Solanaceous Alkaloids
Alkaloids
Ergot Alkaloids
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
Vinca Alkaloids
Berberine Alkaloids
Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids
Clinical Trials as Topic
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
Switzerland
Carcinoma, Basal Cell
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A lysosomal storage disease induced by Ipomoea carnea in goats in Mozambique. (1/58)
A novel plant-induced lysosomal storage disease was observed in goats from a village in Mozambique. Affected animals were ataxic, with head tremors and nystagmus. Because of a lack of suitable feed, the animals consumed an exotic hedge plant growing in the village that was identified as Ipomoea carnea (shrubby morning glory, Convolvulaceae). The toxicosis was reproduced by feeding I. carnea plant material to goats. In acute cases, histologic changes in the brain and spinal cord comprised widespread cytoplasmic vacuolation of neurons and glial cells in association with axonal spheroid formation. Ultrastructurally, cytoplasmic storage vacuoles in neurons were membrane bound and consistent with lysosomes. Cytoplasmic vacuolation was also found in neurons in the submucosal and mesenteric plexuses in the small intestine, in renal tubular epithelial cells, and in macrophage-phagocytic cells in the spleen and lymph nodes in acute cases. Residual alterations in the brain in chronic cases revealed predominantly cerebellar lesions characterized by loss of Purkinje neurons and gliosis of the Purkinje cell layer. Analysis of I. carnea plant material by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry established the presence of the mannosidase inhibitor swainsonine and 2 glycosidase inhibitors, calystegine B2 and calystegine C1, consistent with a plant-induced alpha-mannosidosis in the goats. The described storage disorder is analogous to the lysosomal storage diseases induced by ingestion of locoweeds (Astragalus and Oxytropis) and poison peas (Swainsona). (+info)Belladonna alkaloids-induced behavioral changes and amnesia on open-field and step-through in 18-, 28-, and 38-day-old mice. (2/58)
AIM: To study the age-related changes of atropine (Atr), scopolamine (Sco), anisodine (AT3), and anisodamine (Ani) on behaviors and memories. METHODS: The behaviors and memories were measured with open-field test and step-through task. M-cholinergic receptors were determined by [3H] quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H] QNB). RESULTS: During acquisition session (d 1) the 18-, 28-, and 38-d-old mice pretreated with Atr, Sco, and AT3 (0.02, 0.2, 2, or 20 mg.kg-1, i.p.) in open-field test showed increase in walking counts by 26%-42%, but decrease in rearing, grooming, and defecating counts for 50%-92%, 67%-100%, and 75%-100%, respectively. On recall session (d 2) the walking and rearing behaviors in the 18- and 28-d-old mice receiving Atr, Sco, and AT3 on d 1 were higher than those in the mice receiving saline. But a lower grooming behavior on d 2 was found in the mice receiving the drugs on d 1. On d 1 Ani 20 mg.kg-1 reduced the rearing behavior by 50% in 18-d-old mice and defecation by 33%-36% in 18- and 28-d-old mice. All the 4 belladonna alkaloids increased the number of avoidance-response errors and decreased the retention latencies in step-through task. Bmax of [3H] QNB binding sites in frontal cortex and hippocampus regions in the 38-d-old mice increased 7% and 23% vs in the mice of 18 d of age, respectively. CONCLUSION: 1) The effects of the belladonna alkaloids on behaviors and memories in adult mice were weaker than those in young mice. 2) The belladonna alkaloids-induced amnesia on passive avoidance-response in step-through was more sensitive than behavioral changes and amnesia on open-field. 3) According to the lowest effective doses which insulted the behaviors or memories in young mice, Sco was about 10, 100, and 1000 times more potent than Atr, AT3, and Ani, respectively. (+info)Effects of dexamethasone, cyproheptadine, anisodamine, and dinoprostone on TNF alpha production in endotoxic shock. (3/58)
