Speech Discrimination Tests
Speech Perception
Neuroma, Acoustic
Speech Disorders
Speech Production Measurement
Speech Therapy
Discrimination Learning
Audiometry, Speech
Phonetics
Speech Articulation Tests
Speech Recognition Software
Speech Reception Threshold Test
Sound Spectrography
Cochlear Implants
Auditory Perception
Perceptual Masking
Speech, Esophageal
Dysarthria
Voice
Psychoacoustics
Tinnitus
Hyperacusis
Oregon
Afipia
Education, Professional, Retraining
Some computational analyses of the PBK test: effects of frequency and lexical density on spoken word recognition. (1/147)
OBJECTIVE: The Phonetically Balanced Kindergarten (PBK) Test (Haskins, Reference Note 2) has been used for almost 50 yr to assess spoken word recognition performance in children with hearing impairments. The test originally consisted of four lists of 50 words, but only three of the lists (lists 1, 3, and 4) were considered "equivalent" enough to be used clinically with children. Our goal was to determine if the lexical properties of the different PBK lists could explain any differences between the three "equivalent" lists and the fourth PBK list (List 2) that has not been used in clinical testing. DESIGN: Word frequency and lexical neighborhood frequency and density measures were obtained from a computerized database for all of the words on the four lists from the PBK Test as well as the words from a single PB-50 (Egan, 1948) word list. RESULTS: The words in the "easy" PBK list (List 2) were of higher frequency than the words in the three "equivalent" lists. Moreover, the lexical neighborhoods of the words on the "easy" list contained fewer phonetically similar words than the neighborhoods of the words on the other three "equivalent" lists. CONCLUSIONS: It is important for researchers to consider word frequency and lexical neighborhood frequency and density when constructing word lists for testing speech perception. The results of this computational analysis of the PBK Test provide additional support for the proposal that spoken words are recognized "relationally" in the context of other phonetically similar words in the lexicon. Implications of using open-set word recognition tests with children with hearing impairments are discussed with regard to the specific vocabulary and information processing demands of the PBK Test. (+info)Restoration of hearing with an auditory brainstem implant in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 2--case report. (2/147)
A 25-year-old male with neurofibromatosis type 2 had hearing restored with an auditory brainstem implant (ABI) after removal of an acoustic schwannoma. The ABI allows the patient to discern many different environment sounds and is a significant adjunct to lip-reading, enabling conversation with people who have clear pronunciation without the necessity for writing. (+info)Discrimination of non-native consonant contrasts varying in perceptual assimilation to the listener's native phonological system. (3/147)
Classic non-native speech perception findings suggested that adults have difficulty discriminating segmental distinctions that are not employed contrastively in their own language. However, recent reports indicate a gradient of performance across non-native contrasts, ranging from near-chance to near-ceiling. Current theoretical models argue that such variations reflect systematic effects of experience with phonetic properties of native speech. The present research addressed predictions from Best's perceptual assimilation model (PAM), which incorporates both contrastive phonological and noncontrastive phonetic influences from the native language in its predictions about discrimination levels for diverse types of non-native contrasts. We evaluated the PAM hypotheses that discrimination of a non-native contrast should be near-ceiling if perceived as phonologically equivalent to a native contrast, lower though still quite good if perceived as a phonetic distinction between good versus poor exemplars of a single native consonant, and much lower if both non-native segments are phonetically equivalent in goodness of fit to a single native consonant. Two experiments assessed native English speakers' perception of Zulu and Tigrinya contrasts expected to fit those criteria. Findings supported the PAM predictions, and provided evidence for some perceptual differentiation of phonological, phonetic, and nonlinguistic information in perception of non-native speech. Theoretical implications for non-native speech perception are discussed, and suggestions are made for further research. (+info)Perceptual "vowel spaces" of cochlear implant users: implications for the study of auditory adaptation to spectral shift. (4/147)
Cochlear implant (CI) users differ in their ability to perceive and recognize speech sounds. Two possible reasons for such individual differences may lie in their ability to discriminate formant frequencies or to adapt to the spectrally shifted information presented by cochlear implants, a basalward shift related to the implant's depth of insertion in the cochlea. In the present study, we examined these two alternatives using a method-of-adjustment (MOA) procedure with 330 synthetic vowel stimuli varying in F1 and F2 that were arranged in a two-dimensional grid. Subjects were asked to label the synthetic stimuli that matched ten monophthongal vowels in visually presented words. Subjects then provided goodness ratings for the stimuli they had chosen. The subjects' responses to all ten vowels were used to construct individual perceptual "vowel spaces." If CI users fail to adapt completely to the basalward spectral shift, then the formant frequencies of their vowel categories should be shifted lower in both F1 and F2. However, with one exception, no systematic shifts were observed in the vowel spaces of CI users. Instead, the vowel spaces differed from one another in the relative size of their vowel categories. The results suggest that differences in formant frequency discrimination may account for the individual differences in vowel perception observed in cochlear implant users. (+info)Mice and humans perceive multiharmonic communication sounds in the same way. (5/147)
Vowels and voiced consonants of human speech and most mammalian vocalizations consist of harmonically structured sounds. The frequency contours of formants in the sounds determine their spectral shape and timbre and carry, in human speech, important phonetic and prosodic information to be communicated. Steady-state partitions of vowels are discriminated and identified mainly on the basis of harmonics or formants having been resolved by the critical-band filters of the auditory system and then grouped together. Speech-analog processing and perception of vowel-like communication sounds in mammalian vocal repertoires has not been demonstrated so far. Here, we synthesize 11 call models and a tape loop with natural wriggling calls of mouse pups and show that house mice perceive this communication call in the same way as we perceive speech vowels: they need the presence of a minimum number of formants (three formants-in this case, at 3.8 + 7.6 + 11.4 kHz), they resolve formants by the critical-band mechanism, group formants together for call identification, perceive the formant structure rather continuously, may detect the missing fundamental of a harmonic complex, and all of these occur in a natural communication situation without any training or behavioral constraints. Thus, wriggling-call perception in mice is comparable with unconditioned vowel discrimination and perception in prelinguistic human infants and points to evolutionary old rules of handling speech sounds in the human auditory system up to the perceptual level. (+info)Cortical activation during spoken-word segmentation in nonreading-impaired and dyslexic adults. (6/147)
We used magnetoencephalography to elucidate the cortical activation associated with the segmentation of spoken words in nonreading-impaired and dyslexic adults. The subjects listened to binaurally presented sentences where the sentence-ending words were either semantically appropriate or inappropriate to the preceding sentence context. Half of the inappropriate final words shared two or three initial phonemes with the highly expected semantically appropriate words. Two temporally and functionally distinct response patterns were detected in the superior temporal lobe. The first response peaked at approximately 100 msec in the supratemporal plane and showed no sensitivity to the semantic appropriateness of the final word. This presemantic N100m response was abnormally strong in the left hemisphere of dyslexic individuals. After the N100m response, the semantically inappropriate sentence-ending words evoked stronger activation than the expected endings in the superior temporal cortex in the vicinity of the auditory cortex. This N400m response was delayed for words starting with the same two or three first few phonemes as the expected words but only until the first evidence of acoustic-phonetic dissimilarity emerged. This subtle delay supports the notion of initial lexical access being based on phonemes or acoustic features. In dyslexic participants, this qualitative aspect of word processing appeared to be normal. However, for all words alike, the ascending slope of the semantic activation in the left hemisphere was delayed by approximately 50 msec as compared with control subjects. The delay in the auditory N400m response in dyslexic subjects is likely to result from presemantic-phonological deficits possibly reflected in the abnormal N100m response. (+info)Talker discrimination by prelingually deaf children with cochlear implants: preliminary results. (7/147)
