Spectrometry fluorescence. Medical search

An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.

The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis.

Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.

A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.

A mass spectrometry technique using two (MS/MS) or more mass analyzers. With two in tandem, the precursor ions are mass-selected by a first mass analyzer, and focused into a collision region where they are then fragmented into product ions which are then characterized by a second mass analyzer. A variety of techniques are used to separate the compounds, ionize them, and introduce them to the first mass analyzer. For example, for in GC-MS/MS, GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY is involved in separating relatively small compounds by GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY prior to injecting them into an ionization chamber for the mass selection.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.

A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.

Measurement of the polarization of fluorescent light from solutions or microscopic specimens. It is used to provide information concerning molecular size, shape, and conformation, molecular anisotropy, electronic energy transfer, molecular interaction, including dye and coenzyme binding, and the antigen-antibody reaction.

A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

A type of FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY using two FLUORESCENT DYES with overlapping emission and absorption spectra, which is used to indicate proximity of labeled molecules. This technique is useful for studying interactions of molecules and PROTEIN FOLDING.

Chromatographic techniques in which the mobile phase is a liquid.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

A mass-spectrometric technique that is used for microscopic chemical analysis. A beam of primary ions with an energy of 5-20 kiloelectronvolts (keV) bombards a small spot on the surface of the sample under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Positive and negative secondary ions sputtered from the surface are analyzed in a mass spectrometer in regards to their mass-to-charge ratio. Digital imaging can be generated from the secondary ion beams and their intensity can be measured. Ionic images can be correlated with images from light or other microscopy providing useful tools in the study of molecular and drug actions.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A method used to study the lateral movement of MEMBRANE PROTEINS and LIPIDS. A small area of a cell membrane is bleached by laser light and the amount of time necessary for unbleached fluorescent marker-tagged proteins to diffuse back into the bleached site is a measurement of the cell membrane's fluidity. The diffusion coefficient of a protein or lipid in the membrane can be calculated from the data. (From Segen, Current Med Talk, 1995).

The systematic study of the complete complement of proteins (PROTEOME) of organisms.

Fluorescence microscopy utilizing multiple low-energy photons to produce the excitation event of the fluorophore. Multiphoton microscopes have a simplified optical path in the emission side due to the lack of an emission pinhole, which is necessary with normal confocal microscopes. Ultimately this allows spatial isolation of the excitation event, enabling deeper imaging into optically thick tissue, while restricting photobleaching and phototoxicity to the area being imaged.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of a wide range of biomolecules, such as glycoalkaloids, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and peptides. Positive and negative fast atom bombardment spectra are recorded on a mass spectrometer fitted with an atom gun with xenon as the customary beam. The mass spectra obtained contain molecular weight recognition as well as sequence information.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

The protein complement of an organism coded for by its genome.

The transfer of energy of a given form among different scales of motion. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed). It includes the transfer of kinetic energy and the transfer of chemical energy. The transfer of chemical energy from one molecule to another depends on proximity of molecules so it is often used as in techniques to measure distance such as the use of FORSTER RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

A family of 3,6-di(substituted-amino)-9-benzoate derivatives of xanthene that are used as dyes and as indicators for various metals; also used as fluorescent tracers in histochemistry.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Determination, by measurement or comparison with a standard, of the correct value of each scale reading on a meter or other measuring instrument; or determination of the settings of a control device that correspond to particular values of voltage, current, frequency or other output.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

An analytical method for detecting and measuring FLUORESCENCE in compounds or targets such as cells, proteins, or nucleotides, or targets previously labeled with FLUORESCENCE AGENTS.

Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.

The use of light interaction (scattering, absorption, and fluorescence) with biological tissue to obtain morphologically based information. It includes measuring inherent tissue optical properties such as scattering, absorption, and autofluorescence; or optical properties of exogenous targeted fluorescent molecular probes such as those used in optical MOLECULAR IMAGING, or nontargeted optical CONTRAST AGENTS.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Electrophoresis in which a second perpendicular electrophoretic transport is performed on the separate components resulting from the first electrophoresis. This technique is usually performed on polyacrylamide gels.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Fluoroimmunoassay where detection of the hapten-antibody reaction is based on measurement of the increased polarization of fluorescence-labeled hapten when it is combined with antibody. The assay is very useful for the measurement of small haptenic antigens such as drugs at low concentrations.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A basis of value established for the measure of quantity, weight, extent or quality, e.g. weight standards, standard solutions, methods, techniques, and procedures used in diagnosis and therapy.

The spectrometric analysis of fluorescent X-RAYS, i.e. X-rays emitted after bombarding matter with high energy particles such as PROTONS; ELECTRONS; or higher energy X-rays. Identification of ELEMENTS by this technique is based on the specific type of X-rays that are emitted which are characteristic of the specific elements in the material being analyzed. The characteristic X-rays are distinguished and/or quantified by either wavelength dispersive or energy dispersive methods.

Light-induced change in a chromophore, resulting in the loss of its absorption of light of a particular wave length. The photon energy causes a conformational change in the photoreceptor proteins affecting PHOTOTRANSDUCTION. This occurs naturally in the retina (ADAPTATION, OCULAR) on long exposure to bright light. Photobleaching presents problems when occurring in PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY, and in FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY. On the other hand, this phenomenon is exploited in the technique, FLUORESCENCE RECOVERY AFTER PHOTOBLEACHING, allowing measurement of the movements of proteins and LIPIDS in the CELL MEMBRANE.

Discrete concentrations of energy, apparently massless elementary particles, that move at the speed of light. They are the unit or quantum of electromagnetic radiation. Photons are emitted when electrons move from one energy state to another. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

An optical source that emits photons in a coherent beam. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) is brought about using devices that transform light of varying frequencies into a single intense, nearly nondivergent beam of monochromatic radiation. Lasers operate in the infrared, visible, ultraviolet, or X-ray regions of the spectrum.

Spectrophotometric techniques by which the absorption or emmision spectra of radiation from atoms are produced and analyzed.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

A class of organic compounds which contain an anilino (phenylamino) group linked to a salt or ester of naphthalenesulfonic acid. They are frequently used as fluorescent dyes and sulfhydryl reagents.

Concentration or quantity that is derived from the smallest measure that can be detected with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure.

A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.

A research technique to measure solvent exposed regions of molecules that is used to provide insight about PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Detection of drugs that have been abused, overused, or misused, including legal and illegal drugs. Urine screening is the usual method of detection.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.

The use of molecularly targeted imaging probes to localize and/or monitor biochemical and cellular processes via various imaging modalities that include RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING; ULTRASONOGRAPHY; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; FLUORESCENCE IMAGING; and MICROSCOPY.

Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.

A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.

Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.

Techniques for labeling a substance with a stable or radioactive isotope. It is not used for articles involving labeled substances unless the methods of labeling are substantively discussed. Tracers that may be labeled include chemical substances, cells, or microorganisms.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

A group of condensed ring hydrocarbons.

The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially FACILITATED DIFFUSION, is a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A colorless, odorless, highly water soluble vinyl monomer formed from the hydration of acrylonitrile. It is primarily used in research laboratories for electrophoresis, chromatography, and electron microscopy and in the sewage and wastewater treatment industries.

Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The marking of biological material with a dye or other reagent for the purpose of identifying and quantitating components of tissues, cells or their extracts.

An extraction method that separates analytes using a solid phase and a liquid phase. It is used for preparative sample cleanup before analysis by CHROMATOGRAPHY and other analytical methods.

Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Compounds that contain a 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl group.

The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.

A highly-sensitive (in the picomolar range, which is 10,000-fold more sensitive than conventional electrophoresis) and efficient technique that allows separation of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and CARBOHYDRATES. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

A class of organic compounds that contains a naphthalene moiety linked to a sulfonic acid salt or ester.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Disruption of the non-covalent bonds and/or disulfide bonds responsible for maintaining the three-dimensional shape and activity of the native protein.

A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.

Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

The development and use of techniques to study physical phenomena and construct structures in the nanoscale size range or smaller.

The study of PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and PHYSICAL PROCESSES as applied to living things.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Nanometer sized fragments of semiconductor crystalline material which emit PHOTONS. The wavelength is based on the quantum confinement size of the dot. They can be embedded in MICROBEADS for high throughput ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES.