AIM: To study the effects of dexamethasone (Dex), cyproheptadine (Cyp), anisodamine (Ani), and dinoprostone (Din) on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) gene expression and antishock effects of inhibiting TNF alpha production. METHODS: Endotoxic shock in rats was produced by i.v. injection of LPS (E coli O111B4, 5 mg.kg-1). TNF alpha mRNA accumulation was assessed by Northern blot. Plasma TNF alpha contents were determined by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: The TNF alpha mRNA levels in rat liver at 2 h after LPS challenge was increased obviously (autoradiograms analyzed by scanning were 38 +/- 10 vs saline control 11 +/- 8, P < 0.01). The plasma TNF alpha contents were markedly increased [(22 +/- 3) micrograms.L-1 vs saline control (2.2 +/- 1.0) micrograms.L-1, P < 0.01]. Dex 5, Cyp 5, Ani 10, or Din 2 mg.kg-1 immediately injected after i.v. LPS markedly decreased the TNF alpha mRNA levels in rat liver and plasma TNF alpha contents. The Dex, Cyp, Ani, and Din improved the mouse survival rate 24 h after LPS 20 mg.kg-1 challenge. CONCLUSION: Dex, Cyp, Ani, and Din strongly inhibit LPS-induced TNF alpha gene expression, and have a beneficial antishock effects. (+info)Learning deficits induced by 4 belladonna alkaloids are preferentially attenuated by tacrine. (4/58)
AIM: To examine the antagonism of tacrine on the amnesic effects of scopolamine (Sco), anisodine (AT3), atropine (Atr), and anisodamine (Ani). METHODS: Cognitive functions and locomotor activities were determined using two sessions of step-through and open-field tests, respectively. Mice were injected with one of the belladonna alkaloids (0.05-50 mumol.kg-1, i.p.) and tacrine (50 mumol.kg-1, s.c.) 30 min before the first session. RESULTS: Tacrine completely blocked the avoidance-learning deficit caused by Sco 0.5 mumol.kg-1, AT3 and Atr 5 mumol.kg-1, or Ani 50 mumol.kg-1. But tacrine partly antagonized the learning deficit induced by Sco 5-50 mumol.kg-1 or Atr and AT3 50 mumol.kg-1. The avoidance-memory deficit caused by Sco 0.05-5 mumol.kg-1 or Atr 5 mumol.kg-1 was completely or partly attenuated by tacrine, which did not antagonize the memory deficit elicited by Sco and Atr 50 mumol.kg-1, AT3 5 and 50 mumol.kg-1, and Ani 50 mumol.kg-1. During the acquisition, the locomotor activity of the mice was inhibited by tacrine. This reduction was completely antagonized by Sco 0.5-50 mumol.kg-1, AT3 5-50 mumol.kg-1, Atr 5-50 mumol.kg-1, and only partly antagonized by AT3 and Atr 0.5 mumol.kg-1 or Ani 50 mumol.kg-1. CONCLUSION: Compared with the avoidance-memory deficit, the avoidance-learning deficit caused by belladonna alkaloids is more preferentially attenuated by tacrine. (+info)Four novel withanolide-type steroids from the leaves of Solanum cilistum. (5/58)
Four novel withanolide-type steroids named cilistols p, pm, p1 and u (1-4, respectively), were isolated from the leaves of Solanum cilistum. The respective structures were characterized by spectroscopic means as follows: cilistol p (1) was (22R,24R,25R,26S)-1-oxo-22,26-epoxy-3alpha,5alpha-cycloergostane-6beta,17alpha, 24,25,26-pentaol 26-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, cilistol pm (2) corresponded to the 6-O-methyl ether derivative of 1; cilistol p1 (3) was represented as the 24-O-methyl ether of 1, and cilistol u (4) was shown to be the epoxide between C-24 and -25, presumably bearing cilistols p, pm and p1 by ring-opening. (+info)Verapamil, cyproheptadine, and anisodamine antagonized [Ca2+]i elevation induced by TNFalpha in a single endothelial cell. (6/58)
AIM: To study the effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) on intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and the effects of verapamil (Ver), cyproheptadine (Cyp), and anisodamine (Ani) on TNFalpha-induced [Ca2+]i changes in single endothelial cell, and to explore the mechanisms of TNFalpha-mediated shock and antishock actions of Cyp and Ani. METHODS: Human umbilical vein endothelial cell strains (ECV304) were seeded in 35-mm tissue culture dish with 2 mL DMEM culture medium. The cultured cells were loaded by Fluo-3/AM. The spatial distribution and the dynamic changes of [Ca2+]i in single endothelial cell were determined by laser scanning confocal microscopy. RESULTS: After stimulation with TNFalpha, [Ca2+]i in single endothelial cell rapidly increased in a concentration-dependent manner and arrived at the peak value within 60 s, afterwards, decreased and kept above the basal level. The confocal scanning image showed that [Ca2+]i elevation was more obvious in nuclear than in cytoplasma and decreased slowly. Ver (1, 2 micromol/L), Cyp (30, 60 micromol/L), and Ani (20, 40 micromol/L) markedly inhibited TNFalpha 1.2 nmol/L-induced [Ca2+]i elevation. CONCLUSION: TNFalpha markedly induces elevation of [Ca2+]i in a single endothelial cell, it may be an important mechanism of TNFalpha-induced shock and tissue injury. That Cyp and Ani obviously suppress TNFalpha-induced [Ca2+]i elevation probably is one of the mechanisms of their antishock effects. (+info)Current studies on anti-endotoxic chemical components of traditional Chinese medicine in China. (7/58)
