Solubility. Medical search

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Chemistry dealing with the composition and preparation of agents having PHARMACOLOGIC ACTIONS or diagnostic use.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A homologous group of cyclic GLUCANS consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. The enzyme is produced by certain species of Bacillus. Cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances.

Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.

Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Usually inert substances added to a prescription in order to provide suitable consistency to the dosage form. These include binders, matrix, base or diluent in pills, tablets, creams, salves, etc.

Differential thermal analysis in which the sample compartment of the apparatus is a differential calorimeter, allowing an exact measure of the heat of transition independent of the specific heat, thermal conductivity, and other variables of the sample.

The application of scientific knowledge or technology to pharmacy and the pharmaceutical industry. It includes methods, techniques, and instrumentation in the manufacture, preparation, compounding, dispensing, packaging, and storing of drugs and other preparations used in diagnostic and determinative procedures, and in the treatment of patients.

The preparation, mixing, and assembling of a drug. (From Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th ed, p1814)

An abnormal hemoglobin resulting from the substitution of valine for glutamic acid at position 6 of the beta chain of the globin moiety. The heterozygous state results in sickle cell trait, the homozygous in sickle cell anemia.

The chemical and physical integrity of a pharmaceutical product.

Forms to which substances are incorporated to improve the delivery and the effectiveness of drugs. Drug carriers are used in drug-delivery systems such as the controlled-release technology to prolong in vivo drug actions, decrease drug metabolism, and reduce drug toxicity. Carriers are also used in designs to increase the effectiveness of drug delivery to the target sites of pharmacological actions. Liposomes, albumin microspheres, soluble synthetic polymers, DNA complexes, protein-drug conjugates, and carrier erythrocytes among others have been employed as biodegradable drug carriers.

Colloids formed by the combination of two immiscible liquids such as oil and water. Lipid-in-water emulsions are usually liquid, like milk or lotion. Water-in-lipid emulsions tend to be creams. The formation of emulsions may be aided by amphiphatic molecules that surround one component of the system to form MICELLES.

The extent to which the active ingredient of a drug dosage form becomes available at the site of drug action or in a biological medium believed to reflect accessibility to a site of action.

Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.

Relating to the size of solids.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form.

A polyvinyl polymer of variable molecular weight; used as suspending and dispersing agent and vehicle for pharmaceuticals; also used as blood volume expander.

The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy.

Method of using a polycrystalline powder and Rietveld refinement (LEAST SQUARES ANALYSIS) of X-RAY DIFFRACTION or NEUTRON DIFFRACTION. It circumvents the difficulties of producing single large crystals.

The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.

A spectroscopic technique in which a range of wavelengths is presented simultaneously with an interferometer and the spectrum is mathematically derived from the pattern thus obtained.

Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.

Agents that modify interfacial tension of water; usually substances that have one lipophilic and one hydrophilic group in the molecule; includes soaps, detergents, emulsifiers, dispersing and wetting agents, and several groups of antiseptics.

The study of the physical and chemical properties of a drug and its dosage form as related to the onset, duration, and intensity of its action.

Particles consisting of aggregates of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. The surface of micelles are usually comprised of amphiphatic compounds that are oriented in a way that minimizes the energy of interaction between the micelle and its environment. Liquids that contain large numbers of suspended micelles are referred to as EMULSIONS.

A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).

The scattering of x-rays by matter, especially crystals, with accompanying variation in intensity due to interference effects. Analysis of the crystal structure of materials is performed by passing x-rays through them and registering the diffraction image of the rays (CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, X-RAY). (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.

Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains.

The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SUTURES; TISSUE ADHESIVES; etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility.

The physical phenomena describing the structure and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.

Nanometer-sized particles that are nanoscale in three dimensions. They include nanocrystaline materials; NANOCAPSULES; METAL NANOPARTICLES; DENDRIMERS, and QUANTUM DOTS. The uses of nanoparticles include DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS and cancer targeting and imaging.

A commonly occurring abnormal hemoglobin in which lysine replaces a glutamic acid residue at the sixth position of the beta chains. It results in reduced plasticity of erythrocytes.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (AEROSOLS) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions.

Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect.

Substances produced from the reaction between acids and bases; compounds consisting of a metal (positive) and nonmetal (negative) radical. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Substances made up of an aggregation of small particles, as that obtained by grinding or trituration of a solid drug. In pharmacy it is a form in which substances are administered. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Chemical reaction in which monomeric components are combined to form POLYMERS (e.g., POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE).

Uptake of substances through the SKIN.

A subclass of crystallins that found in the lens (LENS, CRYSTALLINE) of VERTEBRATES. Gamma-crystallins are similar in structure to BETA-CRYSTALLINS in that they both form into a Greek key-like structure. They are composed of monomeric subunits.

Systems for the delivery of drugs to target sites of pharmacological actions. Technologies employed include those concerning drug preparation, route of administration, site targeting, metabolism, and toxicity.

Nonionic surfactant mixtures varying in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups. They are used as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, defoaming agents, etc. Octoxynol-9, the compound with 9 repeating ethoxy groups, is a spermatocide.

Tree-like, highly branched, polymeric compounds. They grow three-dimensionally by the addition of shells of branched molecules to a central core. The overall globular shape and presence of cavities gives potential as drug carriers and CONTRAST AGENTS.

The study of CHEMICAL PHENOMENA and processes in terms of the underlying PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and processes.

Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.

The formation of a solid in a solution as a result of a chemical reaction or the aggregation of soluble substances into complexes large enough to fall out of solution.

Poly-2-methylpropenoic acids. Used in the manufacture of methacrylate resins and plastics in the form of pellets and granules, as absorbent for biological materials and as filters; also as biological membranes and as hydrogens. Synonyms: methylacrylate polymer; poly(methylacrylate); acrylic acid methyl ester polymer.

Technique whereby the weight of a sample can be followed over a period of time while its temperature is being changed (usually increased at a constant rate).

Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products.

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

A carrier or inert medium used as a solvent (or diluent) in which the medicinally active agent is formulated and or administered. (Dictionary of Pharmacy, 1986)

A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Nanometer-sized, hollow, spherically-shaped objects that can be utilized to encapsulate small amounts of pharmaceuticals, enzymes, or other catalysts (Glossary of Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology, 4th ed).

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.

A complex mixture of PHOSPHOLIPIDS; GLYCOLIPIDS; and TRIGLYCERIDES; with substantial amounts of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES; PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINES; and PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS, which are sometimes loosely termed as 1,2-diacyl-3-phosphocholines. Lecithin is a component of the CELL MEMBRANE and commercially extracted from SOYBEANS and EGG YOLK. The emulsifying and surfactant properties are useful in FOOD ADDITIVES and for forming organogels (GELS).

An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180)

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

The resistance that a gaseous or liquid system offers to flow when it is subjected to shear stress. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Dosage forms of a drug that act over a period of time by controlled-release processes or technology.

Isomeric forms and derivatives of octanol (C8H17OH).