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

The measurement of the amplitude of the components of a complex waveform throughout the frequency range of the waveform. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The phenomenon whereby certain chemical compounds have structures that are different although the compounds possess the same elemental composition. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

The systematic identification and quantitation of all the metabolic products of a cell, tissue, organ, or organism under varying conditions. The METABOLOME of a cell or organism is a dynamic collection of metabolites which represent its net response to current conditions.

The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.

The physical characteristics and processes of biological systems.

Any of a variety of procedures which use biomolecular probes to measure the presence or concentration of biological molecules, biological structures, microorganisms, etc., by translating a biochemical interaction at the probe surface into a quantifiable physical signal.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.

A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.

Use of various chemical separation and extraction methods, such as SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION; CHROMATOGRAPHY; and SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION; to prepare samples for analytical measurement of components.

The development and use of techniques and equipment to study or perform chemical reactions, with small quantities of materials, frequently less than a milligram or a milliliter.

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in MOLECULAR GENETICS to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION.

Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.

The deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Analysis based on the mathematical function first formulated by Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Fourier in 1807. The function, known as the Fourier transform, describes the sinusoidal pattern of any fluctuating pattern in the physical world in terms of its amplitude and its phase. It has broad applications in biomedicine, e.g., analysis of the x-ray crystallography data pivotal in identifying the double helical nature of DNA and in analysis of other molecules, including viruses, and the modified back-projection algorithm universally used in computerized tomography imaging, etc. (From Segen, The Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

A spectroscopic technique in which a range of wavelengths is presented simultaneously with an interferometer and the spectrum is mathematically derived from the pattern thus obtained.

A broad class of substances containing carbon and its derivatives. Many of these chemicals will frequently contain hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements. They exist in either carbon chain or carbon ring form.

A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.

A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.

Methodologies used for the isolation, identification, detection, and quantitation of chemical substances.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Methods for assessing flow through a system by injection of a known quantity of an indicator, such as a dye, radionuclide, or chilled liquid, into the system and monitoring its concentration over time at a specific point in the system. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum usually sensed as heat. Infrared wavelengths are longer than those of visible light, extending into the microwave frequencies. They are used therapeutically as heat, and also to warm food in restaurants.

Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides see GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS) or sphingosine (SPHINGOLIPIDS). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system.

The motion of phospholipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of phospholipids present, their fatty acid composition and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains, the cholesterol concentration, and temperature.

Chemicals and substances that impart color including soluble dyes and insoluble pigments. They are used in INKS; PAINTS; and as INDICATORS AND REAGENTS.

The application of medical knowledge to questions of law.

Carbohydrates consisting of between two (DISACCHARIDES) and ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form.

The dynamic collection of metabolites which represent a cell's or organism's net metabolic response to current conditions.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

A noninvasive technique that uses the differential absorption properties of hemoglobin and myoglobin to evaluate tissue oxygenation and indirectly can measure regional hemodynamics and blood flow. Near-infrared light (NIR) can propagate through tissues and at particular wavelengths is differentially absorbed by oxygenated vs. deoxygenated forms of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Illumination of intact tissue with NIR allows qualitative assessment of changes in the tissue concentration of these molecules. The analysis is also used to determine body composition.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Atomic species differing in mass number but having the same atomic number. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.

Porphyrins with four methyl, two vinyl, and two propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Protoporphyrin IX occurs in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and most of the cytochromes.

Inorganic or organic compounds that contain boron as an integral part of the molecule.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Any visual display of structural or functional patterns of organs or tissues for diagnostic evaluation. It includes measuring physiologic and metabolic responses to physical and chemical stimuli, as well as ultramicroscopy.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate.

Colorless, odorless crystals that are used extensively in research laboratories for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis and in organic synthesis, and polymerization. Some of its polymers are used in sewage and wastewater treatment, permanent press fabrics, and as soil conditioning agents.

Devices for accelerating charged particles in a spiral path by a constant-frequency alternating electric field. This electric field is synchronized with the movement of the particles in a constant magnetic field.

Methods for determining interaction between PROTEINS.

Drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. These compounds can be administered topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and various types of neoplasms.

Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.

A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.

Methods of creating machines and devices.

The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

A large multisubunit protein complex found in the THYLAKOID MEMBRANE. It uses light energy derived from LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES to catalyze the splitting of WATER into DIOXYGEN and of reducing equivalents of HYDROGEN.

Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)

Mixtures of many components in inexact proportions, usually natural, such as PLANT EXTRACTS; VENOMS; and MANURE. These are distinguished from DRUG COMBINATIONS which have only a few components in definite proportions.

The use of devices which use detector molecules to detect, investigate, or analyze other molecules, macromolecules, molecular aggregates, or organisms.

A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.

The phenomenon whereby compounds whose molecules have the same number and kind of atoms and the same atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial relationships. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alterations may be divided into METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE I and METABOLIC DETOXICATION, PHASE II.

Salts and esters of the 12-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--lauric acid.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.

A chromatography technique in which the stationary phase is composed of a non-polar substance with a polar mobile phase, in contrast to normal-phase chromatography in which the stationary phase is a polar substance with a non-polar mobile phase.

A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.

The chemical and physical integrity of a pharmaceutical product.

Spectrophotometry in the infrared region, usually for the purpose of chemical analysis through measurement of absorption spectra associated with rotational and vibrational energy levels of molecules. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The diversion of RADIATION (thermal, electromagnetic, or nuclear) from its original path as a result of interactions or collisions with atoms, molecules, or larger particles in the atmosphere or other media. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The assembly of the QUATERNARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE of multimeric proteins (MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEXES) from their composite PROTEIN SUBUNITS.

Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Europium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).

Relocating the active site of activated protein C eliminates the need for its protein S cofactor. A fluorescence resonance energy transfer study. (1/12106)

The effect of replacing the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid domain of activated protein C (APC) with that of prothrombin on the topography of the membrane-bound enzyme was examined using fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The average distance of closest approach (assuming kappa2 = 2/3) between a fluorescein in the active site of the chimera and octadecylrhodamine at the membrane surface was 89 A, compared with 94 A for wild-type APC. The gamma-carboxyglutamic acid domain substitution therefore lowered and/or reoriented the active site, repositioning it close to the 84 A observed for the APC. protein S complex. Protein S enhances wild-type APC cleavage of factor Va at Arg306, but the inactivation rate of factor Va Leiden by the chimera alone is essentially equal to that by wild-type APC plus protein S. These data suggest that the activities of the chimera and of the APC.protein S complex are equivalent because the active site of the chimeric protein is already positioned near the optimal location above the membrane surface to cleave Arg306. Thus, one mechanism by which protein S regulates APC activity is by relocating its active site to the proper position above the membrane surface to optimize factor Va cleavage. (+info)

Mapping the functional domains of BRCA1. Interaction of the ring finger domains of BRCA1 and BARD1. (2/12106)

Breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) and BRCA1-associated RING domain 1 (BARD1) are multidomain proteins that interact in vivo via their N-terminal RING finger motif regions. To characterize functional aspects of the BRCA1/BARD1 interaction, we have defined the structural domains required for the interaction, as well as their oligomerization state, relative stability, and possible nucleic acid binding activity. We have found that the RING finger motifs do not themselves constitute stable structural domains but are instead part of larger domains comprising residues 1-109 of BRCA1 and residues 26-119 of BARD1. These domains exist as homodimers and preferentially form a stable heterodimer. Shorter BRCA1 RING finger constructs do not interact with BARD1 or with longer BRCA1 constructs, indicating that the heterodimeric and homodimer interactions are mediated by regions outside the canonical RING finger motif. Nucleic acid binding is a generally proposed function of RING finger domains. We show that neither the homodimers nor the heterodimer displays affinity for nucleic acids, indicating that the proposed roles of BRCA1 and BARD1 in DNA repair and/or transcriptional activation must be mediated either by other regions of the proteins or by additional cofactors. (+info)

Tolerance of a protein to multiple polar-to-hydrophobic surface substitutions. (3/12106)

