Speech Perception
Cochlear Implants
Phonetics
Speech Discrimination Tests
Cochlear Implantation
Speech Production Measurement
Audiometry, Speech
Speech Disorders
Speech Reception Threshold Test
Perception
Auditory Perception
Speech Therapy
Sound Spectrography
Lipreading
Hearing Aids
Language Development
Persons With Hearing Impairments
Psychoacoustics
Hearing
Pitch Perception
Perceptual Masking
Visual Perception
Voice
Auditory Cortex
Linguistics
Speech Articulation Tests
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Vocabulary
Psycholinguistics
Hearing Loss
Evoked Potentials, Auditory
Audiometry, Pure-Tone
Acoustics
Hearing Loss, Central
Audiometry
Child Language
Voice Quality
Comprehension
Language Tests
Speech Recognition Software
Cues
Auditory Pathways
Diagnostic Techniques, Otological
Multilingualism
Auditory Perceptual Disorders
Hearing Disorders
Aphasia, Broca
Pattern Recognition, Physiological
Language Development Disorders
Functional Laterality
Phonation
Dyslexia
Recognition (Psychology)
Brain Mapping
Social Perception
Dysarthria
Bionics
Speech, Esophageal
Temporal Lobe
Loudness Perception
Cochlear Nerve
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Critical Period (Psychology)
Photic Stimulation
Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
Magnetoencephalography
Aphasia
Stuttering
Speech, Alaryngeal
Articulation Disorders
Analysis of Variance
Signal Detection, Psychological
Auditory Brain Stem Implants
Apraxias
Communication Aids for Disabled
Learning
Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem
Attention
Electroencephalography
Sound
Frontal Lobe
Neurobiology
Child Development
Brain
Psychomotor Performance
Touch Perception
Neuropsychological Tests
Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
Taste Perception
Cerebral Cortex
Speech-Language Pathology
Language Disorders
Age Factors
Questionnaires
Evoked Potentials
Color Perception
Olfactory Perception
Parietal Lobe
Voice Disorders
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Attitude of Health Personnel
Velopharyngeal Insufficiency
Motor Cortex
Language processing is strongly left lateralized in both sexes. Evidence from functional MRI. (1/2052)
Functional MRI (fMRI) was used to examine gender effects on brain activation during a language comprehension task. A large number of subjects (50 women and 50 men) was studied to maximize the statistical power to detect subtle differences between the sexes. To estimate the specificity of findings related to sex differences, parallel analyses were performed on two groups of randomly assigned subjects. Men and women showed very similar, strongly left lateralized activation patterns. Voxel-wise tests for group differences in overall activation patterns demonstrated no significant differences between women and men. In further analyses, group differences were examined by region of interest and by hemisphere. No differences were found between the sexes in lateralization of activity in any region of interest or in intrahemispheric cortical activation patterns. These data argue against substantive differences between men and women in the large-scale neural organization of language processes. (+info)Effects of talker, rate, and amplitude variation on recognition memory for spoken words. (2/2052)
This study investigated the encoding of the surface form of spoken words using a continuous recognition memory task. The purpose was to compare and contrast three sources of stimulus variability--talker, speaking rate, and overall amplitude--to determine the extent to which each source of variability is retained in episodic memory. In Experiment 1, listeners judged whether each word in a list of spoken words was "old" (had occurred previously in the list) or "new." Listeners were more accurate at recognizing a word as old if it was repeated by the same talker and at the same speaking rate; however, there was no recognition advantage for words repeated at the same overall amplitude. In Experiment 2, listeners were first asked to judge whether each word was old or new, as before, and then they had to explicitly judge whether it was repeated by the same talker, at the same rate, or at the same amplitude. On the first task, listeners again showed an advantage in recognition memory for words repeated by the same talker and at same speaking rate, but no advantage occurred for the amplitude condition. However, in all three conditions, listeners were able to explicitly detect whether an old word was repeated by the same talker, at the same rate, or at the same amplitude. These data suggest that although information about all three properties of spoken words is encoded and retained in memory, each source of stimulus variation differs in the extent to which it affects episodic memory for spoken words. (+info)Infants' learning about words and sounds in relation to objects. (3/2052)
In acquiring language, babies learn not only that people can communicate about objects and events, but also that they typically use a particular kind of act as the communicative signal. The current studies asked whether 1-year-olds' learning of names during joint attention is guided by the expectation that names will be in the form of spoken words. In the first study, 13-month-olds were introduced to either a novel word or a novel sound-producing action (using a small noisemaker). Both the word and the sound were produced by a researcher as she showed the baby a new toy during a joint attention episode. The baby's memory for the link between the word or sound and the object was tested in a multiple choice procedure. Thirteen-month-olds learned both the word-object and sound-object correspondences, as evidenced by their choosing the target reliably in response to hearing the word or sound on test trials, but not on control trials when no word or sound was present. In the second study, 13-month-olds, but not 20-month-olds, learned a new sound-object correspondence. These results indicate that infants initially accept a broad range of signals in communicative contexts and narrow the range with development. (+info)Isolating the contributions of familiarity and source information to item recognition: a time course analysis. (4/2052)
Recognition memory may be mediated by the retrieval of distinct types of information, notably, a general assessment of familiarity and the recovery of specific source information. A response-signal speed-accuracy trade-off variant of an exclusion procedure was used to isolate the retrieval time course for familiarity and source information. In 2 experiments, participants studied spoken and read lists (with various numbers of presentations) and then performed an exclusion task, judging an item as old only if it was in the heard list. Dual-process fits of the time course data indicated that familiarity information typically is retrieved before source information. The implications that these data have for models of recognition, including dual-process and global memory models, are discussed. (+info)PET imaging of cochlear-implant and normal-hearing subjects listening to speech and nonspeech. (5/2052)
Functional neuroimaging with positron emission tomography (PET) was used to compare the brain activation patterns of normal-hearing (NH) with postlingually deaf, cochlear-implant (CI) subjects listening to speech and nonspeech signals. The speech stimuli were derived from test batteries for assessing speech-perception performance of hearing-impaired subjects with different sensory aids. Subjects were scanned while passively listening to monaural (right ear) stimuli in five conditions: Silent Baseline, Word, Sentence, Time-reversed Sentence, and Multitalker Babble. Both groups showed bilateral activation in superior and middle temporal gyri to speech and backward speech. However, group differences were observed in the Sentence compared to Silence condition. CI subjects showed more activated foci in right temporal regions, where lateralized mechanisms for prosodic (pitch) processing have been well established; NH subjects showed a focus in the left inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann's area 47), where semantic processing has been implicated. Multitalker Babble activated auditory temporal regions in the CI group only. Whereas NH listeners probably habituated to this multitalker babble, the CI listeners may be using a perceptual strategy that emphasizes 'coarse' coding to perceive this stimulus globally as speechlike. The group differences provide the first neuroimaging evidence suggesting that postlingually deaf CI and NH subjects may engage differing perceptual processing strategies under certain speech conditions. (+info)Regulation of parkinsonian speech volume: the effect of interlocuter distance. (6/2052)
This study examined the automatic regulation of speech volume over distance in hypophonic patients with Parkinson's disease and age and sex matched controls. There were two speech settings; conversation, and the recitation of sequential material (for example, counting). The perception of interlocuter speech volume by patients with Parkinson's disease and controls over varying distances was also examined, and found to be slightly discrepant. For speech production, it was found that controls significantly increased overall speech volume for conversation relative to that for sequential material. Patients with Parkinson's disease were unable to achieve this overall increase for conversation, and consistently spoke at a softer volume than controls at all distances (intercept reduction). However, patients were still able to increase volume for greater distances in a similar way to controls for conversation and sequential material, thus showing a normal pattern of volume regulation (slope similarity). It is suggested that speech volume regulation is intact in Parkinson's disease, but rather the gain is reduced. These findings are reminiscent of skeletal motor control studies in Parkinson's disease, in which the amplitude of movement is diminished but the relation with another factor is preserved (stride length increases as cadence-that is, stepping rate, increases). (+info)Specialization of left auditory cortex for speech perception in man depends on temporal coding. (7/2052)
