Sodium Acetate
Acetates
Acetic Acid
Sodium
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Crystallization
Acidosis
Propionates
Buffers
Salts
Acid-Base Equilibrium
Ammonium Chloride
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
Sodium Channels
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Lactobacillus
Lactic Acid
Culture Media
X-Ray Diffraction
Interactions and aggregation of apoferritin molecules in solution: effects of added electrolytes. (1/95)
We have studied the structure of the protein species and the protein-protein interactions in solutions containing two apoferritin molecular forms, monomers and dimers, in the presence of Na(+) and Cd(2+) ions. We used chromatographic, and static and dynamic light scattering techniques, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Size-exclusion chromatography was used to isolate these two protein fractions. The sizes and shapes of the monomers and dimers were determined by dynamic light scattering and AFM. Although the monomer is an apparent sphere with a diameter corresponding to previous x-ray crystallography determinations, the dimer shape corresponds to two, bound monomer spheres. Static light scattering was applied to characterize the interactions between solute molecules of monomers and dimers in terms of the second osmotic virial coefficients. The results for the monomers indicate that Na(+) ions cause strong intermolecular repulsion even at concentrations higher than 0.15 M, contrary to the predictions of the commonly applied Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory. We argue that the reason for such behavior is hydration force due to the formation of a water shell around the protein molecules with the help of the sodium ions. The addition of even small amounts of Cd(2+) changes the repulsive interactions to attractive but does not lead to oligomer formation, at least at the protein concentrations used. Thus, the two ions provide examples of strong specificity of their interactions with the protein molecules. In solutions of the apoferritin dimer, the molecules attract even in the presence of Na(+) only, indicating a change in the surface of the apoferritin molecule. In view of the strong repulsion between the monomers, this indicates that the dimers and higher oligomers form only after partial denaturation of some of the apoferritin monomers. These observations suggest that aggregation and self-assembly of protein molecules or molecular subunits may be driven by forces other than those responsible for crystallization and other phase transitions in the protein solution. (+info)Interaction of glutamine and arginine on cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia. (2/95)
Glutamine is purported to inhibit recycling of citrulline to arginine and to limit nitric oxide release in vitro. However, vasoactive effects of glutamine have not been clearly demonstrated in vivo. During hyperammonemia, impaired cerebrovascular reactivity to CO(2) is related to glutamine accumulation. We tested the hypotheses that 1) glutamine infusion in the absence of hyperammonemia impairs cerebrovascular CO(2) reactivity and 2) arginine infusion preserves CO(2) reactivity during glutamine infusion and during hyperammonemia. Pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized rats were equipped with a closed cranial window for measuring pial arteriolar diameter. Intravenous infusion of 3 mmol. kg(-1). h(-1) of L-glutamine for 6 h produced threefold increases in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations. Dilation to hypercapnia was reduced by 45% compared with that of a time control group at 6 h but not at 3 h of glutamine infusion. Coinfusion of 2 mmol. kg(-1). h(-1) of L-arginine with glutamine maintained the hypercapnic vasodilation at the control value. Infusion of ammonium acetate at a rate known to produce threefold increases in cortical tissue glutamine concentration resulted in no significant hypercapnic vasodilation. Coinfusion of arginine with ammonium acetate maintained hypercapnic vasodilation at 60% of the control value. Arginine infusion did not augment hypercapnic vasodilation in a control group. We conclude that glutamine modulates cerebrovascular CO(2) reactivity in vivo. Glutamine probably acts by limiting arginine availability because the vascular inhibitory effect required >3 h to develop and because arginine infusion counteracted the vascular effect of both endogenously and exogenously produced increases in glutamine. (+info)Biosynthesis of cladospirone bisepoxide, a member of the spirobisnaphthalene family. (3/95)
