Spike glycoprotein coronavirus. Medical search

A class I viral fusion protein that forms the characteristic spikes, or peplomers, found on the viral surface that mediate virus attachment, fusion, and entry into the host cell. During virus maturation, it is cleaved into two subunits: S1, which binds to receptors in the host cell, and S2, which mediates membrane fusion.

A genus of the family CORONAVIRIDAE which causes respiratory or gastrointestinal disease in a variety of vertebrates.

Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).

A species of CORONAVIRUS causing atypical respiratory disease (SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME) in humans. The organism is believed to have first emerged in Guangdong Province, China, in 2002. The natural host is the Chinese horseshoe bat, RHINOLOPHUS sinicus.

A species of the CORONAVIRUS genus causing hepatitis in mice. Four strains have been identified as MHV 1, MHV 2, MHV 3, and MHV 4 (also known as MHV-JHM, which is neurotropic and causes disseminated encephalomyelitis with demyelination as well as focal liver necrosis).

Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.

Spherical RNA viruses, in the order NIDOVIRALES, infecting a wide range of animals including humans. Transmission is by fecal-oral and respiratory routes. Mechanical transmission is also common. There are two genera: CORONAVIRUS and TOROVIRUS.

A species in the genus CORONAVIRUS causing the common cold and possibly nervous system infections in humans. It lacks hemagglutinin-esterase.

A species of CORONAVIRUS infecting cats of all ages and commonly found in catteries and zoos. Cats are often found carrying the virus but only a small proportion develop disease. Feline coronavirus and Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) are virtually the same virus in genetic and antigenetic terms, and are morphologically indistinguishable. Since they only differ in their disease potential (with FIPV causing a more serious illness), they are considered biotypes of each other.

A species of CORONAVIRUS infecting neonatal calves, presenting as acute diarrhea, and frequently leading to death.

A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

A species in the genus CORONAVIRUS causing the common cold and possibly nervous system infections in humans. It contains hemagglutinin-esterase.

A species of CORONAVIRUS infecting dogs. Onset of symptoms is usually sudden and includes vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration.

Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.

Virus diseases caused by CORONAVIRIDAE.

Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The adherence and merging of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artificial membranes to each other or to viruses, parasites, or interstitial particles through a variety of chemical and physical processes.

A species of CORONAVIRUS causing a fatal disease to pigs under 3 weeks old.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).

A species of CORONAVIRUS causing infections in chickens and possibly pheasants. Chicks up to four weeks old are the most severely affected.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.

Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization.

A species of ALPHAVIRUS isolated in central, eastern, and southern Africa.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

A species in the genus CORONAVIRUS causing upper and lower RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS. It shares the receptor used by the SARS VIRUS.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

Viral proteins found in either the NUCLEOCAPSID or the viral core (VIRAL CORE PROTEINS).

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A species of CORONAVIRUS causing pneumonia in newborn rats but a clinically inapparent infection in adults. It is separate but antigenically related to MURINE HEPATITIS VIRUS.

A species of CORONAVIRUS causing enteritis in turkeys and pullets.

A mutant strain of TRANSMISSIBLE GASTROENTERITIS VIRUS causing mild or subclinical respiratory infections in young SWINE. It may also play a role in post-weaning porcine respiratory disease complex, especially when combined with other respiratory agents.

A 44-kDa highly glycosylated plasma protein that binds phospholipids including CARDIOLIPIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN E RECEPTOR; membrane phospholipids, and other anionic phospholipid-containing moieties. It plays a role in coagulation and apoptotic processes. Formerly known as apolipoprotein H, it is an autoantigen in patients with ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODIES.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.

Common coronavirus infection of cats caused by the feline infectious peritonitis virus (CORONAVIRUS, FELINE). The disease is characterized by a long incubation period, fever, depression, loss of appetite, wasting, and progressive abdominal enlargement. Infection of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage appears to be essential in FIP pathogenesis.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

Platelet membrane glycoprotein complex essential for normal platelet adhesion and clot formation at sites of vascular injury. It is composed of three polypeptides, GPIb alpha, GPIb beta, and GPIX. Glycoprotein Ib functions as a receptor for von Willebrand factor and for thrombin. Congenital deficiency of the GPIb-IX complex results in Bernard-Soulier syndrome. The platelet glycoprotein GPV associates with GPIb-IX and is also absent in Bernard-Soulier syndrome.

A condition of chronic gastroenteritis in adult pigs and fatal gastroenteritis in piglets caused by a CORONAVIRUS.

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

A myelin protein found in the periaxonal membrane of both the central and peripheral nervous systems myelin sheaths. It binds to cells surface receptors found on AXONS and may regulate cellular interactions between MYELIN and AXONS.

The entering of cells by viruses following VIRUS ATTACHMENT. This is achieved by ENDOCYTOSIS, by direct MEMBRANE FUSION of the viral membrane with the CELL MEMBRANE, or by translocation of the whole virus across the cell membrane.

The family of civets which are small and medium-sized Old World carnivores, often striped or spotted.

Surface glycoproteins on platelets which have a key role in hemostasis and thrombosis such as platelet adhesion and aggregation. Many of these are receptors.

The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.

Platelet membrane glycoprotein complex important for platelet adhesion and aggregation. It is an integrin complex containing INTEGRIN ALPHAIIB and INTEGRIN BETA3 which recognizes the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence present on several adhesive proteins. As such, it is a receptor for FIBRINOGEN; VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR; FIBRONECTIN; VITRONECTIN; and THROMBOSPONDINS. A deficiency of GPIIb-IIIa results in GLANZMANN THROMBASTHENIA.

Proteins associated with the inner surface of the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope. These proteins have been implicated in control of viral transcription and may possibly serve as the "glue" that binds the nucleocapsid to the appropriate membrane site during viral budding from the host cell.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Proteins, usually glycoproteins, found in the viral envelopes of a variety of viruses. They promote cell membrane fusion and thereby may function in the uptake of the virus by cells.

A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a CAPSID plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).

Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Zinc-binding metalloproteases that are members of the type II integral membrane metalloproteases. They are expressed by GRANULOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and their precursors as well as by various non-hematopoietic cells. They release an N-terminal amino acid from a peptide, amide or arylamide.

An enzyme that catalyses RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'- end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time, and can initiate a chain de novo. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p293)

Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

An acute, highly contagious virus disease of turkeys characterized by chilling, anorexia, decreased water intake, diarrhea, dehydration and weight loss. The infectious agent is a CORONAVIRUS.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

The binding of virus particles to receptors on the host cell surface. For enveloped viruses, the virion ligand is usually a surface glycoprotein as is the cellular receptor. For non-enveloped viruses, the virus CAPSID serves as the ligand.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Specific hemagglutinin subtypes encoded by VIRUSES.

The alpha chain of pituitary glycoprotein hormones (THYROTROPIN; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; LUTEINIZING HORMONE) and the placental CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Within a species, the alpha subunits of these four hormones are identical; the distinct functional characteristics of these glycoprotein hormones are determined by the unique beta subunits. Both subunits, the non-covalently bound heterodimers, are required for full biologic activity.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Order of mammals whose members are adapted for flight. It includes bats, flying foxes, and fruit bats.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Carbohydrates consisting of between two (DISACCHARIDES) and ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form.

The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.

The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

ENDOPEPTIDASES which have a cysteine involved in the catalytic process. This group of enzymes is inactivated by CYSTEINE PROTEINASE INHIBITORS such as CYSTATINS and SULFHYDRYL REAGENTS.

The region of southwest Asia and northeastern Africa usually considered as extending from Libya on the west to Afghanistan on the east. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988)

Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.

A transmembrane protein present in the MYELIN SHEATH of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is one of the main autoantigens implicated in the pathogenesis of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation.

External envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 120 kDa and contains numerous glycosylation sites. Gp120 binds to cells expressing CD4 cell-surface antigens, most notably T4-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Gp120 has been shown to interfere with the normal function of CD4 and is at least partly responsible for the cytopathic effect of HIV.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.

The temporal sequence of events that have occurred.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.

The specificity of a virus for infecting a particular type of cell or tissue.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Viral infections of the brain, spinal cord, meninges, or perimeningeal spaces.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

Methods used for studying the interactions of antibodies with specific regions of protein antigens. Important applications of epitope mapping are found within the area of immunochemistry.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

Visible morphologic changes in cells infected with viruses. It includes shutdown of cellular RNA and protein synthesis, cell fusion, release of lysosomal enzymes, changes in cell membrane permeability, diffuse changes in intracellular structures, presence of viral inclusion bodies, and chromosomal aberrations. It excludes malignant transformation, which is CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL. Viral cytopathogenic effects provide a valuable method for identifying and classifying the infecting viruses.

A peptidyl-dipeptidase that catalyzes the release of a C-terminal dipeptide, -Xaa-*-Xbb-Xcc, when neither Xaa nor Xbb is Pro. It is a Cl(-)-dependent, zinc glycoprotein that is generally membrane-bound and active at neutral pH. It may also have endopeptidase activity on some substrates. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.15.1.

Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518)

An order comprising three families of eukaryotic viruses possessing linear, nonsegmented, positive sense RNA genomes. The families are CORONAVIRIDAE; ARTERIVIRIDAE; and RONIVIRIDAE.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

Proteins which are synthesized as a single polymer and then cleaved into several distinct proteins.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.