Speech perception requires cortical mechanisms capable of analysing and encoding successive spectral (frequency) changes in the acoustic signal. To study temporal speech processing in the human auditory cortex, we recorded intracerebral evoked potentials to syllables in right and left human auditory cortices including Heschl's gyrus (HG), planum temporale (PT) and the posterior part of superior temporal gyrus (area 22). Natural voiced /ba/, /da/, /ga/) and voiceless (/pa/, /ta/, /ka/) syllables, spoken by a native French speaker, were used to study the processing of a specific temporally based acoustico-phonetic feature, the voice onset time (VOT). This acoustic feature is present in nearly all languages, and it is the VOT that provides the basis for the perceptual distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants. The present results show a lateralized processing of acoustic elements of syllables. First, processing of voiced and voiceless syllables is distinct in the left, but not in the right HG and PT. Second, only the evoked potentials in the left HG, and to a lesser extent in PT, reflect a sequential processing of the different components of the syllables. Third, we show that this acoustic temporal processing is not limited to speech sounds but applies also to non-verbal sounds mimicking the temporal structure of the syllable. Fourth, there was no difference between responses to voiced and voiceless syllables in either left or right areas 22. Our data suggest that a single mechanism in the auditory cortex, involved in general (not only speech-specific) temporal processing, may underlie the further processing of verbal (and non-verbal) stimuli. This coding, bilaterally localized in auditory cortex in animals, takes place specifically in the left HG in man. A defect of this mechanism could account for hearing discrimination impairments associated with language disorders. (+info)Cochlear implantations in Northern Ireland: an overview of the first five years. (8/2052)
During the last few years cochlear implantation (CI) has made remarkable progress, developing from a mere research tool to a viable clinical application. The Centre for CI in the Northern Ireland was established in 1992 and has since been a provider of this new technology for rehabilitation of profoundly deaf patients in the region. Although individual performance with a cochlear implant cannot be predicted accurately, the overall success of CI can no longer be denied. Seventy one patients, 37 adults and 34 children, have received implants over the first five years of the Northern Ireland cochlear implant programme, which is located at the Belfast City Hospital. The complication rates and the post-implantation outcome of this centre compare favourably with other major centres which undertake the procedure. This paper aims to highlight the patient selection criteria, surgery, post-CI outcome, clinical and research developments within our centre, and future prospects of this recent modality of treatment. (+info)1. Articulation Disorders: Difficulty articulating sounds or words due to poor pronunciation, misplaced sounds, or distortion of sounds.
2. Stuttering: A disorder characterized by the repetition or prolongation of sounds, syllables, or words, as well as the interruption or blocking of speech.
3. Voice Disorders: Abnormalities in voice quality, pitch, or volume due to overuse, misuse, or structural changes in the vocal cords.
4. Language Disorders: Difficulty with understanding, using, or interpreting spoken language, including grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure.
5. Apraxia of Speech: A neurological disorder that affects the ability to plan and execute voluntary movements of the articulatory organs for speech production.
6. Dysarthria: A condition characterized by slurred or distorted speech due to weakness, paralysis, or incoordination of the articulatory muscles.
7. Cerebral Palsy: A group of disorders that affect movement, balance, and posture, often including speech and language difficulties.
8. Aphasia: A condition that results from brain damage and affects an individual's ability to understand, speak, read, and write language.
9. Dyslexia: A learning disorder that affects an individual's ability to read and spell words correctly.
10. Hearing Loss: Loss of hearing in one or both ears can impact speech development and language acquisition.
Speech disorders can be diagnosed by a speech-language pathologist (SLP) through a comprehensive evaluation, including speech and language samples, medical history, and behavioral observations. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disorder and may include therapy exercises, technology assistance, and counseling. With appropriate support and intervention, individuals with speech disorders can improve their communication skills and lead fulfilling lives.
There are several types of deafness, including:
1. Conductive hearing loss: This type of deafness is caused by problems with the middle ear, including the eardrum or the bones of the middle ear. It can be treated with hearing aids or surgery.
2. Sensorineural hearing loss: This type of deafness is caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve. It is typically permanent and cannot be treated with medication or surgery.
3. Mixed hearing loss: This type of deafness is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.
4. Auditory processing disorder (APD): This is a condition in which the brain has difficulty processing sounds, even though the ears are functioning normally.
5. Tinnitus: This is a condition characterized by ringing or other sounds in the ears when there is no external source of sound. It can be a symptom of deafness or a separate condition.
There are several ways to diagnose deafness, including:
1. Hearing tests: These can be done in a doctor's office or at a hearing aid center. They involve listening to sounds through headphones and responding to them.
2. Imaging tests: These can include X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to look for any physical abnormalities in the ear or brain.
3. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing: This is a test that measures the electrical activity of the brain in response to sound. It can be used to diagnose hearing loss in infants and young children.
4. Otoacoustic emissions (OAE) testing: This is a test that measures the sounds produced by the inner ear in response to sound. It can be used to diagnose hearing loss in infants and young children.
There are several ways to treat deafness, including:
1. Hearing aids: These are devices that amplify sound and can be worn in or behind the ear. They can help improve hearing for people with mild to severe hearing loss.
2. Cochlear implants: These are devices that are implanted in the inner ear and can bypass damaged hair cells to directly stimulate the auditory nerve. They can help restore hearing for people with severe to profound hearing loss.
3. Speech therapy: This can help people with hearing loss improve their communication skills, such as speaking and listening.
4. Assistive technology: This can include devices such as captioned phones, alerting systems, and assistive listening devices that can help people with hearing loss communicate more effectively.
5. Medications: There are several medications available that can help treat deafness, such as antibiotics for bacterial infections or steroids to reduce inflammation.
6. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat deafness, such as when there is a blockage in the ear or when a tumor is present.
7. Stem cell therapy: This is a relatively new area of research that involves using stem cells to repair damaged hair cells in the inner ear. It has shown promising results in some studies.
8. Gene therapy: This involves using genes to repair or replace damaged or missing genes that can cause deafness. It is still an experimental area of research, but it has shown promise in some studies.
9. Implantable devices: These are devices that are implanted in the inner ear and can help restore hearing by bypassing damaged hair cells. Examples include cochlear implants and auditory brainstem implants.
10. Binaural hearing: This involves using a combination of hearing aids and technology to improve hearing in both ears, which can help improve speech recognition and reduce the risk of falls.
It's important to note that the best treatment for deafness will depend on the underlying cause of the condition, as well as the individual's age, overall health, and personal preferences. It's important to work with a healthcare professional to determine the best course of treatment.
This type of hearing loss cannot be treated with medication or surgery, and it is usually permanent. However, there are various assistive devices and technology available to help individuals with sensorineural hearing loss communicate more effectively, such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and FM systems.
There are several causes of sensorineural hearing loss, including:
1. Exposure to loud noises: Prolonged exposure to loud noises can damage the hair cells in the inner ear and cause permanent hearing loss.
2. Age: Sensorineural hearing loss is a common condition that affects many people as they age. It is estimated that one-third of people between the ages of 65 and 74 have some degree of hearing loss, and nearly half of those over the age of 75 have significant hearing loss.
3. Genetics: Some cases of sensorineural hearing loss are inherited and run in families.
4. Viral infections: Certain viral infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis, can damage the inner ear and cause permanent hearing loss.
5. Trauma to the head or ear: A head injury or a traumatic injury to the ear can cause sensorineural hearing loss.
6. Tumors: Certain types of tumors, such as acoustic neuroma, can cause sensorineural hearing loss by affecting the auditory nerve.