The biosynthesis of cladospirone bisepoxide (1) was investigated by feeding 13C-labeled acetate to growing cultures of the fungus Sphaeropsidales sp. (strain F-24'707). 13C NMR spectral analysis demonstrated the polyketide origin of both naphthalene units. The origin of two epoxide oxygens was confirmed as from air by cultivation of the strain in an 18O2-enriched atmosphere. The [18O]incorporation pattern into palmarumycin C12 (11), the putative precursor of 1 led to the hypothesis that the carbonyl oxygen of 1 is derived from water by exchange of an oxygen atom. Inhibition of the biosynthesis of 1 with tricyclazole, an inhibitor of the 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin biosynthesis, confirmed the connection of both biosynthetic pathways. (+info)Effects of various arterial infusion solutions on red blood cells in the newborn. (4/95)
AIM: To examine in vitro the effects of brief contact with various infusion solutions on red blood cells from newborn infants, as occurs in the "waste" syringe during routine blood sampling from umbilical artery catheters. The mixture of blood and solution in the "waste" syringe is usually reinfused into the baby. Reinfused red blood cells may be damaged by the infusion solution. It is hypothesised that an isotonic amino acid solution would cause no red blood cell agglutination and no more haemolysis than many commonly used solutions. METHODS: Blood was obtained from the placentas of 15 normal term babies. Haemolysis was estimated by measuring plasma (free) haemoglobin after mock blood sampling. Agglutination was measured semiquantitatively by direct observation. RESULTS: A 0.25% normal saline solution caused 5.4% haemolysis, significantly more than all the other fluids tested. There was less haemolysis with 0. 25% normal saline when there was complete mixing of blood and solution within the "waste" syringe. Normal saline and isotonic sodium acetate solutions caused < 0.1% haemolysis, significantly less than all the other fluids tested. The isotonic amino acid solution caused 0.8% haemolysis, which is similar to that caused by the remaining solutions tested. Agglutination was seen with isotonic dextrose and with the two isotonic amino acid solutions containing cysteine. CONCLUSIONS: Isotonic amino acid solution (without added cysteine) caused no agglutination and the same or less haemolysis than many commonly used solutions and may offer advantages in nutrition and fluid balance. (+info)Comparison of deuterium incorporation and mass isotopomer distribution analysis for measurement of human cholesterol biosynthesis. (5/95)
To compare endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis measured by deuterium incorporation (DI) and mass isotopomer distribution analysis (MIDA), cholesterol fractional and absolute synthetic rates were measured simultaneously by both techniques under identical physiological conditions. Twelve subjects (22 to 39 years of age) underwent a dual stable isotope protocol, involving oral deuterium oxide administration and measurement of incorporation of deuterium into cholesterol coincident with constant infusion of sodium [1-(13)C]acetate and measurement of the mass isotopomer distribution pattern of newly synthesized cholesterol. Synthesis was determined over 24 h with a 7-h feeding period. Both methods yielded similar measurements of fractional cholesterol synthesis (7.8 +/- 2.5% day(-)(1) for DI vs. 6.9 +/- 2.2% day(-)(1) for MIDA). Correlation of fractional synthesis across techniques was strong (r = 0.84, P = 0.0007). Absolute synthesis rates were also not different at 24 h (13.4 +/- 4.3 mg kg(-)(1) day(-)(1) for DI vs. 11.9 +/- 3.6 mg kg(-)(1) day(-)(1) for MIDA, r = 0.79, P < 0.002). We conclude that despite different assumptions and analytical requirements, deuterium incorporation and MIDA yield similar rates of cholesterogenesis in humans when measurements are made over 24 h. The decision as to which method to adopt depends on available clinical and analytical facilities (+info)Effect of intracellular pH on spontaneous Ca2+ sparks in rat ventricular myocytes. (6/95)
1. A fall of intracellular pH (pHi) typically depresses cardiac contractility. Among the many mechanisms underlying this depression, an inhibitory effect of acidosis upon the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release channel has been predicted, but not so far demonstrated in the intact cardiac myocyte. In the present work, pHi was manipulated experimentally while confocal imaging was used to record spontaneous 'Ca2+ sparks' (local SR Ca2+ release events) in rat isolated myocytes loaded with the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fluo-3. In other experiments, whole cell (global) pHi or [Ca2+]i was measured by microfluorimetry (using, respectively, intracellular carboxy SNARF-1 and indo-1). 2. Reducing pHi (i) increased whole cell intracellular [Ca2+] transients induced either electrically or by addition of caffeine, whereas (ii) it decreased spontaneous Ca2+ spark frequency. Conversely, raising pHi increased spontaneous Ca2+ spark frequency. 3. Blocking sarcolemmal Ca2+ influx with 10 mM Ni2+, or reducing external pH by 1.0 unit, had no effect on the pHi-dependent changes in spontaneous Ca2+ spark frequency. 4. Decreasing pHi over the range 7.78-7.20, decreased Ca2+ spark frequency exponentially as a function of pHi, with frequency declining by approximately 33 % for a 0.2 unit fall in pHi. In contrast, over the same pHi range, Ca2+ spark amplitude was unaffected. Intracellular acidosis produced a slight slowing of Ca2+ spark relaxation. 5. The results indicate that, in the intact myocyte, a reduced pHi decreases the probability of opening of the SR Ca2+ release channel. This phenomenon may contribute to the negative inotropic effects of acidosis. (+info)Butyrate metabolism upstream and downstream acetyl-CoA synthesis and growth control of human colon carcinoma cells. (7/95)