A hexose or fermentable monosaccharide and isomer of glucose from manna, the ash Fraxinus ornus and related plants. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)

A system of cisternae in the CYTOPLASM of many cells. In places the endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane (CELL MEMBRANE) or outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are coated with ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum is said to be rough-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, ROUGH); otherwise it is said to be smooth-surfaced (ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, SMOOTH). (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Protective immunity against murine hepatitis virus (MHV) induced by intranasal or subcutaneous administration of hybrids of tobacco mosaic virus that carries an MHV epitope. (1/422)

Hybrids of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were constructed with the use of fusion to the coat protein peptides of 10 or 15 amino acids, containing the 5B19 epitope from the spike protein of murine hepatitis virus (MHV) and giving rise to TMV-5B19 and TMV-5B19L, respectively. The TMV hybrids were propagated in tobacco plants, and the virus particles were purified. Immunogold labeling, with the use of the monoclonal MAb5B19 antibody, showed specific decoration of hybrid TMV particles, confirming the expression and display of the MHV epitope on the surface of the TMV. Mice were immunized with purified hybrid viruses after several regimens of immunization. Mice that received TMV-5B19L intranasally developed serum IgG and IgA specific for the 5B19 epitope and for the TMV coat protein. Hybrid TMV-5B19, administered by subcutaneous injections, elicited high titers of serum IgG that was specific for the 5B19 epitope and for coat protein, but IgA that was specific against 5B19 was not observed. Mice that were immunized with hybrid virus by subcutaneous or intranasal routes of administration survived challenge with a lethal dose (10 x LD50) of MHV strain JHM, whereas mice administered wild-type TMV died 10 d post challenge. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the dose of administered immunogen and protection against MHV infection. These studies show that TMV can be an effective vaccine delivery vehicle for parenteral and mucosal immunization and for protection from challenge with viral infection. (+info)

Mapping of the coronavirus membrane protein domains involved in interaction with the spike protein. (2/422)

The coronavirus membrane (M) protein is the key player in virion assembly. One of its functions is to mediate the incorporation of the spikes into the viral envelope. Heterotypic interactions between M and the spike (S) protein can be demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation and by immunofluorescence colocalization, after coexpression of their genes in eukaryotic cells. Using these assays in a mutagenetic approach, we have mapped the domains in the M protein that are involved in complex formation between M and S. It appeared that the 25-residue luminally exposed amino-terminal domain of the M protein is not important for M-S interaction. A 15-residue deletion, the insertion of a His tag, and replacement of the ectodomain by that of another coronavirus M protein did not affect the ability of the M protein to associate with the S protein. However, complex formation was sensitive to changes in the transmembrane domains of this triple-spanning protein. Deletion of either the first two or the last two transmembrane domains, known not to affect the topology of the protein, led to a considerable decrease in complex formation, but association was not completely abrogated. Various effects of changes in the part of the M protein that is located at the cytoplasmic face of the membrane were observed. Deletions of the extreme carboxy-terminal tail appeared not to interfere with M-S complex formation. However, deletions in the amphipathic domain severely affected M-S interaction. Interestingly, changes in the amino-terminal and extreme carboxy-terminal domains of M, which did not disrupt the interaction with S, are known to be fatal to the ability of the protein to engage in virus particle formation (C. A. M. de Haan, L. Kuo, P. S. Masters, H. Vennema, and P. J. M. Rottier, J. Virol. 72:6838-6850, 1998). Apparently, the structural requirements of the M protein for virus particle assembly differ from the requirements for the formation of M-S complexes. (+info)

Pathogenesis of chimeric MHV4/MHV-A59 recombinant viruses: the murine coronavirus spike protein is a major determinant of neurovirulence. (3/422)

The mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) spike glycoprotein, S, has been implicated as a major determinant of viral pathogenesis. In the absence of a full-length molecular clone, however, it has been difficult to address the role of individual viral genes in pathogenesis. By using targeted RNA recombination to introduce the S gene of MHV4, a highly neurovirulent strain, into the genome of MHV-A59, a mildly neurovirulent strain, we have been able to directly address the role of the S gene in neurovirulence. In cell culture, the recombinants containing the MHV4 S gene, S4R22 and S4R21, exhibited a small-plaque phenotype and replicated to low levels, similar to wild-type MHV4. Intracranial inoculation of C57BL/6 mice with S4R22 and S4R21 revealed a marked alteration in pathogenesis. Relative to wild-type control recombinant viruses (wtR13 and wtR9), containing the MHV-A59 S gene, the MHV4 S gene recombinants exhibited a dramatic increase in virulence and an increase in both viral antigen staining and inflammation in the central nervous system. There was not, however, an increase in the level of viral replication in the brain. These studies demonstrate that the MHV4 S gene alone is sufficient to confer a highly neurovirulent phenotype to a recombinant virus deriving the remainder of its genome from a mildly neurovirulent virus, MHV-A59. This definitively confirms previous findings, suggesting that the spike is a major determinant of pathogenesis. (+info)

A 12-amino acid stretch in the hypervariable region of the spike protein S1 subunit is critical for cell fusion activity of mouse hepatitis virus. (4/422)

The spike (S) glycoprotein of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) plays a major role in the viral pathogenesis. It is often processed into the N-terminal S1 and the C-terminal S2 subunits that were evidently important for binding to cell receptor and inducing cell-cell fusion, respectively. As a consequence of cell-cell fusion, most of the naturally occurring infections of MHV are associated with syncytia formation. So far, only MHV-2 was identified to be fusion-negative. In this study, the S gene of MHV-2 was molecularly cloned, and the nucleotide sequence was determined. The MHV-2 S protein lacks a 12-amino acid stretch in the S1 hypervariable region from amino acid residue 446 to 457 when compared with the fusion-positive strain MHV-JHM. In addition, there are three amino acid substitutions in the S2 subunit, Tyr-1144 to Asp, Glu-1165 to Asp, and Arg-1209 to Lys. The cloned MHV-2 S protein exhibited the fusion-negative property in DBT cells as the intrinsic viral protein. Furthermore, similar to the fusion-positive MHV-JHM strain, proteolytic cleavage activity was detected both in DBT cells infected with the fusion-negative MHV-2 and in the transfected cells that expressed the cloned MHV-2 S protein. Domain swapping experiments demonstrated that the 12-amino acid stretch missing in the MHV-2 S1 subunit, but not the proteolytic cleavage site, was critical for the cell-fusion activity of MHV. (+info)

Amino acid substitutions within the leucine zipper domain of the murine coronavirus spike protein cause defects in oligomerization and the ability to induce cell-to-cell fusion. (5/422)

The murine coronavirus spike (S) protein contains a leucine zipper domain which is highly conserved among coronaviruses. To assess the role of this leucine zipper domain in S-induced cell-to-cell fusion, the six heptadic leucine and isoleucine residues were replaced with alanine by site-directed mutagenesis. The mutant S proteins were analyzed for cell-to-cell membrane fusion activity as well as for progress through the glycoprotein maturation process, including intracellular glycosylation, oligomerization, and cell surface expression. Single-alanine-substitution mutations had minimal, if any, effects on S-induced cell-to-cell fusion. Significant reduction in fusion activity was observed, however, when two of the four middle heptadic leucine or isoleucine residues were replaced with alanine. Double alanine substitutions that involved either of the two end heptadic leucine residues did not significantly affect fusion. All double-substitution mutant S proteins displayed levels of endoglycosidase H resistance and cell surface expression similar to those of the wild-type S. However, fusion-defective double-alanine-substitution mutants exhibited defects in S oligomerization. These results indicate that the leucine zipper domain plays a role in S-induced cell-to-cell fusion and that the ability of S to induce fusion may be dependent on the oligomeric structure of S. (+info)

Selection of antigenic variants of the S glycoprotein of feline infectious peritonitis virus and analysis of antigenic sites involved in neutralization. (6/422)

The type II feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) epitopes for neutralizing and enhancing antibodies are present on large spike glycoprotein (S) protein. In this study, we established monoclonal antibody-resistant mutant viruses resistant to three different monoclonal antibodies with neutralizing activity in Felis catus whole fetus cells and enhancing activity in feline macrophages, recognizing distinct epitopes on type II FIPV S protein. By comparing the nucleotide sequences of these mutant viruses with that of wild-type virus, we attempted to identify the neutralizing epitopes. The mutations were localized in the region of amino acid residues from 480 to 649 from the N terminal of the S protein. (+info)

Mouse hepatitis virus strain JHM infects a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. (7/422)

Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strain JHM is a coronavirus that causes encephalitis and demyelination in susceptible rodents. The known receptors for MHV are all members of the carcinoembryonic antigen family. Although human forms of the MHV receptor can function as MHV receptors in some assays, no human cell line has been identified that can support wild-type MHV infection. Here we describe the infection of a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HuH-7, with MHV. HuH-7 cells were susceptible to strains JHM-DL and JHM-DS, yielding virus titers nearly identical to those seen in mouse DBT cells. In contrast, HuH-7 cells were only marginally susceptible or completely resistant to infection by other MHV strains, including A59. JHM produced a strong cytopathic effect in HuH-7 cells with the formation of round plaques. Studies of various recombinant viruses between JHM and A59 strains suggested that the ability of JHM to infect HuH-7 cells was determined by multiple viral genetic elements. Blocking the viral spike (S) protein with a neutralizing antibody or a soluble form of the MHV receptor inhibited infection of HuH-7 cells, suggesting that infection is mediated through the S protein. Transfection with the prototype mouse receptor, biliary glycoprotein, rendered HuH-7 cells susceptible to infection by other MHV strains as well, suggesting that JHM uses a receptor distinct from the classical MHV receptor to infect HuH-7 cells. Possible implications for human disease are discussed. (+info)

Selection of CTL escape mutants in mice infected with a neurotropic coronavirus: quantitative estimate of TCR diversity in the infected central nervous system. (8/422)

Variant viruses mutated in the immunodominant cytotoxic T cell epitope surface (S) glycoprotein S-510-518 are selected in mice chronically infected with mouse hepatitis virus, strain JHM. We determined whether this selection occurred in the presence of an oligoclonal or polyclonal T cell response using soluble MHC/peptide tetramers in direct ex vivo analyses of CNS-derived lymphocytes. A total of 42% (range, 29-60%) of CD8 T cells in the CNS of mice with acute encephalitis recognized epitope S-510-518. A total of 34% (range, 18-62%) of cells from mice with hind limb paralysis (and chronic demyelination) were also epitope specific, even though only virus expressing mutated epitope is detected in these animals. Sequence analysis of the beta-chain CDR3 of 487 tetramer S-510-518-positive cDNA clones from nine mice showed that a majority of clonotypes were identified in more than one mouse. From these analyses, we estimated that 300-500 different CD8 T cell clonotypes responsive to epitope S-510-518 were present in each acutely infected brain, while 100-900 were present in the CNS of each mouse with chronic disease. In conclusion, a polyclonal CD8 T cell response to an epitope does not preclude the selection of T cell escape mutants, and epitope-specific T cells are still present at high levels even after RNA-encoding wild-type sequence is no longer detectable. (+info)

Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that can cause a range of respiratory illnesses, from the common cold to severe diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Coronavirus infections are caused by one of the four subtypes of coronaviruses: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta.

The symptoms of coronavirus infections can range from mild to severe and may include:

* Fever
* Cough
* Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
* Chest tightness or discomfort
* Headache
* Sore throat
* Runny nose or stuffy nose
* Body aches or muscle pains
* Diarrhea
* Nausea or vomiting

In severe cases, coronavirus infections can lead to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and even death. The virus is primarily spread through close contact with an infected person, such as touching, shaking hands, or kissing. It can also be spread by touching contaminated surfaces and objects, such as door handles, light switches, and countertops.

There are several ways to diagnose coronavirus infections, including:

* Physical examination and medical history
* Chest X-ray or CT scan
* Blood tests
* Nucleic acid test (NAT)

Treatment for coronavirus infections is primarily focused on relieving symptoms and supporting the body's immune system. This may include:

* Antiviral medications
* Oxygen therapy
* Pain relief medication
* Rest and hydration

Prevention is key to avoiding coronavirus infections, and this includes:

* Washing hands frequently with soap and water
* Using alcohol-based hand sanitizers
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing
* Staying home when sick

There are also several vaccines currently being developed to protect against coronavirus infections, but these are not yet widely available. It is important to follow the guidance of public health authorities and take precautions to prevent the spread of the virus.