7. Ototoxicity: Certain medications, such as certain antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and aspirin at high doses, can be harmful to the inner ear and cause permanent hearing loss.
It is important to note that sensorineural hearing loss cannot be cured, but there are many resources available to help individuals with this condition communicate more effectively and improve their quality of life.
There are three main types of hearing loss: conductive, sensorineural, and mixed. Conductive hearing loss occurs when there is a problem with the middle ear and its ability to transmit sound waves to the inner ear. Sensorineural hearing loss occurs when there is damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve, which can lead to permanent hearing loss. Mixed hearing loss is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.
Symptoms of hearing loss may include difficulty hearing speech, especially in noisy environments, muffled or distorted sound, ringing or buzzing in the ears (tinnitus), and difficulty hearing high-pitched sounds. If you suspect you have hearing loss, it is important to seek medical advice as soon as possible, as early treatment can help improve communication and quality of life.
Hearing loss is diagnosed through a series of tests, including an audiometric test, which measures the softest sounds that can be heard at different frequencies. Treatment options for hearing loss include hearing aids, cochlear implants, and other assistive devices, as well as counseling and support to help manage the condition and improve communication skills.
Overall, hearing loss is a common condition that can have a significant impact on daily life. If you suspect you or someone you know may be experiencing hearing loss, it is important to seek medical advice as soon as possible to address any underlying issues and improve communication and quality of life.
The symptoms of bilateral hearing loss may include difficulty hearing speech, especially in noisy environments, difficulty understanding conversations when there is background noise, listening to loud music or watching television at a low volume, and experiencing ringing or buzzing sounds in the ears (tinnitus).
Bilateral hearing loss can be diagnosed with a thorough medical examination, including a physical examination of the ears, an audiometric test, and imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans.
Treatment options for bilateral hearing loss depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Some possible treatment options include:
Hearing aids: These devices can amplify sounds and improve hearing ability.
Cochlear implants: These are electronic devices that are surgically implanted in the inner ear and can bypass damaged hair cells to directly stimulate the auditory nerve.
Assistive listening devices: These include devices such as FM systems, infrared systems, and alerting devices that can help individuals with hearing loss communicate more effectively.
Speech therapy: This can help improve communication skills and address any difficulties with language development.
Medications: Certain medications may be prescribed to treat underlying conditions that are contributing to the hearing loss, such as infections or excessive earwax.
Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove excessive earwax or to repair any damage to the middle ear bones.
There are several subtypes of APD, including:
1. Auditory Processing Disorder (APD): A disorder characterized by difficulty processing auditory information due to a deficit in the brain's ability to process speech and language.
2. Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD): A subtype of APD that is caused by a problem in the central nervous system, rather than in the inner ear.
3. Developmental Auditory Perceptual Disorder (DAPD): A disorder that affects children and adolescents, characterized by difficulty with auditory perception and processing.
4. Auditory Memory Deficit: A subtype of APD that is characterized by difficulty with auditory memory and recall.
5. Auditory Discrimination Deficit: A subtype of APD that is characterized by difficulty with distinguishing between similar sounds.
APD can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, premature birth, infections during pregnancy or childhood, and head trauma. Treatment for APD typically involves a combination of behavioral therapies, such as auditory training and speech therapy, as well as assistive listening devices and technology.
In addition to the subtypes listed above, there are also several related conditions that may be classified as APD, including:
1. Auditory-Verbal Processing Disorder (AVPD): A disorder characterized by difficulty with auditory processing and language development.
2. Language Processing Deficit: A subtype of APD that is characterized by difficulty with language comprehension and processing.
3. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A neurodevelopmental disorder that can also affect auditory perception and processing.
4. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A neurodevelopmental disorder that can also affect auditory perception and processing, as well as social communication and behavior.
5. Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD): A type of APD that is characterized by difficulty with central auditory processing, including the ability to understand speech in noisy environments.
Types of Hearing Disorders:
1. Conductive hearing loss: This type of hearing loss is caused by a problem with the middle ear, including the eardrum or the bones of the middle ear. It can be treated with hearing aids or surgery.
2. Sensorineural hearing loss: This type of hearing loss is caused by damage to the inner ear or the auditory nerve. It is permanent and cannot be treated with medicine or surgery.
3. Mixed hearing loss: This type of hearing loss is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.
4. Tinnitus: This is the perception of ringing, buzzing, or other sounds in the ears when there is no external source of the sound. It can be caused by exposure to loud noises, age, or certain medications.
5. Balance disorders: These are conditions that affect the balance center in the inner ear or the brain, causing dizziness, vertigo, and other symptoms.
Causes of Hearing Disorders:
1. Genetics: Some hearing disorders can be inherited from parents or grandparents.
2. Age: As we age, our hearing can decline due to wear and tear on the inner ear.
3. Exposure to loud noises: Prolonged exposure to loud sounds, such as music or machinery, can damage the hair cells in the inner ear and lead to hearing loss.
4. Infections: Certain infections, such as otitis media (middle ear infection), can cause hearing loss if left untreated.
5. Certain medications: Some medications, such as certain antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and aspirin at high doses, can be harmful to the inner ear and cause hearing loss.
Symptoms of Hearing Disorders:
1. Difficulty hearing or understanding speech, especially in noisy environments.
2. Ringing, buzzing, or other sounds in the ears (tinnitus).
3. Vertigo or dizziness.
4. Feeling of fullness or pressure in the ears.
5. Hearing loss that worsens over time.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Hearing Disorders:
1. Medical history and physical examination.
2. Audiometry test to measure hearing threshold and speech discrimination.
3. Otoscopy to examine the outer ear and ear canal.
4. Tympanometry to assess the middle ear function.
5. Otoacoustic emissions testing to evaluate the inner ear function.
Treatment options for hearing disorders depend on the underlying cause and may include:
1. Hearing aids or cochlear implants to improve hearing.
2. Medications to treat infections or reduce tinnitus.
3. Surgery to remove earwax, repair the eardrum, or address middle ear problems.
4. Balance rehabilitation exercises to manage vertigo and dizziness.
5. Cognitive therapy to improve communication skills and address psychological effects of hearing loss.
Prevention and Management of Hearing Disorders:
1. Avoiding loud noises and taking regular breaks in noisy environments.
2. Wearing earplugs or earmuffs when exposed to loud sounds.
3. Getting regular hearing checkups and addressing any hearing issues promptly.
4. Managing chronic conditions, such as diabetes and hypertension, that can contribute to hearing loss.
5. Encouraging open communication with family members and healthcare providers about hearing difficulties.
Broca's aphasia is characterized by difficulty speaking in complete sentences, using correct grammar, and articulating words clearly. Individuals with Broca's aphasia may also experience difficulty understanding spoken language, although comprehension of written language may be relatively preserved.
Common symptoms of Broca's aphasia include:
1. Difficulty speaking in complete sentences or using correct grammar.
2. Slurred or slow speech.
3. Difficulty articulating words clearly.
4. Difficulty understanding spoken language.
5. Preservation of comprehension of written language.
6. Word-finding difficulties.
7. Difficulty with naming objects.
8. Difficulty with sentence construction.
Broca's aphasia is often caused by damage to the brain due to stroke, traumatic brain injury, or neurodegenerative diseases such as primary progressive aphasia. Treatment for Broca's aphasia typically involves speech and language therapy to improve communication skills and cognitive rehabilitation to improve language processing abilities.
There are several types of LDDs, including:
1. Expressive Language Disorder: This condition is characterized by difficulty with verbal expression, including difficulty with word choice, sentence structure, and coherence.
2. Receptive Language Disorder: This condition is characterized by difficulty with understanding spoken language, including difficulty with comprehending vocabulary, grammar, and tone of voice.
3. Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder: This condition is characterized by both receptive and expressive language difficulties.
4. Language Processing Disorder: This condition is characterized by difficulty with processing language, including difficulty with auditory processing, syntax, and semantics.
