The process whereby an utterance is decoded into a representation in terms of linguistic units (sequences of phonetic segments which combine to form lexical and grammatical morphemes).
Communication through a system of conventional vocal symbols.
Ability to make speech sounds that are recognizable.
The acoustic aspects of speech in terms of frequency, intensity, and time.
Electronic hearing devices typically used for patients with normal outer and middle ear function, but defective inner ear function. In the COCHLEA, the hair cells (HAIR CELLS, VESTIBULAR) may be absent or damaged but there are residual nerve fibers. The device electrically stimulates the COCHLEAR NERVE to create sound sensation.
The science or study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and reception, and their analysis, classification, and transcription. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Tests of the ability to hear and understand speech as determined by scoring the number of words in a word list repeated correctly.
Surgical insertion of an electronic hearing device (COCHLEAR IMPLANTS) with electrodes to the COCHLEAR NERVE in the inner ear to create sound sensation in patients with residual nerve fibers.
Measurement of parameters of the speech product such as vocal tone, loudness, pitch, voice quality, articulation, resonance, phonation, phonetic structure and prosody.
Measurement of the ability to hear speech under various conditions of intensity and noise interference using sound-field as well as earphones and bone oscillators.
Acquired or developmental conditions marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or generate spoken forms of language.
Any sound which is unwanted or interferes with HEARING other sounds.
A test to determine the lowest sound intensity level at which fifty percent or more of the spondaic test words (words of two syllables having equal stress) are repeated correctly.
Use of sound to elicit a response in the nervous system.
The process by which the nature and meaning of sensory stimuli are recognized and interpreted.
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.
The process whereby auditory stimuli are selected, organized, and interpreted by the organism.
Treatment for individuals with speech defects and disorders that involves counseling and use of various exercises and aids to help the development of new speech habits.
The graphic registration of the frequency and intensity of sounds, such as speech, infant crying, and animal vocalizations.
The process by which an observer comprehends speech by watching the movements of the speaker's lips without hearing the speaker's voice.
Wearable sound-amplifying devices that are intended to compensate for impaired hearing. These generic devices include air-conduction hearing aids and bone-conduction hearing aids. (UMDNS, 1999)
The audibility limit of discriminating sound intensity and pitch.
The gradual expansion in complexity and meaning of symbols and sounds as perceived and interpreted by the individual through a maturational and learning process. Stages in development include babbling, cooing, word imitation with cognition, and use of short sentences.
Persons with any degree of loss of hearing that has an impact on their activities of daily living or that requires special assistance or intervention.
The science pertaining to the interrelationship of psychologic phenomena and the individual's response to the physical properties of sound.
The ability or act of sensing and transducing ACOUSTIC STIMULATION to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is also called audition.
Procedures for correcting HEARING DISORDERS.
A dimension of auditory sensation varying with cycles per second of the sound stimulus.
The interference of one perceptual stimulus with another causing a decrease or lessening in perceptual effectiveness.
The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.
The sounds produced by humans by the passage of air through the LARYNX and over the VOCAL CORDS, and then modified by the resonance organs, the NASOPHARYNX, and the MOUTH.
The region of the cerebral cortex that receives the auditory radiation from the MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY.
The science of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and historical linguistics. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Tests of accuracy in pronouncing speech sounds, e.g., Iowa Pressure Articulation Test, Deep Test of Articulation, Templin-Darley Tests of Articulation, Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation, Screening Speech Articulation Test, Arizona Articulation Proficiency Scale.
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.
A verbal or nonverbal means of communicating ideas or feelings.
The sum or the stock of words used by a language, a group, or an individual. (From Webster, 3d ed)
A discipline concerned with relations between messages and the characteristics of individuals who select and interpret them; it deals directly with the processes of encoding (phonetics) and decoding (psychoacoustics) as they relate states of messages to states of communicators.
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.
The electric response evoked in the CEREBRAL CORTEX by ACOUSTIC STIMULATION or stimulation of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS.
Measurement of hearing based on the use of pure tones of various frequencies and intensities as auditory stimuli.
The branch of physics that deals with sound and sound waves. In medicine it is often applied in procedures in speech and hearing studies. With regard to the environment, it refers to the characteristics of a room, auditorium, theatre, building, etc. that determines the audibility or fidelity of sounds in it. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Hearing loss due to disease of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS (in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM) which originate in the COCHLEAR NUCLEI of the PONS and then ascend bilaterally to the MIDBRAIN, the THALAMUS, and then the AUDITORY CORTEX in the TEMPORAL LOBE. Bilateral lesions of the auditory pathways are usually required to cause central hearing loss. Cortical deafness refers to loss of hearing due to bilateral auditory cortex lesions. Unilateral BRAIN STEM lesions involving the cochlear nuclei may result in unilateral hearing loss.
Partial hearing loss in both ears.
Part of an ear examination that measures the ability of sound to reach the brain.
Movement of a part of the body for the purpose of communication.
The testing of the acuity of the sense of hearing to determine the thresholds of the lowest intensity levels at which an individual can hear a set of tones. The frequencies between 125 and 8000 Hz are used to test air conduction thresholds and the frequencies between 250 and 4000 Hz are used to test bone conduction thresholds.
The language and sounds expressed by a child at a particular maturational stage in development.
That component of SPEECH which gives the primary distinction to a given speaker's VOICE when pitch and loudness are excluded. It involves both phonatory and resonatory characteristics. Some of the descriptions of voice quality are harshness, breathiness and nasality.
The act or fact of grasping the meaning, nature, or importance of; understanding. (American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed) Includes understanding by a patient or research subject of information disclosed orally or in writing.
Tests designed to assess language behavior and abilities. They include tests of vocabulary, comprehension, grammar and functional use of language, e.g., Development Sentence Scoring, Receptive-Expressive Emergent Language Scale, Parsons Language Sample, Utah Test of Language Development, Michigan Language Inventory and Verbal Language Development Scale, Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, Northwestern Syntax Screening Test, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Ammons Full-Range Picture Vocabulary Test, and Assessment of Children's Language Comprehension.
Sound that expresses emotion through rhythm, melody, and harmony.
Software capable of recognizing dictation and transcribing the spoken words into written text.
Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond.
NEURAL PATHWAYS and connections within the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, beginning at the hair cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI, continuing along the eighth cranial nerve, and terminating at the AUDITORY CORTEX.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the ear or of hearing disorders or demonstration of hearing acuity or loss.
The ability to speak, read, or write several languages or many languages with some facility. Bilingualism is the most common form. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Acquired or developmental cognitive disorders of AUDITORY PERCEPTION characterized by a reduced ability to perceive information contained in auditory stimuli despite intact auditory pathways. Affected individuals have difficulty with speech perception, sound localization, and comprehending the meaning of inflections of speech.
Conditions that impair the transmission of auditory impulses and information from the level of the ear to the temporal cortices, including the sensorineural pathways.
Either of the two fleshy, full-blooded margins of the mouth.
The relationships between symbols and their meanings.
An aphasia characterized by impairment of expressive LANGUAGE (speech, writing, signs) and relative preservation of receptive language abilities (i.e., comprehension). This condition is caused by lesions of the motor association cortex in the FRONTAL LOBE (BROCA AREA and adjacent cortical and white matter regions).
The analysis of a critical number of sensory stimuli or facts (the pattern) by physiological processes such as vision (PATTERN RECOGNITION, VISUAL), touch, or hearing.
The ability to estimate periods of time lapsed or duration of time.
Conditions characterized by language abilities (comprehension and expression of speech and writing) that are below the expected level for a given age, generally in the absence of an intellectual impairment. These conditions may be associated with DEAFNESS; BRAIN DISEASES; MENTAL DISORDERS; or environmental factors.
Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.
The process of producing vocal sounds by means of VOCAL CORDS vibrating in an expiratory blast of air.
A cognitive disorder characterized by an impaired ability to comprehend written and printed words or phrases despite intact vision. This condition may be developmental or acquired. Developmental dyslexia is marked by reading achievement that falls substantially below that expected given the individual's chronological age, measured intelligence, and age-appropriate education. The disturbance in reading significantly interferes with academic achievement or with activities of daily living that require reading skills. (From DSM-IV)
The knowledge or perception that someone or something present has been previously encountered.
Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.
The ability to differentiate tones.
The real or apparent movement of objects through the visual field.
The perceiving of attributes, characteristics, and behaviors of one's associates or social groups.
Disorders of speech articulation caused by imperfect coordination of pharynx, larynx, tongue, or face muscles. This may result from CRANIAL NERVE DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; CEREBELLAR DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; BRAIN STEM diseases; or diseases of the corticobulbar tracts (see PYRAMIDAL TRACTS). The cortical language centers are intact in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p489)
The study of systems, particularly electronic systems, which function after the manner of, in a manner characteristic of, or resembling living systems. Also, the science of applying biological techniques and principles to the design of electronic systems.
A method of speech used after laryngectomy, with sound produced by vibration of the column of air in the esophagus against the contracting cricopharyngeal sphincter. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for auditory, olfactory, and semantic processing. It is located inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE.
The perceived attribute of a sound which corresponds to the physical attribute of intensity.
The cochlear part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The cochlear nerve fibers originate from neurons of the SPIRAL GANGLION and project peripherally to cochlear hair cells and centrally to the cochlear nuclei (COCHLEAR NUCLEUS) of the BRAIN STEM. They mediate the sense of hearing.
Differential response to different stimuli.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
A specific stage in animal and human development during which certain types of behavior normally are shaped and molded for life.
Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.
Computer-assisted processing of electric, ultrasonic, or electronic signals to interpret function and activity.
The measurement of magnetic fields over the head generated by electric currents in the brain. As in any electrical conductor, electric fields in the brain are accompanied by orthogonal magnetic fields. The measurement of these fields provides information about the localization of brain activity which is complementary to that provided by ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY. Magnetoencephalography may be used alone or together with electroencephalography, for measurement of spontaneous or evoked activity, and for research or clinical purposes.
A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.
A disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for the individual's age. This disturbance is characterized by frequent repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables. Various other types of speech dysfluencies may also be involved including interjections, broken words, audible or silent blocking, circumlocutions, words produced with an excess of physical tension, and monosyllabic whole word repetitions. Stuttering may occur as a developmental condition in childhood or as an acquired disorder which may be associated with BRAIN INFARCTIONS and other BRAIN DISEASES. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
Methods of enabling a patient without a larynx or with a non-functional larynx to produce voice or speech. The methods may be pneumatic or electronic.
Ability to determine the specific location of a sound source.
Disorders of the quality of speech characterized by the substitution, omission, distortion, and addition of phonemes.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.
Perception of three-dimensionality.
Psychophysical technique that permits the estimation of the bias of the observer as well as detectability of the signal (i.e., stimulus) in any sensory modality. (From APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed.)
Multi-channel hearing devices typically used for patients who have tumors on the COCHLEAR NERVE and are unable to benefit from COCHLEAR IMPLANTS after tumor surgery that severs the cochlear nerve. The device electrically stimulates the nerves of cochlea nucleus in the BRAIN STEM rather than the inner ear as in cochlear implants.
A group of cognitive disorders characterized by the inability to perform previously learned skills that cannot be attributed to deficits of motor or sensory function. The two major subtypes of this condition are ideomotor (see APRAXIA, IDEOMOTOR) and ideational apraxia, which refers to loss of the ability to mentally formulate the processes involved with performing an action. For example, dressing apraxia may result from an inability to mentally formulate the act of placing clothes on the body. Apraxias are generally associated with lesions of the dominant PARIETAL LOBE and supramarginal gyrus. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp56-7)
Equipment that provides mentally or physically disabled persons with a means of communication. The aids include display boards, typewriters, cathode ray tubes, computers, and speech synthesizers. The output of such aids includes written words, artificial speech, language signs, Morse code, and pictures.
Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.
Electrical waves in the CEREBRAL CORTEX generated by BRAIN STEM structures in response to auditory click stimuli. These are found to be abnormal in many patients with CEREBELLOPONTINE ANGLE lesions, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, or other DEMYELINATING DISEASES.
Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.
The sensory discrimination of a pattern shape or outline.
A type of non-ionizing radiation in which energy is transmitted through solid, liquid, or gas as compression waves. Sound (acoustic or sonic) radiation with frequencies above the audible range is classified as ultrasonic. Sound radiation below the audible range is classified as infrasonic.
The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.
Includes both producing and responding to words, either written or spoken.
The study of the structure, growth, activities, and functions of NEURONS and the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The process by which PAIN is recognized and interpreted by the brain.
The continuous sequential physiological and psychological maturing of an individual from birth up to but not including ADOLESCENCE.
Learning to respond verbally to a verbal stimulus cue.
Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.
The plan and delineation of prostheses in general or a specific prosthesis.
The process by which the nature and meaning of tactile stimuli are recognized and interpreted by the brain, such as realizing the characteristics or name of an object being touched.
The awareness of the spatial properties of objects; includes physical space.
The observable response of a man or animal to a situation.
Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.
A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.
The process by which the nature and meaning of gustatory stimuli are recognized and interpreted by the brain. The four basic classes of taste perception are salty, sweet, bitter, and sour.
The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.
The study of speech or language disorders and their diagnosis and correction.
Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
The misinterpretation of a real external, sensory experience.
The sensory interpretation of the dimensions of objects.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.
Mental processing of chromatic signals (COLOR VISION) from the eye by the VISUAL CORTEX where they are converted into symbolic representations. Color perception involves numerous neurons, and is influenced not only by the distribution of wavelengths from the viewed object, but also by its background color and brightness contrast at its boundary.
The process by which the nature and meaning of olfactory stimuli, such as odors, are recognized and interpreted by the brain.
Upper central part of the cerebral hemisphere. It is located posterior to central sulcus, anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE, and superior to the TEMPORAL LOBES.
Remembrance of information for a few seconds to hours.
Pathological processes that affect voice production, usually involving VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA. Voice disorders can be caused by organic (anatomical), or functional (emotional or psychological) factors leading to DYSPHONIA; APHONIA; and defects in VOICE QUALITY, loudness, and pitch.
Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).
Attitudes of personnel toward their patients, other professionals, toward the medical care system, etc.
Public attitudes toward health, disease, and the medical care system.
Failure of the SOFT PALATE to reach the posterior pharyngeal wall to close the opening between the oral and nasal cavities. Incomplete velopharyngeal closure is primarily related to surgeries (ADENOIDECTOMY; CLEFT PALATE) or an incompetent PALATOPHARYNGEAL SPHINCTER. It is characterized by hypernasal speech.
Area of the FRONTAL LOBE concerned with primary motor control located in the dorsal PRECENTRAL GYRUS immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It is comprised of three areas: the primary motor cortex located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain; the premotor cortex located anterior to the primary motor cortex; and the supplementary motor area located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex.
Recognition and discrimination of the heaviness of a lifted object.
Bony structure of the mouth that holds the teeth. It consists of the MANDIBLE and the MAXILLA.