The symptoms of SARS typically begin within 2-10 days after exposure and can include:

* Fever (>38°C)
* Chills
* Headache
* Body aches
* Fatigue
* Dry cough
* Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
* Pneumonia

In severe cases, SARS can progress to respiratory failure, which can lead to death. The virus is highly contagious and can be spread through close contact with an infected person, as well as through contact with contaminated surfaces and objects.

SARS was first identified in 2003 in China, and it quickly spread to other countries around the world, causing a global outbreak. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared SARS a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) in March 2003, and it was eventually contained through a combination of measures such as isolation of infected individuals, contact tracing, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE).

There is no specific treatment for SARS, but supportive care such as oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation may be provided to help manage symptoms. Antiviral medications have been developed to treat SARS, but their effectiveness is still being studied. Prevention of SARS primarily relies on good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing, avoidance of close contact with people who are sick, and wearing PPE when caring for infected individuals.

Overall, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a serious and potentially life-threatening respiratory illness that can be spread through close contact with an infected person. While it has been largely contained through public health measures, it remains important to continue practicing good hygiene and be aware of the risks of SARS in order to prevent its spread.

There are several types of coronaviridae infections, including:

1. Common cold: This is the most common type of coronavirus infection, and it is estimated that the common cold affects millions of people worldwide each year.
2. Seasonal flu: Some coronaviruses can cause seasonal flu, which is a more severe illness than the common cold.
3. SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome): This is a serious and potentially life-threatening infection that was first identified in 2003.
4. MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus): This is another serious and potentially life-threatening infection that was first identified in 2012.
5. COVID-19: This is a viral respiratory disease that was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. It has since spread to become a global pandemic.

The symptoms of coronaviridae infections can vary depending on the type of virus and the individual infected. Common symptoms include:

* Fever
* Cough
* Sore throat
* Runny nose
* Headache
* Fatigue
* Diarrhea (in some cases)

In severe cases, coronaviridae infections can lead to complications such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinus and ear infections. In rare cases, they can also lead to more serious conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure.

There is no specific treatment for coronaviridae infections, but antiviral medications may be prescribed in some cases. Treatment is generally focused on relieving symptoms and supporting the body's immune system. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices such as washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with people who are sick, and wearing masks in public places. Vaccines are also being developed to prevent COVID-19 and other coronaviridae infections.

Coronaviridae infections can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including:

* Rapid antigen tests: These tests can detect the presence of the virus in a person's nose and throat.
* PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests: These tests can detect the genetic material of the virus in a person's respiratory tract.
* Serology tests: These tests can detect antibodies against the virus in a person's blood.

Overall, coronaviridae infections can be serious and potentially life-threatening, but with proper diagnosis and treatment, many people are able to recover from them. Prevention measures such as good hygiene practices and vaccination can also help prevent the spread of these infections.

Symptoms of FIP include loss of appetite, weight loss, fever, lethargy, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical signs, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. There is no cure for FIP, and treatment is focused on managing symptoms and supporting the cat's quality of life.

Prognosis for cats with FIP is generally poor, and the disease can be fatal within weeks to months after diagnosis. However, some cats may survive for longer periods of time if they receive appropriate supportive care. Prevention is key, and vaccination against feline coronavirus (FCoV) can help reduce the risk of developing FIP.

It's important to note that while FIP is a serious disease, it is relatively rare in cats under 6 months of age, as their immature immune system does not allow the virus to progress to its final stages.

Symptoms of TGS in pigs include diarrhea, vomiting, and severe dehydration, as well as fever and lethargy. The disease can be highly fatal, especially in young piglets. In humans, the disease can cause mild to moderate gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps, but it is usually self-limiting and not life-threatening.

TGS is primarily spread through close contact with infected pigs or contaminated objects, such as feeders or pens. The virus can also be transmitted through the air, such as when an infected pig coughs or sneezes. Prevention and control measures include strict biosecurity practices, such as proper cleaning and disinfection of facilities, wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), and avoiding contact with infected animals. Vaccination is also available for pigs, but it is not 100% effective and may not completely prevent the spread of the disease.

Early detection and control of TGS outbreaks are critical to minimize the impact on animal health and productivity, as well as to reduce the risk of transmission to humans. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, laboratory testing (such as PCR or ELISA), and serology. Laboratory confirmation is essential for proper diagnosis and control of the disease.

TGS has significant economic impacts on the swine industry, as it can lead to high morbidity and mortality rates in infected herds, resulting in reduced productivity and increased costs for disease management and control. In addition, TGS can have public health implications, as it can pose a risk of transmission to humans, particularly in areas where human-animal contact is more frequent or where biosecurity practices are not strictly followed. Therefore, prevention and control measures should be implemented promptly and consistently to minimize the spread of the disease and protect animal and human health.

The common types of RTIs include:

1. Common cold: A viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract, causing symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, coughing, and mild fever.
2. Influenza (flu): A viral infection that can affect both the upper and lower respiratory tract, causing symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, and body aches.
3. Bronchitis: An inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which can be caused by viruses or bacteria, resulting in symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
4. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, leading to symptoms such as fever, chills, coughing, and difficulty breathing.
5. Tonsillitis: An inflammation of the tonsils, which can be caused by bacteria or viruses, resulting in symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and bad breath.
6. Sinusitis: An inflammation of the sinuses, which can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi, leading to symptoms such as headache, facial pain, and nasal congestion.
7. Laryngitis: An inflammation of the larynx (voice box), which can be caused by viruses or bacteria, resulting in symptoms such as hoarseness, loss of voice, and difficulty speaking.

RTIs can be diagnosed through physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays, blood tests, and nasal swab cultures. Treatment for RTIs depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms.

It's important to note that RTIs can be contagious and can spread through contact with an infected person or by touching contaminated surfaces. Therefore, it's essential to practice good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently, covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick.

There are several transmission routes for TE, including:

1. Vertical transmission from mother to egg: The virus can be passed from an infected hen to her eggs before they are laid. This means that chicks hatched from infected eggs may already have the virus inside them and will become sick soon after hatching.
2. Horizontal transmission between birds: Infected birds can transmit the virus to other birds through their feces, which can contaminate feed, water, or the environment. This is why it's important to keep poultry farms clean and hygienic to prevent the spread of disease.
3. Contact with infected birds: People who handle infected birds or their droppings can also become infected and transmit the virus to other birds.
4. Contaminated feed: Feed that is contaminated with the virus can also transmit it to birds. This is why it's important to use clean, virus-free feed and to store it properly.

There are several signs and symptoms of TE in turkeys, including:

1. Diarrhea: Affected birds may have loose, watery droppings that can be streaked with blood or mucus.
2. Vomiting: Birds may vomit their feed, which can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
3. Dehydration: Affected birds may appear lethargic and have sunken eyes, dry mouths, and puffy wings.
4. Lack of appetite: Birds may stop eating and drinking, which can lead to weight loss and worsening of the disease.
5. Ulcers: In severe cases, the virus can cause ulcers in the intestines, which can be painful and can lead to bleeding.
6. Weight loss: Affected birds may lose weight due to a lack of appetite and dehydration.
7. Poor egg production: In laying hens, the virus can cause poor egg production or no eggs at all.
8. Mortality: The disease can be fatal in some cases, especially if left untreated or if the birds are not provided with proper care and management.

If you suspect that your flock has been exposed to TE, it's important to seek veterinary care immediately. Your veterinarian can perform diagnostic tests to confirm the presence of the virus and provide appropriate treatment. Treatment may include antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections, fluid therapy to restore hydration, and supportive care to manage symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide intensive care and monitoring.

Prevention is key when it comes to TE in turkeys. Here are some steps you can take to reduce the risk of transmission:

1. Use clean, virus-free feed and water: Make sure that all feed and water are free from contamination and are provided in clean, sanitized containers.
2. Implement good biosecurity practices: Keep the flock in a clean, well-ventilated area with minimal contact with other birds or animals. Provide separate facilities for feeding, drinking, and manure disposal to reduce the risk of transmission.
3. Vaccinate your flock: Vaccination is an effective way to prevent TE in turkeys. Work with your veterinarian to develop a vaccination program that's tailored to your flock's needs.
4. Monitor for signs of disease: Regularly check your birds for signs of illness, such as loss of appetite, lethargy, and diarrhea. If you suspect that your flock has been exposed to TE, seek veterinary care immediately.
5. Keep your flock healthy: Proper nutrition, good living conditions, and regular health check-ups can help keep your flock healthy and reduce the risk of disease transmission.

By being aware of the signs and symptoms of Turkey Enteritis and taking preventative measures to reduce the risk of transmission, you can help protect your flock and ensure the health and well-being of your birds.

A viral infection that affects the liver and is transmitted to animals through contact with infected feces, urine, or saliva. The condition can be caused by several different viruses, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Symptoms of animal hepatitis may include loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, fever, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). In severe cases, the infection can cause liver failure and death.

Prevention:

* Avoid contact with infected animals
* Practice good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently
* Keep pets up to date on vaccinations and preventatives
* Avoid drinking water or eating food that may be contaminated with feces or urine from infected animals
* Use protective clothing and equipment when handling animals that may be infected

Treatment:

* Supportive care, such as fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration and maintain blood pressure
* Antiviral medications in severe cases
* Hospitalization for severe cases or those that do not respond to treatment

Prognosis:

* Depends on the severity of the infection and the underlying health status of the animal. In general, the prognosis is good for animals that receive prompt and appropriate treatment.

Complications:

* Liver failure
* Sepsis (blood infection)
* Kidney failure
* Death

Prevalence:

* Widespread in animals, especially in those that are kept in close quarters or have poor living conditions.

Affected Organ:

* Liver

Examples of emerging communicable diseases include SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), West Nile virus, and HIV/AIDS. These diseases are often difficult to diagnose and treat, and they can spread rapidly due to increased travel and trade, as well as the high level of interconnectedness in today's world.

Emerging communicable diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, such as environmental changes, genetic mutations, or the transmission of diseases from animals to humans. These diseases can also be spread through various routes, including airborne transmission, contact with infected bodily fluids, and vector-borne transmission (such as through mosquitoes or ticks).

To prevent the spread of emerging communicable diseases, it is important to have strong surveillance systems in place to detect and monitor outbreaks, as well as effective public health measures such as vaccination programs, quarantine, and contact tracing. Additionally, research into the causes and transmission mechanisms of these diseases is crucial for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies.

Overall, emerging communicable diseases pose a significant threat to global health security, and it is important for healthcare professionals, policymakers, and the general public to be aware of these diseases and take steps to prevent their spread.