Endotoxin (ET) was found to have wide bioactivities and ET antagonists have become the pop research topic in life science. The chemical components of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) were the substance basis of its pharmacology. This review demonstrated the study state of about 18 chemical components from TCM, eg, organic acids of Radix Isatidis, anisodamine, matrine, tetramethypyrazine, colchicine, and glycine, etc, which showed anti-endotoxin effects through different routes. But now the most of them were limited to the laboratory. In the future, the trends of development should not only enlarge the range of research, but also strengthen the clinical study. (+info)Anisodamine protects against neuronal death following cerebral ischemia in gerbils. (8/58)
OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of anisodamine on neuronal death and hydroxyl radical (OH.) production during forebrain ischemia-reperfusion in gerbils. METHODS: The tested gerbils were divided into 3 groups, including sham-operated, control and anisodamine groups. In each group, there were 8 animals for biochemical examination and 6 animals for histologic study. Forebrain ischemia was induced by occlusion the bilateral common carotid arteries for 10 min in gerbils. 2, 3- and 2, 5-DHBA outputs were determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection. Behavioral change was tested by open field test and neuronal death was assessed by histological examination. RESULTS: The exploratory activities of gerbils in the control group were significantly higher than those in the anisodamine group on all test days. The amount of viable-looking neurons in the medial, middle and lateral CA1 sectors in anisodamine group were 41% +/- 12%, 50% +/- 21% and 67% +/- 15% of the sham-operated gerbils, respectively, being significantly higher than those in the control group (3% +/- 2%, 4% +/- 3% and 7% +/- 4% of sham, P < 0.01). The 2, 3-DHBA outputs in the control group increased by 5 fold of the sham-operated gerbils after reperfusion for 60 min, but the 2, 3-DHBA outputs in the anisodamine group were only 2.4 fold of sham-operated gerbils, being significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.01). The 2, 5-DHBA outputs in the control group were significantly higher than those in the sham-operated group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Anisodamine has inhibitory effects on neuronal death and OH.production during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in gerbils. (+info)Solanaceous alkaloids are a type of natural toxin found in plants belonging to the Solanaceae family, also known as the nightshade family. These alkaloids contain nitrogen and are produced by the plant as a defense mechanism against herbivores and other threats. Some common solanaceous alkaloids include nicotine, atropine, scopolamine, and solanine.
Nicotine is found in tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) and is highly addictive. Atropine and scopolamine are found in belladonna (Atropa belladonna), also known as deadly nightshade, and are used in medical settings for their anticholinergic effects, but can be toxic or even fatal if ingested in large quantities. Solanine is found in potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplants, and can cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea if consumed in large amounts.
It's worth noting that the levels of solanaceous alkaloids in commonly consumed plants like potatoes and tomatoes are generally low and not considered harmful to most people. However, some individuals may be more sensitive to these compounds and may experience adverse effects even at low levels.
Alkaloids are a type of naturally occurring organic compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. They are often found in plants, and are known for their complex ring structures and diverse pharmacological activities. Many alkaloids have been used in medicine for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and therapeutic properties. Examples of alkaloids include morphine, quinine, nicotine, and caffeine.
Ergot alkaloids are a type of chemical compound that is produced naturally by certain fungi belonging to the genus Claviceps. These alkaloids are most famously known for being produced by the ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea), which infects cereal grains such as rye and causes a condition known as ergotism in humans and animals that consume the contaminated grain.
Ergot alkaloids have a complex chemical structure and can have various effects on the human body. They are known to act as powerful vasoconstrictors, which means that they cause blood vessels to narrow and can increase blood pressure. Some ergot alkaloids also have psychoactive effects and have been used in the past for their hallucinogenic properties.
