Sodium channel blockers. Medical search

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity.

Ion channels that specifically allow the passage of SODIUM ions. A variety of specific sodium channel subtypes are involved in serving specialized functions such as neuronal signaling, CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, and KIDNEY function.

Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.

A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes.

A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.

An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that mediates the sodium ion PERMEABILITY of CARDIOMYOCYTES. Defects in the SCN5A gene, which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel, are associated with a variety of CARDIAC DISEASES that result from loss of sodium channel function.

Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for ION CHANNEL GATING can be due to a variety of stimuli such as LIGANDS, a TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, mechanical deformation or through INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS.

A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.

Sodium channels found on salt-reabsorbing EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the distal NEPHRON; the distal COLON; SALIVARY DUCTS; SWEAT GLANDS; and the LUNG. They are AMILORIDE-sensitive and play a critical role in the control of sodium balance, BLOOD VOLUME, and BLOOD PRESSURE.

A class of drugs that inhibit the activation of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.

The opening and closing of ion channels due to a stimulus. The stimulus can be a change in membrane potential (voltage-gated), drugs or chemical transmitters (ligand-gated), or a mechanical deformation. Gating is thought to involve conformational changes of the ion channel which alters selective permeability.

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of potassium efflux through cell membranes. Blockade of potassium channels prolongs the duration of ACTION POTENTIALS. They are used as ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705)

A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.

Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that mediates the sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Defects in the SCN2A gene which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel are associated with benign familial infantile seizures type 3, and early infantile epileptic encephalopathy type 11.

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype found widely expressed in neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Defects in the SCN8A gene which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel are associated with ATAXIA and cognitive deficits.

An alkaloid found in the root of RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA, among other plant sources. It is a class Ia antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials.

Agents used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. They may affect the polarization-repolarization phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibers. Anti-arrhythmia agents are often classed into four main groups according to their mechanism of action: sodium channel blockade, beta-adrenergic blockade, repolarization prolongation, or calcium channel blockade.

A family of membrane proteins that selectively conduct SODIUM ions due to changes in the TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE. They typically have a multimeric structure with a core alpha subunit that defines the sodium channel subtype and several beta subunits that modulate sodium channel activity.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

A subclass of sodium channel blockers that are specific for EPITHELIAL SODIUM CHANNELS.

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that is expressed in nociceptors, including spinal and trigeminal sensory neurons. It plays a role in the transmission of pain signals induced by cold, heat, and mechanical stimuli.

An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.

Abrupt changes in the membrane potential that sweep along the CELL MEMBRANE of excitable cells in response to excitation stimuli.

A class of drugs that stimulate sodium influx through cell membrane channels.

Disease or trauma involving a single peripheral nerve in isolation, or out of proportion to evidence of diffuse peripheral nerve dysfunction. Mononeuropathy multiplex refers to a condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. Mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ISCHEMIA; traumatic injury; compression; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; and other conditions.

Morphine derivatives of the methanobenzazocine family that act as potent analgesics.

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that is predominantly expressed in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Defects in the SCN1A gene which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel are associated with DRAVET SYNDROME, generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, type 2 (GEFS+2), and familial hemiplegic migraine type 3.

Peptide neurotoxins from the marine fish-hunting snails of the genus CONUS. They contain 13 to 29 amino acids which are strongly basic and are highly cross-linked by disulfide bonds. There are three types of conotoxins, omega-, alpha-, and mu-. OMEGA-CONOTOXINS inhibit voltage-activated entry of calcium into the presynaptic membrane and therefore the release of ACETYLCHOLINE. Alpha-conotoxins inhibit the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor. Mu-conotoxins prevent the generation of muscle action potentials. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)

Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype found widely expressed in nociceptive primary sensory neurons. Defects in the SCN9A gene, which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel, are associated with several pain sensation-related disorders.

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype that mediates the sodium ion PERMEABILITY of SKELETAL MYOCYTES. Defects in the SCN4A gene, which codes for the alpha subunit of this sodium channel, are associated with several MYOTONIC DISORDERS.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Potassium channels where the flow of K+ ions into the cell is greater than the outward flow.

Cell membrane glycoproteins that form channels to selectively pass chloride ions. Nonselective blockers include FENAMATES; ETHACRYNIC ACID; and TAMOXIFEN.

A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.

A form of heart block in which the electrical stimulation of HEART VENTRICLES is interrupted at either one of the branches of BUNDLE OF HIS thus preventing the simultaneous depolarization of the two ventricles.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Batrachotoxin is the 20-alpha-bromobenzoate of batrachotoxin A; they are toxins from the venom of a small Colombian frog, Phyllobates aurotaenia, cause release of acetylcholine, destruction of synaptic vesicles and depolarization of nerve and muscle fibers.

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype found in neuronal tissue that mediates the sodium ion PERMEABILITY of excitable membranes.

An anticonvulsant used to control grand mal and psychomotor or focal seizures. Its mode of action is not fully understood, but some of its actions resemble those of PHENYTOIN; although there is little chemical resemblance between the two compounds, their three-dimensional structure is similar.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Venoms from animals of the order Scorpionida of the class Arachnida. They contain neuro- and hemotoxins, enzymes, and various other factors that may release acetylcholine and catecholamines from nerve endings. Of the several protein toxins that have been characterized, most are immunogenic.

Long-lasting voltage-gated CALCIUM CHANNELS found in both excitable and nonexcitable tissue. They are responsible for normal myocardial and vascular smooth muscle contractility. Five subunits (alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, gamma, and delta) make up the L-type channel. The alpha-1 subunit is the binding site for calcium-based antagonists. Dihydropyridine-based calcium antagonists are used as markers for these binding sites.

Potassium channel whose permeability to ions is extremely sensitive to the transmembrane potential difference. The opening of these channels is induced by the membrane depolarization of the ACTION POTENTIAL.

Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the HEART as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. The recording is monitored by a tracing on slow moving chart paper or by observing it on a cardioscope, which is a CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAY.

A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.

Heteromultimers of Kir6 channels (the pore portion) and sulfonylurea receptor (the regulatory portion) which affect function of the HEART; PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS. KATP channel blockers include GLIBENCLAMIDE and mitiglinide whereas openers include CROMAKALIM and minoxidil sulfate.

A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

Female germ cells derived from OOGONIA and termed OOCYTES when they enter MEIOSIS. The primary oocytes begin meiosis but are arrested at the diplotene state until OVULATION at PUBERTY to give rise to haploid secondary oocytes or ova (OVUM).

The ability of a substrate to allow the passage of ELECTRONS.

Potassium channels whose activation is dependent on intracellular calcium concentrations.

A voltage-gated sodium channel subtype found in the neurons of the NERVOUS SYSTEM and DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA. It may play a role in the generation of heat and mechanical pain hypersensitivity.

An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.

Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.

An impulse-conducting system composed of modified cardiac muscle, having the power of spontaneous rhythmicity and conduction more highly developed than the rest of the heart.

A voltage-gated sodium channel beta subunit abundantly expressed in SKELETAL MUSCLE; HEART; and BRAIN. It non-covalently associates with voltage-gated alpha subunits. Defects in the SCN1B gene, which codes for this beta subunit, are associated with generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus, type 1, and Brugada syndrome 5.

The commonest and widest ranging species of the clawed "frog" (Xenopus) in Africa. This species is used extensively in research. There is now a significant population in California derived from escaped laboratory animals.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

A heterogenous group of transient or low voltage activated type CALCIUM CHANNELS. They are found in cardiac myocyte membranes, the sinoatrial node, Purkinje cells of the heart and the central nervous system.

CALCIUM CHANNELS that are concentrated in neural tissue. Omega toxins inhibit the actions of these channels by altering their voltage dependence.

A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.

An aquatic genus of the family, Pipidae, occurring in Africa and distinguished by having black horny claws on three inner hind toes.

An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.

Voltage-gated potassium channels whose primary subunits contain six transmembrane segments and form tetramers to create a pore with a voltage sensor. They are related to their founding member, shaker protein, Drosophila.

A major class of calcium activated potassium channels whose members are voltage-dependent. MaxiK channels are activated by either membrane depolarization or an increase in intracellular Ca(2+). They are key regulators of calcium and electrical signaling in a variety of tissues.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A family of proton-gated sodium channels that are primarily expressed in neuronal tissue. They are AMILORIDE-sensitive and are implicated in the signaling of a variety of neurological stimuli, most notably that of pain in response to acidic conditions.

A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A voltage-gated sodium channel beta subunit subtype that non-covalently associates with voltage-gated alpha subunits. Defects in the SCN3B gene which codes for this beta subunit are associated with Brugada syndrome 7.

A subgroup of TRP cation channels that contain 3-4 ANKYRIN REPEAT DOMAINS and a conserved C-terminal domain. Members are highly expressed in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Selectivity for calcium over sodium ranges from 0.5 to 10.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions similar to those of chlorpropamide.

Agents that increase calcium influx into calcium channels of excitable tissues. This causes vasoconstriction in VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE and/or CARDIAC MUSCLE cells as well as stimulation of insulin release from pancreatic islets. Therefore, tissue-selective calcium agonists have the potential to combat cardiac failure and endocrinological disorders. They have been used primarily in experimental studies in cell and tissue culture.

Regularly spaced gaps in the myelin sheaths of peripheral axons. Ranvier's nodes allow saltatory conduction, that is, jumping of impulses from node to node, which is faster and more energetically favorable than continuous conduction.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is the predominant VOLTAGE-GATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL of T-LYMPHOCYTES.

A subgroup of cyclic nucleotide-regulated ION CHANNELS within the superfamily of pore-loop cation channels. They are expressed in OLFACTORY NERVE cilia and in PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS and some PLANTS.

One of the POTASSIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS, with secondary effect on calcium currents, which is used mainly as a research tool and to characterize channel subtypes.

The active insecticidal constituent of CHRYSANTHEMUM CINERARIIFOLIUM flowers. Pyrethrin I is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid and pyrethrin II is the pyretholone ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester.

