Sodium
Chloride Channels
Sodium Chloride Symporters
Saline Solution, Hypertonic
Sodium Channels
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium, Dietary
Vinyl Chloride
Osmolar Concentration
Calcium Chloride
Potassium Chloride
Diet, Sodium-Restricted
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Isotonic Solutions
Taste
Sucrose
Sodium Lactate
Polyvinyl Chloride
Electrolytes
Sodium Isotopes
Potassium
Taste Threshold
Food Packaging
Sodium Nitrite
Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 3
Water-Electrolyte Balance
Bicarbonates
Bromides
Water
Osmosis
Mercuric Chloride
Culture Media
Meat Products
Hypertonic Solutions
Cetylpyridinium
Citric Acid
Kidney
Mannitol
Solutions
Methylene Chloride
Salts
Temperature
Gitelman Syndrome
Ammonium Chloride
Sodium Channel Blockers
Osmotic Pressure
Furosemide
Biological Transport, Active
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
Loop of Henle
Food Preservatives
Benzalkonium Compounds
Acid-Base Equilibrium
Quinine
Membrane Potentials
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Taste Perception
Electrolysis
Biological Transport
Epithelial Sodium Channels
Calcium
Glycols
Ouabain
Kidney Tubules
Hypotonic Solutions
Rats, Inbred Strains
Diuresis
Hydrochloric Acid
Urea
Kidney Tubules, Distal
Rabbits
Cadmium Chloride
Buffers
Fluid Therapy
Hypertension
Kidney Medulla
Staphylococcus
Aldosterone
Cattle
Sodium Salicylate
Amiloride
Spores
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Cromolyn Sodium
Symporters
Sodium Azide
Ions
Food Microbiology
Magnesium
Research
Aerosols
Desoxycorticosterone
Pharmacology
Meat
Rats, Wistar
Cell Membrane Permeability
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Chemical Precipitation
Renin
Sodium Acetate
Sodium Hypochlorite
Solubility
Filtration
Chemistry Techniques, Analytical
Molecular Sequence Data
Amino Acids
Cell Membrane
Food Handling
Adsorption
Swine
Glucose
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Respiratory Protective Devices
Pediococcus
4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid
Epithelium
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
Dogs
Infusions, Parenteral
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Anions
Random Allocation
Permeability
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Surface-Active Agents
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator
Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors
Acetates
NAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel
Chlorine
Colorimetry
Carbohydrates
Clostridium botulinum
Escherichia coli
Chromatography, Gel
Vasopressins
Centrifugation, Density Gradient
Amino Acid Sequence
Sterilization
Nitroprusside
Dialysis
Halobacterium
Urine
Centrifugation
Detergents
Lithium
Cells, Cultured
Chromatography
Sodium Selenite
Acetic Acid
Chemistry
Infusions, Intravenous
Ion Transport
Chemical Phenomena
Sheep
Methylnitronitrosoguanidine
Agar
Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors
Sodium Radioisotopes
Electrophysiology
Ion Channel Gating
Activity in saline of phthalylated or succinylated derivatives of mycobacterial water-soluble adjuvant. (1/8610)
A water-soluble fraction (WSA) of the cell wall can substitute for mycobacterial cells in Freund complete adjuvant. However, when WSA is administered in saline instead of in a water-in-oil emulsion, its adjuvant activity is very weak, and under certain experimental conditions it can even inhibit the humoral immune response. The data reported in the present study show that after treatment by phthalic or succinic anhydride the adjuvant activity of WSA was markedly changed, since high levels of circulating antibodies were produced when these derivatives were administered with an antigen in an aqueous medium. Moreover, the antigenic determinants of WSA were modified and acylated WSA had no tuberculin-like activity. (+info)Calorimetric studies on the stability of the ribosome-inactivating protein abrin II: effects of pH and ligand binding. (2/8610)
The effects of pH and ligand binding on the stability of abrin II, a heterodimeric ribosome-inactivating protein, and its subunits have been studied using high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. At pH7.2, the calorimetric scan consists of two transitions, which correspond to the B-subunit [transition temperature (Tm) 319.2K] and the A-subunit (Tm 324.6K) of abrin II, as also confirmed by studies on the isolated A-subunit. The calorimetric enthalpy of the isolated A-subunit of abrin II is similar to that of the higher-temperature transition. However, its Tm is 2.4K lower than that of the higher-temperature peak of intact abrin II. This indicates that there is some interaction between the two subunits. Abrin II displays increased stability as the pH is decreased to 4.5. Lactose increases the Tm