Some common examples of CNSVD include:

1. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis: This is an inflammation of the brain caused by the herpes simplex virus. It can cause fever, headache, confusion, and seizures.
2. West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis: This is an infection of the brain caused by the West Nile virus, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Symptoms can include fever, headache, muscle weakness, and confusion.
3. Japanese encephalitis (JE): This is a viral infection that affects the brain and is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Symptoms can include fever, headache, seizures, and changes in behavior or cognitive function.
4. Rabies: This is a viral infection that affects the brain and is transmitted through the bite of an infected animal, usually a dog, bat, or raccoon. Symptoms can include fever, headache, agitation, and changes in behavior or cognitive function.
5. Enteroviral encephalitis: This is an infection of the brain caused by enteroviruses, which are common viruses that affect the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms can include fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and changes in behavior or cognitive function.

The diagnosis of CNSVD typically involves a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests (such as blood tests or lumbar puncture), and imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans). Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and may include antiviral medications, supportive care, and rehabilitation.

Prevention of CNSVD includes avoiding exposure to mosquitoes and other vectors that can transmit disease, maintaining good hygiene practices (such as washing hands frequently), and getting vaccinated against diseases such as rabies and measles. In addition, taking steps to prevent head trauma and using protective equipment when engaging in activities that involve risk of head injury can help reduce the risk of CNSVD.

Overall, while central nervous system viral diseases can be serious and potentially life-threatening, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and prevent long-term complications. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

1. Bacterial dysentery: This type of dysentery is caused by bacteria such as Shigella or Salmonella and is typically spread through contaminated food or water. Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, and blood in the stool.
2. Amebic dysentery: This type of dysentery is caused by a parasite called Entamoeba histolytica and is typically spread through contaminated food or water. Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, and blood in the stool.

Dysentery can be diagnosed through a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as stool samples or blood tests. Treatment typically involves antibiotics for bacterial dysentery and antiparasitic medication for amebic dysentery. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications such as dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

Prevention measures for dysentery include:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Avoiding contaminated food and water
* Properly storing and preparing food to prevent bacterial growth
* Avoiding risky behaviors such as anal sex, which can increase the risk of contracting amebic dysentery.

The prognosis for dysentery is generally good if treated promptly and effectively. However, if left untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and potentially life-threatening infections.

Cattle diseases refer to any health issues that affect cattle, including bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections, as well as genetic disorders and environmental factors. These diseases can have a significant impact on the health and productivity of cattle, as well as the livelihoods of farmers and ranchers who rely on them for their livelihood.

Types of Cattle Diseases

There are many different types of cattle diseases, including:

1. Bacterial diseases, such as brucellosis, anthrax, and botulism.
2. Viral diseases, such as bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) and bluetongue.
3. Parasitic diseases, such as heartwater and gapeworm.
4. Genetic disorders, such as polledness and cleft palate.
5. Environmental factors, such as heat stress and nutritional deficiencies.

Symptoms of Cattle Diseases

The symptoms of cattle diseases can vary depending on the specific disease, but may include:

1. Fever and respiratory problems
2. Diarrhea and vomiting
3. Weight loss and depression
4. Swelling and pain in joints or limbs
5. Discharge from the eyes or nose
6. Coughing or difficulty breathing
7. Lameness or reluctance to move
8. Changes in behavior, such as aggression or lethargy

Diagnosis and Treatment of Cattle Diseases

Diagnosing cattle diseases can be challenging, as the symptoms may be similar for different conditions. However, veterinarians use a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and medical history to make a diagnosis. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and may include antibiotics, vaccines, anti-inflammatory drugs, and supportive care such as fluids and nutritional supplements.

Prevention of Cattle Diseases

Preventing cattle diseases is essential for maintaining the health and productivity of your herd. Some preventative measures include:

1. Proper nutrition and hydration
2. Regular vaccinations and parasite control
3. Sanitary living conditions and frequent cleaning
4. Monitoring for signs of illness and seeking prompt veterinary care if symptoms arise
5. Implementing biosecurity measures such as isolating sick animals and quarantining new animals before introduction to the herd.

It is important to work closely with a veterinarian to develop a comprehensive health plan for your cattle herd, as they can provide guidance on vaccination schedules, parasite control methods, and disease prevention strategies tailored to your specific needs.

Conclusion
Cattle diseases can have a significant impact on the productivity and profitability of your herd, as well as the overall health of your animals. It is essential to be aware of the common cattle diseases, their symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention methods to ensure the health and well-being of your herd.

By working closely with a veterinarian and implementing preventative measures such as proper nutrition and sanitary living conditions, you can help protect your cattle from disease and maintain a productive and profitable herd. Remember, prevention is key when it comes to managing cattle diseases.

"Cryo-electron microscopy structure of a coronavirus spike glycoprotein trimer". Nature. 531 (7592): 114-117. Bibcode:2016Natur. ... This class of fusogens contains some of the proteins utilized by influenza, HIV, coronaviruses, and Ebola during infection. ... "Small-Molecule Inhibition of Viral Fusion Glycoproteins". Annual Review of Virology. 8 (1): 459-489. doi:10.1146/annurev- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_mechanism

The Distinct Spike Glycoproteins of Feline Coronaviruses". Viruses. 12 (1): 83. doi:10.3390/v12010083. PMC 7019228. PMID ... Duvinacovirus Human coronavirus 229E Luchacovirus Lucheng Rn rat coronavirus Minacovirus Mink coronavirus 1 Ferret coronavirus ... coronavirus 512 Rhinacovirus Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2 Setracovirus Human coronavirus NL63 NL63-related bat coronavirus ... coronavirus T14 Sunacovirus Suncus murinus coronavirus X74 Tegacovirus Alphacoronavirus 1 Canine coronavirus Feline coronavirus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphacoronavirus

Ujike, Makoto; Taguchi, Fumihiro (3 April 2015). "Incorporation of Spike and Membrane Glycoproteins into Coronavirus Virions". ... M is a glycoprotein whose glycosylation varies according to coronavirus subgroup; N-linked glycosylation is typically found in ... Incorporation of the spike protein (S) - which is required for assembly of infectious virions - is reported to occur though M ... Coronaviruses are moderately pleomorphic and conformational variations of M appear to be associated with virion size. M forms ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_membrane_protein

Coronaviruses enter the host by first attaching to the host cell using the spike glycoprotein. The S protein interacts with the ... Other coronaviruses that belong to the species Alphacoronavirus 1 are Feline coronavirus, Canine coronavirus and Feline ... The same cell receptor is also a point of contact for Human Coronaviruses. A domain in the S spike protein is recognized by ... Transmissible gastroenteritis virus or Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) is a coronavirus which infects pigs. It ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmissible_gastroenteritis_virus

"Identification of sialic acid-binding function for the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike glycoprotein". ... for the coronavirus causing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), the sixth coronavirus to be described. The term Lewis in ... For sialyl-Lewisx to bind to P-selectin, an O-linked glycan near the N-terminus of P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is ... the translucent matrix covering the human egg composed of four glycoproteins ZP1, 2, 3, and 4, and transit through the matrix ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialyl-Lewis_X

2020). "A tale of two viruses: the distinct spike glycoproteins of feline coronaviruses". Viruses. 12 (1): 83. doi:10.3390/ ... It is a receptor for human coronavirus 229E, feline coronavirus serotype II (FCoV-II), TGEV, PEDV and canine coronavirus ... Look AT, Ashmun RA, Shapiro LH, Peiper SC (April 1989). "Human myeloid plasma membrane glycoprotein CD13 (gp150) is identical ... Kolb AF, Maile J, Heister A, Siddell SG (October 1996). "Characterization of functional domains in the human coronavirus HCV ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine_aminopeptidase

The goal is to genetically express the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenoviridae

Spike glycoprotein is highly immunogenic. Antibodies against spike glycoprotein are found in patients recovered from SARS and ... Relative to S1, the S2 region is very well conserved among coronaviruses. Spike glycoprotein is heavily glycosylated through N- ... Spike (S) glycoprotein (sometimes also called spike protein, formerly known as E2) is the largest of the four major structural ... Ujike, Makoto; Taguchi, Fumihiro (3 April 2015). "Incorporation of Spike and Membrane Glycoproteins into Coronavirus Virions". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_spike_protein

Dye, C.; Temperton, N.; Siddell, S. G. (2007). "Type I feline coronavirus spike glycoprotein fails to recognize aminopeptidase ... Dr ADDIE website focused research about FIP Coronavirus Site général Coronavirus site général Coronavirus Pictures (CS1 French- ... The Distinct Spike Glycoproteins of Feline Coronaviruses". Viruses. 12 (1): 83. doi:10.3390/v12010083. PMC 7019228. PMID ... Coronaviruses are covered with several types of "S proteins" (or E2) forming a crown of protein spikes on the surface of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_coronavirus

"The spike glycoprotein of murine coronavirus MHV-JHM mediates receptor-independent infection and spread in the central nervous ... In contrast, bovine coronavirus, human coronavirus OC43, and others are still sugar receptors, so the spike NTD retains the ... there are also the Lucheng Rn rat coronavirus, China Rattus coronavirus HKU24 and Myodes coronavirus 2JL14, with a large number ... The N-terminal domain (NTD) of the spike protein of coronavirus is similar to galectin in animal cells. Therefore, it has been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murine_coronavirus

"The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade". ... The furin cleavage site on the SARS-CoV-2 virus allows its spikes to be cut and "primed" as it moves out of one cell and into ... When SARS-CoV-2 virus is being synthesized in an infected cell, furin or furin-like proteases cleave the spike protein into two ... Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Pöhlmann S (May 2020). "A Multibasic Cleavage Site in the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Is Essential ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furin

For instance, it was shown that griffithsin binds to the SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein to inhibit entry of the SARS virus and ... Griffithsin shows a broad spectrum ability to bind to the glycoproteins of other viruses, such as the coronavirus. ... three identical carbohydrate binding sites bind to oligosaccharides present on some envelopes of viral glycoproteins. This was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffithsin

... of Coronavirus Entry In Vitro and Ex Vivo by a Lipid-Conjugated Peptide Derived from the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein HRC ... Vaccinations are based on the inhibition of spike (S) glycoprotein mediating the fusion of the virus and its host cell ... infection by a highly potent pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting its spike protein that harbors a high capacity to ... In SARS-CoV-2 and similar viruses, entry occurs through membrane fusion mediated by the spike protein, either at the cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_entry

... of Coronavirus Entry In Vitro and Ex Vivo by a Lipid-Conjugated Peptide Derived from the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein HRC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Moscona

2004). "pH-Dependent Entry of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Is Mediated by the Spike Glycoprotein and Enhanced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendritic_cell

"The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade". ... Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is a strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19 (coronavirus ... Like other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 has four structural proteins, known as the S (spike), E (envelope), M (membrane), and N ( ... Coronavirus S proteins are glycoproteins and also type I membrane proteins (membranes containing a single transmembrane domain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2

"The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade". ... Coronaviruses infect humans, other mammals, including livestock and companion animals, and avian species. Human coronaviruses ... Decaro N, Lorusso A (May 2020). "Novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A lesson from animal coronaviruses". Veterinary ... "A Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to SARS-CoV-2 Contains Natural Insertions at the S1/S2 Cleavage Site of the Spike ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigations_into_the_origin_of_COVID-19

"SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Based on the Spike Glycoprotein and Implications of New Viral Variants". Frontiers in Immunology. 12: ... Coronaviruses manipulate the cell cycle of the host cell through various mechanisms. In several coronaviruses, including SARS- ... 2020). "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 from Patient with Coronavirus Disease, United States". Emerging ... it is not required for RNA transcription in all coronaviruses. In at least one coronavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_nucleocapsid_protein

The virus uses a special surface glycoprotein called a "spike" to connect to the ACE2 receptor and enter the host cell. ... COVID‑19 is caused by infection with a strain of coronavirus known as 'Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2' (SARS- ... During the initial outbreak in Wuhan, the virus and disease were commonly referred to as "coronavirus" and "Wuhan coronavirus ... Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. It was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19

In addition, the encoded protein is a functional receptor for the spike glycoprotein of the human coronavirus HCoV-NL63 and the ... The other six are: Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) ... Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) is a species of coronavirus, specifically a Setracovirus from among the Alphacoronavirus ... "About Coronavirus". Center for Disease Control. Retrieved July 22, 2015. Leung, Daniel (20 January 2019). "Coronaviruses ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_coronavirus_NL63

The only spike of influenza C virus, the hemagglutinin‐esterase‐fusion glycoprotein (HEF) combines receptor binding, receptor ... Certain studies revealed that coronavirus and toroviruses HE was originated from HEF glycoprotein that is found in influenza C ... Glycolipids and glycoproteins contain N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid (9-O-Ac- Neu5Ac) that serve as viral receptor in which ... Like other hemagglutinating glycoproteins of influenza viruses HEF is S‐acylated, but only with stearic acid at a single ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemagglutinin_esterase

"Cryo-electron microscopy structure of a coronavirus spike glycoprotein trimer". Nature. 531 (7592): 114-117. Bibcode:2016Natur. ... 1 Bovine coronavirus Human coronavirus OC43 China Rattus coronavirus HKU24 Human coronavirus HKU1 Murine coronavirus Mouse ... Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5 Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4 Eidolon bat coronavirus C704 Rousettus bat coronavirus ... Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1 (Bat SL-CoV-WIV1) Bat coronavirus RaTG13 Hedgehog coronavirus 1 Middle East respiratory syndrome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betacoronavirus

In order to infect cells, SARS-CoV uses the spike surface glycoprotein to recognise and bind to host ACE-2, which it uses as a ... Recent examples include the SARS-related coronaviruses, which have caused the 2002-2004 outbreak of SARS (SARS-CoV-1) and the ... MERS-CoV gains cellular entry by using a spike surface protein to bind to the host DPP4 surface receptor; the core subdomain of ... First reported in 2012, MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) marks the second known introduction of a highly ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_virus

... the production of coronavirus spike protein within the body will cause the immune system to attack the spike protein with ... January 2021). "Native-like SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein expressed by ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 vaccine". bioRxiv: 2021.01. ... The protein of interest is the spike protein, a protein on the exterior of the virus that enables SARS-type coronaviruses to ... October 2020). "Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 spike (S) protein based vaccine candidates: State of the art ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford–AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine

... invariably contains two virus-specified glycoprotein species, known as the spike (S) and membrane (M) proteins. The spike ... 1 Human coronavirus OC43 China Rattus coronavirus HKU24 Human coronavirus HKU1 Murine coronavirus Myodes coronavirus 2JL14 ... Bulbul coronavirus HKU11 Common moorhen coronavirus HKU21 Coronavirus HKU15 Munia coronavirus HKU13 White-eye coronavirus HKU16 ... coronavirus CB17 Cegacovirus Beluga whale coronavirus SW1 Igacovirus Avian coronavirus Avian coronavirus 9203 Duck coronavirus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronaviridae

Inside the coronavirus there is a spike protein that can penetrate human cells. Addo looks to combine the spike protein with ... After making contact with the ebola glycoprotein, the vaccination produce antibodies, T cells and neurotransmitters. It was ... triggering an immune response and a spike in T cells that ultimately work against the coronavirus protein. The proposed vaccine ... "MERS-Coronavirus: Erster Impfstoff wird klinisch geprüft - DLR Gesundheitsforschung". Deutsche Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt e ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylyn_Addo

... coronaviruses, bunyaviruses, arenaviruses, and retroviruses.: 33 Coronaviruses exhibit coronavirus spike protein, also known as ... 51-2 They are usually glycoproteins, more commonly via N-linked than O-linked glycosylation.: 33 Spikes typically have a role ... In virology, a spike protein or peplomer protein is a protein that forms a large structure known as a spike or peplomer ... Being exposed on the surface of the virion, spike proteins can be antigens.: 362 Spikes or peplomers can be visible in electron ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_protein

... and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein". Cell. 181 (2): 281-292.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058. PMC 7102599 ... "Coronavirus : 12 nouveaux cas du variant Omicron détectés en Algérie". www.aps.dz (in French). 30 December 2021. Archived from ... "Coronavirus: 400 cas du variant Omicron enregistrés en Algérie". www.aps.dz (in French). 20 January 2022. Archived from the ... Seven to ten percent of new confirmed coronavirus cases in France are suspected to be of the Omicron variant and the travel ban ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant

Coronaviruses. Nature 220:650. Kottier SA, Cavanagh D, Britton P. Experimental evidence of recombination in coronavirus ... The virions are enveloped and characterized by large surface projections (spikes or S) partially embedded in the double lipid ... sialic acid of cell-surface glycoprotein), may evade neutralization by antibodies, although still capable of adsorption to cell ... The coronaviruses contain the largest known viral RNA genome in number of nucleotides, of approximately 30,000 bases. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_infectious_bronchitis

... aged 18+ immunized with a virus-like particle vaccine candidate produced in plants displaying 19 SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein ... After the second dose, NAbs in the CoVLP + AS03 groups were more than tenfold higher than titers in Coronavirus 2019 ... It uses recombinant spike proteins derived from SARS-CoV-2. The virus-like particles are produced by creating a bacterium ... Both spike protein-specific interferon-γ and interleukin-4 cellular responses were also induced. This pre-specified interim ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoVLP

Carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome Carbon baby syndrome Carbonic anhydrase II deficiency Carcinoid syndrome Carcinoma ... photocontact Continuous muscle fiber activity hereditary Continuous spike-wave during slow sleep syndrome Contractural ... Coronaro-cardiac fistula Coronary arteries congenital malformation Coronary artery aneurysm Coronary heart disease Coronavirus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diseases_(C)

Edward-Ekpu, Uwagbale (8 March 2020). "Nigeria is already dealing with a deadlier viral outbreak than the coronavirus epidemic ... Beaubien, Jason (19 March 2018). "Nigeria Faces Mystifying Spike in Deadly Lassa Fever". NPR. "Lassa Fever - Nigeria". World ... vaccine against Lassa virus based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vectors expressing the Lassa virus glycoprotein. ... Focus on infection control issues for novel coronaviruses (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoV and Middle East Respiratory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassa_fever

There are three main types of viral glycoproteins: Envelope proteins, membrane proteins, and spike proteins (E, M, and S). The ... viruses Herpesviruses Poxviruses Hepadnaviruses Asfarviridae RNA viruses Flaviviruses Alphaviruses Togaviruses Coronaviruses ... These viruses can form bud particles even in the absence of spike proteins by relying only on viral core components. The spike ... but include some viral glycoproteins. One of the main parts of human pathogenic viruses is glycoprotein. They have been shown ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_envelope

See Table 1. Li, Fang (2016-09-29). "Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins". Annual Review of ... In all members of Betacoronavirus subgroup A, a haemagglutinin esterase (HE) gene, which encodes a glycoprotein with ... It has, like other coronaviruses from genus Betacoronavirus, subgenus Embecovirus, an additional shorter spike protein called ... Human coronavirus HKU1 Lee, Paul (2007). Molecular epidemiology of human coronavirus OC43 in Hong Kong (Thesis). The University ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_coronavirus_OC43

... and modify it so that it displays the glycoprotein of another virus of interest. As the glycoprotein serves as the "key" into ... TMPRSS2 is needed to cleave the spike protein for viral fusion to cell membrane. However, a recent study has demonstrated that ... "May Polyphenols Have a Role Against Coronavirus Infection? An Overview of in vitro Evidence". Frontiers in Medicine. 7: 240. ... The glycoprotein of the virus, which serves as the virus's "key" into the cell, has been indicated to majorly damage the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_cell_tropism

... and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein". Cell. 181 (2): 281-292.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058. PMC 7102599 ... "湖南长沙从入境人员中检出2例新冠病毒奥密克戎变异株感染者" [2 cases of coronavirus Omicron variant detected from incoming persons in Changsha, Hunan ... "Coronavirus variant Omicron found in 13 positive tests so far , RIVM". www.rivm.nl. Archived from the original on 6 December ... "Coronavirus: chiffres clés et évolution de la COVID-19 en France et dans le Monde

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant

Nanobodies that tightly bind to the RBD domain of the spike protein of betacoronaviruses (including SARS-CoV-2 which causes ... for the prevention and treatment of infection by various highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (HPhCoVs) has been reported. The ... al 2004 succeeded in inducing effective sdAbs from rabbit and Camelus dromedarius by displaying a variable surface glycoprotein ... Prospects of Expanding the Gamut of Neutralizing Antibodies Against the Novel Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2". Frontiers in Immunology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-domain_antibody

"Recurrent deletions in the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein drive antibody escape". Science. 371 (6534): 1139-1142. Bibcode: ... Intractable Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Prolonged Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ... "The coronavirus variants experts are most concerned about". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 20 December 2021. "How do vaccines get ... "Scientists underestimated the coronavirus - and are racing to keep up with evolution". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Paul_Duprex

"Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: Daily Roundup March 30, 2020". FDA. 30 March 2020. Smit M, Marinosci A, Agoritsas T, Calmy A ( ... Cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 S2 spike protein required for viral entry into cells can be accomplished by proteases TMPRSS2 ... June 2013). "Chemosensitization potential of P-glycoprotein inhibitors in malaria parasites". Experimental Parasitology. 134 (2 ... te Velthuis AJ, van den Worm SH, Sims AC, Baric RS, Snijder EJ, van Hemert MJ (November 2010). "Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroquine

Family 1.G.17 The Bovine Leukemia Virus Envelop Glycoprotein (BLV-Env) Family 1.G.18 The SARS-CoV Fusion Peptide in the Spike ... Family 1.A.57 The Human SARS Coronavirus Viroporin (SARS-VP) 1.A.58 The Type B Influenza Virus Matrix Protein 2 (BM2-C) Family ... Glycoprotein gO (gO) Family 1.H.1 The Claudin Tight Junction (Claudin1) Family 1.H.2 The Invertebrate PMP22-Claudin (Claudin2) ... Family 1.G.20 The Hantavirus Gc Envelope Fusion Glycoprotein (Gc-EFG) Family 1.G.21 The Epstein Barr Virus (Human Herpes Virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_Classification_Database

