Solutions. Medical search

The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Solutions having the same osmotic pressure as blood serum, or another solution with which they are compared. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & Dorland, 28th ed)

Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products.

Solutions used to store organs and minimize tissue damage, particularly while awaiting implantation.

Solutions that have a greater osmotic pressure than a reference solution such as blood, plasma, or interstitial fluid.

Solutions prepared for exchange across a semipermeable membrane of solutes below a molecular size determined by the cutoff threshold of the membrane material.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Solutions that have a lesser osmotic pressure than a reference solution such as blood, plasma, or interstitial fluid.

Fluids restored to the body in order to maintain normal water-electrolyte balance.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

NMR spectroscopy on small- to medium-size biological macromolecules. This is often used for structural investigation of proteins and nucleic acids, and often involves more than one isotope.

Sterile solutions that are intended for instillation into the eye. It does not include solutions for cleaning eyeglasses or CONTACT LENS SOLUTIONS.

Sterile solutions used to clean and disinfect contact lenses.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

Hypertonic sodium chloride solution. A solution having an osmotic pressure greater than that of physiologic salt solution (0.9 g NaCl in 100 ml purified water).

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Solution that is usually 10 percent glucose but may be higher. An isotonic solution of glucose is 5 percent.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

Solutions which, upon administration, will temporarily arrest cardiac activity. They are used in the performance of heart surgery.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

The diversion of RADIATION (thermal, electromagnetic, or nuclear) from its original path as a result of interactions or collisions with atoms, molecules, or larger particles in the atmosphere or other media. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The process by which organs are kept viable outside of the organism from which they were removed (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Solutions prepared for hemodialysis. The composition of the pre-dialysis solution may be varied in order to determine the effect of solvated metabolites on anoxia, malnutrition, acid-base balance, etc. Of principal interest are the effect of the choice of buffers (e.g., acetate or carbonate), the addition of cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+), and addition of carbohydrates (glucose).

Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.

A nonreducing disaccharide composed of GLUCOSE and FRUCTOSE linked via their anomeric carbons. It is obtained commercially from SUGARCANE, sugar beet (BETA VULGARIS), and other plants and used extensively as a food and a sweetener.

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

The scattering of x-rays by matter, especially crystals, with accompanying variation in intensity due to interference effects. Analysis of the crystal structure of materials is performed by passing x-rays through them and registering the diffraction image of the rays (CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, X-RAY). (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The resistance that a gaseous or liquid system offers to flow when it is subjected to shear stress. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The chemical and physical integrity of a pharmaceutical product.

A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity.

Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Scattering of a beam of electromagnetic or acoustic RADIATION, or particles, at small angles by particles or cavities whose dimensions are many times as large as the wavelength of the radiation or the de Broglie wavelength of the scattered particles. Also know as low angle scattering. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed) Small angle scattering (SAS) techniques, small angle neutron (SANS), X-ray (SAXS), and light (SALS, or just LS) scattering, are used to characterize objects on a nanoscale.

The deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially FACILITATED DIFFUSION, is a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.

The adhesion of gases, liquids, or dissolved solids onto a surface. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses onto surfaces as well. ABSORPTION into the substance may follow but not necessarily.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.

An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.

Particles consisting of aggregates of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. The surface of micelles are usually comprised of amphiphatic compounds that are oriented in a way that minimizes the energy of interaction between the micelle and its environment. Liquids that contain large numbers of suspended micelles are referred to as EMULSIONS.

The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane.

A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.

Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.

A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).

The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

The study of PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and PHYSICAL PROCESSES as applied to living things.

Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

Specialized solutions for PARENTERAL NUTRITION. They may contain a variety of MICRONUTRIENTS; VITAMINS; AMINO ACIDS; CARBOHYDRATES; LIPIDS; and SALTS.

Therapy whose basic objective is to restore the volume and composition of the body fluids to normal with respect to WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE. Fluids may be administered intravenously, orally, by intermittent gavage, or by HYPODERMOCLYSIS.

Agents that modify interfacial tension of water; usually substances that have one lipophilic and one hydrophilic group in the molecule; includes soaps, detergents, emulsifiers, dispersing and wetting agents, and several groups of antiseptics.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

An order of the class Amphibia, which includes several families of frogs and toads. They are characterized by well developed hind limbs adapted for jumping, fused head and trunk and webbed toes. The term "toad" is ambiguous and is properly applied only to the family Bufonidae.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

The process of keeping pharmaceutical products in an appropriate location.

The study of CHEMICAL PHENOMENA and processes in terms of the underlying PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and processes.

The physical phenomena describing the structure and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

The physical characteristics and processes of biological systems.

Substances produced from the reaction between acids and bases; compounds consisting of a metal (positive) and nonmetal (negative) radical. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The presence of organisms, or any foreign material that makes a drug preparation impure.

A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.

Any liquid used to replace blood plasma, usually a saline solution, often with serum albumins, dextrans or other preparations. These substances do not enhance the oxygen- carrying capacity of blood, but merely replace the volume. They are also used to treat dehydration.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)

Starches that have been chemically modified so that a percentage of OH groups are substituted with 2-hydroxyethyl ether groups.

Treatment process involving the injection of fluid into an organ or tissue.

A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning.

Centrifugation with a centrifuge that develops centrifugal fields of more than 100,000 times gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A membrane of squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS, the mesothelial cells, covered by apical MICROVILLI that allow rapid absorption of fluid and particles in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. The peritoneum is divided into parietal and visceral components. The parietal peritoneum covers the inside of the ABDOMINAL WALL. The visceral peritoneum covers the intraperitoneal organs. The double-layered peritoneum forms the MESENTERY that suspends these organs from the abdominal wall.

Two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out. The dispersing or continuous phase or medium envelops the particles of the discontinuous phase. All three states of matter can form colloids among each other.

Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)

Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

The accumulation of an electric charge on a object

A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

Chemistry dealing with the composition and preparation of agents having PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS or diagnostic use.

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

The process by which a tissue or aggregate of cells is kept alive outside of the organism from which it was derived (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).

Relating to the size of solids.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

The pressure required to prevent the passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane that separates a pure solvent from a solution of the solvent and solute or that separates different concentrations of a solution. It is proportional to the osmolality of the solution.

The ability to detect chemicals through gustatory receptors in the mouth, including those on the TONGUE; the PALATE; the PHARYNX; and the EPIGLOTTIS.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.

The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy.

Artificially produced membranes, such as semipermeable membranes used in artificial kidney dialysis (RENAL DIALYSIS), monomolecular and bimolecular membranes used as models to simulate biological CELL MEMBRANES. These membranes are also used in the process of GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION.

Penetrating electromagnetic radiation emitted when the inner orbital electrons of an atom are excited and release radiant energy. X-ray wavelengths range from 1 pm to 10 nm. Hard X-rays are the higher energy, shorter wavelength X-rays. Soft x-rays or Grenz rays are less energetic and longer in wavelength. The short wavelength end of the X-ray spectrum overlaps the GAMMA RAYS wavelength range. The distinction between gamma rays and X-rays is based on their radiation source.

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing water or solution for therapy or diagnosis.

Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquefies; the resulting colloid is called a sol.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape and arrangement of multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.

Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.

Liquids transforming into solids by the removal of heat.

The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in DIALYSIS separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as HEMOFILTRATION or HEMODIAFILTRATION (if combined with HEMODIALYSIS).

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Electric conductors through which electric currents enter or leave a medium, whether it be an electrolytic solution, solid, molten mass, gas, or vacuum.

Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Y-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. These are distinguished from IMINES which are RN=CR2.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

Substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. Disinfectants are classed as complete, destroying SPORES as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms, or incomplete, destroying only vegetative forms of the organisms. They are distinguished from ANTISEPTICS, which are local anti-infective agents used on humans and other animals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

The measurement of the amplitude of the components of a complex waveform throughout the frequency range of the waveform. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A basic science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter; and the reactions that occur between substances and the associated energy exchange.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids.

The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.

Disruption of the non-covalent bonds and/or disulfide bonds responsible for maintaining the three-dimensional shape and activity of the native protein.

A highly variable species of the family Ranidae in Canada, the United States and Central America. It is the most widely used Anuran in biomedical research.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Method of tissue preparation in which the tissue specimen is frozen and then dehydrated at low temperature in a high vacuum. This method is also used for dehydrating pharmaceutical and food products.

Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or positive pole during electrolysis.

Polysaccharides composed of repeating glucose units. They can consist of branched or unbranched chains in any linkages.

A spectroscopic technique in which a range of wavelengths is presented simultaneously with an interferometer and the spectrum is mathematically derived from the pattern thus obtained.

The gradual destruction of a metal or alloy due to oxidation or action of a chemical agent. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.

The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.

A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.

A group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria. Dextrans are used therapeutically as plasma volume expanders and anticoagulants. They are also commonly used in biological experimentation and in industry for a wide variety of purposes.

A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Serum albumin from cows, commonly used in in vitro biological studies. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

The balance of fluid in the BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS; total BODY WATER; BLOOD VOLUME; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; INTRACELLULAR SPACE, maintained by processes in the body that regulate the intake and excretion of WATER and ELECTROLYTES, particularly SODIUM and POTASSIUM.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

Substances that provide protection against the harmful effects of freezing temperatures.

A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay.

Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often one of the ION EXCHANGE RESINS, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry.

Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Solution titration in which the end point is read from the electrode-potential variations with the concentrations of potential determining ions. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.

A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.

Hard, amorphous, brittle, inorganic, usually transparent, polymerous silicate of basic oxides, usually potassium or sodium. It is used in the form of hard sheets, vessels, tubing, fibers, ceramics, beads, etc.

Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by freezing. In histological preparations, cryopreservation or cryofixation is used to maintain the existing form, structure, and chemical composition of all the constituent elements of the specimens.

Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.

A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.

The assembly of the QUATERNARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE of multimeric proteins (MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEXES) from their composite PROTEIN SUBUNITS.

A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.

An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.

The preparation, mixing, and assembling of a drug. (From Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th ed, p1814)

Chemicals especially for use on instruments to destroy pathogenic organisms. (Boucher, Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes SMOOTH MUSCLE, stimulates CARDIAC MUSCLE, stimulates DIURESIS, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide PHOSPHODIESTERASES, antagonism of ADENOSINE RECEPTORS, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling.

Inorganic compounds that contain potassium as an integral part of the molecule.

A series of steps taken in order to conduct research.

The force acting on the surface of a liquid, tending to minimize the area of the surface. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Chemical compounds which yield hydrogen ions or protons when dissolved in water, whose hydrogen can be replaced by metals or basic radicals, or which react with bases to form salts and water (neutralization). An extension of the term includes substances dissolved in media other than water. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The branch of science that deals with the geometric description of crystals and their internal arrangement. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Metallothionein-null mice absorb less Zn from an egg-white diet, but a similar amount from solutions, although with altered intertissue Zn distribution. (1/5266)

The influence of metallothionein (MT) on Zn transfer into non-gut tissues was investigated in MT-null (MT-/-) and normal (MT+/+) mice 4 h after oral gavage of aqueous 65ZnSO4solution at doses of 154, 385, 770 and 1540 nmol Zn per mouse. Zn transfer was not significantly different between MT+/+ and MT-/- mice and was directly proportional to the oral dose (slope = 0.127, r = 0.991; 0. 146, r = 0.994, respectively). Blood 65Zn and plasma Zn concentrations increased progressively in MT-/- mice at doses >154 nmol Zn, reaching levels of 2.4% of oral dose and 60 micromol/L, respectively, at the 1540 nmol Zn dose. The corresponding values for MT+/+ mice were approximately half, 1.0% and 29 micromol/L. Intergenotypic differences were found in tissue distribution of 65Zn within the body; MT-/- mice had higher 65Zn levels in muscle, skin, heart and brain, whereas MT+/+ mice retained progressively more Zn in the liver, in conjunction with a linear increase in hepatic MT up to the highest Zn dose. MT induction in the small intestine reached its maximum at an oral dose of 385 nmol Zn and did not differ at higher doses. Absorption of a 770 nmol 65Zn dose from a solid egg-white diet was only one fourth (MT+/+) and one eighth (MT-/-) of the Zn absorption from the same dose of 65Zn in aqueous solution. MT+/+ mice had greater (P < 0.05) Zn absorption from the egg-white diet than did MT-/- mice, indicating that gut MT confers an absorptive advantage, but only when Zn is incorporated into solid food. (+info)

Relationship between supersaturation and calcium oxalate crystallization in normals and idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers. (2/5266)

BACKGROUND: In an earlier study on recurrent CaOx stone formers with no detectable abnormalities, we found that the urine of these subjects had a lower tolerance to oxalate load than controls and that the removal of urinary macromolecules with a molecular weight greater than 10,000 D improved their tolerance to oxalate. METHODS: The effects on CaOx crystallization of reduced urinary supersaturation of calcium oxalate (CaOx), induced by night water load, were studied in 12 normal males and in 15 male OxCa stone formers who were free from urinary metabolic abnormalities. The effect of the macromolecules, purified and retrieved from the natural and diluted urine, were analyzed in a metastable solution of CaOx. RESULTS: The water load caused an increase in urine volume (from 307 +/- 111 to 572 +/- 322 ml/8 hr, P = 0.014 in normal subjects, and from 266 +/- 92 to 518 +/- 208 ml/8 hr, P = 0.001 in the stone formers) and a concomitant reduction of the relative CaOx supersaturation (from 8.7 +/- 2.5 to 5.1 +/- 2.5 ml/8 hr, P = 0.001 in normal subjects, and from 10.4 +/- 3.5 to 5.0 +/- 2.7 ml/8 hr, P = 0.001 in the stone formers). The decrease in CaOx supersaturation was accompanied by an increase of the permissible increment in oxalate, both in normal subjects (from 43.8 +/- 10.1 to 67.2 +/- 30. 3 mg/liter, P = 0.018) and in the stone formers (from 25.7 +/- 9.4 to 43.7 +/- 17.1 mg/liter, P = 0.0001), without any significant variations of the upper limit of metastability for CaOx (from 21.6 +/- 5.3 to 20.5 +/- 4.2 mg/liter in normal subjects, and from 18.7 +/- 4.5 to 17.1 +/- 3.7 mg/liter in the stone formers). The inhibitory effect of urinary macromolecules with molecular weight greater than 10,000 Daltons did not undergo any change when the latter were recovered from concentrated or diluted urine, either in normal subjects or in the stone formers. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced CaOx supersaturation by means of water load has a protective effect with regards to CaOx crystallization in subjects who do not present any of the common urinary stone risk factors. (+info)

pH-dependent conformational change of gastric mucin leads to sol-gel transition. (3/5266)

We present dynamic light scattering (DLS) and hydrophobic dye-binding data in an effort to elucidate a molecular mechanism for the ability of gastric mucin to form a gel at low pH, which is crucial to the barrier function of gastric mucus. DLS measurements of dilute mucin solutions were not indicative of intermolecular association, yet there was a steady fall in the measured diffusion coefficient with decreasing pH, suggesting an apparent increase in size. Taken together with the observed rise in depolarized scattering ratio with decreasing pH, these results suggest that gastric mucin undergoes a conformational change from a random coil at pH >/= 4 to an anisotropic, extended conformation at pH < 4. The increased binding of mucin to hydrophobic fluorescent with decreasing pH indicates that the change to an extended conformation is accompanied by exposure of hydrophobic binding sites. In concentrated mucin solutions, the structure factor S(q, t) derived from DLS measurements changed from a stretched exponential decay at pH 7 to a power-law decay at pH 2, which is characteristic of a sol-gel transition. We propose that the conformational change facilitates cross-links among mucin macromolecules through hydrophobic interactions at low pH, which in turn leads to a sol-gel transition when the mucin solution is sufficiently concentrated. (+info)

Conformations of Gly(n)H+ and Ala(n)H+ peptides in the gas phase. (4/5266)

High-resolution ion mobility measurements and molecular dynamics simulations have been used to probe the conformations of protonated polyglycine and polyalanine (Gly(n)H and Ala(n)H+, n = 3-20) in the gas phase. The measured collision integrals for both the polyglycine and the polyalanine peptides are consistent with a self-solvated globule conformation, where the peptide chain wraps around and solvates the charge located on the terminal amine. The conformations of the small peptides are governed entirely by self-solvation, whereas the larger ones have additional backbone hydrogen bonds. Helical conformations, which are stable for neutral Alan peptides, were not observed in the experiments. Molecular dynamics simulations for Ala(n)H+ peptides suggest that the charge destabilizes the helix, although several of the low energy conformations found in the simulations for the larger Ala(n)H+ peptides have small helical regions. (+info)

Effect of salt addition on the fractal structure of aggregates formed by heating dilute BSA solutions. (5/5266)

The fractal dimension, Df, of aggregates in a dilute BSA system with added salt was evaluated by static light scattering (SLS). A fractal structure was observed for the system with NaCl addition. The values of Df increased with increasing heating time and ionic strength. The values of Df were larger than those (Df = 1.8 or 2.1) predicted by the conventional cluster-cluster aggregation model, probably due to a "restructuring" of aggregates during the aggregation process. On the other hand, a fractal structure was not apparent for the system with added CaCl2. (+info)

Renal and hemodynamic effects of losartan in conscious dogs during controlled mechanical ventilation. (6/5266)

In 12 conscious dogs, we investigated whether the angiotensin II-receptor antagonist losartan increases renal sodium excretion and urine volume during controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) with positive end-expiratory pressure. In four experimental protocols, the dogs were extracellular volume (ECV) expanded (electrolyte solution, 0.5 ml. kg-1. min-1 iv) or not and received losartan (100 micrograms. kg-1. min-1 iv) or not. They breathed spontaneously during the 1st and 4th hour and received CMV with positive end-expiratory pressure (mean airway pressure 20 cmH2O) during the 2nd and 3rd hours. In the expansion group, dogs with losartan excreted approximately 18% more sodium (69 +/- 7 vs. 38 +/- 5 micromol. min-1. kg-1) and 15% more urine during the 2 h of CMV because of a higher glomerular filtration rate (5.3 +/- 0.3 vs. 4.5 +/- 0.2 ml. min-1. kg-1) and the tubular effects of losartan. In the group without expansion, sodium excretion (2.0 +/- 0.6 vs. 2.6 +/- 1.0 micromol. min-1. kg-1) and glomerular filtration rate (3.8 +/- 0.3 vs. 3.8 +/- 0.4 ml. min-1. kg-1) did not change, and urine volume decreased similarly in both groups during CMV. Plasma vasopressin and aldosterone increased in both groups, and plasma renin activity increased from 4.9 +/- 0.7 to 7.8 +/- 1.3 ng ANG I. ml-1. h-1 during CMV in nonexpanded dogs without losartan. Mean arterial pressure decreased by 10 mmHg in nonexpanded dogs with losartan. In conclusion, losartan increases sodium excretion and urine volume during CMV if the ECV is expanded. If the ECV is not expanded, a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and/or an increase in aldosterone and vasopressin during CMV attenuates the renal effects of losartan. (+info)

Conformation and self-association of human recombinant transforming growth factor-beta3 in aqueous solutions. (7/5266)

The transforming growth factors-beta (TGF-beta) are important regulatory peptides for cell growth and differentiation with therapeutic potential for wound healing. Among the several TGF-beta isoforms TGF-beta3 has a particularly low solubility at physiological pH and easily forms aggregates. A spectroscopic structural analysis of TGF-beta3 in solution has thus been difficult. In this study, circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to determine the secondary structural elements of TGF-beta3. In addition, the aggregation of TGF-beta3 was investigated systematically as a function of pH and salt concentration using a rapid screening method. Sedimentation equilibrium and sedimentation velocity analysis revealed that TGF-beta3 exists predominantly in two major forms: (i) monomers in solution at low pH and (ii) large precipitating aggregates at physiological pH. Under acidic conditions (pH < 3.8) the protein was not aggregated. At pH approximately 3.9, a monomer right arrow over left arrow dimer equilibrium could be detected that transformed into larger aggregates at pH > 4.1. Aggregation was pronounced in the pH range of 4.3 < pH < 9.8 with the aggregation maximum between pH 6.5 and 8. 5. The aggregation process was accompanied by a structural change of the protein. The CD spectra were characterized by an isodichroic point at 209.5 nm indicating a two-state equilibrium between TGF-beta3 dissolved in solution and aggregated TGF-beta3. Aggregated TGF-beta3 showed a higher beta-sheet content and lower beta-turn and random coil contributions compared with monomeric TGF-beta3. Both the solution structure and the aggregate structure of TGF-beta3 were different from the crystal structure. This was in contrast to TGF-beta2, which showed very similar crystal and solution structures. Under alkaline conditions (pH > 9.8) the turbidity disappeared and a further conformational change was induced. The pH dependence of the TGF-beta3 conformation in solution in the range of 2.3 < pH < 11. 0 was reversible. Aggregation of TGF-beta3 was, furthermore, influenced by the presence of salt. For pH > 3.8 the addition of salt greatly enhanced the tendency to aggregate, even in the very basic domain. Under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, cNaCl = 164 mM) TGF-beta3 has almost the highest tendency to aggregate and will remain in solution only at nanomolar concentrations. (+info)

Maximum solubility of cholesterol in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine bilayers. (8/5266)

In any lipid bilayer membrane, there is an upper limit on the cholesterol concentration that can be accommodated within the bilayer structure; excess cholesterol will precipitate as crystals of pure cholesterol monohydrate. This cholesterol solubility limit is a well-defined quantity. It is a first-order phase boundary in the phospholipid/cholesterol phase diagram. There are many different solubility limits in the literature, but no clear picture has emerged that can unify the disparate results. We have studied the effects that different sample preparation methods can have on the apparent experimental solubility limit. We find that artifactual demixing of cholesterol can occur during conventional sample preparation and that this demixed cholesterol may produce artifactual cholesterol crystals. Therefore, phospholipid/cholesterol suspensions which are prepared by conventional methods may manifest variable, falsely low cholesterol solubility limits. We have developed two novel preparative methods which are specifically designed to prevent demixing during sample preparation. For detection of the cholesterol crystals, X-ray diffraction has proven to be quantitative and highly sensitive. Experiments based on these methods yield reproducible and precise cholesterol solubility limits: 66 mol% for phosphatidylcholine (PC) bilayers and 51 mol% for phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) bilayers. We present evidence that these are true, equilibrium values. In contrast to the dramatic headgroup effect (PC vs. PE), acyl chain variations had no effect on the cholesterol solubility limit in four different PC/cholesterol mixtures. (+info)

In the medical field, water is a vital substance that is essential for the proper functioning of the human body. It is a clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that makes up the majority of the body's fluids, including blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid. Water plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's temperature, transporting nutrients and oxygen to cells, removing waste products, and lubricating joints. It also helps to regulate blood pressure and prevent dehydration, which can lead to a range of health problems. In medical settings, water is often used as a means of hydration therapy for patients who are dehydrated or have fluid imbalances. It may also be used as a diluent for medications or as a component of intravenous fluids. Overall, water is an essential component of human health and plays a critical role in maintaining the body's normal functions.