values as well as the enthalpies of both transitions. This effect is more pronounced at pH7.2 than at pH4.5. This suggests that ligand binding stabilizes the native conformation of abrin II. Analysis of the B-subunit transition temperature as a function of lactose concentration suggests that two lactose molecules bind to one molecule of abrin II at pH7.2. The presence of two binding sites for lactose on the abrin II molecule is also indicated by isothermal titration calorimetry. Plotting DeltaHm (the molar transition enthalpy at Tm) against Tm yielded values for DeltaCp (change in excess heat capacity) of 27+/-2 kJ.mol-1.K-1 for the B-subunit and 20+/-1 kJ.mol-1.K-1 for the A-subunit. These values have been used to calculate the thermal stability of abrin II and to surmise the mechanism of its transmembrane translocation. (+info)Treating the syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion with isotonic saline. (3/8610)
It has been widely accepted that there is little use for saline treatment in the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH (SIADH). However, having observed that most SIADH patients increased their plasma sodium (PNa) after 2 l isotonic saline over 24 h, we investigated whether urine osmolality or the sum of urinary sodium and potassium (UNa + K) predicted this response, in 17 consecutive patients with chronic SIADH. The initial measure of urinary sodium plus potassium (UNa + K t0) was weakly correlated to the change in PNa (DPNa) after infusion (r = -0.51; p < 0.05), while initial urine osmolality (UOSM t0) was a much better predictor (y = -0.024x + 12.90; r = -0.81; p < 0.001). The lack of predictive value for UNa + K t0 was probably because urine electrolyte concentrations were not maximal for the corresponding initial UOSM. This reflects differences in salt intake between the patients. The theoretical maximal value for UNa + K t0 (th max UNa + K t0) for a given USOM t0, was as good a predictor as UOSM t0 (th max UNa + K vs. DPNa: r = -0.81; p < 0.001). A theoretical model describing the effect of 2 l isotonic saline infusion on DPNa as a function of UNa + K, produced values comparable to those observed in our patients. Only 6/17 patients, those with UOSM > 530 mOsm/kg, had their hyponatraemia aggravated by 2 l isotonic saline. Many SIADH patients have lower UOSM; in most such patients, 2 l of isotonic saline will improve PNa. (+info)H5 Histone and DNA-relaxing enzyme of chicken erythrocytes. Interaction with superhelical DNA. (4/8610)
The interaction of closed circular duplex DNA with the lysine-rich H5 histone fraction of avian erythrocytes has been studied. H5, like H1 histone, interacts preferentially with superhelical DNA. The extent of interaction increases with increasing negative or positive superhelicity. Salt-extracted lysine-rich histones show the same specificity for interaction with superhelices as do acid-extracted preparations. Chicken erythrocyte nuclei contain DNA-relaxing enzyme. This enzyme is extracted from the nuclei at lower salt concentrations than those required to extract H1 and H5 histones and is, therefore, probably a function of a protein distinct from H1 and H5 histones. (+info)Aggregation of deoxyhemoglobin S at low concentrations. (5/8610)
The self-association of deoxyhemoglobin S was measured in dilute solutions (0 to 5 g/dl) by Rayleigh light scattering at 630 nm and osmometry in 0.05 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.35). Weight and number average molecular weights (Mw and Mn, respectively) and the second or higher virial coefficients, B' were determined. No experimentally significant differences were observed between oxy- and deoxy-Hb S up to the concentration of 2 g/dl; their apparent average molecular weights were within experimental error. Above that concentration, both Mn and Mw of deoxy-Hb S were significantly different from that of oxy-Hb S. The negative second viral coefficent of deoxy-Hb S, observed by both techniques, is consistent with the self-association of this protein. The lack of effect of 0.4 M propylurea on the state of aggregation and the significant influence of 0.1 M NaCl suggests that polar interactions are involved in formation of these aggregates. (+info)Characterization of nuclear structures containing superhelical DNA. (6/8610)
Structures resembling nuclei but depleted of protein may be released by gently lysing cells in solutions containing non-ionic detergents and high concentrations of salt. These nucleoids sediment in gradients containing intercalating agents in a manner characteristic of DNA that is intact, supercoiled and circular. The concentration of salt present during isolation of human nucleoids affects their protein content. When made in I-95 M NaCl they lack histones and most of the proteins characteristic of chromatin; in 1-0 M NaCl they contain variable amounts of histones. The effects of various treatments on nucleoid integrity were investigated. (+info)Electrostatic interactions during activation of coagulation factor IX via the tissue factor pathway: effect of univalent salts. (7/8610)