Butyrate is a short chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced by bacterial fermentation of dietary fibers in the colon lumen which severely affects the proliferation of colon cancer cells in in vitro experiments. Although butyrate is able to interfere with numerous cellular targets including cell cycle regulator expression, little is known about butyrate metabolism and its possible involvement in its effect upon colon carcinoma cell growth. In this study, we found that HT-29 Glc-/+ cells strongly accumulated and oxidized sodium butyrate without producing ketone bodies, nor modifying oxygen consumption nor mitochondrial ATP synthesis. HT-29 cells accumulated and oxidized sodium acetate at a higher level than butyrate. However, sodium butyrate, but not sodium acetate, reduced cell growth and increased the expression of the cell cycle effector cyclin D3 and the inhibitor of the G1/S cdk-cyclin complexes p21/WAF1/Cip1, demonstrating that butyrate metabolism downstream of acetyl-CoA synthesis is not required for the growth-restraining effect of this SCFA. Furthermore, HT-29 cells modestly incorporated the 14C-labelled carbon from sodium butyrate into cellular triacylglycerols and phospholipids. This incorporation was greatly increased when D-glucose was present in the incubation medium, corresponding to the capacity of hexose to circulate in the pentose phosphate pathway allowing NADPH synthesis required for lipogenesis. Interestingly, when HT-29 cells were cultured in the presence of sodium butyrate, their capacity to incorporate 14C-labelled sodium butyrate into triacylglycerols and phospholipids was increased more than twofold. In such experimental conditions, HT-29 cells when observed under an electronic microscope, were found to be characterized by an accumulation of lipid droplets in the cytosol. Our data strongly suggest that butyrate acts upon colon carcinoma cells upstream of acetyl-CoA synthesis. In contrast, the metabolism downstream of acetyl-CoA [i.e. oxidation in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and lipid synthesis] likely acts as a regulator of butyrate intracellular concentration. (+info)Lack of functional and morphological susceptibility of the greater superficial petrosal nerve to developmental dietary sodium restriction. (8/95)
Restriction of dietary sodium during gestation has major effects on taste function and anatomy in the offspring. The chorda tympani nerve of offspring that are maintained on sodium-reduced chow throughout life (NaDep) has reduced neurophysiological responses to sodium and altered morphology of its terminal field in the nucleus of the solitary tract. There are many anatomical and physiological similarities between the chorda tympani nerve that innervates taste buds on the anterior tongue and the greater superficial petrosal nerve (GSP) that innervates taste buds on the palate. To determine if the GSP is similarly susceptible to the effects of dietary sodium restriction, the present study examined neurophysiological responses and the terminal field of the GSP in NaDep and control rats. Neurophysiological responses of the GSP to a variety of sodium and non-sodium stimuli did not differ between NaDep and control rats. Furthermore, the volume and shape of the GSP terminal field in the nucleus of the solitary tract did not differ between the groups. Therefore, despite the high degree of functional and anatomical correspondence between the chorda tympani nerve and the GSP, the GSP does not appear to be susceptible to the effects of lifelong dietary sodium restriction. (+info)Sodium acetate is an ionic compound with the formula NaC2H3O2. It is formed by the combination of sodium ions (Na+) and acetate ions (C2H3O2-). Sodium acetate is a white, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water. It is commonly used as a buffer in laboratory settings to help maintain a stable pH level in solutions.
In the body, sodium acetate can be produced as a byproduct of metabolism and is also found in some foods and medications. It is quickly converted to bicarbonate in the body, which helps to regulate the acid-base balance and maintain a normal pH level in the blood. Sodium acetate is sometimes used as a source of sodium and acetate ions in intravenous (IV) fluids to help treat dehydration or metabolic acidosis, a condition in which the body has too much acid.