Language processing is strongly left lateralized in both sexes. Evidence from functional MRI. (1/2052)

Functional MRI (fMRI) was used to examine gender effects on brain activation during a language comprehension task. A large number of subjects (50 women and 50 men) was studied to maximize the statistical power to detect subtle differences between the sexes. To estimate the specificity of findings related to sex differences, parallel analyses were performed on two groups of randomly assigned subjects. Men and women showed very similar, strongly left lateralized activation patterns. Voxel-wise tests for group differences in overall activation patterns demonstrated no significant differences between women and men. In further analyses, group differences were examined by region of interest and by hemisphere. No differences were found between the sexes in lateralization of activity in any region of interest or in intrahemispheric cortical activation patterns. These data argue against substantive differences between men and women in the large-scale neural organization of language processes.  (+info)

Effects of talker, rate, and amplitude variation on recognition memory for spoken words. (2/2052)

This study investigated the encoding of the surface form of spoken words using a continuous recognition memory task. The purpose was to compare and contrast three sources of stimulus variability--talker, speaking rate, and overall amplitude--to determine the extent to which each source of variability is retained in episodic memory. In Experiment 1, listeners judged whether each word in a list of spoken words was "old" (had occurred previously in the list) or "new." Listeners were more accurate at recognizing a word as old if it was repeated by the same talker and at the same speaking rate; however, there was no recognition advantage for words repeated at the same overall amplitude. In Experiment 2, listeners were first asked to judge whether each word was old or new, as before, and then they had to explicitly judge whether it was repeated by the same talker, at the same rate, or at the same amplitude. On the first task, listeners again showed an advantage in recognition memory for words repeated by the same talker and at same speaking rate, but no advantage occurred for the amplitude condition. However, in all three conditions, listeners were able to explicitly detect whether an old word was repeated by the same talker, at the same rate, or at the same amplitude. These data suggest that although information about all three properties of spoken words is encoded and retained in memory, each source of stimulus variation differs in the extent to which it affects episodic memory for spoken words.  (+info)

Infants' learning about words and sounds in relation to objects. (3/2052)

In acquiring language, babies learn not only that people can communicate about objects and events, but also that they typically use a particular kind of act as the communicative signal. The current studies asked whether 1-year-olds' learning of names during joint attention is guided by the expectation that names will be in the form of spoken words. In the first study, 13-month-olds were introduced to either a novel word or a novel sound-producing action (using a small noisemaker). Both the word and the sound were produced by a researcher as she showed the baby a new toy during a joint attention episode. The baby's memory for the link between the word or sound and the object was tested in a multiple choice procedure. Thirteen-month-olds learned both the word-object and sound-object correspondences, as evidenced by their choosing the target reliably in response to hearing the word or sound on test trials, but not on control trials when no word or sound was present. In the second study, 13-month-olds, but not 20-month-olds, learned a new sound-object correspondence. These results indicate that infants initially accept a broad range of signals in communicative contexts and narrow the range with development.  (+info)

Isolating the contributions of familiarity and source information to item recognition: a time course analysis. (4/2052)

Recognition memory may be mediated by the retrieval of distinct types of information, notably, a general assessment of familiarity and the recovery of specific source information. A response-signal speed-accuracy trade-off variant of an exclusion procedure was used to isolate the retrieval time course for familiarity and source information. In 2 experiments, participants studied spoken and read lists (with various numbers of presentations) and then performed an exclusion task, judging an item as old only if it was in the heard list. Dual-process fits of the time course data indicated that familiarity information typically is retrieved before source information. The implications that these data have for models of recognition, including dual-process and global memory models, are discussed.  (+info)

PET imaging of cochlear-implant and normal-hearing subjects listening to speech and nonspeech. (5/2052)

Functional neuroimaging with positron emission tomography (PET) was used to compare the brain activation patterns of normal-hearing (NH) with postlingually deaf, cochlear-implant (CI) subjects listening to speech and nonspeech signals. The speech stimuli were derived from test batteries for assessing speech-perception performance of hearing-impaired subjects with different sensory aids. Subjects were scanned while passively listening to monaural (right ear) stimuli in five conditions: Silent Baseline, Word, Sentence, Time-reversed Sentence, and Multitalker Babble. Both groups showed bilateral activation in superior and middle temporal gyri to speech and backward speech. However, group differences were observed in the Sentence compared to Silence condition. CI subjects showed more activated foci in right temporal regions, where lateralized mechanisms for prosodic (pitch) processing have been well established; NH subjects showed a focus in the left inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann's area 47), where semantic processing has been implicated. Multitalker Babble activated auditory temporal regions in the CI group only. Whereas NH listeners probably habituated to this multitalker babble, the CI listeners may be using a perceptual strategy that emphasizes 'coarse' coding to perceive this stimulus globally as speechlike. The group differences provide the first neuroimaging evidence suggesting that postlingually deaf CI and NH subjects may engage differing perceptual processing strategies under certain speech conditions.  (+info)

Regulation of parkinsonian speech volume: the effect of interlocuter distance. (6/2052)

This study examined the automatic regulation of speech volume over distance in hypophonic patients with Parkinson's disease and age and sex matched controls. There were two speech settings; conversation, and the recitation of sequential material (for example, counting). The perception of interlocuter speech volume by patients with Parkinson's disease and controls over varying distances was also examined, and found to be slightly discrepant. For speech production, it was found that controls significantly increased overall speech volume for conversation relative to that for sequential material. Patients with Parkinson's disease were unable to achieve this overall increase for conversation, and consistently spoke at a softer volume than controls at all distances (intercept reduction). However, patients were still able to increase volume for greater distances in a similar way to controls for conversation and sequential material, thus showing a normal pattern of volume regulation (slope similarity). It is suggested that speech volume regulation is intact in Parkinson's disease, but rather the gain is reduced. These findings are reminiscent of skeletal motor control studies in Parkinson's disease, in which the amplitude of movement is diminished but the relation with another factor is preserved (stride length increases as cadence-that is, stepping rate, increases).  (+info)

Specialization of left auditory cortex for speech perception in man depends on temporal coding. (7/2052)

Speech perception requires cortical mechanisms capable of analysing and encoding successive spectral (frequency) changes in the acoustic signal. To study temporal speech processing in the human auditory cortex, we recorded intracerebral evoked potentials to syllables in right and left human auditory cortices including Heschl's gyrus (HG), planum temporale (PT) and the posterior part of superior temporal gyrus (area 22). Natural voiced /ba/, /da/, /ga/) and voiceless (/pa/, /ta/, /ka/) syllables, spoken by a native French speaker, were used to study the processing of a specific temporally based acoustico-phonetic feature, the voice onset time (VOT). This acoustic feature is present in nearly all languages, and it is the VOT that provides the basis for the perceptual distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants. The present results show a lateralized processing of acoustic elements of syllables. First, processing of voiced and voiceless syllables is distinct in the left, but not in the right HG and PT. Second, only the evoked potentials in the left HG, and to a lesser extent in PT, reflect a sequential processing of the different components of the syllables. Third, we show that this acoustic temporal processing is not limited to speech sounds but applies also to non-verbal sounds mimicking the temporal structure of the syllable. Fourth, there was no difference between responses to voiced and voiceless syllables in either left or right areas 22. Our data suggest that a single mechanism in the auditory cortex, involved in general (not only speech-specific) temporal processing, may underlie the further processing of verbal (and non-verbal) stimuli. This coding, bilaterally localized in auditory cortex in animals, takes place specifically in the left HG in man. A defect of this mechanism could account for hearing discrimination impairments associated with language disorders.  (+info)

Cochlear implantations in Northern Ireland: an overview of the first five years. (8/2052)

During the last few years cochlear implantation (CI) has made remarkable progress, developing from a mere research tool to a viable clinical application. The Centre for CI in the Northern Ireland was established in 1992 and has since been a provider of this new technology for rehabilitation of profoundly deaf patients in the region. Although individual performance with a cochlear implant cannot be predicted accurately, the overall success of CI can no longer be denied. Seventy one patients, 37 adults and 34 children, have received implants over the first five years of the Northern Ireland cochlear implant programme, which is located at the Belfast City Hospital. The complication rates and the post-implantation outcome of this centre compare favourably with other major centres which undertake the procedure. This paper aims to highlight the patient selection criteria, surgery, post-CI outcome, clinical and research developments within our centre, and future prospects of this recent modality of treatment.  (+info)

1. Articulation Disorders: Difficulty articulating sounds or words due to poor pronunciation, misplaced sounds, or distortion of sounds.
2. Stuttering: A disorder characterized by the repetition or prolongation of sounds, syllables, or words, as well as the interruption or blocking of speech.
3. Voice Disorders: Abnormalities in voice quality, pitch, or volume due to overuse, misuse, or structural changes in the vocal cords.
4. Language Disorders: Difficulty with understanding, using, or interpreting spoken language, including grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure.
5. Apraxia of Speech: A neurological disorder that affects the ability to plan and execute voluntary movements of the articulatory organs for speech production.
6. Dysarthria: A condition characterized by slurred or distorted speech due to weakness, paralysis, or incoordination of the articulatory muscles.
7. Cerebral Palsy: A group of disorders that affect movement, balance, and posture, often including speech and language difficulties.
8. Aphasia: A condition that results from brain damage and affects an individual's ability to understand, speak, read, and write language.
9. Dyslexia: A learning disorder that affects an individual's ability to read and spell words correctly.
10. Hearing Loss: Loss of hearing in one or both ears can impact speech development and language acquisition.

Speech disorders can be diagnosed by a speech-language pathologist (SLP) through a comprehensive evaluation, including speech and language samples, medical history, and behavioral observations. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disorder and may include therapy exercises, technology assistance, and counseling. With appropriate support and intervention, individuals with speech disorders can improve their communication skills and lead fulfilling lives.

There are several types of deafness, including:

1. Conductive hearing loss: This type of deafness is caused by problems with the middle ear, including the eardrum or the bones of the middle ear. It can be treated with hearing aids or surgery.
2. Sensorineural hearing loss: This type of deafness is caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve. It is typically permanent and cannot be treated with medication or surgery.
3. Mixed hearing loss: This type of deafness is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.
4. Auditory processing disorder (APD): This is a condition in which the brain has difficulty processing sounds, even though the ears are functioning normally.
5. Tinnitus: This is a condition characterized by ringing or other sounds in the ears when there is no external source of sound. It can be a symptom of deafness or a separate condition.

There are several ways to diagnose deafness, including:

1. Hearing tests: These can be done in a doctor's office or at a hearing aid center. They involve listening to sounds through headphones and responding to them.
2. Imaging tests: These can include X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to look for any physical abnormalities in the ear or brain.
3. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing: This is a test that measures the electrical activity of the brain in response to sound. It can be used to diagnose hearing loss in infants and young children.
4. Otoacoustic emissions (OAE) testing: This is a test that measures the sounds produced by the inner ear in response to sound. It can be used to diagnose hearing loss in infants and young children.