Forty-four school-age children who had used a multichannel cochlear implant (CI) for at least 4 years were tested to assess their ability to discriminate differences between recorded pairs of female voices uttering sentences. Children were asked to respond "same voice" or "different voice" on each trial. Two conditions were examined. In one condition, the linguistic content of the sentence was always held constant and only the talker's voice varied from trial to trial. In another condition, the linguistic content of the utterance also varied so that to correctly respond "same voice," the child needed to recognize that two different sentences were spoken by the same talker. Data from normal-hearing children were used to establish that these tasks were well within the capabilities of children without hearing impairment. For the children with CIs, in the "fixed sentence condition" the mean proportion correct was 68%, which, although significantly different from the 50% score expected by chance, suggests that the children with CIs found this discrimination task rather difficult. In the "varied sentence condition," however, the mean proportion correct was only 57%, indicating that the children were essentially unable to recognize an unfamiliar talker's voice when the linguistic content of the paired sentences differed. Correlations with other speech and language outcome measures are also reported. (+info)Sudden deafness and anterior inferior cerebellar artery infarction. (8/147)
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Acute ischemic stroke in the distribution of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) is known to be associated with vertigo, nystagmus, facial weakness, and gait ataxia. Few reports have carefully examined the deafness associated with the AICA infarction. Furthermore, previous neurological reports have not emphasized the inner ear as a localization of sudden deafness. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of deafness associated with the AICA infarction and the sites predominantly involved in deafness. METHODS: Over 2 years, we prospectively identified 12 consecutive patients with unilateral AICA infarction diagnosed by brain MRI. Pure-tone audiogram, speech discrimination testing, stapedial reflex testing, and auditory brainstem response were performed to localize the site of lesion in the auditory pathways. Electronystagmography was also performed to evaluate the function of the vestibular system. RESULTS: The most common affected site on brain MRI was the middle cerebellar peduncle (n=11). Four patients had vertigo and/or acute auditory symptoms such as hearing loss or tinnitus as an isolated manifestation from 1 day to 2 months before infarction. Audiological testings confirmed sensorineural hearing loss in 11 patients (92%), predominantly cochlear in 6 patients, retrocochlear in 1 patient, and combined on the affected side cochlear and retrocochlear in 4 patients. Electronystagmography demonstrated no response to caloric stimulation in 10 patients (83%). CONCLUSIONS: In our series, sudden deafness was an important sign for the diagnosis of AICA infarction. Audiological examinations suggest that sudden deafness in AICA infarction is usually due to dysfunction of the cochlea resulting from ischemia to the inner ear. (+info)Speech discrimination tests are a type of audiological assessment used to measure a person's ability to understand and identify spoken words, typically presented in quiet and/or noisy backgrounds. These tests are used to evaluate the function of the peripheral and central auditory system, as well as speech perception abilities.
During the test, the individual is presented with lists of words or sentences at varying intensity levels and/or signal-to-noise ratios. The person's task is to repeat or identify the words or phrases they hear. The results of the test are used to determine the individual's speech recognition threshold (SRT), which is the softest level at which the person can correctly identify spoken words.
Speech discrimination tests can help diagnose hearing loss, central auditory processing disorders, and other communication difficulties. They can also be used to monitor changes in hearing ability over time, assess the effectiveness of hearing aids or other interventions, and develop communication strategies for individuals with hearing impairments.
Speech perception is the process by which the brain interprets and understands spoken language. It involves recognizing and discriminating speech sounds (phonemes), organizing them into words, and attaching meaning to those words in order to comprehend spoken language. This process requires the integration of auditory information with prior knowledge and context. Factors such as hearing ability, cognitive function, and language experience can all impact speech perception.
Otologic surgical procedures refer to a range of surgeries performed on the ear or its related structures. These procedures are typically conducted by otologists, who are specialists trained in diagnosing and treating conditions that affect the ears, balance system, and related nerves. The goal of otologic surgery can vary from repairing damaged bones in the middle ear to managing hearing loss, tumors, or chronic infections. Some common otologic surgical procedures include:
1. Stapedectomy/Stapedotomy: These are procedures used to treat otosclerosis, a condition where the stapes bone in the middle ear becomes fixed and causes conductive hearing loss. The surgeon creates an opening in the stapes footplate (stapedotomy) or removes the entire stapes bone (stapedectomy) and replaces it with a prosthetic device to improve sound conduction.
2. Myringoplasty/Tympanoplasty: These are surgeries aimed at repairing damaged eardrums (tympanic membrane). A myringoplasty involves grafting a piece of tissue over the perforation in the eardrum, while a tympanoplasty includes both eardrum repair and reconstruction of the middle ear bones if necessary.
3. Mastoidectomy: This procedure involves removing the mastoid air cells, which are located in the bony prominence behind the ear. A mastoidectomy is often performed to treat chronic mastoiditis, cholesteatoma, or complications from middle ear infections.
4. Ossiculoplasty: This procedure aims to reconstruct and improve the function of the ossicles (middle ear bones) when they are damaged due to various reasons such as infection, trauma, or congenital conditions. The surgeon uses prosthetic devices made from plastic, metal, or even bone to replace or support the damaged ossicles.
5. Cochlear implantation: This is a surgical procedure that involves placing an electronic device inside the inner ear to help individuals with severe to profound hearing loss. The implant consists of an external processor and internal components that directly stimulate the auditory nerve, bypassing the damaged hair cells in the cochlea.
6. Labyrinthectomy: This procedure involves removing the balance-sensing structures (vestibular system) inside the inner ear to treat severe vertigo or dizziness caused by conditions like Meniere's disease when other treatments have failed.
7. Acoustic neuroma removal: An acoustic neuroma is a benign tumor that grows on the vestibulocochlear nerve, which connects the inner ear to the brain. Surgical removal of the tumor is necessary to prevent hearing loss, balance problems, and potential neurological complications.
These are just a few examples of the various surgical procedures performed by otolaryngologists (ear, nose, and throat specialists) to treat conditions affecting the ear and surrounding structures. Each procedure has its specific indications, benefits, risks, and postoperative care requirements. Patients should consult with their healthcare providers to discuss the most appropriate treatment options for their individual needs.
An acoustic neuroma, also known as vestibular schwannoma, is not actually a neuroma but rather a benign (noncancerous) tumor that develops on the vestibular nerve. This nerve is one of the two nerves that transmit sound and balance information from the inner ear to the brain. The tumor arises from an overproduction of Schwann cells, which normally provide a protective covering for the nerve fibers. As the tumor grows, it can press against the hearing and balance nerves, causing symptoms such as hearing loss, ringing in the ear (tinnitus), unsteadiness, and disequilibrium. In some cases, acoustic neuromas can become quite large and cause additional symptoms by pressing on nearby cranial nerves. Treatment options include observation, radiation therapy, or surgical removal of the tumor.
Speech is the vocalized form of communication using sounds and words to express thoughts, ideas, and feelings. It involves the articulation of sounds through the movement of muscles in the mouth, tongue, and throat, which are controlled by nerves. Speech also requires respiratory support, phonation (vocal cord vibration), and prosody (rhythm, stress, and intonation).
Speech is a complex process that develops over time in children, typically beginning with cooing and babbling sounds in infancy and progressing to the use of words and sentences by around 18-24 months. Speech disorders can affect any aspect of this process, including articulation, fluency, voice, and language.
In a medical context, speech is often evaluated and treated by speech-language pathologists who specialize in diagnosing and managing communication disorders.
Speech disorders refer to a group of conditions in which a person has difficulty producing or articulating sounds, words, or sentences in a way that is understandable to others. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as developmental delays, neurological conditions, hearing loss, structural abnormalities, or emotional issues.
Speech disorders may include difficulties with:
* Articulation: the ability to produce sounds correctly and clearly.
* Phonology: the sound system of language, including the rules that govern how sounds are combined and used in words.
* Fluency: the smoothness and flow of speech, including issues such as stuttering or cluttering.
* Voice: the quality, pitch, and volume of the spoken voice.
* Resonance: the way sound is produced and carried through the vocal tract, which can affect the clarity and quality of speech.
Speech disorders can impact a person's ability to communicate effectively, leading to difficulties in social situations, academic performance, and even employment opportunities. Speech-language pathologists are trained to evaluate and treat speech disorders using various evidence-based techniques and interventions.