Sodium chloride, also known as table salt, is a chemical compound composed of sodium and chlorine ions. It is a white, odorless, and crystalline solid that is commonly used as a seasoning and preservative in food. In the medical field, sodium chloride is used as a medication to treat a variety of conditions, including dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and certain types of heart failure. It is also used as a contrast agent in diagnostic imaging procedures such as X-rays and CT scans. Sodium chloride is available in various forms, including oral solutions, intravenous solutions, and topical ointments. It is important to note that excessive consumption of sodium chloride can lead to high blood pressure and other health problems, so it is important to use it only as directed by a healthcare professional.

Potassium is a mineral that is essential for the proper functioning of many bodily processes. It is the most abundant positively charged ion in the body and plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance, regulating muscle contractions, transmitting nerve impulses, and supporting the proper functioning of the heart. In the medical field, potassium is often measured in blood tests to assess its levels and determine if they are within the normal range. Abnormal potassium levels can be caused by a variety of factors, including certain medications, kidney disease, hormonal imbalances, and certain medical conditions such as Addison's disease or hyperaldosteronism. Low levels of potassium (hypokalemia) can cause muscle weakness, cramps, and arrhythmias, while high levels (hyperkalemia) can lead to cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, and even cardiac arrest. Treatment for potassium imbalances typically involves adjusting the patient's diet or administering medications to correct the imbalance.

Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It is a vital mineral for the human body and is essential for many bodily functions, including bone health, muscle function, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. In the medical field, calcium is often used to diagnose and treat conditions related to calcium deficiency or excess. For example, low levels of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia) can cause muscle cramps, numbness, and tingling, while high levels (hypercalcemia) can lead to kidney stones, bone loss, and other complications. Calcium supplements are often prescribed to people who are at risk of developing calcium deficiency, such as older adults, vegetarians, and people with certain medical conditions. However, it is important to note that excessive calcium intake can also be harmful, and it is important to follow recommended dosages and consult with a healthcare provider before taking any supplements.

Electrolytes are minerals that are essential for the proper functioning of the body's cells, tissues, and organs. They are ions that carry an electrical charge and are necessary for maintaining the balance of fluids in the body, transmitting nerve impulses, and regulating muscle contractions. In the medical field, electrolytes are often measured in blood and urine tests to assess the body's electrolyte balance. The most common electrolytes measured in these tests are sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Electrolyte imbalances can occur due to various factors, including dehydration, kidney disease, heart failure, certain medications, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes and thyroid disorders. Electrolyte imbalances can lead to a range of symptoms, including muscle cramps, weakness, confusion, and in severe cases, cardiac arrest or seizures. Therefore, it is important to maintain proper electrolyte balance through a balanced diet and appropriate medical treatment when necessary.

Bicarbonates, also known as bicarbonate ions or HCO3-, are a type of ion found in the blood and other body fluids. They play an important role in regulating the acid-base balance of the body and maintaining the proper pH of the blood. In the medical field, bicarbonate levels are often measured as part of a routine blood test. Abnormal levels of bicarbonate can indicate a variety of medical conditions, including metabolic acidosis (a condition in which the body produces too much acid), metabolic alkalosis (a condition in which the body produces too little acid), and respiratory acidosis (a condition in which the body is not able to remove enough carbon dioxide from the blood). Bicarbonate is also used in medicine to treat certain conditions, such as metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis. It is given intravenously (through a vein) or by mouth in the form of a salt, such as sodium bicarbonate.

Sucrose is a disaccharide sugar that is commonly found in many foods and beverages, including fruits, vegetables, and sweetened beverages. In the medical field, sucrose is often used as a source of energy for patients who are unable to consume other sources of calories, such as solid foods. It is also used as a diagnostic tool in medical testing, such as in the measurement of blood glucose levels in people with diabetes. In some cases, sucrose may be used as a medication to treat certain medical conditions, such as low blood sugar levels. However, it is important to note that excessive consumption of sucrose can lead to weight gain and other health problems, so it should be consumed in moderation as part of a balanced diet.

Chlorides are a type of anion that are commonly found in the human body. They are produced when chlorine combines with other elements, such as sodium or potassium, to form compounds. In the body, chlorides are primarily found in the fluid that surrounds cells, known as extracellular fluid, and in the fluid that fills the lungs and other cavities, known as intracellular fluid. Chlorides play an important role in maintaining the balance of fluids in the body and in regulating the pH of the blood. They also help to transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body. Chlorides are an essential component of many bodily functions, including the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, which aids in the digestion of food. In the medical field, chlorides are often measured as part of a routine blood test to assess the overall health of the body. Abnormal levels of chlorides in the blood can be a sign of a variety of medical conditions, including kidney disease, liver disease, and respiratory disorders.

Mannitol is a naturally occurring sugar alcohol that is used in the medical field as a diuretic and osmotic agent. It is used to increase urine output and reduce intracranial pressure in patients with conditions such as brain injury, stroke, and elevated intracranial pressure. Mannitol is also used to treat dehydration, as well as to prevent and treat kidney stones. It is available in oral and intravenous forms and is generally considered safe when used as directed.

In the medical field, ions are charged particles that are either positively or negatively charged. They are formed when an atom gains or loses electrons, and they play a crucial role in many bodily functions. For example, ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride are essential for maintaining the proper balance of fluids in the body, which is necessary for proper nerve and muscle function. Imbalances in these ions can lead to a variety of medical conditions, such as hypertension, heart disease, and muscle cramps. In addition, ions are also important in the transmission of nerve impulses and the functioning of the immune system. They are also used in medical treatments such as electrotherapy and iontophoresis, which involve the application of electrical currents to the body to treat various conditions.

Micelles are small, spherical structures that form when surfactant molecules, such as phospholipids, are dissolved in water. In the medical field, micelles are often used as drug delivery systems to transport drugs across cell membranes and into cells. This is because the hydrophobic core of the micelle can encapsulate hydrophobic drugs, while the hydrophilic shell of the micelle can interact with water and other polar molecules. This allows the drug to be transported through the bloodstream and into cells, where it can be released and exert its therapeutic effect. Micelles are also used in various medical imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to enhance the contrast between different tissues in the body.

Allopurinol is a medication used to treat gout and prevent kidney stones caused by high levels of uric acid in the blood. It works by inhibiting the production of uric acid in the body, which helps to lower the levels of uric acid in the blood and prevent the formation of uric acid crystals that can cause gout attacks and kidney stones. Allopurinol is typically taken once or twice a day, and the dosage may be adjusted based on the patient's response to the medication and their blood uric acid levels. It is important to note that allopurinol may cause side effects, such as skin rash, nausea, and liver problems, and should be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider.

Potassium chloride is a medication used to treat low potassium levels in the blood (hypokalemia). It is also used to treat certain heart rhythm problems and to help manage certain types of heart failure. Potassium chloride is available as a tablet, oral solution, and injection. It is usually taken by mouth, but can also be given intravenously (into a vein) or by injection into a muscle. Potassium chloride is a salt that contains potassium, which is an important mineral that helps regulate the heartbeat and maintain proper muscle and nerve function. It is important to follow the instructions of your healthcare provider when taking potassium chloride, as high levels of potassium in the blood can be dangerous.

Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the formula NaOCl. It is a strong oxidizing agent and is commonly used as a disinfectant and bleach. In the medical field, sodium hypochlorite is used as a disinfectant to clean and sterilize medical equipment, instruments, and surfaces. It is also used as a topical antiseptic to treat minor cuts, wounds, and burns. Sodium hypochlorite is available in various concentrations and is typically mixed with water to form a solution for use. It is important to handle sodium hypochlorite with care, as it can be harmful if ingested or inhaled in large quantities.

In the medical field, polymers are large molecules made up of repeating units or monomers. Polymers are used in a variety of medical applications, including drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, and medical devices. One common use of polymers in medicine is in drug delivery systems. Polymers can be used to encapsulate drugs and release them slowly over time, allowing for more controlled and sustained release of the drug. This can help to improve the effectiveness of the drug and reduce side effects. Polymers are also used in tissue engineering, where they are used to create scaffolds for growing new tissue. These scaffolds can be designed to mimic the structure and properties of natural tissue, allowing cells to grow and differentiate into the desired tissue type. In addition, polymers are used in a variety of medical devices, including implants, prosthetics, and surgical sutures. For example, polymers can be used to create biodegradable implants that are absorbed by the body over time, reducing the need for additional surgeries to remove the implant. Overall, polymers play an important role in the medical field, providing a range of useful materials for drug delivery, tissue engineering, and medical device applications.

Magnesium is a mineral that is essential for many bodily functions. It is involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions in the body, including the production of energy, the synthesis of proteins and DNA, and the regulation of muscle and nerve function. In the medical field, magnesium is used to treat a variety of conditions, including: 1. Hypomagnesemia: A deficiency of magnesium in the blood. This can cause symptoms such as muscle cramps, spasms, and seizures. 2. Cardiac arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms that can be caused by low levels of magnesium. 3. Pre-eclampsia: A condition that can occur during pregnancy and is characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine. Magnesium supplementation may be used to treat this condition. 4. Chronic kidney disease: Magnesium is often lost in the urine of people with chronic kidney disease, and supplementation may be necessary to maintain adequate levels. 5. Alcohol withdrawal: Magnesium supplementation may be used to treat symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, such as tremors and seizures. 6. Muscle spasms: Magnesium can help to relax muscles and relieve spasms. 7. Anxiety and depression: Some studies have suggested that magnesium supplementation may help to reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression. Magnesium is available in various forms, including oral tablets, capsules, and intravenous solutions. It is important to note that high levels of magnesium can also be toxic, so it is important to use magnesium supplements under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms. It is composed of four types of nitrogen-containing molecules called nucleotides, which are arranged in a specific sequence to form the genetic code. In the medical field, DNA is often studied as a tool for understanding and diagnosing genetic disorders. Genetic disorders are caused by changes in the DNA sequence that can affect the function of genes, leading to a variety of health problems. By analyzing DNA, doctors and researchers can identify specific genetic mutations that may be responsible for a particular disorder, and develop targeted treatments or therapies to address the underlying cause of the condition. DNA is also used in forensic science to identify individuals based on their unique genetic fingerprint. This is because each person's DNA sequence is unique, and can be used to distinguish one individual from another. DNA analysis is also used in criminal investigations to help solve crimes by linking DNA evidence to suspects or victims.

Glucose is a simple sugar that is a primary source of energy for the body's cells. It is also known as blood sugar or dextrose and is produced by the liver and released into the bloodstream by the pancreas. In the medical field, glucose is often measured as part of routine blood tests to monitor blood sugar levels in people with diabetes or those at risk of developing diabetes. High levels of glucose in the blood, also known as hyperglycemia, can lead to a range of health problems, including heart disease, nerve damage, and kidney damage. On the other hand, low levels of glucose in the blood, also known as hypoglycemia, can cause symptoms such as weakness, dizziness, and confusion. In severe cases, it can lead to seizures or loss of consciousness. In addition to its role in energy metabolism, glucose is also used as a diagnostic tool in medical testing, such as in the measurement of blood glucose levels in newborns to detect neonatal hypoglycemia.

In the medical field, "salts" typically refers to compounds that contain ions of metals or other elements combined with non-metallic elements such as chlorine, sulfur, or phosphorus. These compounds are often used in various medical applications, including: 1. Electrolyte balance: Salts are essential for maintaining the balance of electrolytes in the body. Electrolytes are minerals that carry an electric charge and are necessary for many bodily functions, including muscle and nerve function, hydration, and acid-base balance. 2. Medications: Salts are often used as active ingredients in medications. For example, sodium chloride (table salt) is used as an ingredient in many over-the-counter pain relievers and cold medicines. 3. Antiseptics: Salts such as silver sulfadiazine are used as antiseptics to prevent infection in wounds. 4. Diuretics: Salts such as potassium chloride are used as diuretics to increase urine production and help remove excess fluids from the body. 5. Supplements: Salts such as magnesium sulfate are used as supplements to provide essential minerals that may be lacking in the diet. Overall, salts play an important role in many medical applications and are essential for maintaining proper bodily function.

In the medical field, protons are subatomic particles that have a positive charge and are found in the nucleus of an atom. They are one of the two types of particles that make up atomic nuclei, the other being neutrons, which have no charge. Protons are important in medical applications because they can be used in a type of radiation therapy called proton therapy. Proton therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses beams of protons to target and destroy cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. This is because protons have a unique property called the Bragg peak, which allows them to deposit most of their energy at a specific depth in the body before coming to a stop. This makes proton therapy particularly effective for treating certain types of cancer, such as brain tumors and pediatric cancers.

Hydroxyethyl starch derivatives are a class of medications that are used as plasma expanders in the treatment of hypovolemia, which is a condition characterized by a deficiency of circulating blood volume. These medications are derived from hydroxyethyl starch, which is a polysaccharide that is produced by the hydrolysis of starch. Hydroxyethyl starch derivatives are used to increase the volume of circulating blood and to improve blood pressure and tissue perfusion. They are typically administered intravenously and are available in a variety of different molecular weights and viscosities. However, the use of hydroxyethyl starch derivatives has been associated with a number of adverse effects, including allergic reactions, renal dysfunction, and bleeding, and their use is therefore carefully monitored and restricted in some countries.

Procaine is a local anesthetic medication that is commonly used to numb a specific area of the body during medical procedures. It works by blocking the transmission of pain signals from nerve endings to the brain. Procaine is usually administered as a solution that is injected into the skin or a mucous membrane, such as the mouth or throat. It is also sometimes used as a topical cream or ointment to numb the skin. Procaine is a type of amide local anesthetic, which means that it is derived from an amino acid and has a similar structure to other local anesthetics such as lidocaine and benzocaine. It is generally considered to be safe and effective when used as directed, but like all medications, it can cause side effects in some people.

Calcium chloride is a salt that is commonly used in the medical field as a medication and a dietary supplement. It is a white, crystalline powder that is highly soluble in water and is used to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood and to treat certain medical conditions. In the medical field, calcium chloride is used to treat hypocalcemia, which is a condition in which the blood calcium level is too low. It is also used to treat eclampsia, which is a serious complication of pregnancy that can cause seizures and other symptoms. Calcium chloride is also used to treat certain types of heart rhythm disorders, such as atrial fibrillation. Calcium chloride is available as a dietary supplement and can be taken by mouth to increase the body's calcium levels. It is also used as a food additive and is used to preserve food and to enhance the flavor of certain foods. However, it is important to note that calcium chloride should only be taken under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as it can have side effects and may interact with other medications.

In the medical field, colloids are suspensions of solid or liquid particles in a liquid medium. They are often used as a means of delivering medication or nutrients to the body, particularly in cases where the patient is unable to absorb nutrients through their digestive system. Colloids can be classified into two main categories: hydrophilic colloids and hydrophobic colloids. Hydrophilic colloids are those that are soluble in water and are often used as plasma expanders to increase blood volume. Examples of hydrophilic colloids include gelatin, dextran, and albumin. Hydrophobic colloids, on the other hand, are insoluble in water and are often used to deliver medications or nutrients directly to the bloodstream. Examples of hydrophobic colloids include liposomes and micelles. Colloids are commonly used in medical treatments such as chemotherapy, blood transfusions, and fluid replacement therapy. They are also used in diagnostic procedures such as radiography and computed tomography (CT) scans. However, it is important to note that colloids can also have potential side effects and risks, and their use should be carefully monitored by medical professionals.

Proteins are complex biomolecules made up of amino acids that play a crucial role in many biological processes in the human body. In the medical field, proteins are studied extensively as they are involved in a wide range of functions, including: 1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the body, such as digestion, metabolism, and energy production. 2. Hormones: Proteins that regulate various bodily functions, such as growth, development, and reproduction. 3. Antibodies: Proteins that help the immune system recognize and neutralize foreign substances, such as viruses and bacteria. 4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across cell membranes, such as oxygen and nutrients. 5. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide support and shape to cells and tissues, such as collagen and elastin. Protein abnormalities can lead to various medical conditions, such as genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of proteins is essential for developing effective treatments and therapies for these conditions.

Tromethamine, also known as citrate buffer, is a chemical compound used in the medical field as an anticoagulant and acid-base buffer. It is commonly used in blood transfusions to prevent the formation of clots and to maintain the pH balance of the blood. Tromethamine works by donating protons to hydrogen ions in the blood, thereby neutralizing them and preventing the blood from becoming too acidic or too alkaline. It is also used in the treatment of metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the blood becomes too acidic due to an imbalance in the body's acid-base balance.

Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are a group of water-soluble polymers that are commonly used in the medical field as solvents, dispersants, and stabilizers. They are made by polymerizing ethylene oxide and have a hydroxyl (-OH) group at each end of the molecule. PEGs are used in a variety of medical applications, including as a carrier for drugs and other therapeutic agents, as a lubricant for medical devices, and as an ingredient in various medical products such as ointments, creams, and lotions. They are also used in diagnostic imaging agents, such as contrast agents for X-rays and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). PEGs are generally considered to be safe for use in humans, although high doses or prolonged exposure may cause irritation or allergic reactions. They are also used in food and personal care products, and are generally recognized as safe for these applications as well.

Ion channels are specialized proteins embedded in the cell membrane that regulate the flow of ions across the membrane. These channels are essential for many cellular processes, including the transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and the regulation of cell volume and pH. Ion channels are selective for specific ions, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, or chloride, and they can be opened or closed by various stimuli, such as changes in voltage, ligand binding, or mechanical stress. When an ion channel opens, it creates a pore in the membrane that allows ions to flow through, either down their electrochemical gradient or against it, depending on the specific channel and the conditions. In the medical field, ion channels play important roles in many diseases and disorders, including neurological disorders such as epilepsy, muscular dystrophy, and cardiac arrhythmias, as well as metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity. Understanding the function and regulation of ion channels is therefore crucial for developing new treatments and therapies for these conditions.

In the medical field, peptides are short chains of amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds. They are typically composed of 2-50 amino acids and can be found in a variety of biological molecules, including hormones, neurotransmitters, and enzymes. Peptides play important roles in many physiological processes, including growth and development, immune function, and metabolism. They can also be used as therapeutic agents to treat a variety of medical conditions, such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. In the pharmaceutical industry, peptides are often synthesized using chemical methods and are used as drugs or as components of drugs. They can be administered orally, intravenously, or topically, depending on the specific peptide and the condition being treated.

Povidone-iodine is a topical antiseptic solution that contains a mixture of povidone (a water-soluble polymer) and iodine. It is commonly used in the medical field for wound care, skin antisepsis, and surgical preparation. Povidone-iodine is effective against a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It is available in various strengths and forms, including solutions, gels, and foams. When used properly, povidone-iodine is considered safe and effective for most skin surfaces and can help prevent the spread of infection.

In the medical field, "gels" typically refer to a type of semi-solid or liquid substance that is used for various purposes, such as topical application, injection, or ingestion. Gels can be made from a variety of materials, including water, oils, and other substances, and can be used for a wide range of medical applications. For example, hydrogels are a type of gel that are made from water and polymers, and are often used in wound dressings and other medical devices. Injectable gels are used in various medical procedures, such as cosmetic procedures and orthopedic surgeries. Gels can also be used as drug delivery systems, allowing medications to be absorbed into the body more slowly and evenly over time. Overall, gels are a versatile and widely used tool in the medical field, with a wide range of applications and uses.

Amino acids are organic compounds that are the building blocks of proteins. They are composed of an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), and a side chain (R group) that varies in size and structure. There are 20 different amino acids that are commonly found in proteins, each with a unique side chain that gives it distinct chemical and physical properties. In the medical field, amino acids are important for a variety of functions, including the synthesis of proteins, enzymes, and hormones. They are also involved in energy metabolism and the maintenance of healthy tissues. Deficiencies in certain amino acids can lead to a range of health problems, including muscle wasting, anemia, and neurological disorders. In some cases, amino acids may be prescribed as supplements to help treat these conditions or to support overall health and wellness.