There are several ways to treat deafness, including:

1. Hearing aids: These are devices that amplify sound and can be worn in or behind the ear. They can help improve hearing for people with mild to severe hearing loss.
2. Cochlear implants: These are devices that are implanted in the inner ear and can bypass damaged hair cells to directly stimulate the auditory nerve. They can help restore hearing for people with severe to profound hearing loss.
3. Speech therapy: This can help people with hearing loss improve their communication skills, such as speaking and listening.
4. Assistive technology: This can include devices such as captioned phones, alerting systems, and assistive listening devices that can help people with hearing loss communicate more effectively.
5. Medications: There are several medications available that can help treat deafness, such as antibiotics for bacterial infections or steroids to reduce inflammation.
6. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat deafness, such as when there is a blockage in the ear or when a tumor is present.
7. Stem cell therapy: This is a relatively new area of research that involves using stem cells to repair damaged hair cells in the inner ear. It has shown promising results in some studies.
8. Gene therapy: This involves using genes to repair or replace damaged or missing genes that can cause deafness. It is still an experimental area of research, but it has shown promise in some studies.
9. Implantable devices: These are devices that are implanted in the inner ear and can help restore hearing by bypassing damaged hair cells. Examples include cochlear implants and auditory brainstem implants.
10. Binaural hearing: This involves using a combination of hearing aids and technology to improve hearing in both ears, which can help improve speech recognition and reduce the risk of falls.

It's important to note that the best treatment for deafness will depend on the underlying cause of the condition, as well as the individual's age, overall health, and personal preferences. It's important to work with a healthcare professional to determine the best course of treatment.

This type of hearing loss cannot be treated with medication or surgery, and it is usually permanent. However, there are various assistive devices and technology available to help individuals with sensorineural hearing loss communicate more effectively, such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and FM systems.

There are several causes of sensorineural hearing loss, including:

1. Exposure to loud noises: Prolonged exposure to loud noises can damage the hair cells in the inner ear and cause permanent hearing loss.
2. Age: Sensorineural hearing loss is a common condition that affects many people as they age. It is estimated that one-third of people between the ages of 65 and 74 have some degree of hearing loss, and nearly half of those over the age of 75 have significant hearing loss.
3. Genetics: Some cases of sensorineural hearing loss are inherited and run in families.
4. Viral infections: Certain viral infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis, can damage the inner ear and cause permanent hearing loss.
5. Trauma to the head or ear: A head injury or a traumatic injury to the ear can cause sensorineural hearing loss.
6. Tumors: Certain types of tumors, such as acoustic neuroma, can cause sensorineural hearing loss by affecting the auditory nerve.
7. Ototoxicity: Certain medications, such as certain antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and aspirin at high doses, can be harmful to the inner ear and cause permanent hearing loss.

It is important to note that sensorineural hearing loss cannot be cured, but there are many resources available to help individuals with this condition communicate more effectively and improve their quality of life.

There are three main types of hearing loss: conductive, sensorineural, and mixed. Conductive hearing loss occurs when there is a problem with the middle ear and its ability to transmit sound waves to the inner ear. Sensorineural hearing loss occurs when there is damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve, which can lead to permanent hearing loss. Mixed hearing loss is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.

Symptoms of hearing loss may include difficulty hearing speech, especially in noisy environments, muffled or distorted sound, ringing or buzzing in the ears (tinnitus), and difficulty hearing high-pitched sounds. If you suspect you have hearing loss, it is important to seek medical advice as soon as possible, as early treatment can help improve communication and quality of life.

Hearing loss is diagnosed through a series of tests, including an audiometric test, which measures the softest sounds that can be heard at different frequencies. Treatment options for hearing loss include hearing aids, cochlear implants, and other assistive devices, as well as counseling and support to help manage the condition and improve communication skills.

Overall, hearing loss is a common condition that can have a significant impact on daily life. If you suspect you or someone you know may be experiencing hearing loss, it is important to seek medical advice as soon as possible to address any underlying issues and improve communication and quality of life.

The symptoms of bilateral hearing loss may include difficulty hearing speech, especially in noisy environments, difficulty understanding conversations when there is background noise, listening to loud music or watching television at a low volume, and experiencing ringing or buzzing sounds in the ears (tinnitus).

Bilateral hearing loss can be diagnosed with a thorough medical examination, including a physical examination of the ears, an audiometric test, and imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans.

Treatment options for bilateral hearing loss depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Some possible treatment options include:

Hearing aids: These devices can amplify sounds and improve hearing ability.
Cochlear implants: These are electronic devices that are surgically implanted in the inner ear and can bypass damaged hair cells to directly stimulate the auditory nerve.
Assistive listening devices: These include devices such as FM systems, infrared systems, and alerting devices that can help individuals with hearing loss communicate more effectively.
Speech therapy: This can help improve communication skills and address any difficulties with language development.
Medications: Certain medications may be prescribed to treat underlying conditions that are contributing to the hearing loss, such as infections or excessive earwax.
Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove excessive earwax or to repair any damage to the middle ear bones.

There are several subtypes of APD, including:

1. Auditory Processing Disorder (APD): A disorder characterized by difficulty processing auditory information due to a deficit in the brain's ability to process speech and language.
2. Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD): A subtype of APD that is caused by a problem in the central nervous system, rather than in the inner ear.
3. Developmental Auditory Perceptual Disorder (DAPD): A disorder that affects children and adolescents, characterized by difficulty with auditory perception and processing.
4. Auditory Memory Deficit: A subtype of APD that is characterized by difficulty with auditory memory and recall.
5. Auditory Discrimination Deficit: A subtype of APD that is characterized by difficulty with distinguishing between similar sounds.

APD can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, premature birth, infections during pregnancy or childhood, and head trauma. Treatment for APD typically involves a combination of behavioral therapies, such as auditory training and speech therapy, as well as assistive listening devices and technology.

In addition to the subtypes listed above, there are also several related conditions that may be classified as APD, including:

1. Auditory-Verbal Processing Disorder (AVPD): A disorder characterized by difficulty with auditory processing and language development.
2. Language Processing Deficit: A subtype of APD that is characterized by difficulty with language comprehension and processing.
3. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A neurodevelopmental disorder that can also affect auditory perception and processing.
4. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A neurodevelopmental disorder that can also affect auditory perception and processing, as well as social communication and behavior.
5. Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD): A type of APD that is characterized by difficulty with central auditory processing, including the ability to understand speech in noisy environments.

Types of Hearing Disorders:

1. Conductive hearing loss: This type of hearing loss is caused by a problem with the middle ear, including the eardrum or the bones of the middle ear. It can be treated with hearing aids or surgery.
2. Sensorineural hearing loss: This type of hearing loss is caused by damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve. It is permanent and cannot be treated with medicine or surgery.
3. Mixed hearing loss: This type of hearing loss is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.
4. Tinnitus: This is the perception of ringing, buzzing, or other sounds in the ears when there is no external source of the sound. It can be caused by exposure to loud noises, age, or certain medications.
5. Balance disorders: These are conditions that affect the balance center in the inner ear or the brain, causing dizziness, vertigo, and other symptoms.

Causes of Hearing Disorders:

1. Genetics: Some hearing disorders can be inherited from parents or grandparents.
2. Age: As we age, our hearing can decline due to wear and tear on the inner ear.
3. Exposure to loud noises: Prolonged exposure to loud sounds, such as music or machinery, can damage the hair cells in the inner ear and lead to hearing loss.
4. Infections: Certain infections, such as otitis media (middle ear infection), can cause hearing loss if left untreated.
5. Certain medications: Some medications, such as certain antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and aspirin at high doses, can be harmful to the inner ear and cause hearing loss.

Symptoms of Hearing Disorders:

1. Difficulty hearing or understanding speech, especially in noisy environments.
2. Ringing, buzzing, or other sounds in the ears (tinnitus).
3. Vertigo or dizziness.
4. Feeling of fullness or pressure in the ears.
5. Hearing loss that worsens over time.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Hearing Disorders:

1. Medical history and physical examination.
2. Audiometry test to measure hearing threshold and speech discrimination.
3. Otoscopy to examine the outer ear and ear canal.
4. Tympanometry to assess the middle ear function.
5. Otoacoustic emissions testing to evaluate the inner ear function.

Treatment options for hearing disorders depend on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Hearing aids or cochlear implants to improve hearing.
2. Medications to treat infections or reduce tinnitus.
3. Surgery to remove earwax, repair the eardrum, or address middle ear problems.
4. Balance rehabilitation exercises to manage vertigo and dizziness.
5. Cognitive therapy to improve communication skills and address psychological effects of hearing loss.

Prevention and Management of Hearing Disorders:

1. Avoiding loud noises and taking regular breaks in noisy environments.
2. Wearing earplugs or earmuffs when exposed to loud sounds.
3. Getting regular hearing checkups and addressing any hearing issues promptly.
4. Managing chronic conditions, such as diabetes and hypertension, that can contribute to hearing loss.
5. Encouraging open communication with family members and healthcare providers about hearing difficulties.

Broca's aphasia is characterized by difficulty speaking in complete sentences, using correct grammar, and articulating words clearly. Individuals with Broca's aphasia may also experience difficulty understanding spoken language, although comprehension of written language may be relatively preserved.

Common symptoms of Broca's aphasia include:

1. Difficulty speaking in complete sentences or using correct grammar.
2. Slurred or slow speech.
3. Difficulty articulating words clearly.
4. Difficulty understanding spoken language.
5. Preservation of comprehension of written language.
6. Word-finding difficulties.
7. Difficulty with naming objects.
8. Difficulty with sentence construction.

Broca's aphasia is often caused by damage to the brain due to stroke, traumatic brain injury, or neurodegenerative diseases such as primary progressive aphasia. Treatment for Broca's aphasia typically involves speech and language therapy to improve communication skills and cognitive rehabilitation to improve language processing abilities.

There are several types of LDDs, including:

1. Expressive Language Disorder: This condition is characterized by difficulty with verbal expression, including difficulty with word choice, sentence structure, and coherence.
2. Receptive Language Disorder: This condition is characterized by difficulty with understanding spoken language, including difficulty with comprehending vocabulary, grammar, and tone of voice.
3. Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder: This condition is characterized by both receptive and expressive language difficulties.
4. Language Processing Disorder: This condition is characterized by difficulty with processing language, including difficulty with auditory processing, syntax, and semantics.
5. Social Communication Disorder: This condition is characterized by difficulty with social communication, including difficulty with understanding and using language in social contexts, eye contact, facial expressions, and body language.

Causes of LDDs include:

1. Genetic factors: Some LDDs may be inherited from parents or grandparents.
2. Brain injury: Traumatic brain injury or stroke can damage the areas of the brain responsible for language processing.
3. Infections: Certain infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis, can damage the brain and result in LDDs.
4. Nutritional deficiencies: Severe malnutrition or a lack of certain nutrients, such as vitamin B12, can lead to LDDs.
5. Environmental factors: Exposure to toxins, such as lead, and poverty can increase the risk of developing an LDD.

Signs and symptoms of LDDs include:

1. Difficulty with word retrieval
2. Incomplete or inappropriate sentences
3. Difficulty with comprehension
4. Limited vocabulary
5. Difficulty with understanding abstract concepts
6. Difficulty with social communication
7. Delayed language development compared to peers
8. Difficulty with speech sounds and articulation
9. Stuttering or repetition of words
10. Limited eye contact and facial expressions

Treatment for LDDs depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Speech and language therapy to improve communication skills
2. Cognitive training to improve problem-solving and memory skills
3. Occupational therapy to improve daily living skills
4. Physical therapy to improve mobility and balance
5. Medication to manage symptoms such as anxiety or depression
6. Surgery to repair any physical abnormalities or damage to the brain.

It is important to note that each individual with an LDD may have a unique combination of strengths, weaknesses, and challenges, and treatment plans should be tailored to meet their specific needs. Early diagnosis and intervention are key to improving outcomes for individuals with LDDs.

The symptoms of dyslexia can vary from person to person, but may include:

* Difficulty with phonological awareness (the ability to identify and manipulate the sounds within words)
* Trouble with decoding (reading) and encoding (spelling)
* Slow reading speed
* Difficulty with comprehension of text
* Difficulty with writing skills, including grammar, punctuation, and spelling
* Trouble with organization and time management

Dyslexia can be diagnosed by a trained professional, such as a psychologist or learning specialist, through a series of tests and assessments. These may include:

* Reading and spelling tests
* Tests of phonological awareness
* Tests of comprehension and vocabulary
* Behavioral observations

There is no cure for dyslexia, but there are a variety of strategies and interventions that can help individuals with dyslexia to improve their reading and writing skills. These may include:

* Multisensory instruction (using sight, sound, and touch to learn)
* Orton-Gillingham approach (a specific type of multisensory instruction)
* Assistive technology (such as text-to-speech software)
* Accommodations (such as extra time to complete assignments)
* Tutoring and mentoring

It is important to note that dyslexia is not a result of poor intelligence or inadequate instruction, but rather a neurological difference that affects the way an individual processes information. With appropriate support and accommodations, individuals with dyslexia can be successful in school and beyond.