Speech intelligibility is a term used in audiology and speech-language pathology to describe the ability of a listener to correctly understand spoken language. It is a measure of how well speech can be understood by others, and is often assessed through standardized tests that involve the presentation of recorded or live speech at varying levels of loudness and/or background noise.
Speech intelligibility can be affected by various factors, including hearing loss, cognitive impairment, developmental disorders, neurological conditions, and structural abnormalities of the speech production mechanism. Factors related to the speaker, such as speaking rate, clarity, and articulation, as well as factors related to the listener, such as attention, motivation, and familiarity with the speaker or accent, can also influence speech intelligibility.
Poor speech intelligibility can have significant impacts on communication, socialization, education, and employment opportunities, making it an important area of assessment and intervention in clinical practice.
Speech acoustics is a subfield of acoustic phonetics that deals with the physical properties of speech sounds, such as frequency, amplitude, and duration. It involves the study of how these properties are produced by the vocal tract and perceived by the human ear. Speech acousticians use various techniques to analyze and measure the acoustic signals produced during speech, including spectral analysis, formant tracking, and pitch extraction. This information is used in a variety of applications, such as speech recognition, speaker identification, and hearing aid design.
Speech production measurement is the quantitative analysis and assessment of various parameters and characteristics of spoken language, such as speech rate, intensity, duration, pitch, and articulation. These measurements can be used to diagnose and monitor speech disorders, evaluate the effectiveness of treatment, and conduct research in fields such as linguistics, psychology, and communication disorders. Speech production measurement tools may include specialized software, hardware, and techniques for recording, analyzing, and visualizing speech data.
Speech Therapy, also known as Speech-Language Pathology, is a medical field that focuses on the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of communication and swallowing disorders in children and adults. These disorders may include speech sound production difficulties (articulation disorders or phonological processes disorders), language disorders (expressive and/or receptive language impairments), voice disorders, fluency disorders (stuttering), cognitive-communication disorders, and swallowing difficulties (dysphagia).
Speech therapists, who are also called speech-language pathologists (SLPs), work with clients to improve their communication abilities through various therapeutic techniques and exercises. They may also provide counseling and education to families and caregivers to help them support the client's communication development and management of the disorder.
Speech therapy services can be provided in a variety of settings, including hospitals, clinics, schools, private practices, and long-term care facilities. The specific goals and methods used in speech therapy will depend on the individual needs and abilities of each client.
Discrimination learning is a type of learning in which an individual learns to distinguish between two or more stimuli and respond differently to each. It involves the ability to recognize the differences between similar stimuli and to respond appropriately based on the specific characteristics of each stimulus. This type of learning is important for many aspects of cognition, including perception, language, and problem-solving.
In discrimination learning, an individual may be presented with two or more stimuli and reinforced for responding differently to each. For example, a person might be trained to press a button in response to the color red and to do nothing in response to the color green. Through this process of differential reinforcement, the individual learns to discriminate between the two colors and to respond appropriately to each.
Discrimination learning is often studied in animals as well as humans, and it is thought to involve a range of cognitive processes, including attention, memory, and perception. It is an important aspect of many forms of learning and plays a role in a wide variety of behaviors.
Speech Audiometry is a hearing test that measures a person's ability to understand and recognize spoken words at different volumes and frequencies. It is used to assess the function of the auditory system, particularly in cases where there is a suspected problem with speech discrimination or understanding spoken language.
The test typically involves presenting lists of words to the patient at varying intensity levels and asking them to repeat what they hear. The examiner may also present sentences with missing words that the patient must fill in. Based on the results, the audiologist can determine the quietest level at which the patient can reliably detect speech and the degree of speech discrimination ability.
Speech Audiometry is often used in conjunction with pure-tone audiometry to provide a more comprehensive assessment of hearing function. It can help identify any specific patterns of hearing loss, such as those caused by nerve damage or cochlear dysfunction, and inform decisions about treatment options, including the need for hearing aids or other assistive devices.
Phonetics is not typically considered a medical term, but rather a branch of linguistics that deals with the sounds of human speech. It involves the study of how these sounds are produced, transmitted, and received, as well as how they are used to convey meaning in different languages. However, there can be some overlap between phonetics and certain areas of medical research, such as speech-language pathology or audiology, which may study the production, perception, and disorders of speech sounds for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
Speech articulation tests are diagnostic assessments used to determine the presence, nature, and severity of speech sound disorders in individuals. These tests typically involve the assessment of an individual's ability to produce specific speech sounds in words, sentences, and conversational speech. The tests may include measures of sound production, phonological processes, oral-motor function, and speech intelligibility.
The results of a speech articulation test can help identify areas of weakness or error in an individual's speech sound system and inform the development of appropriate intervention strategies to improve speech clarity and accuracy. Speech articulation tests are commonly used by speech-language pathologists to evaluate children and adults with speech sound disorders, including those related to developmental delays, hearing impairment, structural anomalies, neurological conditions, or other factors that may affect speech production.
Speech recognition software, also known as voice recognition software, is a type of technology that converts spoken language into written text. It utilizes sophisticated algorithms and artificial intelligence to identify and transcribe spoken words, enabling users to interact with computers and digital devices using their voice rather than typing or touching the screen. This technology has various applications in healthcare, including medical transcription, patient communication, and hands-free documentation, which can help improve efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility for patients and healthcare professionals alike.
Acoustic stimulation refers to the use of sound waves or vibrations to elicit a response in an individual, typically for the purpose of assessing or treating hearing, balance, or neurological disorders. In a medical context, acoustic stimulation may involve presenting pure tones, speech sounds, or other types of auditory signals through headphones, speakers, or specialized devices such as bone conduction transducers.
The response to acoustic stimulation can be measured using various techniques, including electrophysiological tests like auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) or otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), behavioral observations, or functional imaging methods like fMRI. Acoustic stimulation is also used in therapeutic settings, such as auditory training programs for hearing impairment or vestibular rehabilitation for balance disorders.
It's important to note that acoustic stimulation should be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional to ensure safety and effectiveness.
The Speech Reception Threshold (SRT) test is a hearing assessment used to estimate the softest speech level, typically expressed in decibels (dB), at which a person can reliably detect and repeat back spoken words or sentences. It measures the listener's ability to understand speech in quiet environments and serves as an essential component of a comprehensive audiological evaluation.
During the SRT test, the examiner presents a list of phonetically balanced words or sentences at varying intensity levels, usually through headphones or insert earphones. The patient is then asked to repeat each word or sentence back to the examiner. The intensity level is decreased gradually until the patient can no longer accurately identify the presented stimuli. The softest speech level where the patient correctly repeats 50% of the words or sentences is recorded as their SRT.
The SRT test results help audiologists determine the presence and degree of hearing loss, assess the effectiveness of hearing aids, and monitor changes in hearing sensitivity over time. It is often performed alongside other tests, such as pure-tone audiometry and tympanometry, to provide a comprehensive understanding of an individual's hearing abilities.
Sound spectrography, also known as voice spectrography, is a diagnostic procedure in which a person's speech sounds are analyzed and displayed as a visual pattern called a spectrogram. This test is used to evaluate voice disorders, speech disorders, and hearing problems. It can help identify patterns of sound production and reveal any abnormalities in the vocal tract or hearing mechanism.
During the test, a person is asked to produce specific sounds or sentences, which are then recorded and analyzed by a computer program. The program breaks down the sound waves into their individual frequencies and amplitudes, and displays them as a series of horizontal lines on a graph. The resulting spectrogram shows how the frequencies and amplitudes change over time, providing valuable information about the person's speech patterns and any underlying problems.
Sound spectrography is a useful tool for diagnosing and treating voice and speech disorders, as well as for researching the acoustic properties of human speech. It can also be used to evaluate hearing aids and other assistive listening devices, and to assess the effectiveness of various treatments for hearing loss and other auditory disorders.