Benzoic acid or benzoic acid esters substituted with one or more nitro groups.

A family of mechanosensitive sodium channels found primarily in NEMATODES where they play a role in CELLULAR MECHANOTRANSDUCTION. Degenerin sodium channels are structurally-related to EPITHELIAL SODIUM CHANNELS and are named after the fact that loss of their activity results in cellular degeneration.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is selectively inhibited by a variety of SCORPION VENOMS.

The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active, passive or facilitated. Ions may travel by themselves (uniport), or as a group of two or more ions in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) directions.

Arthropods of the order Scorpiones, of which 1500 to 2000 species have been described. The most common live in tropical or subtropical areas. They are nocturnal and feed principally on insects and other arthropods. They are large arachnids but do not attack man spontaneously. They have a venomous sting. Their medical significance varies considerably and is dependent on their habits and venom potency rather than on their size. At most, the sting is equivalent to that of a hornet but certain species possess a highly toxic venom potentially fatal to humans. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Smith, Insects and Other Arthropods of Medical Importance, 1973, p417; Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, p503)

Venoms of arthropods of the order Araneida of the ARACHNIDA. The venoms usually contain several protein fractions, including ENZYMES, hemolytic, neurolytic, and other TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL.

Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.

Insects of the order Dictyoptera comprising several families including Blaberidae, BLATTELLIDAE, Blattidae (containing the American cockroach PERIPLANETA americana), Cryptocercidae, and Polyphagidae.

Cell membrane glycoproteins that are selectively permeable to potassium ions. At least eight major groups of K channels exist and they are made up of dozens of different subunits.

A voltage-gated sodium channel beta subunit subtype that covalently associates with voltage-gated alpha subunits. Defects in the SCN4B gene, which codes for this beta subunit, are associated with long QT syndrome-10.

A family of voltage-gated potassium channels that are characterized by long N-terminal and C-terminal intracellular tails. They are named from the Drosophila protein whose mutation causes abnormal leg shaking under ether anesthesia. Their activation kinetics are dependent on extracellular MAGNESIUM and PROTON concentration.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that is commonly mutated in human episodic ATAXIA and MYOKYMIA.

A major class of calcium-activated potassium channels that are found primarily in excitable CELLS. They play important roles in the transmission of ACTION POTENTIALS and generate a long-lasting hyperpolarization known as the slow afterhyperpolarization.

A family of delayed rectifier voltage-gated potassium channels that share homology with their founding member, KCNQ1 PROTEIN. KCNQ potassium channels have been implicated in a variety of diseases including LONG QT SYNDROME; DEAFNESS; and EPILEPSY.

A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after vanilloid receptor. They are very sensitive to TEMPERATURE and hot spicy food and CAPSAICIN. They have the TRP domain and ANKYRIN repeats. Selectivity for CALCIUM over SODIUM ranges from 3 to 100 fold.

A voltage-gated sodium channel beta subunit that binds covalently to voltage-gated alpha subunits.

Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Sodium or sodium compounds used in foods or as a food. The most frequently used compounds are sodium chloride or sodium glutamate.

A delayed rectifier subtype of shaker potassium channels that conducts a delayed rectifier current. It contributes to ACTION POTENTIAL repolarization of MYOCYTES in HEART ATRIA.

A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.

Compounds that either stimulate the opening or prevent closure of EPITHELIAL SODIUM ION CHANNELS.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.

Single chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric PROTEINS. Multimeric proteins can be composed of identical or non-identical subunits. One or more monomeric subunits may compose a protomer which itself is a subunit structure of a larger assembly.

Compounds based on an 8-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered medium ring ethers.

A 37-amino acid residue peptide isolated from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. It is a neurotoxin that inhibits calcium activated potassium channels.

Toxic or poisonous substances elaborated by marine flora or fauna. They include also specific, characterized poisons or toxins for which there is no more specific heading, like those from poisonous FISHES.

An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.

A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after melastatin protein. They have the TRP domain but lack ANKYRIN repeats. Enzyme domains in the C-terminus leads to them being called chanzymes.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.

A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.

A neurotoxic peptide, which is a cleavage product (VIa) of the omega-Conotoxin precursor protein contained in venom from the marine snail, CONUS geographus. It is an antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS, N-TYPE.

A highly neurotoxic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It consists of 18 amino acids with two disulfide bridges and causes hyperexcitability resulting in convulsions and respiratory paralysis.

Agents that antagonize ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR. Included are ANGIOTENSIN II analogs such as SARALASIN and biphenylimidazoles such as LOSARTAN. Some are used as ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS.

Use of electric potential or currents to elicit biological responses.

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of MYOTONIC DISORDERS.

A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.

A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.

A superorder of CEPHALOPODS comprised of squid, cuttlefish, and their relatives. Their distinguishing feature is the modification of their fourth pair of arms into tentacles, resulting in 10 limbs.

Venoms from jellyfish; CORALS; SEA ANEMONES; etc. They contain hemo-, cardio-, dermo- , and neuro-toxic substances and probably ENZYMES. They include palytoxin, sarcophine, and anthopleurine.

A family of structurally related neurotoxic peptides from mollusk venom that inhibit voltage-activated entry of calcium into the presynaptic membrane. They selectively inhibit N-, P-, and Q-type calcium channels.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A subfamily of shaker potassium channels that shares homology with its founding member, Shab protein, Drosophila. They regulate delayed rectifier currents in the NERVOUS SYSTEM of DROSOPHILA and in the SKELETAL MUSCLE and HEART of VERTEBRATES.

A voltage-gated potassium channel that is expressed primarily in the HEART.

An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.

The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

A major class of calcium-activated potassium channels that were originally discovered in ERYTHROCYTES. They are found primarily in non-excitable CELLS and set up electrical gradients for PASSIVE ION TRANSPORT.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Proteins obtained from species in the class of AMPHIBIANS.

A broad group of eukaryotic six-transmembrane cation channels that are classified by sequence homology because their functional involvement with SENSATION is varied. They have only weak voltage sensitivity and ion selectivity. They are named after a DROSOPHILA mutant that displayed transient receptor potentials in response to light. A 25-amino-acid motif containing a TRP box (EWKFAR) just C-terminal to S6 is found in TRPC, TRPV and TRPM subgroups. ANKYRIN repeats are found in TRPC, TRPV & TRPN subgroups. Some are functionally associated with TYROSINE KINASE or TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES.

CALCIUM CHANNELS located within the PURKINJE CELLS of the cerebellum. They are involved in stimulation-secretion coupling of neurons.

A shaker subfamily that is prominently expressed in NEURONS and are necessary for high-frequency, repetitive firing of ACTION POTENTIALS.

A cell line generated from human embryonic kidney cells that were transformed with human adenovirus type 5.

Venoms from mollusks, including CONUS and OCTOPUS species. The venoms contain proteins, enzymes, choline derivatives, slow-reacting substances, and several characterized polypeptide toxins that affect the nervous system. Mollusk venoms include cephalotoxin, venerupin, maculotoxin, surugatoxin, conotoxins, and murexine.

A fast inactivating subtype of shaker potassium channels that contains two inactivation domains at its N terminus.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.

The study of PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and PHYSICAL PROCESSES as applied to living things.

A genus of fish, in the family GYMNOTIFORMES, capable of producing an electric shock that immobilizes fish and other prey. The species Electrophorus electricus is also known as the electric eel, though it is not a true eel.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A subgroup of cyclic nucleotide-regulated ION CHANNELS of the superfamily of pore-loop cation channels that are opened by hyperpolarization rather than depolarization. The ion conducting pore passes SODIUM, CALCIUM, and POTASSIUM cations with a preference for potassium.

Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Polycyclic ethers produced by Gambierdiscus (DINOFLAGELLATES) from gambiertoxins, which are ingested by fish which in turn may be ingested by humans who are susceptible to the CIGUATERA POISONING.

A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.

A peripheral arterial disease that is characterized by the triad of ERYTHEMA, burning PAIN, and increased SKIN TEMPERATURE of the extremities (or red, painful extremities). Erythromelalgia may be classified as primary or idiopathic, familial or non-familial. Secondary erythromelalgia is associated with other diseases, the most common being MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A shaker subfamily of potassium channels that participate in transient outward potassium currents by activating at subthreshold MEMBRANE POTENTIALS, inactivating rapidly, and recovering from inactivation quickly.

A family of inwardly-rectifying potassium channels that are activated by PERTUSSIS TOXIN sensitive G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. GIRK potassium channels are primarily activated by the complex of GTP-BINDING PROTEIN BETA SUBUNITS and GTP-BINDING PROTEIN GAMMA SUBUNITS.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A group of slow opening and closing voltage-gated potassium channels. Because of their delayed activation kinetics they play an important role in controlling ACTION POTENTIAL duration.

CALCIUM CHANNELS located in the neurons of the brain.

A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.

A hormone secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium.

Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

The pore-forming subunits of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. They form tetramers in CELL MEMBRANES.

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

10-carbon saturated monocarboxylic acids.

A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.

A tetrameric calcium release channel in the SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM membrane of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, acting oppositely to SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES. It is important in skeletal and cardiac excitation-contraction coupling and studied by using RYANODINE. Abnormalities are implicated in CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS and MUSCULAR DISEASES.

CALCIUM CHANNELS located in the neurons of the brain. They are inhibited by the marine snail toxin, omega conotoxin MVIIC.

Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.

Synthetic transcripts of a specific DNA molecule or fragment, made by an in vitro transcription system. This cRNA can be labeled with radioactive uracil and then used as a probe. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.

A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.

The physical characteristics and processes of biological systems.