Interaction between the Gla-domain of coagulation proteins and negatively charged phospholipid membranes is essential for blood coagulation reactions. The interaction is calcium-dependent and mediated both by electrostatic and hydrophobic forces. This report focuses on the electrostatic component of factor IX activation via the extrinsic pathway. Effective charges during the reaction are measured by ionic titration of activity, according to the Debye-Huckel and Gouy-Chapman models. Rates of activation decrease with ionic strength independently of the type of monovalent salt used to control ionic strength. Moreover, the effect of ionic strength decreases at concentrations of charged phospholipid approaching saturation levels, indicating that membrane charges participate directly in the ionic interaction measured. The effective charge on calcium-bound factor IX during activation on phospholipid membranes is 0.95+/-0.1. Possible sites mediating contacts between the Gla-domain and membranes are selected by geometrical criteria in several metal-bound Gla-domain structures. A pocket with a solvent opening-pore of area 24-38 A2 is found in the Gla-domain of factors IX, VII, and prothrombin. The pocket contains atoms with negative partial charges, including carboxylate oxygens from Gla residues, and has a volume of 57-114 A3, sufficient to accommodate additional calcium atoms. These studies demonstrate that electrostatic forces modify the activity coefficient of factor IX during functional interactions and suggest a conserved pocket motif as the contact site between the calcium-bound Gla-domain and charged membranes. (+info)Electrical and mechanical responses to diltiazem in potassium depolarized myocardium of the guinea pig. (8/8610)
Effects of diltiazem on the electrical and mechanical activities of guinea pig papillary muscle were investigated in K-rich Tyrode's solution (Kc1 12.7 mM). The electrical properties of cell membrane in K-rich solution were also examined in the ventricular muscle fibers. It was found that the overshoot as well as the maximum rate of rise (Vmax) of the action potential were highly sensitive to the extracellular concentration of CaC12 in K-rich solution. Vmax was also affected by NaC1. Diltiazem at a lower concentration (1.1 X 10(-7) M) caused a reduction in the contractile force of K-depolarized papillary muscle without producing significant changes in the resting and action potentials. In the presence of a higher concentration of diltiazem (1.1 X 10(-5) M), the contractile force decreased concurrently with the change in the action potential. Addition of CaC12 restored the original strength of contraction in parallel to the recovery of the action potential, especially in its overshoot and Vmax. From these results, it is inferred that diltiazem may decrease the contractile force of guinea pig papillary muscle either by interfering with the intrasmembrane calcium influx or by intracellularly reducing the free calcium ion concentration in the myoplasm. (+info)The main symptoms of Gitelman syndrome include:
* Muscle weakness and paralysis that can be triggered by changes in potassium levels, stress, or certain medications
* Muscle cramps and twitching
* Fatigue and malaise
* Abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
* Low blood pressure
* Constipation
Gitelman syndrome can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms with medications such as potassium supplements, salt substitutes, and medications to regulate heart rhythm and blood pressure. In some cases, a gluten-free diet may be recommended.
Gitelman syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning that an individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) to develop the condition. The prevalence of Gitelman syndrome is estimated to be around 1 in 20,000 to 1 in 40,000 individuals worldwide.
Overall, Gitelman syndrome is a rare and complex disorder that requires careful management by a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals. With appropriate treatment and lifestyle modifications, individuals with Gitelman syndrome can lead relatively normal lives.
There are two types of hypertension:
1. Primary Hypertension: This type of hypertension has no identifiable cause and is also known as essential hypertension. It accounts for about 90% of all cases of hypertension.
2. Secondary Hypertension: This type of hypertension is caused by an underlying medical condition or medication. It accounts for about 10% of all cases of hypertension.