Pitch discrimination, in the context of audiology and neuroscience, refers to the ability to perceive and identify the difference in pitch between two or more sounds. It is the measure of how accurately an individual can distinguish between different frequencies or tones. This ability is crucial for various aspects of hearing, such as understanding speech, appreciating music, and localizing sound sources.
Pitch discrimination is typically measured using psychoacoustic tests, where a listener is presented with two sequential tones and asked to determine whether the second tone is higher or lower in pitch than the first one. The smallest detectable difference between the frequencies of these two tones is referred to as the "just noticeable difference" (JND) or the "difference limen." This value can be used to quantify an individual's pitch discrimination abilities and may vary depending on factors such as frequency, intensity, and age.
Deficits in pitch discrimination can have significant consequences for various aspects of daily life, including communication difficulties and reduced enjoyment of music. These deficits can result from damage to the auditory system due to factors like noise exposure, aging, or certain medical conditions, such as hearing loss or neurological disorders.
Cochlear implants are medical devices that are surgically implanted in the inner ear to help restore hearing in individuals with severe to profound hearing loss. These devices bypass the damaged hair cells in the inner ear and directly stimulate the auditory nerve, allowing the brain to interpret sound signals. Cochlear implants consist of two main components: an external processor that picks up and analyzes sounds from the environment, and an internal receiver/stimulator that receives the processed information and sends electrical impulses to the auditory nerve. The resulting patterns of electrical activity are then perceived as sound by the brain. Cochlear implants can significantly improve communication abilities, language development, and overall quality of life for individuals with profound hearing loss.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "prejudice" is not a term that has a medical definition in the same way that a term like "myocardial infarction" (heart attack) does. Prejudice is a psychological or sociological concept that refers to preconceived opinions or attitudes about a person or group that are not based on reason or actual experience. It often involves stereotypes and can lead to discrimination or unfair treatment. While prejudice itself is not a medical condition, it can certainly have impacts on mental and physical health, both for those who experience it and for those who hold such biases.
I'm happy to help, but I need to clarify that the term "social discrimination" is not typically used in medical definitions. However, discrimination can be a significant social determinant of health, which refers to the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age that shape their health.
Discrimination can be defined as the unfair or unequal treatment of people based on certain characteristics or attributes, such as race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, age, disability, or socioeconomic status. Discrimination can occur in various settings, including employment, education, housing, healthcare, and criminal justice, among others.
Experiences of discrimination can have negative effects on physical and mental health outcomes, contributing to chronic stress, anxiety, depression, and other health conditions. Therefore, it is essential to address discrimination as a critical social determinant of health and work towards promoting equity, inclusion, and social justice in society.
In the context of medicine, particularly in audiology and otolaryngology (ear, nose, and throat specialty), "noise" is defined as unwanted or disturbing sound in the environment that can interfere with communication, rest, sleep, or cognitive tasks. It can also refer to sounds that are harmful to hearing, such as loud machinery noises or music, which can cause noise-induced hearing loss if exposure is prolonged or at high enough levels.
In some medical contexts, "noise" may also refer to non-specific signals or interfering factors in diagnostic tests and measurements that can make it difficult to interpret results accurately.
Auditory perception refers to the process by which the brain interprets and makes sense of the sounds we hear. It involves the recognition and interpretation of different frequencies, intensities, and patterns of sound waves that reach our ears through the process of hearing. This allows us to identify and distinguish various sounds such as speech, music, and environmental noises.
The auditory system includes the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, and the auditory nerve, which transmits electrical signals to the brain's auditory cortex for processing and interpretation. Auditory perception is a complex process that involves multiple areas of the brain working together to identify and make sense of sounds in our environment.
Disorders or impairments in auditory perception can result in difficulties with hearing, understanding speech, and identifying environmental sounds, which can significantly impact communication, learning, and daily functioning.
Perceptual masking, also known as sensory masking or just masking, is a concept in sensory perception that refers to the interference in the ability to detect or recognize a stimulus (the target) due to the presence of another stimulus (the mask). This phenomenon can occur across different senses, including audition and vision.
In the context of hearing, perceptual masking occurs when one sound (the masker) makes it difficult to hear another sound (the target) because the two sounds are presented simultaneously or in close proximity to each other. The masker can make the target sound less detectable, harder to identify, or even completely inaudible.
There are different types of perceptual masking, including:
1. Simultaneous Masking: When the masker and target sounds occur at the same time.
2. Temporal Masking: When the masker sound precedes or follows the target sound by a short period. This type of masking can be further divided into forward masking (when the masker comes before the target) and backward masking (when the masker comes after the target).
3. Informational Masking: A more complex form of masking that occurs when the listener's cognitive processes, such as attention or memory, are affected by the presence of the masker sound. This type of masking can make it difficult to understand speech in noisy environments, even if the signal-to-noise ratio is favorable.
Perceptual masking has important implications for understanding and addressing hearing difficulties, particularly in situations with background noise or multiple sounds occurring simultaneously.
Esophageal speech is not a type of "speech" in the traditional sense, but rather a method of producing sounds or words using the esophagus after a laryngectomy (surgical removal of the voice box). Here's a medical definition:
Esophageal Speech: A form of alaryngeal speech produced by swallowing air into the esophagus and releasing it through the upper esophageal sphincter, creating vibrations that are shaped into sounds and words. This method is used by individuals who have undergone a laryngectomy, where the vocal cords are removed, making traditional speech impossible. Mastering esophageal speech requires extensive practice and rehabilitation.
Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder that results from damage to the nervous system, particularly the brainstem or cerebellum. It affects the muscles used for speaking, causing slurred, slow, or difficult speech. The specific symptoms can vary depending on the underlying cause and the extent of nerve damage. Treatment typically involves speech therapy to improve communication abilities.
In medical terms, the term "voice" refers to the sound produced by vibration of the vocal cords caused by air passing out from the lungs during speech, singing, or breathing. It is a complex process that involves coordination between respiratory, phonatory, and articulatory systems. Any damage or disorder in these systems can affect the quality, pitch, loudness, and flexibility of the voice.
The medical field dealing with voice disorders is called Phoniatrics or Voice Medicine. Voice disorders can present as hoarseness, breathiness, roughness, strain, weakness, or a complete loss of voice, which can significantly impact communication, social interaction, and quality of life.
The auditory threshold is the minimum sound intensity or loudness level that a person can detect 50% of the time, for a given tone frequency. It is typically measured in decibels (dB) and represents the quietest sound that a person can hear. The auditory threshold can be affected by various factors such as age, exposure to noise, and certain medical conditions. Hearing tests, such as pure-tone audiometry, are used to measure an individual's auditory thresholds for different frequencies.
Psychoacoustics is a branch of psychophysics that deals with the study of the psychological and physiological responses to sound. It involves understanding how people perceive, interpret, and react to different sounds, including speech, music, and environmental noises. This field combines knowledge from various areas such as psychology, acoustics, physics, and engineering to investigate the relationship between physical sound characteristics and human perception. Research in psychoacoustics has applications in fields like hearing aid design, noise control, music perception, and communication systems.
Tinnitus is the perception of ringing or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present. It can be described as a sensation of hearing sound even when no actual noise is present. The sounds perceived can vary widely, from a whistling, buzzing, hissing, swooshing, to a pulsating sound, and can be soft or loud.
Tinnitus is not a disease itself but a symptom that can result from a wide range of underlying causes, such as hearing loss, exposure to loud noises, ear infections, earwax blockage, head or neck injuries, circulatory system disorders, certain medications, and age-related hearing loss.
Tinnitus can be temporary or chronic, and it may affect one or both ears. While tinnitus is not usually a sign of a serious medical condition, it can significantly impact quality of life and interfere with daily activities, sleep, and concentration.
Hyperacusis is a hearing disorder characterized by an increased sensitivity to sounds, where certain everyday noises are perceived as being excessively loud or uncomfortable, even painful. This condition can lead to avoidance behaviors and have a negative impact on a person's quality of life. It is different from normal hearing and requires medical evaluation to diagnose and manage.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oregon" is not a medical term or concept. It is a geographical location, being the name of a state in the United States, located in the Pacific Northwest region. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!