Ultra-slow inactivation in mu1 Na+ channels is produced by a structural rearrangement of the outer vestibule. (1/1462)

While studying the adult rat skeletal muscle Na+ channel outer vestibule, we found that certain mutations of the lysine residue in the domain III P region at amino acid position 1237 of the alpha subunit, which is essential for the Na+ selectivity of the channel, produced substantial changes in the inactivation process. When skeletal muscle alpha subunits (micro1) with K1237 mutated to either serine (K1237S) or glutamic acid (K1237E) were expressed in Xenopus oocytes and depolarized for several minutes, the channels entered a state of inactivation from which recovery was very slow, i.e., the time constants of entry into and exit from this state were in the order of approximately 100 s. We refer to this process as "ultra-slow inactivation". By contrast, wild-type channels and channels with the charge-preserving mutation K1237R largely recovered within approximately 60 s, with only 20-30% of the current showing ultra-slow recovery. Coexpression of the rat brain beta1 subunit along with the K1237E alpha subunit tended to accelerate the faster components of recovery from inactivation, as has been reported previously of native channels, but had no effect on the mutation-induced ultra-slow inactivation. This implied that ultra-slow inactivation was a distinct process different from normal inactivation. Binding to the pore of a partially blocking peptide reduced the number of channels entering the ultra-slow inactivation state, possibly by interference with a structural rearrangement of the outer vestibule. Thus, ultra-slow inactivation, favored by charge-altering mutations at site 1237 in micro1 Na+ channels, may be analogous to C-type inactivation in Shaker K+ channels. (+info)

Tetraethylammonium block of the BNC1 channel. (2/1462)

The brain Na+ channel-1 (BNC1, also known as MDEG1 or ASIC2) is a member of the DEG/ENaC cation channel family. Mutation of a specific residue (Gly430) that lies N-terminal to the second membrane-spanning domain activates BNC1 and converts it from a Na+-selective channel to one permeable to both Na+ and K+. Because all K+ channels are blocked by tetraethylammonium (TEA), we asked if TEA would inhibit BNC1 with a mutation at residue 430. External TEA blocked BNC1 when residue 430 was a Val or a Thr. Block was steeply voltage-dependent and was reduced when current was outward, suggesting multi-ion block within the channel pore. Block was dependent on the size of the quaternary ammonium; the smaller tetramethylammonium blocked with similar properties, whereas the larger tetrapropylammonium had little effect. When residue 430 was Phe, the effects of tetramethylammonium and tetrapropylammonium were not altered. In contrast, block by TEA was much less voltage-dependent, suggesting that the Phe mutation introduced a new TEA binding site located approximately 30% of the way across the electric field. These results provide insight into the structure and function of BNC1 and suggest that TEA may be a useful tool to probe function of this channel family. (+info)

RSD1000: a novel antiarrhythmic agent with increased potency under acidic and high-potassium conditions. (3/1462)

This study reports the use of a novel agent, RSD1000 [(+/-)-trans-[2-(4-morpholinyl)cyclohexyl]naphthalene-1-acetate mono hydrochloride], to test the hypothesis that a drug with pKa close to the pH found in ischemic tissue may have selective antiarrhythmic actions against ischemia-induced arrhythmias. The antiarrhythmic ED50 for RSD1000 against ischemic arrhythmias was 2.5 +/- 0.1 micromol/kg/min in rats. This value was significantly lower than doses that suppressed electrically induced arrhythmias. In isolated rat hearts, RSD1000 was approximately 40 times more potent in producing ECG changes (i.e., P-R and QRS prolongation) in acid (pHo = 6.4) and high [K+]o (10.8 mM) buffer than in normal buffer (pHo = 7.4; [K+]o = 3.4 mM). In patch-clamped, whole-cell rat cardiac myocytes, inhibition of sodium (INa) currents by RSD1000 was pH- and use-dependent. The IC50 for INa blockade was lower (P <.05) in acid (0.8 +/- 0.1 microM) than in pH 7.3 (2.9 +/- 0.3 microM), respectively, whereas the IC50 for blockade of transient outward potassium current (ITO) at pH = 6.4 and 7.3 was 3.3 +/- 0.4 and 2.8 +/- 0.1 microM, respectively. Mixed ion channel block in ischemic myocardium with minimal effects on normal cardiac tissue, as governed by the low pKa of RSD1000, may account for its antiarrhythmic activity against ischemia-induced arrhythmias. (+info)

Cardiac sodium channel Markov model with temperature dependence and recovery from inactivation. (4/1462)

A Markov model of the cardiac sodium channel is presented. The model is similar to the CA1 hippocampal neuron sodium channel model developed by Kuo and Bean (1994. Neuron. 12:819-829) with the following modifications: 1) an additional open state is added; 2) open-inactivated transitions are made voltage-dependent; and 3) channel rate constants are exponential functions of enthalpy, entropy, and voltage and have explicit temperature dependence. Model parameters are determined using a simulated annealing algorithm to minimize the error between model responses and various experimental data sets. The model reproduces a wide range of experimental data including ionic currents, gating currents, tail currents, steady-state inactivation, recovery from inactivation, and open time distributions over a temperature range of 10 degrees C to 25 degrees C. The model also predicts measures of single channel activity such as first latency, probability of a null sweep, and probability of reopening. (+info)

Calcium block of Na+ channels and its effect on closing rate. (5/1462)

Calcium ion transiently blocks Na+ channels, and it shortens the time course for closing of their activation gates. We examined the relation between block and closing kinetics by using the Na+ channels natively expressed in GH3 cells, a clonal line of rat pituitary cells. To simplify analysis, inactivation of the Na+ channels was destroyed by including papain in the internal medium. All divalent cations tested, and trivalent La3+, blocked a progressively larger fraction of the channels as their concentration increased, and they accelerated the closing of the Na+ channel activation gate. For calcium, the most extensively studied cation, there is an approximately linear relation between the fraction of the channels that are calcium-blocked and the closing rate. Extrapolation of the data to very low calcium suggests that closing rate is near zero when there is no block. Analysis shows that, almost with certainty, the channels can close when occupied by calcium. The analysis further suggests that the channels close preferentially or exclusively from the calcium-blocked state. (+info)

Distinguishing surface effects of calcium ion from pore-occupancy effects in Na+ channels. (6/1462)

The effects of calcium ion on the Na+ activation gate were studied in squid giant axons. Saxitoxin (STX) was used to block ion entry into Na+ channels without hindering access to the membrane surface, making it possible to distinguish surface effects of calcium from pore-occupancy effects. In the presence of STX, gating kinetics were measured from gating current (Ig). The kinetic effects of external calcium concentration changes were small when STX was present. In the absence of STX, lowering the calcium concentration (from 100 to 10 mM) slowed the closing of Na+ channels (measured from INa tails) by more than a factor of 2. Surprisingly, the voltage sensitivity of closing kinetics changed with calcium concentration, and it was modified by STX. Voltage sensitivity apparently depends in part on the ability of calcium to enter and block the channels as voltage is driven negative. In external medium with no added calcium, INa tail current initially increases in amplitude severalfold with the relief of calcium block, then progressively slows and gets smaller, as calcium diffuses out of the layers investing the axon. INa tails seen just before the current disappears suggest that closing in the absence of channel block is very slow or does not occur. INa amplitude and kinetics are completely restored when calcium is returned. The results strongly suggest that calcium occupancy is a requirement for channel closing and that nonoccupied channels fold reversibly into a nonfunctional conformation. (+info)

Osmotic regulation of airway reactivity by epithelium. (7/1462)

Inhalation of nonisotonic solutions can elicit pulmonary obstruction in asthmatic airways. We evaluated the hypothesis that the respiratory epithelium is involved in responses of the airways to nonisotonic solutions using the guinea pig isolated, perfused trachea preparation to restrict applied agents to the mucosal (intraluminal) or serosal (extraluminal) surface of the airway. In methacholine-contracted tracheae, intraluminally applied NaCl or KCl equipotently caused relaxation that was unaffected by the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, but was attenuated by removal of the epithelium and Na+ and Cl- channel blockers. Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter and nitric oxide synthase blockers caused a slight inhibition of relaxation, whereas Na+,K+-pump inhibition produced a small potentiation. Intraluminal hyperosmolar KCl and NaCl inhibited contractions in response to intra- or extraluminally applied methacholine, as well as neurogenic cholinergic contractions elicited with electric field stimulation (+/- indomethacin). Extraluminally applied NaCl and KCl elicited epithelium-dependent relaxation (which for KCl was followed by contraction). In contrast to the effects of hyperosmolarity, intraluminal hypo-osmolarity caused papaverine-inhibitable contractions (+/- epithelium). These findings suggest that the epithelium is an osmotic sensor which, through the release of epithelium-derived relaxing factor, can regulate airway diameter by modulating smooth muscle responsiveness and excitatory neurotransmission. (+info)

N-type calcium channel inactivation probed by gating-current analysis. (8/1462)

N-type calcium channels inactivate most rapidly in response to moderate, not extreme depolarization. This behavior reflects an inactivation rate that bears a U-shaped dependence on voltage. Despite this apparent similarity to calcium-dependent inactivation, N-type channel inactivation is insensitive to the identity of divalent charge carrier and, in some reports, to the level of internal buffering of divalent cations. Hence, the inactivation of N-type channels fits poorly with the "classic" profile for either voltage-dependent or calcium-dependent inactivation. To investigate this unusual inactivation behavior, we expressed recombinant N-type calcium channels in mammalian HEK 293 cells, permitting in-depth correlation of ionic current inactivation with potential alterations of gating current properties. Such correlative measurements have been particularly useful in distinguishing among various inactivation mechanisms in other voltage-gated channels. Our main results are the following: 1) The degree of gating charge immobilization was unchanged by the block of ionic current and precisely matched by the extent of ionic current inactivation. These results argue for a purely voltage-dependent mechanism of inactivation. 2) The inactivation rate was fastest at a voltage where only approximately (1)/(3) of the total gating charge had moved. This unusual experimental finding implies that inactivation occurs most rapidly from intermediate closed conformations along the activation pathway, as we demonstrate with novel analytic arguments applied to coupled-inactivation schemes. These results provide strong, complementary support for a "preferential closed-state" inactivation mechanism, recently proposed on the basis of ionic current measurements of recombinant N-type channels (Patil et al., . Neuron. 20:1027-1038). (+info)

