
Understanding spinal cord injury<span><i class=icon-caret-right...Understanding spinal cord injury<span><i class="icon-caret-right"...
... information from Spinal Injuries Associaton about the different types of SCI, medical terminology and possible outcomes. ... What is spinal cord injury (SCI)?. The spinal cord is an extension of the brain and is made up of a thick bundle of nerves. The ... How will spinal cord injury affect my body?. The higher up you damage the spinal cord, the more movement and sensation will be ... SIA/LEARN/Understanding spinal cord injury. Understanding spinal cord injury. We know that the amount of information available ...
spinal.co.uk
Spinal CordSpinal Cord
It provides complete coverage of all aspects of spinal injury and disease. ... Spinal Cord is the official journal of the International Spinal Cord Society. ... Welcome to Spinal Cord The official journal of the International Spinal Cord Society (ISCoS), publishing research on spinal ... Best of Spinal Cord 2017 & 2018 Collection We are delighted to share with you a collection of the most cited, viewed and shared ...
nature.com
Spinal CordSpinal Cord
It provides complete coverage of all aspects of spinal injury and disease. ... Spinal Cord is the official journal of the International Spinal Cord Society. ... Welcome to Spinal Cord The official journal of the International Spinal Cord Society (ISCoS), publishing research on spinal ... Read Spinal Cords latest web collection on Assessments and Outcome Measures. All papers are free to read for 6 weeks. ...
nature.com
spinal cordspinal cord
... Phonetic. Description. a long bundle of nerves that a makes up part of the central nervous system. It runs up the ...
cancer.org
Spinal cord stimulator - WikipediaSpinal cord stimulator - Wikipedia
... the spinal cord.[22][23] In September 2018, Mayo Clinic and UCLA reported that spinal cord stimulation supported with physical ... A Spinal Cord Stimulator (SCS) or Dorsal Column Stimulator (DCS) is a type of implantable neuromodulation device (sometimes ... "Spinal cord stimulation, physical therapy help paralyzed man stand, walk with assistance". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2018-09-25. ... Spinal Cord Stimulators are placed in two different stages: a trial stage followed by a final implantation stage. First, the ...
en.wikipedia.org
Spinal Cord StimulatorsSpinal Cord Stimulators
Does pain relief obtained from spinal cord stimulators during the trial period continue after the permanent placement of the ... Neuromodulation of the spine with spinal cord stimulators (SCS) has evolved into a viable technique to address this and other ... Spinal Cord Stimulators. A Comparison of the Trial Period Versus Permanent Outcomes. ... Demonstrates age, gender, incidence of previous lumbar spine surgery, and spinal cord level interspace that permanent ...
medscape.com
The Spinal CordThe Spinal Cord
... is a bundle of nerves that connects the brain to other parts of the body. It is protected by a ... which surround the spinal cord. The human spinal cord is about 43-45 cm long and approximately as wide as a human finger. There ... Spinal Cord. Animal Brain. Comparisons. Glossary. Classroom Activities. and Links. ... Spinal Cord Vertebrae *7 cervical (neck) segments *12 thoracic segments *5 lumbar segments *5 sacral segments *4 fused ...
enchantedlearning.com
Spinal Cord Injury - bodySpinal Cord Injury - body
Infectious Mononucleosis, Influenza, Insomnia, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Juvenile Arthritis, Kaposis Sarcoma, Laryngitis, Lead Poisoning, Learning Disorders, Leukemia, etc…
faqs.org
Spinal Cord Injuries | EcouterreSpinal Cord Injuries | Ecouterre
Vibrating Glove Teaches the Piano, Helps People With Spinal-Cord Injuries. *by ...
inhabitat.com
Spinal Cord | Encyclopedia.comSpinal Cord | Encyclopedia.com
The spinal cord [2] is protected by the vertebral column [3], and together with the brain it comprises the central nervous ... Spinal Cord The spinal cord [1] is a bundle of nerve fibers, no thicker than the human thumb, that links the brain with the ... Spinal Cord Biology COPYRIGHT 2002 The Gale Group Inc.. Spinal Cord. The spinal cord is a bundle of nerve fibers, no thicker ... Anywhere above the second lumbar vertebra, it is the spinal cord that is damaged; below this, it is spinal nerves. Spinal cord ...
encyclopedia.com
Spinal Cord Diseases | MedlinePlusSpinal Cord Diseases | MedlinePlus
Read about diseases of the spinal cord, the bundle of nerves running down the middle of your back. It carries signals between ... this can also injure the spinal cord. Other spinal cord problems include ... Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors in Adults (American Cancer Society) * Brown-Sequard Syndrome (National Institute of Neurological ... Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) * Transverse Myelitis (National ...