Audiology is a branch of science that deals with the study of hearing, balance disorders, and related conditions. It involves the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of hearing and balance problems using various tests, techniques, and devices. Audiologists are healthcare professionals who specialize in this field and provide services such as hearing evaluations, fitting of hearing aids, and counseling for people with hearing loss or tinnitus (ringing in the ears). They also work closely with other medical professionals to manage complex cases and provide rehabilitation services.
"Afipia" is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil and water. The name "Afipia" comes from the acronym for the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, where the bacterium was first isolated and studied.
Species of Afipia have been associated with various human diseases, including respiratory infections, wound infections, and bacteremia (bacteria in the blood). However, these bacteria are not considered major pathogens and are only rarely implicated in human illness.
It's worth noting that the study of Afipia and other environmental bacteria is an active area of research, and our understanding of their role in human health continues to evolve.
Professional education and retraining refers to the process of acquiring or updating knowledge, skills, and competencies necessary for a specific profession or occupation. This may involve formal education in an academic institution, on-the-job training, or continuing education programs. The goal of professional education and retraining is to ensure that individuals are equipped with the necessary expertise to perform their duties safely, effectively, and ethically, and to stay current with advances and changes in their field. Retraining may be necessary when an individual is transitioning to a new profession, or when there are significant changes in technology, regulations, or best practices in their existing field.
"State Health Plans" is a general term that refers to the healthcare coverage programs offered or managed by individual states in the United States. These plans can be divided into two main categories: Medicaid and state-based marketplaces.
1. **Medicaid**: This is a joint federal-state program that provides healthcare coverage to low-income individuals, families, and qualifying groups, such as pregnant women, children, elderly people, and people with disabilities. Each state administers its own Medicaid program within broad federal guidelines, and therefore, the benefits, eligibility criteria, and enrollment processes can vary from state to state.
2. **State-based Marketplaces (SBMs)**: These are online platforms where individuals and small businesses can compare and purchase health insurance plans that meet the standards set by the Affordable Care Act (ACA). SBMs operate in accordance with federal regulations, but individual states have the flexibility to design their own marketplace structure, manage their own enrollment process, and determine which insurers can participate.
It is important to note that state health plans are subject to change based on federal and state laws, regulations, and funding allocations. Therefore, it is always recommended to check the most recent and specific information from the relevant state agency or department.
Andrew Bolt
Women's suffrage in Alaska
Speech perception
Academic Bill of Rights
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle
Environmental health
United States free speech exceptions
Hearing loss
Terumi Tanaka
Tactile discrimination
Section 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975
George Brandis
Auditory processing disorder
Discrimination against atheists
2020 in Singapore
Hate speech
Pat Buchanan
Student rights in U.S. higher education
Cochlear implant
History of Oak Park and River Forest High School
Perinçek v. Switzerland
Stanley Coren
Diagnosis of hearing loss
Thenmozhi Soundararajan
Mikhail Gorbachev
Helen Singleton
Human rights in Western Sahara
Rumi Chunara
Structural inequality in education
Bobbi Campbell
Reading Ricci: Whitening Discrimination, Racing Test Fairness | UCLA Law Review
Visual Speech Discrimination | The Hearing Review
First Amendment
Andrew Bolt - Wikipedia
NWI - Improving the legal protection of human rights in the workplace.
Hearing Tests for Adults: MedlinePlus Medical Test
How a stroke survivor overcame speech difficulties to host a podcast on adversity
Test algorithms for bias to avoid discrimination | European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
Clinical aspects of hereditary hearing loss | Genetics in Medicine
Discrimination hearing loss | Widex
Affinity 2.0 | TEN Test in AC440 | Interacoustics
Reasons to Prioritize a Hearing Exam Before Symptoms Escalate
America's Likely Civil War?| Countercurrents
Article I :: Maine Constitution :: Maine Law :: US Law :: Justia
Justia Blawg Search - Law Blogs, Lawyer Blogs, Legal Blogs Directory & Search Engine
Bias in algorithms - Artificial intelligence and discrimination | European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
Human Rights Reports: Custom Report Excerpts - United States Department of State
Presbycusis: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
How to Protect DEI Requirements From Legal Peril
175 mayors launch new coalition against anti-LGBT discrimination
David H lsmeier - Google Scholar
As Employer Use of Artificial Intelligence Continues to Expand, the EEOC Issues Guidance on Disparate Impact Discrimination |...
Instrument identification through a simulated cochlear implant processing system / | Request PDF
Balancing Religious Liberties and Anti-Discrimination Interests in the Public Employment Context: The Impact of Masterpiece...
Cochlear Implant Center | Johns Hopkins Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
Chapter 164 - MN Laws
Visual Discrimination and Reading for Children Dyslexic Arabophone, Aged 7.5 - 11.5 Years
Ear, Nose & Throat | NorthBay Health
Overprotection-Hyperacusis-Phonophobia & Tinnitus Retraining Therapy: A Case Study
Benefits of Bilateral Implantation
Stigma5
- HIV/AIDS, and fighting stigma and discrimination in the public domain. (who.int)
- Stigma and discrimination still deters people from taking an HIV test. (who.int)
- No doubt, his statements are likely to fuel prejudice, stigma and discrimination against the LGBT community. (southernafricalitigationcentre.org)
- In this region stigma still prevents people at risk from taking a test and seeking care, and thus perpetuates the HIV epidemic. (who.int)
- It is the responsibility of leaders in the health sector to do their utmost to eliminate stigma and discrimination in health care settings and to protect people affected by HIV from the consequences of these behaviours. (who.int)
Audiometry10
- Speech audiometry has become a fundamental tool in hearing-loss assessment. (medscape.com)
- Speech audiometry also provides information regarding discomfort or tolerance to speech stimuli and information on word recognition abilities. (medscape.com)
- In addition, information gained by speech audiometry can help determine proper gain and maximum output of hearing aids and other amplifying devices for patients with significant hearing losses and help assess how well they hear in noise. (medscape.com)
- Speech audiometry also facilitates audiological rehabilitation management. (medscape.com)
- The Technique section of this article describes speech audiometry for adult patients. (medscape.com)
- Speech audiometry should not be done if the patient is uncooperative. (medscape.com)
- No anesthesia is required for speech audiometry. (medscape.com)
- In most circumstances, speech audiometry is performed in a 2-room testing suite. (medscape.com)
- Audiometry tests check your ability to hear tones or words at different pitches and volumes. (medlineplus.gov)
- Audiometry - testing degree hearing ability. (bangkokpattayahospital.com)
Audiogram3
- A pediatric audiologist may perform a type of hearing test called a behavioral audiogram . (healthychildren.org)
- We utilized state-of-the-art computerized audiometric testing equipment and the most up-to-date testing procedures to create a personalized audiogram that charts your unique hearing profile. (hearforyouhearingaids.com)
- These tests include: pure-tone audiogram, tympanometry, auditory reflex testing, determination of speech discrimination abilities, otoacoustic emissions testing and auditory brainstem response testing (ABR). (wikidoc.org)
Audiologists4
- Audiologists work from the audiometric equipment room, while patients undergo testing in the evaluation room. (medscape.com)
- The condition is tested by audiologists and mostly treated by training the brain through practice. (healthyplace.com)
- Specific computer programs, speech therapy, and audiologists are all resources for improving auditory memory and sound discrimination. (healthyplace.com)
- Audiologists measure speech discrimination in percent. (hearinglosshelp.com)
Litmus test3
- This is an ideological litmus test. (voxy.co.nz)
- They are an ideological litmus test. (voxy.co.nz)
- Saudi Arabia's long-awaited lifting of a ban on women's driving, widely viewed as a symbol of Saudi misogyny, will likely serve as a litmus test for Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman's ability to introduce economic and social reforms despite conservative opposition. (eurasiareview.com)
Stimuli3
- it requires patients to merely indicate when speech stimuli are present. (medscape.com)