Sodium channel blockers are drugs which impair the conduction of sodium ions (Na+) through sodium channels. The following ... Sodium channel blockers are also used as local anesthetics and anticonvulsants. Sodium channel blockers have been proposed for ... Sodium channel opener Sodium+Channel+Blockers at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Armstrong ... promoting the inactivated conformation of sodium channels. Sodium channel blockers are used in the treatment of cardiac ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker

An epithelial sodium channel blocker is a sodium channel blocker that is selective for the epithelial sodium channel. An ... v t e (Sodium channel blockers, All stub articles, Cardiovascular system drug stubs). ... Sagnella GA, Swift PA (2006). "The renal epithelial sodium channel: genetic heterogeneity and implications for the treatment of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelial_sodium_channel_blocker

Neurotoxins, Sodium channel blockers, Spider toxins). ... Voltage gated sodium channels have used as therapeutic targets ... Both of these types of toxins bind specifically to site 3 on the sodium channel. Despite versutoxin having a ICK which both α- ... Versutoxin, in particular, is capable of affecting the voltage-gated sodium channels of prey. Studies conducted on primates ... The delta represents the main biological activity of the neurotoxin; inhibiting sodium channels. In more recent research, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versutoxin

Neurotoxins, Sodium channel blockers, Vertebrate toxins). ... neurotoxin that causes the victim's sodium channels to have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliotoxin

Epithelial sodium channel blockers: amiloride and triamterene. The term "calcium-sparing diuretic" is sometimes used to ... Aldosterone normally adds sodium channels in the principal cells of the collecting duct and late distal tubule of the nephron. ... This is large in comparison to normal renal sodium reabsorption which leaves only about 0.4% of filtered sodium in the urine. ... Loop diuretics, such as furosemide, inhibit the body's ability to reabsorb sodium at the ascending loop in the nephron, which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuretic

... is a class 1a antiarrhythmic agent; a sodium channel blocker. It is an alkaloid and can be extracted from scotch ... thus is can be assumed that the enzyme catalyzes the formation of the quinolizidine skeleton in a channeled fashion . 7- ... Sodium channel blockers). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparteine

There is insufficient evidence of an effect of sodium channel blockers for people with MS. MS is a clinically defined entity ... ISBN 0-7012-1906-8. Yang C, Hao Z, Zhang L, Zeng L, Wen J (October 2015). "Sodium channel blockers for neuroprotection in ... Medications that influence voltage-gated sodium ion channels are under investigation as a potential neuroprotective strategy ... because of hypothesized role of sodium in the pathological process leading to axonal injury and accumulating disability. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis

October 2015). "Sodium channel blockers for neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ... Currently, there is insufficient evidence of an effect of sodium channel blockers for people with MS. There is growing ... Walking : dalfampridine (ampyra) is a broad-spectrum potassium channel blocker. It is approved by the FDA to treat walking ... Medications that influence voltage-gated sodium ion channels are under investigation as a potential neuroprotective strategy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_multiple_sclerosis

"Advances in Design and Development of Sodium Channel Blockers". Ion Channels and Their Inhibitors. pp. 79-115. doi:10.1007/978- ... Evenamide (INN) (developmental code names NW-3509, NW-3509A) is a selective voltage-gated sodium channel blocker, including ( ... Sodium channel blockers, All stub articles, Nervous system drug stubs). ... 81-. ISBN 978-0-12-381293-3. Gupta SP (21 June 2011). Ion Channels and Their Inhibitors. Springer Science & Business Media. pp ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evenamide

... is a sodium channel blocker. It binds preferentially to voltage-gated sodium channels in their inactive ... and calcium channel blockers. Grapefruit juice raises the bioavailability of carbamazepine by inhibiting the enzyme CYP3A4 in ... Nevitt SJ, Marson AG, Weston J, Tudur Smith C (August 2018). "Sodium valproate versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an ... It has been suggested that carbamazepine can also block voltage-gated calcium channels, which will reduce neurotransmitter ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamazepine

Sodium channel blockers, Orthoesters, Adamantane-like molecules, Secondary metabolites, Analgesics, Non-protein ion channel ... TTX-s Na+ channels) and tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channels (TTX-r Na+ channels). Tetrodotoxin inhibits TTX-s ... Tetrodotoxin is a sodium channel blocker. It inhibits the firing of action potentials in neurons by binding to the voltage- ... gated sodium channels in nerve cell membranes and blocking the passage of sodium ions (responsible for the rising phase of an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrodotoxin

All of the peptides are voltage-gated sodium channel blockers. To date, Aps III is known to be the most potent peptide of all. ... "The insecticidal neurotoxin Aps III is an atypical knottin peptide that potently blocks insect voltage-gated sodium channels". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomastus_schlingeri

amiselimod, S1P modulator amiloride (Midamor) - Midamor is a sodium channel blocker. It can stop sodium from entering the nerve ... Wulff H, Calabresi PA, Allie R, Yun S, Pennington M, Beeton C, Chandy KG (June 2003). "The voltage-gated Kv1.3 K(+) channel in ... Use of drugs to suppress myelin-reactive effector memory T cells by blocking voltage-gated Kv1.3 channels in these cells. ... "Potassium channel KIR4.1 as an immune target in multiple sclerosis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 367 (2): 115-23. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis_drug_pipeline

... acts as a selective sodium channel blocker. Cl6b has been isolated from Cyriopagopus longipes, an Asian spider mainly ... It acts as a sodium channel blocker: Cl6b significantly and persistently reduces currents through the tetrodotoxin-sensitive ... Cl6b significantly reduces currents through the tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels NaV1.2, NaV1.3, NaV1.4, NaV1.6, and ... Articles with short description, Short description with empty Wikidata description, Neurotoxins, Spider toxins, Sodium channel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl6b

ZTX is an extremely potent sodium channel blocker. It has been shown to block the voltage-gated sodium channels at picomolar ... A potent sodium-channel blocker". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (13): 4346-4351. Bibcode:2004PNAS.. ... Voltage-gated sodium channel blockers, Guanidine alkaloids, Alcohols, Geminal diols, Isoxazolidines, Carbamates, Lactams, ... Voltage-gated sodium channel Saxitoxin Tetrodotoxin Chambers, Michael. "ChemIDplus - 0062996387 - Zetekitoxin AB - Searchable ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zetekitoxin_AB

It acts mainly as a sodium channel blocker. Today it is used therapeutically in some countries due to its sympatholytic, anti- ... Sodium channel blockers, Diethylamino compounds, Withdrawn drugs). ... consists of the direct reaction of the 4-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester with 2-diethylaminoethanol in the presence of sodium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procaine

... is chemically similar to pyrazoline sodium channel blocker insecticides (SCBIs) discovered at Philips-Duphar in ... Salgado VL, Hayashi JH (December 2007). "Metaflumizone is a novel sodium channel blocker insecticide". Veterinary Parasitology ... Metaflumizone works by blocking sodium channels in target insects, resulting in flaccid paralysis. Metaflumizone blocks sodium ... channels by binding selectively to the slow-inactivated state, which is characteristic of the SCBIs. The toxin has been tested ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaflumizone

They found that charged sodium-channel blockers can be targeted into nociceptors by the application of TRPV1 agonists to ... Voltage sensing in thermo-TRP channels has been reviewed by Brauchi et al. TRP channels have six TMS helices. These channels ... "Inhibition of nociceptors by TRPV1-mediated entry of impermeant sodium channel blockers". Nature. 449 (7162): 607-10. Bibcode: ... These anaesthetics block sodium channels and the excitability of neurons. Binshtok et al. (2007) tested the possibility that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_calcium_channel_family

"Inhibition of nociceptors by TRPV1-mediated entry of impermeant sodium channel blockers". Nature. 449 (7162): 607-610. doi: ... channel activity confers resistance to epileptic seizures". Neuron. 74 (4): 719-730. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.032. ISSN ... "for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels" 2004: Linda Buck (faculty member 1991-2001) "for...discoveries of ... and nonhuman primates Ion channel physiology Neurobiology of Behavior Neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Rett Syndrome and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Neurobiology,_Harvard_Medical_School

... analogs have been shown to also act as sodium channel blockers. Some research has also suggested that the ... Haeseler G, Leuwer M (March 2003). "High-affinity block of voltage-operated rat IIA neuronal sodium channels by 2,6 di-tert- ... September 2008). "High-affinity blockade of voltage-operated skeletal muscle and neuronal sodium channels by halogenated ... To induce general anesthesia, propofol is the drug used almost exclusively, having largely replaced sodium thiopental. It can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propofol

... is a voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) blocker. It is a selective blocker of the inactivated state of VGSCs, ... preferentially inhibiting persistent sodium current. It has been proposed that cenobamate additionally enhances presynaptic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenobamate

It is classified by the Vaughan Williams classification system as class Ia; thus it is a sodium channel blocker of ... "Dual actions of procainamide on batrachotoxin-activated sodium channels: open channel block and prevention of inactivation". ... It induces rapid block of the batrachotoxin (BTX)-activated sodium channels of the heart muscle and acts as antagonist to long- ... Procainamide is also known to induce a voltage-dependent open channel block on the batrachotoxin (BTX)-activated sodium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procainamide

Sodium channel blockers directly inhibit the entry of sodium into the sodium channels. Triamterene is commonly prepared in ... Triamterene directly blocks the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) on the lumen side of the kidney collecting tubule.: 127 Other ... Common side effects may include a depletion of sodium, folic acid, and calcium, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness ... diuretics cause a decrease in the sodium concentration of the forming urine due to the entry of sodium into the cell via the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triamterene

Remacemide: a low affinity antagonist also a sodium-channel blocker. Rolicyclidine: a less potent analogue of phencyclidine, ... "Antiepileptic drugs and agents that inhibit voltage-gated sodium channels prevent NMDA antagonist neurotoxicity". Molecular ... An NMDA receptor that has glycine and glutamate bound to it and has an open ion channel is called "activated." Chemicals that ... Aptiganel (Cerestat, CNS-1102): binds the Mg2+ binding site within the channel of the NMDA receptor. HU-211: an enantiomer of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist

... acts as a blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels. Inhibition of the Nav1.5 channel is specifically involved in its ... Potassium channel blockers, Quinoline alkaloids, Quinuclidine alkaloids, Secondary alcohols, Sigma receptor ligands, Sodium ... Rapid Interpretation of EKG's 6th Ed., Dubin de Lera Ruiz M, Kraus RL (2015). "Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels: Structure, ... Hugues Abriel (1 September 2015). Cardiac Sodium Channel Disorders, An Issue of Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics, E-Book. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinidine

... showing a much stronger affinity for sodium channels. MTP acts as a pore blocker on sodium channels. Injection of MTP in mice ... MTP is a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker, which has a mild effect on voltage-gated potassium channels. MTP was extracted ... MTP blocks voltage-gated sodium channels, but has an almost negligible effect on potassium channels. In mouse neuroblastoma, ... the IC50 value was 4.5 µM for sodium and 102.1 µM for potassium channels, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussel_toxic_peptide

Amiloride and triamterene are potassium-sparing diuretics that act as epithelial sodium channel blockers. Noreng S, Bharadwaj A ... The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), (also known as amiloride-sensitive sodium channel) is a membrane-bound ion channel that ... and are also thought to form sodium channels. The epithelial sodium (Na+) channel (ENaC) family belongs to the ENaC/P2X ... Ion Channel Diseases Epithelial+sodium+channel at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelial_sodium_channel

Unmasking persistent sodium current in presence of calcium channel blockers has been well studied. It is likely that calcium ... channel blockers will block voltage and ligand gated calcium channels, thereby affecting calcium-activated potassium channel in ... As usual, these Ca-ions will activate calcium dependent potassium channels and PDS will terminate. This is the case that ... Finally, the Na/K pump and calcium activated potassium channel might play a role in terminating PDS. Paradoxically, there might ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxysmal_depolarizing_shift

Site 1 binds the sodium channel blockers tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin. Site 2 binds lipid-soluble sodium channel activators such ... Invertebrates possess two Nav channels (Nav1 and Nav2), whereas vertebrate Nav channels are of the Nav1 family. Sodium-channel ... which slow sodium channel inactivation. Site 4 binds beta-scorpion toxins, which affect sodium channel activation. Site 5 binds ... "A new neurotoxin receptor site on sodium channels is identified by a conotoxin that affects sodium channel inactivation in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neosaxitoxin

The poison, a sodium channel blocker, paralyzes the muscles while the victim stays fully conscious; the poisoned victim is ... "Interaction between voltage-gated sodium channels and the neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin". Channels. 2 (6): 407-12. doi:10.4161/chan. ... The original name of TTX was "taricatoxin" … TTX selectively interacts with elements of the sodium channel … TTX has been ... it acts via interaction with components of the sodium channels in the cell membranes of those cells. It does not cross the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugu

... is also a potent blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels, and this action is thought to be involved in both its ... Sodium channel blockers, Tricyclic antidepressants, Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate). ... Bertelsen, Anne K.; Backonja, Misha-Miroslav (2007). "Drugs Targeting Voltage-Gated Sodium and Calcium Channels". Encyclopedia ... Alpha-1 blockers, Alpha-2 blockers, Antihistamines, D2 antagonists, Dibenzoxepins, Dimethylamino compounds, Embryotoxicants, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxepin

... is a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker with anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing effects that is related to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licarbazepine

Beta blockers, Local anesthetics, Tetralins, Sodium channel blockers, All stub articles, Cardiovascular system drug stubs). ... Similarly to certain other beta blockers, butidrine also possesses local anesthetic properties. Bristol JA (1986). ... is a beta blocker related to pronethalol and propranolol that was developed in the 1960s. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butidrine

It may have a role when thiazides, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers are not appropriate or have ... In addition, moxonidine may also promote sodium excretion, improve insulin resistance and glucose tolerance and protect against ... If concomitant treatment with a beta blocker has to be stopped, the beta blocker should be discontinued first, then moxonidine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxonidine

... (17-monochloroacetylajmaline) is a drug that is a potent sodium channel blocker (more specifically, a class Ia ... Sodium channel blockers, Secondary alcohols, Carboxylate esters, Indole alkaloids, All stub articles, Cardiovascular system ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorajmine

One comparison from 2014 found that a small dose of a calcium-channel blocker (such as amlodipine) may be used pre-operatively ... Therefore, a high-sodium diet with adequate fluid intake should be encouraged prior to surgery. Some institutions in the United ... A retrospective analysis of beta blocker found that some beta blocker use may cause people to more prone to hypoglycemia and ... Dungan K, Merrill J, Long C, Binkley P (November 2019). "Effect of beta blocker use and type on hypoglycemia risk among ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheochromocytoma

... but is a relatively potent pro-convulsant and blocker of sodium and potassium channels, particularly in heart tissue, which ... Potassium channel blockers, Sodium channel blockers). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norpropoxyphene

A remotely related group of atracotoxins operate by opening sodium channels. Delta atracotoxin from the venom of the Sydney ... consensus molecular folding of calcium channel blockers". J. Mol. Biol. 250 (5): 659-71. doi:10.1006/jmbi.1995.0406. PMID ... provides insights into the binding of site 3 neurotoxins to the voltage-gated sodium channel". Structure. 5 (11): 1525-1535. ... Spider potassium channel inhibitory toxins is another group of spider toxins. A representative of this group is hanatoxin, a 35 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_toxin

When voltage-gated sodium channels open, the S4 segment moves outwards from the channel and into the extracellular side. This ... This suggested a physical, tethered mechanism for inactivation as the pronase was inferred to degrade the channel blocker and ... This phenomenon has mainly been studied in potassium channels and sodium channels. The initial evidence for a ball and chain ... This explains why inactivation can only occur once the channel is open. Lateral slits are also present in sodium channels, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_and_chain_inactivation

... and T-type triple calcium channel blocker benidipine acts as an antagonist of mineralocorticoid receptor, a member of nuclear ... They decrease sodium reabsorption which leads to increased water excretion by the kidneys. By regulating water excretion, ... In those times, the main use of aldosterone was recognized as the control of renal sodium and the excretion of potassium. Hans ... This leads to higher levels of potassium in serum and increased sodium excretion, resulting in decreased body fluid and lower ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimineralocorticoid

Sodium channel blockers, Wyeth brands, AstraZeneca brands, Pyrimidinediones, GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators). ... It is believed to work via interactions with voltage-gated sodium channels which inhibit high-frequency repetitive firing of ... Primidone was recently shown to directly inhibit the TRPM3 ion channel; whether this effect contributes to its anticonvulsant ... Channels (Austin, Tex.). 15 (1): 386-397. doi:10.1080/19336950.2021.1908781. ISSN 1933-6969. PMC 8057083. PMID 33853504. Gatti ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primidone

... beta blockers such as metoprolol, bisoprolol, atenolol) Calcium channel blockers (i.e. diltiazem or verapamil) Cardiac ... The agents work by prolonging the Effective Refractory Period (ERP) either by blocking sodium ions (Class I drugs) or by ... This can be done with: Beta blockers (preferably the "cardioselective" ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_atrial_fibrillation

In the cardiac myocyte, the persistent sodium current corresponds to the delayed inactivation of the major sodium channel ... a persistent sodium current blocker, in an ischemia-reperfusion model in the pig". European Journal of Pharmacology. 624 (1-3 ... this sodium channel plays an important role in the propagation of an action potential through the heart. Sodium influx is a key ... by acting on the extracellular side of the channel. This effect of the F15845 on the depolarised state of the persistent sodium ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F15845

SCN5A encodes the alpha subunit of the cardiac sodium channel, NaV1.5, responsible for the sodium current INa which depolarises ... Beta blockers such as propranolol or nadolol blunt the effects of adrenaline on the heart and thereby reduce the risk of ... forming cardiac sodium channels, variants in which increase the late sustained sodium current. LQT13 is caused by variants in ... Cardiac sodium channels normally inactivate rapidly, but the mutations involved in LQT3 slow their inactivation leading to a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano–Ward_syndrome

... as well as a blocker of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs). The antidepressant effects of dosulepin are thought to be due to ... and sodium channel-blocking effects. Dosulepin is used for the treatment of major depressive disorder. There is clear evidence ... low blood sodium) Movement disorders Dyspepsia (indigestion) Increased intraocular pressure Changes in blood sugar levels ... Alpha-1 blockers, Dimethylamino compounds, Analgesics, Antihistamines, Dibenzothiepines, Muscarinic antagonists, Serotonin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosulepin

Sodium channel blockers, World Health Organization essential medicines). ... Suessbrich H, Waldegger S, Lang F, Busch AE (April 1996). "Blockade of HERG channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes by the ... Alkylating this with 2-dimethylaminoethylchloride in the presence of sodium amide gives γ-(4-chlorphenyl)-γ-cyano-N,N-dimethyl- ... In one example, 4-chlorophenylacetonitrile is reacted with 2-chloropyridine in the presence of sodium amide to form 4- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphenamine

Both propoxyphene and norpropoxyphene are potent blockers of cardiac membrane sodium channels, and are more potent than ... Widening of the QRS complex appears to be a result of a quinidine-like effect of propoxyphene, and sodium bicarbonate therapy ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene

Sustained repetitive firing seems limited by benzodiazepines' effect of slowing recovery of sodium channels from inactivation. ... Benzodiazepines act via micromolar benzodiazepine binding sites as calcium channel blockers and significantly inhibit ... properties of diazepam and other benzodiazepines may be in part or entirely due to binding to voltage-dependent sodium channels ... This has been found by measuring sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake in mouse brain cells in vitro, after ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diazepam

Potassium channel blockers, Prolactin releasers, Ureas). ... by prior concomitant administration of cimetidine and sodium ... The cause is thought to be blockade of hERG voltage-gated potassium channels. The risks are dose-dependent, and appear to be ... the voltage-gated potassium channel KCNH2 gene (hERG/Kv11.1), and the α1D-adrenergic receptor ADRA1D gene. A single 20 mg oral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domperidone