Citric acid is a naturally occurring organic acid that is commonly found in citrus fruits such as lemons, oranges, and limes. In the medical field, citric acid is used in a variety of applications, including as a preservative, a flavoring agent, and a pH adjuster. One of the primary uses of citric acid in medicine is as an antacid. It is often used to treat heartburn, acid reflux, and other conditions that are caused by excess stomach acid. Citric acid works by neutralizing the acid in the stomach, which can help to reduce symptoms such as pain, burning, and discomfort. Citric acid is also used in some over-the-counter medications as a decongestant. It works by breaking up mucus in the respiratory tract, which can help to relieve congestion and other respiratory symptoms. In addition to its medicinal uses, citric acid is also used in a variety of other applications in the medical field. For example, it is used as a preservative in some medical devices and as a pH adjuster in certain laboratory procedures. It is also used as a food additive in some dietary supplements and as a flavoring agent in some oral care products.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that serves as the primary energy currency in living cells. It is composed of three phosphate groups attached to a ribose sugar and an adenine base. In the medical field, ATP is essential for many cellular processes, including muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and the synthesis of macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. ATP is produced through cellular respiration, which involves the breakdown of glucose and other molecules to release energy that is stored in the bonds of ATP. Disruptions in ATP production or utilization can lead to a variety of medical conditions, including muscle weakness, fatigue, and neurological disorders. In addition, ATP is often used as a diagnostic tool in medical testing, as levels of ATP can be measured in various bodily fluids and tissues to assess cellular health and function.

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are a class of cationic compounds that consist of a central nitrogen atom bonded to four alkyl or aryl groups, with one of the alkyl groups replaced by a positively charged ammonium ion. In the medical field, QACs are commonly used as disinfectants, antiseptics, and preservatives due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and algae. QACs work by disrupting the cell membrane of microorganisms, leading to cell lysis and death. They are particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria, which have a thick peptidoglycan layer that can be penetrated by the positively charged ammonium ion. QACs are also effective against enveloped viruses, such as influenza and herpes, by disrupting the viral envelope. QACs are used in a variety of medical applications, including as disinfectants for surfaces and equipment, antiseptics for skin and wound care, and preservatives for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. However, QACs can also be toxic to humans and other animals if ingested or inhaled in high concentrations. Therefore, proper handling and use of QACs are essential to minimize the risk of adverse effects.

Phosphates are a group of inorganic compounds that contain the phosphate ion (PO4^3-). In the medical field, phosphates are often used as a source of phosphorus, which is an essential nutrient for the body. Phosphorus is important for a variety of bodily functions, including bone health, energy production, and nerve function. Phosphates are commonly found in foods such as dairy products, meats, and grains, as well as in some dietary supplements. In the medical field, phosphates are also used as a medication to treat certain conditions, such as hypophosphatemia (low levels of phosphorus in the blood) and hyperphosphatemia (high levels of phosphorus in the blood). Phosphates can also be used as a component of intravenous fluids, as well as in certain types of dialysis solutions for people with kidney disease. In these cases, phosphates are used to help regulate the levels of phosphorus in the body. It is important to note that high levels of phosphorus in the blood can be harmful, and it is important for people with kidney disease to carefully manage their phosphorus intake. In some cases, medications such as phosphate binders may be prescribed to help prevent the absorption of excess phosphorus from the diet.

In the medical field, cations are positively charged ions that are found in the body fluids, such as blood and extracellular fluid. They are important for maintaining the proper balance of electrolytes in the body and for regulating various physiological processes, such as nerve function, muscle contraction, and fluid balance. Cations are classified based on their charge and chemical properties. The most common cations in the body include sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and hydrogen (H+). These ions play important roles in various bodily functions, and imbalances in their levels can lead to a range of health problems, such as muscle cramps, heart arrhythmias, and seizures. In medical testing, cations are often measured in blood or urine samples using various analytical techniques, such as ion-selective electrodes or atomic absorption spectroscopy. Monitoring cation levels is important for diagnosing and treating various medical conditions, such as kidney disease, acid-base disorders, and electrolyte imbalances.

In the medical field, macromolecular substances refer to large molecules that are composed of repeating units, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. These molecules are essential for many biological processes, including cell signaling, metabolism, and structural support. Macromolecular substances are typically composed of thousands or even millions of atoms, and they can range in size from a few nanometers to several micrometers. They are often found in the form of fibers, sheets, or other complex structures, and they can be found in a variety of biological tissues and fluids. Examples of macromolecular substances in the medical field include: - Proteins: These are large molecules composed of amino acids that are involved in a wide range of biological functions, including enzyme catalysis, structural support, and immune response. - Carbohydrates: These are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms that are involved in energy storage, cell signaling, and structural support. - Lipids: These are molecules composed of fatty acids and glycerol that are involved in energy storage, cell membrane structure, and signaling. - Nucleic acids: These are molecules composed of nucleotides that are involved in genetic information storage and transfer. Macromolecular substances are important for many medical applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, and gene therapy. Understanding the structure and function of these molecules is essential for developing new treatments and therapies for a wide range of diseases and conditions.

Urea is a chemical compound that is produced in the liver as a waste product of protein metabolism. It is then transported to the kidneys, where it is filtered out of the blood and excreted in the urine. In the medical field, urea is often used as a diagnostic tool to measure kidney function. High levels of urea in the blood can be a sign of kidney disease or other medical conditions, while low levels may indicate malnutrition or other problems. Urea is also used as a source of nitrogen in fertilizers and as a raw material in the production of plastics and other chemicals.

In the medical field, anions are negatively charged ions that are found in the body fluids, such as blood and urine. They are important for maintaining the balance of electrolytes in the body and play a role in various physiological processes, including nerve function, muscle contraction, and acid-base balance. Anions can be classified into different types based on their chemical composition, such as chloride ions (Cl-), bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), and phosphate ions (PO43-). Each type of anion has a specific function in the body and can be affected by various medical conditions, such as kidney disease, acidosis, and electrolyte imbalances. In some cases, anions can be used as diagnostic markers for certain medical conditions, such as high levels of chloride ions in the blood may indicate dehydration or kidney disease, while low levels of bicarbonate ions may indicate acidosis. Therefore, monitoring the levels of anions in the body fluids is an important part of medical diagnosis and treatment.

In the medical field, glucans refer to a group of polysaccharides that are composed of glucose molecules linked together by glycosidic bonds. Glucans are found in various organisms, including plants, fungi, and bacteria, and they play important roles in their biology and physiology. In humans, glucans have been studied for their potential health benefits, particularly in the context of immune function. Some types of glucans, such as beta-glucans, have been shown to stimulate the immune system and enhance the body's ability to fight off infections and diseases. Glucans have also been used in the development of dietary supplements and functional foods, as well as in the treatment of certain medical conditions, such as cancer and HIV/AIDS. Overall, glucans are an important class of biomolecules that have a wide range of biological and medical applications.

Trifluoroethanol, also known as 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol or TFE, is a colorless, volatile liquid with a sweet odor. It is a polar solvent that is commonly used in the medical field as a chemical reagent and a solvent for various organic compounds. In the medical field, trifluoroethanol is used in a variety of applications, including as a solvent for the extraction of proteins and other biological molecules, as a denaturant for proteins, and as a stabilizer for enzymes. It is also used as a solvent for the purification of certain drugs and as a component in the production of certain pharmaceuticals. Trifluoroethanol is generally considered to be safe for use in the medical field, although it can be toxic in high concentrations. It is important to handle it with care and to follow proper safety procedures when working with this chemical.

In the medical field, hydrogen is not typically used as a standalone treatment or medication. However, there is some research being conducted on the potential therapeutic uses of hydrogen gas (H2) in various medical conditions. One area of interest is in the treatment of oxidative stress and inflammation, which are underlying factors in many chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. Hydrogen gas has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and some studies have suggested that it may have potential as a therapeutic agent in these conditions. Another area of research is in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Hydrogen gas has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in animal models of TBI, and some studies have suggested that it may have potential as a neuroprotective agent in humans. However, it's important to note that the use of hydrogen gas in medicine is still in the early stages of research, and more studies are needed to fully understand its potential therapeutic benefits and risks. As such, hydrogen gas should not be used as a substitute for conventional medical treatments without the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.

Glutaral is a colorless, crystalline compound that is a derivative of glutaric acid. It is used in the medical field as a disinfectant and antiseptic, particularly for the treatment of skin and mucous membrane infections. Glutaral is also used as a preservative in some medical products, such as eye drops and contact lens solutions. It is a strong oxidizing agent and can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions in some people.

Edetic acid, also known as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), is a synthetic organic acid that is commonly used in the medical field as a chelating agent. It is a colorless, water-soluble solid that is used to dissolve minerals and other metal ions in solution. In medicine, EDTA is often used to treat heavy metal poisoning, such as lead or mercury poisoning, by binding to the metal ions and facilitating their excretion from the body. It is also used as an anticoagulant in blood tests and as a component of certain contrast agents used in diagnostic imaging procedures. EDTA is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and intravenous solutions. It is generally considered safe when used as directed, but high doses or prolonged use can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and allergic reactions.

Dextrans are a group of polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) that are derived from cornstarch. They are used in a variety of medical applications, including as a thickening agent in intravenous fluids, as a diagnostic tool for measuring kidney function, and as a component of certain medications. Dextrans are also used in some medical devices, such as catheters and wound dressings. They are generally considered safe and well-tolerated, but like all medications and medical treatments, they can have potential side effects and risks.

Ouabain is a cardiac glycoside that is extracted from the plant Digitalis purpurea, also known as the foxglove plant. It is a potent inhibitor of the sodium-potassium ATPase pump, which is responsible for maintaining the electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane. In the medical field, ouabain is used as a medication to treat heart failure, particularly in cases where other treatments have been ineffective. It works by increasing the strength of the heart's contractions and decreasing the workload on the heart, which can help to improve symptoms and reduce the risk of complications such as heart failure and arrhythmias. However, ouabain can also have side effects, including nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and an irregular heartbeat. It is therefore typically used under close medical supervision and with careful monitoring of the patient's response to the medication.

Serum Albumin, Bovine is a type of albumin, which is a type of protein found in the blood plasma of mammals. It is derived from the blood of cows and is used as a source of albumin for medical purposes. Albumin is an important protein in the body that helps to maintain the osmotic pressure of blood and transport various substances, such as hormones, drugs, and fatty acids, throughout the body. It is often used as a plasma expander in patients who have lost a significant amount of blood or as a replacement for albumin in patients with liver disease or other conditions that affect albumin production.

Barium is a chemical element with the symbol Ba and atomic number 56. In the medical field, barium is commonly used as a contrast agent in imaging studies, particularly in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Barium sulfate is the most commonly used form of barium in medical imaging. It is administered orally or through an enema, and it coats the lining of the GI tract, making it easier to see on X-rays. Barium studies are used to diagnose a variety of conditions in the digestive system, including ulcers, tumors, inflammation, and structural abnormalities. Barium is also used in other medical applications, such as in the treatment of certain types of arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) and in the production of certain types of glass and ceramics. However, in these applications, barium is typically used in much smaller quantities and under more controlled conditions.

Sodium hydroxide is a chemical compound with the formula NaOH. It is commonly known as lye and is a strong base that is used in various industrial and laboratory applications. In the medical field, sodium hydroxide is not commonly used. However, it can be used in some laboratory procedures to neutralize acidic solutions or to prepare buffer solutions. It is important to handle sodium hydroxide with caution as it is highly caustic and can cause severe burns if it comes into contact with skin or eyes.

Recombinant proteins are proteins that are produced by genetically engineering bacteria, yeast, or other organisms to express a specific gene. These proteins are typically used in medical research and drug development because they can be produced in large quantities and are often more pure and consistent than proteins that are extracted from natural sources. Recombinant proteins can be used for a variety of purposes in medicine, including as diagnostic tools, therapeutic agents, and research tools. For example, recombinant versions of human proteins such as insulin, growth hormones, and clotting factors are used to treat a variety of medical conditions. Recombinant proteins can also be used to study the function of specific genes and proteins, which can help researchers understand the underlying causes of diseases and develop new treatments.

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a colorless, viscous liquid that is commonly used in the medical field as a solvent, a penetration enhancer, and a therapeutic agent. It is also known as dimethyl sulfone or dimethyl sulfide oxide. DMSO has a number of potential medical applications, including as a pain reliever, an anti-inflammatory, and a treatment for a variety of conditions such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. It is also used as a solvent for other drugs and as a preservative for certain medical products. However, the use of DMSO in medicine is controversial, and there is limited scientific evidence to support its effectiveness for many of the conditions it is claimed to treat. Additionally, DMSO can cause side effects such as skin irritation, nausea, and dizziness, and it may interact with other medications. As a result, its use in medicine is generally limited to research and experimental settings, and it is not approved for use as a drug by regulatory agencies in many countries.

Muramidase is an enzyme that is involved in the degradation of peptidoglycan, a major component of bacterial cell walls. It is also known as lysozyme or muramidase lysozyme. The enzyme cleaves the bond between the N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid residues in the peptidoglycan chain, leading to the breakdown of the cell wall and ultimately the death of the bacterium. Muramidase is found in various organisms, including humans, and is used as an antimicrobial agent in some medications. It is also used in laboratory research to study bacterial cell wall structure and function.

Chlorhexidine is an antiseptic agent that is commonly used in the medical field for a variety of purposes. It is a broad-spectrum disinfectant that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Chlorhexidine is available in a variety of forms, including solutions, gels, and mouthwashes. It is often used to clean and disinfect surfaces and equipment in healthcare settings, as well as to treat wounds and skin infections. It is also commonly used as an antiseptic mouthwash to help prevent gum disease and tooth decay. Chlorhexidine works by disrupting the cell membranes of microorganisms, which kills them or prevents them from multiplying. It is generally considered to be safe and effective when used as directed, although it can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions in some people. It is important to follow the instructions for use carefully and to avoid using chlorhexidine on open wounds or in the eyes.

Cesium is a chemical element with the symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal that is highly reactive and flammable. In the medical field, cesium is not commonly used for treatment or diagnosis of diseases or conditions. However, cesium chloride has been used as a treatment for some types of cancer, but its effectiveness and safety have not been scientifically proven. Additionally, cesium has been used in some research studies as a radioactive tracer to study the function of the heart and other organs. It is important to note that cesium is a highly toxic substance and should only be handled by trained professionals in a controlled environment.

Lithium is a chemical element with the symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silvery-white metal that is highly reactive and flammable. In the medical field, lithium is primarily used as a mood stabilizer to treat bipolar disorder, a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings, including manic episodes and depression. Lithium works by regulating the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as dopamine and serotonin, which are involved in mood regulation. It is typically administered as a daily pill or liquid and is considered effective in preventing and treating manic and depressive episodes in people with bipolar disorder. However, lithium can also have side effects, including tremors, weight gain, and kidney problems, and requires careful monitoring by a healthcare provider.

Caffeine is a naturally occurring stimulant that is found in many plants, including coffee beans, tea leaves, and cocoa beans. It is also added to many foods and beverages, such as coffee, tea, soda, and energy drinks, to enhance their flavor and provide a boost of energy. In the medical field, caffeine is used as a medication to treat a variety of conditions, including: 1. Sleep disorders: Caffeine is a stimulant that can help people stay awake and alert, making it useful for treating conditions such as insomnia and sleep apnea. 2. Headaches: Caffeine is a common ingredient in over-the-counter pain relievers, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, and is also used to treat migraines and tension headaches. 3. Fatigue: Caffeine can help to reduce fatigue and increase alertness, making it useful for people who work long hours or have trouble staying awake. 4. Parkinson's disease: Caffeine has been shown to improve symptoms of Parkinson's disease, including tremors and stiffness. 5. Asthma: Caffeine can help to relax the muscles in the airways, making it useful for people with asthma. It is important to note that caffeine can have side effects, including jitters, anxiety, and insomnia, and can interact with other medications. As with any medication, it is important to talk to a healthcare provider before using caffeine to treat a medical condition.

Potassium compounds are chemical compounds that contain potassium, which is an essential mineral for the proper functioning of the human body. In the medical field, potassium compounds are often used to treat potassium deficiencies or imbalances, which can occur due to a variety of factors such as malnutrition, diarrhea, or certain medications. Potassium compounds are available in various forms, including potassium chloride, potassium citrate, and potassium gluconate. These compounds can be administered orally, intravenously, or topically, depending on the specific condition being treated and the severity of the potassium deficiency. In addition to treating potassium deficiencies, potassium compounds may also be used to manage certain medical conditions, such as hypertension, heart disease, and kidney disease. However, it is important to note that potassium compounds can have side effects and may interact with other medications, so they should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

In the medical field, acids are substances that donate hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. They are classified as either strong or weak acids, depending on how completely they ionize in water. Acids can have various effects on the body, depending on their concentration and duration of exposure. For example, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong acid that is produced by the stomach to help break down food. However, if the stomach produces too much HCl, it can cause acid reflux, heartburn, and other digestive problems. Other acids that are commonly used in medicine include citric acid, which is used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid, and salicylic acid, which is used as an anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of conditions such as acne and psoriasis. In some cases, acids can be used to treat medical conditions. For example, hydrofluoric acid is used to treat certain types of bone cancer, and lactic acid is used to treat metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the body produces too much acid. However, it is important to note that acids can also be harmful if they are not used properly. Exposure to high concentrations of acids can cause burns, corrosion of tissues, and other serious injuries. Therefore, it is important for medical professionals to use acids with caution and follow proper safety protocols.

In the medical field, gases are substances that exist in a gaseous state at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature. Gases are typically composed of atoms or molecules that are highly energetic and move rapidly in all directions. Gases are important in medicine because they play a role in many physiological processes, such as respiration, circulation, and gas exchange. For example, oxygen is a gas that is essential for respiration, and carbon dioxide is a waste product that is exhaled from the body. In medical settings, gases can be used for a variety of purposes, such as anesthesia, oxygen therapy, and carbon dioxide removal. Gases can also be used in diagnostic tests, such as pulmonary function tests, which measure the amount of air that a person can inhale and exhale. It is important for healthcare professionals to be familiar with the properties and effects of different gases, as well as the proper handling and administration of gases in medical settings.

Citrates are a group of compounds that contain the citric acid ion (C6H8O7^3-). In the medical field, citrates are commonly used as anticoagulants to prevent blood clots from forming. They are often used in patients who are undergoing dialysis or who have a condition called heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), which makes it difficult to use heparin, a commonly used anticoagulant. Citrates are also used to treat certain types of kidney stones, as they can help to neutralize the acidic environment in the urinary tract that can contribute to the formation of stones. In addition, citrates are sometimes used as a source of calcium in patients who cannot tolerate other forms of calcium supplementation. Citrates can be administered orally or intravenously, and they are usually well-tolerated by most people. However, like all medications, they can cause side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It is important to follow the instructions of your healthcare provider when taking citrates, and to report any side effects that you experience.

In the medical field, oxygen is a gas that is essential for the survival of most living organisms. It is used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including respiratory disorders, heart disease, and anemia. Oxygen is typically administered through a mask, nasal cannula, or oxygen tank, and is used to increase the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream. This can help to improve oxygenation of the body's tissues and organs, which is important for maintaining normal bodily functions. In medical settings, oxygen is often used to treat patients who are experiencing difficulty breathing due to conditions such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or asthma. It may also be used to treat patients who have suffered from a heart attack or stroke, as well as those who are recovering from surgery or other medical procedures. Overall, oxygen is a critical component of modern medical treatment, and is used in a wide range of clinical settings to help patients recover from illness and maintain their health.

Ethylene glycol is a colorless, sweet-tasting, and highly toxic liquid that is commonly used as a solvent and antifreeze. In the medical field, ethylene glycol poisoning is a serious condition that occurs when someone ingests or inhales large amounts of this substance. Ethylene glycol poisoning can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, confusion, and difficulty breathing. In severe cases, it can lead to kidney failure, seizures, coma, and death. Treatment for ethylene glycol poisoning typically involves the administration of activated charcoal to absorb the poison from the stomach, followed by the use of antidotes such as ethanol or fomepizole to prevent the body from metabolizing the ethylene glycol into toxic compounds. In some cases, dialysis may be necessary to remove the poison from the bloodstream. It is important to note that ethylene glycol is highly toxic and should be handled with care in the medical field. Any spills or leaks should be cleaned up immediately, and proper safety precautions should be taken to prevent accidental exposure.

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong acid that is commonly used in the medical field for various purposes. It is a clear, colorless liquid that has a strong, pungent odor and a sour taste. In the medical field, hydrochloric acid is used as a digestive aid to stimulate the production of stomach acid, which helps to break down food and absorb nutrients. It is also used as a disinfectant and antiseptic to clean wounds and prevent infection. In addition, hydrochloric acid is used in some medical tests and procedures, such as the measurement of gastric acid secretion and the treatment of certain digestive disorders. However, it is important to note that hydrochloric acid can be highly corrosive and can cause serious burns if it comes into contact with the skin or mucous membranes. Therefore, it should be handled with caution and used only under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.

Saccharin is an artificial sweetener that is commonly used as a low-calorie alternative to sugar. It is a white, crystalline powder that is about 300 times sweeter than sugar. In the medical field, saccharin is often used as a dietary supplement for people with diabetes or other conditions that require them to limit their sugar intake. It is also used in the production of low-calorie foods and beverages, such as diet soda and sugar-free candy. However, saccharin has been associated with some health concerns, including cancer in laboratory animals. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified saccharin as a possible human carcinogen, although the evidence is not conclusive. As a result, some countries have placed restrictions on the use of saccharin in food products.