Some common causes of secondary hypertension include:
* Kidney disease
* Adrenal gland disorders
* Hormonal imbalances
* Certain medications
* Sleep apnea
* Cocaine use
There are also several risk factors for hypertension, including:
* Age (the risk increases with age)
* Family history of hypertension
* Obesity
* Lack of exercise
* High sodium intake
* Low potassium intake
* Stress
Hypertension is often asymptomatic, and it can cause damage to the blood vessels and organs over time. Some potential complications of hypertension include:
* Heart disease (e.g., heart attacks, heart failure)
* Stroke
* Kidney disease (e.g., chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease)
* Vision loss (e.g., retinopathy)
* Peripheral artery disease
Hypertension is typically diagnosed through blood pressure readings taken over a period of time. Treatment for hypertension may include lifestyle changes (e.g., diet, exercise, stress management), medications, or a combination of both. The goal of treatment is to reduce the risk of complications and improve quality of life.
There are many potential causes of dehydration, including:
* Not drinking enough fluids
* Diarrhea or vomiting
* Sweating excessively
* Diabetes (when the body cannot properly regulate blood sugar levels)
* Certain medications
* Poor nutrition
* Infections
* Poor sleep
To diagnose dehydration, a healthcare provider will typically perform a physical examination and ask questions about the patient's symptoms and medical history. They may also order blood tests or other diagnostic tests to rule out other conditions that may be causing the symptoms.
Treatment for dehydration usually involves drinking plenty of fluids, such as water or electrolyte-rich drinks like sports drinks. In severe cases, intravenous fluids may be necessary. If the underlying cause of the dehydration is a medical condition, such as diabetes or an infection, treatment will focus on managing that condition.
Preventing dehydration is important for maintaining good health. This can be done by:
* Drinking enough fluids throughout the day
* Avoiding caffeine and alcohol, which can act as diuretics and increase urine production
* Eating a balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
* Avoiding excessive sweating by dressing appropriately for the weather and taking breaks in cool, shaded areas when necessary
* Managing medical conditions like diabetes and kidney disease properly.
In severe cases of dehydration, complications can include seizures, organ failure, and even death. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.
2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.
3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.
4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.
5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.
6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.
7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.
8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.
9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.
10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.
Body weight is an important health indicator, as it can affect an individual's risk for certain medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall health and well-being, and there are many ways to do so, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and other lifestyle changes.
There are several ways to measure body weight, including:
1. Scale: This is the most common method of measuring body weight, and it involves standing on a scale that displays the individual's weight in kg or lb.
2. Body fat calipers: These are used to measure body fat percentage by pinching the skin at specific points on the body.
3. Skinfold measurements: This method involves measuring the thickness of the skin folds at specific points on the body to estimate body fat percentage.
4. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive method that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage.
5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a more accurate method of measuring body composition, including bone density and body fat percentage.
It's important to note that body weight can fluctuate throughout the day due to factors such as water retention, so it's best to measure body weight at the same time each day for the most accurate results. Additionally, it's important to use a reliable scale or measuring tool to ensure accurate measurements.
Sodium chloride
Sodium-chloride symporter
Sodium chloride (data page)
Sodium- and chloride-dependent betaine transporter
Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter
Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 2
Sodium- and chloride-dependent creatine transporter 1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1
Brine
Halite
Sodium chlorate
RAVEN (Respecting Aboriginal Values & Environmental Needs)
Io (moon)
Na-K-Cl cotransporter
Löffler's medium
Hypothetical types of biochemistry
NIOSH air filtration rating
Chalybeate Spring, Mittagong
Glucose
Glyoxal
Adolf Stachel
Salt
William Shockley
Cyclic salt
Median lethal dose
Google Native Client
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Hydrolyzed vegetable protein
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List of food additives
Yessentuki
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Neodymium
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Mining Association of the United Kingdom
Sodium azide
Cloud seeding in the United Arab Emirates
Orcinol
Topical fluoride
Voltage-gated ion channel
Arhodomonas aquaeolei
Amount of substance
Pre-Bötzinger complex
Ethyl trifluoroacetate
1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene
Olfactory receptor neuron
Super-oxidized solution
Glass electrode
Sterling silver
2-Methyleneglutaronitrile
Nephron
Herz reaction
Phenylhydrazine
Beryllium nitrate
Tris(trimethylsilyl)amine
Praseodymium(III) carbonate
Sodium ferrocyanide
Air-free technique
Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium Chloride Injection Solution Information - Drugs.com
Clindamycin In 0.9 % Sodium Chloride Intravenous: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing - WebMD
Sodium (Chloride) | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University
Sources of sodium and chloride in the Scituate Reservoir drainage basin, Rhode Island | U.S. Geological Survey
WHO EMRO | Sodium chloride composition of commercial white bread in Morocco | Volume 23, issue 10 | EMHJ volume 23, 2017
Accidental use of sodium chloride - Page 1 - HCG Diet Info Forums
Sodium and Chloride | Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements |The National Academies Press
Macron™ Chemicals - Sodium Hydroxide - Zinc Chloride | Krackeler Scientific, Inc.