medlineplus.gov
Spinal Cord Injury | Summary | NNDSSSpinal Cord Injury | Summary | NNDSS
Spinal Cord Injury , 1990 Case Definition (https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/spinal-cord-injury/case-definition/1990/) ...
wwwn.cdc.gov
Acute spinal cord injury | SpringerLinkAcute spinal cord injury | SpringerLink
Acute spinal cord injury is a devastating disease with enormous repercussions, not only for the victims and their families but ... Spinal Cord Injury Mean Arterial Blood Pressure American Spinal Injury Association Acute Spinal Cord Injury Cervical Spinal ... Prusmack C, Rochman AS, Levi AD: The effect of age on survival following traumatic spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2006, ... International standards for neurological and functional classification of spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 1997, 35:266-274. ...
link.springer.com
Neuroscience for Kids - Spinal CordNeuroscience for Kids - Spinal Cord
The spinal cord is shorter than the length of the bony spinal column; the spinal cord extends down only to the last of the ... A pair of spinal nerves leaves each segment of the spinal cord. Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) of the Spinal Cord. ... The Spinal Cord. Skull and. Vertebrae. The spinal cord is the main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral ... The human spinal cord is protected by the bony spinal column shown to the left. The spinal column is made up of bones called ...
faculty.washington.edu
Spinal Cord Compression | Encyclopedia.comSpinal Cord Compression | Encyclopedia.com
... it is useful to understand the structure of the spinal cord and to understand the difference between the spinal cord and the ... Source for information on Spinal Cord Compression: Gale Encyclopedia of Cancer dictionary. ... Spinal cord compression Description In order to understand spinal cord compression, ... Spinal cord compression. Description. In order to understand spinal cord compression, it is useful to understand the structure ...
encyclopedia.com
Spinal Cord Development - PubMed - NCBISpinal Cord Development - PubMed - NCBI
"spinal cord"[MeSH Terms] OR ("spinal"[All Fields] AND "cord"[All Fields]) OR "spinal cord"[All Fields]) AND ("growth and ... Introduction to the special section: Spinal Cord a model to understand CNS development and regeneration. Dale K et al. Dev Biol ... i,Xenopus laevis,/i, as a Model Organism for the Study of Spinal Cord Formation, Development, Function and Regeneration. ... Molecular mechanisms underlying monosynaptic sensory-motor circuit development in the spinal cord. Imai F et al. Dev Dyn. (2018 ...
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Definition - Spinal Cord Injury - bodyDefinition - Spinal Cord Injury - body
Spinal cord injury is damage to the spinal cord that causes loss of sensation (feeling) and motor (muscular) control. ... faqs.org » Health » Sick! V4 » Spinal Cord Injury Spinal Cord Injury - Definition ...
faqs.org
Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord - WikipediaSubacute combined degeneration of spinal cord - Wikipedia
Diagram of the principal fasciculi of the spinal cord. (In subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord, the "combined" refers ... Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord, also known as Lichtheims disease,[1][2] refers to degeneration of the posterior ... MRI- T2 images may reveal increased signal within the white matter of the spinal cord predominately in the posterior columns ... and lateral columns of the spinal cord as a result of vitamin B12 deficiency (most common), vitamin E deficiency,[3] and copper ...
en.wikipedia.org
Case: Hemisection of The Spinal CordCase: Hemisection of The Spinal Cord
Review on Case Hemisection of the Spinal Cord (Brown Sequard Syndrome) This case is a trigger in Neuroscience Module in Medical ... Case: Hemisection of The Spinal Cord * 1. Trigger 2 SUMMARY  Hemisection of the spinal cord (Brown Sequard Syndrome) ... that will end in the spinal cord segment bellow the lesion  spastic paralysis.  Patellar reflex :  Negative : due to spinal ... Since the paralysis is on the right side, the lesion must be on the right section of the spinal cord (look at the picture) ...
slideshare.net
Spinal Cord Diseases - Multiple Languages: MedlinePlusSpinal Cord Diseases - Multiple Languages: MedlinePlus
Health Information on Spinal Cord Diseases: MedlinePlus Multiple Languages Collection ... Spinal Cord Diseases: MedlinePlus Health Topic - English Enfermedades de la médula espinal: Tema de salud de MedlinePlus - ...
medlineplus.gov
Spinal cord trauma: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaSpinal cord trauma: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
It may result from direct injury to the cord itself or indirectly from disease of the nearby bones, tissues, or blood vessels. ... Spinal cord trauma is damage to the spinal cord. ... Spinal cord injury; Compression of spinal cord; SCI; Cord ... Spinal cord trauma is damage to the spinal cord. It may result from direct injury to the cord itself or indirectly from disease ... and swelling can occur inside or outside the spinal cord (but within the spinal canal). This can press on the spinal cord and ...