Suxamethonium is in the neuromuscular blocker family of medications and is of the depolarizing type. It works by blocking the ... When MH develops during a procedure, treatment with dantrolene sodium is usually initiated; dantrolene and the avoidance of ... Binding of suxamethonium to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor results in opening of the receptor's monovalent cation channel ... Neuromuscular blockers, Nicotinic agonists, Quaternary ammonium compounds, Succinate esters, World Health Organization ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suxamethonium_chloride

... nicotinic acetylcholine receptor blockers (15), ecdysone receptor agonists (18), volgate-gated sodium channel blockers (22A and ... but is not yet reported for another voltage-dependent sodium channel blocker, metafumizone (22B). (These two mutations, as with ... voltage-gated sodium channel modulators (3A), nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators (5), chloride channel activators (6 ... 3 in the relevant sodium channel for pyrethroids, including L1014F;: 1332, T1 : 1333 and 1 (A201S) in the enzyme targeted by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuta_absoluta

... including calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and other vasodilating agents. Because of treprostinil's inhibiting effect on ... It must be diluted for intravenous infusion with either sterile water or a 0.9% sodium chloride solution prior to ... "Drug Approval Package: Remodulin (Treprostinil Sodium) NDA #021272". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 24 December 1999 ... In people with pulmonary arterial hypertension requiring transition from epoprostenol sodium (Flolan), treprostinil is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treprostinil

Gandhi S, Fleet JL, Bailey DG, McArthur E, Wald R, Rehman F, Garg AX (December 2013). "Calcium-channel blocker-clarithromycin ... croscarmelose sodium, magnesium stearate, and povidone[citation needed] Clarithromycin should not be used by people with a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarithromycin

An example of this is potassium sodium tartrate, which is a piezoelectric crystal that works as a transducer, both as a ... Some such microphones have an adjustable angle of coverage between the two channels. A noise-canceling microphone is a highly ... for sound within the earth Hydrophone-transducer for sound in water Ionophone-plasma-based microphone Microphone blocker- ... instead of carrying the signal for a second channel, carries power via a resistor from (normally) a 5 V supply in the computer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphone

Subsequently, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor ... Excessive sodium or insufficient potassium in the diet leads to excessive intracellular sodium, which contracts vascular smooth ... a calcium channel blocker, and a blocker of the renin-angiotensin system. People with refractory hypertension typically have ... calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors), and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension

Parenteral agents are classified into beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, systemic vasodilators, or other (fenoldopam, ... Sodium nitroprusside was previously the first-line choice due to its rapid onset, although now it is less commonly used due to ... Nicardipine, Nifedipine, and Isradipine are calcium channel blockers that work to decrease systemic vascular resistance and ... Sodium nitroprusside is also contraindicated in patients with myocardial infarction, due to coronary steal. It is again ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertensive_emergency

Sodium channels Voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs) Epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) Calcium channels (CaVs) Proton channels ... A variety of ion channel blockers (inorganic and organic molecules) can modulate ion channel activity and conductance. Some ... Plasma membrane channels Examples: Voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv), Sodium channels (Nav), Calcium channels (Cav) and ... such as Bay K8644 Chloride channel openers, such as phenanthroline Potassium channel openers, such as minoxidil Sodium channel ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channel

Sodium channel blockers. The firing of an action potential by an axon is accomplished through sodium channels. Each sodium ... Sodium Channel Blockers. Sodium channel blockade is the most common and best-characterized mechanism of currently available ... Calcium channel blockers. Calcium channels exist in 3 known forms in the human brain: L, N, and T. These channels are small and ... The main groups include sodium channel blockers, calcium current inhibitors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancers, ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1187334-187116/what-is-the-role-of-gabapentin-gbp-in-the-treatment-of-epilepsy

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1187334-overview

Personalized Medicine for Pain with Simon Tate, Convergence Pharma Part 1

https://mendelspod.com/podcast/sodium-channel-blockers-and-nav17-protein

https://www.staging.medscape.com/answers/1187334-187097/what-is-the-role-of-carbamazepine-cbz-in-the-treatment-of-epilepsy

Sodium channel blockers - Pipeline Insight, 2022. * Clinical Trials. * 60 Pages *January 2022 ...

https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5359602/restenosis-cardiovascular-drugs-in

Sodium Channel Blockers / pharmacology * Statistics, Nonparametric * Tetrodotoxin / pharmacology * Time Factors * omega- ... Using the same protocol, we now demonstrate a decrease in cellular excitability that was blocked by the h-channel blocker ... network activity with high extracellular K+ caused a similar reduction of cellular excitability and an increase in h-channel ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16234810/?dopt=Abstract

Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers. Sodium Channel Blockers. Membrane Transport Modulators. Molecular Mechanisms of ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00414453

The effect of 4030W92, a novel sodium channel blocker, on the treatment of neuropathic pain in the rat ... The effect of 4030W92, a novel sodium channel blocker, on the treatment of neuropathic pain in the rat ...

https://www.stemcells.ox.ac.uk/publications/36500

Voltage-dependent sodium channel blocker Indoxacarb Oxadiazine 22A 1,874 48 Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase Spirotetramat ... All sodium channel modulators 17,892 147 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulators Acetamiprid ...

https://www.gov.scot/publications/pesticide-usage-scotland-outdoor-vegetable-crops-2021/pages/18/

... some of them had been on sodium channel blockers. Most patients experienced many adverse effects, including aggression and loss ... of patients used sodium channel blockers. After the diagnosis, only 6 of the 55 patients were on sodium channel blockers. A ... sodium channel blockers such as carbamazepine).. Prior to the diagnosis of DS, in the Norwegian population, up to 38% ... some of them had been on sodium channel blockers. Most patients experienced many adverse effects, including aggression and loss ...

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/9/1903/htm

Procainamide hydrochloride, Sodium channel blocker (ab120955) Kit Global DNA Methylation Assay Kit (5 Methyl Cytosine, ... Whole cell lysates were prepared with RIPA buffer (containing protease inhibitors and sodium orthovanadate), 20 µg of each were ...

https://www.abcam.com/hydralazine-hydrochloride-dna-methylation-inhibitor-ab120863.html

They include sodium channel blockers, such as flecainide (Tambocor), and potassium channel blockers, such as amiodarone ( ... beta-blockers, such as metoprolol (Lopressor) and atenolol (Tenormin). *calcium channel blockers, such as diltiazem (Cardizem) ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323621?utm_source=ReadNext

The inhibitors included indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor; amiloride, a sodium channel blocker; and APPCP, a P2X ... and that these responses involve the production of ion channels. A separate receptor assists contractions caused by UTP, since ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=respiratory&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&D1=10&PageNo=708&RecNo=7075&View=f&

Channel Blockers, Voltage-Gated Sodium Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Antagonists Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Inhibitors ... Sodium Channel Blockers [D27.505.954.411.720] * Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers [D27.505.954.411.720.500] ... A class of drugs that inhibit the activation of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. Terms. Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers ... Sodium Channel Blockers [D27.505.519.562.750] * Acid Sensing Ion Channel Blockers [D27.505.519.562.750.100] ...

https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D061567

Calcium channel blockers, verapamil, lithium carbonate, divalproex sodium, melatonin or topiramate may help. There is a new ...

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5003-cluster-headaches

Abstract: Calcium, sodium and potassium channel blockers are widely prescribed medications for a variety of health problems, ... Read more: Inhibition Of Collagen Synthesis By Select Calcium And Sodium Channel Blockers Can Be Mitigated By Ascorbic Acid And ... Inhibition Of Collagen Synthesis By Select Calcium And Sodium Channel Blockers Can Be Mitigated By Ascorbic Acid And Ascorbyl ... For example, nifedipine, a calcium-channel blocker was found to be associated with increased mortality and increased risk for ...

https://drrathresearch.org/publications/heart-disease

NAV1.6 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel/genetics, Prognosis, Seizures/drug therapy, Sodium Channel Blockers/therapeutic use", ... Our pharmacological data indicate that sodium channel blockers present a treatment option in SCN8A-related focal epilepsy with ... Our pharmacological data indicate that sodium channel blockers present a treatment option in SCN8A-related focal epilepsy with ... Our pharmacological data indicate that sodium channel blockers present a treatment option in SCN8A-related focal epilepsy with ...

https://portal.findresearcher.sdu.dk/en/publications/genotype-phenotype-correlations-in-scn8a-related-disorders-reveal

Preventive medication like beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, Divalproex Sodium (Depakote®).. * Non-drug preventive ...

http://www.headacheupdates.com/medication/how-to-treat-headache-with-medicines.htm

The first clinical compound, CNV1014802, is a potent, state-dependent sodium channel blocker. Phase I trials have showed that ... Our second compound, CNV2197944, is a first-in-class selective state-dependent calcium channel blocker. It shows broad and ... Our internal drug discovery platform is based around our unique expertise in ion channel electrophysiology and our team has ... unrivalled experience in ion channel and pain drug development. We have high quality clinical assets and exciting drug ...

https://www.soci.org/news/fine-chems/fine-convergence

C) Calcium channel blockers (D) Sodium channel blockers. Q.89 Patients taking isosorbide mononitrate or nitroglycerine should ... A) Potassium hydrogen phthalate (B) Sodium bicarbonate (C) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (D) Sodium methoxide. ... Q.124 Boric acid is a weak acid (pKa 9.19) which cannot be titrated with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide using ... Q.87 Which of the following beta blockers has been shown clinically to reduce mortality in patients of symptomatic heart ...

https://www.pharmatutor.org/exam-alert/gpat/question-paper-gpat-2011-2

Sodium channel blocker. Lidocaine. Dog. 2 mg/kg IV bolus over 1-2 minutes, 25-100 mcg/kg/minute CRI; typically start at 50 mcg/ ...

https://www.msdvetmanual.com/multimedia/table/common-cardiac-medications

Lidocaine is a sodium channel blocker which ultimately decrease muscle contraction and result in vasodilation, hypotension and ... Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are cation-selective, ligand-gated ion channels, widely present in CNS and ... cocaine also inhibits voltage-gated Na channels (INa) in dopanergic neurons [68]. Binding of nicotine and cocaine to nAChRs has ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13659-022-00357-w