In the medical field, a peptide fragment refers to a short chain of amino acids that are derived from a larger peptide or protein molecule. Peptide fragments can be generated through various techniques, such as enzymatic digestion or chemical cleavage, and are often used in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Peptide fragments can be used as biomarkers for various diseases, as they may be present in the body at elevated levels in response to specific conditions. For example, certain peptide fragments have been identified as potential biomarkers for cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular disease. In addition, peptide fragments can be used as therapeutic agents themselves. For example, some peptide fragments have been shown to have anti-inflammatory or anti-cancer properties, and are being investigated as potential treatments for various diseases. Overall, peptide fragments play an important role in the medical field, both as diagnostic tools and as potential therapeutic agents.

Bacterial proteins are proteins that are synthesized by bacteria. They are essential for the survival and function of bacteria, and play a variety of roles in bacterial metabolism, growth, and pathogenicity. Bacterial proteins can be classified into several categories based on their function, including structural proteins, metabolic enzymes, regulatory proteins, and toxins. Structural proteins provide support and shape to the bacterial cell, while metabolic enzymes are involved in the breakdown of nutrients and the synthesis of new molecules. Regulatory proteins control the expression of other genes, and toxins can cause damage to host cells and tissues. Bacterial proteins are of interest in the medical field because they can be used as targets for the development of antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents. They can also be used as diagnostic markers for bacterial infections, and as vaccines to prevent bacterial diseases. Additionally, some bacterial proteins have been shown to have therapeutic potential, such as enzymes that can break down harmful substances in the body or proteins that can stimulate the immune system.

Zinc is a chemical element that is essential for human health. In the medical field, zinc is used in a variety of ways, including as a supplement to treat and prevent certain health conditions. Zinc is involved in many important bodily functions, including immune system function, wound healing, and DNA synthesis. It is also important for the proper functioning of the senses of taste and smell. Zinc deficiency can lead to a range of health problems, including impaired immune function, delayed wound healing, and impaired growth and development in children. Zinc supplements are often recommended for people who are at risk of zinc deficiency, such as pregnant and breastfeeding women, people with certain medical conditions, and people who follow a vegetarian or vegan diet. In addition to its use as a supplement, zinc is also used in some medications, such as those used to treat acne and the common cold. It is also used in some over-the-counter products, such as antacids and nasal sprays. Overall, zinc is an important nutrient that plays a vital role in maintaining good health.

In the medical field, bromides are a class of chemical compounds that contain the bromine atom. They are primarily used as sedatives and hypnotics to treat conditions such as insomnia, anxiety, and agitation. Bromides are also used to treat certain types of seizures and muscle spasms. Bromides are typically administered orally in the form of tablets or solutions. They work by increasing the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that helps to calm the nervous system. This leads to a decrease in muscle tension, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. However, bromides can also have side effects, including drowsiness, dizziness, headache, and nausea. They can also cause liver damage and may interact with other medications, so it is important to use them under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Povidone is a water-soluble polymer that is commonly used in the medical field as an antiseptic and disinfectant. It is also known as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and is a white, odorless powder that is easily soluble in water. Povidone is used in a variety of medical applications, including wound care, surgical procedures, and the treatment of skin infections. It is effective against a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and is often used in combination with other antiseptic agents to enhance its effectiveness. Povidone is available in a variety of forms, including solutions, gels, and ointments, and is typically applied topically to the skin or applied to medical devices and surfaces to disinfect them. It is generally considered to be safe and well-tolerated by most people, although it may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals.

Potassium channels are a type of ion channel found in the cell membrane of many types of cells, including neurons, muscle cells, and epithelial cells. These channels are responsible for regulating the flow of potassium ions (K+) in and out of the cell, which is important for maintaining the cell's resting membrane potential and controlling the generation and propagation of electrical signals in the cell. Potassium channels are classified into several different types based on their biophysical properties, such as their voltage sensitivity, pharmacology, and gating mechanisms. Some of the most well-known types of potassium channels include voltage-gated potassium channels, inwardly rectifying potassium channels, and leak potassium channels. In the medical field, potassium channels play a critical role in many physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmission, and regulation of blood pressure. Abnormalities in potassium channel function can lead to a variety of diseases and disorders, such as epilepsy, hypertension, and cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of potassium channels is important for developing new treatments for these conditions.

In the medical field, lipid bilayers refer to the two layers of phospholipid molecules that form the basic structure of cell membranes. The lipid bilayer is composed of a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-fearing) tail. The hydrophilic heads face outward, towards the aqueous environment of the cell, while the hydrophobic tails face inward, towards each other. This arrangement creates a barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment, while also allowing for the selective passage of molecules in and out of the cell. The lipid bilayer is essential for maintaining the integrity and function of cells, and is involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell signaling, metabolism, and transport.

Silicones are a group of synthetic polymers that are widely used in various medical applications due to their unique properties, such as biocompatibility, chemical stability, and thermal stability. They are typically composed of silicon, oxygen, and carbon atoms, and can be further modified to include other elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and fluorine. In the medical field, silicones are used in a variety of applications, including: 1. Implants: Silicones are commonly used in medical implants such as breast implants, artificial joints, and heart valves due to their biocompatibility and durability. 2. Wound dressings: Silicones are used in wound dressings due to their ability to prevent bacterial growth and promote healing. 3. Drug delivery systems: Silicones are used in drug delivery systems such as microspheres and nanoparticles to improve the delivery of drugs to specific areas of the body. 4. Medical devices: Silicones are used in medical devices such as catheters, syringes, and endoscopes due to their non-stick properties and ability to reduce friction. 5. Cosmetics: Silicones are used in cosmetics such as lotions, creams, and shampoos due to their ability to provide a smooth and silky texture. Overall, silicones are a versatile and important material in the medical field due to their unique properties and wide range of applications.

Hemoglobins are a group of proteins found in red blood cells (erythrocytes) that are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. Hemoglobin is composed of four subunits, each of which contains a heme group that binds to oxygen. The oxygen binds to the iron atom in the heme group, allowing the hemoglobin to transport oxygen throughout the body. Hemoglobin also plays a role in regulating the pH of the blood and in the immune response. Abnormalities in hemoglobin can lead to various medical conditions, such as anemia, sickle cell disease, and thalassemia.

In the medical field, aluminum is a metal that is commonly used in various medical devices and implants. It is often used in orthopedic implants, such as hip and knee replacements, due to its strength, durability, and biocompatibility. However, aluminum has also been linked to certain health problems, particularly in individuals with kidney disease or other conditions that affect the body's ability to excrete aluminum. Long-term exposure to high levels of aluminum has been associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurological disorders. Therefore, in the medical field, the use of aluminum in medical devices and implants is carefully regulated to minimize the risk of aluminum exposure and potential health effects.

Tetraethylammonium compounds are a class of organic compounds that contain the tetraethylammonium ion (Et4N+). These compounds are commonly used as ionophores, which are molecules that facilitate the transport of ions across cell membranes. In the medical field, tetraethylammonium compounds are used as muscle relaxants and to treat certain types of arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats). They work by blocking the movement of potassium ions out of cardiac muscle cells, which can help to stabilize the heart rhythm. Tetraethylammonium compounds are also used in research to study the function of ion channels and to develop new drugs for the treatment of heart disease and other conditions.

Fluorides are compounds that contain the fluoride ion (F-). In the medical field, fluorides are commonly used to prevent tooth decay and improve oral health. They can be found in a variety of products, including toothpaste, mouthwashes, and fluoride supplements. Fluoride works by strengthening tooth enamel, making it more resistant to acid attacks from bacteria in the mouth. It can also help to remineralize tooth enamel that has already been damaged by acid. Fluoride is also used in water treatment to reduce the risk of tooth decay in communities. In addition, fluoride is sometimes used in dental procedures, such as fluoride varnishes and fluoride gels, to further strengthen teeth and prevent decay. While fluoride is generally considered safe and effective, excessive exposure to fluoride can lead to dental fluorosis, a condition that causes white or brown stains on the teeth. It is important to use fluoride products in moderation and to follow the instructions on the label.

I'm sorry, but I couldn't find any information on a medication or compound called "Egtazic Acid" in the medical field. It's possible that you may have misspelled the name or that it is a relatively new or obscure medication. If you have any additional information or context, please let me know and I'll do my best to help you.

Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, is a type of alcohol that is commonly used in the medical field as a disinfectant and antiseptic. It is a clear, colorless liquid that is flammable and has a distinctive odor. Ethanol is effective at killing a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and is often used to clean surfaces and equipment in healthcare settings to prevent the spread of infection. In addition to its use as a disinfectant, ethanol is also used as a solvent for medications and other substances, and as a fuel for medical devices such as inhalers and nebulizers. It is also used as a preservative in some medications and vaccines to prevent the growth of microorganisms. Ethanol can be toxic if consumed in large amounts, and can cause a range of symptoms including dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and even death. It is important to use ethanol and other disinfectants and antiseptics safely and according to the instructions provided, to avoid accidental exposure or injury.

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in the transmission of signals between neurons in the nervous system. It is synthesized from the amino acid choline and is stored in vesicles within nerve cells. When an electrical signal reaches the end of a nerve cell, it triggers the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, the small gap between the nerve cell and the next cell it communicates with. Acetylcholine then binds to receptors on the surface of the receiving cell, causing a change in its electrical activity. Acetylcholine is involved in a wide range of bodily functions, including muscle movement, memory, and learning. It is also important for the regulation of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion. In the medical field, acetylcholine is used as a diagnostic tool to study the function of the nervous system, particularly in conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and myasthenia gravis. It is also used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of certain conditions, such as glaucoma and myasthenia gravis, by increasing the activity of the affected nerves.

Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide derived from chitin, which is a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine found in the exoskeletons of crustaceans such as shrimp and crab. Chitosan has been used in various medical applications due to its unique properties, including its ability to absorb and retain water, its biocompatibility, and its ability to modulate immune responses. In the medical field, chitosan is used in a variety of ways, including as a wound dressing, a drug delivery system, and a biofilm inhibitor. As a wound dressing, chitosan can help to promote healing by providing a moist environment that promotes cell growth and reduces inflammation. As a drug delivery system, chitosan can be used to encapsulate drugs and release them slowly over time, improving their effectiveness and reducing side effects. As a biofilm inhibitor, chitosan can help to prevent the formation of bacterial biofilms, which can be difficult to treat and can lead to chronic infections. Chitosan has also been studied for its potential use in cancer therapy, as it has been shown to have anti-tumor properties and can help to enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapy drugs. Additionally, chitosan has been used in the development of medical devices, such as catheters and implants, due to its ability to reduce inflammation and promote tissue integration.

Glycerol, also known as glycerin, is a simple sugar alcohol that is commonly used in the medical field as a lubricant, a moisturizer, and a preservative. It is a clear, odorless, and tasteless liquid that is derived from fats and oils. In the medical field, glycerol is used in a variety of applications, including: 1. As a lubricant: Glycerol is used as a lubricant in various medical procedures, such as colonoscopies, cystoscopies, and endoscopies, to reduce friction and discomfort. 2. As a moisturizer: Glycerol is used as a moisturizer in skin care products, such as lotions and creams, to hydrate and soothe dry, irritated skin. 3. As a preservative: Glycerol is used as a preservative in some medical products, such as eye drops and nasal sprays, to prevent the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms. 4. As an antifreeze: Glycerol is used as an antifreeze in some medical equipment, such as dialysis machines, to prevent the equipment from freezing during cold weather. Overall, glycerol is a safe and effective ingredient that is widely used in the medical field for a variety of purposes.

In the medical field, "gold" typically refers to the use of gold compounds in the treatment of certain medical conditions. Gold has been used in medicine for centuries, and it is still used today in the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. Gold therapy involves the administration of gold compounds, usually in the form of a pill or injection, to help reduce inflammation and pain. The exact mechanism of action of gold therapy is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve the modulation of the immune system and the production of anti-inflammatory molecules. Gold therapy is generally considered safe and effective, although it can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and skin rashes. It is important to note that gold therapy is not suitable for everyone, and it should only be used under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.

Acrylic resins are a type of polymer that are commonly used in the medical field for a variety of applications. They are typically made from acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, which are then polymerized to form a solid, durable material. One common use of acrylic resins in medicine is in the production of dental prosthetics, such as dentures and dental bridges. Acrylic resins are used to create the artificial teeth and gums that are used to replace missing teeth or to improve the appearance of the smile. Acrylic resins are also used in the production of medical devices, such as catheters and surgical instruments. They are often used because of their durability, flexibility, and ability to be molded into a variety of shapes and sizes. In addition, acrylic resins are sometimes used in the treatment of certain medical conditions. For example, they may be used to create implants for the treatment of joint disorders or to reinforce weakened bones. Overall, acrylic resins are a versatile and widely used material in the medical field, with a range of applications in dentistry, medical devices, and other areas.

Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes in the human body. It is a component of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA and is also found in high concentrations in the cells of the heart, brain, and other organs. In the medical field, adenosine is often used as a medication to treat certain heart conditions, such as supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and atrial fibrillation (AFib). Adenosine works by blocking the electrical signals that cause the heart to beat too fast or irregularly. It is typically administered as an intravenous injection and has a short duration of action, lasting only a few minutes. Adenosine is also used in research to study the function of various cells and tissues in the body, including the nervous system, immune system, and cardiovascular system. It has been shown to have a wide range of effects on cellular signaling pathways, including the regulation of gene expression, cell proliferation, and apoptosis (cell death).

Methanol is a colorless, flammable liquid that is commonly used as a solvent in various industries, including the pharmaceutical industry. In the medical field, methanol is used as a chemical intermediate in the production of various drugs and as a solvent for various medications. It is also used as a denaturant for ethanol, which is used as a disinfectant and antiseptic. However, methanol is highly toxic and can cause serious health problems if ingested or inhaled in large quantities. Ingestion of methanol can lead to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and even blindness or death. Therefore, it is important to handle methanol with care and to follow proper safety protocols when working with this substance.

In the medical field, "silver" typically refers to silver nitrate, which is a medication used to treat various conditions such as burns, wounds, and eye infections. Silver nitrate works by releasing silver ions, which have antimicrobial properties that can help prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Silver nitrate is often applied topically as a cream, ointment, or powder, and it can also be used as a solution for eye drops or as a douche for vaginal infections. It is important to note that silver nitrate can be toxic if ingested, so it should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Methylcellulose is a water-soluble polymer that is commonly used in the medical field as a thickening agent, emulsifier, and stabilizer. It is derived from cellulose, which is a natural polymer found in plant cell walls. Methylcellulose is often used in medical applications such as drug delivery systems, ophthalmic solutions, and wound dressings. It can help to improve the stability and bioavailability of certain drugs, and can also be used to create gels and other formulations that are easy to apply and absorb. In addition to its use in medical applications, methylcellulose is also used in a variety of other industries, including food and cosmetics. It is generally considered to be safe for use in humans, although high doses may cause digestive upset in some people.

Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is a naturally occurring compound that is commonly used in the medical field. It is a hard, white, crystalline solid that is composed of silicon and oxygen atoms. In the medical field, silicon dioxide is used in a variety of applications, including as a pharmaceutical excipient, a food additive, and a wound dressing material. It is often used as a carrier for other active ingredients in medications, as it can help to improve the stability and bioavailability of the drug. Silicon dioxide is also used in the production of various medical devices, such as implants and prosthetics, as well as in the manufacturing of dental materials and orthopedic implants. In addition to its use in medical applications, silicon dioxide is also used in a variety of other industries, including electronics, construction, and cosmetics.

Biopolymers are large molecules made up of repeating units of smaller molecules called monomers. In the medical field, biopolymers are often used as biomaterials, which are materials that are designed to interact with biological systems in a specific way. Biopolymers can be used to create a wide range of medical devices, such as implants, scaffolds for tissue engineering, and drug delivery systems. They can also be used as diagnostic tools, such as in the development of biosensors. Some examples of biopolymers used in medicine include proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides.

Enzymes, immobilized, refer to enzymes that have been chemically or physically attached to a solid support, such as a plastic or glass surface, or encapsulated within a matrix. This immobilization allows the enzymes to be used repeatedly in a variety of applications, such as in industrial processes, environmental remediation, and medical diagnostics. In the medical field, immobilized enzymes are used in a variety of diagnostic tests and therapeutic applications. For example, they can be used to detect specific molecules in biological samples, such as glucose in blood or proteins in urine. They can also be used to catalyze specific chemical reactions, such as the conversion of one molecule into another, which can be useful in drug development and production. One advantage of immobilized enzymes is that they can be easily separated from the reaction mixture and reused, which can reduce costs and increase efficiency. Additionally, immobilization can protect the enzymes from degradation or denaturation, which can improve their stability and activity over time.

Nickel is a chemical element with the symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white metal with a slight golden tinge and is commonly used in the production of coins, jewelry, and various industrial applications. In the medical field, nickel is primarily known for its potential to cause allergic reactions in some individuals. Nickel allergy is a type of contact dermatitis that occurs when the skin comes into contact with nickel-containing objects, such as jewelry, buttons, or coins. Symptoms of nickel allergy can include redness, itching, swelling, and blistering at the site of contact. Nickel allergy is a common condition, affecting up to 10% of the general population. It is more common in women than men and tends to develop later in life. Treatment for nickel allergy typically involves avoiding contact with nickel-containing objects and using topical creams or ointments to relieve symptoms. In severe cases, oral antihistamines or corticosteroids may be prescribed.

Borates are a group of minerals that contain boron, a chemical element with the symbol B and atomic number 5. Borates are used in a variety of applications in the medical field, including as antiseptics, disinfectants, and as components in some medications. One common use of borates in medicine is as a topical antiseptic. Boric acid, a common borate mineral, has been used for centuries as a natural antiseptic and. It is often used in over-the-counter products such as vaginal suppositories and eye drops to treat infections and other conditions. Borates are also used in some medications as a component to help with the absorption of other active ingredients. For example, boric acid is used in some oral contraceptives to help with the absorption of hormones. In addition to their use in medicine, borates are also used in other industries, such as agriculture and cosmetics, due to their unique properties, such as their ability to absorb moisture and their ability to act as a mild abrasive.

Polystyrenes are a class of synthetic polymers that are commonly used in the medical field due to their unique properties, such as their lightweight, durability, and ability to be molded into a variety of shapes and sizes. In the medical field, polystyrenes are used in a variety of applications, including as components of medical devices, such as syringes, catheters, and test tubes, as well as in packaging materials for medical equipment and supplies. Polystyrene is also used in the production of medical implants, such as hip and knee replacements, and as a component of dental prosthetics. Polystyrenes are also used in the production of medical laboratory equipment, such as centrifuges and microtiter plates, and in the manufacturing of medical instruments, such as scalpels and forceps. Additionally, polystyrene is used in the production of medical packaging materials, such as trays and bags, to protect medical equipment and supplies during transportation and storage.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is a detergent that is commonly used in the medical field for various purposes. It is a white, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and has a strong cleansing and emulsifying effect. In the medical field, SDS is often used as a surfactant, which means that it helps to lower the surface tension of water and other liquids, allowing them to mix more easily. This property makes SDS useful in a variety of medical applications, including: - Cleaning and disinfecting medical equipment and surfaces - Removing blood and other bodily fluids from clothing and bedding - Breaking up and removing mucus and other secretions from the respiratory tract - Enhancing the effectiveness of other medications and treatments, such as antibiotics and antiviral drugs SDS is generally considered safe for use in the medical field, but it can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions in some people. It is important to follow proper safety protocols when handling SDS, including wearing protective gloves and goggles and avoiding contact with the skin and eyes.

Chloroform is a colorless, sweet-smelling liquid that was once commonly used as an anesthetic in medical procedures. It works by depressing the central nervous system, leading to a loss of consciousness and a lack of sensation. Chloroform is highly flammable and can be toxic if inhaled or ingested in large quantities. It is no longer used as a general anesthetic due to concerns about its safety and potential side effects, including liver and kidney damage, respiratory depression, and cardiac arrhythmias. However, it is still used in some specialized medical applications, such as in the production of certain pharmaceuticals and as a solvent for other chemicals.

Lidocaine is a local anesthetic medication that is commonly used to numb a specific area of the body during medical procedures or surgeries. It works by blocking the transmission of pain signals from the nerves to the brain. Lidocaine is available in various forms, including topical creams, gels, ointments, and injections. It is also used to treat certain types of abnormal heart rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation, and to relieve symptoms of neuropathy, a condition in which the nerves are damaged or diseased. Lidocaine is generally considered safe when used as directed, but it can cause side effects such as dizziness, nausea, and allergic reactions in some people.

In the medical field, organometallic compounds are compounds that contain a metal atom bonded to a carbon atom of an organic molecule. These compounds have a wide range of applications in medicine, including as drugs, diagnostic agents, and catalysts for various chemical reactions. One example of an organometallic compound used in medicine is cisplatin, which is a chemotherapy drug used to treat various types of cancer. Cisplatin contains a platinum atom bonded to two carbon atoms from organic molecules, and its mechanism of action involves binding to DNA and inhibiting its replication. Another example is ferrocene, which is an organometallic compound containing a ferrocene moiety. Ferrocene has been studied for its potential as a treatment for various diseases, including cancer and Alzheimer's disease, due to its ability to modulate cellular signaling pathways. Overall, organometallic compounds have a significant impact on the medical field, and ongoing research is exploring their potential for new therapeutic applications.