Acrylic acids or acrylates which are substituted in the C-2 position with a methyl group.

Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.

A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.

A nonionic polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block co-polymer with the general formula HO(C2H4O)a(-C3H6O)b(C2H4O)aH. It is available in different grades which vary from liquids to solids. It is used as an emulsifying agent, solubilizing agent, surfactant, and wetting agent for antibiotics. Poloxamer is also used in ointment and suppository bases and as a tablet binder or coater. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)

The adhesion of gases, liquids, or dissolved solids onto a surface. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses onto surfaces as well. ABSORPTION into the substance may follow but not necessarily.

The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially FACILITATED DIFFUSION, is a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.

Sorbitan mono-9-octadecanoate poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivatives; complex mixtures of polyoxyethylene ethers used as emulsifiers or dispersing agents in pharmaceuticals.

A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.

Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

Solid dosage forms, of varying weight, size, and shape, which may be molded or compressed, and which contain a medicinal substance in pure or diluted form. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Hemoglobins characterized by structural alterations within the molecule. The alteration can be either absence, addition or substitution of one or more amino acids in the globin part of the molecule at selected positions in the polypeptide chains.

The generic term for salts derived from silica or the silicic acids. They contain silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals, and may contain hydrogen. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th Ed)

Light sources used to activate polymerization of light-cured DENTAL CEMENTS and DENTAL RESINS. Degree of cure and bond strength depends on exposure time, wavelength, and intensity of the curing light.

A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.

Salts and esters of the 14-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acid--myristic acid.

Unctuous combustible substances that are liquid or easily liquefiable on warming, and are soluble in ether but insoluble in water. Such substances, depending on their origin, are classified as animal, mineral, or vegetable oils. Depending on their behavior on heating, they are volatile or fixed. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.).

The ability of a protein to retain its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to physical or chemical manipulations.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Physical reactions involved in the formation of or changes in the structure of atoms and molecules and their interactions.

A solution used for irrigating the mouth in xerostomia and as a substitute for saliva.

A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508)

Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquefies; the resulting colloid is called a sol.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Substances used to bond COMPOSITE RESINS to DENTAL ENAMEL and DENTIN. These bonding or luting agents are used in restorative dentistry, ROOT CANAL THERAPY; PROSTHODONTICS; and ORTHODONTICS.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

The susceptibility of the DENTIN to dissolution.

The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.

Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine.

The measurement of various aspects of MAGNETIC FIELDS.

Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.

Dynamic and kinetic mechanisms of exogenous chemical and DRUG LIBERATION; ABSORPTION; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; BIOTRANSFORMATION; elimination; and DRUG TOXICITY as a function of dosage, and rate of METABOLISM. LADMER, ADME and ADMET are abbreviations for liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicology.

A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.

The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.

(Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.

Synthetic resins, containing an inert filler, that are widely used in dentistry.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS that induce a dispersion of undissolved material throughout a liquid.

Chemical compound used to initiate polymerization of dental resins by the use of DENTAL CURING LIGHTS. It absorbs UV light and undergoes decomposition into free radicals that initiate polymerization process of the resins in the mix. Each photoinitiator has optimum emission spectrum and intensity for proper curing of dental materials.

Inorganic compounds that contain uranium as an integral part of the molecule.

Disruption of the non-covalent bonds and/or disulfide bonds responsible for maintaining the three-dimensional shape and activity of the native protein.

A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.

A broad class of substances containing carbon and its derivatives. Many of these chemicals will frequently contain hydrogen with or without oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and other elements. They exist in either carbon chain or carbon ring form.

A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone COLLAGEN. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories.

Periplasmic proteins that bind MALTOSE and maltodextrin. They take part in the maltose transport system of BACTERIA.

A change of a substance from one form or state to another.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Alkyl compounds containing a hydroxyl group. They are classified according to relation of the carbon atom: primary alcohols, R-CH2OH; secondary alcohols, R2-CHOH; tertiary alcohols, R3-COH. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The molecular designing of drugs for specific purposes (such as DNA-binding, enzyme inhibition, anti-cancer efficacy, etc.) based on knowledge of molecular properties such as activity of functional groups, molecular geometry, and electronic structure, and also on information cataloged on analogous molecules. Drug design is generally computer-assisted molecular modeling and does not include pharmacokinetics, dosage analysis, or drug administration analysis.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

A compound formed by the combination of hemoglobin and oxygen. It is a complex in which the oxygen is bound directly to the iron without causing a change from the ferrous to the ferric state.

A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.

Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications.

The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid.

Tablets coated with material that delays release of the medication until after they leave the stomach. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The force acting on the surface of a liquid, tending to minimize the area of the surface. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Nanometer-scale composite structures composed of organic molecules intimately incorporated with inorganic molecules. (Glossary of Biotechnology and Nanobiotechology Terms, 4th ed)

Application of pharmaceutically active agents on the tissues of the EYE.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Materials used in the production of dental bases, restorations, impressions, prostheses, etc.

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Human colonic ADENOCARCINOMA cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells, such as ENTEROCYTES. These cells are valuable in vitro tools for studies related to intestinal cell function and differentiation.

Methods used for the chemical synthesis of compounds. Included under this heading are laboratory methods used to synthesize a variety of chemicals and drugs.

A cyclooxygenase inhibiting, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that is well established in treating rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and used for musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and postoperative pain. Its long half-life enables it to be administered once daily.

Isolation and purification of rat mammary tumor peroxidase. (1/12820)

7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors often contain high levels of the enzyme perioxidase, a putative marker of estrogen dependence. This enzyme can be effectively extracted with 0.5 M CaCl2, giving rise to a soluble peroxidase with a molecular weight of about 50,000 as determined by gel filtration. This is the same size as the estrogen-induced peroxidase of rat uterus but smaller than other mammalian peroxidases. Further purification of the rat mammary tumor peroxidase by concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl Sepharose provides a 640-fold purification of the enzyme. (+info)

Activity in saline of phthalylated or succinylated derivatives of mycobacterial water-soluble adjuvant. (2/12820)

A water-soluble fraction (WSA) of the cell wall can substitute for mycobacterial cells in Freund complete adjuvant. However, when WSA is administered in saline instead of in a water-in-oil emulsion, its adjuvant activity is very weak, and under certain experimental conditions it can even inhibit the humoral immune response. The data reported in the present study show that after treatment by phthalic or succinic anhydride the adjuvant activity of WSA was markedly changed, since high levels of circulating antibodies were produced when these derivatives were administered with an antigen in an aqueous medium. Moreover, the antigenic determinants of WSA were modified and acylated WSA had no tuberculin-like activity. (+info)

Gibberellic acid stabilises microtubules in maize suspension cells to cold and stimulates acetylation of alpha-tubulin. (3/12820)