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NerveNeurologicalTumorsInjuriesTumorsAcuteTraumaticLumbarPeople with spinal cord iThoracic spinVertebral columnPatientsIncomplete spinal cord iEpiduralPressure on the spinal cordSymptomsBrain or spinal cordTumorTreatmentsInjury without radiographicSensoryLesionsClinicalDiagnosisDamageComplicationsNerve rootsIndividuals with spinalDorsal hornExperienced a spinal cord iComplete spinal cord iNational Spinal Cord Injury Statistical CInflammationDisordersSignalsNeurological Classification of Spinal Cord I2018Peripheral nervoStenosisRadiographicMusclesTissueAnatomy
Nerve1
  • Intramedullary spinal cord tumors, like the one depicted in the image below, refer to a subgroup of intradural spinal tumors that arise from cells within the spinal cord, as opposed to adjacent structures such as the nerve roots or meninges. (medscape.com)
Neurological2
  • Also, neurological deficits resulting from intramedullary spinal cord tumors are seldom reversible. (medscape.com)
  • A group of patients who underwent spinal surgery with the use of neurophysiological intraoperative monitoring (NIOM) (N = 38) were compared with a group who underwent surgery without NIOM (N = 36), before the introduction of NIOM, and the number of neurological complications was found to be significantly lower in the intramedullary procedure group with NIOM. (medscape.com)
Tumors4
Injuries78
Tumors32
Acute19
  • Acute spinal cord injury is a devastating disease with enormous repercussions, not only for the victims and their families but for society as a whole. (springer.com)
  • A randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. (springer.com)
  • Administration of methylprednisolone for 24 or 48 hours or tirilazad mesylate for 48 hours in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. (springer.com)
  • Differentiate spinal cord infarction from acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy (AIDP, Guillain-Barré syndrome ) by following the diagnostic criteria for AIDP. (medscape.com)
  • Advances in acute treatment of spinal cord injury include more sophisticated prehospital care, prompt recognition of the signs of spinal cord injury, safer transportation methods and active resuscitation both in the field and in the emergency department. (spine.org)
  • Blood pressure management after acute spinal cord injury. (medscape.com)
  • Furlan JC, Fehlings MG. Cardiovascular complications after acute spinal cord injury: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with ASD undergoing complex thoracolumbar surgical procedures requiring aggressive osteotomies are at an increased risk for cervical cord injury (if preexisting cord compression is present) due to trauma from intraoperative positioning or reduced cord perfusion, e.g. , intraoperative hypotension due to acute blood loss. (medscape.com)
  • Spinal cord abscesses arise in spinal cord parenchyma and can be solitary or multiple, contiguous or isolated, and chronic or acute, depending upon the organism and individual patient. (medscape.com)
  • Administration of methylprednisolone (MP) for the treatment of acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is not recommended. (medscape.com)
  • Three common diseases of the spinal cord are discussed in detail, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, acute transverse myelitis, low back pain with radiculopathy or lumbar spinal stenosis, with attention to their pathophysiology, major clinical features, major laboratory findings, and principles of management and prognosis. (springer.com)
  • The answer would probably be "Yes," since MRI is never the first-line imaging modality in the setting of acute spinal trauma. (hindawi.com)
  • This study is randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase I/II study designed to evaluate safety and efficacy of KP-100IT, code of Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) formulation for intrathecal injection, as a treatment for acute spinal cord injury. (centerwatch.com)
  • Some experimental treatments, including systemic hypothermia, have been performed in isolated cases in order to draw attention to the need for further preclinical and clinical studies to help clarify the role of hypothermia in acute spinal cord injury. (wikipedia.org)
  • The rehabilitation process following a spinal cord injury typically begins in the acute care setting. (wikipedia.org)
  • Though rehabilitation interventions are performed during the acute phase, recent literature suggests that 44% of the total hours spent on rehabilitation during the first year after spinal cord injury, occur after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hyperhidrosis occurs in acute phase of spinal cord injured patients and an effective oral treatment for hyperhidrosis has yet to be perfected. (wikipedia.org)
  • The spinal-cord hyperintensity seen at the C5-C6 is suggestive of chronic lesion and most likely responsible for the chronic history of cervical pain, while the C5-C6 lesion was most likely responsible for the acute tetraplegia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Controlled phase II studies have indicated that GM1 can ease the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease, presumably by countering degeneration of the substantia nigra, and a similar methodology has been pursued to try and limit cellular damage from necrosis and apoptosis occurring after acute spinal cord injury. (wikipedia.org)