Lactic acid is a naturally occurring organic acid that is produced by the metabolism of glucose in the body. It is a byproduct of the process of glycolysis, which occurs in the cytoplasm of cells when there is not enough oxygen available for complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water. In the medical field, lactic acid is often measured in the blood as an indicator of tissue oxygenation and energy metabolism. High levels of lactic acid in the blood can be a sign of tissue hypoxia, which is a lack of oxygen supply to the body's tissues. This can occur in a variety of medical conditions, including sepsis, shock, and certain types of cancer. Lactic acidosis is a condition characterized by high levels of lactic acid in the blood and can be caused by a variety of factors, including liver disease, kidney failure, and certain medications. It can be a serious medical condition and requires prompt treatment. In addition to its role in metabolism and energy production, lactic acid has also been used in various medical treatments, including as a topical antiseptic and as a component of certain medications.

In the medical field, copper is a trace element that is essential for various bodily functions. It plays a crucial role in the formation of red blood cells, the maintenance of healthy bones, and the proper functioning of the immune system. Copper is also involved in the metabolism of iron and the production of energy in the body. Copper deficiency can lead to a range of health problems, including anemia, osteoporosis, and impaired immune function. On the other hand, excessive copper intake can be toxic and can cause damage to the liver, kidneys, and other organs. In some medical treatments, copper is used as a component of certain medications, such as antibiotics and antifungal drugs. Copper is also used in medical devices, such as catheters and implants, due to its antimicrobial properties. Overall, copper is an important nutrient in the medical field, and its proper balance is crucial for maintaining good health.

2-Propanol, also known as isopropyl alcohol or rubbing alcohol, is a clear, colorless, flammable liquid with a strong odor. It is commonly used as a disinfectant, antiseptic, and solvent in the medical field. In the medical field, 2-propanol is used to disinfect surfaces and equipment, as well as to clean wounds and skin. It is also used as a preservative in some medications and as a solvent in the preparation of certain medical solutions. However, it is important to note that 2-propanol can be toxic if ingested or inhaled in large quantities. It can cause respiratory and central nervous system depression, as well as liver and kidney damage. Therefore, proper handling and storage of 2-propanol are essential to prevent accidental exposure and toxicity.

Serum albumin is a type of protein that is found in the blood plasma of humans and other animals. It is the most abundant protein in the blood, accounting for about 50-60% of the total protein content. Serum albumin plays a number of important roles in the body, including maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood, transporting hormones, fatty acids, and other molecules, and serving as a buffer to regulate pH. It is also an important indicator of liver function, as the liver is responsible for producing most of the serum albumin in the body. Abnormal levels of serum albumin can be an indication of liver disease, kidney disease, or other medical conditions.

Deuterium oxide, also known as heavy water, is a chemical compound composed of one oxygen atom and two deuterium atoms. It has the chemical formula D2O and is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid that is similar in appearance and properties to regular water (H2O). In the medical field, deuterium oxide is used as a tracer in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, a non-invasive imaging technique that can provide detailed information about the structure and function of molecules in the body. Deuterium oxide is often used as a substitute for regular water in NMR studies because its slightly different chemical properties allow it to be distinguished from regular water in the spectra. Deuterium oxide has also been used in some clinical trials as a potential treatment for certain medical conditions, such as cancer and heart disease. However, its use in medicine is still limited and more research is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and risks.

Glutathione is a naturally occurring antioxidant that is produced by the body. It is a tripeptide composed of three amino acids: cysteine, glycine, and glutamic acid. Glutathione plays a crucial role in protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can damage cells and contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. In the medical field, glutathione is often used as a supplement to support the immune system and protect against oxidative stress. It is also used in the treatment of certain conditions, such as liver disease, HIV/AIDS, and cancer. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of glutathione supplementation.

Cetrimonium compounds are a class of quaternary ammonium compounds that are commonly used in the medical field as antiseptics, preservatives, and skin conditioners. They are typically composed of a quaternary ammonium salt attached to a fatty acid chain, which allows them to interact with and disrupt the lipid bilayer of bacterial cell membranes, leading to cell death. Cetrimonium compounds are often used in shampoos, conditioners, and other personal care products to help prevent scalp infections and dandruff. They are also used in some topical antiseptic products to help kill bacteria and prevent the spread of infection. In addition, cetrimonium compounds have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-irritant properties, which may make them useful in the treatment of skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis. It is important to note that while cetrimonium compounds are generally considered safe and well-tolerated, they can cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in some people. As with any product, it is always a good idea to patch test a small area of skin before using a new cetrimonium-containing product to check for any potential adverse reactions.

Sodium isotopes refer to different forms of the element sodium that have different atomic weights due to the presence of different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. In the medical field, sodium isotopes are often used in diagnostic imaging studies, such as positron emission tomography (PET) scans, to help visualize and diagnose various conditions. One common sodium isotope used in medical imaging is sodium-22 (22Na), which is a radioactive isotope that decays by emitting positrons. When injected into the body, the positrons emitted by 22Na interact with electrons in the body's tissues, producing gamma rays that can be detected by a PET scanner. This allows doctors to create detailed images of the body's internal structures and functions, such as blood flow, metabolism, and tumor growth. Another sodium isotope used in medical imaging is sodium-23 (23Na), which is a stable isotope that can be used to study the distribution and movement of sodium ions in the body. This information can be useful in understanding various conditions, such as heart disease, kidney disease, and neurological disorders. Overall, sodium isotopes play an important role in medical imaging and can provide valuable information for diagnosing and treating a wide range of conditions.

In the medical field, amides are a class of organic compounds that contain a nitrogen atom bonded to two carbon atoms. They are commonly used as drugs and are often referred to as "amide derivatives." One example of an amide derivative used in medicine is acetaminophen, which is commonly sold under the brand name Tylenol. It is used to relieve pain and reduce fever. Another example is aspirin, which is also an amide derivative and is used to relieve pain, reduce fever, and thin the blood. Amides can also be used as local anesthetics, such as lidocaine, which is used to numb the skin and nerves during medical procedures. They can also be used as muscle relaxants, such as succinylcholine, which is used to relax muscles during surgery. Overall, amides play an important role in medicine as they have a wide range of therapeutic applications and are often used to treat various medical conditions.

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin that is produced by certain species of marine animals, including pufferfish, cone snails, and some species of sea slugs. TTX is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless compound that is highly toxic to humans and other animals. In the medical field, TTX is primarily used as a research tool to study the function of voltage-gated sodium channels, which are essential for the transmission of nerve impulses. TTX blocks these channels, leading to a loss of electrical activity in nerve cells and muscles. TTX has also been used in the treatment of certain medical conditions, such as chronic pain and epilepsy. However, its use in humans is limited due to its toxicity and the difficulty in administering it safely. In addition to its medical uses, TTX has also been used as a pesticide and a tool for controlling invasive species. However, its use as a pesticide is controversial due to its potential toxicity to non-target organisms and its persistence in the environment.

Acetic acid is a weak organic acid that is commonly used in the medical field for various purposes. It is a colorless liquid with a characteristic sour smell and is the main component of vinegar. In the medical field, acetic acid is used as a disinfectant and antiseptic. It is effective against a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It is commonly used to clean and disinfect medical equipment, such as scalpels, needles, and syringes, to prevent the spread of infection. Acetic acid is also used in the treatment of certain medical conditions. For example, it is used in the treatment of warts and other skin growths. It is applied topically to the affected area and can cause the wart to peel off over time. In addition, acetic acid is used in the production of certain medications, such as aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It is also used in the production of some types of plastics and other industrial products. Overall, acetic acid is a versatile compound with many uses in the medical field, including as a disinfectant, antiseptic, and medication ingredient.

Strontium is a chemical element with the symbol Sr and atomic number 38. It is a soft, silvery-white alkaline earth metal that is commonly found in minerals such as celestite and strontianite. In the medical field, strontium is used in the treatment of osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones. Strontium ranelate, a medication containing strontium, is approved for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women and men with osteoporosis who are at high risk of fractures. Strontium is also used in the production of certain medical devices, such as bone cement used in orthopedic surgery, and as a component in some types of dental fillings. However, it is important to note that strontium is also a radioactive element, and exposure to high levels of strontium can be harmful to human health. Therefore, its use in medical applications is carefully regulated and monitored to ensure safety.

In the medical field, acetates refer to compounds that contain the acetate ion (CH3COO-). Acetates are commonly used in the treatment of various medical conditions, including: 1. Hyperkalemia: Acetate is used to treat high levels of potassium (hyperkalemia) in the blood. It works by binding to potassium ions and preventing them from entering cells, which helps to lower potassium levels in the blood. 2. Acidosis: Acetate is used to treat acidosis, a condition in which the blood becomes too acidic. It works by increasing the production of bicarbonate ions, which helps to neutralize excess acid in the blood. 3. Respiratory failure: Acetate is used to treat respiratory failure, a condition in which the lungs are unable to provide enough oxygen to the body. It works by providing an alternative source of energy for the body's cells, which helps to support the respiratory system. 4. Metabolic acidosis: Acetate is used to treat metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the body produces too much acid. It works by increasing the production of bicarbonate ions, which helps to neutralize excess acid in the body. 5. Hyperammonemia: Acetate is used to treat hyperammonemia, a condition in which the blood contains too much ammonia. It works by providing an alternative source of energy for the body's cells, which helps to reduce the production of ammonia. Overall, acetates are a useful tool in the treatment of various medical conditions, and their use is closely monitored by healthcare professionals to ensure their safe and effective use.

Gelatin is a protein derived from collagen, which is found in the connective tissues of animals such as cows, pigs, and fish. In the medical field, gelatin is commonly used as a thickening agent in various medical products, such as medications, vaccines, and medical devices. Gelatin is often used in the production of capsules, as it can be dissolved in water to create a gel-like substance that can be used to coat the capsule shell. It is also used in the production of injectable medications, as it can help to stabilize the medication and prevent it from breaking down in the body too quickly. In addition to its use in medical products, gelatin is also used in the production of various food products, such as gels, jellies, and desserts. However, in the medical field, it is typically used in a sterile, purified form to ensure that it is free from any contaminants that could potentially harm the patient.

HEPES stands for 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid. It is a buffering agent commonly used in biological and medical research, particularly in cell culture media and buffers. HEPES is a zwitterion, meaning it has both positively and negatively charged groups, which allows it to maintain a stable pH in solutions. It is known for its low toxicity and ability to maintain a stable pH over a wide range of temperatures and concentrations. In the medical field, HEPES is often used in cell culture media to maintain optimal growth conditions for cells, and in buffers for various laboratory assays and experiments.

Histidine is an amino acid that is naturally occurring in the human body. It is a building block of proteins and is essential for the proper functioning of many bodily processes. In the medical field, histidine is often used as a diagnostic tool to help diagnose certain medical conditions. For example, high levels of histidine in the blood can be a sign of a genetic disorder called histidinemia, which can cause a range of symptoms including intellectual disability, seizures, and liver problems. Histidine is also used in the treatment of certain medical conditions, such as acidosis, which is a condition in which the body's pH balance is disrupted.

In the medical field, "Cations, Divalent" refers to positively charged ions that have a charge of +2. These ions are typically metal ions, such as calcium, magnesium, and zinc, and are important for various physiological processes in the body. Divalent cations play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of electrolytes in the body, which is essential for proper nerve and muscle function. They are also involved in bone health, as calcium and magnesium are important components of bone tissue. Imbalances in the levels of divalent cations can lead to a variety of health problems, including muscle cramps, seizures, and heart arrhythmias. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to help regulate the levels of these ions in the body.

In the medical field, cations are positively charged ions that are essential for various bodily functions. Monovalent cations are cations that carry a single positive charge. Examples of monovalent cations include sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl-). These ions play important roles in maintaining the balance of fluids in the body, transmitting nerve impulses, and regulating muscle contractions. In medical conditions such as electrolyte imbalances, the levels of these monovalent cations can become disrupted, leading to symptoms such as muscle cramps, weakness, and irregular heartbeat. Therefore, monitoring and maintaining proper levels of these ions is important for overall health and wellbeing.

In the medical field, glycols refer to a class of organic compounds that contain two alcohol groups (-OH) attached to a single carbon atom. These compounds are commonly used as solvents, antifreeze agents, and in the production of various medical products. One common glycol used in medicine is propylene glycol, which is a colorless, odorless liquid that is used as a solvent in various medications, including injectable drugs and inhalation solutions. It is also used as a humectant in skin care products and as an antifreeze agent in medical equipment. Another glycol used in medicine is ethylene glycol, which is a toxic compound that is used as an antifreeze agent in some medications. It is also used as a solvent in the production of certain drugs and as a preservative in some medical products. Glycols can also be used as a carrier for medications, allowing them to be more easily absorbed into the body. They can also be used as a stabilizer to prevent the degradation of certain drugs over time. It is important to note that while glycols have many useful applications in medicine, they can also be toxic if ingested or inhaled in large quantities. As such, they should be handled with care and used only under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.

In the medical field, nitrogen isotopes refer to different forms of the element nitrogen that have different atomic masses due to the presence of different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. The most commonly used nitrogen isotopes in medical applications are nitrogen-13 (13N) and nitrogen-15 (15N). Nitrogen-13 is a radioactive isotope that is commonly used in positron emission tomography (PET) scans to study the function of various organs and tissues in the body. It is produced by bombarding a target material with high-energy protons, and the resulting radioactive nitrogen-13 is then used to create radiotracers that can be injected into the body and imaged using PET. Nitrogen-15, on the other hand, is a stable isotope that is used in various medical applications, including the study of metabolism and the measurement of blood flow. It is often used in combination with other stable isotopes, such as oxygen-15, to create radiotracers that can be used in PET scans. Overall, nitrogen isotopes play an important role in medical imaging and research, allowing doctors and scientists to study the function of various organs and tissues in the body and to diagnose and treat a wide range of medical conditions.

Myoglobin is a protein found in muscle tissue that plays a crucial role in oxygen storage and delivery. It is responsible for storing oxygen in muscle cells and releasing it when needed during periods of high physical activity. Myoglobin is also involved in the regulation of muscle metabolism and the removal of waste products from muscle cells. In the medical field, myoglobin levels are often measured in blood tests to diagnose and monitor various conditions, including muscle injuries, heart attacks, and kidney disease. High levels of myoglobin in the blood can indicate muscle damage or injury, while low levels may suggest a problem with muscle metabolism or oxygen delivery. Myoglobinuria, a condition characterized by the presence of myoglobin in the urine, can also be a sign of muscle injury or disease.

Deuterium is a stable isotope of hydrogen that has one extra neutron in its nucleus compared to the most common isotope of hydrogen, protium. In the medical field, deuterium is sometimes used as a tracer in nuclear medicine imaging studies. For example, deuterium oxide (heavy water) can be used to label certain molecules, such as glucose or amino acids, which can then be injected into the body and imaged using positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). This can help doctors to visualize the uptake and metabolism of these molecules in different tissues and organs, which can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions. Deuterium is also used in some types of radiation therapy, where it is used to replace hydrogen atoms in certain molecules to make them more radioactive, allowing them to be targeted to specific cancer cells.

In the medical field, the term "alkalies" refers to substances that have a pH greater than 7 and are basic or alkaline in nature. These substances can help to neutralize or counteract the effects of acidic substances in the body. Alkalies are often used to treat acidosis, a condition in which the body's pH becomes too acidic. They can also be used to help treat certain digestive disorders, such as heartburn and acid reflux, by neutralizing stomach acid. Some common examples of alkalies used in medicine include baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), antacids, and certain types of diuretics. It is important to note that while alkalies can be helpful in certain situations, they should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as excessive use can have negative side effects.

Sodium fluoride is a chemical compound that is commonly used in the medical field as a fluoride supplement to prevent tooth decay. It is also used in dental products such as toothpaste and mouthwash to help strengthen tooth enamel and prevent cavities. In the medical field, sodium fluoride is typically administered as a solution or tablet to patients who are at risk of developing tooth decay. It is also used in certain medical treatments, such as radiation therapy, to help prevent the development of new blood vessels in tumors. Sodium fluoride is generally considered safe when used as directed, but high doses or prolonged exposure can be harmful. It is important to follow the recommended dosage and use caution when administering sodium fluoride to patients, especially children.

Hydrogels are a type of polymer network that can absorb and retain a large amount of water or biological fluids. In the medical field, hydrogels are used in a variety of applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound healing. One of the main advantages of hydrogels in medicine is their ability to mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) of tissues, which provides a supportive environment for cells to grow and differentiate. Hydrogels can be designed to have specific mechanical properties, degradation rates, and drug release profiles, making them versatile materials for a range of medical applications. For example, hydrogels can be used as drug delivery systems to release drugs slowly over time, reducing the need for frequent dosing and minimizing side effects. They can also be used as scaffolds for tissue engineering, providing a supportive environment for cells to grow and differentiate into functional tissues. In wound healing, hydrogels can be used as dressings to provide a moist environment that promotes healing and reduces the risk of infection. They can also be loaded with growth factors or other bioactive molecules to enhance the healing process. Overall, hydrogels have a wide range of potential applications in the medical field, and ongoing research is exploring new ways to use these materials to improve patient outcomes.

In the medical field, carbonates refer to compounds that contain the carbonate ion (CO3^2-), which is formed by combining a carbon atom with three oxygen atoms. Carbonates are commonly found in minerals and rocks, and they can also be produced synthetically. In medicine, carbonates are used as antacids to neutralize stomach acid and relieve heartburn and indigestion. They work by binding to the hydrogen ions in stomach acid, reducing its acidity and making it less irritating to the lining of the esophagus and stomach. Some common examples of carbonates used in medicine include sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). These compounds are often combined with other ingredients, such as magnesium hydroxide or aluminum hydroxide, to create more effective antacids. It's worth noting that while carbonates can be effective at relieving symptoms of acid reflux and heartburn, they should not be used as a long-term solution for these conditions. If you experience frequent or persistent heartburn or acid reflux, it's important to speak with a healthcare provider to determine the underlying cause and develop a more effective treatment plan.

Cobalt is a chemical element with the symbol Co and atomic number 27. It is a hard, silvery-gray metal that is often used in the production of magnets, batteries, and pigments. In the medical field, cobalt is used in the production of radioactive isotopes, such as cobalt-60, which are used in radiation therapy to treat cancer. Cobalt-60 is a strong gamma emitter that can be used to destroy cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. It is also used in the production of medical devices, such as stents and implants, and as a component in some dental fillings.

Sodium bicarbonate, also known as baking soda, is a chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. It is a white, crystalline powder that is commonly used in cooking and baking as a leavening agent. In the medical field, sodium bicarbonate is used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve heartburn and indigestion. It is also used to treat metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the body produces too much acid, and to alkalinize the urine in certain medical conditions. In addition, sodium bicarbonate is used in some emergency situations, such as treating severe acidosis or as an antidote for certain types of poisonings.

Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that can cause a range of health problems when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. In the medical field, cadmium is primarily associated with its use in industrial processes and its potential to contaminate the environment. Cadmium exposure has been linked to a variety of health effects, including kidney damage, bone loss, and cancer. In the lungs, cadmium exposure can cause inflammation, scarring, and an increased risk of lung cancer. Long-term exposure to cadmium has also been associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer in men. In the medical field, cadmium is often measured in blood, urine, and hair samples to assess exposure levels and potential health risks. Treatment for cadmium poisoning typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent further exposure. In some cases, chelation therapy may be used to remove cadmium from the body.

In the medical field, "ice" typically refers to the use of cold therapy to reduce pain, inflammation, and swelling. Ice is often applied to the affected area for 15-20 minutes at a time, several times a day, to help alleviate discomfort and promote healing. Ice therapy is commonly used to treat a variety of conditions, including sprains, strains, bruises, and muscle soreness. It can also be used to reduce inflammation and swelling after surgery or other medical procedures. It's important to note that while ice therapy can be effective for many conditions, it's not appropriate for everyone. People with certain medical conditions, such as Raynaud's disease or diabetes, may need to avoid ice therapy or use it with caution. It's always a good idea to consult with a healthcare provider before using ice therapy to ensure that it's safe and appropriate for your individual needs.

Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, is a neurotransmitter and hormone that plays a crucial role in the body's "fight or flight" response. It is produced by the adrenal glands and is also found in certain neurons in the brain and spinal cord. In the medical field, norepinephrine is often used as a medication to treat low blood pressure, shock, and heart failure. It works by constricting blood vessels and increasing heart rate, which helps to raise blood pressure and improve blood flow to vital organs. Norepinephrine is also used to treat certain types of depression, as it can help to increase feelings of alertness and energy. However, it is important to note that norepinephrine can have side effects, including rapid heartbeat, high blood pressure, and anxiety, and should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

The Lanthanoid Series Elements are a group of 15 chemical elements, including cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, and lawrencium. These elements are located in the periodic table between lanthanum and actinium in the f-block, and are often referred to as the "lanthanides" or "rare earth elements." In the medical field, Lanthanoid Series Elements have a variety of applications. For example, gadolinium is commonly used as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to enhance the visibility of certain tissues and organs. Europium is used in the production of fluorescent materials, which are used in medical imaging devices such as X-ray machines and computed tomography (CT) scanners. Dysprosium is used in the production of high-strength magnets, which are used in medical devices such as MRI machines and surgical tools. Overall, Lanthanoid Series Elements play an important role in the medical field due to their unique chemical and physical properties, which make them useful in a wide range of medical applications.