In modern medicine, certain ergot alkaloids are used in the treatment of various conditions, including migraines and Parkinson's disease. However, these compounds can be highly toxic if not used properly, and their use must be carefully monitored to avoid serious side effects.
Indole alkaloids are a type of naturally occurring organic compound that contain an indole structural unit, which is a heterocyclic aromatic ring system consisting of a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring. These compounds are produced by various plants and animals as secondary metabolites, and they have diverse biological activities. Some indole alkaloids have important pharmacological properties and are used in medicine as drugs or lead compounds for drug discovery. Examples of medically relevant indole alkaloids include reserpine, which is used to treat hypertension, and vinblastine and vincristine, which are used to treat various types of cancer.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds found in various plants, particularly in the families Boraginaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae. These compounds have a pyrrolizidine ring structure and can be toxic or carcinogenic to humans and animals. They can contaminate food and feed sources, leading to poisoning and health issues. Chronic exposure to PAs has been linked to liver damage, veno-occlusive disease, and cancer. It is important to avoid consumption of plants containing high levels of PAs and to monitor food and feed sources for PA contamination.
Vinca alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemicals derived from the Madagascar periwinkle plant, Catharanthus roseus. They are known for their antineoplastic (cancer-fighting) properties and are used in chemotherapy to treat various types of cancer. Some examples of vinca alkaloids include vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine. These agents work by disrupting the normal function of microtubules, which are important components of the cell's structure and play a critical role in cell division. By binding to tubulin, a protein that makes up microtubules, vinca alkaloids prevent the formation of mitotic spindles, which are necessary for cell division. This leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells. However, vinca alkaloids can also affect normal cells, leading to side effects such as neurotoxicity, myelosuppression, and gastrointestinal disturbances.
Cinchona alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that are found in the bark of Cinchona trees, which are native to South America. These alkaloids have been used for centuries in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, most notably malaria. The main cinchona alkaloids include quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, and cinchonidine.
Quinine is the most well-known of these alkaloids and has been used for centuries as an effective antimalarial agent. It works by interfering with the reproduction of the malaria parasite in the red blood cells. Quinine is also used to treat other medical conditions, such as leg cramps and restless legs syndrome.
Quinidine is another important cinchona alkaloid that is used primarily as an antiarrhythmic agent to treat irregular heart rhythms. It works by slowing down the electrical conduction in the heart and stabilizing its rhythm.
Cinchonine and cinchonidine have more limited medical uses, mainly as bitter-tasting ingredients in tonics and other beverages. However, they also have some medicinal properties, such as being used as antimalarial agents and antiarrhythmic drugs in some countries.
It is important to note that cinchona alkaloids can have serious side effects if not used properly, so they should only be taken under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
Berberine alkaloids are a type of natural compound found in several plants, including the Berberis species (such as barberry and tree turmeric), goldenseal, Oregon grape, and phellodendron. The most well-known and researched berberine alkaloid is berberine itself, which has a yellow color and is commonly used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating diarrhea, reducing inflammation, and combating bacterial and fungal infections.
Berberine alkaloids have a complex chemical structure that includes a nitrogen atom, making them basic in nature. They are known to interact with several biological targets, including enzymes and receptors, which contributes to their diverse pharmacological activities. Some of the key mechanisms of action of berberine alkaloids include:
1. Inhibition of DNA gyrase: Berberine alkaloids can interfere with bacterial DNA replication by inhibiting the activity of DNA gyrase, an enzyme that helps to unwind and supercoil DNA during replication. This makes them effective against a wide range of bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE).
2. Interaction with cell membranes: Berberine alkaloids can interact with the lipid bilayer of cell membranes, disrupting their integrity and increasing permeability. This can lead to the death of bacteria, fungi, and cancer cells.
3. Modulation of gene expression: Berberine has been shown to regulate the expression of various genes involved in metabolic processes, inflammation, and cell growth. For example, it can activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key enzyme that regulates energy metabolism, which may contribute to its potential benefits in treating diabetes, obesity, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
4. Inhibition of inflammatory mediators: Berberine alkaloids can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which are involved in the development of various inflammatory diseases.
5. Antioxidant activity: Berberine alkaloids have antioxidant properties, which can help protect cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). This may contribute to their potential benefits in treating neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.