5. Social Communication Disorder: This condition is characterized by difficulty with social communication, including difficulty with understanding and using language in social contexts, eye contact, facial expressions, and body language.
Causes of LDDs include:
1. Genetic factors: Some LDDs may be inherited from parents or grandparents.
2. Brain injury: Traumatic brain injury or stroke can damage the areas of the brain responsible for language processing.
3. Infections: Certain infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis, can damage the brain and result in LDDs.
4. Nutritional deficiencies: Severe malnutrition or a lack of certain nutrients, such as vitamin B12, can lead to LDDs.
5. Environmental factors: Exposure to toxins, such as lead, and poverty can increase the risk of developing an LDD.
Signs and symptoms of LDDs include:
1. Difficulty with word retrieval
2. Incomplete or inappropriate sentences
3. Difficulty with comprehension
4. Limited vocabulary
5. Difficulty with understanding abstract concepts
6. Difficulty with social communication
7. Delayed language development compared to peers
8. Difficulty with speech sounds and articulation
9. Stuttering or repetition of words
10. Limited eye contact and facial expressions
Treatment for LDDs depends on the underlying cause and may include:
1. Speech and language therapy to improve communication skills
2. Cognitive training to improve problem-solving and memory skills
3. Occupational therapy to improve daily living skills
4. Physical therapy to improve mobility and balance
5. Medication to manage symptoms such as anxiety or depression
6. Surgery to repair any physical abnormalities or damage to the brain.
It is important to note that each individual with an LDD may have a unique combination of strengths, weaknesses, and challenges, and treatment plans should be tailored to meet their specific needs. Early diagnosis and intervention are key to improving outcomes for individuals with LDDs.
The symptoms of dyslexia can vary from person to person, but may include:
* Difficulty with phonological awareness (the ability to identify and manipulate the sounds within words)
* Trouble with decoding (reading) and encoding (spelling)
* Slow reading speed
* Difficulty with comprehension of text
* Difficulty with writing skills, including grammar, punctuation, and spelling
* Trouble with organization and time management
Dyslexia can be diagnosed by a trained professional, such as a psychologist or learning specialist, through a series of tests and assessments. These may include:
* Reading and spelling tests
* Tests of phonological awareness
* Tests of comprehension and vocabulary
* Behavioral observations
There is no cure for dyslexia, but there are a variety of strategies and interventions that can help individuals with dyslexia to improve their reading and writing skills. These may include:
* Multisensory instruction (using sight, sound, and touch to learn)
* Orton-Gillingham approach (a specific type of multisensory instruction)
* Assistive technology (such as text-to-speech software)
* Accommodations (such as extra time to complete assignments)
* Tutoring and mentoring
It is important to note that dyslexia is not a result of poor intelligence or inadequate instruction, but rather a neurological difference that affects the way an individual processes information. With appropriate support and accommodations, individuals with dyslexia can be successful in school and beyond.
Dysarthria can affect both children and adults, and the symptoms can vary in severity depending on the underlying cause of the condition. Some common symptoms of dysarthria include:
* Slurred or slow speech
* Difficulty articulating words
* Poor enunciation
* Stuttering or hesitation while speaking
* Difficulty with word-finding and language processing
* Limited range of speech sounds
* Difficulty with loudness and volume control
Dysarthria can be diagnosed by a speech-language pathologist (SLP), who will typically conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the individual's speech and language abilities. This may include a series of tests to assess the individual's articulation, fluency, voice quality, and other aspects of their speech.
There are several types of dysarthria, including:
* Hypokinetic dysarthria: characterized by reduced muscle tone and slow movement of the articulatory organs, resulting in slurred or slow speech.
* Hyperkinetic dysarthria: characterized by increased muscle tone and rapid movement of the articulatory organs, resulting in fast but imprecise speech.
* Mixed dysarthria: a combination of hypokinetic and hyperkinetic features.
* Dystonic dysarthria: characterized by involuntary movements and postures of the tongue and lips, resulting in distorted speech.
Treatment for dysarthria typically involves speech therapy with an SLP, who will work with the individual to improve their speech clarity, fluency, and overall communication skills. Treatment may include exercises to strengthen the muscles used in speech production, as well as strategies to improve articulation, pronunciation, and language processing. In some cases, technology such as speech-generating devices may be used to support communication.
In addition to speech therapy, treatment for dysarthria may also involve other healthcare professionals, such as neurologists, physical therapists, or occupational therapists, depending on the underlying cause of the condition.
Overall, dysarthria is a speech disorder that can significantly impact an individual's ability to communicate effectively. However, with the right treatment and support from healthcare professionals and SLPs, many people with dysarthria are able to improve their communication skills and lead fulfilling lives.
There are several types of aphasia, including:
1. Broca's aphasia: Characterized by difficulty speaking in complete sentences and using correct grammar.
2. Wernicke's aphasia: Characterized by difficulty understanding spoken language and speaking in complete sentences.
3. Global aphasia: Characterized by a severe impairment of all language abilities.
4. Primary progressive aphasia: A rare form of aphasia that is caused by neurodegeneration and worsens over time.
Treatment for aphasia typically involves speech and language therapy, which can help individuals with aphasia improve their communication skills and regain some of their language abilities. Other forms of therapy, such as cognitive training and physical therapy, may also be helpful.
It's important to note that while aphasia can significantly impact an individual's quality of life, it does not affect their intelligence or cognitive abilities. With appropriate treatment and support, individuals with aphasia can continue to lead fulfilling lives and communicate effectively with others.
Stuttering can be classified into three main types:
1. Developmental stuttering: This type of stuttering usually begins in childhood and may persist throughout life. It is more common in boys than girls.
2. Neurogenic stuttering: This type of stuttering is caused by a brain injury or a neurological disorder such as Parkinson's disease, stroke, or cerebral palsy.
3. Psychogenic stuttering: This type of stuttering is caused by psychological factors such as anxiety, stress, or trauma.
The exact cause of stuttering is not fully understood, but research suggests that it may be related to differences in brain structure and function, particularly in areas responsible for language processing and speech production. There are several theories about the underlying mechanisms of stuttering, including:
1. Neurophysiological theory: This theory proposes that stuttering is caused by irregularities in the timing and coordination of neural activity in the brain.
2. Speech motor theory: This theory suggests that stuttering is caused by difficulties with speech articulation and the coordination of speech movements.
3. Auditory feedback theory: This theory proposes that stuttering is caused by a disruption in the normal auditory feedback loop, leading to an over-reliance on visual feedback for speech production.
There are several treatments available for stuttering, including:
1. Speech therapy: This type of therapy can help individuals with stuttering improve their speaking skills and reduce their stuttering severity. Techniques used in speech therapy may include slowing down speech, using relaxation techniques, and practicing fluency-enhancing strategies such as easy onset and smooth flow.
2. Stuttering modification therapy: This type of therapy focuses on teaching individuals with stuttering to speak more slowly and smoothly, while reducing the occurrence of stuttering.
3. Fluency shaping therapy: This type of therapy aims to improve fluency by teaching individuals to speak more slowly and smoothly, using techniques such as gentle onset and gradual release of sounds.
4. Electronic devices: There are several electronic devices available that can help reduce stuttering, such as speech-output devices that speak for the individual, or devices that provide auditory feedback to help individuals speak more fluently.
5. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be recommended to treat stuttering. For example, surgery may be used to correct physical abnormalities in the brain or speech mechanisms that are contributing to the stuttering.
It is important to note that no single treatment is effective for everyone who stutters, and the most effective treatment approach will depend on the individual's specific needs and circumstances. A healthcare professional, such as a speech-language pathologist, should be consulted to determine the best course of treatment for each individual.
Articulation disorders can be classified into different types based on the severity and nature of the speech difficulties. Some common types of articulation disorders include:
1. Articulation errors: These occur when individuals produce speech sounds differently than the expected norm, such as pronouncing "k" and "s" sounds as "t" or "z."