Oligonucleotides are short chains of nucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. In the medical field, oligonucleotides are often used as therapeutic agents to target specific genes or genetic mutations that are associated with various diseases. There are several types of oligonucleotides, including antisense oligonucleotides, siRNA (small interfering RNA), miRNA (microRNA), and aptamers. Antisense oligonucleotides are designed to bind to specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and prevent them from being translated into proteins. siRNA and miRNA are designed to degrade specific mRNA molecules, while aptamers are designed to bind to specific proteins and modulate their activity. Oligonucleotides have been used to treat a variety of diseases, including genetic disorders such as spinal muscular atrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and Huntington's disease, as well as non-genetic diseases such as cancer, viral infections, and autoimmune disorders. They are also being studied as potential treatments for COVID-19. However, oligonucleotides can also have potential side effects, such as immune responses and off-target effects, which can limit their effectiveness and safety. Therefore, careful design and testing are necessary to ensure the optimal therapeutic benefits of oligonucleotides.

In the medical field, metals are materials that are commonly used in medical devices, implants, and other medical applications. These metals can include stainless steel, titanium, cobalt-chromium alloys, and other materials that are known for their strength, durability, and biocompatibility. Metals are often used in medical devices because they can withstand the rigors of the human body and provide long-lasting support and stability. For example, metal implants are commonly used in orthopedic surgery to replace damaged or diseased joints, while metal stents are used to keep blood vessels open and prevent blockages. However, metals can also have potential risks and complications. For example, some people may be allergic to certain metals, which can cause skin irritation, inflammation, or other adverse reactions. Additionally, metal implants can sometimes cause tissue damage or infection, which may require additional medical treatment. Overall, the use of metals in the medical field is a complex and multifaceted issue that requires careful consideration of the benefits and risks involved.

Calcium channels are specialized proteins found in the cell membrane of many types of cells, including neurons, muscle cells, and epithelial cells. These channels allow calcium ions to pass through the cell membrane, regulating the flow of calcium into and out of the cell. Calcium channels play a crucial role in many physiological processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and the regulation of gene expression. Calcium channels can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including voltage-gated calcium channels, ligand-gated calcium channels, and store-operated calcium channels. In the medical field, calcium channels are the target of many drugs, including anti-seizure medications, anti-anxiety medications, and antiarrhythmics. Abnormalities in calcium channel function have been linked to a variety of diseases, including hypertension, heart disease, and neurological disorders such as epilepsy and multiple sclerosis.

In the medical field, disaccharides are two monosaccharide units (simple sugars) that are joined together by a glycosidic bond. Disaccharides are commonly found in foods and are broken down by the body into their constituent monosaccharides during digestion. Some common examples of disaccharides include sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose (malt sugar). Disaccharides are an important source of energy for the body and are also used in the production of various foods and beverages.

Titanium is a metal that is commonly used in the medical field due to its unique properties, such as its high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. It is often used in medical implants, such as hip and knee replacements, dental implants, and spinal implants, due to its ability to integrate well with the body and its durability. Titanium is also used in surgical instruments and medical equipment, such as pacemakers and defibrillators, due to its resistance to corrosion and its ability to withstand high temperatures. Additionally, titanium is sometimes used in the fabrication of prosthetic limbs and other medical devices.

Oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) are short chains of DNA or RNA that are synthesized in the laboratory. They are typically used as tools in molecular biology research, as well as in therapeutic applications such as gene therapy. ODNs can be designed to bind to specific DNA or RNA sequences, and can be used to modulate gene expression or to introduce genetic changes into cells. They can also be used as primers in PCR (polymerase chain reaction) to amplify specific DNA sequences. In the medical field, ODNs are being studied for their potential use in treating a variety of diseases, including cancer, viral infections, and genetic disorders. For example, ODNs can be used to silence specific genes that are involved in disease progression, or to stimulate the immune system to attack cancer cells.

In the medical field, carbohydrates are one of the three macronutrients that provide energy to the body. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and are found in foods such as grains, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose (a simple sugar) during digestion and are then transported to cells throughout the body to be used as energy. The body can store excess glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles for later use. There are two main types of carbohydrates: simple and complex. Simple carbohydrates, also known as sugars, are made up of one or two sugar molecules and are quickly digested and absorbed by the body. Complex carbohydrates, on the other hand, are made up of many sugar molecules and take longer to digest and absorb. In the medical field, carbohydrates are often discussed in the context of nutrition and diabetes management. People with diabetes need to carefully monitor their carbohydrate intake to help manage their blood sugar levels.

Polydeoxyribonucleotides, also known as poly(dNTPs), are polymers of deoxyribonucleotides, which are the building blocks of DNA. They are composed of a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine). In the medical field, poly(dNTPs) are commonly used as a substrate in DNA polymerase reactions, which are essential for DNA replication and repair. They are also used in various molecular biology techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, and DNA synthesis. Poly(dNTPs) are available in different concentrations and purities, and their selection depends on the specific application and experimental requirements.

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that is required for the production of proteins in the body. It is also a precursor to the neurotransmitter serotonin, which plays a role in regulating mood, appetite, and sleep. In the medical field, tryptophan is often used to treat conditions such as depression, anxiety, and insomnia. It is also used to help manage symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and to improve athletic performance. Tryptophan supplements are available over-the-counter, but it is important to talk to a healthcare provider before taking them, as they can interact with certain medications and may have side effects.

In the medical field, sulfates refer to compounds that contain the sulfate ion (SO4^2-). Sulfates are commonly found in many minerals and are also produced by the body as a byproduct of metabolism. Sulfates are often used in medical treatments, particularly in the treatment of respiratory conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They work by helping to thin mucus in the lungs, making it easier to cough up and reducing the risk of infection. Sulfates are also used in the treatment of certain skin conditions, such as psoriasis and eczema, as well as in the treatment of gout, a type of arthritis caused by high levels of uric acid in the blood. In addition to their therapeutic uses, sulfates are also used in the production of a variety of industrial and commercial products, including detergents, fertilizers, and plastics.

In the medical field, an emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water, that are dispersed in the form of small droplets. These droplets are typically stabilized by an emulsifying agent, which prevents the two liquids from separating and allows them to remain in a stable mixture. Emulsions are commonly used in the medical field for a variety of purposes, including drug delivery, imaging, and therapy. For example, oil-in-water emulsions are often used to deliver drugs or other therapeutic agents to specific areas of the body, such as the lungs or the eye. They can also be used in imaging studies to help visualize certain structures or tissues within the body. Emulsions can be prepared in a variety of ways, including mechanical agitation, high-pressure homogenization, and ultrasonication. The choice of preparation method depends on the specific properties of the emulsifying agent and the liquids being mixed, as well as the desired properties of the final emulsion.

Lanthanum is a chemical element with the symbol La and atomic number 57. It is a soft, silvery-white metal that is used in a variety of applications in the medical field. One of the main uses of lanthanum in medicine is as a phosphate binder to treat hyperphosphatemia, a condition characterized by high levels of phosphate in the blood. Hyperphosphatemia can occur in people with chronic kidney disease, and can lead to the formation of kidney stones and other complications. Lanthanum works by binding to phosphate in the digestive tract, preventing it from being absorbed into the bloodstream. Lanthanum is also used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It is used in combination with other medications to lower blood sugar levels and improve glycemic control. Lanthanum works by reducing the absorption of glucose in the intestines, which helps to lower blood sugar levels. In addition to its use as a phosphate binder and in the treatment of diabetes, lanthanum has also been studied for its potential use in the treatment of other conditions, including obesity, high cholesterol, and inflammatory bowel disease. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of lanthanum in these applications.

In the medical field, carbon dioxide (CO2) is a gas that is produced as a byproduct of cellular respiration and is exhaled by the body. It is also used in medical applications such as carbon dioxide insufflation during colonoscopy and laparoscopic surgery, and as a component of medical gases used in anesthesia and respiratory therapy. High levels of CO2 in the blood (hypercapnia) can be a sign of respiratory or metabolic disorders, while low levels (hypocapnia) can be caused by respiratory failure or metabolic alkalosis.

In the medical field, "polyvinyls" typically refers to a group of synthetic polymers that are derived from vinyl chloride. These polymers are commonly used in medical applications due to their versatility, durability, and low cost. One common example of a polyvinyl used in medicine is polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which is a plastic material that is widely used in medical devices such as blood bags, intravenous tubing, and medical equipment. PVC is also used in the production of medical clothing, such as gowns and masks. Another example of a polyvinyl used in medicine is polyvinyl acetate (PVA), which is a water-soluble polymer that is used in the production of medical adhesives, coatings, and films. PVA is also used in the production of medical textiles, such as surgical drapes and wound dressings. While polyvinyls have many useful properties in medical applications, they can also pose some risks. For example, PVC has been linked to the release of harmful chemicals, such as phthalates and dioxins, which can have negative effects on human health. As a result, there is ongoing research and development to find alternative materials that are safer and more sustainable for use in medical applications.

Cysteine is an amino acid that is essential for the proper functioning of the human body. It is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is involved in the formation of disulfide bonds, which are important for the structure and function of many proteins. Cysteine is also involved in the detoxification of harmful substances in the body, and it plays a role in the production of glutathione, a powerful antioxidant. In the medical field, cysteine is used to treat a variety of conditions, including respiratory infections, kidney stones, and cataracts. It is also used as a dietary supplement to support overall health and wellness.

In the medical field, carbon isotopes are atoms of carbon that have a different number of neutrons than the most common isotope, carbon-12. There are two stable isotopes of carbon, carbon-12 and carbon-13, and several unstable isotopes that are used in medical applications. Carbon-13, in particular, is used in medical imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and positron emission tomography (PET). In MRS, carbon-13 is used to study the metabolism of certain compounds in the body, such as glucose and amino acids. In PET, carbon-13 is used to create images of the body's metabolism by tracing the movement of a radioactive tracer through the body. Carbon-11, another unstable isotope of carbon, is used in PET imaging to study various diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and heart disease. Carbon-11 is produced in a cyclotron and then attached to a molecule that is specific to a particular target in the body. The tracer is then injected into the patient and imaged using a PET scanner to detect the location and extent of the disease. Overall, carbon isotopes play an important role in medical imaging and research, allowing doctors and researchers to better understand the functioning of the body and diagnose and treat various diseases.

Acidosis is a medical condition characterized by an excess of acid in the blood or other body fluids. This can occur when the body is unable to properly regulate the acid-base balance, leading to an increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the blood. Acidosis can be classified into two main types: respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis. Respiratory acidosis occurs when the body is unable to remove enough carbon dioxide (CO2) from the blood, leading to an increase in H+ concentration. Metabolic acidosis, on the other hand, occurs when the body produces too much acid or not enough base to neutralize it, leading to an increase in H+ concentration. Acidosis can have a range of symptoms, depending on the severity and underlying cause. These may include shortness of breath, confusion, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and muscle weakness. In severe cases, acidosis can lead to organ damage and even death if left untreated. Treatment for acidosis typically involves addressing the underlying cause and managing symptoms as needed.

Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is a trace element that is essential for human health, but only in small amounts. In the medical field, manganese is primarily used to treat manganese toxicity, which is a condition that occurs when the body is exposed to high levels of manganese. Symptoms of manganese toxicity can include tremors, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairment. Treatment typically involves removing the source of exposure and providing supportive care to manage symptoms. Manganese is also used in some medical treatments, such as in the treatment of osteoporosis and in the production of certain medications.

Albumins are a group of water-soluble proteins that are found in the blood plasma of animals, including humans. They are the most abundant proteins in the blood, accounting for about 50-60% of the total protein content. Albumins play a number of important roles in the body, including maintaining osmotic pressure, transporting hormones and other molecules, and serving as a reservoir of amino acids for the liver to use in the production of other proteins. In the medical field, albumin levels are often measured as part of a routine blood test to assess overall health and to monitor patients with certain medical conditions, such as liver disease, kidney disease, or malnutrition. Low albumin levels (hypalbuminemia) can be a sign of underlying health problems and may require further evaluation and treatment. High albumin levels (hyperalbuminemia) are less common but can also be a cause for concern, particularly if they are accompanied by other symptoms or if they are the result of an underlying medical condition.

Tetraethylammonium (TEA) is a quaternary ammonium compound that is commonly used as a muscle relaxant and anesthetic in the medical field. It works by blocking the action of sodium channels in nerve and muscle cells, which can help to reduce muscle spasms and pain. TEA is often used to treat conditions such as muscle cramps, spasms, and convulsions, and it can also be used as an anesthetic during certain medical procedures. However, TEA can have side effects, including dizziness, nausea, and difficulty breathing, and it should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional.

In the medical field, a suspension is a type of medication that is administered as a liquid or powder that is suspended in a liquid. Suspensions are typically used when a medication needs to be given in a form that is not available as a tablet, capsule, or other solid form. Suspensions can be made from a variety of ingredients, including active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), excipients, and stabilizers. APIs are the active ingredients that provide the therapeutic effect of the medication, while excipients are substances that help to improve the stability, texture, or taste of the suspension. Stabilizers are added to prevent the API from settling out of the suspension and to ensure that the suspension remains homogeneous. Suspensions are commonly used to deliver medications to children, as well as to patients who have difficulty swallowing solid forms of medication. They can also be used to deliver medications that are not available in solid form, such as certain vaccines or antiviral medications. It is important to note that suspensions can be more prone to contamination and degradation than solid forms of medication, so they must be stored and handled properly to maintain their effectiveness and safety.

Guanidines are organic compounds that contain the guanidinium group, which is composed of a nitrogen atom bonded to three carbon atoms and one hydrogen atom. In the medical field, guanidines are often used as drugs or as intermediates in the synthesis of other drugs. One example of a guanidine drug is procainamide, which is used to treat certain types of arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats). Another example is hydralazine, which is used to treat high blood pressure. Guanidines are also used as intermediates in the synthesis of other drugs, such as the antiviral drug zidovudine (AZT). Guanidines can have a variety of effects on the body, depending on the specific compound and how it is used. For example, procainamide can block sodium channels in the heart, which can help regulate heart rate and rhythm. Hydralazine works by relaxing blood vessels, which can help lower blood pressure. It is important to note that guanidines can also have side effects, and their use should be closely monitored by a healthcare provider. Some common side effects of guanidines include nausea, vomiting, headache, and dizziness. In some cases, guanidines can also cause more serious side effects, such as allergic reactions or liver damage.

Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Methemoglobin is a molecule that has an iron atom in the Fe(III) state, rather than the Fe(II) state found in normal hemoglobin. This means that it is unable to bind to oxygen and transport it to the body's tissues. Methemoglobinemia is a condition in which there is an abnormally high level of methemoglobin in the blood. This can be caused by exposure to certain chemicals, such as aniline dyes, nitrates, and nitrites, or by genetic disorders that affect the ability of the body to convert methemoglobin back to normal hemoglobin. Methemoglobinemia can cause symptoms such as shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, and blue or purple skin. It can also be life-threatening in severe cases.

Magnesium chloride is a compound that is commonly used in the medical field as a supplement or medication. It is a white, crystalline powder that is highly soluble in water and is often used as a source of magnesium, which is an essential mineral that plays a number of important roles in the body. In the medical field, magnesium chloride is used to treat a variety of conditions, including magnesium deficiency, muscle spasms, and seizures. It is also sometimes used as a laxative or to help manage symptoms of certain digestive disorders. Magnesium chloride is available in a variety of forms, including tablets, capsules, and topical creams. It is generally considered safe when used as directed, but it can cause side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain in some people. It is important to talk to a healthcare provider before using magnesium chloride, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or are taking any other medications.

In the medical field, silicon is a chemical element that is commonly used in the production of medical devices and implants. Silicon is a hard, brittle, and non-metallic element that is found in the Earth's crust and is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust after oxygen. Silicon is used in the production of a variety of medical devices, including orthopedic implants, dental implants, and prosthetic devices. It is also used in the production of medical-grade silicone, which is used in the manufacture of medical devices such as catheters, tubing, and other medical equipment. Silicon is also used in the production of certain types of medical implants, such as silicone breast implants and silicone gel-filled prosthetic devices. These implants are made from a silicone gel that is encased in a silicone shell. In addition to its use in medical devices and implants, silicon is also used in the production of certain types of medical equipment, such as syringes, catheters, and other medical devices. It is also used in the production of certain types of medical-grade silicone, which is used in the manufacture of medical devices such as catheters, tubing, and other medical equipment.

Coordination complexes are molecules that consist of a central metal atom or ion surrounded by ligands, which are molecules or ions that donate electron pairs to the metal atom or ion. In the medical field, coordination complexes are often used as drugs or as diagnostic agents. One example of a coordination complex used in medicine is cisplatin, which is a chemotherapy drug used to treat various types of cancer, including ovarian, testicular, and bladder cancer. Cisplatin works by binding to the DNA of cancer cells, causing them to become unable to divide and replicate. Another example of a coordination complex used in medicine is ferrocene, which is a redox-active compound that is used as a redox indicator in diagnostic tests. Ferrocene can be used to measure the levels of certain enzymes or to detect the presence of specific molecules in biological samples. Coordination complexes are also used in the development of new drugs and diagnostic agents. Researchers are constantly exploring new coordination complexes with unique properties that could be useful in medicine. For example, some coordination complexes have been shown to have anti-inflammatory or anti-bacterial properties, and others have been developed as imaging agents for use in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.

Carboxylic acids are a class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl functional group (-COOH). In the medical field, carboxylic acids are often used as drugs or as intermediates in the synthesis of drugs. They have a wide range of biological activities and can be used to treat a variety of conditions, including infections, inflammation, and pain. Some examples of carboxylic acids that are used in medicine include aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. These drugs are commonly used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever. Carboxylic acids can also be used to synthesize other drugs, such as antibiotics and anti-cancer agents.

Potassium isotopes are different forms of the element potassium that have different atomic weights due to the presence of different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. In the medical field, potassium isotopes are used in a variety of applications, including: 1. Nuclear medicine: Potassium-40 is a naturally occurring radioactive isotope of potassium that is used in nuclear medicine to diagnose and treat various diseases. For example, it can be used to detect bone disorders, heart disease, and cancer. 2. Radiopharmaceuticals: Potassium-39 is a non-radioactive isotope of potassium that is used to produce radiopharmaceuticals, which are drugs that contain radioactive atoms. These drugs can be used to diagnose and treat various diseases, including cancer and heart disease. 3. Isotope labeling: Potassium-39 and potassium-40 are also used in isotope labeling, a technique used to track the movement of molecules within living organisms. This technique is used in research to study the metabolism of drugs and other molecules in the body. Overall, potassium isotopes play an important role in medical research and treatment, and their unique properties make them valuable tools for understanding the functioning of the human body.

4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, also known as SITS, is a synthetic compound that is commonly used as a fluorescent dye in biological research. It is a fluorescent probe that is used to study the transport of ions across cell membranes, particularly chloride ions. SITS is also used as a pH indicator and as a fluorescent probe for studying the activity of various enzymes and proteins. In the medical field, SITS has been used to study the function of ion channels and transporters in various diseases, including cystic fibrosis, epilepsy, and hypertension.

Sulfonic acids are a class of organic compounds that contain a sulfonic acid group (-SO3H) attached to a carbon atom. They are typically colorless or yellowish liquids with a strong, unpleasant odor. In the medical field, sulfonic acids are used as intermediates in the synthesis of various drugs and other chemical compounds. They are also used as disinfectants and as components of some antiseptic solutions. One specific sulfonic acid that is commonly used in medicine is sodium sulfacetamide, which is used to treat acne and other skin infections. It works by inhibiting the growth of bacteria on the skin. Other sulfonic acids, such as sodium sulfite, are used as preservatives in some medications to prevent the growth of bacteria and other microorganisms.

Polysorbates are a class of nonionic surfactants that are commonly used in the medical field as emulsifiers, solubilizers, and stabilizers. They are composed of a mixture of sorbitan esters and polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, and are typically derived from vegetable oils such as coconut or palm kernel oil. Polysorbates are used in a variety of medical applications, including as ingredients in parenteral drugs, ophthalmic solutions, and topical creams and lotions. They are also used in the production of medical devices, such as intravenous catheters and implants. One of the key benefits of polysorbates is their ability to improve the solubility and stability of drugs and other active ingredients, making them more effective and easier to use. They are also generally considered to be safe and well-tolerated by patients, although some people may experience skin irritation or other adverse reactions when using products containing polysorbates. Overall, polysorbates play an important role in the development and production of many medical products, and are widely used in the healthcare industry.

Fluorescein is a water-soluble yellow-green dye that is commonly used in the medical field for diagnostic purposes. It is often injected into the bloodstream or applied topically to the skin or mucous membranes to visualize blood vessels, detect inflammation, and assess the integrity of the retina in the eye. Fluorescein is absorbed by the blood vessels and emits a bright green fluorescence when exposed to ultraviolet light. This allows healthcare providers to visualize the blood vessels and detect any abnormalities, such as leaks or blockages, that may be present. Fluorescein is also used in ophthalmology to detect and diagnose a variety of eye conditions, including macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal detachment. In these cases, a small amount of fluorescein dye is injected into the bloodstream and allowed to circulate before being absorbed by the retina. The dye then emits a bright green fluorescence, allowing healthcare providers to visualize the retina and detect any abnormalities or damage. Overall, fluorescein is a valuable tool in the medical field for visualizing blood vessels and detecting a variety of conditions and abnormalities.