Hydrophobic substitutions at solvent-exposed positions in two alpha-helical regions of the bacteriophage P22 Arc repressor were introduced by combinatorial mutagenesis. In helix A, hydrophobic residues were tolerated individually at each of the five positions examined, but multiple substitutions were poorly tolerated as shown by the finding that mutants with more than two additional hydrophobic residues were biologically inactive. Several inactive helix A variants were purified and found to have reduced thermal stability relative to wild-type Arc, with a rough correlation between the number of polar-to-hydrophobic substitutions and the magnitude of the stability defect. Quite different results were obtained in helix B, where variants with as many as five polar-to-hydrophobic substitutions were found to be biologically active and one variant with three hydrophobic substitutions had a t(m) 6 degrees C higher than wild-type. By contrast, a helix A mutant with three similar polar-to-hydrophobic substitutions was 23 degrees C less stable than wild-type. Also, one set of three polar-to-hydrophobic substitutions in helix B was tolerated when introduced into the wild-type background but not when introduced into an equally active mutant having a nearly identical structure. Context effects occur both when comparing different regions of the same protein and when comparing the same region in two different homologues. (+info)

Folding of apocytochrome c induced by the interaction with negatively charged lipid micelles proceeds via a collapsed intermediate state. (4/12106)

Unfolded apocytochrome c acquires an alpha-helical conformation upon interaction with lipid. Folding kinetic results below and above the lipid's CMC, together with energy transfer measurements of lipid bound states, and salt-induced compact states in solution, show that the folding transition of apocytochrome c from the unfolded state in solution to a lipid-inserted helical conformation proceeds via a collapsed intermediate state (I(C)). This initial compact state is driven by a hydrophobic collapse of the polypeptide chain in the absence of the heme group and may represent a heme-free analogue of an early compact intermediate detected on the folding pathway of cytochrome c in solution. Insertion into the lipid phase occurs via an unfolding step of I(C) through a more extended state associated with the membrane surface (I(S)). While I(C) appears to be as compact as salt-induced compact states in solution with substantial alpha-helix content, the final lipid-inserted state (Hmic) is as compact as the unfolded state in solution at pH 5 and has an alpha-helix content which resembles that of native cytochrome c. (+info)

Esterases in serum-containing growth media counteract chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in vitro. (5/12106)

The spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi was unexpectedly found to be as susceptible to diacetyl chloramphenicol, the product of the enzyme chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, as it was to chloramphenicol itself. The susceptibilities of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, as well as that of B. burgdorferi, to diacetyl chloramphenicol were then assayed in different media. All three species were susceptible to diacetyl chloramphenicol when growth media were supplemented with rabbit serum or, to a lesser extent, human serum. Susceptibility of E. coli and B. subtilis to diacetyl chloramphenicol was not observed in the absence of serum, when horse serum was used, or when the rabbit or human serum was heated first. In the presence of 10% rabbit serum, a strain of E. coli bearing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene had a fourfold-lower resistance to chloramphenicol than in the absence of serum. A plate bioassay for chloramphenicol activity showed the conversion by rabbit, mouse, and human sera but not bacterial cell extracts or heated serum of diacetyl chloramphenicol to an inhibitory compound. Deacetylation of acetyl chloramphenicol by serum components was demonstrated by using fluorescent substrates and thin-layer chromatography. These studies indicate that esterases of serum can convert diacetyl chloramphenicol back to an active antibiotic, and thus, in vitro findings may not accurately reflect the level of chloramphenicol resistance by cat-bearing bacteria in vivo. (+info)

Morphological behavior of acidic and neutral liposomes induced by basic amphiphilic alpha-helical peptides with systematically varied hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance. (6/12106)

Lipid-peptide interaction has been investigated using cationic amphiphilic alpha-helical peptides and systematically varying their hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance (HHB). The influence of the peptides on neutral and acidic liposomes was examined by 1) Trp fluorescence quenched by brominated phospholipid, 2) membrane-clearing ability, 3) size determination of liposomes by dynamic light scattering, 4) morphological observation by electron microscopy, and 5) ability to form planar lipid bilayers from channels. The peptides examined consist of hydrophobic Leu and hydrophilic Lys residues with ratios 13:5, 11:7, 9:9, 7:11, and 5:13 (abbreviated as Hels 13-5, 11-7, 9-9, 7-11, and 5-13, respectively; Kiyota, T., S. Lee, and G. Sugihara. 1996. Biochemistry. 35:13196-13204). The most hydrophobic peptide (Hel 13-5) induced a twisted ribbon-like fibril structure for egg PC liposomes. In a 3/1 (egg PC/egg PG) lipid mixture, Hel 13-5 addition caused fusion of the liposomes. Hel 13-5 formed ion channels in neutral lipid bilayer (egg PE/egg PC = 7/3) at low peptide concentrations, but not in an acidic bilayer (egg PE/brain PS = 7/3). The peptides with hydrophobicity less than Hel 13-5 (Hels 11-7 and Hel 9-9) were able to partially immerse their hydrophobic part of the amphiphilic helix in lipid bilayers and fragment liposome to small bicelles or micelles, and then the bicelles aggregated to form a larger assembly. Peptides Hel 11-7 and Hel 9-9 each formed strong ion channels. Peptides (Hel 7-11 and Hel 5-13) with a more hydrophilic HHB interacted with an acidic lipid bilayer by charge interaction, in which the former immerses the hydrophobic part in lipid bilayer, and the latter did not immerse, and formed large assemblies by aggregation of original liposomes. The present study clearly showed that hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance of a peptide is a crucial factor in understanding lipid-peptide interactions. (+info)

Localization and environment of tryptophans in soluble and membrane-bound states of a pore-forming toxin from Staphylococcus aureus. (7/12106)

The location and environment of tryptophans in the soluble and membrane-bound forms of Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin were monitored using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence. Fluorescence quenching of the toxin monomer in solution indicated varying degrees of tryptophan burial within the protein interior. N-Bromosuccinimide readily abolished 80% of the fluorescence in solution. The residual fluorescence of the modified toxin showed a blue-shifted emission maximum, a longer fluorescence lifetime as compared to the unmodified and membrane-bound alpha-toxin, and a 5- to 6-nm red edge excitation shift, all indicating a restricted tryptophan environment and deeply buried tryptophans. In the membrane-bound form, the fluorescence of alpha-toxin was quenched by iodide, indicating a conformational change leading to exposure of some tryptophans. A shorter average lifetime of tryptophans in the membrane-bound alpha-toxin as compared to the native toxin supported the conclusions based on iodide quenching of the membrane-bound toxin. Fluorescence quenching of membrane-bound alpha-toxin using brominated and spin-labeled fatty acids showed no quenching of fluorescence using brominated lipids. However, significant quenching was observed using 5- and 12-doxyl stearic acids. An average depth calculation using the parallax method indicated that the doxyl-quenchable tryptophans are located at an average depth of 10 A from the center of the bilayer close to the membrane interface. This was found to be in striking agreement with the recently described structure of the membrane-bound form of alpha-toxin. (+info)

Photophysical analysis of class I major histocompatibility complex protein assembly using a xanthene-derivatized beta2-microglobulin. (8/12106)

Spectral changes and a sixfold increase in the emission intensity were observed in the fluorescence of a single xanthene probe (Texas red) attached to beta2m-microglobulin (beta2m) upon assembly of beta2m into a ternary complex with mouse H-2Kd heavy chain and influenza nuclear protein peptide. Dissociation of the labeled beta2m from the ternary complex restored the probe's fluorescence and absorption spectra and reduced the emission intensity. Thus changes in xanthene probe fluorescence upon association/dissociation of the labeled beta2m molecule with/from the ternary complex provide a simple and convenient method for studying the assembly/dissociation mechanism of the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) encoded molecule. The photophysical changes in the probe can be accounted for by the oligomerization of free labeled beta2m molecules. The fluorescence at 610 nm is due to beta2m dimers, where the probes are significantly separated spatially so that their emission and excitation properties are close to those of xanthene monomers. Fluorescence around 630 nm is due to beta2m oligomers where xanthene probes interact. Minima in the steady-state excitation (550 nm) and emission (630 nm) anisotropy spectra correlate with the maxima of the high-order oligomer excitation and emission spectra, showing that their fluorescence is more depolarized. These photophysical features are explained by splitting of the first singlet excited state of interacting xanthene probes that can be modeled by exciton theory. (+info)

... fluorescence, phosphorescence, and luminescence; Raman spectroscopy and FT-Raman; X-ray (XRF, XRD, and microanalysis); mass ... spectrometry; magnetic resonance (NMR, EPR, MRI); surface analysis (ESCA, SIMS, Auger); and laser-based spectroscopic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy_(magazine)