In summary, berberine alkaloids exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic regulatory effects. These properties make them promising candidates for the development of new therapeutic agents to treat various diseases, such as infections, inflammation, diabetes, obesity, and cancer. However, further research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and potential side effects before they can be safely and effectively used in clinical settings.
Amaryllidaceae alkaloids are a type of naturally occurring chemical compounds that are found in plants belonging to the Amaryllidaceae family, which includes amaryllis, snowdrop, and daffodil species. These alkaloids have diverse pharmacological activities and have been studied for their potential medicinal properties. Some well-known Amaryllidaceae alkaloids include lycorine, galanthamine, and haemantamine.
Lycorine has been shown to have antiviral, antimalarial, and anti-cancer properties. Galanthamine is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that has been used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Haemantamine has been studied for its potential as an anti-arrhythmic agent.
It is important to note that while Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have shown promise in preclinical studies, further research is needed to determine their safety and efficacy in humans before they can be approved for medical use. Additionally, some of these alkaloids can be toxic in high concentrations, so it is important to exercise caution when handling or consuming plants that contain them.
Clinical trials are research studies that involve human participants and are designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new medical treatments, drugs, devices, or behavioral interventions. The purpose of clinical trials is to determine whether a new intervention is safe, effective, and beneficial for patients, as well as to compare it with currently available treatments. Clinical trials follow a series of phases, each with specific goals and criteria, before a new intervention can be approved by regulatory authorities for widespread use.
Clinical trials are conducted according to a protocol, which is a detailed plan that outlines the study's objectives, design, methodology, statistical analysis, and ethical considerations. The protocol is developed and reviewed by a team of medical experts, statisticians, and ethicists, and it must be approved by an institutional review board (IRB) before the trial can begin.
Participation in clinical trials is voluntary, and participants must provide informed consent before enrolling in the study. Informed consent involves providing potential participants with detailed information about the study's purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and alternatives, as well as their rights as research subjects. Participants can withdraw from the study at any time without penalty or loss of benefits to which they are entitled.
Clinical trials are essential for advancing medical knowledge and improving patient care. They help researchers identify new treatments, diagnostic tools, and prevention strategies that can benefit patients and improve public health. However, clinical trials also pose potential risks to participants, including adverse effects from experimental interventions, time commitment, and inconvenience. Therefore, it is important for researchers to carefully design and conduct clinical trials to minimize risks and ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks.
Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that begins in the squamous cells, which are flat, thin cells that form the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). It commonly occurs on sun-exposed areas such as the face, ears, lips, and backs of the hands. Squamous cell carcinoma can also develop in other areas of the body including the mouth, lungs, and cervix.
This type of cancer usually develops slowly and may appear as a rough or scaly patch of skin, a red, firm nodule, or a sore or ulcer that doesn't heal. While squamous cell carcinoma is not as aggressive as some other types of cancer, it can metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body if left untreated, making early detection and treatment important.
Risk factors for developing squamous cell carcinoma include prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, fair skin, a history of sunburns, a weakened immune system, and older age. Prevention measures include protecting your skin from the sun by wearing protective clothing, using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, avoiding tanning beds, and getting regular skin examinations.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Switzerland" is not a medical term or concept. Switzerland is a country in Europe, known officially as the Swiss Confederation. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I'd be happy to try and help answer those for you!
Carcinoma, basal cell is a type of skin cancer that arises from the basal cells, which are located in the lower part of the epidermis (the outermost layer of the skin). It is also known as basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and is the most common form of skin cancer.
BCC typically appears as a small, shiny, pearly bump or nodule on the skin, often in sun-exposed areas such as the face, ears, neck, hands, and arms. It may also appear as a scar-like area that is white, yellow, or waxy. BCCs are usually slow growing and rarely spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. However, they can be locally invasive and destroy surrounding tissue if left untreated.
The exact cause of BCC is not known, but it is thought to be related to a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. People with fair skin, light hair, and blue or green eyes are at increased risk of developing BCC.
Treatment for BCC typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, along with a margin of healthy tissue. Other treatment options may include radiation therapy, topical chemotherapy, or photodynamic therapy. Prevention measures include protecting your skin from UV radiation by wearing protective clothing, using sunscreen, and avoiding tanning beds.
Skin neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the skin that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They result from uncontrolled multiplication of skin cells, which can form various types of lesions. These growths may appear as lumps, bumps, sores, patches, or discolored areas on the skin.