In the medical field, "iron" refers to a mineral that is essential for the production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body. Iron is also important for the proper functioning of the immune system, metabolism, and energy production. Iron deficiency is a common condition that can lead to anemia, a condition in which the body does not have enough red blood cells to carry oxygen to the body's tissues. Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia may include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and pale skin. Iron supplements are often prescribed to treat iron deficiency anemia, and dietary changes may also be recommended to increase iron intake. However, it is important to note that excessive iron intake can also be harmful, so it is important to follow the recommended dosage and consult with a healthcare provider before taking any iron supplements.

In the medical field, disulfides refer to chemical compounds that contain two sulfur atoms connected by a single bond. Disulfides are commonly found in proteins, where they play an important role in maintaining the structure and function of the protein. One of the most well-known examples of a disulfide is the cystine molecule, which is composed of two cysteine amino acids that are linked together by a disulfide bond. Disulfide bonds are important for the proper folding and stability of proteins, and they can also play a role in the function of the protein. Disulfides can also be found in other types of molecules, such as lipids and carbohydrates. In these cases, disulfides may play a role in the structure and function of the molecule, or they may be involved in signaling pathways within the body. Overall, disulfides are an important class of chemical compounds that play a variety of roles in the body, including the maintenance of protein structure and function, and the regulation of signaling pathways.

Acetonitrile is a colorless, flammable liquid with a pungent, sweet odor. It is commonly used as a solvent in various industries, including the pharmaceutical industry. In the medical field, acetonitrile is used as a solvent for the extraction and purification of various compounds, including drugs, hormones, and other bioactive molecules. It is also used as a reagent in chemical reactions and as a precursor for the synthesis of other chemicals. However, acetonitrile is toxic and can cause serious health problems if inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the skin. Therefore, it is important to handle it with care and follow proper safety protocols when working with this chemical.

In the medical field, hydroxides are compounds that contain the hydroxide ion (OH-) as a part of their chemical structure. Hydroxides are commonly found in various minerals and salts, and they can also be produced in the body as a result of metabolic processes. One example of a hydroxide in the medical field is calcium hydroxide, which is commonly used as a dental cement to fill cavities and as a root canal treatment. Another example is magnesium hydroxide, which is used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve heartburn and indigestion. Hydroxides can also be used in the treatment of certain medical conditions. For example, sodium hydroxide is used in the treatment of acidosis, a condition in which the body's pH level becomes too acidic. Hydroxides can also be used in the production of certain medications, such as antibiotics and anticoagulants. Overall, hydroxides play an important role in the medical field, both as components of various compounds and as treatments for various medical conditions.

In the medical field, "apatites" typically refers to a group of minerals that are composed of calcium phosphate. These minerals are commonly found in bones and teeth, and are also present in other parts of the body, such as the kidneys and the thyroid gland. Apatites can be either normal or abnormal, depending on the context in which they are found. For example, normal apatites are an essential component of healthy bones and teeth, while abnormal apatites can be associated with a variety of medical conditions, such as osteoporosis, hyperparathyroidism, and kidney stones. In some cases, apatites can also be used as a diagnostic tool in medical imaging. For example, certain types of apatites can be visualized using X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans, which can help doctors to diagnose and monitor a variety of medical conditions.

Dehydration is a medical condition that occurs when the body loses more fluids than it takes in. This can lead to a decrease in the amount of water and electrolytes in the body, which can cause a range of symptoms and complications. Dehydration can be caused by a variety of factors, including excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and not drinking enough fluids. It can also occur in people who are sick or have an underlying medical condition that affects their ability to retain fluids. Symptoms of dehydration can include thirst, dry mouth, dark urine, fatigue, dizziness, headache, and confusion. In severe cases, dehydration can lead to more serious complications, such as seizures, coma, and even death. Treatment for dehydration typically involves replacing lost fluids and electrolytes through oral rehydration therapy or intravenous fluids, depending on the severity of the dehydration and the underlying cause. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you or someone else may be dehydrated, as prompt treatment can prevent complications and improve outcomes.

... at AllMusic DiCrescenzo, Brent. "Far: Water and Solutions: Pitchfork Review". Pitchfork. Archived from the ... "Far - Water & Solutions". PunkNews. November 16, 2001. Retrieved March 14, 2022. 'Water and Solutions', one of the beautiful ... Solutions on tour. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic gave Water & Solutions a positive four star review, stating it "finds ... Solutions' tour with The Pauses". Brooklyn Vegan. Retrieved March 14, 2022. The Making of Water & Solutions - 1997 (Articles ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_&_Solutions

... also created custom video game controllers that have been created to utilize the same EMG input that is ... Limbitless Solutions is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization founded in the United States that uses additive manufacturing (3D ... Children who have been given bionics from Limbitless Solutions include a 7-year-old boy who received a 3D printed Iron Man ... The idea of Limbitless Solutions came to life in 2014 after a team of engineering students at the University of Central Florida ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbitless_Solutions

"Milestones: e.solutions GmbH". "Continental buys Elektrobit's automotive division". Reuters. 19 May 2015. "e.solutions: There ... e.solutions is a company developing automotive infotainment systems and digital dashboards. It is a joint venture between ... Audi's 'Virtual Cockpit' instrument cluster is developed by e.solutions. The company is headquartered in Ingolstadt with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.solutions

In February 2014, DAT split off from TransCore and officially changed its name to DAT Solutions. As of 2020, DAT has been re- ... DAT Solutions Thesis paper: "Business-to-Business Marketplaces for Freight Transportation", Marc D. Boyle (Articles with short ... "Understanding What DAT Solutions is". Trucker Classifieds. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2017. Tucker, Jeffrey G. " ... "TransCore DAT changes name to DAT Solutions". Fleet Owner. 7 March 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2017. "DAT acquires freight market ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAT_Solutions

... is an American hardware manufacturing, distribution and consumer fabrication services company. Hillman was ... Whiteman, Lou (2023-03-01). "Why Hillman Solutions Stock Is Down Today". The Motley Fool. Retrieved 2023-03-04. "Hillman ... "Hillman Completes Acquisition of Big Time Products". Hillman Solutions Corp. Retrieved 2023-03-04. "Hillman Companies Acquire ... Acquires OZCO Building Products". Hillman Solutions Corp. 2021-04-19. Retrieved 2023-03-05. Tse, Crystal; Tan, Gillian (2021-01 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillman_Solutions

... , is an Australian company that provides software and services to small and medium businesses, where the company ... empirics.asia/bernard-zimmermann-founder-pos-solutions/ https://www.possolutions.com.au/ (Articles with short description, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POS_Solutions

... is developing Looma for use in rural schools in Nepal and elsewhere. Looma is an affordable, battery- ... VillageTech Solutions began with EcoSystems (Nepal) in 1996, to improve living standards for rural people by creating ... VillageTech Solutions works extensively with student engineering teams from universities. Dartmouth College, Thayer School of ... energy and transport solutions' in Nepal where they lived for 14 years. In that time EcoSystems built 38 "WireBridges" across ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villagetech_Solutions

... was formed from the combination of two companies, Active Network Business Solutions Group and Lanyon, by Vista ... "Lanyon Solutions Inc.: One Stop Solution for Corporate Meeting, Event and Travel Management". CIO Review. 2015. Retrieved July ... Formed in early 2014 with the merger of Active Network Business Solutions Group and Lanyon, Lanyon Solutions expanded its ... Lanyon Solutions, Inc. was a privately owned, software-as-a-service (SaaS) company that provided cloud-based software to manage ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanyon_Solutions

... Inc., is a global manufacturer of laminates, performance films and coated fabrics. OMNOVA was founded in 1999 ... On July 2, 2019, Synthomer announced that it was going to buy Omnova Solutions for an enterprise value of $824 million in a bid ... "OMNOVA Solutions Inc. (OMN)-Key Statistics". Yahoo! Finance. Reuters Staff (2019-07-03). "Synthomer to buy Omnova in $824 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMNOVA_Solutions

... 8 February 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2011. "Terso Solutions". Terso Solutions. Retrieved 2017-06-02. (Articles ... Terso Solutions, Inc., located in Madison, Wisconsin, USA, is the developer and distributor of an automated system for storage ... Terso Solutions employs 48 people. The company holds 17 United States patents, 2 European patents, and 3 Japanese patents. Joe ... In February 2010, Terso Solutions formed Terso GmbH in Mannheim, Germany, in response to increasing demand for its RFID units ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terso_Solutions

January 26, 2004, Taral Networks Acquires Schlumberger Messaging Solutions. "Mavenir Raises $40M and Acquires Airwide Solutions ... "Taral Networks Acquires Schlumberger Messaging Solutions" (Press release). businesswire.com. 2004-07-26. Airwide Solutions smac ... In 2008, Airwide Solutions won the gold award for innovation at the Mobile Advertising and Marketing Awards. In May 2011, the ... Airwide Solutions was a privately held (majority shareholder smac,partners Germany), but United States-based mobile messaging ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airwide_Solutions

... is an IT security company and creator of the SimplySecure Management System, a web-based management tool ... "Behind the Software Q&A with Beachhead Solutions". Business-Software. Retrieved 8 August 2013. Caputo, Ashley. "The First Web- ... "Beachhead Announces Major Increase in MSP Use of its Cloud-based MDM Solution". MSPToday. Retrieved 9 January 2014. "United ... in forming Beachhead Solutions to bring the technology to a commercial audience. In 2008 and 2009, Beachhead obtained three ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachhead_Solutions

... was further divided to two companies, Aker Solutions and Akastor, then in August Aker Solutions leased the ... In November 2020 Aker Solutions merged with Kværner ASA. Aker Solutions weathered the Covid-19 supply-chain and energy-price ... Aker Solutions' holding company - Aker Holdings AS - was also renamed to Aker Kværner Holding AS owning around 40% of Kværner ... Aker Solutions ASA engineers and builds energy infrastructure while providing a range of products and consultancy services to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aker_Solutions

Univar completed the acquisition of Nexeo Solutions in March 2019. Nexeo Solutions had been a long-time competing chemical ... "Univar Completes Acquisition of Nexeo Solutions, Creating Univar Solutions". PR Newsire. 2019-03-01. "Univar Sells ... Univar Solutions Inc.(formerly Royal Vopak) is a global chemical and ingredients distributor and provider of value-added ... "Univar Solutions Completes Acquisition by Apollo Funds". EnergyPortal.eu. Retrieved 2023-08-09. "CVC Capital Partners to Absorb ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univar_Solutions

... ' is a provider of electronic document management and transfer solutions[buzzword] designed specifically for ... More recently the solution[buzzword] has been chosen by NHS Scotland for a national roll-out as reported in The Guardian.[ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCTI_Solutions

"Educomp Solutions Ltd". Business Standard India. Retrieved 11 January 2022. "Educomp Solutions History , Educomp Solutions ... "Educomp Solutions Ltd". www.edelbusiness.in. Retrieved 11 January 2022. Staff Reporter (14 February 2010). "Educomp Solutions: ... Educomp Solutions Limited was founded as a private limited company by Shantanu Prakash, an alumnus of Indian Institute of ... "Educomp Solutions". www.cmlinks.com. Retrieved 11 January 2022. Saraswathy, M. (25 December 2013). "Education firms learn a few ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educomp_Solutions

... : Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century is a 2003 book by Benjamin Valentino on the political factors of ... Scott, Otis L. (2005). "Review of Reigns of Terror; Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century". The ... Aydin, Aysegul (2006). "Review of Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century". Journal of Peace Research. ... Stanton, Gregory H. (2004). "Review of Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century". The Wilson Quarterly. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Solutions

Advanced Digital Forensic Solutions, Inc. (ADF Solutions) is a company based in Bethesda, Maryland, that develops tools for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADF_Solutions

In 2023, Lowry Solutions Inc. was named the 2022 top workplaces that are based in Livingston. "Lowry Solutions Company Profile ... In January 2014, Lowry Computers became Lowry Solutions. In May 2015, Lowry Solutions was awarded the AIT-V Contract. It was ... "Lowry Solutions". Retrieved 2023-09-07. "ScanDCR - Lowry Solutions Celebrates 40 Year Anniversary". Archived from the original ... "ScanDCR - Lowry Solutions Celebrates 40 Year Anniversary". Archived from the original on 2015-07-14. Retrieved 2015-07-13. " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowry_Solutions

"Medidata Solutions, Inc. v. Veeva Systems Inc.," New York Law Journal, August 22, 2017. "Medidata Solutions, Inc. v. Veeva ... Medidata Solutions is an American technology company that develops and markets software as a service (SaaS) for clinical trials ... "Medidata Solutions," Success Story. Accessed January 25, 2018. Dhruv Vasishtha, "Using Tech To Cure Disease: Interview With ... "Medidata Solutions Acquires Patient Profiles , Mergr". mergr.com. Retrieved 2021-08-04. "Medidata swoops on medical imaging ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medidata_Solutions

... was founded by Aaron Crystal in 1987 under the name A. Crystal Solutions. Soon afterwards Formula Systems ... will become the BluePhoenix Solutions US Solution Center effective Sept. 1 as part of a company-wide consolidation triggered by ... BluePhoenix(TM) Solutions announced today that it has acquired the activities and employees of SDC-FinansSystem owned by ... In 2009, BluePhoenix Solutions acquired DSKnowledge Ltd. In 2012, a new investment group appointed Matt Bell CEO. Bell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BluePhoenix_Solutions

"NS Solutions History". NS Solutions (Japanese). Retrieved 2017-07-10. "NS Solutions History". NS Solutions (Japanese). ... NS Solutions Corp. (日鉄ソリューションズ株式会社, Nittetsu Soryūshonzu Kabushiki-gaisha, Nippon Steel Solutions Corporation) is a Japanese ... The business type and scope is similar to Itochu Techno-Solutions, SCSK and Uniadex. NS Solutions has established a partnership ... In 2017, NS Solutions acquired Net Value Components Ltd., a company that offers network integration and operation. List of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS_Solutions

... is coordinating this partnership and will license and market those new grasses. Gardening portal Sod Lawn Sod ... Sod Solutions, a sod company founded in 1994, develops, conducts research on, and markets patented and trademarked grasses. The ... Solutions announces death of turfgrass developer Rod Riley World Golf, December 5, 2008 North Carolina Crop Improvement ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sod_Solutions

... is a telecom radio planning software provider that develops solutions[buzzword] for the in-building wireless ... "Infovista and iBwave Collaborate to Deliver Unified Solution for Indoor and Outdoor Wireless Design". GlobeNewswire (Press ... Infovista and iBwave are partnering together to include a single indoor and outdoor wireless interface solution.[buzzword] Ses ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibwave_solutions

... also provides telecommunications services including telephony and broadband, using retail brands Homenet and ... Newtel Solutions holds an Irrefutable Right of Use (IRU) on the Channel Islands Electric Grid telecommunications cable to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtel_Solutions

... was founded in 1995 by current president, John Kenney, PhD, Judith Lynch-Kenney, and Dennis and Bette Gould ... Antibody Solutions was incorporated in 1998 with Dr. Kenney as president and Judith Lynch-Kenney as chief financial officer. ... Gould left Antibody Solutions in 1997, eventually becoming a vice president for Sepragen Corporation. Kenney and Gould were ... 2005 Antibody Solutions: About: History Accessed 18 February 2021 "Come Together, Right Now-For What Could be". OMT - Partners ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody_Solutions

... (stylized VIAVI Solutions), formerly part of JDS Uniphase Corporation (JDSU), is an American network test, ... "Viavi Solutions (Formerly JDSU) OneExpert CATV". btreport.net. 2015-09-27. Retrieved 2016-10-31. "Viavi develops test solutions ... The company was created in August 2015 when JDSU split into Viavi Solutions and Lumentum Holdings. Viavi Solutions' history ... "Santa Rosa's Viavi Solutions plays a role in latest NASA launch". pressdemocrat.com. 2016-09-08. Retrieved 2016-10-31. "Here's ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viavi_Solutions

... spread its services to such countries as Russia, France and China. In 2007, DNA Solutions profiled 800 elephant ... In 2008, DNA Solutions won the tender to store DNA samples for the Australian military and at the same time launched a service ... DNA Solutions created the 'home paternity kit' in 1997, which was a new concept where people for the first time could take ... DNA Solutions offers the analysis of Y-DNA for identification geographic and ethnic origin of paternal lineage. The use of Y- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_Solutions

... was formed from the merger of Hyperion Software (formerly IMRS) and Arbor Software in 1998. 1981 - IMRS ... Hyperion Solutions Corporation was a software company located in Santa Clara, California, which was acquired by Oracle ... "Hyperion Acquires Razza Solutions; Delivers Master Data Management for Business Performance Management". Information Management ... Hyperion acquires Razza Solutions (Master data management) and appoints Northdoor as a reseller in the UK and Ireland. 2006 - ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperion_Solutions

"Cuisine Solutions Chefs". Sous Vide Cuisine Solutions chefs Cuisine Solutions product line (Food and drink companies ... "Cuisine Solutions". ABOUT SOUS VIDE - Cuisine Solutions "Cuisine Solutions Inc. - Company Profile". Archived from the original ... Cuisine Solutions also provides sous-vide preparation for individuals and professional chefs. The Cuisine Solutions marketing ... "Cuisine Solutions Inc. Quote". Reuters. "Cuisine Solutions Products". Richards, Katie (July 8, 2016). "This Agency Created an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_Solutions

... proprietary linking and targeted solutions to provide insights that help make organizations more secure and efficient. ... LexisNexis Risk Solutions Named Category Leader by Chartis Research for Identity Verification Solutions. 08/25/2023 ... LexisNexis Risk Solutions Named Category Leader by Chartis Research for Identity Verification Solutions. 08/25/2023 ... InstantID® Q&AInsurance SolutionsMortgage Industry Data Exchange (MIDEX®)Online ComplianceProspectBase®Real Estate Solutions ...

https://risk.lexisnexis.com/

Were here to strengthen your digital skills, amplify your productivity, and keep you competitive. ...

https://sites.google.com/view/waddell-solutions

... is a global independent safety science company with more than a century of expertise innovating safety solutions. ... You are leaving the UL Solutions website for an external site. UL Solutions structures this activity to be distinct and ... UL Solutions Consumer Information See how we put safety science to work to help create a safer, more secure and sustainable ... UL Solutions Market Access Portal Accelerate your planning process and learn the requirements needed to take your products to ...

https://www.ul.com/?translation=0&langcode=zh-hans&page=%2C70

Stop mobile security threats with enterprise mobile security solutions that enable flexible delivery of apps, content and ... Mobile security solutions Mobile device management (MDM) The basis of any UEM deployment is MDM. While UEM solutions deliver a ... Mobile security solutions Stop mobile security threats on any device Start your IBM Security® MaaS360® free trial Request a ... EMM solutions represent an evolution from MDM, a midway point to full UEM with a focus on the user experience and data security ...

https://www.ibm.com/products/maas360/mobile-security

Azure VMware Solution Google Cloud VMware Engine IBM Cloud for VMware Solutions Oracle Cloud VMware Solutions VMware Cloud on ... Oracle Cloud VMware Integrated Solutions A customer-managed solution integrating VMware on-premises tools, skillsets and ... on Oracle Cloud VMware Solution simplifies disaster recovery as the only VMware-integrated solution that runs on any storage ... VMware AI Solutions Accelerate and ensure the success of your generative AI initiatives with multi-cloud flexibility, choice, ...

https://www.vmware.com/uk/cloud-solutions/oracle-cloud/integrated-solutions.html

SAS® Solution for IFRS 9IFRS 9 SAS Solution is a package of optional content for use with the Expected Credit Loss, including ... SAS® Solution for IFRS 9IFRS 9 SAS Solution is a package of optional content for use with the Expected Credit Loss, including ... SAS® Solution for Stress TestingMeet the challenges for enterprise stress testing. SAS Solution for Stress Testing has ... SAS® Solution for Stress TestingMeet the challenges for enterprise stress testing. SAS Solution for Stress Testing has ...

https://www.sas.com/en_nz/software/all-products.html

Cisco offers a wide range of products and networking solutions designed for enterprises and small businesses across a variety ... Solutions. Cisco can provide your organization with solutions for everything from networking and data center to collaboration ... Solution Support Experts provide centralized support across your multiproduct, multivendor Cisco solution environment. ...