"FIBER OPTICAL ASSEMBLY FOR FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY". United States Patent Application 20110042585. Retrieved 2011-08-19. " ... Thus, once deployed for use in a facility, the fluorescence information can be fiberoptically transmitted to a remote location ... The conventional method of performing laser-induced fluorescence, as well as other types of spectroscopic measurements, such as ... increasing the amount of fluorescence signal by around a factor of 10 over conventional apparatus. SOFIA is an apparatus and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_optical-fiber_immunoassay

ISBN 0-89236-469-6. Lee, Lynn (2013-12-09). "Boot Camp for Conservators Explores X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry". The Getty ... requires obtaining a sample from an object or artwork and exposing it to X-Ray radiation X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_science_(cultural_property)

This includes chromatographic techniques coupled to mass spectrometry and fluorescence detectors. All of the chromatographic ... Chromatographic methods with fluorescence detection Liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FLD) provides a ... YTX analysis limits of detection of 30 mg/g of shellfish tissue for chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry have ... The techniques used for YTX analysis include: CE with ultraviolet (UV) detection and CE coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). CEUV ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yessotoxin

Deng, C.; Xiong, X.; Krutchinsky, A. N. (2009). "Unifying Fluorescence Microscopy and Mass Spectrometry for Studying Protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisosome

Biophysics: calorimetry, CD, fluorescence, light scattering, SPR, ultracentrifugation. Flow Cytometry Fluorescence Activating ... Mass Spectrometry: qualitative, quantitative, and structural analysis of proteins, carbohydrates, oligonucleotides, and lipids ... 2019 Richard M. Caprioli for the discovery of temporal and spatial processing in biological systems using mass spectrometry. ... Mass Spectrometry. 2011 Sir Alec John Jeffreys: Developed techniques for DNA fingerprinting and DNA profiling 2010 Pat Brown: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Biomolecular_Resource_Facilities

199, p 1-60, (2017). A flexible setup for angle-resolved X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with laboratory sources. M. Spanier, C ... Wherry described an X-ray micro-fluorescence analyzer which combines the nondestructive analytical method of X-ray fluorescence ... X-Ray Spectrometry, Vol 38, No 3, p 216-221, (2009). Improvements of the low-energy performance of a micro-focus x-ray source ... X‐Ray Spectrometry: An International Journal 38.4 (2009): 308-311. A microfocus X-ray source for improved EDS and XRF analysis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEM-XRF

"A LabVIEW-controlled portable x-ray fluorescence spectrometer for the analysis of art objects". X-Ray Spectrometry. 35 (5): 280 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LabVIEW

Typical methods for PMI include X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and optical emission spectrometry (OES). PMI is a portable method of ... X-ray fluorescence (XRF) PMI can not detect small elements such as carbon. This means that when undertaking analysis of ... This however can be analysed with optical emission spectrometry (OES) "Positive Material Identification (PMI)". www.intertek. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_material_identification

"Investigating the origin and authenticity of Victoria Cross medals using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry". Scientific Reports. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Prendergast

... ultra sensitive detection of atoms and molecules using laser Fluorescence and resonance ionization mass spectrometry; the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Gruen

Law for Quantitative X-ray Fluorescence by the Fundamental Parameters Method". X-Ray Spectrometry. 6 (4): 201. Bibcode:1977XRS ... Rene Van Grieken; Andrzej Markowicz (2001). Handbook of X-Ray Spectrometry. CRC Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-203-90870-9. Knipp, J.K ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsstrahlung

Law for Quantitative X-ray Fluorescence by the Fundamental Parameters Method". X-Ray Spectrometry. 6 (4): 201. Bibcode:1977XRS ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kramers'_law

The other two systems are the X-ray fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) and X-ray fluorescence Diffractometry (XRD). The XRF is a ... The collected samples were analyzed for REE and thorium using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and uranium determination using ... Applied Physics Research Section The PNRI houses the Mössbauer Effect Spectrometry (MES) system, which studies nuclear ... In the Radiometric / Gamma ray Spectrometry, gamma ray spectrometers are used for geological mapping, radiogenic mineral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Nuclear_Research_Institute

In forensic toxicology, techniques involving gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) are the most widely used ... High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is used with ultraviolet, fluorescence, electrochemical, and electrospray mass ... These techniques include ion mobility spectrometry, capillary zone electrophoresis, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and infrared ... psilocybin and psilocin in Psilocybe subcubensis Guzmán by ion mobility spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psilocybin

2005: Gold - JEOL Ltd - DART (direct analysis real-time) ionisation technology for mass spectrometry; Silver - ESA Biosciences ... Portable S2 PICOFOX total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. 2007: Gold - Waters Corp - Synapt high definition mass ... Full Spectrum Molecular Imaging integrating MALDI, DESI, and ion mobility mass spectrometry techniques and informatics ... Nexera UC fully automated supercritical fluid extraction - supercritical fluid chromatography - mass spectrometry system; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittcon_Editors'_Awards

... optical emission and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. SPECTRO is a major provider or analytical instrumentation with an ... Instruments is a manufacturer of elemental analyzers using optical emission spectroscopy and x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPECTRO_Analytical_Instruments

Smalley's group employed the use of this method with time-of-flight mass spectrometry by analyzing Al clusters. With the work ... They used laser-induced fluorescence to characterize multiple molecules like SnBi and SiC2. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_isolation

The composition of the coins was later verified using the traditional wet method and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupronickel

Fluorescence polarization immunoassay is widely used. This test is slower and has a lower sensitivity than digoxin immunoassay ... Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 53 (11): 4322-5. doi:10.1021/jf050201s. ... Digoxin III). A direct analytic technique like liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry is used when there ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleandrin

Mass spectrometry is seen as the most relevant new spectrometry technique. Several manufacturers have products that are under ... or quench the fluorescence of a polymer. Chemiluminescence was used frequently in the 1990s, but is less common than the ... include ion trap mobility spectrometry (ITMS), and differential mobility spectrometry (DMS). Amplifying fluorescent polymers ( ... The most common technology for this application, as seen in US airports, is ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). This method is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_detection

Additionally, HPLC, mass spectrometry, and fluorescence spectroscopy can be employed to measure the amount of iso-alpha acids ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_measurement

An HPLC method with post-column reaction with alkali and fluorescence has been developed to determine tetrodotoxin and its ... The alkali degradation products can be confirmed as their trimethylsilyl derivatives by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.[ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrodotoxin

Light sheet fluorescence microscopy for the observation of development and LILBID mass spectrometry for the analysis of ... Native mass spectrometry has emerged as an important tool in structural biology. Advantages of mass spectrometry compared to ... Using mass spectrometry, a global analysis of the ubiquitinome of Salmonella-infected cells was carried out, that enabled CEF ... Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that SidJ is a glutamylase that modifies the catalytic glutamate in the mono-ADP ribosyl ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_of_Excellence_Frankfurt_Macromolecular_Complexes

Ultraviolet fluorescence and infrared analysis are used to detect repairs or earlier painting present on canvasses. Atomic ... Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) can be used to analyze the paint-binding medium. Similar to AAS and ... X-ray fluorescence (bathing the object with radiation causes it to emit X-rays) which can reveal if the metals in a metal ... Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) are used to detect anomalies in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_forgery

SPIE 1843: 315-322 (1992). Michael Robert Descour, "Non-scanning imaging spectrometry", PhD Thesis, University of Arizona (1994 ... "Large-image-format computed tomography imaging spectrometer for fluorescence microscopy". Optics Express. 9 (9): 444. doi: ... Imaging Spectrometry IX. SPIE. 5159: 380-391. doi:10.1117/12.506426. Descour, Michael; Dereniak, Eustace (1995-08-01). " ... "Computed Tomography-Based Spectral Imaging For Fluorescence Microscopy". Biophysical Journal. 80 (2): 986-993. doi:10.1016/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computed_tomography_imaging_spectrometer

X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy can confirm the presence of bromine (Br), but it does not indicate the BFR concentration or ... Ion attachment mass spectrometry (IAMS) can be used to measure BFR concentrations in plastics. The BFR ban has significantly ... REACH Battery Directive Electronic waste Green computing Ion attachment mass spectrometry - used to enforce RoHS limits on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive

These include scanning electron microscopy-x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, optical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_glass_analysis

X-ray fluorescence and absorption spectrometry. In 1966 he was appointed Deputy Director of the NPL. He was elected a Fellow of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Percy_Allen

Meanwhile, the taurine-fluorescence-HPLC assay used for cyanide detection is identical to the assay used to detect glutathione ... Cyanide and thiocyanate assays have been run with mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), which are considered specific tests. Since ... and the taurine fluorescence-HPLC but like all colorimetric assays these are prone to false positives. Lipid peroxidation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning

Affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry[edit]. Main article: Mass spectrometry. Affinity purification coupled to ... These include co-immunoprecipitation, protein microarrays, analytical ultracentrifugation, light scattering, fluorescence ... "Mass Spectrometry Reviews. 38 (1): 79-111. doi:10.1002/mas.21574. ISSN 0277-7037. PMID 29957823.. ... Chen GI, Gingras AC (July 2007). "Affinity-purification mass spectrometry (AP-MS) of serine/threonine phosphatases". Methods. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein–protein_interaction

... or more reliably by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Liquid chromatography (LC) techniques are also ... to determine mRNA levels by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction from leukocyte subsets purified by fluorescence- ... "Analysis of alkamides in roots and achenes of Echinacea purpurea by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry". ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocannabinoids

DNA damage is considered to be the primary underlying cause of malignant neoplasms known as cancers.[18] Its central role in progression to cancer is illustrated in the figure in this section, in the box near the top. (The central features of DNA damage, epigenetic alterations and deficient DNA repair in progression to cancer are shown in red.) DNA damage is very common. Naturally occurring DNA damages (mostly due to cellular metabolism and the properties of DNA in water at body temperatures) occur at a rate of more than 60,000 new damages, on average, per human cell, per day[citation needed] [also see article DNA damage (naturally occurring) ]. Additional DNA damages can arise from exposure to exogenous agents. Tobacco smoke causes increased exogenous DNA damage, and these DNA damages are the likely cause of lung cancer due to smoking.[19] UV light from solar radiation causes DNA damage that is important in melanoma.[20] Helicobacter pylori infection produces high levels of reactive oxygen ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumour

Immunostaining of cells on slides by Microscopy (ImmunoHistoChemistry or Fluorescence), on microplates by photometry including ... in Mass Spectrometry. Generally there are multiple separate steps done before an assay and are called preanalytic processing. ... or a blocking reagent in a binding reaction that prevents nonspecific binding or a quenching reagent in a fluorescence ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assay

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasia

This is the mechanism of fluorescence and thermal emission. A photon with the correct wavelength to be absorbed by a transition ... Gould's notes included possible applications for a laser, such as spectrometry, interferometry, radar, and nuclear fusion. He ... to excite fluorescence as a white light source. This permits a much smaller emitting area due to the much greater radiance of a ... making them candidates for use in fluorescence suppressed Raman spectroscopy. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser

... s have useful absorption, photoluminescence (fluorescence), and Raman spectroscopy properties. Spectroscopic ... Characterization of single-wall carbon nanotubes using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry ... coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry analysis.[94][95] ... UV-visible-near infrared fluorescence spectroscopy and absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MWNT

... , obtained from an 80 kg sample of Carrara marble, is used as the IAEA-603 isotopic standard in mass spectrometry for ... Manganese may be responsible for the fluorescence of impure calcite, as may traces of organic compounds. Ancient Egyptians ... Calcite is transparent to opaque and may occasionally show phosphorescence or fluorescence. A transparent variety called " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcite

... a mass spectrometry approach". Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 21 (9): 1633-42. doi:10.1016/j.jasms. ... Chen BH, Wang CC, Lu LY, Hung KS, Yang YS (Feb 2013). "Fluorescence assay for protein post-translational tyrosine sulfation". ... the crystallized structure of the catalytic region of TPST-2 and different experiments other methods using mass spectrometry ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosylprotein_sulfotransferase

Release of AMC fluorescence by DUB enzymes can be monitored using 380 nm excitation and 460 nm emission wavelengths. Substrate ... Substrate profiling of deubiquitin hydrolases with a positional scanning library and mass spectrometry. Biochemistry, 43, 6535- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ub-AMC

Mass Spectrometry: ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma: ICP-OES Atomic Spectrometry: AAS , AFS , Microwave Molecular Spectroscopy ... fluorescence reader, spectrophotometer and liquid handling Kits for manual or automated nucleic acid isolation as well as ... With this acquisition, the Company entered the rapidly growing global ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) ... marked the beginning of the research and development of analytical systems in the area of atomic absorption spectrometry and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytik_Jena

Time-resolved mass spectrometry Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy Ultrafast laser spectroscopy Surface states Attophysics ... Coherent anti-Stokes Raman or two-photon-excited fluorescence. The fascinating in Ultrafast scanning electron microscopy is how ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafast_scanning_electron_microscopy

... to human chromosome 12q24.3 and rat chromosome 12 by somatic cell hybrid panels and fluorescence in situ hybridization". ... "Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry". Mol. Syst. Biol. 3 (1): 89. doi:10.1038/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POLE_(gene)

"Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Metabolic Disease Screening Among Newborns". www.cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control (CDC ... The development of molecular cytogenetics involving techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) followed, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elective_genetic_and_genomic_testing

Jenkins, R. A.; De Vries, J. L. (1982). Practical X-Ray Spectrometry. Springer. ISBN 978-1-468-46282-1. Kosasih, Felix Utama; ... X-ray beam excitation is used in X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometers. A detector is used to convert X-ray energy into ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy-dispersive_X-ray_spectroscopy

Using Southern blotting and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on the genome, the researchers found no evidence of DNA ... They also performed mass spectrometry on the translated protein to verify that the chimeric RNA is translated into protein. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimeric_RNA

"X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF): Understanding Characteristic X-Rays" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2013. ... K-alpha line in copper is frequently used as the primary source of X-ray radiation in lab-based X-ray diffraction spectrometry ... This property is used in various techniques, including X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, particle-induced X-ray emission, energy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characteristic_X-ray

... on the statue and with the assistance of technology such as ultraviolet-visual absorption spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrasikleia_Kore

In addition to neutron activation, the laboratory maintains and operates several X-ray fluorescence spectrometers, multiple ICP ... spectrometers, and a multi-collector ICP-MS for isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. The laboratory is one of only a handful of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Research_Reactor_Center

Traditional visible region spectrophotometers cannot detect if a colorant or the base material has fluorescence. This can make ... emission spectroscopy Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry LBOZ ... Where a colorant contains fluorescence, a bi-spectral fluorescent spectrophotometer is used. There are two major setups for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrophotometry

Using fluorescence in-situ hybridization, the full length 90K cDNA has been localized to chromosome 17q25. The native protein ... stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry". Nat. Biotechnol. 21 (6): 660-6. doi:10.1038/nbt827. PMID 12754519. S2CID 581283 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGALS3BP

Developments in mass spectrometry led to the adoption of oxygen-16 as the standard substance, in lieu of natural oxygen.[ ... 1991). "Low-cost, high-sensitivity laser-induced fluorescence detection for DNA sequencing by capillary gel electrophoresis". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_(unit)

Once being incorporated, one can use fluorescence-detection techniques to visualize the location of new PG formation as well as ... mass spectrometry, flow cytometry. FDAA consists of a D-amino acid and a fluorophore (coupled through the amino acid side chain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_D-amino_acids

PEG is often used (as an internal calibration compound) in mass spectrometry experiments, with its characteristic fragmentation ... been used to passivate microscope glass slides for avoiding non-specific sticking of proteins in single-molecule fluorescence ... Mw and Mn can be measured by mass spectrometry. PEGylation is the act of covalently coupling a PEG structure to another larger ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol

... head Total effective dose equivalent Total external reflection Total internal reflection Total internal reflection fluorescence ... flywheel effect Thermal hydraulics Thermal inertia Thermal insulation Thermal ionization Thermal ionization mass spectrometry ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_physics_articles_(T)