Gibberellic acid is known to stabilise microtubules in plant organs against depolymerisation. We have now devised a simplified cell system for studying this. Pretreatment of a maize cell suspension with gibberellic acid for just 3 h stabilised protoplast microtubules against depolymerisation on ice. In other eukaryotes, acetylation of alpha-tubulin is known to correlate with microtubule stabilisation but this is not established in plants. By isolating the polymeric tubulin fraction from maize cytoskeletons and immunoblotting with the antibody 6-11B-1, we have demonstrated that gibberellic acid stimulates the acetylation of alpha-tubulin. This is the first demonstrated link between microtubule stabilisation and tubulin acetylation in higher plants. (+info)

A novel trans-complementation assay suggests full mammalian oocyte activation is coordinately initiated by multiple, submembrane sperm components. (4/12820)

To initiate normal embryonic development, an egg must receive a signal to become activated at fertilization. We here report that the ability of demembranated sperm heads to activate is abolished after incubation over the range 20-44 degreesC and is sensitive to reducing agents. On the basis of this observation, we have developed a microinjection-based, trans-complementation assay in order to dissect the heat-inactivated sperm-borne oocyte-activating factor(s) (SOAF). We demonstrate that the failure of heat-inactivated sperm heads to activate an egg is rescued by coinjection with dithiothreitol-solubilized SOAF from demembranated sperm heads. The solubilized SOAF (SOAFs) is trypsin sensitive and is liberated from demembranated heads in a temperature-dependent manner that inversely correlates with the ability of sperm heads to activate. This argues that SOAFs is a proteinaceous molecular species required to initiate activation. Injection of oocytes with mouse or hamster sperm cytosolic factors, but not SOAFs alone, induced resumption of meiosis, further suggesting that these cytosolic factors and SOAF are distinct. Collectively, these data strongly suggest that full mammalian oocyte activation is initiated by the coordinated action of one or more heat-sensitive protein constituents of the perinuclear matrix and at least one heat-stable submembrane component. (+info)

MENT, a heterochromatin protein that mediates higher order chromatin folding, is a new serpin family member. (5/12820)

Terminal cell differentiation is correlated with the extensive sequestering of previously active genes into compact transcriptionally inert heterochromatin. In vertebrate blood cells, these changes can be traced to the accumulation of a developmentally regulated heterochromatin protein, MENT. Cryoelectron microscopy of chicken granulocyte chromatin, which is highly enriched with MENT, reveals exceptionally compact polynucleosomes, which maintain a level of higher order folding above that imposed by linker histones. The amino acid sequence of MENT reveals a close structural relationship with serpins, a large family of proteins known for their ability to undergo dramatic conformational transitions. Conservation of the "hinge region" consensus in MENT indicates that this ability is retained by the protein. MENT is distinguished from the other serpins by being a basic protein, containing several positively charged surface clusters, which are likely to be involved in ionic interactions with DNA. One of the positively charged domains bears a significant similarity to the chromatin binding region of nuclear lamina proteins and with the A.T-rich DNA-binding motif, which may account for the targeting of MENT to peripheral heterochromatin. MENT ectopically expressed in a mammalian cell line is transported into nuclei and is associated with intranuclear foci of condensed chromatin. (+info)

Isolation and characterization of major intrinsic microsomal membrane proteins. (6/12820)

Treatment of the membrane matrix derived from hepatic microsomes with buffered 1 M urea resulted in the selective extraction of a group of proteins together with a portion of the membrane lipid. Thorough chemical characterization of this fraction has been performed, and the proteins have been fractionated by two different procedures. The first of these, preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, has produced five highly homogeneous membrane proteins which have been characterized with regard to molecular weight, electrophoretic behavior in five different polyacrylamide systems, NH2 terminus, relative carbohydrate content, isoelectric point, and amino acid composition. The five proteins of this group fell in the molecular weight range of 54,000 to 96,000 and had isoelectric points ranging from pH 4.9 to pH 6.7. Further fractionation of the urea-soluble proteins by gel filtration in a sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing medium resulted in the isolation of four homogeneous molecular weight classes of proteins which have been characterized with respect to various physicochemical parameters. The major membrane glycoprotein (apparent molecular weight, 171,000) was isolated by this procedure and found to contain approximately equal amounts of NH2-terminal glycine and serine. suggesting the presence of at least two polypeptide chains in this molecular weight region. From the urea-insoluble fraction of the membrane comprising approximately 80% of the total protein, five intrinsic polypeptides designated S-5 through S-9 were isolated. S-5 (54,000) and S-6 (49,000) represent the most prominent components in the microsomal membrane, accounting for close to 30% of the total protein. Also isolated and characterized is the smallest membrane protein (S-9), a hydrophobic polypeptide of molecular weight 16,000. All of the urea-insoluble proteins are glycoproteins, and S-7 (35,000) gives the second most intense stain for carbohydrate of all proteins in the microsomal membrane. (+info)

The interaction of n-tetraalkylammonium compounds with a human organic cation transporter, hOCT1. (7/12820)

Polyspecific organic cation transporters in epithelia play an important role in the elimination of many endogenous bioactive amines and therapeutically important drugs. Recently, the first human organic cation transporter (hOCT1) was cloned from liver. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of molecular size and hydrophobicity on the transport of organic cations by hOCT1. We studied the interaction of a series of n-tetraalkylammonium (n-TAA) compounds (alkyl chain length, N, ranging from 1 to 6 carbons) with hOCT1 in a transiently transfected human cell line, HeLa. [14C]tetraethylammonium (TEA) uptake was measured under different experimental conditions. Both cis-inhibition and trans-stimulation studies were carried out. With the exception of tetramethylammonium, all of the n-TAAs significantly inhibited [14C]TEA uptake. A reversed correlation of IC50 values (range, 3.0-260 microM) with alkyl chain lengths or partition coefficients (LogP) was observed. trans-Stimulation studies revealed that TEA, tetrapropylammonium, tetrabutylammonium, as well as tributylmethylammonium trans-stimulated TEA uptake mediated by hOCT1. In contrast, tetramethylammonium and tetrapentylammonium did not trans-stimulate [14C]TEA uptake, and tetrahexylammonium demonstrated an apparent "trans-inhibition" effect. These data indicate that with increasing alkyl chain lengths (N >/= 2), n-TAA compounds are more poorly translocated by hOCT1 although their potency of inhibition increases. Similar findings were obtained with nonaliphatic hydrocarbons. These data suggest that a balance between hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties is necessary for binding and subsequent translocation by hOCT1. (+info)

Structural determinants of the eosinophil: chemotactic activity of the acidic tetrapeptides of eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis. (8/12820)