In one embodiment the drug is a sodium channel blocker.. In some aspects, the system disclosed and claimed herein is ... 239000003195 sodium channel blocking agent Substances 0.000 description 1 * 229960003928 sodium oxybate Drugs 0.000 description ... In another aspect, the drug is an ion channel blocker. In certain aspects, the drug is one which alters the balance between ... such as the region encoding the sodium channel beta.1 subunit), SCN2A, SCN3A, SCN9A, GABRG2 (such as the region encoding the . ...

https://patents.google.com/patent/US10950331/en

INTRODUCTION: Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent sodium channel blocker, with significant neurotoxicity, found in marine animals ...

https://www.cdc.gov/library/sciclips/issues/v13issue17.html

Voltage Gated Sodium Channel Blockers. Therapeutic Indication. : Local anesthesia, Arrythmia. Dosage Forms. : Injection, Gel, ... It reduces pain sensation and causes numbness of body parts by blocking the flow of certain ions (sodium ions) through the ...

https://www.netmeds.com/prescriptions/lignocin-injection-30ml

Effects of a novel sodium channel blocker, GSK2339345, in patients with refractory chronic cough. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther ... and voltage-gated sodium channels [6] have failed. This has raised two important issues. First, can we improve the predictive ... Targeting TRP channels for chronic cough: from bench to bedside. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388: 401-420. ... Although efficacy has been observed with gabapentin [29] and the blocker of the ATP receptor, P2X3 [2, 7], in subsets of cough ...

https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/53/5/1900787

Na+ channel Blocker , CNSB002 , AM36 , CAS [1246094-77-8] , Axon 1113 , Axon Ligand™ with >98% purity available from supplier ... Sodium channel blocker (voltage-gated Nav1.7) €120.00 2548 CNV 1014802 hydrochloride Na+ channel blocker; anti-convulsant € ... Na+ channel Blocker , CNSB002 , AM36 ,CAS[199467-52-2] , Sodium , Blocker , Ion Channels , Nav1.3 , Nav1.7 , Nav1.8 , ... Studies of synergy between morphine and a novel sodium channel blocker, CNSB002, in rat models of inflammatory and neuropathic ...

https://www.axonmedchem.com/product/1113

Inhibition of inflammatory pain and cough by a novel charged sodium channel blocker. Br J Pharmacol. 2021 10; 178(19):3905-3923 ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Person/148256

It has been reported, for example, that sodium and calcium channel blockers eliminate both the immediate and longer term ... I-waves are modulated by GABAergic drugs and ketamine, an NMDA-receptor antagonist, but not by ion channel blockers [88]. Thus ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/srt/2013/170256/

The main groups include sodium channel blockers, calcium current inhibitors, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhancers, glutamate blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, hormones, and drugs with unknown mechanisms of action (see the image below). (medscape.com)

A class of drugs that inhibit the activation of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS . (nih.gov)
We report detailed functional analyses and genotype-phenotype correlations in 392 individuals carrying disease-causing variants in SCN8A, encoding the voltage-gated Na+ channel Nav1.6, with the aim of describing clinical phenotypes related to functional effects. (sdu.dk)

We demonstrate that this persistent activity is due to a direct depolarization of axons by PGE2, which is inhibited by Nav1.8 sodium channel blockers but is mainly refractory to Nav1.7 channel blockade. (biorxiv.org)
In 2006, it was shown that sodium channel Nav1.7 is particularly important for signalling in pain pathways and people born with non-functioning Nav1.7 do not feel pain. (dentistrytoday.com)
To examine if opioids were important for painlessness, the researchers gave naloxone, an opioid blocker, to mice lacking Nav1.7 and found that they became able to feel pain. (dentistrytoday.com)
The secret ingredient turned out to be good old-fashioned opioid peptides, and we have now filed a patent for combining low dose opioids with Nav1.7 blockers. (dentistrytoday.com)
Used in combination with Nav1.7 blockers, the dose of opioid needed to prevent pain is very low,' explains Professor Wood. (dentistrytoday.com)
Endogenous opioids contribute to insensitivity to pain in humans and mice lacking sodium channel Nav1.7. (dentistrytoday.com)

[ 7 ] The protective effect of beta-blockers is related to their adrenergic blockade, which diminishes the risk of cardiac arrhythmias. (medscape.com)
Blockade of sodium channels slows the rate and amplitude of initial rapid depolarization, reduces cell excitability, and reduces conduction velocity. (bvsalud.org)
The mechanisms of benefit involve alkalinization to override the TCA s myocardial sodium channel blockade and boost protein binding so the drug doesn t cause additional problems, along with an increase in the extracellular sodium channel concentration to improve the cross-channel gradient. (crashingpatient.com)
1. An R-wave in lead aVR greater than 3 mm, or an R/S ratio greater than 0.7, is highly suspicious for sodium channel blockade, which is the most important of the many toxicities of TCA overdose. (crashingpatient.com)
If the diagnosis is unclear, narrowing of a widened QRS on ECG following sodium bicarbonate administration (1-2meq/kg) adds further support that pharmacologic sodium blockade is present. (crashingpatient.com)
Blockade of cardiac fast sodium channels (leads to wide QRS, R-wave in aVR, R' wave in V1, Brugada pattern ECG, ventricular dysrhythmias. (crashingpatient.com)
Sodium channel blockade in the CNS leads to seizures. (crashingpatient.com)
Blockade of potassium channels (leads to long QT and torsade) c. (crashingpatient.com)

Both the persistent activity and the membrane depolarization in the axons are abolished by the EP4 receptor inhibitor and a blocker of cAMP synthesis. (biorxiv.org)

The rate of intravenous SESQUIENT administration should not exceed 150 mg phenytoin sodium equivalents (PE) per minute in adults because of the risk of severe hypotension and cardiac arrhythmias. (nih.gov)
Use of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory or anticoagulant therapy, phenytoin sodium or diphenylhydantoin, cyclosporin A, immunostimulants/ immunomodulators during the study or within the one month prior to the Baseline exam. (who.int)

It acted by blocking potassium channels, prolonging the action potential and lengthening the depolarization of the atria and ventricles. (lww.com)

Our second compound, CNV2197944, is a first-in-class selective state-dependent calcium channel blocker. (soci.org)
It is a potent and extremely selective sodium-channel blocker , having no effect on potassium or calcium channels, or the flux of chloride ions, or indeed on acetylcholine release (whereas other marine toxins have similarly selective effects on these aspects of nerve function). (bris.ac.uk)
NK3R-elicited excitation of BLA neurons was mediated by activation of a non-selective cation channel and depression of the inwardly rectifying K+ (Kir) channels. (bvsalud.org)
With selective channel blockers and knockout mice, we further showed that NK3R activation excited BLA neurons by depressing the G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels and activating TRPC4 and TRPC5 channels. (bvsalud.org)
Consider selective beta 1 blocker (e.g., metoprolol). (medscape.com)

The medications most commonly resulting in gingival enlargement are antiepileptics (primarily, phenytoin), immunosuppressants (primarily, cyclosporine), and calcium channel blockers (primarily, nifedipine and verapamil), among which phenytoin is the first and the most commonly associated with gingival enlargement. (jdentlasers.org)
Research suggests that Verapamil has an effect on many different types of calcium channels, some of which are found in high numbers in the trigeminal system, and other parts of the brain and brainstem. (trymable.com)
Acting at these calcium channels to prevent nerve activation, Verapamil reduces the likelihood of migraines occurring. (trymable.com)

SCN5A mutation type and topology are associated with the risk of ventricular arrhythmia by sodium channel blockers. (bvsalud.org)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Additive anticonvulsant effect of flunarizine and sodium valproate on electroshock and chemoshock induced seizures in mice. (who.int)
Joseph S, David J, Joseph T. Additive anticonvulsant effect of flunarizine and sodium valproate on electroshock and chemoshock induced seizures in mice. (who.int)
The efficacy of Flunarizine (FLU), a calcium channel blocker, in combination with conventional antiepileptic drugs, phenytoin (PHT), carbamazepine (CBZ), sodium valproate (VPA), and ethosuximide (ESM), at ED50 doses, were examined for protective effects against maximal electroshock seizures (MES) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) induced seizures in mice. (who.int)

The treatment for these ECG changes is sodium bicarbonate. (crashingpatient.com)
The sodium bicarbonate can be stopped once the patient s QRS interval shrinks to less than 100 milliseconds. (crashingpatient.com)
Sodium bicarbonate is usually effective. (crashingpatient.com)

Gain-of-function variant carriers responded significantly better to sodium channel blockers than to other anti-seizure medications, and the same applied for all individuals in Groups 1-3. (sdu.dk)
lower blood common medications that lower blood pressure pad pressure naturally Dr. Axe-Many blood pressure medicine beta-blocker change in the interval of the nutrients. (atime.org)
Complications blood pressure medicine beta-blocker are found to be used to reduce the risk common medications that lower blood pressure pad of high blood pressure. (atime.org)
high blood pressure medication labetalol side effects These medications are available to calcium channel blockers, and then calcium channel blocker. (atime.org)

Its action is also more complicated, having sodium-channel blocking (Class I), beta-blocker (Class II), and calcium channel blocker (Class IV) effects. (lww.com)
[ 26 ] Beta-blocker therapy may not be as effective for LQT3 as for LQT1 or LQT2, but there are not enough data to make a more conclusive assessment. (medscape.com)
Response to beta-blocker therapy may also vary depending on the triggering event. (medscape.com)
A study by Goldenberg et al found that in patients with LQT1, beta-blocker therapy is effective when exercise triggers the event, but it is ineffective if the event happens during sleep or arousal. (medscape.com)

what supplements cannot be taken with blood pressure meds The market tolerate the process is the market of the use of oxide, which is a potential effect of sodium and nitric oxide, which is similar for early lunch. (sc-celje.si)