X-ray fluorescence offers rapid and non-destructive determination of the elemental composition of a nuclear material based on ... The sputtered, secondary ions are directed onto the mass spectrometry system to be measured. The secondary ions are a result of ... This is well above mass spectrometry.[citation needed] This technique tends to be hindered by matrix affects, which must be ... For nuclear forensic purposes it is essential that the mass spectrometry offers excellent resolution in order to distinguish ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_forensics

These techniques include: X-ray fluorescence (XRF) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) neutron activation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_science

Start Over You searched for: Subjects Spectrometry, Fluorescence ✖Remove constraint Subjects: Spectrometry, Fluorescence ... 1. Fluorescence of the uranyl salts Author(s): Nichols, E. L. (Edward Leamington), 1854-1937, author. Howes, H. L. (Horace ...

https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/?f%5Bdrep2.subjectAggregate%5D%5B%5D=Spectrometry%2C+Fluorescence&sort=score+desc

"X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF)". 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. Z. * 0- ...

https://papyrus.bib.umontreal.ca/xmlui/handle/1866/2999/browse?locale-attribute=en&type=subject&value=X-ray+fluorescence+spectrometry+%28XRF%29

... determination of heavy metals in electronic cigarette refill liquids using Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. ... determination of heavy metals in electronic cigarette refill liquids using Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry ...

https://www.iceht.forth.gr/en/publications/detection-and-quantitative-determination-of-heavy-metals-in-electronic-cigarette-refill-liquids-using-total-reflection-x-ray-fluorescence-spectrometry/

The NanoSIMS was shown to faithfully reproduce the information from fluorescence microscopy, but at a much higher spatial ... with fluorescence microscopy to provide subcellular information on the location of small molecules in cultured cells. We ... by comparing the distribution of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine in the same cells given by both NanoSIMS analysis and by fluorescence ... ensured that the images formed by SIMS mapping of bromine ions could be co-registered exactly with images from fluorescence ...

https://www.imm.ox.ac.uk/publications/83876

... Date. ... N. Ertas, E. Akkaya, and O. Y. Ataman, "Simultaneous determination of Cd and Zn by fluorescence spectrometry using a novel ... Simultaneous determination of cadmium and zinc using a fiber optic device and fluorescence spectrometry. ... Effect of experimental variables on fluorescence intensities and on the spectral behavior of the metal-ligand in several types ...

https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/55215

... *Shiel was a Bachelor of Science download X with systems from ... download X Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) in Geoarchaeology and career Joab Tzur has an own evil source that is quicker ... download X Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF): A finding down of something of the Semantic New to include and gander Topics ... download X Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) in above for all the genes. You are download stands not see! That script ...

http://www.southwayinc.com/webstats/monthly/book.php?q=download-X-Ray-Fluorescence-Spectrometry-%28XRF%29-in-Geoarchaeology.html

X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectrometry. XRF was used to measure the elemental components of soil samples. All XRF data were ... Total partial fluorescence yield (PFY) counts of all spectra (10-15 kpc) were well below the detector saturation limit (20-30 ... Most mass spectrometry (MS) techniques and liquid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy require the ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2571-8789/2/1/6

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry detects elemental composition by measuring the ... Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a type of mass ... The X-rays emitted by the atoms during the process of fluorescence are detected and used for sample identification and ... spectrometry used for the highly sensitive quantification of various metals and non-metals in the concentration range of below ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MX/en/applications/analytical-chemistry/atomic-spectroscopy

X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF). XRF is ideal for rapid and accurate whole bulk elemental analysis in rock or soil ...

https://www.sun.ac.za/english/research-innovation/caf/Pages/ICP-MS-&-XRF.aspx

E2926-17 Standard Test Method for Forensic Comparison of Glass Using Micro X-ray Fluorescence (µ-XRF) Spectrometry ... E2999-17 Standard Test Method for Analysis of Organic Compounds in Smokeless Powder by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and ... E3296-22 Standard Guide for Using Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography and Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Forensic ... E1588-20 Standard Practice for Gunshot Residue Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry ...

https://www.astm.org/products-services/standards-and-publications/standards/bos-standards.html?volume=14.02&year=2022&month=july

BBA, bead-based assay; EV, extracellular vesicle; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; MFI, median ... fluorescence intensity; NTA, nanoparticle tracking analysis; SEC, size-exclusion chromatography.. Main Article ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/8/19-1042-f1

Fluorescence spectrometry; Author Keywords: Pesticide; Smartphone; Fluorescence; Aptasensor; Spectrum reader ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=agricultur%2A+or+farm%2A&f1=%2A&Adv=0&terms=1&PageNo=73&RecNo=723&View=f&

The interaction of the WSG with the PLA(2) is confirmed by fluorescence quenching and gel-permeation chromatography. Chemical ... Spectrometry, Fluorescence * Withania / chemistry* Substances * Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins * Elapid Venoms * Glycoproteins * ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16494989/

New and existing sources for atomic emission, absorption, fluorescence and mass spectrometry and those that provide both atomic ... For authors who want to publish their article gold open access, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry charges an article ... Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry is a hybrid journal and gives authors the choice of publishing their research either ... The Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry (JAAS) is the central journal for publishing innovative research on fundamentals ...

https://www.rsc.org/journals-books-databases/about-journals/jaas/

IP PM ET: Crude Oil - Determination of sulfur content - Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Document options ...

https://publishing.energyinst.org/ip-test-methods/full-list-of-ip-test-methods-publications/ip-pm-et-crude-oil-determination-of-sulfur-content-wavelength-dispersive-x-ray-fluorescence-spectrometry

Insights from Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry (HDX-MS), Fluorescence Titration and Molecular Docking Studies. ... Insights from Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry (HDX-MS), Fluorescence Titration and Molecular Docking Studies.. ... Insights from Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry (HDX-MS), Fluorescence Titration and Molecular Docking Studies.. ... Insights from Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry (HDX-MS), Fluorescence Titration and Molecular Docking Studies. ...

https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/biblio/conformational-modulation-farnesoid-x-receptor-prenylflavonoids-insights-hydrogen-deuterium

Method using hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) ... Water quality - Determination of selenium - Part 1: Method using hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS). ...

https://sii.isolutions.iso.org/standard/55222.html?browse=tc

Detection of dietary external markers using portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for estimation of digestibility in beef ...

https://scholars.ttu.edu/en/activities/detection-of-dietary-external-markers-using-portable-x-ray-fluore

A new portable XRF system is described as an alternative for the traditionally applied K-X-ray fluorescence technology for in ... and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), which showed only minor contents of other ...

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229336622_Metallurgical_findings_from_a_Viking_Age_chieftain

... Edinburgh Instruments. in Product Guide Imaging Widefield Fluorescence Imaging Lab Equipment CO/ ... CO2 Gas Lasers Fluorescence Lifetime Spectrometers Fluorometers Lifetime and Phosphorescence Spectrometers Spectrofluorometers ...

https://www.biophysics.org/product-guide/listings/category/widefield-fluorescence-imaging

... of coproporphyrin and protoporphyrin in feces by derivative matrix isopotential synchronous fluorescence spectrometry. Clin ... To assess for cutaneous porphyria, the plasma porphyrin level should be measured, using fluorescence emission spectroscopy. ... To assess for cutaneous porphyria, the plasma porphyrin level should be measured, using fluorescence emission spectroscopy. ... For example, in congenital erythropoietic porphyria, pink fluorescence of the amniotic fluid examined fortuitously in sunlight ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1389981-186106/how-is-congenital-erythropoietic-porphyria-treated

Spectrometry, Fluorescence. Yang L, Broderick D, Campbell Y, Gombart AF, Stevens JF, Jiang Y, Hsu VL, Bisson WH, Maier CS. 2016 ... Insights from hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), fluorescence titration and molecular docking studies.. ... Insights from hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), fluorescence titration and molecular docking studies.. ... Insights from hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), fluorescence titration and molecular docking studies.. ...

https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=3496&o=asc&s=keyword

Fluorescence Microscopy. *Immunological Techniques. *Mass Spectrometry. *Protein Microarray. Segmentation by Labelling ...

https://www.pharmiweb.com/press-release/2021-05-27/protein-labelling-market-share-development-by-companies-outlook-growth-prospects-and-key-opportuni