Benign skin neoplasms include conditions such as moles, warts, and seborrheic keratoses, while malignant skin neoplasms are primarily classified into melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. These three types of cancerous skin growths are collectively known as non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous form of skin cancer, while NMSCs tend to be less invasive but more common.
It's essential to monitor any changes in existing skin lesions or the appearance of new growths and consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment if needed.
Carcinoma, renal cell (also known as renal cell carcinoma or RCC) is a type of cancer that originates in the lining of the tubules of the kidney. These tubules are small structures within the kidney that help filter waste and fluids from the blood to form urine.
Renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, accounting for about 80-85% of all cases. It can affect people of any age, but it is more commonly diagnosed in those over the age of 50.
There are several subtypes of renal cell carcinoma, including clear cell, papillary, chromophobe, and collecting duct carcinomas, among others. Each subtype has a different appearance under the microscope and may have a different prognosis and response to treatment.
Symptoms of renal cell carcinoma can vary but may include blood in the urine, flank pain, a lump or mass in the abdomen, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and fever. Treatment options for renal cell carcinoma depend on the stage and grade of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy.
Thiohydantoin is not typically referred to as a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that is used in the synthesis of certain medications. Therefore, I will provide you with a chemical definition of thiohydantoin:
Thiohydantoins are heterocyclic compounds containing a core structure consisting of a six-membered ring with two nitrogen atoms and two sulfur atoms. They are formed by the condensation of α-amino acids or their derivatives with isothiocyanates or thiourea.
One of the most well-known thiohydantoin derivatives is phenytoin, an anticonvulsant medication used to treat seizures. Phenytoin works by blocking sodium channels in the brain, reducing the spread of abnormal electrical activity that can lead to seizures.
While thiohydantoins are not a medical term per se, they are an essential class of compounds with significant therapeutic applications in medicine.
Meteloidine
Tomatine
Tropine
Antimanic drugs
Solanidine
Flying ointment
Atropa baetica
Holocentric chromosome
Witches' Sabbath
Besom
Tigloidine
Datura
Physochlaina
Anthocercis
Dasyphyllum diacanthoides
Atropanthe
Vestia foetida
Solanaceae
Nicandra physalodes
Scopolia
Esculeoside A
Hyoscyameae
Brunfelsamidine
Desfontainia
Solanum nigrum
Latua
Datura metel
Eggplant
DH investigates two cases of solanaceous alkaloid poisoning
Meteloidine - Wikipedia
Medicinal Chemistry I - Theory - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
Tetraose steroidal glycoalkaloids from potato can provide complete protection against fungi and insects
UMLS. CSP-HL7-ICD9CM-NCI-NDFRT-RXNORM - Terms starting with 'E' - MEDINDEX.AM
Publication : USDA ARS
Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку для вузов. Кислякова Н.В - 17 стр.
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Tropane5
- A description of the intoxication indicates that the active principles may be solanaceous alkaloids of the tropane series. (entheology.com)
- Tropane alkaloids (TA) including anisodamine, anisodine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine are a group of important anticholinergic drugs with rapidly increasing market demand, so it is significant to improve TA production by biotechnological approaches. (biomedcentral.com)
- Some medicinal plants of Solanaceae are rich in tropane alkaloids(TAs), which have significant pharmacological activities. (bvsalud.org)
- Atropa belladonna is a medicinal plant and main commercial source of tropane alkaloids (TAs) including scopolamine and hyoscyamine, which are anticholine drugs widely used clinically. (bvsalud.org)
- The high concentration of solanum alkaloids and tropane alkaloids, present in mandragora, gives rise to anticholinergic properties when it is consumed as a vegetable. (biomedcentral.com)
Toxic alkaloid3
- A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. (harvard.edu)
- Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. (bvsalud.org)
- An unripe tomato that is still completely green does contain the toxic alkaloid solanine. (donkeybakery.com)
Anticholinergic1
- Solanaceous alkaloids cause anticholinergic symptoms including blurred vision, dry mouth, dizziness and confusion. (gov.hk)