The acidic tetrapeptides of ECF-A, Ala/Val-Gly-Ser-Glu, exhibit peak in vitro chemotactic activity for human eosinophils at concentrations of 3 X 10(-8) M to 10(-6) M, and rapidly deactivate eosinophils to homologous and other stimuli at concentrations as low as 10(-10) M. The analogue Leu-Gly-Ser-Glu reaches peak activity at 10(-8)M-10(-7)M, while Phe-Gly-Ser-Glu requires 10(-4)M to elicit a peak response. Although inversion of the order of glycine and serine does not alter the eosinophil chemotactic activity of the tetrapeptides, deletion of glycine increases by 10-fold the concentration required for peak chemotactic activity, indicating the critical nature of the spacing between NH2- and COOH-terminal residues. The substituent COOH-terminal tripeptide, which is only marginally chemotactic, irreversibly suppresses eosinophil chemotactic responsiveness at a concentration 10,000-fold higher than concentrations necessary for deactivation by the intact tetrapeptide. The high concentration of tripeptide required for this cell directed effect, which is assumed to be analogous to deactivation, is attributed to the absence of the NH2-terminal residue which would facilitate effective interaction with the eosinophil. A substituent NH2-terminal tripeptide and amides of the NH2-terminal amino acids, which are devoid of chemotactic and deactivating activities, reversibly inhibit the tetrapeptide stimulus in a dose-response fashion. The additional finding that the NH2-terminal tripeptide protects the eosinophil from deactivation by the intact tetrapeptide confirms that the competitive interaction is stimulus specific. (+info)

... constants are used to describe saturated solutions of ionic compounds of relatively low solubility (see solubility ... While the solubility constant is not as simple as solubility, the value of this constant is generally independent of the ... Solubility is often said to be one of the "characteristic properties of a substance", which means that solubility is commonly ... The quantitative solubility of such substances is generally not well-defined, however. The solubility of a specific solute in a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility

For more detailed information of the exact solubility of the compounds, see the solubility table. For compounds with multiple ... A solubility chart is a chart with a list of ions and how, when mixed with other ions, they can become precipitates or remain ... "Solubility Table". intro.chem.okstate.edu. Birgitta Carell; Åke Olin (1961). "Studies on the Hydrolysis of Metal Ions. 37. ... Solubility rules Compounds that include ammonium (NH+ 4), chlorate (ClO− 3), or nitrate (NO− 3) are soluble without exceptions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility_chart

... may refer to parameters of solubility: Hildebrand solubility parameter, a numerical estimate of the degree ... and can be a good indication of solubility Hansen solubility parameters, developed by Charles Hansen as a way of predicting if ... will dissolve in another and form a solution This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Solubility ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility_parameter

Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Solubility Database - International Union of Pure and Applied ... Units of solubility are given in grams per 100 millilitres of water (g/100 mL), unless shown otherwise. The substances are ... The table below provides information on the variation of solubility of different substances (mostly inorganic compounds) in ... software that includes data on solubility Learning, Food resources Kaye and Laby Online ChemBioFinder.com(registration required ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility_table

The solubility pump is driven by the coincidence of two processes in the ocean : The solubility of carbon dioxide is a strong ... it strongly outgasses carbon dioxide to the atmosphere because of the reduced solubility of the gas. The solubility pump has a ... The solubility pump is the primary mechanism driving this flux, with the consequence that anthropogenic CO2 is reaching the ... Ocean warming decreases the solubility of CO2 in seawater, slowing the ocean's response to emissions. Warming also acts to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility_pump

Units of solubility may be molar (mol dm−3) or expressed as mass per unit volume, such as μg mL−1. Solubility is temperature ... The term "intrinsic solubility" is used to describe the solubility of the un-ionized form in the absence of acid or alkali. ... Therefore Solubility = [ A g + ] = x = K s p 0.01 M = 1.77 × 10 − 8 m o l d m − 3 {\displaystyle {\text{Solubility}}=\mathrm {[ ... The solubility measured for such a mixture is known as "kinetic solubility". The cloudiness is due to the fact that the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility_equilibrium

The nitrogen solubility index (NSI) is a measure of the solubility of the protein in a substance. It is typically used as a ... Other related measures of protein solubility are the Protein Solubility Index (PSI), the Protein Dispersibility index (PDI). ... and the dispersibility index differs from the solubility index, in that the sample is dispersed with a high-shear mixer and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_solubility_index

Solvent Hansen solubility parameters John Burke (1984). "Part 2. Hildebrand Solubility Parameter". Archived from the original ... This later became known as the "Hildebrand solubility parameter". Materials with similar solubility parameters will be able to ... More complicated three-dimensional solubility parameters, such as Hansen solubility parameters, have been proposed for polar ... The Hildebrand solubility parameter is the square root of the cohesive energy density: δ = Δ H v − R T V m . {\displaystyle \ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildebrand_solubility_parameter

At temperatures above solubility maximum the solvate is not stable even when immersed in saturated solution and melts with ... The solubility of fullerenes is generally low. Carbon disulfide dissolves 8g/L of C60, and the best solvent (1- ... Solubility of C 60 in some solvents shows unusual behaviour due to existence of solvate phases (analogues of crystallohydrates ... The following are some solubility values for C 60 and C 70 from the literature, in grams per liter. Fullerene chemistry Guo, T ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solubility_of_fullerenes

www.hansen-solubility.com. Stefanis, E.; Panayiotou, C. (2008). "Prediction of Hansen Solubility Parameters with a New Group- ... Solvent (has a chart of Hansen solubility parameters for various solvents) Hildebrand solubility parameter MOSCED Hansen, ... Hansen solubility parameters were developed by Charles M. Hansen in his Ph.D thesis in 1967 as a way of predicting if one ... In particular, all solubility parameter-based theories have a fundamental limitation that they apply only to associated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansen_solubility_parameter

"Solubility". University of Wisconsin Fundamentals of Chemistry. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 6 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_water

... can be produced by using Ra2+ ions and carbonate: Ra2+ + CO32- → RaCO3 Because of the very low solubility of ... "RADIUM CARBONATE - (7116-98-5) - Physical Properties • Chemical Properties • Solubility • Uses/Function • Reactions • ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium_carbonate

"solubility". Peepresearch.org. Archived from the original on 2010-11-26. Retrieved 2010-10-25. "Peep Wars: Revenge of the Mole ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeps

"Solubility Rules!". chem.sc.edu. Reedy, J. H. (1 October 1929). "Lecture demonstration of ammonium amalgam". Journal of ... and lower reactivities and solubilities in liquid ammonia, as well as having more covalent character in their compounds.: 1177 ... of the short-to-medium-lifetime fission products because it easily moves and spreads in nature due to the high water solubility ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal

Hansen-Solubility. ISBN 978-0-9551220-2-6. Hansen CM (January 2002). Hansen solubility parameters: a user's handbook. CRC press ... The Hansen solubility parameter values are based on dispersion bonds (δD), polar bonds (δP) and hydrogen bonds (δH). These ... The ability of one compound to be dissolved in another is known as solubility; if this occurs in all proportions, it is called ... Abbott S, Hansen CM (2008). Hansen solubility parameters in practice. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent

"SOSUI: Solubility Prediction". harrier.nagahama-i-bio.ac.jp. Retrieved 2020-05-01. "PSORT II k-NN Prediction". psort.hgc.jp. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C16orf90

"Solubility product constants". Archived from the original on 2012-06-15. Retrieved 2012-05-17. "Cobalt(II) carbonate". Sigma- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt(II)_carbonate