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Sodium chloride
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NaCl4
- Sodium Chloride, USP is chemically designated NaCl, a white crystalline powder freely soluble in water. (nih.gov)
- 1998). Second, NaCl increases Cd mobilization through the formation of soluble inorganic chloride complexes (CdCln2-n) and Cd desorption (due to the decreases of positive charges) from charged sites in soil solid phase (Weggler-Beaton et al. (deepdyve.com)
- 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP contains 9 g/L Sodium Chloride, USP (NaCl) with an osmolarity of 308 mOsmol/L (calc). (nih.gov)
- NaCl, or sodium chloride, is a well-known substance. (melscience.com)
Injection35
- Sodium Chloride Injection, USP solutions are sterile and nonpyrogenic. (nih.gov)
- They are parenteral solutions containing various concentrations of sodium chloride in water for injection intended for intravenous administration. (nih.gov)
- For 0.45% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, each 100 mL contains 450 mg sodium chloride in water for injection. (nih.gov)
- For 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, each 100 mL contains 900 mg sodium chloride in water for injection. (nih.gov)
- Sodium Chloride Injection, USP should be used with great care, if at all, in patients with congestive heart failure, severe renal insufficiency and in clinical states in which there exists edema with sodium retention. (nih.gov)
- The intravenous administration of Sodium Chloride Injection, USP can cause fluid and/or solute overloading resulting in dilution of serum electrolyte concentrations, overhydration, congested states or pulmonary edema. (nih.gov)
- In patients with diminished renal function, administration of Sodium Chloride Injection, USP may result in sodium retention. (nih.gov)
- What do I need to tell my doctor BEFORE I take Sodium Chloride Injection Solution? (drugs.com)
- If you have an allergy to sodium chloride or any other part of sodium chloride injection solution. (drugs.com)
- This is not a list of all drugs or health problems that interact with sodium chloride injection solution. (drugs.com)
- You must check to make sure that it is safe for you to take sodium chloride injection solution with all of your drugs and health problems. (drugs.com)
- What are some things I need to know or do while I take Sodium Chloride Injection Solution? (drugs.com)
- Tell all of your health care providers that you take sodium chloride injection solution. (drugs.com)
- You will need to talk about the benefits and risks of using sodium chloride injection solution while you are pregnant. (drugs.com)
- How is this medicine (Sodium Chloride Injection Solution) best taken? (drugs.com)
- Use sodium chloride injection solution as ordered by your doctor. (drugs.com)
- Burning, stinging, or redness where sodium chloride injection solution goes into the body. (drugs.com)
- Pain and irritation where sodium chloride injection solution goes into the body. (drugs.com)
- What are some other side effects of Sodium Chloride Injection Solution? (drugs.com)
- How do I store and/or throw out Sodium Chloride Injection Solution? (drugs.com)
- If you need to store sodium chloride injection solution at home, talk with your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist about how to store it. (drugs.com)
- 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, isotonic solution of sodium chloride and water for injection. (who.int)
- Sodium chloride injection containing additives should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed. (who.int)
- Whether you use water or sodium chloride, it must be bacteriostatic when the mixture is used for injection. (hcgdietinfo.com)
- Sodium Chloride Injection, USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic solution for fluid and electrolyte replenishment in single dose containers for intravenous administration. (nih.gov)
- Sodium Chloride Injection, USP has value as a source of water and electrolytes. (nih.gov)
- 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP is also indicated for use as a priming solution in hemodialysis procedures. (nih.gov)
- Depending on the volume and rate of infusion, and the patient's underlying clinical condition, the intravenous administration of Sodium Chloride Injection, USP can cause fluid disturbances such as overhydration/hypervolemia and congested states, including pulmonary congestion and edema. (nih.gov)
- Avoid 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP in patients with or at risk for fluid and/or solute overloading. (nih.gov)
- Sodium Chloride Injection, USP may cause hyponatremia. (nih.gov)