It's important to note that while sodium acetate is generally considered safe when used as directed, it can cause side effects if taken in large amounts or in combination with certain medications. It is always best to consult with a healthcare provider before using any new medication or supplement.
Acetates, in a medical context, most commonly refer to compounds that contain the acetate group, which is an functional group consisting of a carbon atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom (-COO-). An example of an acetate is sodium acetate (CH3COONa), which is a salt formed from acetic acid (CH3COOH) and is often used as a buffering agent in medical solutions.
Acetates can also refer to a group of medications that contain acetate as an active ingredient, such as magnesium acetate, which is used as a laxative, or calcium acetate, which is used to treat high levels of phosphate in the blood.
In addition, acetates can also refer to a process called acetylation, which is the addition of an acetyl group (-COCH3) to a molecule. This process can be important in the metabolism and regulation of various substances within the body.
Acetic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH. It is a colorless liquid with a pungent, vinegar-like smell and is the main component of vinegar. In medical terms, acetic acid is used as a topical antiseptic and antibacterial agent, particularly for the treatment of ear infections, external genital warts, and nail fungus. It can also be used as a preservative and solvent in some pharmaceutical preparations.
Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte that is necessary for human health. In a medical context, sodium is often discussed in terms of its concentration in the blood, as measured by serum sodium levels. The normal range for serum sodium is typically between 135 and 145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).
Sodium plays a number of important roles in the body, including:
* Regulating fluid balance: Sodium helps to regulate the amount of water in and around your cells, which is important for maintaining normal blood pressure and preventing dehydration.
* Facilitating nerve impulse transmission: Sodium is involved in the generation and transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system, which is necessary for proper muscle function and coordination.
* Assisting with muscle contraction: Sodium helps to regulate muscle contractions by interacting with other minerals such as calcium and potassium.
Low sodium levels (hyponatremia) can cause symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and coma, while high sodium levels (hypernatremia) can lead to symptoms such as weakness, muscle cramps, and seizures. Both conditions require medical treatment to correct.
Alkalosis is a medical condition that refers to an excess of bases or a decrease in the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the blood, leading to a higher than normal pH level. The normal range for blood pH is typically between 7.35 and 7.45. A pH above 7.45 indicates alkalosis.
Alkalosis can be caused by several factors, including:
1. Metabolic alkalosis: This type of alkalosis occurs due to an excess of bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the body, which can result from conditions such as excessive vomiting, hyperventilation, or the use of certain medications like diuretics.
2. Respiratory alkalosis: This form of alkalosis is caused by a decrease in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the blood due to hyperventilation or other conditions that affect breathing, such as high altitude, anxiety, or lung disease.
Symptoms of alkalosis can vary depending on its severity and underlying cause. Mild alkalosis may not produce any noticeable symptoms, while severe cases can lead to muscle twitching, cramps, tremors, confusion, and even seizures. Treatment for alkalosis typically involves addressing the underlying cause and restoring the body's normal pH balance through medications or other interventions as necessary.
Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.
In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.
Crystallization is a process in which a substance transitions from a liquid or dissolved state to a solid state, forming a crystal lattice. In the medical context, crystallization can refer to the formation of crystals within the body, which can occur under certain conditions such as changes in pH, temperature, or concentration of solutes. These crystals can deposit in various tissues and organs, leading to the formation of crystal-induced diseases or disorders.
For example, in patients with gout, uric acid crystals can accumulate in joints, causing inflammation, pain, and swelling. Similarly, in nephrolithiasis (kidney stones), minerals in the urine can crystallize and form stones that can obstruct the urinary tract. Crystallization can also occur in other medical contexts, such as in the formation of dental calculus or plaque, and in the development of cataracts in the eye.
Acidosis is a medical condition that occurs when there is an excess accumulation of acid in the body or when the body loses its ability to effectively regulate the pH level of the blood. The normal pH range of the blood is slightly alkaline, between 7.35 and 7.45. When the pH falls below 7.35, it is called acidosis.
Acidosis can be caused by various factors, including impaired kidney function, respiratory problems, diabetes, severe dehydration, alcoholism, and certain medications or toxins. There are two main types of acidosis: metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis.