The potency of an anesthetic is associated with its lipid solubility, which is measured by its oil/gas partition coefficient. ... "Ostwald solubility coefficient". Medical Dictionary.com. Retrieved 14 February 2020. Magee, Patrick; Tooley, Mark (22 September ... Battino, Rubin (1984). "The Ostwald coefficient of gas solubility". Fluid Phase Equilibria. 15 (3): 231-240. doi:10.1016/0378- ... is a term used in pharmacology to describe the solubility of inhaled general anesthetics in blood. According to Henry's law, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood–gas_partition_coefficient

"Solubility in Water". PubChem. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 6 April 2017. "CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobutane

Ruoff, R. S.; Tse, Doris S.; Malhotra, Ripudaman; Lorents, Donald C. (1993). "Solubility of fullerene (C60) in a variety of ... Beck, Mihály T.; Mándi, Géza (1997). "Solubility of C60". Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures. 5 (2): 291-310. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene

Solubility--Insoluble in water; almost insoluble in cold or hot alcohol or in cold dehydrated alcohol; freely soluble in ... the degree of solubility in these solvents varying with the composition of the petrolatum. "Polypropylene Chemical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_jelly

Its solubility is good. It can contain some black copal, but it is still easily dissolved in alcohol solvent mixtures. It is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_copal

Estimated to be the same as for Li+(aq) → Li+(g). Estimated from solubility data. Meister, Erich C.; Willeke, Martin; Angst, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_affinity

"Solubility in Liquids" (PDF). F2 Chemicals. Begley P.; Foulger B.; Simmonds P. (1988). "Femtogram detection of perfluorocarbon ... It is mainly of interest as a blood substitute, exploiting the high solubility of air in this solvent. Most commercially ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfluoromethyldecalin

Low solubility in water. Produces high temperature flame and smoke of potassium chloride. Safer replacement of potassium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrotechnic_composition

solubility product ( K s {\textstyle K_{{\ce {s}}}} or K sp {\textstyle K_{{\ce {sp}}}} ) A measure of the solubility of an ... The solubility product is derived from and functions like the equilibrium constant of dissociation, though unlike an ... solid-phase extraction (SPE) solubility The property of a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid, or ... extraction 1. A separation process in which a component is separated from its mixture by selective solubility. See also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chemistry_terms

Luerkens, D. W. (1 July 1983). Neptunium (IV) oxalate solubility. [22, 45, 60/sup 0/C]. doi:10.2172/5904308. Retrieved 6 August ... cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) Luerkens, D. W. (1983). "Neptunium (IV) oxalate solubility. [22, 45, 60/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunium(IV)_oxalate

Solubility_Table_Zh.PDF_version.pdf "Praseodymium triiodide". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. "Solubility_Table_Zh" (PDF). 27 August ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praseodymium(III)_iodide

... this conveys lipid solubility. This drug was synthesized by pharmacologist Roman Muschaweck and chemist Robert Rippel. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articaine

ISBN 0-8493-5415-3. Brønsted, J.N. (1922). "Studies on solubility IV. The principle of the specific interaction of ions". J. Am ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_ion_interaction_theory

... J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2000 Jul-Aug;44(1): ... The level of permeability or solubility needed for oral absorption is related to potency. The relative importance of poor ... solubility and poor permeability towards the problem of poor oral absorption depends on the research approach used for lead ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11274893/?dopt=Abstract

Homework resources in Effects on Solubility - Chemistry - Science ... with links to related solubility info.. The solubility of ... IT also describes what happens to the solubility of a gas in a liquid when the pressure increases. It gives a few real world ... This webpage gives a general overview of what happens to the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid when the temperature ... An interactive simulation that aids in understanding solubility. Students can add different salts to water and watch them ...

https://www.tutor.com/resources/science/chemistry/effects-on-solubility

IUPAC-NIST Solubility Database NIST Standard Reference Database 106 Solubility System: 1-Chloro-3-iodobenzene with Water ...

https://srdata.nist.gov/solubility/sol_detail.aspx?goBack=Y&sysID=20_65

The maximum concentration of a chemical that will dissolve in fatty substances. Lipid soluble substances are insoluble in water. They will very selectively disperse through the environment via uptake in living tissue. ...

https://caslab.com/Lipid_Solubility_Meaning/

Why doesnt the carboxylic acid groups on camphoric acid hydrogen bond with 4-aminobenzoic acid, thus increasing the melting point?

https://forums.studentdoctor.net/threads/aamc-4-solubility-question.899915/

Significance and Use 5.1 Knowledge of gas solubility is of extreme importance in the lubrication of gas compressors. It is ... Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Gases in Petroleum and Other Organic Liquids. ... Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Gases in Petroleum and Other Organic Liquids D3827-92R20 ASTM,D3827-92R20, ... 5.1 Knowledge of gas solubility is of extreme importance in the lubrication of gas compressors. It is believed to be a ...

https://www.astm.org/d3827-92r20.html

...

https://linkbank.hu/detail.php?id=70968

The nature and impact of changes to protein solubility during normal aging are less well understood. Using quantitative mass ... Tor1 regulates protein solubility in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Theodore W Peters 1 , Matthew J Rardin, Gregg Czerwieniec, Uday S ... Tor1 regulates protein solubility in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Theodore W Peters et al. Mol Biol Cell. 2012 Dec. ... The nature and impact of changes to protein solubility during normal aging are less well understood. Using quantitative mass ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23097491

The solubility and the diffusion coefficient are obtained from the pressure decay data. The measured solubilities of carbon ... 2 and 3. Solubility coefficient (S A) is the inverse function of Henrys law coefficient, k HA (T) = 1/S A, and expressed in ... Solubility of pure gases like. PROTEC TRAITEMENT DES EAUX 46, rue des Entrepreneurs Z.I de la Plaine Haute 91560 CROSNE Tél: 01 ... As with other gases, the solubility of carbon dioxide in water decreases as the temperature increases. You can see this for ...

http://papercritters.com/id/solubility-coefficient-of-co2-06a94f

Antitubercular and Antiparasitic 2-Nitroimidazopyrazinones with Improved Potency and Solubility Chee Wei Ang 1 , Lendl Tan 2 3 ... Antitubercular and Antiparasitic 2-Nitroimidazopyrazinones with Improved Potency and Solubility Chee Wei Ang et al. J Med Chem. ... prompting additional efforts to generate analogs with improved solubility and enhanced potency. The key pendant aryl ... with encouraging improvements in solubility when pyridyl groups were incorporated. This study has contributed to understanding ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33151678

GastroPlus® Tutorial: Phase 2 Video 4 Solubility in GastroPlus. Authors: Le Merdy M ...

https://www.simulations-plus.com/resource/gastroplus-tutorial-phase-2-video-4-solubility/

equation of state, ij expression, correlation, upstream oil & gas, hg solubility, pr78, produced water discharge, accuracy, ... A Thermodynamic Model for Prediction of Solubility of Elemental Mercury in Natural Gas, Produced Water and Hydrate Inhibitors ... "A Thermodynamic Model for Prediction of Solubility of Elemental Mercury in Natural Gas, Produced Water and Hydrate Inhibitors ...