Many small peptides isolated from venoms of cone snails, known as µ-conotoxins, are potent and specific blockers of sodium channels and thus are potential scaffolds for novel analgesics. (edu.au)

Antiarrhythmic Drugs : Calcium Channel Blockers : Synthesis and Drug Profile - i. (pharmacy180.com)

It reduces pain sensation and causes numbness of body parts by blocking the flow of certain ions (sodium ions) through the nerves that causes pain sensation. (netmeds.com)
Several subfamilies of biological ion channels which allow sodium ions to move from outside of the cell to inside are important targets for alleviating chronic pain. (edu.au)

A class of drugs that act by inhibition of sodium influx through cell membranes. (bvsalud.org)

Some antiepileptic drugs work by acting on combination of channels or through some unknown mechanism of action. (medscape.com)

A growing number of patients, particularly those with advanced, chronic coronary artery disease, experience symptoms of angina that are refractory to treatment with β-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, and long-acting nitrates, despite revascularization. (nature.com)

It acts on the nervous system, where it blocks the voltage dependent sodium neuron channel. (domyown.com)

Siesta contains a sodium-blocker that is formulated from soybean oil and corn grit and is the only product which does not require metabolism for bioactiviation. (domyown.com)

focuss are found in sodium-rich foods, or function, magnesium content, and potassium intake. (kedirikota.go.id)
s, such as magnesium-sodium and low-sodium foods, and low-me fats with salt, magnesium, and vegetables, daily food-rich foods, which helps to reduce blood pressure. (centrumlucina.cz)

in the body, but those who are taking a calorie consumption of alcohol or triggering activities and pulmonary arteries angiotensin receptor blocker arb antihypertensive drugs . (kedirikota.go.id)
Experimental NMDA - GLU receptor blockers such as MK-801 (dizocilpine) have also demonstrated the ability to reduce or eliminate brain damage from acute conditions such as stroke, ischaemia/hypoxia/anoxia, severe hypoglycaemia, spinal cord injury and head trauma (1-3). (antiaging-nutrition.com)

The firing of an action potential by an axon is accomplished through sodium channels. (medscape.com)

In this project, using the state-of-the-art computational tools, we will attempt to elucidate in atomic detail how certain toxins extracted from cone snails interfere with sodium-transporting biological ion channels that are involved in the perception of pain. (edu.au)

1. Orpingtons of it the urination of the material is a bitrush sodium intake, and to satisfied out can i take coq10 along with it medication that I think about the first turns. (notaclinic.com)
These are rich in sodium intake, including nitrightine, and nitrate, which is recommended to be non-blockers to decrease the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. (sc-celje.si)

Bacteria were suspended in pH 7.0 buffered sodium chloride-peptone solution at about 106 CFU mL−1. (mdmsignaling.com)

Q.87 Which of the following beta blockers has been shown clinically to reduce mortality in patients of symptomatic heart failure? (pharmatutor.org)
Because of the betadex sulfobutyl ether sodium ingredient in SESQUIENT, administration rate in pediatric patients should not exceed 0.4 mg PE/kg/min. (nih.gov)
Beta-blockers are drugs of choice for patients with LQTS. (medscape.com)
Propranolol and nadolol are the most frequently used beta-blockers, although atenolol and metoprolol are also prescribed in patients with LQTS. (medscape.com)
Different beta-blockers demonstrate similar effectiveness in preventing cardiac events in patients with LQTS. (medscape.com)
This should be taken into consideration in patients who need a sodium-restricted diet . (medicinenet.com)

Investigation of the Drug Resistance Mechanism of M2-S31N Channel Blockers through Biomolecular Simulations and Viral Passage Experiments ( Musharrafieh Rami, Lagarias Panagiotis, Ma Chunlong, Hau Raymond, Romano Alex, Lambrinidis George, Kolocouris Antonios. (grnet.gr)

by sodium levels of processed acupuncture, and sodium, which may be essential oils in racipit blood pressure. (kedirikota.go.id)

Many companies also have their eyes on sodium channel blockers, which affect how nerves communicate with each other, according to the Medical Xpress report. (managedcaremag.com)

Our pharmacological data indicate that sodium channel blockers present a treatment option in SCN8A-related focal epilepsy with onset in the first year of life. (sdu.dk)
Sodium channel blockers for the treatment of epilepsy in CDKL5 deficiency disorder: Findings from a multicenter cohort. (cdc.gov)

Increasing network activity with high extracellular K+ caused a similar reduction of cellular excitability and an increase in h-channel HCN1 protein. (nih.gov)

In his time at Vertex he and his team have received FDA acceptance for Cystic Fibrosis compound, submitted four clinical trial compounds for Delta F-508, and submitted sodium channel based pain blockers compound for clinical trial. (ferris.edu)

Siesta Insecticide Fire Ant Bait is the only sodium blocker Insecticide that does not require metabolism for bioactivation. (domyown.com)
additionally, itraconazole can inhibit the metabolism of calcium channel blockers. (medscape.com)

It lowers foods including nopal cactus, nutrients, potassium, sodium, and potassium helps to avoid it high it medication during pregnancy, they don't need to do to learn how to do a bring. (notaclinic.com)

BACKGROUND: Neosaxitoxin (NeoSTX) is a site-1 sodium channel blocker that produces prolonged local anesthesia in animals and humans. (harvard.edu)

Using the same protocol, we now demonstrate a decrease in cellular excitability that was blocked by the h-channel blocker ZD7288. (nih.gov)

HN - 2008 MH - Superior Sagittal Sinus UI - D054063 MN - A07.231.908.224.667 MS - The long large endothelium-lined venous channel on the top outer surface of the brain. (bvsalud.org)

do beta-blockers lower bp more potassium have been reported for high blood pressure but it is important to take medication for high blood pressure to treat a low blood pressure. (gordanaj.com)

Channels' that allow messages to pass along nerve cell membranes are vital for electrical signalling in the nervous system. (dentistrytoday.com)

Our internal drug discovery platform is based around our unique expertise in ion channel electrophysiology and our team has unrivalled experience in ion channel and pain drug development. (soci.org)
Broad-spectrum sodium channel blockers are used as local anaesthetics, but they are not suitable for long-term pain management as they cause complete numbness and can have serious side-effects over time. (dentistrytoday.com)

may be higher risk with nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers. (medscape.com)

Medullary nephrons contain a longer loop of Henle, which, under normal circumstances, allows greater regulation of water and sodium reabsorption than in the cortex nephrons. (justia.com)

The use of sodium and rich in fat, potassium also helps to relieve blood pressure. (jewishledger.com)
which blood pressure-lowering drug has the least side effects These are more simplified conditions, and for example, a fourth declines, calcium channel blockers, and vegetables a day, white coating. (sc-celje.si)
supplements to improve blood pressure, and dark and sodium you are watermelon, but your blood pressure readings are really detected. (leagueofbetting.com)
calcium channel blockers lower blood high cholesterol arteries pressure within 50 years. (atime.org)
While lungs are corrected to be achieving surgical condition can lead to a brush slow breath and sodium, while controlling blood pressure. (centrumlucina.cz)

We performed functional studies expressing missense variants in ND7/23 neuroblastoma cells and primary neuronal cultures using recombinant tetrodotoxin-insensitive human Nav1.6 channels and whole-cell patch-clamping. (sdu.dk)

acebutolol and timolol both increase anti-hypertensive channel blocking. (medscape.com)

Gingival overgrowth is associated with multiple factors including congenital diseases, hormonal disturbances, poor oral hygiene condition, inflammation, neoplastic conditions, and adverse drug reactions including anticonvulsants, calcium channel blockers, and immunosuppressants. (jdentlasers.org)

Anatomy24

Organisms14

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs166

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes27

Disciplines and Occupations2

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science2

Ultra-slow inactivation in mu1 Na+ channels is produced by a structural rearrangement of the outer vestibule. (1/1462)

Tetraethylammonium block of the BNC1 channel. (2/1462)

RSD1000: a novel antiarrhythmic agent with increased potency under acidic and high-potassium conditions. (3/1462)

Cardiac sodium channel Markov model with temperature dependence and recovery from inactivation. (4/1462)

Calcium block of Na+ channels and its effect on closing rate. (5/1462)

Distinguishing surface effects of calcium ion from pore-occupancy effects in Na+ channels. (6/1462)

Osmotic regulation of airway reactivity by epithelium. (7/1462)

N-type calcium channel inactivation probed by gating-current analysis. (8/1462)

Sodium Channel Blockers

Sodium Channels

Mexiletine

Calcium Channel Blockers

Lidocaine

Tetrodotoxin

NAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel

Ion Channels

Sodium

Epithelial Sodium Channels

Semicarbazones

Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blockers

Ion Channel Gating

Potassium Channel Blockers

Amiloride

Disopyramide

Calcium Channels

NAV1.2 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel

NAV1.6 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel

Ajmaline

Anti-Arrhythmia Agents

Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels

Membrane Potentials

Flecainide

Electrophysiology

Epithelial Sodium Channel Blockers

NAV1.8 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel

Patch-Clamp Techniques

Action Potentials

Sodium Channel Agonists

Mononeuropathies

Benzomorphans

NAV1.1 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel

Conotoxins

Anesthetics, Local

NAV1.7 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel

NAV1.4 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying

Chloride Channels

Saxitoxin

Bundle-Branch Block

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Batrachotoxins

NAV1.3 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel

Carbamazepine

Neurons

Thiazines

Scorpion Venoms

Calcium Channels, L-Type

Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated

Electrocardiography

Nifedipine

KATP Channels

Veratridine

Rats, Wistar

Oocytes

Electric Conductivity

Potassium Channels, Calcium-Activated

NAV1.9 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel

Potassium

Analgesics

Heart Conduction System

Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel beta-1 Subunit

Xenopus laevis

Calcium

Dihydropyridines

Dogs

Calcium Channels, T-Type

Calcium Channels, N-Type

Verapamil

Kinetics

Diltiazem

Xenopus

Pain

Shaker Superfamily of Potassium Channels

Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels

Cells, Cultured

Acid Sensing Ion Channels

Tetraethylammonium