2. Speech sound distortions: This type of disorder involves the exaggeration or alteration of speech sounds, such as speaking with a lisp or a nasal tone.
3. Speech articulation anomalies: These are abnormalities in the production of speech sounds that do not fit into any specific category, such as difficulty pronouncing certain words or sounds.
4. Apraxia of speech: This is a neurological disorder that affects the ability to plan and execute voluntary movements of the articulators (lips, tongue, jaw), resulting in distorted or slurred speech.
5. Dysarthria: This is a speech disorder characterized by weakness, slowness, or incoordination of the muscles used for speaking, often caused by a neurological condition such as a stroke or cerebral palsy.
Articulation disorders can be diagnosed by a speech-language pathologist (SLP) through a comprehensive evaluation of an individual's speech and language skills. The SLP may use standardized assessments, clinical observations, and interviews with the individual and their family to determine the nature and severity of the articulation disorder.
Treatment for articulation disorders typically involves speech therapy with an SLP, who will work with the individual to improve their speech skills through a series of exercises and activities tailored to their specific needs. Treatment may focus on improving the accuracy and clarity of speech sounds, increasing speech rate and fluency, and enhancing communication skills.
In addition to speech therapy, other interventions that may be helpful for individuals with articulation disorders include:
1. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems: For individuals with severe articulation disorders or those who have difficulty using speech to communicate, AAC systems such as picture communication symbols or electronic devices can provide an alternative means of communication.
2. Supportive technology: Assistive devices such as speech-generating devices, text-to-speech software, and other technology can help individuals with articulation disorders to communicate more effectively.
3. Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT): This type of therapy focuses on improving the communication skills of young children with articulation disorders by training parents to use play-based activities and strategies to enhance their child's speech and language development.
4. Social skills training: For individuals with articulation disorders who also have difficulty with social interactions, social skills training can help them develop better communication and social skills.
5. Cognitive communication therapy: This type of therapy focuses on improving the cognitive processes that underlie communication, such as attention, memory, and problem-solving skills.
6. Articulation therapy: This type of therapy focuses specifically on improving articulation skills, and may involve exercises and activities to strengthen the muscles used for speech production.
7. Stuttering modification therapy: For individuals who stutter, this type of therapy can help them learn to speak more fluently and with less effort.
8. Voice therapy: This type of therapy can help individuals with voice disorders to improve their vocal quality and communication skills.
9. Counseling and psychotherapy: For individuals with articulation disorders who are experiencing emotional or psychological distress, counseling and psychotherapy can be helpful in addressing these issues and improving overall well-being.
It's important to note that the most effective treatment approach will depend on the specific needs and goals of the individual with an articulation disorder, as well as their age, severity of symptoms, and other factors. A speech-language pathologist can work with the individual and their family to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their unique needs and helps them achieve their communication goals.
There are several types of apraxias, each with distinct symptoms and characteristics:
1. Ideomotor apraxia: Difficulty performing specific movements or gestures, such as grasping and manipulating objects, due to a lack of understanding of the intended purpose or meaning of the action.
2. Ideational apraxia: Inability to initiate or perform movements due to a lack of understanding of the task or goal.
3. Kinesthetic apraxia: Difficulty judging the weight, shape, size, and position of objects in space, leading to difficulties with grasping, manipulating, or coordinating movements.
4. Graphomotor apraxia: Difficulty writing or drawing due to a lack of coordination between the hand and the intended movement.
5. Dressing apraxia: Difficulty dressing oneself due to a lack of coordination and planning for the movements required to put on clothes.
6. Gait apraxia: Difficulty walking or maintaining balance due to a lack of coordinated movement of the legs, trunk, and arms.
7. Speech apraxia: Difficulty articulating words or sounds due to a lack of coordination between the mouth, tongue, and lips.
The diagnosis of apraxias typically involves a comprehensive neurological examination, including assessments of motor function, language, and cognitive abilities. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the apraxia, but may include physical therapy, speech therapy, occupational therapy, and medication.
Types of Language Disorders:
1. Developmental Language Disorder (DLD): This is a condition where children have difficulty learning language skills, such as grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure, despite being exposed to language in their environment. DLD can be diagnosed in children between the ages of 2 and 5.
2. Acquired Language Disorder: This is a condition that occurs when an individual experiences brain damage or injury that affects their ability to understand and produce language. Acquired language disorders can be caused by stroke, traumatic brain injury, or other neurological conditions.
3. Aphasia: This is a condition that occurs when an individual experiences damage to the language areas of their brain, typically as a result of stroke or traumatic brain injury. Aphasia can affect an individual's ability to understand, speak, read, and write language.
4. Dysarthria: This is a condition that affects an individual's ability to produce speech sounds due to weakness, paralysis, or incoordination of the muscles used for speaking. Dysarthria can be caused by stroke, cerebral palsy, or other neurological conditions.
5. Apraxia: This is a condition that affects an individual's ability to coordinate the movements of their lips, tongue, and jaw to produce speech sounds. Apraxia can be caused by stroke, head injury, or other neurological conditions.
Causes and Risk Factors:
1. Genetic factors: Some language disorders may be inherited from parents or grandparents.
2. Brain damage or injury: Stroke, traumatic brain injury, or other neurological conditions can cause acquired language disorders.
3. Developmental delays: Children with developmental delays or disorders, such as autism or Down syndrome, may experience language disorders.
4. Hearing loss or impairment: Children who have difficulty hearing may experience language delays or disorders.
5. Environmental factors: Poverty, poor nutrition, and limited access to educational resources can contribute to language disorders in children.
Signs and Symptoms:
1. Difficulty articulating words or sentences
2. Slurred or distorted speech
3. Limited vocabulary or grammar skills
4. Difficulty understanding spoken language
5. Avoidance of speaking or social interactions
6. Behavioral difficulties, such as aggression or frustration
7. Delayed language development in children
8. Difficulty with reading and writing skills
Treatment and Interventions:
1. Speech therapy: A speech-language pathologist (SLP) can work with individuals to improve their language skills through exercises, activities, and strategies.
2. Cognitive training: Individuals with language disorders may benefit from cognitive training programs that target attention, memory, and other cognitive skills.
3. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices: These devices can help individuals with severe language disorders communicate more effectively.
4. Behavioral interventions: Behavioral therapy can help individuals with language disorders manage their behavior and improve their social interactions.
5. Family support: Family members can provide support and encouragement to individuals with language disorders, which can help improve outcomes.
6. Educational accommodations: Individuals with language disorders may be eligible for educational accommodations, such as extra time to complete assignments or the use of a tape recorder during lectures.
7. Medication: In some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage symptoms of language disorders, such as anxiety or depression.
Prognosis and Quality of Life:
The prognosis for individuals with language disorders varies depending on the severity of their condition and the effectiveness of their treatment. With appropriate support and intervention, many individuals with language disorders are able to improve their language skills and lead fulfilling lives. However, some individuals may experience ongoing challenges with communication and social interaction, which can impact their quality of life.
In conclusion, language disorders can have a significant impact on an individual's ability to communicate and interact with others. While there is no cure for language disorders, there are many effective treatments and interventions that can help improve outcomes. With appropriate support and accommodations, individuals with language disorders can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their goals.
1. A false or misleading sensory experience, such as seeing a shape or color that is not actually present.
2. A delusion or mistaken belief that is not based on reality or evidence.
3. A symptom that is perceived by the patient but cannot be detected by medical examination or testing.
4. A feeling of being drugged, dizzy, or disoriented, often accompanied by hallucinations or altered perceptions.
5. A temporary and harmless condition caused by a sudden change in bodily functions or sensations, such as a hot flash or a wave of dizziness.
6. A false or mistaken belief about one's own health or medical condition, often resulting from misinterpretation of symptoms or self-diagnosis.