MaRajah MM, Bernier A, Buchrieser J, Schwartz O (2021). "The Mechanism and Consequences of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Mediated Fusion and ... Then, the cells begin to display surface HIV glycoproteins, which are antigenic. Normally, a cytotoxic T cell will immediately ... Gallagher, James (23 October 2020). "Covid: Why is coronavirus so deadly?". BBC News. Portals: Evolutionary biology Science ... Mutations within SARS-CoV-2 variants contain spike protein variants that can enhance syncytia formation. The protease TMPRSS2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncytium

"Prefusion Coronavirus Spike Proteins and Their Use". National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 2 July 2020. "Trials Are Underway ... McLellan, JS, ... Graham, BS, Kwong PD (November 1, 2013). "Structure-Based Design of a Fusion Glycoprotein Vaccine for ... "Coronavirus 'spike' protein just mapped, leading way to vaccine". LiveScience. 19 February 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020. " ... of the novel coronavirus' spike protein, the protein that allows the virus to attach to and infect host cells. The results were ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_McLellan

Unlike other coronaviruses, viruses in this subgenus also have an additional shorter spike-like structural protein called ... In all members of Betacoronavirus subgroup A, a haemagglutinin esterase (HE) gene, which encodes a glycoprotein with ... The viruses of this subgenus, like other coronaviruses, have a lipid bilayer envelope in which the membrane (M), envelope (E) ... The viruses in this subgenus, unlike other coronaviruses, have a hemagglutinin esterase (HE) gene. The viruses in the subgenus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embecovirus

MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; NTD, N-terminal domain; RBD, receptor-binding domain. Dots indicate ... Variations in Spike Glycoprotein Gene of MERS-CoV, South Korea, 2015 Dae-Won Kim1, You-Jin Kim1, Sung Han Park, Mi-Ran Yun, ... Genetic changes in spike glycoprotein gene sequences strain-specific variants of MERS-CoV from South Korea compared with those ... Variations in Spike Glycoprotein Gene of MERS-CoV, South Korea, 2015. ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/1/15-1055-t2

Five conserved epitopes were expected from spike glycoprotein of IBV as the best B and T cell epitopes due to high antigenicity ... This study aimed to design a potential multi-epitopes vaccine against infectious bronchitis virus spike protein (S). Protein ... to predict conserved B and T cell epitopes against IBV spike (S) protein that may perform a significant role in provoking the ... characterization was also performed for IBV spike protein. The present study used various tools in Immune Epitope Database ( ...

https://transmedcomms.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41231-020-00063-0

We demonstrate that significant levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody to receptor binding domain (RBD), nucleocapsid, and spike S1 ... Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus * spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 Grant support * P20 GM121322/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/United States ... We demonstrate that significant levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody to receptor binding domain (RBD), nucleocapsid, and spike S1 ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33472985/

Description: Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S),partial expressed in E.coli ... Description: Recombinant Bovine coronavirus Spike glycoprotein(S) ,partial expressed in E.coli ... Coronavirus In Dogs. Lab Reagents Coronavirus Dog Laboratories manufactures the coronavirus in dogs reagents distributed by ... please contact Coronavirus Dog. Other Coronavirus products are available in stock. Specificity: Coronavirus Category: In Group ...

https://www.iowaodes.com/coronavirus-in-dogs/

Nucleoside-modified mRNA encoding the viral spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 ... After learning how to respond to the spike protein, the immune system will be able to respond quickly to the actual virus spike ... Nucleoside-modified mRNA encoding the viral spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 ... Nucleoside-modified mRNA encoding the viral spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 ...

https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/overview-COVID-19-vaccines.html

HCoV-229E Spike Glycoprotein , GEN-P15423 , Gentaur Protein Type: Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) Spike glycoprotein Design ... coronavirus spike; cov spike; ncov RBD; ncov s1; ncov s2; ncov spike; NCP-CoV RBD; NCP-CoV s1; NCP-CoV s2; NCP-CoV Spike;... ... Human CellExp™ Coronavirus Spike Protein (SARS-CoV-2), Recombinant , P1547 Biovision Human CellExp™ Coronavirus Spike Protein ( ... SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein (S) * All SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein (S) ...

https://proteomecommons.org/human-cellexp-coronavirus-spike-protein-sars-cov-2-recombinant-p1547/?setCurrencyId=4

... hosts of coronaviruses using a dual-model approach based on nineteen parameters computed from spike genes of coronaviruses. ... severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). In order ... Predictions on 47 additional coronaviruses precisely conformed to conclusions or speculations by other researchers. Our ... Many coronaviruses are capable of interspecies transmission. Some of them have caused worldwide panic as emerging human ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep17155?error=cookies_not_supported

Amino acids within hypervariable region 1 of avian coronavirus IBV (Massachusetts serotype) spike glycoprotein are associated ... It is caused by a Coronavirus, and an important characteristic of this virus is one of the structural proteins, the Spike ... Avian Coronavirus (Public Health Image Library from the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention CDC, Unsplash) ...

https://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/avian-influenza-the-role-of-coinfections

pH-dependent entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus is mediated by the spike glycoprotein and enhanced by ... Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ... Structural characterization of the SARS-coronavirus spike S fusion protein core. J Biol Chem. 2004 May 14. 279(20):20836-49. [ ... A recombinant baculovirus-expressed S glycoprotein vaccine elicits high titers of SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237755-clinical

Other names:Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike glycoprotein, 2019 novel coronavirus Spike protein, COVID-19 ... SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. By Technical Data. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein - Proteins. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein - ... SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein - for ELISA - Proteins. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein - for COVID-19 - Proteins. SARS-CoV-2 Spike ... SARS-CoV-2 - SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein - Proteins. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein - for Western blotting - Proteins. ...

https://www.biovendor.com/sars-cov-2-spike-glycoprotein-californiacal20c-mutation-b1429-hek293

The comparison of these lesions with those reported in humans affected by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) supports the ... the dog was included in a serological survey for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in ... 2500 and the polyclonal anti-SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein (S) (Sino Biological) at dilution 1:4000. The sections were viewed ... Pulmonary fibrosis in a dog as a sequela of infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2? A case report. * ...

https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-022-03191-x

In addition, the encoded protein is a functional receptor for the spike glycoprotein of the human coronaviruses SARS and HCoV- ... In case of human coronaviruses SARS and HCoV-NL63 infections, serve as functional receptor for the spike glycoprotein of both ... Interacts with SARS-CoV and HCoV-NL63 spike glycoprotein.,tissue specificity:Expressed in endothelial cells from small and ... coronaviruses.,induction:Up-regulated in failing heart.,PTM:N-glycosylation on Asn-90 may limit SARS infectivity.,similarity: ...

https://www.gbiosciences.com/COVID-19/ITT0077

... of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara delivering Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike glycoprotein. J ... Coleman CM, Liu YV, Mu H, Taylor JK, Massare M, Flyer DC, Purified coronavirus spike protein nanoparticles induce coronavirus ... Song F, Fux R, Provacia LB, Volz A, Eickmann M, Becker S, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein delivered ... Jaume M, Yip MS, Cheung CY, Leung HL, Li PH, Kien F, Anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike antibodies ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/8/16-0229_article

... to encode the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In February 2021, reports ... Cerebral venous thrombosis and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis ...

https://journals.lww.com/continuum/Fulltext/2023/04000/Diagnosis_and_Treatment_of_Cerebral_Venous.10.aspx

... and results in the incorporation of the envelope spike glycoprotein into the virion. The spike glycoprotein is a type I ... SARS coronavirus infection and spread. Virology Journal volume 2, Article number: 69 [ 2005 ] Cite this article ... Fauci Backed Controversial Wuhan Lab with U.S. Dollars for Risky Coronavirus Research. Article by Josh Rogin, in the Washington ... 15 Years Ago to Cure Coronaviruses; Nobody Needed to Die By True Pundit. Global Research, May 21, 2020. ...

https://www.waccobb.net/forums/showthread.php?134341-Dr-Fauci%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BDs-Double-Standards-Polarizing-the-Nation-on-Hydroxychloroquine&s=e952b741710c41c8b30afc2535142f5a&p=236961

McCarthy, K.R. et al., 2021. Recurrent deletions in the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein drive antibody escape. Science. DOI: ... 2020. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 382, 727-733.. 2. Smith, E.C. & Denison, M. ... Mutations in Spike S1-NTD:. The NTD of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein is the least conserved domain [13]. Several substitutions ... Spike (S) and S-derived Coding Sequences SARS-CoV-2 full Spike, S1, and RBD coding sequences ...

https://www.invivogen.com/human-coronavirus-2019-ncov-variants

There was a spike in research after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic broke out in an effort to develop cures or ... have good binding affinity and binding interactions with the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 to prevent the binding of host ... Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Coronaviruses are composed of long RNA polymers bound by nucleocapsids. Coronavirus ... Kesh SS, Palai S (2022). Herbs and drugs in clinical trials for coronavirus treatments. In: Coronavirus drug discovery, vol. 2 ...

https://techscience.com/biocell/v47n4/51784/html

Individual peptides for SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein. In order to study the specificity of cellular immune responses against ... SARS CoV-2 and potential immunity caused by other human Corona Viruses, Abcepta provides Spike peptide individually, as pools ...

https://abgent.com/products/category/Secondary-Antibodies

Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus [D12.776.543.512.500.665] Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus * CHEMICALS AND DRUGS. Amino Acids, ... Viral Fusion Glycoproteins Entry term(s). Fusion Glycoprotein, Viral Fusion Glycoproteins, Viral Fusion-GP, Viral Glycoprotein ... F-Glycoprotein SV. F1 Polypeptide (Paramyxovirus). Fusion Glycoprotein, Viral. Fusion Glycoproteins, Viral. Fusion Protein, ... Glycoproteins, Viral Fusion Viral Fusion GP Viral Fusion Glycoprotein Viral Fusion-GP ...

https://decs.bvsalud.org/en/ths/resource/?id=27895&filter=ths_exact_term&q=PROTEINAS+VIRALES+DE+FUSI%C3%93N

Recombinant Spike glycoprotein (BTI-Tn-5B1-4). Taxonomy : Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (2019-nCoV). ...

https://glyconnect.expasy.org/all/proteins/2839

Recombinant Novel Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein(S), Partial. More Info 20 ul More Info 100 ul More Info 1 ml ... Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein(S) (D614G), Partial. More Info 20 ul More Info 100 ul ... SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 RBD Protein, Human Fc-Fusion, Avi-Tag. More Info 100 ul More Info 1 ml ... SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 (13-665) Protein, Fc Fusion, Avi-tag. More Info 100 ul More Info 1 ml ...

https://www.fairbanksinstitute.org/austral-biologicals-drap-1-p28-recombinant-ta-300-1/