Dysarthria can affect both children and adults, and the symptoms can vary in severity depending on the underlying cause of the condition. Some common symptoms of dysarthria include:

* Slurred or slow speech
* Difficulty articulating words
* Poor enunciation
* Stuttering or hesitation while speaking
* Difficulty with word-finding and language processing
* Limited range of speech sounds
* Difficulty with loudness and volume control

Dysarthria can be diagnosed by a speech-language pathologist (SLP), who will typically conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the individual's speech and language abilities. This may include a series of tests to assess the individual's articulation, fluency, voice quality, and other aspects of their speech.

There are several types of dysarthria, including:

* Hypokinetic dysarthria: characterized by reduced muscle tone and slow movement of the articulatory organs, resulting in slurred or slow speech.
* Hyperkinetic dysarthria: characterized by increased muscle tone and rapid movement of the articulatory organs, resulting in fast but imprecise speech.
* Mixed dysarthria: a combination of hypokinetic and hyperkinetic features.
* Dystonic dysarthria: characterized by involuntary movements and postures of the tongue and lips, resulting in distorted speech.

Treatment for dysarthria typically involves speech therapy with an SLP, who will work with the individual to improve their speech clarity, fluency, and overall communication skills. Treatment may include exercises to strengthen the muscles used in speech production, as well as strategies to improve articulation, pronunciation, and language processing. In some cases, technology such as speech-generating devices may be used to support communication.

In addition to speech therapy, treatment for dysarthria may also involve other healthcare professionals, such as neurologists, physical therapists, or occupational therapists, depending on the underlying cause of the condition.

Overall, dysarthria is a speech disorder that can significantly impact an individual's ability to communicate effectively. However, with the right treatment and support from healthcare professionals and SLPs, many people with dysarthria are able to improve their communication skills and lead fulfilling lives.

There are several types of aphasia, including:

1. Broca's aphasia: Characterized by difficulty speaking in complete sentences and using correct grammar.
2. Wernicke's aphasia: Characterized by difficulty understanding spoken language and speaking in complete sentences.
3. Global aphasia: Characterized by a severe impairment of all language abilities.
4. Primary progressive aphasia: A rare form of aphasia that is caused by neurodegeneration and worsens over time.

Treatment for aphasia typically involves speech and language therapy, which can help individuals with aphasia improve their communication skills and regain some of their language abilities. Other forms of therapy, such as cognitive training and physical therapy, may also be helpful.

It's important to note that while aphasia can significantly impact an individual's quality of life, it does not affect their intelligence or cognitive abilities. With appropriate treatment and support, individuals with aphasia can continue to lead fulfilling lives and communicate effectively with others.

Stuttering can be classified into three main types:

1. Developmental stuttering: This type of stuttering usually begins in childhood and may persist throughout life. It is more common in boys than girls.
2. Neurogenic stuttering: This type of stuttering is caused by a brain injury or a neurological disorder such as Parkinson's disease, stroke, or cerebral palsy.
3. Psychogenic stuttering: This type of stuttering is caused by psychological factors such as anxiety, stress, or trauma.

The exact cause of stuttering is not fully understood, but research suggests that it may be related to differences in brain structure and function, particularly in areas responsible for language processing and speech production. There are several theories about the underlying mechanisms of stuttering, including:

1. Neurophysiological theory: This theory proposes that stuttering is caused by irregularities in the timing and coordination of neural activity in the brain.
2. Speech motor theory: This theory suggests that stuttering is caused by difficulties with speech articulation and the coordination of speech movements.
3. Auditory feedback theory: This theory proposes that stuttering is caused by a disruption in the normal auditory feedback loop, leading to an over-reliance on visual feedback for speech production.

There are several treatments available for stuttering, including:

1. Speech therapy: This type of therapy can help individuals with stuttering improve their speaking skills and reduce their stuttering severity. Techniques used in speech therapy may include slowing down speech, using relaxation techniques, and practicing fluency-enhancing strategies such as easy onset and smooth flow.
2. Stuttering modification therapy: This type of therapy focuses on teaching individuals with stuttering to speak more slowly and smoothly, while reducing the occurrence of stuttering.
3. Fluency shaping therapy: This type of therapy aims to improve fluency by teaching individuals to speak more slowly and smoothly, using techniques such as gentle onset and gradual release of sounds.
4. Electronic devices: There are several electronic devices available that can help reduce stuttering, such as speech-output devices that speak for the individual, or devices that provide auditory feedback to help individuals speak more fluently.
5. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be recommended to treat stuttering. For example, surgery may be used to correct physical abnormalities in the brain or speech mechanisms that are contributing to the stuttering.

It is important to note that no single treatment is effective for everyone who stutters, and the most effective treatment approach will depend on the individual's specific needs and circumstances. A healthcare professional, such as a speech-language pathologist, should be consulted to determine the best course of treatment for each individual.

Articulation disorders can be classified into different types based on the severity and nature of the speech difficulties. Some common types of articulation disorders include:

1. Articulation errors: These occur when individuals produce speech sounds differently than the expected norm, such as pronouncing "k" and "s" sounds as "t" or "z."
2. Speech sound distortions: This type of disorder involves the exaggeration or alteration of speech sounds, such as speaking with a lisp or a nasal tone.
3. Speech articulation anomalies: These are abnormalities in the production of speech sounds that do not fit into any specific category, such as difficulty pronouncing certain words or sounds.
4. Apraxia of speech: This is a neurological disorder that affects the ability to plan and execute voluntary movements of the articulators (lips, tongue, jaw), resulting in distorted or slurred speech.
5. Dysarthria: This is a speech disorder characterized by weakness, slowness, or incoordination of the muscles used for speaking, often caused by a neurological condition such as a stroke or cerebral palsy.

Articulation disorders can be diagnosed by a speech-language pathologist (SLP) through a comprehensive evaluation of an individual's speech and language skills. The SLP may use standardized assessments, clinical observations, and interviews with the individual and their family to determine the nature and severity of the articulation disorder.

Treatment for articulation disorders typically involves speech therapy with an SLP, who will work with the individual to improve their speech skills through a series of exercises and activities tailored to their specific needs. Treatment may focus on improving the accuracy and clarity of speech sounds, increasing speech rate and fluency, and enhancing communication skills.

In addition to speech therapy, other interventions that may be helpful for individuals with articulation disorders include:

1. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems: For individuals with severe articulation disorders or those who have difficulty using speech to communicate, AAC systems such as picture communication symbols or electronic devices can provide an alternative means of communication.
2. Supportive technology: Assistive devices such as speech-generating devices, text-to-speech software, and other technology can help individuals with articulation disorders to communicate more effectively.
3. Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT): This type of therapy focuses on improving the communication skills of young children with articulation disorders by training parents to use play-based activities and strategies to enhance their child's speech and language development.
4. Social skills training: For individuals with articulation disorders who also have difficulty with social interactions, social skills training can help them develop better communication and social skills.
5. Cognitive communication therapy: This type of therapy focuses on improving the cognitive processes that underlie communication, such as attention, memory, and problem-solving skills.
6. Articulation therapy: This type of therapy focuses specifically on improving articulation skills, and may involve exercises and activities to strengthen the muscles used for speech production.
7. Stuttering modification therapy: For individuals who stutter, this type of therapy can help them learn to speak more fluently and with less effort.
8. Voice therapy: This type of therapy can help individuals with voice disorders to improve their vocal quality and communication skills.
9. Counseling and psychotherapy: For individuals with articulation disorders who are experiencing emotional or psychological distress, counseling and psychotherapy can be helpful in addressing these issues and improving overall well-being.

It's important to note that the most effective treatment approach will depend on the specific needs and goals of the individual with an articulation disorder, as well as their age, severity of symptoms, and other factors. A speech-language pathologist can work with the individual and their family to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their unique needs and helps them achieve their communication goals.

There are several types of apraxias, each with distinct symptoms and characteristics:

1. Ideomotor apraxia: Difficulty performing specific movements or gestures, such as grasping and manipulating objects, due to a lack of understanding of the intended purpose or meaning of the action.
2. Ideational apraxia: Inability to initiate or perform movements due to a lack of understanding of the task or goal.
3. Kinesthetic apraxia: Difficulty judging the weight, shape, size, and position of objects in space, leading to difficulties with grasping, manipulating, or coordinating movements.
4. Graphomotor apraxia: Difficulty writing or drawing due to a lack of coordination between the hand and the intended movement.
5. Dressing apraxia: Difficulty dressing oneself due to a lack of coordination and planning for the movements required to put on clothes.
6. Gait apraxia: Difficulty walking or maintaining balance due to a lack of coordinated movement of the legs, trunk, and arms.
7. Speech apraxia: Difficulty articulating words or sounds due to a lack of coordination between the mouth, tongue, and lips.

The diagnosis of apraxias typically involves a comprehensive neurological examination, including assessments of motor function, language, and cognitive abilities. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the apraxia, but may include physical therapy, speech therapy, occupational therapy, and medication.

Types of Language Disorders:

1. Developmental Language Disorder (DLD): This is a condition where children have difficulty learning language skills, such as grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure, despite being exposed to language in their environment. DLD can be diagnosed in children between the ages of 2 and 5.
2. Acquired Language Disorder: This is a condition that occurs when an individual experiences brain damage or injury that affects their ability to understand and produce language. Acquired language disorders can be caused by stroke, traumatic brain injury, or other neurological conditions.
3. Aphasia: This is a condition that occurs when an individual experiences damage to the language areas of their brain, typically as a result of stroke or traumatic brain injury. Aphasia can affect an individual's ability to understand, speak, read, and write language.
4. Dysarthria: This is a condition that affects an individual's ability to produce speech sounds due to weakness, paralysis, or incoordination of the muscles used for speaking. Dysarthria can be caused by stroke, cerebral palsy, or other neurological conditions.
5. Apraxia: This is a condition that affects an individual's ability to coordinate the movements of their lips, tongue, and jaw to produce speech sounds. Apraxia can be caused by stroke, head injury, or other neurological conditions.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Genetic factors: Some language disorders may be inherited from parents or grandparents.
2. Brain damage or injury: Stroke, traumatic brain injury, or other neurological conditions can cause acquired language disorders.
3. Developmental delays: Children with developmental delays or disorders, such as autism or Down syndrome, may experience language disorders.
4. Hearing loss or impairment: Children who have difficulty hearing may experience language delays or disorders.
5. Environmental factors: Poverty, poor nutrition, and limited access to educational resources can contribute to language disorders in children.

Signs and Symptoms:

1. Difficulty articulating words or sentences
2. Slurred or distorted speech
3. Limited vocabulary or grammar skills
4. Difficulty understanding spoken language
5. Avoidance of speaking or social interactions
6. Behavioral difficulties, such as aggression or frustration
7. Delayed language development in children
8. Difficulty with reading and writing skills

Treatment and Interventions:

1. Speech therapy: A speech-language pathologist (SLP) can work with individuals to improve their language skills through exercises, activities, and strategies.
2. Cognitive training: Individuals with language disorders may benefit from cognitive training programs that target attention, memory, and other cognitive skills.
3. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices: These devices can help individuals with severe language disorders communicate more effectively.
4. Behavioral interventions: Behavioral therapy can help individuals with language disorders manage their behavior and improve their social interactions.
5. Family support: Family members can provide support and encouragement to individuals with language disorders, which can help improve outcomes.
6. Educational accommodations: Individuals with language disorders may be eligible for educational accommodations, such as extra time to complete assignments or the use of a tape recorder during lectures.
7. Medication: In some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage symptoms of language disorders, such as anxiety or depression.

Prognosis and Quality of Life:

The prognosis for individuals with language disorders varies depending on the severity of their condition and the effectiveness of their treatment. With appropriate support and intervention, many individuals with language disorders are able to improve their language skills and lead fulfilling lives. However, some individuals may experience ongoing challenges with communication and social interaction, which can impact their quality of life.

In conclusion, language disorders can have a significant impact on an individual's ability to communicate and interact with others. While there is no cure for language disorders, there are many effective treatments and interventions that can help improve outcomes. With appropriate support and accommodations, individuals with language disorders can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their goals.

1. A false or misleading sensory experience, such as seeing a shape or color that is not actually present.
2. A delusion or mistaken belief that is not based on reality or evidence.
3. A symptom that is perceived by the patient but cannot be detected by medical examination or testing.
4. A feeling of being drugged, dizzy, or disoriented, often accompanied by hallucinations or altered perceptions.
5. A temporary and harmless condition caused by a sudden change in bodily functions or sensations, such as a hot flash or a wave of dizziness.
6. A false or mistaken belief about one's own health or medical condition, often resulting from misinterpretation of symptoms or self-diagnosis.
7. A psychological phenomenon in which the patient experiences a feeling of being in a different body or experiencing a different reality, such as feeling like one is in a dream or a parallel universe.
8. A neurological condition characterized by disturbances in sensory perception, such as seeing things that are not there ( hallucinations) or perceiving sensations that are not real.
9. A type of hysteria or conversion disorder in which the patient experiences physical symptoms without any underlying medical cause, such as numbness or paralysis of a limb.
10. A condition in which the patient has a false belief that they have a serious medical condition, often accompanied by excessive anxiety or fear.