Atropine1
- ATROPINE - poisonous, crystalline substance belonging to a class of compounds known as alkaloids and used in medicine. (slovar-vocab.com)
Atropa1
- An alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly SOLANACEAE . (nih.gov)
Solanaceae1
- Based on these data, the genetic relationship of TAs-containing Solanaceae species was preliminarily discussed, which provided a scientific basis for the basic research on TAs-containing solanaceous species and was of great significance for the development of natural medicinal plant resources containing TAs. (bvsalud.org)
Nitrogenous compounds2
- Alkaloids and Carbohydrates Alkaloids are basic nitrogenous compounds of vegetable origin. (zzapomni.com)
- Background: Since alkaloids are nitrogenous compounds, the availability of nitrogen [N] is expected to play an important role in the biosynthesis and accumulation of alkaloids in plants. (bvsalud.org)
Plants8
- Meteloidine is primarily found in solanaceous plants, and in one species of genus Erythroxylum. (wikipedia.org)
- Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are undesirable secondary metabolites in the Solanaceous plants potato and tomato. (usda.gov)
- UNIT 6 Pre-reading activities I. Match the following Russian words with their English equivalents: алкалоиды из семейства пасленовых hydrogen водород nitrogenous азотное flowering plants углерод unstable glycosides нестойкие гликозиды solanaceous alkaloids цветоносные растения carbon II. (zzapomni.com)
- Alkaloids occur in many families of flowering plants in the form of salts of organic acids or associated with tannins. (zzapomni.com)
- It would appear from what information I have been able to glean that Methysticodendron Aamesianum, which the Indians classify together with other intoxicating solanaceous plants similarly used, is by far the strongest of all the narcotics of the region, surpassing in danger and potency even the tree-species of Datura . (entheology.com)
- It has been proven that the application of small scale jar fermenters for culturing hairy roots induced from several Solanaceous plants is a very prospective method for production of TA [ 9 - 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- In this paper, the geographical distribution, chemical components, traditional therapeutic effect, pharmacological activities, and biosynthetic pathways of TAs in Solanaceous plants were summarized. (bvsalud.org)
- Coumarins - are found in many plants including lavender, horse chestnut, dandelion, solanaceous plants, poppies and sweet clover, Parsley and Angelica . (vin.com)
Datura2
- Meteloidine is an alkaloid found in some Brugmansia and Datura species. (wikipedia.org)
- It has been found in the leaves and flowers of Brugmansia candida, and in the roots of Datura leichhardtii, Brugmansia suaveolens, Anthocercis littorea and Anthocercis viscosa in minor quantities, and in Anthocercis genistoides as its principal alkaloid. (wikipedia.org)
Tannins1
- They are precipitated by tannins, so should not be mixed together (tannins can therefore be used to treat acute alkaloid toxicity). (vin.com)
Species2
- Alkaloids extracted from various species of Cinchona. (nih.gov)
- [ 3 ] En 1753, Carl Linnaeus describiu seis variedades de Solanum nigrum na súa obra Species Plantarum . (wikipedia.org)
Tomatoes1
- Certain people believe eating food items from the nightshade family like tomatoes, also called solanaceous veggies, can make arthritis worse. (tiptopgut.com)
Found3
- Its also found in Erythroxylum australe and is said to be cocaine-like alkaloid. (wikipedia.org)
- This heat-resistant natural poison is found in all solanaceous crops, like potatoes. (donkeybakery.com)
- Another group, isoquinoline alkaloids, include berberine, hydrastine and sanguinarine found in herbs such as barberry, Oregon Grape root, goldenseal and bloodroot). (vin.com)
Herbal2
- Solanaceous alkaloids were detected in both patients' urine and the herbal samples upon laboratory testing by the HA. (gov.hk)
- Preliminary investigation revealed that one herbal ingredient Radix Aucklandiae of the same batch (Batch No.: 60532110-1) was suspected to be contaminated with Solanaceous alkaloids. (gov.hk)
Vegetable1
- However, research has proven no connection between inflammation and the solanaceous vegetable family. (tiptopgut.com)
Important2
- However, these alkaloids are all important in phyto-medicine with rapid increasing market demand. (biomedcentral.com)
- Pyrrolizidine alkaloids as a subgroup are important for their potential toxicity, for example in Comfrey. (vin.com)
Herbs3
- The Department of Health (DH) is today (August 15) investigating two cases of solanaceous alkaloid poisoning after consumption of Chinese herbs. (gov.hk)