We performed an untargeted plasma metabolic profiling (gas chromatography and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (GC ... We performed an untargeted plasma metabolic profiling (gas chromatography and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (GC ... Garcia A, Barbas C. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)-Based Metabolomics. Methods Mol Biol (2011) 708:191-204. doi: ... fluorescence intensity; IDO, indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase; LOOCV, leave-one-out cross-validation; GC-MS, like gas ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.925558/full

... is a micro-focus X-ray fluorescence instrument for examining fine scale chemical variations in rocks and soils on planetary ... Major ion geochemistry in Na-Ca-Mg-K-Cl-SO4 brines using portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. *E. Kipnis, B. Bowen, Sean J ... Performance of a Borehole X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometer for Planetary Exploration. *W. Kelliher, I. A. Carlberg, W. Elam, E. ... Determination of X-ray fluorescence sample geometry from compton backscatter energy. *K. Nielson, V. Rogers, R. Shuman ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Texture-specific-elemental-analysis-of-rocks-and-on-Allwood-Clark/985bba87160c6160dcdb1f852643a49b8ac55817?p2df

... with detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) or hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry ... Water quality - Determination of selenium - Part 1: Method using hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) ... Method using hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) ... Water quality - Determination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in water by HPLC with fluorescence detection after ...

https://www.iso.org/committee/52846/x/catalogue/

B1 albumin adducts assessed by isotope dilution mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence. ... Published results showed that isotope dilution LC-MS/MS was the most sensitive technique and HPLC-fluorescence was the least ... An isotope dilution mass spectrometry based method (LC-MS/MS triple quadrupole MS using electrospray ionization) was used for ... The two chromatographic methods showed satisfactory agreement (LC-MS/MS = HPLC-fluorescence ÷ 0.71). In summary, the results ...

https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Nhanes/1999-2000/SSAFB_A.htm

To assess for cutaneous porphyria, the plasma porphyrin level should be measured, using fluorescence emission spectroscopy. (medscape.com)
This study aims to develop methods for determination of Ca, K, Mg and Na by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Fe and Zn by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) in pressed pellets bivalve mollusks. (usda.gov)
The interdisciplinary range of methods includes NMR, mass spectrometry and proteomics, crystallography, cryoEM/ET, fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy. (uu.nl)
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy is increasingly the analytical tool of choice for the direct measurement of the concentration of atomic elements in a wide range of materials. (rigakuedxrf.com)
With the widespread availability and use of the personal computer (PC) as the industry standard platform in the mid-1980s, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy became a simpler and lower cost-of-ownership alternative to earlier atomic spectroscopy analytical techniques. (rigakuedxrf.com)
Samples were also screened for PACs containing 4- to 6-rings using fluorescence spectroscopy. (cdc.gov)
The binding-induced conformational change in the protein was investigated using circular dichroism, synchronous fluorescence, 3D fluorescence and FTIR spectroscopy results. (jascoinc.com)
The MC of the enamel was determined before and after bleaching using Fourier transform (FT-Raman) spectroscopy and micro energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (μEDXRF). (bvsalud.org)
This method had its basis in fluorescence spectroscopy and focused on the time-dependent change in emission of fluorescent light from the plant's chlorophyll. (fossanalytics.com)
For Kristian and three of his colleagues, this new discovery resulted in the birth of a university spin-out company, NutriNostica ApS, which sells fluorescence spectroscopy equipment to farmers, agricultural consultants, fertilizer companies and researchers. (fossanalytics.com)

The interaction of the WSG with the PLA(2) is confirmed by fluorescence quenching and gel-permeation chromatography. (nih.gov)
We performed an untargeted plasma metabolic profiling (gas chromatography and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (GC and CE-MS)) and cytokine evaluation. (frontiersin.org)
For all samples, a fully validated high-pressure liquid chromatography procedure with fluorescence detection was used. (erowid.org)
The found substances were also identified with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. (erowid.org)
The coumarin tag is small and stable, which makes a subsequent liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC‐MS)‐based protein identification possible. (chemistryviews.org)
Tandem Mass Tag Labeling Facilitates Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Hydrophilic Phosphopeptides. (harvard.edu)
Therapeutic drug monitoring is performed routinely by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using instrumentation and methods originally developed and systematically configured for the high-volume, high-throughput analysis of drugs of abuse. (spectroscopyonline.com)
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has been an important analytical tool in support of drug discovery and drug development for some time. (spectroscopyonline.com)
Avantor has the resources to make your Chromatography or Mass Spectrometry applications run efficiently and effectively-from the measuring apparatus needed for chromatography, or the proteins used to fulfill sample manipulation during mass spectrometry. (vwrcanlab.com)

Development of a new bimodal imaging methodology: a combination of fluorescence microscopy and high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry. (ox.ac.uk)
In this paper, we present a new experimental methodology to combine mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) with fluorescence microscopy to provide subcellular information on the location of small molecules in cultured cells. (ox.ac.uk)
The headspace vapors are analyzed using GC-mass spectrometry (MS), which provides a detection sensitivity of between 1 and 5 nM (0.056 and 0.28 g/L) acrolein in urine. (cdc.gov)
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a type of mass spectrometry used for the highly sensitive quantification of various metals and non-metals in the concentration range of below 1 part per trillion (ppt). (sigmaaldrich.com)
Conformational Modulation of the Farnesoid X Receptor by Prenylflavonoids: Insights from Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry (HDX-MS), Fluorescence Titration and Molecular Docking Studies. (oregonstate.edu)
We combined Hydrogen Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry (HDX-MS) with computational studies for dissecting molecular recognition and conformational impact of prenylflavonoid interactions on the ligand binding domain (LBD) of human FXR. (oregonstate.edu)
An isotope dilution mass spectrometry based method (LC-MS/MS triple quadrupole MS using electrospray ionization) was used for routine quantitation of AFB-lys as a measure of individual exposure to aflatoxin B1. (cdc.gov)
Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. (wisc.edu)
International Journal of Mass Spectrometry. (wisc.edu)
Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. (wisc.edu)
Here, we develop a sensitive method for glucose-containing disaccharide analysis by 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (CPMP) derivatization using mass spectrometry. (usda.gov)
Mass spectrometry provides an additional certainty by associating specific mass fragments to a target compound, allowing more confidence in the customer's results. (joomag.com)
Each of our peptides is accompanied by reliable HPLC and mass spectrometry data, detailed synthesis reports are provided, and the products are sent in a lyophilized state. (sbsgenetech.com)
Using risofos multi-stage mass spectrometry or NMR but their lower volume also leads to unnecessarily long analysis times. (goldgreiner.de)

Fiducial markers in the substrates ensured that the images formed by SIMS mapping of bromine ions could be co-registered exactly with images from fluorescence microscopy. (ox.ac.uk)
The NanoSIMS was shown to faithfully reproduce the information from fluorescence microscopy, but at a much higher spatial resolution. (ox.ac.uk)
Herein we have used transversely-heated graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry to measure aluminum in the brain of a donor with Alzheimer's disease, and we have developed and validated fluorescence microscopy and the fluor lumogallion to show the presence of aluminum in the same tissue. (iospress.com)
Herein we have optimized the fluor, lumogallion, for the identification of aluminum in human brain tissue using fluorescence microscopy. (iospress.com)
We have measured the aluminum content of brain tissue donated by an individual with Alzheimer's disease and complemented these data with the unequivocal visual identification of aluminum using fluorescence microscopy. (iospress.com)
Regarding the methods, microhardness 2,5 , scanning electron and polarized light microscopy 7,14 , micro energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (μEDXRF) 11 , Fourier transform-Raman (FTRaman) spectroscopy10 and atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) 10 have been used to determine the adverse effects resulting from bleaching techniques. (bvsalud.org)

Method 6200 : field portable x-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of elemental concentrations in soil and sediment. (epa.gov)

In X-ray fluorescence (XRF), an electron can be ejected from its atomic orbital by the absorption of a light wave (photon) of sufficient energy. (rigakuedxrf.com)
the extracted air is measured using infrared absorption spectrometry. (unibe.ch)
Most of these tracers are analysed by fluorescence or absorption spectrometry. (unibe.ch)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Absorption and fluorescence studies on interaction between cationic dyes and Klebsiella K7 capsular polysaccharide. (who.int)
ISO 21079-1:2008 specifies methods for the chemical analysis of AZS (alumina, zirconia, and silica) refractory products (containing 5 % to 45 % of ZrO 2 ) and raw materials, using traditional ("wet") methods, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission (ICP-AE) spectrometry and flame atomic absorption (FAA) spectrometry. (iso.org)