ILLUSIONS IN MEDICINE

Illusions can be a significant challenge in medicine, as they can lead to misdiagnosis, mismanagement of symptoms, and unnecessary treatment. Here are some examples of how illusions can manifest in medical settings:

1. Visual illusions: A patient may see something that is not actually there, such as a shadow or a shape, which can be misinterpreted as a sign of a serious medical condition.
2. Auditory illusions: A patient may hear sounds or noises that are not real, such as ringing in the ears (tinnitus) or hearing voices.
3. Tactile illusions: A patient may feel sensations on their skin that are not real, such as itching or crawling sensations.
4. Olfactory illusions: A patient may smell something that is not there, such as a strange odor or a familiar scent that is not actually present.
5. Gustatory illusions: A patient may taste something that is not there, such as a metallic or bitter taste.
6. Proprioceptive illusions: A patient may feel sensations of movement or position changes that are not real, such as feeling like they are spinning or floating.
7. Interoceptive illusions: A patient may experience sensations in their body that are not real, such as feeling like their heart is racing or their breathing is shallow.
8. Cognitive illusions: A patient may have false beliefs about their medical condition or treatment, such as believing they have a serious disease when they do not.

THE NEUROSCIENCE OF ILLUSIONS

Illusions are the result of complex interactions between the brain and the sensory systems. Here are some key factors that contribute to the experience of illusions:

1. Brain processing: The brain processes sensory information and uses past experiences and expectations to interpret what is being perceived. This can lead to misinterpretation and the experience of illusions.
2. Sensory integration: The brain integrates information from multiple senses, such as vision, hearing, and touch, to create a unified perception of reality. Imbalances in sensory integration can contribute to the experience of illusions.
3. Attention: The brain's attention system plays a critical role in determining what is perceived and how it is interpreted. Attention can be directed towards certain stimuli or away from others, leading to the experience of illusions.
4. Memory: Past experiences and memories can influence the interpretation of current sensory information, leading to the experience of illusions.
5. Emotion: Emotional states can also affect the interpretation of sensory information, leading to the experience of illusions. For example, a person in a state of fear may interpret ambiguous sensory information as threatening.

THE TREATMENT OF ILLUSIONS

Treatment for illusions depends on the underlying cause and can vary from case to case. Some possible treatment options include:

1. Sensory therapy: Sensory therapy, such as vision or hearing therapy, may be used to improve sensory processing and reduce the experience of illusions.
2. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT can help individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to the experience of illusions.
3. Mindfulness training: Mindfulness training can help individuals develop greater awareness of their sensory experiences and reduce the influence of illusions.
4. Medication: In some cases, medication may be prescribed to treat underlying conditions that are contributing to the experience of illusions, such as anxiety or depression.
5. Environmental modifications: Environmental modifications, such as changing the lighting or reducing noise levels, may be made to reduce the stimulus intensity and improve perception.

CONCLUSION

Illusions are a common experience that can have a significant impact on our daily lives. Understanding the causes of illusions and seeking appropriate treatment can help individuals manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. By working with a healthcare professional, individuals can develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and helps them overcome the challenges of illusions.

Some common types of voice disorders include:

1. Dysphonia: A term used to describe difficulty speaking or producing voice sounds.
2. Aphonia: A complete loss of voice.
3. Spasmodic dysphonia: A neurological disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the vocal cords, causing a strained or breaking voice.
4. Vocal fold paralysis: A condition in which the muscles controlling the vocal cords are weakened or paralyzed, leading to a hoarse or breathy voice.
5. Vocal cord lesions: Growths, ulcers, or other injuries on the vocal cords that can affect voice quality and volume.
6. Laryngitis: Inflammation of the voice box (larynx) that can cause hoarseness and loss of voice.
7. Chronic laryngitis: A persistent form of laryngitis that can last for months or even years.
8. Acid reflux laryngitis: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) that causes stomach acid to flow up into the throat, irritating the vocal cords and causing hoarseness.
9. Vocal fold nodules: Growths on the vocal cords that can cause hoarseness and other voice changes.
10. Vocal cord polyps: Growths on the vocal cords that can cause hoarseness and other voice changes.

Voice disorders can significantly impact an individual's quality of life, as they may experience difficulty communicating effectively, loss of confidence, and emotional distress. Treatment options for voice disorders depend on the underlying cause and may include voice therapy, medications, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

VPI can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Anatomical abnormalities, such as a short velum or a narrow opening between the nasopharynx and oropharynx.
2. Neurological disorders, such as cerebral palsy or Parkinson's disease.
3. Surgical procedures, such as a tonsillectomy or a laryngectomy.
4. Head and neck injuries.
5. Developmental disorders, such as Down syndrome.

Symptoms of VPI may include:

1. Difficulty swallowing, particularly with liquids.
2. Regurgitation of food or liquids into the mouth.
3. Gagging or choking during swallowing.
4. Coughing or throat clearing after swallowing.
5. Nasal regurgitation of fluids.
6. Difficulty articulating certain sounds, such as /s/ and /z/.
7. Hoarseness or breathiness of voice.
8. Chronic ear infections or hearing loss.

Treatment for VPI depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Speech therapy to improve swallowing techniques and strengthen the velum.
2. Injection laryngoplasty, a procedure that uses injectable materials to augment the velum.
3. Surgery to lengthen or widen the velum, or to repair anatomical abnormalities.
4. Swallowing exercises and therapy to improve swallowing function.
5. Dietary modifications, such as thickening liquids or using specialized utensils.

It is important to note that VPI can have a significant impact on quality of life, as it can lead to social embarrassment, difficulty eating certain foods, and increased risk of respiratory infections. Seeking medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment.