... spike protein gene of the pig coronavirus, in the same family as the SARS virus linked tothe current epidemic. The ... glycoprotein gene gp120 of the AIDS virus HIV-1, incorporated into GM maize as a cheap, edible oral vaccine, serves as yet ...

https://biosafety-info.net/articles/sustainable-systems/independent-science/a-gmfree-sustainable-world-english/

The spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses is known to be essential in the binding of the virus to the host cell at the advent ... The spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses is known to be essential in the binding of the virus to the host cell at the advent ... The spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses contains protrusions that will only bind to certain receptors on the host cell.S1 ... The spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses contains protrusions that will only bind to certain receptors on the host cell.S1 ...

https://mytaq.com/d%E2%80%90galactosamine-and-s-spike-protein/

... glycoprotein. The spike protein, which is responsible for the "corona" (Latin word for crown) appearance in all coronaviruses, ... Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD protein Human IgG, COVID-19, S protein, Spike, Spike protien. ... Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD protein Human IgG, COVID-19, S protein, Spike, Spike protien ... Because of the conservation of S-RBD protein sequence and its strong immunogenicity, the S-RBD protein of coronavirus is chosen ...

https://ptglab.com/products/Virus-IgG-for-2019-nCoV-S-RBD-ELISA-Kit-KE30003.htm

We found 4 insertions in the spike glycoprotein (S) which are unique to the 2019-nCoV and are not present in other ... news.yahoo.com/corona-virus-spread-to-humans-through-illegal-trafficking-of-pangolins-134451882.html The deadly Coronavirus ... codes favored by the new coronavirus and compared it to the protein codes from coronaviruses found in different animal hosts, ... and from another] Uncanny Similarity of Unique Inserts in the 2019-nCoV Spike Protein to HIV-1 gp120 and Gag January 30, 2020 ...

http://zetatalk3.com/ning/28fe2020.htm

The coronavirus spike glycoprotein attaches to host receptors and mediates viral fusion. Using a broad screening approach, we ... Finally, we used this method to refine carbohydrates of the human coronavirus NL63 spike glycoprotein and of an HIV envelope ... that bind to all human-infecting coronavirus spike proteins from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ... Infections are initiated via binding of the MERS-CoV spike (S) glycoprotein to sialosides and dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (the ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/controlecancer/?lang=pt&q=au:Walls,+Alexandra+C

The detailed SARS-CoV-2 model shows the intact particle with its spike glycoproteins embedded in the membrane and a cutaway ... including more than 8,000 from coronavirus protein structures and have identified several druggable cavities. Coronavirus- ... which bind to the glycoprotein spike of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and block its ability to bind to the human ACE2 receptor and ... The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR, London) has fast-tracked development of the database Coronavirus canSAR , driven by ...

https://www.bio-itworld.com/news/2020/05/15/bio-it-industry-continuing-to-gain-insight-on-covid-19-and-other-news

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein-S1 (16-685, glycosylated, HEK, His-Tag) Novel Coronavirus 2019 Glycoprotein-S1 amino acids 16-685 ... RSCU analysis proposes that the SARS-CoV-2 is a recombinant within the viral spike glycoprotein between the bat coronavirus and ... Description of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein-S1 (16-685, glycosylated, HEK, His-Tag). Recombinant Spike Glycoprotein S1 amino ... To buy SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein-S1 (16-685, glycosylated, HEK, His-Tag) please click on the Shopping List Symbol right ...

https://www.active-bioscience.de/en-proteins-sars-cov-2-spike-glycoprotein-s1-16-685-glycosylated-hek-his-tag-2019.v20.html

Novel Coronavirus 2019 Glycoprotein-S1 amino acids 16-685, recombinant. (active-bioscience.de)
In early December 2019, an acute respiratory disease of unknown etiology emerged in Wuhan, China, which was subsequently found to be caused by a novel coronavirus. (biomedcentral.com)
These landscape documents have been prepared by the World Health Organization (WHO) for information purposes only concerning the 2019-2020 pandemic of the novel coronavirus. (bvsalud.org)
This cell line is being widely used to propagate the novel coronavirus. (bvsalud.org)

This study aimed to design a potential multi-epitopes vaccine against infectious bronchitis virus spike protein (S). Protein characterization was also performed for IBV spike protein. (biomedcentral.com)
The present study used various tools in Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) to predict conserved B and T cell epitopes against IBV spike (S) protein that may perform a significant role in provoking the resistance response to IBV infection. (biomedcentral.com)
The membrane 'M' glycoprotein is partially exposed at the surface of the virion and also the nucleocapsid 'N' protein that located internally. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is mediated by the viral spike (S) protein. (proteomecommons.org)
The spike protein is a large type I transmembrane protein containing two subunits, S1 and S2. (proteomecommons.org)
Gentaur Protein Type: SARSr-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related coronavirus 2)Envelope small membrane protein Design Principles: 16 polypeptides, each peptide. (proteomecommons.org)
It is caused by a Coronavirus, and an important characteristic of this virus is one of the structural proteins, the Spike protein (S), the variation in serotypes of the IBV being related to the variation of the S protein (Cavanagh, 1998). (thepoultrysite.com)
Several vaccine technology platforms targeting the MERS-CoV spike protein were discussed. (cdc.gov)
In addition, the encoded protein is a functional receptor for the spike glycoprotein of the human coronaviruses SARS and HCoV-NL63. (gbiosciences.com)
While mutations have been reported throughout the SARS-CoV-2 genome, many of the variants that have emerged in 2020-2021 share defining amino acid (a.a.) mutations in the Spike (S) protein. (invivogen.com)
SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein is assembled at the virus membrane as a clove-shaped trimer. (invivogen.com)
and viral sequences such as the 'spike' protein gene of the pig coronavirus, in the same family as the SARS virus linked tothe current epidemic. (biosafety-info.net)
As reported in Angewandte Chemie , researchers conducted an experiment on nonhuman primates using a mixture of RNA of the cricket paralysis virus, an RNA stabilizer containing zinc complex, and the spike protein of the MERS-CoV. (bio-itworld.com)
Cryo-electron microscopy analysis revealed an RBD-ACE2 binding interface involving protein-glycan interactions, distinct from those of other known ACE2-using coronaviruses. (bvsalud.org)
Recombinant Spike Glycoprotein S1 amino acids 16-685, derived from HEK293 cells is a glycosylated protein, fused to a His-tag at the C-terminal. (active-bioscience.de)
To explore this question further we made two recombinant viruses, firstly a control virus (WT) based on the genome sequence of the original Wuhan isolate and with the inclusion of the early D614G mutation in the Spike protein. (bvsalud.org)
It carries a deletion mutation at positions 69 and 70 in the spike protein that increases binding affinity to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor (8). (who.int)
The spike glycoprotein is an envelope protein that binds with high affinity to mammalian ACE2 (10). (who.int)
In the mid-1980s, the fusion glycoprotein (F) , which we'll call F protein, was isolated. (medscape.com)
It's a type of protein on enveloped viruses like parainfluenza, HIV , Ebola , and viruses like that, including coronaviruses. (medscape.com)
S glycoprotein is the most important protein of the virus while it is the best target for entry inhibitors, neutralizing antibody, and vaccine development. (who.int)

Once the virus has entered the host it binds to cellular receptors using spike proteins, similar to those found in HIV-1. (iowaodes.com)
Proteins, usually glycoproteins, found in the viral envelopes of a variety of viruses. (bvsalud.org)
Here, using a pseudotype virus entry assay, we found that NeoCoV and its close relative, PDF-2180, can efficiently bind to and use specific bat angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) orthologues and, less favourably, human ACE2 as entry receptors through their receptor-binding domains (RBDs) on the spike (S) proteins. (bvsalud.org)
Using a broad screening approach, we isolated seven monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind to all human-infecting coronavirus spike proteins from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immune donors. (bvsalud.org)
Nanocage assembly also increases severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pseudovirus neutralization by α-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies and Fc-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) fusion proteins. (bvsalud.org)
Allied to this transcriptome analysis, tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify over 500 viral peptides and 44 phosphopeptides, covering almost all of the proteins predicted to be encoded by the SARS-CoV-2 genome, including peptides unique to the deleted variant of the S glycoprotein. (bvsalud.org)
Detection of an apparently viable deletion in the furin cleavage site of the S glycoprotein reinforces the point that this and other regions of SARS-CoV-2 proteins may readily mutate. (bvsalud.org)
There's three surface proteins: the small hydrophobic (SH), G, and the F glycoprotein. (medscape.com)

RSCU analysis proposes that the SARS-CoV-2 is a recombinant within the viral spike glycoprotein between the bat coronavirus and an unknown coronavirus. (active-bioscience.de)

Additionally, between the Coronaviruses, HCoV-229E is the most frequently co-detected with other respiratory viruses, mainly with HRSV (Human respiratory syncytial virus). (iowaodes.com)
Coronavirus NL63 appears mainly in young children, the elderly and immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory illness. (iowaodes.com)
Coronavirus NL63 is able to endure for up to7 days in respiratory secretions and remains infective at room temperature. (iowaodes.com)
Some of them have caused worldwide panic as emerging human pathogens in recent years, e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). (nature.com)
In the past 12 years, two emerging infectious diseases-severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-attacked humans and animals worldwide and caused approximately 774 human deaths and 315 human deaths, respectively ( http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/ , http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_07_23_mers/en/ ). (nature.com)
1] The disease is caused by the pathogen severe rather a descriptive review in an ever-changing field of some of the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),[2] and has key pathogenetic mechanisms to have emerged in a disease whose since been termed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). (who.int)
Pulmonary fibrosis in a dog as a sequela of infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2? (biomedcentral.com)
Considering the clinical findings, the dog was included in a serological survey for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in companion animals, showing positive results. (biomedcentral.com)
SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2), the causative agent of COVID-19 , was first reported in Wuhan (China) and has rapidly disseminated around the globe [1]. (invivogen.com)
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and several bat coronaviruses use dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) as an entry receptor1-4. (bvsalud.org)
The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe and often lethal respiratory illness in humans, and no vaccines or specific treatments are available. (bvsalud.org)
The SARS-CoV-2 shares an 87% identity to two bat-derived severe acute respiratory syndrome 2018 (SARS-like) coronaviruses found in Zhoushan of eastern China. (active-bioscience.de)
An accurate diagnostic test for early severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is the key weapon to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. (unboundmedicine.com)
The highly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China, and constituted a global public health emergency (1,2). (who.int)
The highly pathogenic severe acute respiratory late detection (SGTL) can constitute a useful surrogate syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in to track the spread of B.1.1.7 ( 11 ). (who.int)