From the introduction of commercial wavelength dispersive XRF spectrometers in the mid-1950s, to the development of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) instruments in the early 1970's, the increasing availability of affordable computational power was critical to the desirability and acceptance of the technique. (rigakuedxrf.com)
dilatam To use the dispersive, multichannel technique with array-detectors that provide fluorescence anafranil rejection. (goldgreiner.de)

The fractional factorial and Doehlert designs for optimization of a slurry sampling procedure to determine of nutrients in sugarcane juice by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) were applied. (usda.gov)
The Fluorescence emission of GoodView bound to DNA is centered at 530 nm. (sbsgenetech.com)

Edinburgh Instruments has announced a new batch measurement option for its Fluoracle software for the FS5 Spectrofluorometer and FLS1000 Fluorescence Spectrometer. (photonics.com)
The Bruker AXS S4 Pioneer is a sequential X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer designed for qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative elemental analysis of solids, liquids or powders. (uea.ac.uk)

We carried out non-destructive thickness and composition analysis of Zinc-Nickel coating on steel using the MESA-50 X-ray fluorescence analyzer. (horiba.com)
MESA-50 X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer The worldwide RoHS, WEEE and ELV directives specify strict limits on the inclusio. (its-sciencemedical.com)

Cytogenetic studies included fluorescence in situ hybridization [‏FISH]‏ when indicated. (who.int)
In this thesis, I used a cohort of 421 lung cancer primary patient samples to screen prevalence of FGFR1 gene amplification among SQCLC and SCLC groups using fluorescence in situ hybridization technique (FISH). (uni-goettingen.de)

The spectral range is 200-1000 nm (Absorbance), 370-700 nm (Luminescence) and 230-900 nm (Fluorescence). (boku.ac.at)

Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence. (bvsalud.org)

The Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry ( JAAS ) is the central journal for publishing innovative research on fundamentals, instrumentation, and methods in the determination, speciation and isotopic analysis of (trace) elements within all fields of application. (rsc.org)

4. Yating Qin, Hui Peng, Xiwen He, Wenyou Li* , Yukui Zhang, pH-Responsive Polymer-Stabilized ZIF-8 Nanocomposites for Fluorescence and Magnetic Resonance Dual-Modal Imaging-Guided Chemo-/Photodynamic Combinational Cancer Therapy, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces , 2019, 11: 34268-34281. (dicp.ac.cn)

Upon binding Al 3 + and excitation at ca 500 nm, the 1 : 1 complex emits aluminum-specific fluorescence at ca 590 nm and these properties have already been adapted for the identification of aluminum in plant tissues [ 7 ] and recently to show the intracellular presence of aluminum in immune-reactive cells [ 8 ]. (iospress.com)
It emits green fluorescence when bound to DNA or RNA. (sbsgenetech.com)

In November 2018, the laboratory experienced instrumental problems with its fluorescence detector and post-column derivatization system that resulted in prolonged offsite repair and overhaul. (joomag.com)

Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Carotid Plaques in an Atherosclerotic Murine Model. (harvard.edu)

Simultaneous analysis was achieved by the significant perturbation in the fluorescence spectrum of the Cd-ligand complex while the Zn complex only results in enhancement in the fluorescence intensity as compared to ligand alone. (metu.edu.tr)
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry detects elemental composition by measuring the wavelength and intensity of X-rays emitted by energized atoms in a sample. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Due to the photosensitivity of resveratrol (a major amount of trans-resveratrol is converted to cis-resveratrol during UV radiation), connection of a fluorescence detector in series with the photodiode-array detector is recommended to prevent decomposition by the strong excitation energy of the fluorescence detector. (shimadzu-webapp.eu)

Effect of experimental variables on fluorescence intensities and on the spectral behavior of the metal-ligand in several types of surfactants have been studied, The range of application is between 2.0 and 35 mu g/L for both zinc and cadmium. (metu.edu.tr)

We demonstrate this by comparing the distribution of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine in the same cells given by both NanoSIMS analysis and by fluorescence immunohistochemistry. (ox.ac.uk)
Microbialite Biosignature Analysis by Mesoscale X-ray Fluorescence (μXRF) Mapping. (semanticscholar.org)
Principles of quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis / R. Tertian, F. Claisse. (who.int)

Temperature dependent fluorescence data showed the strength of the dye-protein complexation to be inversely proportional to temperature and the fluorescence quenching was static in nature. (jascoinc.com)

This new stain has two fluorescence excitation maxima when bound to nucleic acid, one centered at 268 nm and the other at 294 nm. (sbsgenetech.com)

1.1 This test method covers the use of X-ray spectrometry to determine thickness of metallic and some nonmetallic coatings. (document-center.com)
In a second ERC Advanced Grant (deepSLice) H. Fischer and his group develop in collaboration with the group of L. Emmenegger at Empa a new Quantum Cascade Laser Spectrometry method for multicomponent greenhouse gas analyses on ice cores combined with a novel sublimation extraction system. (unibe.ch)
ISO 21079-1:2008 gives alternatives to the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method given in ISO 12677. (iso.org)

be the download X Ray Fluorescence and principle community for the haste selectively as you would a t without an building. (southwayinc.com)

The X-rays emitted by the atoms during the process of fluorescence are detected and used for sample identification and quantitation. (sigmaaldrich.com)

The fluorescent probe 4,4-difluoro-5-(4-phenyl-1, 3-butadienyl)-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-undecanoic acidity (C11-BODIPY), found in the PLIR technique, modifies its fluorescence from reddish colored (FL2) to green (FL1)8,10 due to oxidation. (healthweblognews.info)

Anatomy10

Organisms7

Chemicals and Drugs91

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment80

Phenomena and Processes57

Disciplines and Occupations9

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture7

Information Science8

Health Care6

Relocating the active site of activated protein C eliminates the need for its protein S cofactor. A fluorescence resonance energy transfer study. (1/12106)

Mapping the functional domains of BRCA1. Interaction of the ring finger domains of BRCA1 and BARD1. (2/12106)

Tolerance of a protein to multiple polar-to-hydrophobic surface substitutions. (3/12106)

Folding of apocytochrome c induced by the interaction with negatively charged lipid micelles proceeds via a collapsed intermediate state. (4/12106)

Esterases in serum-containing growth media counteract chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in vitro. (5/12106)

Morphological behavior of acidic and neutral liposomes induced by basic amphiphilic alpha-helical peptides with systematically varied hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance. (6/12106)

Localization and environment of tryptophans in soluble and membrane-bound states of a pore-forming toxin from Staphylococcus aureus. (7/12106)

Photophysical analysis of class I major histocompatibility complex protein assembly using a xanthene-derivatized beta2-microglobulin. (8/12106)

Mass Spectrometry

Fluorescence

Spectrometry, Fluorescence

Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Microscopy, Fluorescence

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization

Fluorescence Polarization

In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence

Fluorescent Dyes

Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Chromatography, Liquid

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion

Molecular Sequence Data

Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching

Proteomics

Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton

Amino Acid Sequence

Spectrometry, Mass, Fast Atom Bombardment

Kinetics

Tryptophan

Protein Binding

Green Fluorescent Proteins

Proteome

Energy Transfer

Reproducibility of Results

Rhodamines

Molecular Structure

Luminescent Proteins

Protein Conformation

Calibration

Sensitivity and Specificity

Fluoresceins

Peptides

Microscopy, Confocal

Fluorometry

Carbocyanines

Optical Imaging

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Indicators and Reagents

Circular Dichroism

Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional

Binding Sites

Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay

Time Factors

Models, Molecular

Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet

Reference Standards

Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission

Photobleaching

Photons

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Lasers

Spectrophotometry, Atomic

Temperature

Anilino Naphthalenesulfonates

Limit of Detection

Fluorescein

Deuterium Exchange Measurement

Cattle

Substance Abuse Detection

Proteins

Ions

Molecular Imaging

Chlorophyll

2-Naphthylamine

Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate

Isotope Labeling

Models, Chemical

Oxidation-Reduction

Pyrenes

Diffusion

Escherichia coli

Peptide Fragments

Acrylamide

Peptide Mapping

Cell Membrane

Recombinant Proteins