... referred to as cross-language speech perception) or second-language speech (second-language speech perception). The latter ... Speech perception has also been analyzed through sinewave speech, a form of synthetic speech where the human voice is replaced ... Speech mode hypothesis is the idea that the perception of speech requires the use of specialized mental processing. The speech ... Speech perception research has applications in building computer systems that can recognize speech, in improving speech ...
The motor theory of speech perception would predict that speech motor abilities in infants predict their speech perception ... As a result, "speech perception is sometimes interpreted as referring to the perception of speech at the sublexical level. ... Initially, speech perception was assumed to link to speech objects that were both the invariant movements of speech ... The motor theory of speech perception is not widely held in the field of speech perception, though it is more popular in other ...
The motor theory of speech perception explained how speech was special and why speech-sounds are perceived categorically: ... Categorical perception is identified with the left prefrontal cortex with this showing such perception for speech units while ... Emotional categorical perception can also be seen as a mix of categorical and dimensional perception. Dimensional perception ... "categorical perception" (CP). He suggested that CP was unique to speech, that CP made speech special, and, in what came to be ...
... models that explains the interindividual differences in speech perception is the fuzzy logic model of speech perception ... "A link between individual differences in multisensory speech perception and eye movements". Attention, Perception, & ... Oden, G. C.; Massaro, D. W. (1978). "Integration of featural information in speech perception". Psychological Review. 85 (3): ... Gentilucci, M.; Cattaneo, L. (2005). "Automatic audiovisual integration in speech perception" Experimental Brain Research 167(1 ...
... speech perception, and the relationship between perception and production. Beddor received a B.S. from the University of ... Perception grammars and sound change. The Initiation of Sound Change: Production, Perception, and Social Factors, eds. M-J. ... Speech perception. Oxford Bibliographies Online: Linguistics, ed. M. Aronoff. http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/obo/page/ ... Beddor is focused mostly in the Fields of Phonetics, Perception- Production relations, and Sound change, and much of her ...
"Primacy of Multimodal Speech Perception". In Pisoni, David; Remez, Robert (eds.). The Handbook of Speech Perception. p. 51. ... This speech information can then be used for higher-level language processes, such as word recognition. Speech perception is ... and/or semantics may also interact with basic speech perception processes to aid in recognition of speech sounds. It may be the ... Speech perception is the process by which spoken language is heard, interpreted and understood. Research in this field seeks to ...
... refers to the study of production, transmission and perception of speech. Speech science involves anatomy, in ... Speech perception refers to the understanding of speech. The beginning of the process towards understanding speech is first ... Larynx Phonation Respiration (physiology) Speech Speech and language pathology Speech perception Vocal tract Gray's Anatomy of ... As for theories of speech perception, there are a motor and an auditory theory. The motor theory is based upon the premise that ...
She has also done extensive research on the relationship between speech perception and speech production, and on imitation. ... Fowler, C. A. (2003). Speech production and perception. In A. Healy and R. Proctor (eds.). Handbook of psychology, Vol. 4: ... Galantucci, B; Fowler, C.A.; Turvey, M.T. (2006). "The motor theory of speech perception reviewed". Psychonomic Bulletin and ... She is best known for her direct realist approach to speech perception. ...
See also Speech perception. As mentioned earlier, some researchers feel that the most effective way of teaching phonemic ... Other types of reading and writing, such as pictograms (e.g., a hazard symbol and an emoji), are not based on speech-based ... Moats, Louisa (2000). Speech to print: language essentials for teachers. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Pub. ISBN 978- ... Price, Cathy J. (August 2012). "A review and synthesis of the first 20years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken ...
Infants as young as 1 month perceive some speech sounds as speech categories (they display categorical perception of speech). ... Kuhl, P. K. (1983). "Perception of auditory equivalence classes for speech in early infancy". Infant Behavior and Development. ... Their measure, monitoring infant sucking-rate, became a major experimental method for studying infant speech perception. ... In fact, both production and perception abilities continue to develop well into the school years, with the perception of some ...
Vestibular sensitivity to ultrasonic sounds has also been hypothesized to be involved in the perception of speech presented at ... Lenhardt, M.; Skellett, R; Wang, P; Clarke, A. (1991). "Human ultrasonic speech perception". Science. 253 (5015): 82-85. ...
Psycholinguistic models of speech perception, e.g. TRACE, must be distinguished from computer speech recognition tools. The ... A simulation of speech perception involves presenting the TRACE computer program with mock speech input, running the program, ... Motor theory of speech perception (rival theory) Cohort model (rival theory) McClelland, J.L., & Elman, J.L. (1986) McClelland ... TRACE is a connectionist model of speech perception, proposed by James McClelland and Jeffrey Elman in 1986. It is based on a ...
"Perception of the Speech Code," that argued for the motor theory of speech perception. This is still among the most cited ... Perception of the speech code. (1967). Psychological Review, 74, 1967, 431-461. Studdert-Kennedy, M., & Shankweiler, D. P. ( ... Donald Shankweiler's research career has spanned a number of areas related speech perception, reading, and cognitive ... Studdert-Kennedy, M., Shankweiler, D., & Pisoni, D. (1972). Auditory and phonetic processes in speech perception: Evidence from ...
"Perception of Speech and Sound". In Jacob Benesty; M. Mohan Sondhi & Yiteng Huang (eds.). Springer Handbook of Speech ... The relative perception of pitch can be fooled, resulting in aural illusions. There are several of these, such as the tritone ... In general, pitch perception theories can be divided into place coding and temporal coding. Place theory holds that the ... In most cases, the pitch of complex sounds such as speech and musical notes corresponds very nearly to the repetition rate of ...
Speech perception researchers, Speech production researchers, All stub articles, German academic biography stubs). ... "Foreign Subtitles Improve Speech Perception". ScienceDaily. "DVDs: Film-Untertitel helfen beim Sprachenlernen". Der Spiegel (in ... No effect of orthography on the perception of conversational speech. Journal of Memory and Language, 85, 116-134. doi:10.1016/j ... Foreign subtitles help but native-language subtitles harm foreign speech perception. PLoS One, 4, A146-A150. doi:10.1371/ ...
Liberman, A. M.; Cooper, F. S.; Shankweiler, D. P.; Studdert-Kennedy, M. (1967). "Perception of the speech code". Psychological ...
The motor theory of speech perception proposed by Alvin Liberman and colleagues at the Haskins Laboratories argues that the ... ISBN 978-0-87773-642-4. Liberman AM, Cooper FS, Shankweiler DP, Studdert-Kennedy M (1967). "Perception of the speech code". ... Liberman AM, Mattingly IG (1985). "The motor theory of speech perception revised". Cognition. 21 (1): 1-36. CiteSeerX 10.1. ... Galantucci B, Fowler CA, Turvey MT (2006). "The motor theory of speech perception reviewed". Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 13 ...
Remez, R. E.; Rubin, P. E.; Pisoni, D. B.; Carrell, T. D. (1981). "Speech perception without traditional speech cues". Science ... "On the Perceptual Organization of Speech" (PDF). Yale University. Retrieved July 9, 2018. "The Handbook of Speech Perception". ... The Handbook of Speech Perception. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9780631229278. "Implications for Speech Production of a General ... He is the co-editor, with David Pisoni, of the Handbook of Speech Perception. He was the Ann Olin Whitney Professor and former ...
"Perception of Speech and Sound". In Jacob Benesty; M. Mohan Sondhi; Yiteng Huang (eds.). Springer handbook of speech processing ... When analysing speech melody, rather than musical tones, accuracy decreases. This is not surprising given that speech does not ... JND analysis is frequently occurring in both music and speech, the two being related and overlapping in the analysis of speech ... for both music and speech perception results should not be reported in Hz but either as percentages or in STs (5 Hz between 20 ...
His research on speech perception included:- Speech perception with normal and impaired hearing. The processes by which ... Summerfield has conducted research on speech perception, as well as applied research on the effectiveness and economics of ... Summerfield Q (1992). "Lipreading and audiovisual speech perception". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 335 (1273): 71-78. doi:10.1098/ ... A taxonomy of models for audio-visual fusion in speech perception.". In Campbell R, Dodd B, Burnham, D (eds.). Hearing by eye ...
... ; Aaron Nolan; Katie Drager (1 January 2006). "From fush to feesh: Exemplar priming in speech perception". The ... She has explored how speech perception and production is influenced by past experiences and current context, including ... Jennifer Hay; Katie Drager (January 2010). "Stuffed toys and speech perception". Linguistics. 48 (4). doi:10.1515/LING.2010.027 ...
Tsur, Reuven (1992). What Makes Sound Patterns Expressive?: The Poetic Mode of Speech Perception. Sound & Meaning: The Roman ...
Other examples of computational modelling are McClelland and Elman's TRACE model of speech perception and Franklin Chang's Dual ... McClelland JL, Elman JL (January 1986). "The TRACE model of speech perception". Cognitive Psychology. 18 (1): 1-86. doi:10.1016 ... Errors of speech, in particular, grant insight into how the mind produces language while a speaker is mid-utterance. Speech ... "Speech Errors and What They Reveal About Language". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 2017-05-02. Fromkin VA (1973). Speech Errors as ...
Remez, R.E.; Rubin, P.E.; Pisoni, D.B.; Carrell, T.D. (1981). "Speech perception without traditional speech cues". Science. 212 ... Sagayama, S.; Itakura, F. (1979), "複合正弦波による音声合成" [Speech Synthesis by Composite Sinusoidal Wave], Speech Committee of ... IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, IEEE ... "The interconversion of audible and visible patterns as a basis for research in the perception of speech". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ...
On the modelling of speech perception). Helsinki University of Technology, Acoustics Laboratory, Finland. ISBN 951-754-154-6 ... Synte 2 speech synthesizer and symbol table (1979) Speech Processing System SPS-01 (1979) Synte 2 speech synthesizer at the ... He is speech synthesis, speech analysis, speech technology, audio signal processing and psychoacoustics pioneer in Finland. He ... Media related to Finnish speech synthesizers at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Finnish speech analyzers at Wikimedia ...
A classic example of computational modeling in language research is McClelland and Elman's TRACE model of speech perception. A ... McClelland, J.L.; Elman, J.L. (1986). "The TRACE model of speech perception". Cognitive Psychology. 18 (1): 1-86. doi:10.1016/ ... Abrahams, V. C.; Rose, P. K. (18 July 1975). "Sentence perception as an interactive parallel process". Science. 189 (4198): 226 ... Neurolinguistics Prediction in language comprehension Psycholinguistics Reading Reading comprehension Speech perception Altmann ...
The Perception of Intonation. In David B. Pisoni & Robert E. Remez (eds.), Handbook of Speech Perception, 236-263. (Blackwell ... The use of prosodic parameters in automatic speech recognition. Computer, Speech and language. Prentice-Hall International. ... She joined the Speech Communication Group at MIT (headed by Pr. Ken Stevens), where she acquired a specialization in acoustic ... When the speech processing community moved towards black box models for recognition and synthesis, Jacqueline Vaissiere left ...
Hanson, V. L. (1977). "Within category discriminations in speech perception". Perception and Psychophysics. 21 (5): 423-430. ... majoring in psychology along with speech pathology and audiology. In graduate school at the University of Oregon, her scope ...
doi:10.1016/s0163-6383(80)80044-0. Werker, Janet; Tees, Richard C. (1984). "Cross-language speech perception: Evidence for ... underlying perceptions of speech sound) can vary even within languages. For example, speakers of Quebec French often express ... American Speech. 11 (4): 298-301. doi:10.2307/451189. JSTOR 451189. "Research paper: One sound heard as two: The perception of ... Infant speech perception and phonological acquisition. Vol. Phonological Development: Models, Research, and Implications. ...
... occurs in the dorsal speech processing stream, and speech perception occurs in the ventral speech processing ... 1987). What is the relation between speech production and speech perception? In: Allport A, MacKay D G, Prinz W G, Scheerer E, ... That links to speech repetition of words being separate in the brain to speech perception. ... Okada, K.; Hickok, G. (2006). "Left posterior auditory-related cortices participate both in speech perception and speech ...
"Perception of Pitch." Wendell Johnson Speech and Hearing Center, Iowa City. Dec. 2008. Plack et al. (ed.). Pitch : Neural ... Oxenham, Andrew J. (2018-01-04). "How We Hear: The Perception and Neural Coding of Sound". Annual Review of Psychology. 69 (1 ... This may cause problems with music and speech understanding. Treatment of diplacusis includes a full medical and audiological ... "Pitch perception beyond the traditional existence region of pitch". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the ...
This critical insight has been applied in fields like copyright, free speech regulation, Internet governance, blockchain, ... Throughout the world, these discourses of colonialism dominated peoples' perceptions and cultures. Post-colonial critics ... which is freedom of speech (especially Article 17). • The Audiovisual Media Services Directive, regulating the freedom of ...
In 1972, Robert W. Placek conducted a study that used computer-assisted instruction for rhythm perception. Placek used the ... Another peripheral was the Votrax speech synthesizer, and a "say" instruction (with "saylang" instruction to choose the ... language) was added to the Tutor programming language to support text-to-speech synthesis using the Votrax. One of CDC's ...
Errors of perception arise through misinterpretations by conceptual thought. Each item of sense perception is unique. Dignāga ... This is done by the internal application of agreement and difference, so he maintains that speech derives from inference. ... Direct perception is knowledge which excludes conceptual thought (kalpanā). This only reveals the bare features of an object ... However, he adds the proviso that this process is aided by direct perception which helps avoid fallacies. Thus, the imagined ...
In a 2019 speech, Indian Minister of External Affairs S. Jaishankar used the term in a local context, referring to the British ... Chinese Perceptions of the International Order". Pacific Focus. 25 (1): 1-33. doi:10.1111/j.1976-5118.2010.01039.x. Gries (2004 ...
As a rule, the government respects citizens' freedom of speech and of the press, although the government has sued newspapers ... "the perception that the president lacks the will to address the problem". Women have the same legal status as men. Rape and ...
The Buddhist concept of dharma has been emphasized in a number of Buddhist games as a reaction to perceptions of the adharmic ... Violent video games are protected speech, companies say. Associated Press. 19 July 2001. Columbine lawsuit against makers of ... S. J. Mortal Kombat and children's perceptions of aggressive intent. 1998. Computer Games and Australians Today Archived 25 ... Controversial Ruling Finds Video Games Not Protected Speech Archived 1 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. 2002. American ...
Western perception of China in the 18th century admired the Chinese bureaucratic system as favourable over European governments ... "direct speech and full remonstrance" (zhiyan jijian): the testing procedure required the examinees to submit 50 previously ... or Vietnamese and not mutually intelligible in speech". This shared textual tradition and common understanding of the Confucian ...
Their results demonstrate that, to be perceived by the public as a reputable policy advisor, the public's perception of their ... In 2011, during his State of the Union speech, Obama discussed his dissatisfaction of the relationships between organized ... Effect of how information is presented on perception Gibson's law - Every PhD has an equal and opposite PhD Governmental impact ...
This higher perception of fit leads to a greater likelihood of the candidate being hired. One way to think about the interview ... Vocal attractiveness, defined as an appealing mix of speech rate, loudness, pitch, and variability, has been found to be ... Though the applicant's perception of the interview process may not influence the interviewer(s) ability to distinguish between ... The Interviewer can discourage fit perceptions by how they act during an interview as well. the biggest negative behavior for ...
But this perception of steadily falling costs for LNG has been dashed in the last several years. The construction cost of ... Advocating Government Adoption of LNG Industry Standards Prospects for Development of LNG in Russia Konstantin Simonov's speech ...
From Adler's vantage point, this is a relatively ineffective perception of God because it is so general that it fails to convey ... Transition to the next stage begins with integration of thought and language which facilitates the use of symbols in speech and ... In the experimental setting, researchers have also tested compensatory control in regard to individuals' perceptions of ... internal working models of a person's attachment figure is thought to perpetuate his or her perception of God as a secure base ...