7. A psychological phenomenon in which the patient experiences a feeling of being in a different body or experiencing a different reality, such as feeling like one is in a dream or a parallel universe.
8. A neurological condition characterized by disturbances in sensory perception, such as seeing things that are not there ( hallucinations) or perceiving sensations that are not real.
9. A type of hysteria or conversion disorder in which the patient experiences physical symptoms without any underlying medical cause, such as numbness or paralysis of a limb.
10. A condition in which the patient has a false belief that they have a serious medical condition, often accompanied by excessive anxiety or fear.
ILLUSIONS IN MEDICINE
Illusions can be a significant challenge in medicine, as they can lead to misdiagnosis, mismanagement of symptoms, and unnecessary treatment. Here are some examples of how illusions can manifest in medical settings:
1. Visual illusions: A patient may see something that is not actually there, such as a shadow or a shape, which can be misinterpreted as a sign of a serious medical condition.
2. Auditory illusions: A patient may hear sounds or noises that are not real, such as ringing in the ears (tinnitus) or hearing voices.
3. Tactile illusions: A patient may feel sensations on their skin that are not real, such as itching or crawling sensations.
4. Olfactory illusions: A patient may smell something that is not there, such as a strange odor or a familiar scent that is not actually present.
5. Gustatory illusions: A patient may taste something that is not there, such as a metallic or bitter taste.
6. Proprioceptive illusions: A patient may feel sensations of movement or position changes that are not real, such as feeling like they are spinning or floating.
7. Interoceptive illusions: A patient may experience sensations in their body that are not real, such as feeling like their heart is racing or their breathing is shallow.
8. Cognitive illusions: A patient may have false beliefs about their medical condition or treatment, such as believing they have a serious disease when they do not.
THE NEUROSCIENCE OF ILLUSIONS
Illusions are the result of complex interactions between the brain and the sensory systems. Here are some key factors that contribute to the experience of illusions:
1. Brain processing: The brain processes sensory information and uses past experiences and expectations to interpret what is being perceived. This can lead to misinterpretation and the experience of illusions.
2. Sensory integration: The brain integrates information from multiple senses, such as vision, hearing, and touch, to create a unified perception of reality. Imbalances in sensory integration can contribute to the experience of illusions.
3. Attention: The brain's attention system plays a critical role in determining what is perceived and how it is interpreted. Attention can be directed towards certain stimuli or away from others, leading to the experience of illusions.
4. Memory: Past experiences and memories can influence the interpretation of current sensory information, leading to the experience of illusions.
5. Emotion: Emotional states can also affect the interpretation of sensory information, leading to the experience of illusions. For example, a person in a state of fear may interpret ambiguous sensory information as threatening.
THE TREATMENT OF ILLUSIONS
Treatment for illusions depends on the underlying cause and can vary from case to case. Some possible treatment options include:
1. Sensory therapy: Sensory therapy, such as vision or hearing therapy, may be used to improve sensory processing and reduce the experience of illusions.
2. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT can help individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to the experience of illusions.
3. Mindfulness training: Mindfulness training can help individuals develop greater awareness of their sensory experiences and reduce the influence of illusions.
4. Medication: In some cases, medication may be prescribed to treat underlying conditions that are contributing to the experience of illusions, such as anxiety or depression.
5. Environmental modifications: Environmental modifications, such as changing the lighting or reducing noise levels, may be made to reduce the stimulus intensity and improve perception.
CONCLUSION
Illusions are a common experience that can have a significant impact on our daily lives. Understanding the causes of illusions and seeking appropriate treatment can help individuals manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. By working with a healthcare professional, individuals can develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and helps them overcome the challenges of illusions.
Some common types of voice disorders include:
1. Dysphonia: A term used to describe difficulty speaking or producing voice sounds.
2. Aphonia: A complete loss of voice.
3. Spasmodic dysphonia: A neurological disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the vocal cords, causing a strained or breaking voice.
4. Vocal fold paralysis: A condition in which the muscles controlling the vocal cords are weakened or paralyzed, leading to a hoarse or breathy voice.
5. Vocal cord lesions: Growths, ulcers, or other injuries on the vocal cords that can affect voice quality and volume.
6. Laryngitis: Inflammation of the voice box (larynx) that can cause hoarseness and loss of voice.
7. Chronic laryngitis: A persistent form of laryngitis that can last for months or even years.
8. Acid reflux laryngitis: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) that causes stomach acid to flow up into the throat, irritating the vocal cords and causing hoarseness.
9. Vocal fold nodules: Growths on the vocal cords that can cause hoarseness and other voice changes.
10. Vocal cord polyps: Growths on the vocal cords that can cause hoarseness and other voice changes.
Voice disorders can significantly impact an individual's quality of life, as they may experience difficulty communicating effectively, loss of confidence, and emotional distress. Treatment options for voice disorders depend on the underlying cause and may include voice therapy, medications, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.
VPI can be caused by a variety of factors, including:
1. Anatomical abnormalities, such as a short velum or a narrow opening between the nasopharynx and oropharynx.
2. Neurological disorders, such as cerebral palsy or Parkinson's disease.
3. Surgical procedures, such as a tonsillectomy or a laryngectomy.
4. Head and neck injuries.
5. Developmental disorders, such as Down syndrome.
Symptoms of VPI may include:
1. Difficulty swallowing, particularly with liquids.
2. Regurgitation of food or liquids into the mouth.
3. Gagging or choking during swallowing.
4. Coughing or throat clearing after swallowing.
5. Nasal regurgitation of fluids.
6. Difficulty articulating certain sounds, such as /s/ and /z/.
7. Hoarseness or breathiness of voice.
8. Chronic ear infections or hearing loss.
Treatment for VPI depends on the underlying cause and may include:
1. Speech therapy to improve swallowing techniques and strengthen the velum.
2. Injection laryngoplasty, a procedure that uses injectable materials to augment the velum.
3. Surgery to lengthen or widen the velum, or to repair anatomical abnormalities.
4. Swallowing exercises and therapy to improve swallowing function.
5. Dietary modifications, such as thickening liquids or using specialized utensils.
It is important to note that VPI can have a significant impact on quality of life, as it can lead to social embarrassment, difficulty eating certain foods, and increased risk of respiratory infections. Seeking medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time is crucial for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Speech perception
Motor theory of speech perception
Categorical perception
Interindividual differences in perception
Patrice Beddor
Perception
Speech science
Carol Fowler
Reading
Phonological development
Otolith
TRACE (psycholinguistics)
Donald Shankweiler
Pitch (music)
Holger Mitterer
Alveolar stop
Embodied cognition
Robert Remez
Just-noticeable difference
Quentin Summerfield
Jennifer Hay
Nyah nyah nyah nyah nyah nyah
Psycholinguistics
Additive synthesis
Matti Antero Karjalainen
Sentence processing
Jacqueline Vaissière
Vicki L. Hanson
Phonemic contrast
Speech repetition
Diplacusis
Digital self-determination
PLATO (computer system)
Pramāṇa-samuccaya
Century of humiliation
Human rights in Liberia
Nonviolent video game
Imperial examination
Politicization of science
Job interview
Liquefied natural gas
Psychology of religion
Charles Hammond (lawyer and journalist)
Striking and Picturesque Delineations of the Grand, Beautiful, Wonderful, and Interesting Scenery Around Loch-Earn
Stereotypes of Jews in literature
Moon landing
Michael Gableman
Satipatthana
Muḥammad Mu'nes Awadh
Don Getty
Sima Qian
Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign
Cypriot Greek
Judaization of Jerusalem
Julia Hirschberg
Jignesh Mevani
Rudolf Carnap
Carrie Chapman Catt
Nkosi Johnson
Cult
Nuria Sebastian Galles </span>
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Audiovisual speech perception1
- On the other hand, posterior parts of the STG are known to be multisensory, responding to both auditory and visual stimuli, which makes it a key region for audiovisual speech perception. (tmc.edu)
Cochlear1
- Repeated testing of his hearing and speech perception with the cochlear implant showed no deterioration. (cdc.gov)
Temporal8
- First, I studied responses to noisy speech in the auditory cortex, specifically in the superior temporal gyrus (STG). (tmc.edu)
- Understanding the dynamics of the neural computations underlying speech perception, especially integration of face and voice, within superior temporal cortex at the mesoscale. (nih.gov)
- The analysis of speech in different temporal integration windows: cerebral lateralization as “asymmetric sampling in time. (crossref.org)
- The degradation of speech comprehension is one of the characteristics of older listeners (i.e., adults 65 years of age or older), indicating poor temporal and frequency resolutions, especially for complex speech sounds. (ejao.org)
- Objective: To compare the temporal processing skills and speech in noise perception of hearing-impaired individuals through channel free and multichannel hearing aids. (manipal.edu)
- They were subjected to a series of temporal processing (TMTF, GDT & CMR-UCM/CM) and speech in noise test using a multichannel and channel-free hearing aid. (manipal.edu)
- Here we review current research on auditory perception in aging individuals in order to gain insights into the challenges of listening under noisy conditions.Informationally rich temporal structure in auditory signals - over a range of time scales from milliseconds to seconds - renders temporal processing central to perception in the auditory domain. (elsevier.com)
- We discuss the role of temporal structure in auditory processing, in particular from a perspective relevant for hearing in background noise, and focusing on sensory memory, auditory scene analysis, and speech perception.Interestingly, these auditory processes, usually studied in an independent manner, show considerable overlap of processing time scales, even though each has its own 'privileged' temporal regimes. (elsevier.com)
Hearing12
- From 1985 to early 2003 he was with the Acoustics and Speech Research Department, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey, where his research was aimed at developing models of hearing and at creating perception based signal analysis methods for speech recognition, coding and evaluation. (jhu.edu)
- From early 2003 to early 2011 he was with Sensimetrics Corp., Malden, Massachusetts, where he continued to model basic knowledge of auditory physiology and of perception for the purpose of advancing speech, audio and hearing-aid technology. (jhu.edu)
- Since mid 2006 he is with the Hearing Research Center and with the Center for Biodynamics at Boston University, where he studies the role of brain rhythms in speech perception. (jhu.edu)
- Hearing the voice is usually sufficient to understand speech, however in noisy environments or when audition is impaired due to aging or disabilities, seeing mouth movements greatly improves speech perception. (tmc.edu)
- The objective of this study is to investigate how pregnant women seen at the Prenatal Obstetric Clinic of the University Hospital in Santa Maria perceive dental, speech and hearing care. (bvsalud.org)
- There should be a focus on teeth, speech and hearing so as to provide a holistic care for the mother-child dyad. (bvsalud.org)
- Japanese POWs in Guam after hearing the Emperor's surrender speech. (endofempire.asia)
- He has worked as an Assistant Professor of Audiology at Purdue University and an Associate Professor in Speech and Hearing Sciences and an adjunct Associate Professor in the Department of Otolaryngology at the University of New Mexico. (pluralpublishing.com)
- The goals of this program are to aid the research of new minority investigators and to encourage minority individuals from a variety of academic disciplines and programs to conduct research in hearing, balance, smell, taste, voice, speech, and language. (nih.gov)
- The research supported by NIDCD encompasses the basic or fundamental sciences and the clinical or applied sciences subserving hearing, balance, smell, taste, voice, speech and language. (nih.gov)
- Children who have persistent middle ear effusions often have hearing loss and associated speech delay and may be classified as mentally challenged. (medscape.com)
- The goal of early detection of new hearing loss is to maximize perception of speech and the resulting attainment of linguistic‐based skills. (cdc.gov)
Abstract1
- abstract = "The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to the definition of timbre as it pertains to the vowels of speech. (edu.au)
Physiology1
- Outpatient rehabilitation uses treatments like physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy and exercise physiology to help you more confidently perform daily tasks, improve your mobility and strengthen your body. (healthpartners.com)
Intelligibility5
- Nested neuronal oscillations in the theta, beta and gamma frequency bands are argued to be crucial for speech intelligibility. (jhu.edu)
- A model (Tempo) is presented which seems capable of emulating recent psychophysical data on the intelligibility of speech sentences as a function of syllabic rate (Ghitza & Greenberg, 2009). (jhu.edu)
- The data show that intelligibility of speech that is time-compressed by a factor of 3 (i.e., a high syllabic rate) is poor (above 50% word error rate), but is substantially restored when silence gaps are inserted in between successive 40- ms long compressed-signal intervals - a counterintuitive finding, difficult to explain using classical models of speech perception, but emerging naturally from the Tempo architecture. (jhu.edu)
- On the possible role of brain rhythms in speech perception: Intelligibility of time compressed speech with periodic and aperiodic insertions of silence. (jhu.edu)
- Speech intelligibility is targeted in speech rehabilitation, but alternative communication is sometimes recommended for patients who have under- gone total glosso-laryngectomy. (who.int)
Cortical responses1
- New research suggests that previous findings of a language-specific code in cortical responses to speech can be explained solely by simple acoustic features. (sussex.ac.uk)
Mechanisms3
- 7) Less favorable listening conditions (e.g., less semantic context, the absence of prosodic and syntactic information, increasing the difficulty of lexical selection, and the use of multiple or unfamiliar talkers) and deficits in working memory capacity and inhibitory control are enough to cause age-related differences in speech perception, which may result from declines in both general cognitive abilities and specialized perceptual mechanisms used for speech communication. (ejao.org)
- These results carry implications for our understanding of the mechanisms involved in rate-dependent speech perception and of dialogue. (isca-speech.org)
- These results suggest that the neurocortical mechanisms associated with categorical perception for voicing information may be similar across human and nonhuman primates. (nih.gov)
Noisy5
- I examined how these different parts of the STG respond to clear versus noisy speech. (tmc.edu)
- I found that noisy speech decreased the amplitude and increased the across-trial variability of the response in the anterior STG. (tmc.edu)
- However, possibly due to its multisensory composition, posterior STG was not as sensitive to auditory noise as the anterior STG and responded similarly to clear and noisy speech. (tmc.edu)
- Previous studies demonstrated that visual cortex shows response enhancement when the auditory component of speech is noisy or absent, however it was not clear which regions of the visual cortex specifically show this response enhancement and whether this response enhancement is a result of top-down modulation from a higher region. (tmc.edu)
- 1) In a noisy environment, 2) reverberation listening condition, 3) or fast speaking rates, 4) speech perception ability among those who are older is much worse than for younger listeners. (ejao.org)
Categorical3
- This article presents a methodological study of an experimental procedure with two tasks of categorical auditory processing for speech. (bvsalud.org)
- Categorical perception for voicing contrasts in normal and lead-treated rhesus monkeys: electrophysiological indices. (nih.gov)