- Another female patient, aged 63, developed similar symptoms and signs compatible with solanaceous alkaloid poisoning on August 3, including delirium and lower limb weakness about three hours after consuming a broth prepared from Chinese herbs prescribed for dyspepsia by a CMP at the Haven of Hope - The Chinese University of Hong Kong CMCTR (Sai Kung District). (gov.hk)
- According to the Chinese medicine literature, the concerned herbs could not account for the presence of the solanaceous alkaloids detected. (gov.hk)
Bitter2
- Alkaloids - are derived from amino acids and tend to be bitter tasting (thus acting on the digestive system). (vin.com)
- Botanically classified as a berry , the fruit contains numerous small, soft, edible seeds that taste bitter because they contain or are covered in nicotinoid alkaloids , like the related tobacco . (wikipedia.org)
Plant3
- The pure alkaloids are usually present in the fresh plant as unstable glycosides. (zzapomni.com)
- However, there is no report on simultaneous introduction of PMT and TRI genes into any TA-producing plant including Anisodus acutangulus ( A. acutangulus ), which is a Solanaceous perennial plant that is endemic to China and is an attractive resource plant for production of TA. (biomedcentral.com)
- Mandragora is a solanaceous plant, native in the Mediterranean and southern and central Europe. (biomedcentral.com)
Properties1
- It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties. (bvsalud.org)
Rich1
- The fruit isn't, but the leaves, roots, and stem (and, in limited doses, even some unripe fruit) are rich in tomatine, an alkaloid that's mildly toxic to humans. (donkeybakery.com)
SOLANUM ALKALOIDS1
- M . Autumnalis is a solanaceous plant, common in the Sicilian countryside, which contains a variable concentration of solanum alkaloids, causing gastrointestinal irritation, and tropane alkaloids, with anticholinergic properties. (medscape.com)
Tropane Alkaloids1
- Hallucinogenic compounds that are called tropane alkaloids are added which might include deadly nightshade, jimsonweed, mandrake, cinquefoil, and foxglove. (wiccanbeauty.com)
Papaver3
- One possible key to how individuals dealt with the toxicity of the nightshades usually said to be part of flying ointments is through the supposed antidotal reaction some of the solanaceous alkaloids have with the alkaloids of Papaver somniferum (opium poppy). (vamzzz.com)
- Twilight sleep was a mixture of scopolamine, a belladonna alkaloid, and morphine, a Papaver alkaloid, that was injected and which furnished a combination of painkilling and amnesia for a woman in labor. (vamzzz.com)
- Alkaloids found in OPIUM from PAPAVER and their derivatives that induce analgesic and narcotic effects by action upon OPIOID RECEPTORS. (jefferson.edu)
Scopolamine1
- This could include solanaceous herbs that contain the alkaloids atropine, hyoscyamine and scopolamine. (wiccanbeauty.com)
Glycoalkaloids2
- abstract = "Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are potentially harmful specialty metabolites found in Solanaceous plants. (hw.ac.uk)
- Here the authors assess the extent to which two solanaceous glycoalkaloids (SGAs), alpha-solanine and alpha-chaconine, can alter the effects of neuromuscular blocking drugs and cholinesterase inhibitors in vivo and in vitro. (asahq.org)
Mandragora3
- Mandragora Autumnalis is a solanaceous plant that grows wild in the Sicilian countryside. (medscape.com)
- We report a case of anticholinergic syndrome due to unintentional assumption of Mandragora with clinical effects of its alkaloids. (medscape.com)
- Alkaloid chemodiversity in Mandragora spp. (hutton.ac.uk)
Crops2
- This heat-resistant natural poison is found in all solanaceous crops, like potatoes. (hortidaily.com)
- They also contain various levels of toxic alkaloids and can be hosts to destructive animals and diseases to crops, being related to other Solanaceous crop plants (Tomatoes, peppers, potatoes etc. (asu.edu)
Toxic1
- An unripe tomato that is still completely green does contain the toxic alkaloid solanine. (hortidaily.com)
Alcaloides1
- Alcaloides de tetrahidroisoquinolinol, en formas tanto dextrógiras como levógiras, que originalmente se encuentra en las plantas de SALSOLA. (bvsalud.org)
Leaves2
- Solanaceous leaves have higher alkaloidal content in the morning than those collected in the afternoon. (slideshare.net)
- Distinguished by its annual, herbaceous life form to a meter tall, often dark green, broad lance-elliptic leaves, white Solanaceous corollas with yellow anthers and dark blue mature berries. (asu.edu)
Content1
- Alkaloid content appears to be highly variable. (erowid.org)