A keen perception of the right, A lasting hatred of the wrong, An arm that failed not in the fight, A spirit strong, Array'd ... Constitutional limitations and the contest for freedom of speech and the press. An address delivered before the Chicago ...
... praises his perception of natural beauty and his "generous ardour" in narrating feats of heroism. Probably the best-known ... choosing the most impressive word without regard to its part of speech. McKerracher says that McDiarmid's minister read in ...
This manner of speech was referred to as mauscheln, a German word based on the proper name Moishe. An example of this ... they ironically helped to fix the public perception of Jews as "disorderly and uncontrollable." Perhaps the only major work of ... a considerable body of critical and scholarly opinion holds that this speech, in the mouth of the Prioress, represents an ...
President Richard Nixon had speechwriter William Safire prepare a condolence speech for delivery in case Armstrong and Aldrin ... This perception was reinforced by a string of subsequent rapid-fire Soviet space achievements. In 1959, the R-7 rocket was used ...
Gableman claimed in the defense of his ad that his free speech rights were violated by the judicial conduct rule he was accused ... "Judge: Michael Gableman 'irreparably damaged the public's perception of the judicial process'". madison.com. 2022-06-15. ... "Gableman says his free speech rights were violated". New Richmond News. November 20, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2008. Davidoff ...
For example, MĀ 98 lists the four jhanas and the 'perception of light' under mindfulness of the body as well as listing six ... commentary The Nectar of Manjushri's Speech. The Tibetan canon also contains a True Dharma Application of Mindfulness Sutra ( ... Buddhaghosa states that through this practice a monk "immerses himself in voidness and eliminates the perception of living ... feeling and perception), which "seems to broaden the scope of feelings here as far as 'emotions', 'moods'." Gunaratana ...
The Speech of Pope Urban II in Clermont in 1095 C.E.: Researches and Studies or 'Khiṭab Al-Baba Urban Al-Thani Fi Clermont 1095 ... The Crusader Historian, Walim Al-Ṣuri (1186 C.E.): Arab and Western Perceptions or 'Al-Mu'arekh Al-Ṣalibi, Walim Al-Ṣuri: Bayn ... Salahuddin Ayubi, The Knight of The Crusades: Opinions and Perceptions or 'Ṣalaḥ Al-Dein Al-Ayoubi, Fares ʿAṣr Al-Ḥuroob Al- ...
... after a speech by Getty, the convention voted to refer the recommendation to a committee for months of study.: 246-7 Cabinet ... 241 This incident and others contributed to a perception that Getty's administration was willing to spend public money to ...
... direct speech and invented speeches, which led the American historian Jennifer Jay to describe parts of the Shiji as reading ... the role of individual men in affecting the historical development of China and his historical perception that a country cannot ... In modern times, Chairman Mao paraphrased this quote in a speech in which he paid tribute to a fallen PLA soldier. Sima Qian ... his skillful depiction of historical characters using details of their speech, conversations, and actions; his innovative use ...
... and journalists Norman Cousins and Bill Moyers all contributed to the speech. In the speech, Humphrey proclaimed that the ... The offensive included an invasion of the United States Embassy in Saigon, which changed the American public perception of ... During his speech at the rally, Humphrey asked Americans to base their vote on hope rather than fear. The next day, the eve of ... During his acceptance speech, Humphrey tried to unify the party, stating "the policies of tomorrow need not be limited to the ...
Stops /p t c k/ and affricate /t͡ʃ/ are unaspirated and may be pronounced weakly voiced in fast speech. /pʰː tʰː cʰː kʰː/ are ... Armosti, Spyros (11-14 June 2009). "The perception of plosive gemination in Cypriot Greek". On-line Proceedings of the 4th ... Using speech melody in communication (Prosodia tis Neas Ellinikis. I axiopoiisi tis melodias tis fonis stin epikoinonia)". ... Stability and Variability in Tonal Alignment of Rising Prenuclear Pitch Accents in Cypriot Greek". Language and Speech. 59 (4 ...
In a speech on 8 November 2000, Prime Minister Ehud Barak said: "Maintaining our sovereignty over Jerusalem and boosting its ... King Hussein and the evolution of Jordan's perception of a political settlement with Israel, 1967-1988, Sussex Academic Press, ... Regev, Eyal (2010). "Herod's Jewish Ideology Facing Romanization: On Intermarriage, Ritual Baths, and Speeches". The Jewish ...
... and Swedish Perception of Charismatic Speech". Speech Prosody. J. Hirschberg; S. Benus; J. M. Brenier; F. Enos; S. Friedman; S ... on speech summarization; prosody translation, hedging behavior in text and speech, text-to-speech synthesis, and speech search ... International Speech Communication Association (ISCA) Medal for Scientific Achievement, 2011. IEEE James L. Flanagan Speech and ... Julia Hirschberg; Diane Litman; Marc Swerts (2004). "Prosodic and Other Cues to Speech Recognition Failures". Speech ...
Mevani gave a speech at the meeting where he stated that the government was sparing no effort to disrupt the march and that "[t ... The BJP campaign created a perception among upper castes that the Dalit leader Mevani would conduct witch-hunts against them. ... Mevani gave a speech during the assembly and was received with a wave of approval from the participants. The assembly invited a ... His speeches drew massive crowds which was credited to his understanding of Dalit issues combined with oratorical skill. He ...
They are meaningful because they are based on the perceptions of the senses. In other words, the truth or falsity of those ... and a stress on the importance of distinguishing formal and material modes of speech. From 1922 to 1925, Carnap worked on a ... the world outside the realm of human perception. According to Carnap, philosophical propositions are statements about the ...
Southern delegates made speeches calling for only white women to have the vote. Catt's reply: "We are all of us apt to be ... which shifted the public's perception in favor of the suffragists who were now perceived as patriotic. The suffrage movement ... In the 1890s, when she was active in NAWSA but before becoming president, Catt made public speeches that referred to the " ... Later, Catt noted that the votes of illiterate men in the South were "purchasable". In the same speeches, Catt blamed, ...
Nkosi finished his speech with the words: Care for us and accept us - we are all human beings. We are normal. We have hands. We ... was a South African child with HIV and AIDS who greatly influenced public perceptions of the pandemic and its effects before ... Nkosi's Speech Archived 22 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine at Nkosi's Haven Archived 10 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. ...
"The Public Perception of 'Cults' and 'New Religious Movements'." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 45 (1): 97-106 ... Ahrens, Frank (23 May 2002). "Moon Speech Raises Old Ghosts as the Times Turns 20". The Washington Post. Retrieved 16 August ... freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of assembly. However, no members of religious groups or cults are granted ... and this view sometimes includes negative perceptions of related mainstream denominations, because of their perceived links to ...
I lead the SAP Research Group (Speech Acquisition and Perception) at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra. ...
How musical training affects older adults speech perception in a noisy environment. ...
doi:10.1159/000208934 Ghitza, O. (2011). "Linking speech perception and neurophysiology: speech decoding guided by cascaded ... "On the possible role of brain rhythms in speech perception: Intelligibility of time compressed speech with periodic and ... We suggest that current models of speech perception, which are driven by acoustic features alone, are incomplete, and that the ... where he studies the role of brain rhythms in speech perception.. This post was replicated from another sites calendar feed. ...
How is it that we are aware of our own speech relative to others? We take our capability for language perception and production ... further insight into how the young and aging brain interprets self-generated speech verses passively heard speech could be ... Monitoring of speech efficiency is important to the aging population because communication is key to the safety, well-being and ... The purpose of this research project was to determine whether difficulty perceiving self-generated speech in the older ...
I examined how these different parts of the STG respond to clear versus noisy speech. I found that noisy speech decreased the ... it is still not clear how the brain processes visual information from mouth movements to improve speech perception. To clarify ... seeing mouth movements greatly improves speech perception. Although behavioral studies have well established this perceptual ... which makes it a key region for audiovisual speech perception. ... Second, I studied responses to silent speech in the visual ...
Molfese, Finn, Huber, Nielson, Jangraw, Bandettini, & Molfese (2019). Impact of Sleep Restriction & Simulated Weightlessness on Speech Perception.
In this paper, we argue that the perception of speech sounds by humans suggests that the definition of timbre would be more ... In this paper, we argue that the perception of speech sounds by humans suggests that the definition of timbre would be more ... In this paper, we argue that the perception of speech sounds by humans suggests that the definition of timbre would be more ... In this paper, we argue that the perception of speech sounds by humans suggests that the definition of timbre would be more ...
3 results for TESL, language and literacy, speech perception/production, teacher training ...
... test map for speech perception displays voxels that are reported more often in articles that include the term speech perception ... Voxels with large z-scores are reported more often in studies whose abstracts use the term speech perception than one would ... This page displays information for an automated Neurosynth meta-analysis of the term speech perception. The meta-analysis was ... association test maps are, roughly, maps displaying brain regions that are preferentially related to the term speech perception ...
Data for: Dunning-Kruger Effect in Second Language Speech Learning: How Does Self Perception Align with Other Perception Over ...
Relationship between speech perception in noise and phonological awareness skills for children with normal hearing. ... Dive into the research topics of Relationship between speech perception in noise and phonological awareness skills for ...
PRAETZEL, Juliana Rodrigues et al. Maternal perception of dental, speech and hearing care during pregnancy. RGO, Rev. gaúch. ... There should be a focus on teeth, speech and hearing so as to provide a holistic care for the mother-child dyad. ... speech and hearing care. METHODS: A questionnaire was administered to 75 pregnant women with questions related to mother and ...
Perceptions of the Emperors speech. M.G. Sheftall. Outside of Emperor Hirohito, a small circle of influential political and ... Japanese citizens listen to the Emperors surrender speech outside the Imperial Palace. (World War II Database, Peter Chen) ... Japanese POWs in Guam after hearing the Emperors surrender speech. (World War II Database, Peter Chen) ...
... . Psicol. pesq. [online]. 2020, vol. ... Keywords : Categorization; Speech development; Aging; Psychophysics. · abstract in Portuguese , Spanish · text in Portuguese · ... presents a methodological study of an experimental procedure with two tasks of categorical auditory processing for speech. In ...
Reproducibility of Brain Responses: High for Speech Perception, Low for Reading Difficulties. 11 June 2019 ... Merigan, W. H., Byrne, C. E. & Maunsell, J. H. Does primate motion perception depend on the magnocellular pathway?. J. Neurosci ... Tallal, P., Miller, S. & Fitch, R. H. Neurobiological basis of speech: a case for the preeminence of temporal processing. Ann. ... Tallal, P. Auditory temporal perception, phonics, and reading disabilities in children. Brain Lang. 9, 182-198 (1980). ...
Goal: Understanding the dynamics of the neural computations underlying speech perception, especially integration of face and ...
Sohoglu, Ediz (2019) Auditory neuroscience: sounding out the brain basis of speech perception. Current Biology, 29 (12). R582- ... New research suggests that previous findings of a language-specific code in cortical responses to speech can be explained ...
UCSF Researchers Explore Non-Native Speech Perception. Andrew Warner - September 2, 2021. ...
Casual Inference During Multisensory Speech Perception. Top. John Magnotti. Best Open Mic. Yasmin Lyons. University of Texas MD ...
Rapid improvement in speech, perception and pain, 3 yrs. after stroke. Posted on November 14, 2018. November 27, 2018. by INR ... This entry was posted in Blog Posts, Brain Research, INR News, Uncategorized and tagged semi-neglect, apraxia of speech, ...
Effects of speech rate on the sentence perception of adults with cochlear implantation. J Korean Soc Speech Sci 2006;13:47-58. ... Keywords: Auditory perception; Older speech perception; Time alteration; Selective word stress; Length of spoken words ... higher improvement in speech perception at selective word stress condition even at a slightly faster speed of speech (i.e., 20 ... Speech Perception in Older Listeners with Normal Hearing:Conditions of Time Alteration, Selective Word Stress, and Length of ...
Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception. Third Edition. Thomas J. Hixon, Gary Weismer, ... Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Perception. Third Edition. Thomas J. Hixon. Gary Weismer. ... He has worked as an Assistant Professor of Audiology at Purdue University and an Associate Professor in Speech and Hearing ...
Temporal processing and speech perception through multi-channel and channel-free hearing aids in hearing impaired. / Mohan, ... Temporal processing and speech perception through multi-channel and channel-free hearing aids in hearing impaired. In: ... Temporal processing and speech perception through multi-channel and channel-free hearing aids in hearing impaired. ... Temporal processing and speech perception through multi-channel and channel-free hearing aids in hearing impaired. ...
The role of temporal structure in the investigation of sensory memory, auditory scene analysis, and speech perception: A ... The role of temporal structure in the investigation of sensory memory, auditory scene analysis, and speech perception: A ... The role of temporal structure in the investigation of sensory memory, auditory scene analysis, and speech perception : A ... title = "The role of temporal structure in the investigation of sensory memory, auditory scene analysis, and speech perception ...
Watch: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnsons 1965 Speech Shows One-Sided Perception of American Intervention in DR. 5 years ago. ... In the below speech, President Johnson states the reasoning behind it.. During most of the speech, he claims that the main ... Watch: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnsons 1965 Speech Shows One-Sided Perception of American Intervention in DR. ... The speech where Johnson touts how the troops were aiding the locals stands in stark contrast with images that continue to be ...
Home » Publications » The Effect of Partial Time-Frequency Masking of the Direct Sound on the Perception of Reverberant Speech ... The Effect of Partial Time-Frequency Masking of the Direct Sound on the Perception of Reverberant Speech. ... Journal: IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, 29, 2037-2047 ...
The goal of speech perception is understanding a speakers message. To achieve this, listeners must recognize the words that ... Mitterer, H., & Cutler, A. (2006). Speech perception. In K. Brown (. Ed.. ), Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (vol. 11) ... Particular attention is paid to theories of speech perception and word recognition. ... Cutler, A. (1995). The perception of rhythm in spoken and written language. In J. Mehler, & S. Franck (. Eds.. ), Cognition on ...
Speech rate is known to modulate perception of temporally ambiguous speech sounds. For instance, a vowel may be perceived as ... own fast or slow speech. No evidence was found that ones own voice affected perception of talker A in larger speech contexts. ... rate speech from talker A and to slow speech from talker B. Another high-rate group was exposed to the same neutral speech from ... Whether Long-Term Tracking of Speech Rate Affects Perception Depends on Who is Talking. Merel Maslowski, Antje S. Meyer, Hans ...
Speech perception; characterization of normal speech production; and disorders of speech production, such as neurogenic speech ... speech and language. The descriptions below of the research foci of NIDCD are provided to guide potential applicants in ... speech, and language. HEALTHY PEOPLE 2000 The Public Health Service (PHS) is committed to achieving the health promotion and ... and perception of complex auditory signals; and rehabilitation devices, including but not limited to, cochlear prostheses and ...
  • On the other hand, posterior parts of the STG are known to be multisensory, responding to both auditory and visual stimuli, which makes it a key region for audiovisual speech perception. (tmc.edu)
  • Repeated testing of his hearing and speech perception with the cochlear implant showed no deterioration. (cdc.gov)
  • First, I studied responses to noisy speech in the auditory cortex, specifically in the superior temporal gyrus (STG). (tmc.edu)
  • Understanding the dynamics of the neural computations underlying speech perception, especially integration of face and voice, within superior temporal cortex at the mesoscale. (nih.gov)
  • The analysis of speech in different temporal integration windows: cerebral lateralization as “asymmetric sampling in time. (crossref.org)