- The risk of hospital-acquired hyponatremia is increased in patients with cardiac or pulmonary failure, and in patients with non-osmotic vasopressin release (including SIADH) treated with high volume of Sodium Chloride Injection, USP. (nih.gov)
- Butylphthalide and Sodium Chloride Injection for mild ischemic stroke: A multicenter controlled study. (bvsalud.org)
- Efficacy of Guhong injection versus Butylphthalide and Sodium Chloride Injection for mild ischemic stroke: A multicenter controlled study. (bvsalud.org)
- The patients were given Guhong injection (experimental group) or Butylphthalide and Sodium Chloride Injection ( control group ). (bvsalud.org)
- Guhong injection is safe and more effective than Butylphthalide and Sodium Chloride Injection for treatment of IS. (bvsalud.org)
Isotonic7
- 0.9% Sodium Chloride Irrigation, USP in the Baxter Sterile Container System is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, isotonic solution for the preparation of slushed solution. (nih.gov)
- Solutions which provide combinations of hypotonic or isotonic concentrations of sodium chloride are suitable for parenteral maintenance or replacement of water and electrolyte requirements. (nih.gov)
- Isotonic concentrations of sodium chloride are suitable for parenteral replacement of chloride losses that exceed or equal the sodium loss. (nih.gov)
- In a child with severe acidosis or compromised circulation, an initial resuscitation of 10-20mL/kg of isotonic sodium chloride solution (0.9%) can be administered over 30 minutes. (medscape.com)
- Administer isotonic sodium chloride solution until blood glucose levels have fallen to 250-300mg/dL (ie, 12-15mmol/L), at which time glucose-containing fluids should be introduced (eg, 5% glucose with 0.45% sodium chloride). (medscape.com)
- 1610. Adulteration of isotonic solution of three chlorides and dextrose in isotonic solution of sodium chloride. (nih.gov)
- U. S. v. 26 Flasks of Isotonic Solution of Three Chlorides and 38 Flasks of Dextrose in Isotonic Solution of Sodium Chloride. (nih.gov)
Distribution and excretion of sodium1
- The distribution and excretion of sodium (Na + ) and chloride (Cl − ) are largely under the control of the kidney which maintains a balance between intake and output. (nih.gov)
Intake10
- Fatal voluntary salt intake resulting in the highest ever documented sodium plasma level in adults (255 mmol L-1): a disorder linked to female gender and psychiatric disorders. (nih.gov)
- In 2019, the National Academy of Medicine established an adequate intake ( AI ) for sodium of 1.5 grams (g)/day in adults, equivalent to 3.8 g/day of sodium chloride (salt). (oregonstate.edu)
- The National Academy of Medicine established a Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake (CDRR) for sodium of 2.3 g/day (5.8 g/day of salt) for adults based on evidence of potential long-term health benefits on blood pressure and risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease associated with reducing sodium intakes below this level. (oregonstate.edu)
- The high salt content of white bread might be a contributing factor to the high sodium intake in Morocco, especially considering that bread is a staple food in the country. (who.int)
- Any policies or initiatives to reduce sodium consumption should target bread as a strategic vehicle to reduce salt intake. (who.int)
- Evidence shows that high intake of sodium leads to hypertension, heart attacks and strokes, and several population-based studies around the world have reported that high salt intake is associated with elevated blood pressure (3). (who.int)
- Since one teaspoon of salt contains approximately 2,300 milligrams (mg) of sodium, it is easy to exceed the daily intake. (healthypig.com.hk)
- You can limit your sodium intake by eating unprocessed foods. (healthypig.com.hk)
- You may also find it easier to control sodium intake by cooking more at home. (healthypig.com.hk)
- EN] The reduction of the content of sodium chloride in dry-cured ham was studied in to prevent the problems related to high sodium intake (i.e. the hypertension). (upv.es)
Ions3
- Sodium chloride in water dissociates to provide sodium (Na + ) and chloride (Cl − ) ions. (nih.gov)
- Although this review emphasizes the function and requirements of sodium, sodium and chloride ions work together to control extracellular volume and blood pressure (1) . (oregonstate.edu)
- Sodium (Na + ) and chloride (Cl - ) are the principal ions in the extracellular compartment, which includes blood plasma , interstitial fluid (fluid between cells), and transcellular fluid (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid , joint fluid). (oregonstate.edu)