The spike glycoprotein of IBV induces virus neutralizing (VN) and HI antibodies and has been considered as the most likely inducer of protection [ 2 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Description: For the qualitative determination of IgG class antibodies against SARS Coronavirus in Human serum or plasma. (iowaodes.com)
The serological test detecting anti-orf8 IgG antibody can be used for the early and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19.IMPORTANCE Current commercially available serological tests for COVID-19 patients are detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein and spike glycoprotein. (unboundmedicine.com)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a novel and ongoing evolving pandemic that poses unprecedented enormous threat and challenge to the economic, social, and health of humanity all over the regions of the world, although with approved vaccines currently available but specific definitive therapy still remain elusive (Zheng, 2020). (who.int)

In order to study the specificity of cellular immune responses against SARS CoV-2 and potential immunity caused by other human Corona Viruses, Abcepta provides Spike peptide individually, as pools and in plate. (abgent.com)

Individual peptides for SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein. (abgent.com)

Description: Human coronavirus NL63 also known as HCoV-NL63 is a type of coronavirus that was identified in 2004. (iowaodes.com)
In case of human coronaviruses SARS and HCoV-NL63 infections, serve as functional receptor for the spike glycoprotein of both coronaviruses. (gbiosciences.com)
Interacts with SARS-CoV and HCoV-NL63 spike glycoprotein. (gbiosciences.com)

We demonstrate that significant levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody to receptor binding domain (RBD), nucleocapsid, and spike S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 develop over the first 10 to 20 days of infection. (nih.gov)
It is intended for diagnosing and monitoring of patients related to infection by SARS Coronavirus. (iowaodes.com)
The comparison of these lesions with those reported in humans affected by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) supports the hypothesis that these findings may be attributable to the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a dog with breed predisposition to Canine Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (CIPF), although direct evidence of SARS-CoV-2 by molecular or antigenic approaches remained unsolved. (biomedcentral.com)
SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein, Californian Variant B.1.429. (biovendor.com)
The study concludes: We report that chloroquine has strong antiviral effects on SARS-Coronavirus infection of primate cells. (waccobb.net)
Cryo-EM structure of the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein in complex with its host cell receptor ACE2. (reboundhealth.net)
The trimeric SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) surface spike (S) glycoprotein consisting of three S1-S2 heterodimers binds the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and mediates fusion of the viral and cellular membranes through a pre- to postfusion conformation transition. (reboundhealth.net)
Here, we report the structure of the SARS-CoV S glycoprotein in complex with its host cell receptor ACE2 revealed by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). (reboundhealth.net)
In addition, we studied the structures of the SARS-CoV S glycoprotein and its complexes with ACE2 in different in vitro conditions, which may mimic different conformational states of the S glycoprotein during virus entry. (reboundhealth.net)
To buy SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein-S1 (16-685, glycosylated, HEK, His-Tag) please click on the Shopping List Symbol right from the indicated price. (active-bioscience.de)
We previously reported that the SARS-CoV-2 genome contains a unique orf8 accessory gene absent from other human-pathogenic coronaviruses. (unboundmedicine.com)
The B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 variant results in spike gene target failure (SGTF) in reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. (who.int)
The novel 2019 Corona viruses are enveloped RNA genome virus, with a 79% genome similarity to the previous 2003 SARS Coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1). (who.int)
The glycoprotein spike exclusively on the SARS-CoVs-2 species binds to the host cell receptor through a region called receptor-binding domain (RBD) and mediates viral entry. (who.int)
The mRNA-1273 (Moderna) COVID-19 vaccine is a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated, nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine encoding the stabilized prefusion spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. (bvsalud.org)
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has led to a global pandemic with substantial societal and economic impacts on individual persons and communities. (bvsalud.org)

The complex structure shows that only one receptor-binding domain of the trimeric S glycoprotein binds ACE2 and adopts a protruding "up" conformation. (reboundhealth.net)

Disassociation of the S1-ACE2 complex from some of the prefusion spikes was observed and characterized. (reboundhealth.net)
However, binding to the receptor opens up the receptor-binding domain of S1, which could promote the release of the S1-ACE2 complex and S1 monomers from the prefusion spike and trigger the pre- to postfusion conformational transition. (reboundhealth.net)
Structural and functional analyses showed that the fusion peptide-specific mAbs bound with different modalities to a cryptic epitope hidden in prefusion stabilized spike, which became exposed upon binding of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) or ACE2-mimicking mAbs. (bvsalud.org)

With the goal of accelerating the development of countermeasures against MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV), funding agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and researchers across the world assembled in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on November 14-15, 2015, to discuss vaccine development challenges. (cdc.gov)
A vaccine (or vaccines) targeting the MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which causes the disease, will be a critical component of future public health prevention measures ( 8 - 10 ). (cdc.gov)
A Korean research team has announced that it has developed a new vaccine platform using RNA-based adjuvants (immunostimulatory agents) for the MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV). (bio-itworld.com)
Infections are initiated via binding of the MERS-CoV spike (S) glycoprotein to sialosides and dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (the attachment and entry receptors, respectively). (bvsalud.org)

Evidence supports the likelihood that immunizing against the virus spike protein's receptor binding domain represents a realistic and viable vaccination strategy. (bio-itworld.com)

The glycoprotein gene gp120 of the AIDS virus HIV-1, incorporated into GM maize as a 'cheap, edible oral vaccine', serves as yet another biological time-bomb, as it can interfere with the immune system and recombine with viruses and bacteria to generatenew and unpredictable pathogens.7. (biosafety-info.net)

This conclusion implies that chloroquine functions both as a preventative vaccine and as a cure for strains of coronavirus. (waccobb.net)
This is of clear significance given the interest in the S glycoprotein as a potential vaccine target and the observation that the furin cleavage site likely contributes strongly to the pathogenesis and zoonosis of this virus. (bvsalud.org)

The spike (S) glycoprotein of coronaviruses is known to be essential in the binding of the virus to the host cell at the advent of the infection process. (proteomecommons.org)

In order to assess their threat to humans, we explored to infer the potential hosts of coronaviruses using a dual-model approach based on nineteen parameters computed from spike genes of coronaviruses. (nature.com)
These include the 5′ frameshifted polyprotein (ORF1a/ORF1ab), nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E), spike (S) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) genes (5). (who.int)

The main role of the spike (S) glycoproteins is to mediate binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor and promote membrane fusion and virus entry [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Coronavirus NL63 is able to use Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as an entry receptor to target cells. (iowaodes.com)

The coronavirus spike glycoprotein attaches to host receptors and mediates viral fusion. (bvsalud.org)

This feature was identified in over half of the mapped transcripts and was predicted to remove a proposed furin cleavage site from the S glycoprotein. (bvsalud.org)
This motif directs cleavage of the S glycoprotein into functional subunits during virus entry or exit. (bvsalud.org)
Cleavage of the S glycoprotein can be a barrier to zoonotic coronavirus transmission and affect viral pathogenicity. (bvsalud.org)

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a single Positive stranded RNA that belonging to coronavirus of the chicken ( Gallus gallus ). (biomedcentral.com)

Despite targeting a conserved motif, only some mAbs show broad neutralizing activity in vitro against alpha- and betacoronaviruses, including animal coronaviruses WIV-1 and PDF-2180. (bvsalud.org)

Description: Human coronavirus 229E is a single-stranded, positive-sense, RNA virus species in the Alphacoronavirus genus of the subfamily Coronavirinae, in the family Coronaviridae, of the order Nidovirales. (iowaodes.com)

Predictions on 47 additional coronaviruses precisely conformed to conclusions or speculations by other researchers. (nature.com)

The Coronavirus In Dogs reagent is RUO (Research Use Only) to test human serum or cell culture lab samples. (iowaodes.com)
There are four globally distributed known human coronaviruses - HCoV-229E, HCoV-HKU1, HC0V-NL63 and HCoV-OC43, which are found in different locations around the world at different times of the year. (iowaodes.com)
Coronavirus 229E and Human coronavirus OC43 are known to be the cause for the common cold. (iowaodes.com)
Coronavirus NL63 is not an emerging virus, but rather one that continually circulates the human population. (iowaodes.com)

A 24 nt in-frame deletion was detected in subgenomic mRNAs encoding the spike (S) glycoprotein. (bvsalud.org)

Potential Therapeutic Targeting of Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein Priming. (cdc.gov)

The spike 'S' glycoprotein which located at the surface of the virion. (biomedcentral.com)

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Protective immunity against murine hepatitis virus (MHV) induced by intranasal or subcutaneous administration of hybrids of tobacco mosaic virus that carries an MHV epitope. (1/422)

Mapping of the coronavirus membrane protein domains involved in interaction with the spike protein. (2/422)

Pathogenesis of chimeric MHV4/MHV-A59 recombinant viruses: the murine coronavirus spike protein is a major determinant of neurovirulence. (3/422)

A 12-amino acid stretch in the hypervariable region of the spike protein S1 subunit is critical for cell fusion activity of mouse hepatitis virus. (4/422)

Amino acid substitutions within the leucine zipper domain of the murine coronavirus spike protein cause defects in oligomerization and the ability to induce cell-to-cell fusion. (5/422)

Selection of antigenic variants of the S glycoprotein of feline infectious peritonitis virus and analysis of antigenic sites involved in neutralization. (6/422)

Mouse hepatitis virus strain JHM infects a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. (7/422)

Selection of CTL escape mutants in mice infected with a neurotropic coronavirus: quantitative estimate of TCR diversity in the infected central nervous system. (8/422)

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Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus

Coronavirus

Coronavirus Infections

SARS Virus

Murine hepatitis virus

Viral Envelope Proteins

Coronaviridae

Coronavirus 229E, Human

Coronavirus, Feline

Coronavirus, Bovine

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Membrane Glycoproteins

Coronavirus OC43, Human

Coronavirus, Canine

Receptors, Virus

Coronaviridae Infections

Glycoproteins

Molecular Sequence Data

Membrane Fusion

Transmissible gastroenteritis virus

Amino Acid Sequence

Cell Line

Neutralization Tests

Infectious bronchitis virus

Viral Vaccines

Cell Fusion

Semliki forest virus

Cercopithecus aethiops

Viral Proteins

Coronavirus NL63, Human

Antibodies, Viral

Nucleocapsid Proteins

Antigens, Viral

Base Sequence

Cricetinae

Coronavirus, Rat

Coronavirus, Turkey

Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus

beta 2-Glycoprotein I

Amino Acid Substitution

Vero Cells

Feline Infectious Peritonitis

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Action Potentials

Glycopeptides

RNA, Viral

Virus Replication

Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex

Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine

Glycosylation

Orosomucoid

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Genome, Viral

Cats

Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein

Virus Internalization

Viverridae

Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins

Virion

Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex

Viral Matrix Proteins

Epitopes

Molecular Weight

Viral Fusion Proteins

Nucleocapsid

Genes, Viral

Open Reading Frames

Viral Nonstructural Proteins

Protein Binding

Antigens, CD13

RNA Replicase

Respiratory Tract Infections

Neurons

Enteritis, Transmissible, of Turkeys

Cattle

Recombinant Proteins

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Models, Neurological

Protein Processing, Post-Translational