- Further, infants of nonsmokers discriminated among a greater number of syllables whereas the newborns of smokers began the discrimination process at least 150 msec later and differentiated among fewer stimuli. (nih.gov)
- Anatomical and physiological studies in human and nonhuman primates have suggested that the superior temporal sulcus (STS) is involved in auditory-visual integration for both speech and nonspeech stimuli. (jneurosci.org)
Offensive speech1
- A new report from the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) looks at the use of artificial intelligence in predictive policing and offensive speech detection. (europa.eu)
Audiometric equipment1
- The audiometric equipment room contains the speech audiometer, which is usually part of a diagnostic audiometer. (medscape.com)
Abilities2
- This is a Pediatric Management Problem (PMP) designed to test your problem-solving and decision-making abilities. (medscape.com)
- Validity, reliability, and discrimination abilities were obtained using standard methods. (cdc.gov)
Auditory tests2
Rabat Plan of Act2
- The Rabat Plan of Action and threshold test on incitement to hatred, should be applied when monitoring hate speech, and identifying actions. (norway.no)
- The UN OHCHR-backed "Rabat Plan of Action" (2011) elaborates a six-part test to determine whether that threshold is reached in the given circumstances of any specific case. (article19.org)
Hostility3
- Tackling hate speech before it goes into the dangerous territory of inciting discrimination, hostility, and violence, is imperative. (norway.no)
- If that has been established, the next test is to consider whether it is likely to excite hostility against or bring into contempt any group of people either in or coming to New Zealand on the ground of colour, race or ethnic or national origins. (adls.org.nz)
- Moreover, under Article 20 para 2 of the ICCPR, it is only in situations where there is advocacy of hatred constituting incitement to violence, hostility or discrimination, that prohibitions of the problematic material will be justified. (article19.org)
Diagnostic5
- The speech-testing portion of the diagnostic audiometer usually consists of 2 channels that provide various inputs and outputs. (medscape.com)
- We evaluated the calibrated finger rub auditory screening test (CALFRAST) as a routine diagnostic tool. (cdc.gov)
- Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) - a useful diagnostic tool for measuring hearing when more conventional hearing tests cannot be used as in newborn baby or Neurological patients. (bangkokpattayahospital.com)
- Our commitment to cutting-edge hearing healthcare practices, combined with a compassionate approach, ensures that your journey to better hearing begins with accurate diagnostic testing. (hearforyouhearingaids.com)
- Diagnostic hearing testing is the first step toward understanding your hearing health. (hearforyouhearingaids.com)
State's2
- Colorado lawmakers expect new legal challenges that will test the state's anti-discrimination laws - this after a U.S. Supreme Court ruling allowed a web designer from Colorado to refuse her services to gay couples. (kbbi.org)
- However, we conclude the pronoun provision is not narrowly tailored to achieve a compelling government objective because it burdens speech more than is required to achieve the State's compelling objective. (legalinsurrection.com)
Difficulties3
- Further, harmful speech should not be included among cybercrimes because of the inherent difficulties in defining prohibited speech. (eff.org)
- Patients using hearing aids may still experience difficulties with speech discrimination in noisy situations. (medscape.com)
- Children with hearing loss are at higher risk for having learning, speech/language and social/emotional difficulties than their normal hearing peers. (bangkokpattayahospital.com)
Equality3
- According to Supreme Court rulings, the government may limit speech to counter discrimination, foster social harmony, or promote gender equality. (state.gov)
- The court ruled that the benefits of limiting hate speech and promoting equality are sufficient to outweigh the freedom of speech clause in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the country's constitutional bill of rights. (state.gov)
- On 7-8 December, FRA attended the high-level group on non-discrimination, equality and diversity. (europa.eu)
Perception3
- A textbook example of how both the auditory and visual modalities are important for speech perception is the McGurk effect, in which an auditory syllable (phoneme) is perceived very differently depending on whether it is accompanied by a visual movie of a speaker pronouncing the same syllable or a different, incongruent syllable ( McGurk and MacDonald, 1976 ). (jneurosci.org)
- On the comparison between identification and discrimination tests in speech perception. (bvsalud.org)
- I examine the most important processes involved in reading, such as the role of phonemic awareness, the role of sound-symbol correspondence, visual perception and discrimination. (oghebrew.com)
Binaural1
- Binaural (two ear) input of sound to the brain can help with skills like localization and speech discrimination. (healthychildren.org)
Equitable3
- Ms Connor also said equitable access to PCR testing, making sure people with disability could get booster shots, as well as non-pharmaceutical measures like improving ventilation could help. (abc.net.au)
- This test seeks to establish an equitable balance between protection of religious liberties and anti-discrimination interests. (ssrn.com)
- I call on countries to use the new HIV testing strategies and to choose a strategic mix of service delivery models to achieve universal and equitable access to HIV testing and counselling. (who.int)
Court's4
- The Supreme Court's recent Free Speech and Establishment Clause decisions in Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission, 138 S. Ct. (ssrn.com)
- 2067 (2019) push the pendulum in this debate towards greater protection of religious liberties, and signal the Court's preference for context-specific tests for how the Establishment Clause will interact with the broader range of interests protected by the Free Exercise Clause. (ssrn.com)
- The Illinois Supreme Court's decision is the first in the United States that has withdrawn First Amendment protection for content-based tax discrimination. (duanemorris.com)
- Before reviewing the Illinois Supreme Court's recent decision, it is worth revisiting the U.S. Supreme Court's well-settled jurisprudence, as stated in Arkansas Writers' Project, Inc. v. Ragland , that discrimination "on the Basis of the content of the message cannot be tolerated under the First Amendment. (duanemorris.com)
Broadly1
- However, the Kavanaugh speeches HRC referenced weren't focused on LGBT issues, or even on anti-discrimination laws more broadly. (buzzfeednews.com)
Supreme Court3
- This Article explores and analyzes the dichotomy of paradigms that has led Supreme Court jurisprudence to its current path, including the Court signaling its preference for context-specific Establishment Clause tests. (ssrn.com)
- The Supreme Court decided that the "Sherbert test" was no longer required. (erowid.org)
- 9 Because content discrimination is presumptively prohibited under both the free speech and press provisions of the First Amendment (both at issue in the case), the U.S. Supreme Court applied a strict scrutiny test to the Arkansas tax exemption scheme, requiring the state to show that the taxing scheme was "necessary to serve a compelling state interest and is narrowly drawn to achieve that end. (duanemorris.com)
Hate speech22
- So it is concerning that some UN Member States are proposing vague provisions to combat hate speech to a committee of government representatives (the Ad Hoc Committee) convened by the UN to negotiate a proposed UN Cybercrime treaty. (eff.org)
- For example, Jordan proposes using the treaty to criminalize "hate speech or actions related to the insulting of religions or States using information networks or websites," while Egypt calls for prohibiting the "spreading of strife, sedition, hatred or racism. (eff.org)
- Cybercrime laws have been used to impose overly broad restrictions on free expression by criminalizing various online content such as extremism or hate speech. (eff.org)
- Hate speech, the subject of several proposals, is an apt example of the dangers raised by including speech-related harms in a cybercrime treaty. (eff.org)
- Because we lack a universally agreed upon definition of hate speech in international human rights law, using the term "hate speech" is unhelpful in identify ing permissible restrictions to speech. (eff.org)
- Additionally, and as a result of both this review and community feedback, we've made some changes to clarify and strengthen our rules around hate speech, discrimination and group slurs. (macrumors.com)
- Press Statement by the Norwegian Delegation to the UN on countering hate speech. (norway.no)
- The design and algorithms of digital communication platforms support the rapid, and uncensored, spread of hate speech. (norway.no)
- We cannot allow hate speech to put at risk anymore. (norway.no)
- Further, we have seen that spread of false news, hate speech and inflammatory rhetoric, in particular through social media, has been a big challenge in Myanmar and there are worrying trends also in other conflicts around the world. (norway.no)