  • The degradation of speech comprehension is one of the characteristics of older listeners (i.e., adults 65 years of age or older), indicating poor temporal and frequency resolutions, especially for complex speech sounds. (ejao.org)
  • Objective: To compare the temporal processing skills and speech in noise perception of hearing-impaired individuals through channel free and multichannel hearing aids. (manipal.edu)
  • They were subjected to a series of temporal processing (TMTF, GDT & CMR-UCM/CM) and speech in noise test using a multichannel and channel-free hearing aid. (manipal.edu)
  • Here we review current research on auditory perception in aging individuals in order to gain insights into the challenges of listening under noisy conditions.Informationally rich temporal structure in auditory signals - over a range of time scales from milliseconds to seconds - renders temporal processing central to perception in the auditory domain. (elsevier.com)
  • We discuss the role of temporal structure in auditory processing, in particular from a perspective relevant for hearing in background noise, and focusing on sensory memory, auditory scene analysis, and speech perception.Interestingly, these auditory processes, usually studied in an independent manner, show considerable overlap of processing time scales, even though each has its own 'privileged' temporal regimes. (elsevier.com)
  • From 1985 to early 2003 he was with the Acoustics and Speech Research Department, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey, where his research was aimed at developing models of hearing and at creating perception based signal analysis methods for speech recognition, coding and evaluation. (jhu.edu)
  • From early 2003 to early 2011 he was with Sensimetrics Corp., Malden, Massachusetts, where he continued to model basic knowledge of auditory physiology and of perception for the purpose of advancing speech, audio and hearing-aid technology. (jhu.edu)
  • Since mid 2006 he is with the Hearing Research Center and with the Center for Biodynamics at Boston University, where he studies the role of brain rhythms in speech perception. (jhu.edu)
  • Hearing the voice is usually sufficient to understand speech, however in noisy environments or when audition is impaired due to aging or disabilities, seeing mouth movements greatly improves speech perception. (tmc.edu)
  • The objective of this study is to investigate how pregnant women seen at the Prenatal Obstetric Clinic of the University Hospital in Santa Maria perceive dental, speech and hearing care. (bvsalud.org)
  • There should be a focus on teeth, speech and hearing so as to provide a holistic care for the mother-child dyad. (bvsalud.org)
  • Japanese POWs in Guam after hearing the Emperor's surrender speech. (endofempire.asia)
  • He has worked as an Assistant Professor of Audiology at Purdue University and an Associate Professor in Speech and Hearing Sciences and an adjunct Associate Professor in the Department of Otolaryngology at the University of New Mexico. (pluralpublishing.com)
  • The goals of this program are to aid the research of new minority investigators and to encourage minority individuals from a variety of academic disciplines and programs to conduct research in hearing, balance, smell, taste, voice, speech, and language. (nih.gov)
  • The research supported by NIDCD encompasses the basic or fundamental sciences and the clinical or applied sciences subserving hearing, balance, smell, taste, voice, speech and language. (nih.gov)
  • Children who have persistent middle ear effusions often have hearing loss and associated speech delay and may be classified as mentally challenged. (medscape.com)
  • The goal of early detection of new hearing loss is to maximize perception of speech and the resulting attainment of linguistic‐based skills. (cdc.gov)
  • abstract = "The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the definition of timbre as it pertains to the vowels of speech. (edu.au)
  • Outpatient rehabilitation uses treatments like physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy and exercise physiology to help you more confidently perform daily tasks, improve your mobility and strengthen your body. (healthpartners.com)
  • Nested neuronal oscillations in the theta, beta and gamma frequency bands are argued to be crucial for speech intelligibility. (jhu.edu)
  • A model (Tempo) is presented which seems capable of emulating recent psychophysical data on the intelligibility of speech sentences as a function of syllabic rate (Ghitza & Greenberg, 2009). (jhu.edu)
  • The data show that intelligibility of speech that is time-compressed by a factor of 3 (i.e., a high syllabic rate) is poor (above 50% word error rate), but is substantially restored when silence gaps are inserted in between successive 40- ms long compressed-signal intervals - a counterintuitive finding, difficult to explain using classical models of speech perception, but emerging naturally from the Tempo architecture. (jhu.edu)
  • On the possible role of brain rhythms in speech perception: Intelligibility of time compressed speech with periodic and aperiodic insertions of silence. (jhu.edu)
  • Speech intelligibility is targeted in speech rehabilitation, but alternative communication is sometimes recommended for patients who have under- gone total glosso-laryngectomy. (who.int)
  • New research suggests that previous findings of a language-specific code in cortical responses to speech can be explained solely by simple acoustic features. (sussex.ac.uk)
  • 7) Less favorable listening conditions (e.g., less semantic context, the absence of prosodic and syntactic information, increasing the difficulty of lexical selection, and the use of multiple or unfamiliar talkers) and deficits in working memory capacity and inhibitory control are enough to cause age-related differences in speech perception, which may result from declines in both general cognitive abilities and specialized perceptual mechanisms used for speech communication. (ejao.org)
  • These results carry implications for our understanding of the mechanisms involved in rate-dependent speech perception and of dialogue. (isca-speech.org)
  • These results suggest that the neurocortical mechanisms associated with categorical perception for voicing information may be similar across human and nonhuman primates. (nih.gov)
  • I examined how these different parts of the STG respond to clear versus noisy speech. (tmc.edu)
  • I found that noisy speech decreased the amplitude and increased the across-trial variability of the response in the anterior STG. (tmc.edu)
  • However, possibly due to its multisensory composition, posterior STG was not as sensitive to auditory noise as the anterior STG and responded similarly to clear and noisy speech. (tmc.edu)
  • Previous studies demonstrated that visual cortex shows response enhancement when the auditory component of speech is noisy or absent, however it was not clear which regions of the visual cortex specifically show this response enhancement and whether this response enhancement is a result of top-down modulation from a higher region. (tmc.edu)
  • 1) In a noisy environment, 2) reverberation listening condition, 3) or fast speaking rates, 4) speech perception ability among those who are older is much worse than for younger listeners. (ejao.org)
  • This article presents a methodological study of an experimental procedure with two tasks of categorical auditory processing for speech. (bvsalud.org)
  • Categorical perception for voicing contrasts in normal and lead-treated rhesus monkeys: electrophysiological indices. (nih.gov)
  • Categorical perception of voicing contrasts was evaluated in rhesus monkeys. (nih.gov)
  • Although behavioral studies have well established this perceptual benefit, it is still not clear how the brain processes visual information from mouth movements to improve speech perception. (tmc.edu)
  • To improve their perceptual skills, the goal of this study was to investigate the effects of time alteration, selective word stress, and varying sentence lengths on the speech perception of older listeners. (ejao.org)
  • What does visual agnosia tell us about perceptual organization and its relationship to object perception? (nih.gov)
  • The speech where Johnson touts how the troops were aiding the locals stands in stark contrast with images that continue to be shared on social media today, where signs reading "Fuera Yankee" and the people's direct opposition of U.S. intervention was made very clear. (lagaleriamag.com)
  • Second, I studied responses to silent speech in the visual cortex. (tmc.edu)
  • To test this, I first mapped the receptive fields of different regions in the visual cortex and then measured their responses to visual (silent) and audiovisual speech stimuli. (tmc.edu)
  • Speech is inherently multisensory, containing auditory information from the voice and visual information from the mouth movements of the talker. (tmc.edu)
  • Here, talker B's speech was replaced by playback of participants' own fast or slow speech. (isca-speech.org)
  • No evidence was found that one's own voice affected perception of talker A in larger speech contexts. (isca-speech.org)
  • Fortunately, several lines of research suggest that older listeners can overcome some speech perception difficulties by deploying compensatory central processing. (ejao.org)
  • Our speech language pathologists will work with you to create a personalized treatment plan. (healthpartners.com)
  • The response rate was 16% for the surgeons and 33% for the speech-language pathologists. (who.int)
  • Results showed that only a small number of surgeons and speech-language pathologists in South Africa are involved in the treatment of persons with advanced tongue cancer. (who.int)
  • Patients with total glossectomy form only a small part of the caseload of speech-language pathologists. (who.int)
  • 4 Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Research Institute of Audiology and Speech Pathology, College of Natural Sciences, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea. (ejao.org)
  • The purpose of this research project was to determine whether difficulty perceiving self-generated speech in the older population is related to misinterpreting motor commands or is related to a lack of auditory integration used to generate speech. (uwaterloo.ca)
  • The article summarizes research on the perception of phonemic distinctions, on how listeners cope with the continuity and variability of speech signals, and on how phonemic information is mapped onto the representations of words. (mpi.nl)
  • Speech is an inherently rhythmic phenomenon in which the acoustic signal is transmitted in syllabic "packets" and temporally structured so that most of the energy fluctuations occur in the range between 3 and 10 Hz. (jhu.edu)
  • Very little is known about the surgical management and speech and swallowing rehabilitation of persons with advanced tongue cancer in South Africa. (who.int)
  • Based on future research, those individuals affected could then be offered rehabilitation aimed at strengthening motor muscles involved in their speech or receive assistance to develop their ability to detect auditory cues. (uwaterloo.ca)
  • rehabilitation services include outpatient physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, spinal cord injury rehabilitation, rehabilitation for brain injuries and strokes, and so many more. (healthpartners.com)
  • Deficits of the aging auditory system negatively affect older listeners in terms of speech communication, resulting in limitations to their social lives. (ejao.org)
  • This pattern of results suggests that a combination of time compression and selective word stress is more effective for understanding speech in older listeners than using the time-expanded condition only. (ejao.org)
  • 5) Although there is strong evidence for the importance of peripheral audibility in explaining the poor speech perception of older listeners, 6) many contemporary researchers argue that age-related central auditory declines largely affect speech perception in this population. (ejao.org)
  • That is, older listeners show much poorer speech perception than their younger adult counterparts even in similar absolute sensitivity. (ejao.org)
  • Speech Perception Task: Subjects were presented with audiovisual speech that was presented in a predominantly auditory or predominantly visual modality. (nih.gov)
  • Linking speech perception and neurophysiology: speech decoding guided by cascaded oscillators locked to the input rhythm. (jhu.edu)
  • The perception of rhythm in spoken and written language. (mpi.nl)
  • Linguistic rhythm and speech segmentation. (mpi.nl)
  • Yet, effects of long-term tracking of speech rate are largely unexplored. (isca-speech.org)
  • With a small sample size of older adults assessed in the study, the findings suggested that older adults perceive the onset of speech differently than younger people. (uwaterloo.ca)
  • In this paper, we argue that the perception of speech sounds by humans suggests that the definition of timbre would be more useful if it grouped the size variables together and separated the pair of them from the remaining properties of these sounds. (edu.au)
  • At UCL and under the supervision of Outi Tuomainen and Valerie Hazan, my master's thesis was based on using experience sampling methodology to explore how non-native English speakers experienced listening effort during ecological speech-in-noise situations. (nih.gov)
  • We suggest that current models of speech perception, which are driven by acoustic features alone, are incomplete, and that the role of decoding time during memory access must be incorporated to account for the patterns of observed recognition phenomena. (jhu.edu)
  • We take our capability for language perception and production for granted each day while we communicate with those around us, sing melodies to songs, and think to ourselves. (uwaterloo.ca)
  • Data for: Dunning-Kruger Effect in Second Language Speech Learning: How Does Self Perception Align with Other Perception Over Time? (mendeley.com)
  • Speech, language and communication (pp. 97-136). (mpi.nl)
  • Music, language, speech and brain (pp. 157-166). (mpi.nl)
  • Experiment 2 tested whether one's own speech rate also contributes to effects of long-term tracking of rate. (isca-speech.org)
  • By measuring the participant's sensitivity to these changes, which alter the perceived ownership of heard speech, further insight into how the young and aging brain interprets self-generated speech verses passively heard speech could be attained. (uwaterloo.ca)
  • In brief, the uniformity test map displays brain regions that are consistently active in studies that load highly on the term speech perception. (neurosynth.org)
  • Voxels with large z-scores are reported more often in studies whose abstracts use the term speech perception than one would expect them to be if activation everywhere in the brain was equally likely. (neurosynth.org)
  • association test maps are, roughly, maps displaying brain regions that are preferentially related to the term speech perception. (neurosynth.org)
  • Particular attention is paid to theories of speech perception and word recognition. (mpi.nl)
  • The chapter also explains the phenomenon of interaction between various stages of word production and the process of speech recognition. (mpi.nl)
  • The recognition of lexical units in speech. (mpi.nl)
  • Occupational and speech therapists' perceptions of their role in dental care for children with autism spectrum disorder: A qualitative exploration. (bvsalud.org)
  • Occupational therapists (OTs) and speech therapists (STs) are likely to be involved earlier in managing communication , behavioural and sensory processing issues. (bvsalud.org)
  • I lead the SAP Research Group ( Speech Acquisition and Perception ) at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra . (upf.edu)
  • Monitoring of speech efficiency is important to the aging population because communication is key to the safety, well-being and life satisfaction of these individuals. (uwaterloo.ca)
  • This page displays information for an automated Neurosynth meta-analysis of the term speech perception. (neurosynth.org)
  • The association test map for speech perception displays voxels that are reported more often in articles that include the term speech perception in their abstracts than articles that do not. (neurosynth.org)
  • Cite as: Maslowski, M., Meyer, A.S., Bosker, H.R. (2017) Whether Long-Term Tracking of Speech Rate Affects Perception Depends on Who is Talking. (isca-speech.org)
  • inproceedings{maslowski17_interspeech, author={Merel Maslowski and Antje S. Meyer and Hans Rutger Bosker}, title={{Whether Long-Term Tracking of Speech Rate Affects Perception Depends on Who is Talking}}, year=2017, booktitle={Proc. (isca-speech.org)
  • Meringer was the first to note the linguistic significance of speech errors, and his interpretations have stood the test of time. (mpi.nl)
  • European studies in phonetics and speech communication (pp. 66-71). (mpi.nl)
  • Speech rate is known to modulate perception of temporally ambiguous speech sounds. (isca-speech.org)
  • Enhancing the salience of free speech rights increases differential perceived free speech protections for criminal acts against Black versus White targets. (nih.gov)
  • The May 2, 1965 speech arguably bears resemblance to the fearmongering happening today, where U.S. leaders speak on issues in other countries, while ignoring the U.S.'role in destabilizing the country in the first place . (lagaleriamag.com)
  • These findings confirm that age-related changes in speech perception result from a combination of peripheral and central auditory factors. (ejao.org)
  • As time compression increased, sentence perception scores decreased statistically. (ejao.org)
  • For instance, a vowel may be perceived as short when the immediate speech context is slow, but as long when the context is fast. (isca-speech.org)
  • Older adults report having difficulty in perceiving speech, such as understanding what they are saying themselves or understanding others around them. (uwaterloo.ca)
  • Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. (nih.gov)
  • During most of the speech, he claims that the main reason was protecting locals, and others residing in the Dominican Republic, and seeking to restore calm. (lagaleriamag.com)
  • During 1984-1985 he was a Bantrell post-doctoral fellow at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a consultant with the Speech Systems Technology Group at Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts. (jhu.edu)