https://onepetro.org/SPEAPOG/proceedings-abstract/22APOG/1-22APOG/D011S003R001/511276?redirectedFrom=PDF

In this presentation aqueous solubility, bioconcentration and acute aquatic toxicity are estimated for inorganic compounds ... In this presentation aqueous solubility, bioconcentration and acute aquatic toxicity are estimated for inorganic compounds ... Estimating the environmental behavior of inorganic and organometal contaminants: Solubilities, bioaccumulation, and acute ... Estimating the environmental behavior of inorganic and organometal contaminants: Solubilities, bioaccumulation, and acute ...

https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/81409

s ₕ is the solubility of the hydrated salt in g/L of solvent at a given temperature.. sₐ is the solubility of the anhydrous ... sₐ is the solubility of the anhydrous salt in g/L of solvent at a given temperature.. Lets assume the solubility of the ... Just different solubilities from different sources. Doesnt that tell you solubility is just hard to measure?. Quote: ... s ₕ is the solubility of the hydrated salt in g/L of solvent at a given temperature.. m ₕ is the mass of the solvated hydrated ...

https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=159393&page=2#pid682153

... will provide solubility range results with identification of major solubility factors however statistical limitations restrict ... The measured fasted and fed solubility ranges are in agreement with published large scale DoE results in around half of the ... A pre-requisite for absorption is drug dissolution, which is dependent upon drug solubility in the variable milieu of GIT fluid ... The study also correctly identifies the major single factor or factors which influence solubility but it is evident that lower ...

https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/62365/

January 13, 2022, UK - Automated Lab Systems announces IDIS Data Management Software advanced networking capabilities. Having seen how crucial digital connection is to the modern world today, Automated Lab Systems has adopted IDIS software with Domain Authentication to propel it into an industry leader position for tablet dissolution automation and networking. The company recognizes that it was these kinds of tools that have helped it not only to survive the current climate, but to thrive and develop, discovering new ways of working and supporting customers. Implementing IDIS networking allows for the full automation of the collection, processing, measuring, results calculation and approval processes to be centralized on a server (managed by Oracle, SQL Server or MySQL database) and to be remotely accessed by analysts and managers alike. Theres no unnecessary travel, as analyses performed in laboratories can be accessed remotely from any workstation connected to the database on the customers ...

http://dissolutiontech.com/issues/202202/inews-autolab01.php

Solubility-pH Profiles of some Acidic, Basic and Amphoteric Drugs. This content has been restricted to logged in users only. ...

https://pion-inc.com/resources/resource-library/solubility-ph-profiles-of-some-acidic-basic-and-amphoteric-drugs

The best pharmacy shop on the tetracycline hcl solubility in water. Best Quality tetracycline hcl solubility in water. ... Express Delivery, Viagra Suppositories Buy tetracycline hcl solubility in water tetracycline hcl solubility in water. Levitra ... tetracycline hcl solubility in water. . For Low Income, Uninsured Patients tetracycline hcl solubility in water. ... Tetracycline hcl solubility in water. Fluvoxamine luvox overdose Published Date: 2019-10-13 Canadian pharmacy american express ...

http://s190595841.onlinehome.us/?p=tetracycline+hcl+solubility+in+water

Minimum solubilities are observed for light rare earths between Ce and Sm. For the elements Ce, Pr, Nd, and Sm solubility ... The solubility product of La is substantially larger than that of Cc (log Ksp0(La) − log Ksp0 (Ce) ≈ 0.5). Solubility products ... The solubility product of Y is similar to that of Ho (log Ksp0 (Y) = −25.0) and is much higher than those of all light rare ... Rare earth phosphate solubility products for well-aged, coarse precipitates increase substantially between Sm and Lu, with log ...

https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/msc_facpub/1711/

Aerosol iron solubility is a major uncertainty in the global biogeochemical cycle of iron and, via its impact on ocean ... Previous studies have reported widely different values for this solubility (0.01 - 80%). Here we show that the primary control ... This important result indicates that aerosol iron solubility is not fixed, but will change predictably as an inverse function ... Mineral particle size as a control on aerosol iron solubility. Geophysical Research Letters, 33 (17). ISSN 1944-8007 ...

https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/19477/

... Author. SHIBRYAEVA, L. S; MARIN, A. P; SHLYAPNIKOV, YU. A ... Impurity solubility. Keyword (es). Coadyuvante Ester Etileno baja densidad polímero Estudio experimental Polímero isotáctico ... "Post-orientation effects in polyolefins and solubility of additives;s:8:\u0000*\u0000place;s:14:Birmingham, AL;s:6 ... "Post-orientation effects in polyolefins and solubility of additives;s:8:\u0000*\u0000place;s:14:Birmingham, AL;s:6 ...

https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=3145488

Dive into the research topics of Measurement of the solubility of ammonia and nitrogen in gallium at atmospheric pressure. ... Measurement of the solubility of ammonia and nitrogen in gallium at atmospheric pressure. ...

https://asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/measurement-of-the-solubility-of-ammonia-and-nitrogen-in-gallium-/fingerprints/

... , International Geology ... Sulfur Variations in Glasses from Volcanic Rocks: Effect of Melt Composition on Sulfur Solubility. ...

https://www.growkudos.com/publications/10.1080%25252F00206819409465483/reader

... Posted on July 16, 2020 by Mike Roberto , 1 ... Now theyre using the same technology for glutamine and propose that microencapsulation will also enhance the solubility and ... The formulators at Kaged Muscle have already proved once that microencapsulation significantly improves solubility and ... they decided to use this same technology with glutamine in an effort to increase solubility, absorption, and bioavailability. ...

https://blog.priceplow.com/supplement-news/kaged-muscle-microencapsulated-glutamine

The results from p-value and roc curve indicated the effect of MW, helix percentage and aliphatic index on protein solubility ( ... Furthermore, we compared the solubility of recombinant proteins using bioinformatics prediction tools versus experimental ... the accuracy of the solubility prediction tools versus experimental results ...

https://www.authorea.com/doi/full/10.22541/au.160800651.17820640

4. First outlines of a dictionary of solubilities of chemical substances Author(s): Storer, Frank H. (Frank Humphreys), 1832- ... Solubility. Humans. United States. United States. Department of Health and Human Services.. United States. Food and Drug ... Solubility. Dosage Forms. Therapeutic Index, Drug. Humans. United States. United States. Department of Health and Human ... Solubility. Tablets -- pharmacokinetics. Drug Approval. Drug Labeling. Hardness. Therapeutic Equivalency. Humans. United States ...

https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/?f%5Bdrep2.subjectAggregate%5D%5B%5D=Solubility

Effects of progressive anoxia on the solubility of technetium in sediments. Environmental Science and Technology, 39 (11), pp. ...

http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/9589/

E. Petrova, C. Crampon, E Ali, E Neau, E. Badens, et al.. Solubility of CO2 in some heavy alcohols and correlation of fluid ... Solubility of CO2 in some heavy alcohols and correlation of fluid phase equilibrium. ...