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/index.html

Xerox document management technology and IT solutions help government organisations transform service delivery to citizens. ... With Xerox government solutions, you can provide secure, compliant services that meet the needs of every citizen. By ... Xerox® DocuShare® solutions save time and cost, and help you manage government processes while doing more for citizens with ... This multi-layered digital hub solution makes it easy to speed development of templates and time to get printed materials in ...

https://www.xerox.com/en-is/services/government-solutions

Kansas Manufacturing Solutions is a not-for-profit corporation that is focused on growing Kansas manufactur ... Known as a trusted advisor to the manufacturers of Kansas, Kansas Manufacturing Solutions provides a suite of solutions that ... This allows Kansas Manufacturing Solutions to be the go-to resource for manufacturers in Kansas so they can focus on building ... Kansas Manufacturing Solutions is a not-for-profit corporation that is focused on growing Kansas manufacturing by delivering ...

https://www.nist.gov/mep/centers/kansas-manufacturing-solutions

Veritec Solutions, LLC ("Veritec") is the approved deferred presentment database provider authorized by the Director to accept ... difs/news-and-outreach/faq/consumer-finance/deferred-presentment/general/questions/who-is-veritec-solutions-llc ...

https://www.michigan.gov/difs/news-and-outreach/faq/consumer-finance/deferred-presentment/general/questions/who-is-veritec-solutions-llc

Learn about Oracles casino technology solutions from property management to POS that can help grow nongaming revenue and ... How casinos and gaming companies experience Oracle solutions. * Tribal casinos. Tribal casinos deliver winning guest ... Casino Technology Solutions. Make every guest encounter a winning one, while growing nongaming revenues at your casino ... Oracle property management and point-of-sale (POS) solutions help you better perform core operations so your staff can leave ...

https://www.oracle.com/ng/hospitality/casino-technology/

Explore Experians banking solutions to drive growth, ensure customer satisfaction and mitigate risk. Stay ahead of the ... Let our industry experts help you transform your business with banking solutions and strategies aimed at helping you deliver ... Banking solutions and strategies. Partnering with banks of all sizes to drive growth, mitigate risk and build loyalty ... 2023 Experian Information Solutions, Inc. All rights reserved. Experian and the Experian trademarks used herein are trademarks ...

https://www.experian.com/banking/

... solutions that deliver real business value across all sectors. With our help you can digitalise, improve security, increase ... Industry IT services, solutions and technology. For over 5 decades, Fujitsu has been a world-leading IT service and solutions ... Transport IT solutions. Fujitsu digital retail solutions focus on delivering an outstanding end-to-end omni-channel consumer ... Smart manufacturing solutions. Whatever stage youre at in your factory transformation, Fujitsu can partner with you to create ...

https://www.fujitsu.com/uk/solutions/industry/

Avast Business Antivirus is a full-featured antivirus solution for SMBs that keeps any end-user device connected to the network ... Not sure which solution is right for your business? Help me choose ... Our ability to isolate questionable files allows us to prevent zero-day attacks better than any solution on the market. ... cloud-based security platform for businesses and IT service providers to manage all Avast Business solutions deployed in their ...

https://www.avast.com/en-in/business/resources/brochure/endpoint-protection-solutions-brochure

The solution. INDE was an early adopter of Citrix Cloud services globally and today views its relationship with Citrix as a ... INDE together with the SDHB IT team had been concentrating on building a more fit-for-purpose solution around Citrix ... We have dedicated our organisation to understanding Citrix solutions, and this means we can focus on customer outcomes in a ... Learn about planning, deployment, and management of Citrix solutions, so you can maximize the value of your investment. ...

https://www.citrix.com/customers/sdhb-en.html

Shop our Outfitting Solutions collection to find your perfect look. Only at Victorias Secret. ... Shop our Outfitting Solutions collection to find your perfect look. Only at Victorias Secret. ...

https://www.victoriassecret.com/au/vs/bras/outfitting-solution

BASFs innovative solutions are a contributory factor in the more efficient manufacturing and maintenance of rotor blades, ... The applications for the batteries range from renewable enhancement and upgrade deferral to microgrid solutions. ... as well as of new products and solutions. We invest about half of our annual expenditures for research and development (R&D) on ... who-we-are/sustainability/we-produce-safely-and-efficiently/energy-and-climate-protection/our-climate-protection-solutions ...

https://www.basf.com/nz/en/who-we-are/sustainability/we-produce-safely-and-efficiently/energy-and-climate-protection/our-climate-protection-solutions.html

Lenovo virtual desktop infrastructure solutions help secure corporate data while providing access to an increasingly mobile ... VDI Solutions. Virtual Desktop Infrastructure. Keep business running from anywhere with a mobile workforce. Secure corporate ... AVD is a flexible cloud-based VDI solution that can be used to deploy and scale Windows desktops and apps on Azure Stack HCI. ... Lenovo solutions for Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops securely deliver fully-functioning virtual Windows or Linux desktops with ...

https://www.lenovo.com/sk/sk/data-center/solutions/client-virtualization/

... News, press releases, and expert sources for journalists in science, medicine & business ... Solutions Marketing & Consulting LLC. Name and Address. Solutions Marketing & Consulting LLC. News office: 14001 N 50th St.. ...

https://www.newswise.com/institutions/view/Solutions-Marketing-Consulting-LLC-20585

Author(s): Carl Sussman, Sussman Associates, and John Weiser, BWB Solutions. In November, 2013, Community Solutions was awarded ... This understanding framed the PIP grant proposal from Community Solutions. Community Solutions had many partners at the table ... Community Solutions formed a design team to plan the 100-day prototyping phase culminating in a two-day "boot camp." The boot ... Community Solutions tests the ideas it derives from this user-driven design process by launching small scale pilot efforts. It ...

https://www.frbsf.org/community-development/publications/community-development-investment-review/2017/september/community-solutions/

Intel® Select Solutions for Genomics Analytics Enable faster analysis and deployment for hardware solutions that are customized ... Find Ready-to-Deploy Solutions. Select from a broad range of solutions jointly developed with our valued OEM partners - ... Intel® Select Solutions for HPC & AI Converged Clusters Delivers the compute-intensive resources needed to run artificial ... Intel® Select Solutions for Simulation & Modeling Optimized for common HPC applications to help accelerate product design with ...

https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/solutions/select-solutions/hpc.html

Tailor-made solutions. Our activities cover the collection, analysis and processing of international postal data with a view to ... We develop tailor-made solutions for the cleansing, validation and standardization of international address files. ...

https://www.upu.int/en/Postal-Solutions/Programmes-Services/Addressing-Solutions?csid=20&cid=202

Select your profile, your needs and climate goals to discover the solutions that fit best with your situation ... The Explorer is a one-of-a-kind search engine that showcases profitable climate solutions from all over the world which are ... The Solutions Explorer lets you shortlist your favorite solutions in Project(s) youve created. You can create multiple ... The Solutions Explorer lets you shortlist your favorite solutions in Project(s) youve created. You can create multiple ...

https://solarimpulse.com/solutions-explorer?utm_medium=email&_hsmi=244732980&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-_KP-RRPYQnKR15qxm7nMmANH_Jd3ELui4JY3XsJE6q9HTziPKq1pj50HK7F30dZdDd-1ktYqCEOUK-

Stories sharing CDCs Antibiotic Resistance Solutions Initiative in action, protecting people from resistant threats. ... Solutions Initiative to develop and pilot solutions that address the emergence and spread of resistance. Read about how public ... Through its AR Solutions Initiative, CDC works with partners to drive aggressive action and empower the nation to respond to ... Feature Stories: CDC Solutionsplus icon *Experts Discuss Combating AR Through Global Networks ...

https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/solutions-initiative/stories.html

... Ignite your students natural curiosity and reimagine learning with Discovery Educations award-winning ... Our team is here to help you find the right solution for your schools and district. Lets get started today so you can see ...

https://www.discoveryeducation.com/help/contact-us/request-a-demo/?utm_source=405e6b66-be3b-4843-a4de-4ad249ec9844&utm_medium=preloginplayer&utm_campaign=demoreferral

Saabs AIS Network offers a combination of best in-class maritime communication solutions and a modern suite of maritime ... The challenge lies in the change of culture for the people who will need to work with the new solutions. In this joint paper we ... Pioneering smarter AIS and VDES solutions. Saab TransponderTech is at the forefront of AIS and VDES technology, offering ... Saabs AIS Network offers a combination of best in-class maritime communication solutions and a modern suite of maritime ...

https://www.saab.com/products/ais-network-solutions

A global leader in enterprise data, TIBCO empowers its customers to connect, unify, and confidently predict business outcomes, solving the worlds most complex data-driven challenges. ...

https://www.tibco.com/ja/solutions?combine=&field_solution_category_target_id_verf%5B6%5D=6&page=1

Next Door Solutions to Domestic Violence. Board of directors as of 01/19/2023 SOURCE: Self-reported by organization ... Next Door Solutions to Domestic Violence Empowering survivors to achieve safety, stability, and self-sufficiency.. aka Next ... Next Door Solutions to Domestic Violences (NDS) mission is to end domestic violence in the moment and for all time - creating ... Next Door Solutions (NDS) serves individuals across the gender spectrum and of varying abilities with a vision of decreasing ...

https://www.guidestar.org/profile/94-2420708

Network Solutions reinstatement fee - After being their customer for 15 years, today, I was surprised to understand that I ... Network Solutions Company Information. Company Name:. Network Solutions. Year Founded:. 1979. Address:. 12808 Gran Bay Parkway ... Network Solutions author review by ConsumerAffairs Research Team Network Solutions offers customized web hosting plans. ... You stated Network Solutions is a good company? I have been a customer for over 20 yrs. The company has utterly failed. I have ...

https://www.consumeraffairs.com/internet/network_solutions.htm

... leasing and technology needs with custom payment solutions and equipment renewal options. ... Compare Small Business Payment Solutions. Pay as You Go. Pay as You Go ... Let DFS work with your medium-sized business or large enterprise of 100+ employees to develop a tailored payment solution. Take ... Grow your business with the help of Dell Financial Services ( DFS) small business payment solutions. Fast, affordable options ...

https://www.dell.com/en-us/lp/sb-payment-solutions?ref=cppf_step1_cta_link_

Powerful data fusion and analytics solutions to make business much more efficient. (lexisnexis.com)
SAS analytics solutions transform data into intelligence, inspiring customers around the world to make bold new discoveries that drive progress. (sas.com)

VMware now supports Tanzu Standard edition on Oracle Cloud VMware Solution, including full lifecycle management of Tanzu Kubernetes clusters via Tanzu Mission Control . (vmware.com)

Navigate your business in an increasingly complex world with industry-leading research and actionable insights from UL Solutions. (ul.com)

As a global safety science leader, UL Solutions helps companies to demonstrate safety, enhance sustainability, strengthen security, deliver quality, manage risk and achieve regulatory compliance. (ul.com)
We help you drive success and build resilience for your products, your people and your corporate impact on the planet through our trusted, software solutions supporting product development and compliance, sustainability and supply chain transparency. (ul.com)
A global leader in applied safety science, UL Solutions transforms safety, security, and sustainability challenges into opportunities for customers in more than 100 countries. (ul.com)

Plan, optimize, and scale Oracle Cloud VMware Solution with unified visibility across the hybrid cloud. (vmware.com)
Access software packages and offerings that make it faster and easier to optimize edge, 5G, and AI solutions for Intel® architecture. (intel.com)

Our banking solutions and strategies empower you to deliver personalized services to customers, expand financial inclusion, reduce fraud and manage risk, and help you remain compliant. (experian.com)
With FUJITSU Work Life Shift, you can empower creativity through smarter solutions, enabling collaboration and ultimately building a truly adaptive and trusted organization. (fujitsu.com)
Through its AR Solutions Initiative, CDC works with partners to drive aggressive action and empower the nation to respond to this global threat. (cdc.gov)

MDM solutions provide API-based policy, same-day support for all popular operating systems, compliance rules, and app distribution that make up the backbone of any MDM platform. (ibm.com)

CIOs and CISOs and their teams need a secure mobile workforce, including enterprise mobile security solutions that enable flexible delivery of apps, content and resources across devices and ensure a good cybersecurity posture. (ibm.com)

A customer-managed solution integrating VMware on-premises tools, skillsets and processes with native Oracle Cloud Infrastructure. (vmware.com)
Contact us to learn more about integrated VMware validation status within Oracle Cloud VMware Solution. (vmware.com)
VMware Horizon on Oracle Cloud VMware Solution delivers a full-stack Software-Defined Data Center (SDDC), including VMware vCenter, vSphere ESXi, NSX, and vSAN, as a service onto Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI). (vmware.com)
VMware Site Recovery Manager (SRM) on Oracle Cloud VMware Solution simplifies disaster recovery as the only VMware-integrated solution that runs on any storage platform. (vmware.com)
VMware Aria Operations delivers migration planning and cost assessment, continuous performance optimization based on both business and operational intent, efficient capacity management, and proactive remediation across private cloud and Oracle Cloud VMware Solution. (vmware.com)
Quickly and easily deploy a VMware vSAN based hyperconverged solution with Lenovo ThinkAgile VX systems. (lenovo.com)

UL Solutions delivers testing, inspection and certification services, together with software products and advisory offerings, that support our customers' product innovation and business growth. (ul.com)

AVD is a flexible cloud-based VDI solution that can be used to deploy and scale Windows desktops and apps on Azure Stack HCI. (lenovo.com)

At LexisNexis® Risk Solutions, September is our Month of Caring with employees all over the globe giving back to their communities. (lexisnexis.com)
Each week Alaska Public Media's Solutions Desk will highlight what's happening around the state that's making our communities stronger. (npr.org)

Lenovo solutions for Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops securely deliver fully-functioning virtual Windows or Linux desktops with the same look and feel as locally installed desktops. (lenovo.com)
http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA58/WHA58_28-en.pdf (last accessed 13/11/ 09). (who.int)
http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB117/B117_15-en.pdf (last accessed 8/12/09). (who.int)

The Explorer is a one-of-a-kind search engine that showcases profitable climate solutions from all over the world which are part of an ever-growing, curated, and publicly-accessible database. (solarimpulse.com)
The following work aims at studying the psychological mechanisms that are present in these drug addicts who search for a solution for drug abuse through the excessive link to a religious institution. (bvsalud.org)

This allows Kansas Manufacturing Solutions to be the go-to resource for manufacturers in Kansas so they can focus on building their products. (nist.gov)
Let our industry experts help you transform your business with banking solutions and strategies aimed at helping you deliver the experience and products that your customers value. (experian.com)
Our goal is to continually increase the contribution of our current products for climate protection, as well as of new products and solutions. (basf.com)

Insurance Solutions to drive profitability with unmatched data and innovative analytics. (lexisnexis.com)

Cisco can provide your organization with solutions for everything from networking and data center to collaboration and security. (cisco.com)

A secure, online source for increased visibility into your UL Solutions project files, product information, documents, samples and services. (ul.com)
With Xerox government solutions, you can provide secure, compliant services that meet the needs of every citizen. (xerox.com)
Our integrated portfolio of the latest solutions, tools, and services enables developers to jump-start their intelligent transportation development. (intel.com)
We've built our portfolio to help you achieve this with hybrid IT, end to end networking solutions and Digital Workplace Services. (fujitsu.com)
INDE together with the SDHB IT team had been concentrating on building a more fit-for-purpose solution around Citrix architecture - everything from enhancing the hardware stack, single sign-on for staff capabilities, new endpoint management and finally, a roadmap for cloud services. (citrix.com)

Sustainable, secure, intelligent transportation system solutions can unlock access to transformational use cases, like port modernization, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, electric vehicle charging, and auto-routing and scheduling for smart railways. (intel.com)

Learn about the technology that powers our solutions. (lexisnexis.com)
Learn about planning, deployment, and management of Citrix solutions, so you can maximize the value of your investment. (citrix.com)

Kansas Manufacturing Solutions maintains strategic relationships with federal and state organizations and manufacturing support organizations and offers connections to vetted business partners who provide Kansas manufacturers solutions that complement Kansas Manufacturing Solutions ' core competencies. (nist.gov)
In November, 2013, Community Solutions was awarded a grant from the Partners in Progress (PIP) Initiative, a national program funded by the Citi Foundation and managed by the Low Income Investment Fund. (frbsf.org)

UL Solutions structures this activity to be distinct and separate from its conformity assessment bodies. (ul.com)
Let us know the type and sector of industry of structures that can directly purchase and implement the solution in their business, community or their everyday life. (solarimpulse.com)

Experts provide centralized support across your multiproduct, multivendor Cisco solution environment. (cisco.com)

While UEM solutions deliver a rich set of security and productivity tools for any device, none of those matter if devices themselves are not enrolled and managed at a basic level. (ibm.com)
Fujitsu combines the power of IoT with digital technologies, AI, & network solutions to deliver hyperconnected business transformation. (fujitsu.com)

Indeed, Community Solutions selected Brownsville as the site of its first neighborhood initiative - the Brownsville Partnership - because of these extraordinary challenges. (frbsf.org)
In other words, the only way to untie the Gordian knot of failed interventions was to elicit from the people affected by the problem insight into the challenges they face - what Community Solutions calls their "user driven design process" - and to use that knowledge to craft highly targeted and integrated strategies. (frbsf.org)

Select your profile, your needs and climate goals to discover the solutions that fit best with your situation. (solarimpulse.com)

Kamakura Risk Manager Get transaction-level valuation, income simulation, liquidity stress testing, cash flow analysis, credit-adjusted economic capital adequacy assessment and regulatory/accounting reporting in a single, integrated ALM solution. (sas.com)

Adding NVIDIA to your Lenovo VDI solutions can enhance Windows desktop, 3D imaging, and graphic design user experiences. (lenovo.com)

Enterprises are under pressure to make investments and strategy adjustments by using mobile security solutions. (ibm.com)

Secure corporate data while supporting hybrid/remote work options for employees with Lenovo Virtual Desktop Infrastructure solutions. (lenovo.com)
VDI provides continuity during periods of business disruption which makes it an ideal solution by offering secure access to business applications while protecting corporate data. (lenovo.com)

You can create several alerts and you will receive a notification each time a new Solar Impulse Efficient Solutions is labeled and matches your filters. (solarimpulse.com)

Kansas Manufacturing Solutions is a not-for-profit corporation that is focused on growing Kansas manufacturing by delivering solutions to small and medium sized manufacturers with value driven results. (nist.gov)
From small office to global business, we have a solution that meets your needs. (avast.com)

Some business problems have a vast number of potential solutions which are just too challenging to calculate with standard computing technology. (fujitsu.com)

EMM solutions represent an evolution from MDM, a midway point to full UEM with a focus on the user experience and data security. (ibm.com)

World-class government technology solutions for the public good. (lexisnexis.com)
Discover how casino resorts tap technology solutions to recapture revenue. (oracle.com)

Leverage Intel® processors-enhanced for IoT and featuring built-in accelerators for AI-for your intelligent transportation solution or project. (intel.com)
The Solutions Explorer lets you shortlist your favorite solutions in Project(s) you've created. (solarimpulse.com)

As the National Institute of Standards and Technology Manufacturing Extension Partnership (NIST MEP) Center for Kansas, Kansas Manufacturing Solutions is helping Kansas manufacturers compete in the rapidly changing global marketplace, supporting growth for the manufacturer, their community and Kansas. (nist.gov)

NVIDIA enhances Lenovo VDI solutions with software and GPUs that enable the delivery of graphics-rich virtual desktops. (lenovo.com)

Discover a supercharged behavioral biometrics solution. (lexisnexis.com)

We develop tailor-made solutions for the cleansing, validation and standardization of international address files. (upu.int)

Whether you want to focus on a specific technology, digital transformation or solutions specific to your sector, we look forward to co-creating with you. (fujitsu.com)

Community Solutions' roots are in the movement to end chronic street homelessness, and the McKinney Act provided new support and impetus for action. (frbsf.org)

This multi-layered digital hub solution makes it easy to speed development of templates and time to get printed materials in the hands of agency/departments as well as citizens. (xerox.com)
Before you use cromolyn for the first time, read the instructions provided with the solution. (medlineplus.gov)

Shop our Outfitting Solutions collection to find your perfect look. (victoriassecret.com)

Improve customer experience and safety with industry-recognized identity verification solutions. (lexisnexis.com)

Filter the sectors of industry or business activities in which you wish to find applicable solutions. (solarimpulse.com)
Filter the application of any industry and activity sectors from raw materials and design to waste management where you're looking for solutions. (solarimpulse.com)

Anatomy4

Organisms11

Chemicals and Drugs112

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment51

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes66

Disciplines and Occupations10

Technology, Industry, Agriculture14

Information Science6

Health Care6

Metallothionein-null mice absorb less Zn from an egg-white diet, but a similar amount from solutions, although with altered intertissue Zn distribution. (1/5266)

Relationship between supersaturation and calcium oxalate crystallization in normals and idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers. (2/5266)

pH-dependent conformational change of gastric mucin leads to sol-gel transition. (3/5266)

Conformations of Gly(n)H+ and Ala(n)H+ peptides in the gas phase. (4/5266)

Effect of salt addition on the fractal structure of aggregates formed by heating dilute BSA solutions. (5/5266)

Renal and hemodynamic effects of losartan in conscious dogs during controlled mechanical ventilation. (6/5266)

Conformation and self-association of human recombinant transforming growth factor-beta3 in aqueous solutions. (7/5266)

Maximum solubility of cholesterol in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine bilayers. (8/5266)

Solutions

Isotonic Solutions

Pharmaceutical Solutions

Organ Preservation Solutions

Hypertonic Solutions

Dialysis Solutions

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Water

Hypotonic Solutions

Rehydration Solutions

Models, Molecular

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular

Ophthalmic Solutions

Contact Lens Solutions

Protein Conformation

Sodium Chloride

Saline Solution, Hypertonic

Osmolar Concentration

Glucose Solution, Hypertonic

Kinetics

Buffers

Potassium

Cardioplegic Solutions

Protein Structure, Secondary

Calcium

Time Factors

Molecular Sequence Data

Membrane Potentials

Scattering, Radiation

Electrolytes

Organ Preservation

Circular Dichroism

Amino Acid Sequence

Hemodialysis Solutions

Bicarbonates

Sucrose

Chlorides

X-Ray Diffraction

Viscosity

Drug Stability

Mannitol

Solvents

Crystallography, X-Ray

Protein Binding

Models, Chemical

Rabbits

Solubility

Scattering, Small Angle

Mathematics

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Crystallization

Diffusion

Adsorption

Molecular Structure

Binding Sites

Molecular Conformation

Ions

Micelles

Electrochemistry

Computer Simulation

Osmosis

Allopurinol

Spectrometry, Fluorescence

Potassium Chloride

Algorithms

Models, Biological

Sodium Hypochlorite

Polymers

Electric Conductivity

Cattle

Magnesium

Biophysics

Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet

Nucleic Acid Conformation

Parenteral Nutrition Solutions

Fluid Therapy

Surface-Active Agents

Guinea Pigs

DNA