Traumatic15
Lumbar10
People with spinal cord i8
Thoracic spin2
Vertebral column4
Patients28
Incomplete spinal cord i2
  • While a partial or incomplete spinal cord injury means that the spinal cord transmits some information to move the limbs or provides some sensory information from the skin. (spine.org)
  • An "incomplete" spinal cord injury involves preservation of motor or sensory function below the level of injury in the spinal cord. (wikipedia.org)
Epidural4
  • A spinal abscess usually occurs as a complication of an epidural abscess . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Spinal infections: diagnosis and treatment of discitis, osteomyelitis, and epidural abscess. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The pathologies associated with spinal cord infarction are numerous and include neoplasm, spinal epidural or subdural abscess, granuloma, spinal epidural or subdural hematoma, extramedullary spinal tumor (including meningioma, neurofibroma, extradural lymphoma, metastasis), and herniated intervertebral disk. (medscape.com)
  • Epidural cooling saddles, surgically placed over acutely traumatized spinal cord tissue, have been used to evaluate potentially beneficial effects of localized hypothermia, with and without concomitant glucocorticoids. (wikipedia.org)
Pressure on the spinal cord3
  • The pus collection causes pressure on the spinal cord. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The goals of treatment are to relieve pressure on the spinal cord and cure the infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Treatment also may include pain relievers and drugs to lessen swelling around the tumor, and relieve pressure on the spinal cord. (faqs.org)
Symptoms6
  • How severe the symptoms are depends on whether the entire cord is severely injured (complete) or only partially injured (incomplete). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number (such as 911), if you have symptoms of spinal cord abscess. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Symptoms may include loss of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury. (scirp.org)
  • This delayed presentation of symptoms is related to the degree of strain placed on the spinal cord over time. (smartdraw.com)
  • Syringohydromyelia (i.e., both Syringomyelia and Hydromyelia) Tethered cord In some cases, the terminal ventricle may cause clinical symptoms due to its expansion. (wikipedia.org)
  • The main symptoms of Devic's disease are loss of vision and spinal cord function. (wikipedia.org)
Brain or spinal cord8
Tumor8
  • The tumor may originate in a number of areas and either directly or indirectly put pressure on the cord. (encyclopedia.com)
  • A tumor here can compress the spinal cord or its nerve roots,so even a noncancerous growth may be disabling unless it's properly treated. (faqs.org)
  • it is estimated that the ratio of spinal to intracranial tumor in the pediatric population is 1:10. (springer.com)
  • The first step in diagnosing a spinal cord tumor includes a discussion of the child's health history and a thorough physical examination. (spineuniverse.com)
  • If a spinal cord tumor is suspected, the child will need to undergo some diagnostic tests to rule out other possible health problems. (spineuniverse.com)
  • The microscopic appearance of the tumor after it is biopsied or excised (histopathology), is essential for determining the appropriate treatment of a spinal cord tumor. (spineuniverse.com)
  • Surgery is performed to remove or reduce the size of the tumor and alleviate the pressure ont he spinal column caused by the tumor. (spineuniverse.com)
  • However, indistinct tumor margins and the desire to preserve normal spinal cord tissue, motor and sensory function may preclude complete resection of tumor. (wikipedia.org)
Treatments3
Injury without radiographic5
Sensory16
  • If all feeling (sensory) and all ability to control movement (motor function) are lost below the spinal cord injury, your injury is called complete. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Many tracts start in the dorsal horn and carry sensory information from the cord to the brain (for example, the message that the hand is touching silk instead of sandpaper). (encyclopedia.com)
  • Molecular mechanisms underlying monosynaptic sensory-motor circuit development in the spinal cord . (nih.gov)
  • A complete spinal cord injury means that the spinal cord has absolutely no motor or sensory function below the affected area. (spine.org)
  • This suggests that some motor "programs" are stored directly in the spinal cord, and can be triggered by sensory input. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Because the cord is used to receiving a lot of input from the brain, it doesn't respond as strongly to sensory input. (scientificamerican.com)
  • A look at the spinal cord, our bridge to the PNS, shows that the sensory and motor tracts occupy areas of the cord. (infoplease.com)
  • A careful evaluation of the injury and testing of sensory reflexes may be sufficient for a physician to rule out a spinal cord injury, but if the patient seems weak, confused or complains of neck pain, for example, the following emergency tests may be arranged. (news-medical.net)
  • Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an insult to the spinal cord resulting in a change, either temporary or permanent, in the cord's normal motor, sensory, or autonomic function. (medscape.com)
  • The spinal cord functions primarily in the transmission of neural signals between the brain and the rest of the body (motor and sensory information, traveling in opposite directions down the spinal cord). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • The spinal cord serves as the main route for the movement of sensory information to and from the brain. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • The spinal line is the significant piece of the focal sensory system of body or primary pathway for data that associates the mind and fringe sensory system. (authorstream.com)
  • Tethered spinal cord syndrome may go undiagnosed until adulthood, when sensory and motor problems and loss of bowel and bladder control emerge. (smartdraw.com)
  • In cross-section, the peripheral region of the cord contains neuronal white matter tracts containing sensory and motor axons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tethered spinal cord syndrome is a clinical entity which is manifested by progressive motor and sensory changes in: legs incontinence back of leg pain scoliosis In order to understand the pathophysiology that is involved in a tethered spinal cord, the reduction/oxidation ratio as to be used in vivo of cytochrome alpha and alpha 3 to signal the oxidative metabolic functioning in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • A spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body. (wikipedia.org)
Lesions3
Clinical12
Diagnosis3
Damage26
Complications1
  • People who survive a spinal cord injury will most likely have medical complications such as chronic pain and bladder and bowel dysfunction, along with an increased susceptibility to respiratory and heart problems. (rxlist.com)
Nerve roots6
Individuals with spinal2
  • Individuals with spinal cord injury have significantly less bone mass and muscle mass. (news-medical.net)
  • Older individuals with spinal cord injury and disease do well, but have a less favourable outcome in regard to walking, bladder and bowel independence than younger subjects and have more associated medical problems. (nature.com)
Dorsal horn1
  • The marginal nucleus of spinal cord, or posteromarginal nucleus, or Substantia Marginalis, Rexed lamina I, is located at the most dorsal aspect of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. (wikipedia.org)
Experienced a spinal cord i1
Complete spinal cord i2
National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical C1
Inflammation6
Disorders3
  • Disorders of the spinal cord and roots. (nih.gov)
  • Bleeding disorders coupled with chiropractic manipulation can result in large clots compressing the spinal cord. (healthline.com)
  • Tethered cord syndrome (TCS) or occult spinal dysraphism sequence refers to a group of neurological disorders that relate to malformations of the spinal cord. (wikipedia.org)
Signals6
  • A spinal cord injury disrupts the signals. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The researchers used the chamber to study how well micelles repaired damaged nerve cells by measuring the "compound action potential," or the ability of a spinal cord to transmit signals. (redorbit.com)
  • The bottom graphs show data indicating damaged spinal cord tissue recovered its "action potential," or ability to transmit signals, after treatment with the micelles. (redorbit.com)
  • Following spinal cord injury, disrupted neuronal pathways can no longer provide sufficiently strong signals to the spinal networks below the injury, often leading to permanent and devastating motor impairment," explains prof. Aya Takeoka from NERF (NeuroElectronics Research Flanders), an interdisciplinary research center empowered by VIB, KU Leuven and imec. (eurekalert.org)
  • These cells, called V2a interneurons, transmit signals in the spinal cord to help control movement. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Then the nuclei receiving these signals project out to the extraocular muscles, spinal cord, and cerebral cortex to execute these functions. (wikipedia.org)
Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord I1
20181
Peripheral nervo2
Stenosis1
Radiographic1
Muscles5
  • Thus, depending on which angle the spinal cord is compressed from, a person could experience numbness versus a loss of the ability to control muscles (often seen as an odd limp), depending on which area is compressed. (encyclopedia.com)
  • MRI of her spinal cord was normal but the electromyogram demonstrated fibrillations and positive sharp waves in many arm and leg muscles. (springer.com)
  • The area of skin innervated by a specific spinal nerve is called a dermatome, and the group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve is called a myotome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neck pains Pains in the neck area tend to be tenacious and persistent and most muscles in the cervical spinal region tighten causing for discomfort. (wikipedia.org)
  • In cases of spina bifida, or following spinal cord injury, the contraction and relaxation of the muscles, as well as sensation, are deficient. (wikipedia.org)
Tissue4
Anatomy1
  • One of the few major studies of the venous anatomy was conducted by Armin Thron, which can be seen in his published "Vascular Anatomy of the Spinal Cord" from 1988. (wikipedia.org)