https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/hal-01706071v1

Bile Solubility Test. *Principle. The purpose of the bile solubility test is to aid in the differentiation of S. pneumoniae ... inhibition between 6 and 14 mm in diameter is considered questionable for identification of pneumococci and a bile solubility ...

https://www.cdc.gov/streplab/other-strep/general-methods-section1.html

A high throughput screening (HTS)-based approach as exemplified by unpublished data on Pfizer (Groton, CT) early candidates leads to higher molecular weight, unchanged H-bonding properties, higher lipophilicity, and, hence, poorer aqueous solubility. (nih.gov)
In this presentation aqueous solubility, bioconcentration and acute aquatic toxicity are estimated for inorganic compounds using existing Linear Solvation Energy Relationship (LSER) equations. (usgs.gov)
The BCS is a scientific system for classifying drug substance based upon their aqueous solubility as related to dose and permeability. (who.int)
Due to poor aqueous solubility of BCS Class II result in the poor oral bioavailability makes drug formulation development more difficult. (who.int)

The level of permeability or solubility needed for oral absorption is related to potency. (nih.gov)
The relative importance of poor solubility and poor permeability towards the problem of poor oral absorption depends on the research approach used for lead generation. (nih.gov)
In addition, several obstacles have to be circumvented to achieve the desired therapeutic effectiveness , among which limited dissolution and/or solubility and permeability are included. (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, in this review , the possible techniques for the dissolution / solubility and permeability improvements have been addressed which could enhance the dissolution and permeability up to several times. (bvsalud.org)

A pre-requisite for absorption is drug dissolution, which is dependent upon drug solubility in the variable milieu of GIT fluid, with poorly soluble drugs presenting a formulation and biopharmaceutical challenge. (strath.ac.uk)
Technologies for Solubility, Dissolution and Permeation Enhancement of Natural Compounds. (bvsalud.org)
Hence, various approaches have been developed with a focus on enhancement of the solubility, dissolution rate, and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. (who.int)

1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating the equilibrium solubility of several common gases in petroleum and synthetic lubricants, fuels, and solvents, at temperatures between 0 and 488 K. (astm.org)

1.3 Highly aromatic oils such as diphenoxy phenylene ethers violate the stated accuracy above 363 K, at which point the estimate for nitrogen solubility is 43 % higher than the observation. (astm.org)
The measured solubilities of carbon dioxide and nitrogen in PP and HDPE at 433.2, 453.2 and 473.2 K are listed in Tables 1 and 2 and plotted in Figs. The interaction parameter determined from fitting the solubility was inversely proportional to temperature. (papercritters.com)

The nature and impact of changes to protein solubility during normal aging are less well understood. (nih.gov)
Based on the structure of griffithsin and the necessities of pharmaceutical product development and regulatory approval, certain mutations in the sequence of griffithsin have been generated which could add to the stability and solubility of the protein. (nih.gov)
Additional mutations include changes in the isoelectric point of the protein, which alter its solubility in various pH ranges allowing for improved product release in alternately formulated products. (nih.gov)

Now they're using the same technology for glutamine and propose that microencapsulation will also enhance the solubility and bioavailability of glutamine as well! (priceplow.com)
The modified griffithsins will be used to provide an active pharmaceutical ingredient with improved properties including reduced oxidation, improved solubility and bioavailability over a range of pH values and thermal stability. (nih.gov)

We recently described a nitroimidazopyrazinone bicyclic subclass with promising antitubercular and antiparasitic activity, prompting additional efforts to generate analogs with improved solubility and enhanced potency. (nih.gov)
V. Peptide optimization and multimerization - We have expertise in peptide design, and use solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) to investigate SAR of sequences of interest to increase potency, metabolic stability, and water solubility. (nih.gov)

The formulators at Kaged Muscle have already proved once that microencapsulation significantly improves solubility and absorption with one of their best selling products - CreaClear . (priceplow.com)

The solubility of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in water + methyldiethanolamine and ethanol + methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) solutions was investigated over the whole range of amine concentrations. (papercritters.com)
As with other gases, the solubility of carbon dioxide in water decreases as the temperature increases. (papercritters.com)
You can request a prescription refill online or by calling the Pharmacy tetracycline hcl solubility in water . (onlinehome.us)
Home Delivery tetracycline hcl solubility in water . (onlinehome.us)
Best online pharmacy reviews and pharmacy ratings to help you find safe and affordable prescription drugs from Canada, the United States, and internationally tetracycline hcl solubility in water . (onlinehome.us)
Pharmacie en ligne, achat médicament, les médicaments génériques tetracycline hcl solubility in water . (onlinehome.us)
For Low Income, Uninsured Patients tetracycline hcl solubility in water. (onlinehome.us)
Express Delivery, Viagra Suppositories Buy tetracycline hcl solubility in water tetracycline hcl solubility in water . (onlinehome.us)
Levitra is a prescription medication for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) tetracycline hcl solubility in water .D. Acreditaciones. (onlinehome.us)
While this not working ever get over shipping prices, cost new zealand, tetracycline hcl solubility in water . (onlinehome.us)
Order Online at USA Pharmacy tetracycline hcl solubility in water. (onlinehome.us)
This study evaluated and compared the solubility of four commercially available glass ionomer cements indicated for Atraumatic Restorarative Treatment (ART), after immersion in acid and water environments. (bvsalud.org)
All glass ionomer cements showed statically higher solubility in acid compared to water. (bvsalud.org)
Present article overview the concept of Biopharmaceutical classification systems (BCS), Biopharmaceutical Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) & recent classification for solubility enhancement of poorly water soluble drugs. (who.int)

This webpage gives a general overview of what happens to the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid when the temperature increases. (tutor.com)
If you are going up the the solubility limit (at a certain temperature) it can take ages to equilibriate. (sciencemadness.org)

Estimating the solubility of CO 2 in nonhydrocarbons is also specifically excluded. (astm.org)

The article also reviews various efforts taken for solubility enhancement of Gresiofulvine using various techniques from 1996 to 2012. (who.int)

The solubility test procedure is based on attempting to dissolve chemicals in various solvents with a increasingly rigorous mechanical techniques. (nih.gov)
Solubility shall be determined in a step-wise procedure that involves attempting to dissolve a test chemical in the solvents (in the order of preference) at relatively high concentrations using the sequence of mechanical procedures ( Section VII.C.2.a ). (nih.gov)

Solubility of pure gases like. (papercritters.com)

Relative deviations between extrapolated solubility coefficients of CO2 in (a) NaHCO3 and (b) HCl solutions to zero molality of electrolyte (Ro) and calculated by means of eq 8. (papercritters.com)

Furthermore, we compared the solubility of recombinant proteins using bioinformatics prediction tools versus experimental results. (authorea.com)

Crystalline silica is present in all soils and all types of rocks, and given its lack of solubility in a variety of chemicals, quartz is therefore ubiquitous in the environment. (nih.gov)