Metabolic acidosis occurs when the body produces too much acid or is unable to eliminate it effectively. This can be caused by conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, kidney failure, and ingestion of certain toxins.
Respiratory acidosis, on the other hand, occurs when the lungs are unable to remove enough carbon dioxide from the body, leading to an accumulation of acid. This can be caused by conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and sedative overdose.
Symptoms of acidosis may include fatigue, shortness of breath, confusion, headache, rapid heartbeat, and in severe cases, coma or even death. Treatment for acidosis depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, oxygen therapy, fluid replacement, and dialysis.
Propionates, in a medical context, most commonly refer to a group of medications that are used as topical creams or gels to treat fungal infections of the skin. Propionic acid and its salts, such as propionate, are the active ingredients in these medications. They work by inhibiting the growth of fungi, which causes the infection. Common examples of propionate-containing medications include creams used to treat athlete's foot, ringworm, and jock itch.
It is important to note that there are many different types of medications and compounds that contain the word "propionate" in their name, as it refers to a specific chemical structure. However, in a medical context, it most commonly refers to antifungal creams or gels.
A buffer in the context of physiology and medicine refers to a substance or system that helps to maintain stable or neutral conditions, particularly in relation to pH levels, within the body or biological fluids.
Buffers are weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to minimize changes in the pH level. They do this by taking up excess hydrogen ions (H+) when acidity increases or releasing hydrogen ions when alkalinity increases, thereby maintaining a relatively constant pH.
In the human body, some of the key buffer systems include:
1. Bicarbonate buffer system: This is the major buffer in blood and extracellular fluids. It consists of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and carbonic acid (H2CO3). When there is an increase in acidity, the bicarbonate ion accepts a hydrogen ion to form carbonic acid, which then dissociates into water and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide can be exhaled, helping to remove excess acid from the body.
2. Phosphate buffer system: This is primarily found within cells. It consists of dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4-) and monohydrogen phosphate (HPO42-) ions. When there is an increase in alkalinity, the dihydrogen phosphate ion donates a hydrogen ion to form monohydrogen phosphate, helping to neutralize the excess base.
3. Protein buffer system: Proteins, particularly histidine-rich proteins, can also act as buffers due to the presence of ionizable groups on their surfaces. These groups can bind or release hydrogen ions in response to changes in pH, thus maintaining a stable environment within cells and organelles.
Maintaining appropriate pH levels is crucial for various biological processes, including enzyme function, cell membrane stability, and overall homeostasis. Buffers play a vital role in preserving these balanced conditions despite internal or external challenges that might disrupt them.
In the context of medicine, "salts" often refers to ionic compounds that are formed when an acid and a base react together. The resulting product of this neutralization reaction is composed of cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions), which combine to form a salt.
Salts can also be formed from the reaction between a weak acid and a strong base, or between a strong acid and a weak base. The resulting salt will have properties that are different from those of the reactants, including its solubility in water, pH, and taste. In some cases, salts can be used for therapeutic purposes, such as potassium chloride (KCl) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), while others may be harmful and pose a risk to human health.
It's important to note that the term "salts" can also refer to organic compounds that contain a functional group consisting of a single bond between a carbon atom and a halogen atom, such as sodium chloride (NaCl) or potassium iodide (KI). These types of salts are not formed from acid-base reactions but rather through ionic bonding between a metal and a nonmetal.
Acid-base equilibrium refers to the balance between the concentration of acids and bases in a solution, which determines its pH level. In a healthy human body, maintaining acid-base equilibrium is crucial for proper cellular function and homeostasis.
The balance is maintained by several buffering systems in the body, including the bicarbonate buffer system, which helps to regulate the pH of blood. This system involves the reaction between carbonic acid (a weak acid) and bicarbonate ions (a base) to form water and carbon dioxide.
The balance between acids and bases is carefully regulated by the body's respiratory and renal systems. The lungs control the elimination of carbon dioxide, a weak acid, through exhalation, while the kidneys regulate the excretion of hydrogen ions and the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions.
When the balance between acids and bases is disrupted, it can lead to acid-base disorders such as acidosis (excessive acidity) or alkalosis (excessive basicity). These conditions can have serious consequences on various organ systems if left untreated.