- But more speech, not less, is necessary to empower people to recognise, reject, and stand up to hate speech and discrimination. (norway.no)
- The UN strategy and action plan on hate speech provides good strategic guidance on how we should address root causes and drivers of hate speech, and also how to enable effective responses to the impacts of hate speech. (norway.no)
- And we need to keep the protection of, and respect for, human rights at the core of the dialogue and cooperation between: governments, social media companies, and civil society when dealing with hate speech. (norway.no)
- The Minister of Justice has released the long-awaited "hate speech" proposals. (adls.org.nz)
- When will we recognize that hate speech against the LGBT community is not OK? (southernafricalitigationcentre.org)
- Increasingly, leaders in Africa are able to propagate hate speech against LGBT persons with shameless impunity. (southernafricalitigationcentre.org)
- In general, hate speech is recognised as a process where a group is singled out based on their immutable characteristics, labelled as inferior and targeted for discriminatory treatment. (southernafricalitigationcentre.org)
- Hate speech is perpetrated against the LGBT community throughout the world. (southernafricalitigationcentre.org)
- In some instances, such hate speech is deliberate and organised. (southernafricalitigationcentre.org)
- ARTICLE 19 recalls that under international human rights law, the most severe categories of 'hate speech' must be prohibited. (article19.org)
- ARTICLE 19 believes that ensuring that responses to 'hate speech' comply with international human rights law is crucial. (article19.org)
- The left and right have to accept the fact that the First Amendment protects perceived hate speech. (legalinsurrection.com)
Rulings1
- The HRC report also expressed concerns about Kavanaugh's views on the Affordable Care Act, voter ID laws, and federal agency power, as well as his rulings in employment discrimination cases. (buzzfeednews.com)
Frequencies1
- A parent of a child with a more typical hearing loss can get that identification right after a soundbooth or an OAE test, "Sir/ma'am, your child has a loss of xx Db in three frequencies. (handsandvoices.org)
Severe hear1
- The tests are also used to find out how severe hearing loss is and what type it is. (medlineplus.gov)
Discriminate2
- Two subjects could discriminate all electrodes, and discrimination performance by the remaining nine subjects varied from near perfect to very poor. (duke.edu)
- Regular speech is inaudible, even when loud, and it is difficult to discriminate speech. (starkey.com)
Evoked potentials1
- High-dose oral supplementation of riboflavin (vitamin B 2 ) between 10 mg and 50 mg/kg/day improves symptoms and signs on clinical examination, improves objective testing (vital capacity, brain stem evoked potentials, nerve conduction studies), and normalizes acylcarnitine levels. (nih.gov)
Noisy environments4
- Speech discrimination , which is the ability to hear speech in quiet and noisy environments. (healthychildren.org)
- I too have been for hearing tests and passed with flying colours, yet I really struggle with conversations, mainly in noisy environments. (healthyplace.com)
- Lip reading may help patients with diminished speech discrimination and may help hearing aid users who have difficulty in noisy environments. (medscape.com)
- The speech discrimination scores may also be reduced, particularly in noisy environments. (hearusa.com)
Cochlear implant3
- Scholars@Duke publication: Electrode discrimination and speech recognition in postlingually deafened adult cochlear implant subjects. (duke.edu)
- This study investigated the relationship between electrode discrimination and speech recognition in 11 postlingually deafened adult cochlear implant subjects who were implanted with the Nucleus/Cochlear Corporation multichannel device. (duke.edu)
- The results of this study suggest that electrode discrimination tasks may be used to improve speech recognition of some cochlear implant subjects, and that each electrode site does not necessarily provide perceptually distinct information. (duke.edu)
Restrictions2
- There is, moreover, for example, no indication that last week's use of a stadium as a test case, will lead to a lifting of restrictions on women's sporting rights, including free access to attend men's competitions and the ability to practice and compete in a majority of sports disciplines that are not mentioned in the Qur'an. (eurasiareview.com)
- That conclusion leads the court to content-based restrictions on speech. (legalinsurrection.com)
LGBT2
- In the absence of opinions on LGBT-related cases, HRC pointed to speeches Kavanaugh gave "extensively praising" former chief justice William Rehnquist and Justice Antonin Scalia - whom the group claimed "have some of the most pronounced anti-LGBTQ records of modern jurists. (buzzfeednews.com)
- And while all of those subjects could be relevant to LGBT rights, the speech did not address nondiscrimination principles or cases at all. (buzzfeednews.com)
Correctly identified1
- Speech Discrimination Score (SDS) - the percentage of words correctly identified. (bangkokpattayahospital.com)
Threshold5
- Speech-awareness threshold (SAT) is also known as speech-detection threshold (SDT). (medscape.com)
- For patients with normal hearing or somewhat flat hearing loss, this measure is usually 10-15 dB better than the speech-recognition threshold (SRT) that requires patients to repeat presented words. (medscape.com)
- The speech-recognition threshold (SRT) is sometimes referred to as the speech-reception threshold. (medscape.com)
- Cross-sectional analysis was performed on pure tone threshold data at 0.25 to 8 kHz and on speech phoneme recognition scores. (nih.gov)
- Tone Decay Test - involves the presentation of a continuous tone to determine whether the threshold for the tone has changed (becomes poorer) over time. (bangkokpattayahospital.com)
Signals1
- These signals are perceived as sound and coded into speech. (healthychildren.org)
Diagnose hear2
- An audiologist , a health care professional who is trained to test your hearing, diagnose hearing loss, and provide hearing devices and services to improve hearing. (medlineplus.gov)
- Results of audiometric tests called audiograms are used to diagnose hearing loss of and diseases of the ear. (bangkokpattayahospital.com)
Recognition scores1
- No significant correlation was observed between electrode discrimination ability and speech recognition scores or between electrode discrimination ability and improvement in speech recognition scores when programmed with the experimental map. (duke.edu)
Loud2
- In contrast, speech discrimination is a measure of how well you understand what you hear when speech is loud enough to hear comfortably. (hearinglosshelp.com)
- At the other end of the spectrum, 0% discrimination means you can't understand a single word that is spoken, no matter how loud it is. (hearinglosshelp.com)
Objective1
- The objective of this measurement is to obtain the lowest level at which speech can be detected at least half the time. (medscape.com)
Restrict1
- The pronoun provision at issue here tests the limits of the government's authority to restrict pure speech that, while potentially offensive or harassing to the listener, does not necessarily create a hostile environment. (legalinsurrection.com)
Tolerance2
- They may contribute to creating an educational environment opposed to the cultivation of a culture of free speech, vigorous debate and tolerance for the views of others. (voxy.co.nz)
- We need to strengthen intercultural dialogue and promote values of tolerance, non-discrimination, and respect for human rights. (norway.no)
Difficulty3
- The difficulty with including threatening, abusive or insulting language against groups based upon religion means that not only would Islamaphobic "dangerous speech" be caught, but so too would the anti-Christian, anti-West, anti "crusader" rhetoric of radical Islamic jihadi groups be caught. (adls.org.nz)
- A further difficulty with religious-based speech is that often there are doctrinal differences that can lead to strong differences of opinion that are strongly voiced. (adls.org.nz)
- The kids we see are having difficulty following directions," explains Rachel Cortese, a speech-language pathologist. (childmind.org)
HEARING TEST6
- Why do I need a hearing test? (medlineplus.gov)
- If you use a hearing aid or had surgery for your hearing, you may need a hearing test to see whether your hearing has improved. (medlineplus.gov)
- What happens during a hearing test? (medlineplus.gov)
- Our online hearing test is very easy to complete. (widex.com)
- This hearing test involves tonal sounds and clicks that are played. (healthychildren.org)
- Take our free, online hearing test simulator here for an estimate. (starkey.com)
Appropriately1
- It is important that hearing aids are tested and fitted appropriately by an audiologist to optimize sound quality. (medscape.com)
Loss12
- Hearing tests are used to check for hearing loss. (medlineplus.gov)
- This is the most common screening test for hearing loss. (medlineplus.gov)
- Discrimination loss means that some speech sounds can't be perceived by the ear and brain, making it difficult to distinguish between words and speech sounds - particularly those that are placed close to each other. (widex.com)
- Your hearing care professional can measure speech recognition (in percent) to find out if you have a discrimination loss. (widex.com)