Dietary Reference Intakes1
- Dosages for chloride, as well as other nutrients, are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by the Food and Nutrition Board at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (medlineplus.gov)
Cation2
- Sodium (Na + ) is the principal cation of the extracellular fluid and plays a large part in the therapy of fluid and electrolyte disturbances. (nih.gov)
- Potassium (K + ) is the principal positively charged ion ( cation ) inside of cells, while sodium is the principal cation in extracellular fluid . (oregonstate.edu)
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE3
- Potassium chloride is commonly administered in electrolyte replacement therapy for diabetic ketoacidosis. (medscape.com)
- The aim of this work was to study the effect of sodium chloride replacement by potassium chloride on the quality of smoked sea bass, as well as the effect of different types of packaging. (upv.es)
- Potassium chloride is a common salt substitute. (medlineplus.gov)
Intakes1
- Current sodium intakes of the US adult population far exceed the CDRR. (oregonstate.edu)
Concentrations of sodium3
- Hypotonic concentrations of sodium chloride are suited for parenteral maintenance of water requirements when only small quantities of salt are desired. (nih.gov)
- Explants in these media established and in some of concentrations of sodium chloride (68.37-102.56 mM L -1 ) produced calli and adventitious shoots and roots better than the same media but free from sodium chloride. (scialert.net)
- BRITTO, Maria Letícia Borges and NABESHIMA, Cleber K. . Comparison of differents concentrations of sodium hypochlorite and sodium chloride as irrigants . (bvsalud.org)
Excretion1
- Various mechanisms act on the kidney to ensure that the amount of sodium lost via renal excretion compensates adequately for the amount of sodium consumed, thereby maintaining sodium homeostasis . (oregonstate.edu)
0.451
- The best outcomes have been achieved by using normal- or half-strength saline (ie, 0.9% or 0.45% sodium chloride) for first resuscitation and replacement. (medscape.com)
Intravenous1
- Intravenous solutions containing sodium chloride are indicated for parenteral replenishment of fluid and sodium chloride as required by the clinical condition of the patient. (nih.gov)
Extracellular fluid3
- Disturbances in sodium concentrations in the extracellular fluid are associated with disorders of water balance. (oregonstate.edu)
- Total body chloride averages 2,310 mmol (~82 g), of which 70% is distributed in the extracellular fluid and the remaining is found in the collagen of connective tissue (1) . (oregonstate.edu)
- PART III: SODIUM AND CHLORIDE 387 SODIUM CHLORIDE AND S odium and chloride are necessary to maintain extracellular fluid volume and plasma osmolality. (nationalacademies.org)
Mmol1
- Total body sodium in an average 70-kg person is of about 4,200 mmol (~100 g), of which 40% is found in bone and 60% in the fluid inside and outside of cells (1) . (oregonstate.edu)
Small intestine2
- Absorption of sodium in the small intestine plays an important role in the absorption of chloride, amino acids , glucose , and water. (oregonstate.edu)
- Sodium and chlorine play an important role in your small intestine. (healthypig.com.hk)
Contains sodium2
- Each mL contains sodium chloride 9 mg. (who.int)
- Baking soda also contains sodium. (healthypig.com.hk)
Concentration6
- A hypertonic concentration of sodium chloride may be used to repair severe salt depletion syndrome. (nih.gov)
- Water distribution depends primarily on the concentration of electrolytes in the body compartments and sodium (Na + ) plays a major role in maintaining physiologic equilibrium. (nih.gov)
- Sodium and chloride are electrolytes that contribute to the maintenance of concentration and charge differences across cell membranes . (oregonstate.edu)
- The concentration differences between potassium and sodium across cell membranes create an electrochemical gradient known as the membrane potential . (oregonstate.edu)
- The large proportion of energy dedicated to maintaining sodium/potassium concentration gradients emphasizes the importance of this function in sustaining life. (oregonstate.edu)
- Have the pharmacy prepare the syringe at a concentration of 1 U/mL (ie, 50 U insulin qs with 0.9% sodium chloride to 50 mL). (medscape.com)
Hydroxide1
- The solution may contain hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide for pH adjustment. (who.int)
White crystalline1
- It is made by combining Na (sodium) and Cl (chloride) to form a white crystalline cube. (healthypig.com.hk)
Electrolytes1