Ammonium chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula NH4Cl. It is a white crystalline salt that is highly soluble in water and can be produced by combining ammonia (NH3) with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Ammonium chloride is commonly used as a source of hydrogen ions in chemical reactions, and it has a variety of industrial and medical applications.
In the medical field, ammonium chloride is sometimes used as a expectorant to help thin and loosen mucus in the respiratory tract, making it easier to cough up and clear from the lungs. It may also be used to treat conditions such as metabolic alkalosis, a condition characterized by an excess of base in the body that can lead to symptoms such as confusion, muscle twitching, and irregular heartbeat.
However, it is important to note that ammonium chloride can have side effects, including stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional and should not be taken in large amounts or for extended periods of time without medical supervision.
Sodium Chloride is defined as the inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. It is commonly known as table salt or halite, and it is used extensively in food seasoning and preservation due to its ability to enhance flavor and inhibit bacterial growth. In medicine, sodium chloride is used as a balanced electrolyte solution for rehydration and as a topical wound irrigant and antiseptic. It is also an essential component of the human body's fluid balance and nerve impulse transmission.
Tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) is defined as a pharmacological agent that is a derivative of the phorbol ester family. It is a potent tumor promoter and activator of protein kinase C (PKC), a group of enzymes that play a role in various cellular processes such as signal transduction, proliferation, and differentiation. TPA has been widely used in research to study PKC-mediated signaling pathways and its role in cancer development and progression. It is also used in topical treatments for skin conditions such as psoriasis.
Sodium channels are specialized protein structures that are embedded in the membranes of excitable cells, such as nerve and muscle cells. They play a crucial role in the generation and transmission of electrical signals in these cells. Sodium channels are responsible for the rapid influx of sodium ions into the cell during the initial phase of an action potential, which is the electrical signal that travels along the membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber. This sudden influx of sodium ions causes the membrane potential to rapidly reverse, leading to the depolarization of the cell. After the action potential, the sodium channels close and become inactivated, preventing further entry of sodium ions and helping to restore the resting membrane potential.
Sodium channels are composed of a large alpha subunit and one or two smaller beta subunits. The alpha subunit forms the ion-conducting pore, while the beta subunits play a role in modulating the function and stability of the channel. Mutations in sodium channel genes have been associated with various inherited diseases, including certain forms of epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmias, and muscle disorders.
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a type of chromatography that separates and analyzes compounds based on their interactions with a stationary phase and a mobile phase under high pressure. The mobile phase, which can be a gas or liquid, carries the sample mixture through a column containing the stationary phase.
In HPLC, the mobile phase is a liquid, and it is pumped through the column at high pressures (up to several hundred atmospheres) to achieve faster separation times and better resolution than other types of liquid chromatography. The stationary phase can be a solid or a liquid supported on a solid, and it interacts differently with each component in the sample mixture, causing them to separate as they travel through the column.
HPLC is widely used in analytical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and other fields to separate, identify, and quantify compounds present in complex mixtures. It can be used to analyze a wide range of substances, including drugs, hormones, vitamins, pigments, flavors, and pollutants. HPLC is also used in the preparation of pure samples for further study or use.
Lactobacillus is a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic or microaerophilic, non-spore-forming bacteria. They are part of the normal flora found in the intestinal, urinary, and genital tracts of humans and other animals. Lactobacilli are also commonly found in some fermented foods, such as yogurt, sauerkraut, and sourdough bread.
Lactobacilli are known for their ability to produce lactic acid through the fermentation of sugars, which contributes to their role in maintaining a healthy microbiota and lowering the pH in various environments. Some species of Lactobacillus have been shown to provide health benefits, such as improving digestion, enhancing immune function, and preventing infections, particularly in the urogenital and intestinal tracts. They are often used as probiotics, either in food or supplement form, to promote a balanced microbiome and support overall health.
Lactic acid, also known as 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, is a chemical compound that plays a significant role in various biological processes. In the context of medicine and biochemistry, lactic acid is primarily discussed in relation to muscle metabolism and cellular energy production. Here's a medical definition for lactic acid:
Lactic acid (LA): A carboxylic acid with the molecular formula C3H6O3 that plays a crucial role in anaerobic respiration, particularly during strenuous exercise or conditions of reduced oxygen availability. It is formed through the conversion of pyruvate, catalyzed by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), when there is insufficient oxygen to complete the final step of cellular respiration in the Krebs cycle. The accumulation of lactic acid can lead to acidosis and muscle fatigue. Additionally, lactic acid serves as a vital intermediary in various metabolic pathways and is involved in the production of glucose through gluconeogenesis in the liver.