These mutants have all been tested for biological activity, solubility and thermal stability. (nih.gov)

The results indicate that this small scale investigation is feasible and provides solubility ranges that encompass published data in human and simulated fasted and fed fluids. (strath.ac.uk)
The measured fasted and fed solubility ranges are in agreement with published large scale DoE results in around half of the cases, with the differences due to changes in media composition between studies. (strath.ac.uk)

SIF media is complex and statistical design of experiment (DoE) investigations have revealed the range of solubility values possible within each state due to physiological variability along with the media factors and factor interactions which influence solubility. (strath.ac.uk)

Multiple factors within GIT fluid influence solubility ranging from pH to the concentration and ratio of amphiphilic substances such as phospholipid, bile salt, monoglyceride and cholesterol and to aid in vitro investigation simulated intestinal fluids (SIF) covering the fasted and fed state have been developed. (strath.ac.uk)
Indicating that drug specific behaviours are being determined and that careful media factor and concentration level selection is required in order to determine a physiologically relevant solubility range. (strath.ac.uk)
Here we show that the primary control on aerosol iron solubility is the surface area to volume ratio of mineral aerosol particles, which changes during atmospheric transport as mineral aerosol concentration decreases due to preferential removal of larger particles (assuming particle morphology to be relatively constant with particle size). (uea.ac.uk)
This important result indicates that aerosol iron solubility is not fixed, but will change predictably as an inverse function of dust concentration on both spatial and temporal (e.g. glacial - interglacial) scales. (uea.ac.uk)

The study indicates that a reduced experimental number DoE is feasible, will provide solubility range results with identification of major solubility factors however statistical limitations restrict the analysis. (strath.ac.uk)
Rare earth and yttrium phosphate solubility products range over more than 1 order of magnitude. (usf.edu)

The study also correctly identifies the major single factor or factors which influence solubility but it is evident that lower significance factors (for example bile salt) are not picked up due to the lower sample number employed. (strath.ac.uk)

The solubility behaviour of drugs remains one of the most challenging in formulation development. (who.int)

The solubility product of Y is similar to that of Ho (log K sp 0 (Y) = −25.0) and is much higher than those of all light rare earths. (usf.edu)

Solubility coefficient (S A) is the inverse function of Henry's law coefficient, k HA (T) = 1/S A, and expressed in mol.kg food -1.Pa -1 (international unit system, but other units can be found). (papercritters.com)

Aerosol iron solubility is a major uncertainty in the global biogeochemical cycle of iron and, via its impact on ocean productivity, the carbon cycle and their influence on global climate. (uea.ac.uk)

A brief, clear description of the factors affecting solubility, with links to related solubility info. (tutor.com)

A similar issue is present with factor interactions with only a limited number available for study and generally not determined to have a significant solubility impact due to the lower statistical power of the study. (strath.ac.uk)

The solubility and the diffusion coefficient are obtained from the pressure decay data. (papercritters.com)

O:13:\"PanistOpenUrl\":36:{s:10:\"\u0000*\u0000openUrl\";N;s:6:\"\u0000*\u0000idc\";N;s:6:\"\u0000*\u0000fmt\";s:7:\"journal\";s:6:\"\u0000*\u0000doi\";s:0:\"\";s:6:\"\u0000*\u0000pii\";s:0:\"\";s:7:\"\u0000*\u0000pmid\";s:0:\"\";s:9:\"\u0000*\u0000atitle\";s:67:\"Post-orientation effects in polyolefins and solubility of additives\";s:9:\"\u0000*\u0000jtitle\";s:25:\"Polymer science. (inist.fr)

5.1 Knowledge of gas solubility is of extreme importance in the lubrication of gas compressors. (astm.org)

This test method protocol applies to all personnel involved with performing the solubility testing. (nih.gov)

The solubility product of La is substantially larger than that of Cc (log K sp 0 (La) − log K sp 0 (Ce) ≈ 0.5). (usf.edu)

Solubility products are strongly dependent on the conditions of solid phase formation. (usf.edu)

The pattern of rare earth and yttrium phosphate solubility products is generally similar to the fractionation patterns which are developed during phosphate coprecipitation. (usf.edu)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Griseofulvine: BCS Classification and Solubility Enhancement Techniques. (who.int)

Rare earth phosphate solubility products for well-aged, coarse precipitates increase substantially between Sm and Lu, with log K sp 0 (Lu) estimated as −24.7. (usf.edu)

Anatomy1

Organisms1

Chemicals and Drugs81

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment36

Phenomena and Processes40

Disciplines and Occupations5

Technology, Industry, Agriculture22

Information Science2

Health Care2

Isolation and purification of rat mammary tumor peroxidase. (1/12820)

Activity in saline of phthalylated or succinylated derivatives of mycobacterial water-soluble adjuvant. (2/12820)

Gibberellic acid stabilises microtubules in maize suspension cells to cold and stimulates acetylation of alpha-tubulin. (3/12820)

A novel trans-complementation assay suggests full mammalian oocyte activation is coordinately initiated by multiple, submembrane sperm components. (4/12820)

MENT, a heterochromatin protein that mediates higher order chromatin folding, is a new serpin family member. (5/12820)

Isolation and characterization of major intrinsic microsomal membrane proteins. (6/12820)

The interaction of n-tetraalkylammonium compounds with a human organic cation transporter, hOCT1. (7/12820)

Structural determinants of the eosinophil: chemotactic activity of the acidic tetrapeptides of eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis. (8/12820)

Solubility

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical

Water

Cyclodextrins

beta-Cyclodextrins

Solvents

Excipients

Calorimetry, Differential Scanning

Technology, Pharmaceutical

Drug Compounding

Hemoglobin, Sickle

Drug Stability

Drug Carriers

Emulsions

Biological Availability

Polyethylene Glycols

Particle Size

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Pharmaceutical Preparations

Povidone

Absorption

Powder Diffraction

Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions

Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared

Methylcellulose

Surface-Active Agents

Biopharmaceutics

Micelles

1-Octanol

Temperature

Polymers

X-Ray Diffraction

Griseofulvin

Hemoglobin A

Solutions

Materials Testing

Physicochemical Phenomena

Protein Engineering

Nanoparticles

Hemoglobin C

Models, Chemical

Crystallization

Suspensions

Dosage Forms

Salts

Powders

Polymerization

Skin Absorption

gamma-Crystallins

Drug Delivery Systems

Octoxynol

Dendrimers

Chemistry, Physical

Detergents

Chemical Precipitation

Polymethacrylic Acids

Thermogravimetry

Pharmaceutical Solutions

Thermodynamics

Pharmaceutical Vehicles

Buffers

Kinetics

Molecular Structure

Nanocapsules

Escherichia coli

Permeability

Lecithins

Methoxyflurane

Structure-Activity Relationship

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Viscosity

Delayed-Action Preparations

Octanols

Methacrylates

Surface Properties

Prodrugs

Poloxamer

Adsorption

Diffusion

Polysorbates