- Sodium and chloride - major electrolytes of the fluid compartment outside of cells (i.e., extracellular) - work together to control extracellular volume and blood pressure. (oregonstate.edu)
Nutrient2
- Sodium has been identified as a nutrient of public health concern for overconsumption. (oregonstate.edu)
- Sodium is a mineral and a naturally occurring nutrient. (healthypig.com.hk)
Saline solution1
- Sodium chloride is mixed with water to form a saline solution, which has many different medical uses. (healthypig.com.hk)
Teneur2
- La haute teneur en sel du pain blanc pourrait être un facteur qui contribue à la forte consommation de sodium au Maroc, surtout quand nous savons que le pain est un aliment de base dans le pays. (who.int)
- Eaux de boisson : teneur en sodium, teneur en chlorures et conductivité, rapport sur la réunion d' un groupe de travail de l' OMS, La Haye, 1er-5 mai 1978. (who.int)
Hyponatremia1
- Hyponatremia (abnormally low sodium concentrations in blood) is common among older adults and in individuals with hypertension , kidney disease, and heart disease. (oregonstate.edu)
Chlorine1
- Salt chlorination uses an electrolysis principle to generate chlorine from common non-iodised salt (sodium chloride) which has been added to the pool or spa water in a measured quantity. (resiglas.mu)
Water2
- Different types of saline solutions will contain different ratios of sodium chloride and water. (healthypig.com.hk)
- Sodium, chlorides, and conductivity in drinking-water : report on a WHO working group, The Hague, 1-5 May 1978. (who.int)
Chemicals1
- Chloride is found in many chemicals and other substances in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
Chemistry1
- The laboratory achieved satisfactory participation in the CAP proficiency testing surveys during 2011 for the urine chemistry surveys for sodium, potassium, and chloride and for the linearity and calibration verification surveys for sodium. (cdc.gov)
Biological1
- EN] Meat and meat products are generally recognised as good sources of high biological-value proteins, group B vitamins, minerals and trace elements as well as some other bioactive compounds. (upv.es)
Hypertension2
- Excess dietary sodium is a major contributor to hypertension, which is a leading preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. (oregonstate.edu)
- Yet, current evidence fails to support a decrease in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with moderate sodium restriction in patients with hypertension. (oregonstate.edu)
Container1
- The flexible plastic slush container is fabricated from a specially formulated polyvinyl chloride (PL 146 Plastic). (nih.gov)
Methodology1
- EN] A new methodology to obtain desalted cod by partial sodium replacement with potassium, and ready-to-eat, was proposed. (upv.es)
Table salt3
- Sodium chloride is table salt. (hcgdietinfo.com)
- Chloride is found in table salt or sea salt as sodium chloride. (medlineplus.gov)
- Most Americans probably get more chloride than they need from table salt and the salt in prepared foods. (medlineplus.gov)
High4
- If you have high sodium levels or swelling. (drugs.com)
- If you are at risk for high blood pressure or heart disease, your doctor may recommend that you stick to a low-sodium diet. (healthypig.com.hk)
- EN] High Hydrostatic Pressure technology emerged several years ago in response to consumer interest for products having greater organoleptic and nutritional quality than those traditionally processed by heat. (upv.es)
- Canadian Stockman® mineral feed offers high-quality sodium chloride products, helping today's producers and ranchers make the right choice for healthier, higher-performing herds. (siftocanadianstockman.com)
Reduction1
- Randomized controlled studies demonstrated that dietary sodium reduction (by 1.8 to 3.2 g/day) could lower blood pressure in subjects with elevated blood pressure. (oregonstate.edu)
Kidney1
- Additional adverse health outcomes, including gastric cancer , osteoporosis , and kidney stones , have also been linked to sodium overconsumption. (oregonstate.edu)
Nurse1
- In medical situations, your doctor or nurse will usually inject sodium chloride. (healthypig.com.hk)
Blood1
- Chloride (Cl − ) has an integral role in buffering action when oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs in the red blood cells. (nih.gov)
Body3
- What does your body use sodium chloride for? (healthypig.com.hk)
- Chloride is needed to keep the proper balance of body fluids. (medlineplus.gov)
- Too little chloride in the body can occur when your body loses a lot of fluids. (medlineplus.gov)
Medicine1
- How is sodium chloride used in medicine? (healthypig.com.hk)
Levels1
- It is used to treat low sodium levels. (drugs.com)