- Categorical perception of voicing contrasts was evaluated in rhesus monkeys. (nih.gov)
Perceptual3
- Although behavioral studies have well established this perceptual benefit, it is still not clear how the brain processes visual information from mouth movements to improve speech perception. (tmc.edu)
- To improve their perceptual skills, the goal of this study was to investigate the effects of time alteration, selective word stress, and varying sentence lengths on the speech perception of older listeners. (ejao.org)
- What does visual agnosia tell us about perceptual organization and its relationship to object perception? (nih.gov)
Intervention1
- The speech where Johnson touts how the troops were aiding the locals stands in stark contrast with images that continue to be shared on social media today, where signs reading "Fuera Yankee" and the people's direct opposition of U.S. intervention was made very clear. (lagaleriamag.com)
Responses2
Talker3
- Speech is inherently multisensory, containing auditory information from the voice and visual information from the mouth movements of the talker. (tmc.edu)
- Here, talker B's speech was replaced by playback of participants' own fast or slow speech. (isca-speech.org)
- No evidence was found that one's own voice affected perception of talker A in larger speech contexts. (isca-speech.org)
Compensatory1
- Fortunately, several lines of research suggest that older listeners can overcome some speech perception difficulties by deploying compensatory central processing. (ejao.org)
Pathologists4
- Our speech language pathologists will work with you to create a personalized treatment plan. (healthpartners.com)
- The response rate was 16% for the surgeons and 33% for the speech-language pathologists. (who.int)
- Results showed that only a small number of surgeons and speech-language pathologists in South Africa are involved in the treatment of persons with advanced tongue cancer. (who.int)
- Patients with total glossectomy form only a small part of the caseload of speech-language pathologists. (who.int)
Pathology1
- 4 Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Research Institute of Audiology and Speech Pathology, College of Natural Sciences, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea. (ejao.org)
Integration1
- The purpose of this research project was to determine whether difficulty perceiving self-generated speech in the older population is related to misinterpreting motor commands or is related to a lack of auditory integration used to generate speech. (uwaterloo.ca)
Phonemic1
- The article summarizes research on the perception of phonemic distinctions, on how listeners cope with the continuity and variability of speech signals, and on how phonemic information is mapped onto the representations of words. (mpi.nl)
Inherently1
- Speech is an inherently rhythmic phenomenon in which the acoustic signal is transmitted in syllabic "packets" and temporally structured so that most of the energy fluctuations occur in the range between 3 and 10 Hz. (jhu.edu)
Swallowing1
- Very little is known about the surgical management and speech and swallowing rehabilitation of persons with advanced tongue cancer in South Africa. (who.int)
Rehabilitation2
- Based on future research, those individuals affected could then be offered rehabilitation aimed at strengthening motor muscles involved in their speech or receive assistance to develop their ability to detect auditory cues. (uwaterloo.ca)
- rehabilitation services include outpatient physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, spinal cord injury rehabilitation, rehabilitation for brain injuries and strokes, and so many more. (healthpartners.com)
Listeners4
- Deficits of the aging auditory system negatively affect older listeners in terms of speech communication, resulting in limitations to their social lives. (ejao.org)
- This pattern of results suggests that a combination of time compression and selective word stress is more effective for understanding speech in older listeners than using the time-expanded condition only. (ejao.org)
- 5) Although there is strong evidence for the importance of peripheral audibility in explaining the poor speech perception of older listeners, 6) many contemporary researchers argue that age-related central auditory declines largely affect speech perception in this population. (ejao.org)
- That is, older listeners show much poorer speech perception than their younger adult counterparts even in similar absolute sensitivity. (ejao.org)
Subjects1
- Speech Perception Task: Subjects were presented with audiovisual speech that was presented in a predominantly auditory or predominantly visual modality. (nih.gov)
Rhythm3
Largely1
- Yet, effects of long-term tracking of speech rate are largely unexplored. (isca-speech.org)
Younger1
- With a small sample size of older adults assessed in the study, the findings suggested that older adults perceive the onset of speech differently than younger people. (uwaterloo.ca)
Argue1
- In this paper, we argue that the perception of speech sounds by humans suggests that the definition of timbre would be more useful if it grouped the size variables together and separated the pair of them from the remaining properties of these sounds. (edu.au)
Noise1
- At UCL and under the supervision of Outi Tuomainen and Valerie Hazan, my master's thesis was based on using experience sampling methodology to explore how non-native English speakers experienced listening effort during ecological speech-in-noise situations. (nih.gov)
Acoustic1
- We suggest that current models of speech perception, which are driven by acoustic features alone, are incomplete, and that the role of decoding time during memory access must be incorporated to account for the patterns of observed recognition phenomena. (jhu.edu)
Language4
- We take our capability for language perception and production for granted each day while we communicate with those around us, sing melodies to songs, and think to ourselves. (uwaterloo.ca)
- Data for: Dunning-Kruger Effect in Second Language Speech Learning: How Does Self Perception Align with Other Perception Over Time? (mendeley.com)
- Speech, language and communication (pp. 97-136). (mpi.nl)
- Music, language, speech and brain (pp. 157-166). (mpi.nl)
Contributes1
- Experiment 2 tested whether one's own speech rate also contributes to effects of long-term tracking of rate. (isca-speech.org)
Brain4
- By measuring the participant's sensitivity to these changes, which alter the perceived ownership of heard speech, further insight into how the young and aging brain interprets self-generated speech verses passively heard speech could be attained. (uwaterloo.ca)
- In brief, the uniformity test map displays brain regions that are consistently active in studies that load highly on the term speech perception. (neurosynth.org)
- Voxels with large z-scores are reported more often in studies whose abstracts use the term speech perception than one would expect them to be if activation everywhere in the brain was equally likely. (neurosynth.org)
- association test maps are, roughly, maps displaying brain regions that are preferentially related to the term speech perception. (neurosynth.org)
Recognition3
Occupational2
- Occupational and speech therapists' perceptions of their role in dental care for children with autism spectrum disorder: A qualitative exploration. (bvsalud.org)
- Occupational therapists (OTs) and speech therapists (STs) are likely to be involved earlier in managing communication , behavioural and sensory processing issues. (bvsalud.org)
Research1
- I lead the SAP Research Group ( Speech Acquisition and Perception ) at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra . (upf.edu)
Aging1
- Monitoring of speech efficiency is important to the aging population because communication is key to the safety, well-being and life satisfaction of these individuals. (uwaterloo.ca)
Term4
- This page displays information for an automated Neurosynth meta-analysis of the term speech perception. (neurosynth.org)
- The association test map for speech perception displays voxels that are reported more often in articles that include the term speech perception in their abstracts than articles that do not. (neurosynth.org)
- Cite as: Maslowski, M., Meyer, A.S., Bosker, H.R. (2017) Whether Long-Term Tracking of Speech Rate Affects Perception Depends on Who is Talking. (isca-speech.org)
- inproceedings{maslowski17_interspeech, author={Merel Maslowski and Antje S. Meyer and Hans Rutger Bosker}, title={{Whether Long-Term Tracking of Speech Rate Affects Perception Depends on Who is Talking}}, year=2017, booktitle={Proc. (isca-speech.org)
Test1
- Meringer was the first to note the linguistic significance of speech errors, and his interpretations have stood the test of time. (mpi.nl)
Communication1
- European studies in phonetics and speech communication (pp. 66-71). (mpi.nl)
Sounds1
- Speech rate is known to modulate perception of temporally ambiguous speech sounds. (isca-speech.org)
Versus1
- Enhancing the salience of free speech rights increases differential perceived free speech protections for criminal acts against Black versus White targets. (nih.gov)
Role1
- The May 2, 1965 speech arguably bears resemblance to the fearmongering happening today, where U.S. leaders speak on issues in other countries, while ignoring the U.S.'role in destabilizing the country in the first place . (lagaleriamag.com)
Findings1
- These findings confirm that age-related changes in speech perception result from a combination of peripheral and central auditory factors. (ejao.org)
Time1
- As time compression increased, sentence perception scores decreased statistically. (ejao.org)
Context1
- For instance, a vowel may be perceived as short when the immediate speech context is slow, but as long when the context is fast. (isca-speech.org)
Older1
- Older adults report having difficulty in perceiving speech, such as understanding what they are saying themselves or understanding others around them. (uwaterloo.ca)
Journal1
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. (nih.gov)
Main1
- During most of the speech, he claims that the main reason was protecting locals, and others residing in the Dominican Republic, and seeking to restore calm. (lagaleriamag.com)
Group1
- During 1984-1985 he was a Bantrell post-doctoral fellow at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and a consultant with the Speech Systems Technology Group at Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts. (jhu.edu)