- Someone with ANSD can test profoundly deaf while another person places in the normal to slight range of hearing loss…or they can be the same person at a different moment of the same day. (handsandvoices.org)
- For example, the last time I had my hearing tested, my hearing loss stands at 75 dB (a severe loss). (hearinglosshelp.com)
- If you have a hearing loss and your discrimination is good (80% or higher), typically you will find hearing aids very useful. (hearinglosshelp.com)
- Hearing loss not only involves a reduction in hearing ability not able to hear faint sounds, but also affects understanding of speech. (bangkokpattayahospital.com)
- If your child has hearing loss, it is important to consider the use of hearing devices and other communication options by age 6 months, because children start learning speech and language long before they talk. (bangkokpattayahospital.com)
- The test helps differentiate sensory from neural hearing loss, and is used in the diagnosis of cochlear versus retrocochlear lesions and eighth nerve tumors. (bangkokpattayahospital.com)
- Book an appointment with one of our hearing centers to get your hearing tested for age related hearing loss. (hearusa.com)
- The Weber and Rinne test are done to establish sensorineural or conductive hearing loss. (wikidoc.org)
Patients2
- For pediatric patients, see the Pediatric Speech Materials section below. (medscape.com)
- To establish the audiometric profile and speech recognition characteristics in 36 Usher IIa patients, carrying one (A) or two (B) pathogenic mutations in the gene. (nih.gov)
Involves1
- The act of processing speech is very complex and involves the engagement of auditory, cognitive, and language mechanisms, often simultaneously (Medwetsky, 2011). (asha.org)
Racial3
- The Qaddafi regime also practices racial discrimination, persecuting two million black African migrants. (unwatch.org)
- Discrimination in advertising, along with provisions dealing with sexual or racial harassment, are the subject of ss 67 and 69. (adls.org.nz)
- The existing provisions relating to racial disharmony as a form of discrimination and racial harassment are contained in ss 61 and 63 of the Act. (adls.org.nz)
Neurological1
- 7 Inasmuch as these studies were limited to neurological examinations and tests of general intellectual function or hearing acuity, with assessments restricted to one or two years follow up, the long term sequelae may have been underestimated. (bmj.com)
Differentiate1
- VNG testing is more accurate, more consistent, and more comfortable for the patient to differentiate balance problem from the ears to the brain through the eyes and a window to the vestibular system. (bangkokpattayahospital.com)
People14
- Because of this, its inclusion here may mandate discrimination against some people, which would be proscribed by Section 21 of the Human Rights Act. (voxy.co.nz)
- Including offenses based on harmful speech in the treaty, rather than focusing on core cybercrimes , will likely result in overbroad, easily abused laws that will sweep up lawful speech and pose an enormous menace to the free expression rights of people around the world. (eff.org)
- Advocates have backed new Australian of the Year Dylan Alcott's calls to provide free rapid antigen tests to people with disability, saying the measure could help save lives during the pandemic. (abc.net.au)
- Many people with disability face a higher risk of severe outcomes from COVID-19 and need to use tests to ensure carers and other visitors to the home are not infectious. (abc.net.au)
- I think we need to look at RATs as part of a broader framework where we have things like P2 and N95 masks [and] protective equipment being provided, we allow people to get PCR tests when needed, people have workers coming to them in the home when needed,' he told Radio National. (abc.net.au)
- HIV testing is essential in expanding treatment and ensuring that all people living with HIV can lead healthy and productive lives. (who.int)
- HIV testing empowers people to make choices about HIV prevention specifically how to protect themselves and their loved ones. (who.int)
- That is why WHO, partners and Member States in the sub-region are working together to accelerate the expansion of HIV testing programmes in order to reach people living with HIV who do not know their status and ensuring that they are linked to quality and prevention services. (who.int)
- Many such as young people and adult men are being left behind and others still only get tested after becoming ill. (who.int)
- SHARA SMITH: It's also bad for people of color, for immigrants, for marginalized groups, for all of us, because this decision allows businesses to use free speech in order to turn away customers they would rather not serve. (kbbi.org)
- This means that people at risk of HIV must have easy access to HIV testing, and people who are diagnosed with HIV are linked to treatment services and supported to remain in life-long care and treatment. (who.int)
- Above all, foremost it means that we must get rid of stigmatization and discrimination against people living with HIV. (who.int)
- Mann believed that protecting the rights of people with HIV was essential and argued that measures such as quarantine or mandatory testing would drive infected people into hiding. (nih.gov)
- 8) No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the Government for redress of grievances. (chanrobles.com)
Hear8
- Hearing tests measure how well you are able to hear. (medlineplus.gov)
- This is usually a whisper test to see how well you can hear whispered words in each ear. (medlineplus.gov)
- It tests for the quietest sounds you can hear at different pitches. (medlineplus.gov)
- one can hear speech but not understand it. (widex.com)
- If your discrimination scores are 100%, you understand everything you hear. (hearinglosshelp.com)
- We go beyond the minimum state required speech discrimination testing and also evaluate how well you hear and understand speech in the presence of noise. (hearforyouhearingaids.com)
- Tests of the ability to hear and understand speech as determined by scoring the number of words in a word list repeated correctly. (nih.gov)
- Can hear speech well in quiet or comfortable listening situations. (starkey.com)
Ability1
- In the current study we examined the effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on newborns' speech processing ability as measured by event-related potentials (ERPs). (nih.gov)
Provinces3
- We're working with provinces and territories to expand testing by procuring things like reagents and swabs. (gc.ca)
- While some provinces have the capacity to meet their current needs, we're collaborating to ramp up testing, so we can protect Canadians and effectively manage future outbreaks. (gc.ca)
- While provinces and territories are managing testing and contact tracing differently, our government has trained federal employees who can make 3,600 contact tracing calls a day, seven days a week. (gc.ca)
Free6
- Being anti-racist and developing a culture that is free from discrimination and bullying. (voxy.co.nz)
- Political parties, free speech and open media are banned. (unwatch.org)
- If a person with a disability needs a free daily RAT test so they feel confident going out and doing things that we all might take for granted, they've got to get that RAT test. (abc.net.au)
- SHERRY: Legal experts expect civil lawsuits across the country as states grapple with whether a business qualifies as creative enough to turn away clients for free speech reasons or whether they're just plain discriminating, which is still technically against the law. (kbbi.org)
- 7) No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, and the free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. (chanrobles.com)
- You have the right to free speech. (legalinsurrection.com)
Pathology1
- With funding from a Russian Federation government grant, the laboratory's head, Olga Dragoy (pictured, below), leads a team of 35 academics from a variety of backgrounds - including physics, clinical psychology and biology - who collaborate on multidisciplinary research into psycholinguistics, speech pathology, child language acquisition, bilingualism and the relationship between language and ageing. (timeshighereducation.com)
Electrodes2
- In these nine subjects, the results obtained from the discrimination tasks were used to create a map that contained only discriminable electrodes, and subjects' performance on speech recognition tasks using this experimental map was measured. (duke.edu)
- Seven of the nine subjects tested with the experimental map showed significant improvement on at least one speech recognition measure, even though the experimental map contained fewer electrodes than the original map. (duke.edu)
Quarantine1
- After we've confirmed and isolated new cases, we have to get in touch with everyone who may have been exposed to the virus, and make sure they take measures to quarantine and monitor themselves for symptoms or get tested. (gc.ca)
Prevalence2
- This Article then proposes a context-specific test for public employment law that balances the magnitude and likelihood of third-party harm, substantiality of burden to religious liberty, and availability or prevalence of secular accommodations. (ssrn.com)
- SI SI Score (Recruitment Test) - the SISI test relates to the prevalence rates of cochlear and retrocochlear disorders. (bangkokpattayahospital.com)
Measure1
- Libya, by any measure, completely fails this test. (unwatch.org)