Culture media is a substance that is used to support the growth of microorganisms or cells in an artificial environment, such as a petri dish or test tube. It typically contains nutrients and other factors that are necessary for the growth and survival of the organisms being cultured. There are many different types of culture media, each with its own specific formulation and intended use. Some common examples include blood agar, which is used to culture bacteria; Sabouraud dextrose agar, which is used to culture fungi; and Eagle's minimum essential medium, which is used to culture animal cells.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) is not strictly a medical definition, but it is a technique commonly used in the field of medical research and diagnostics. XRD is a form of analytical spectroscopy that uses the phenomenon of X-ray diffraction to investigate the crystallographic structure of materials. When a beam of X-rays strikes a crystal, it is scattered in specific directions and with specific intensities that are determined by the arrangement of atoms within the crystal. By measuring these diffraction patterns, researchers can determine the crystal structures of various materials, including biological macromolecules such as proteins and viruses.
In the medical field, XRD is often used to study the structure of drugs and drug candidates, as well as to analyze the composition and structure of tissues and other biological samples. For example, XRD can be used to investigate the crystal structures of calcium phosphate minerals in bone tissue, which can provide insights into the mechanisms of bone formation and disease. Additionally, XRD is sometimes used in the development of new medical imaging techniques, such as phase-contrast X-ray imaging, which has the potential to improve the resolution and contrast of traditional X-ray images.
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Trihydrate11
- Sodium acetate trihydrate crystals melt at 58-58.4 °C (136.4-137.1 °F), dissolving in their water of crystallization[citation needed]. (wikipedia.org)
- By pressing on a metal disc within the heating pad, a nucleation center is formed, causing the solution to crystallize back into solid sodium acetate trihydrate. (wikipedia.org)
- CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + H2CO 3 H2CO 3 → CO 2 + H 2O Industrially, sodium acetate trihydrate is prepared by reacting acetic acid with sodium hydroxide using water as the solvent. (wikipedia.org)
- Often occurring in the form of trihydrate, sodium acetate is a colorless, odorless, and solid crystalline substance. (nanouniverse-library.jp)
- Sodium acetate trihydrate (NaCH3COO·3H2O) is a promising Phase Change Material (PCM) used to fabricate reusable heating pads and hand warmers because of its relative high heat of fusion. (biofuranchem.com)
- Its alkalinity (pH 8.5-9.5), as well as its low price, makes sodium acetate trihydrate the material for choice several applications including, 1. (biofuranchem.com)
- 1、Chemical Name: Sodium Acetate 2、Molecular Formula : C2H3NaO2 ,C2H3NaO2·3H2O 3、Molecular Weight: Anhydrous 82.03,Trihydrate 136.08 4、CAS: Anhydrous:127-09-3,Trihydrate:6131-90-4 5、Character: Trihydrate: It is colorless transparent cryst. (kexinchemical.com)
- Sodium Acetate Anhydrous is manufactured by method in which sodium acetate trihydrate is heated between 120 degrees Celsius and 130 degrees Celsius, then the sodium acetate trihydrate is decompressed and concentrated, cooled and crystallized, and dried to get the anhydrous sodium acetate. (vinipul.com)
- Sodium Acetate Trihydrate is a moderately water soluble crystalline Sodium source that decomposes to Sodium oxide on heating. (sharjahchemical.com)
- Sodium acetate trihydrate is commonly used in several applications. (sharjahchemical.com)
- Leading Manufacturer of Sodium Acetate Trihydrate Cryst. (cdhfinechemical.com)
Anhydrous sodium acetate3
- To manufacture anhydrous sodium acetate industrially, the Niacet Process is used. (wikipedia.org)
- The crystal structure of anhydrous sodium acetate has been described as alternating sodium-carboxylate and methyl group layers. (wikipedia.org)
- Establishes criteria for the purity of photographic-grade anhydrous sodium acetate and describes the tests to be used to determine the purity. (iso.org)
Acetic14
- Sodium acetate may be added to food as a seasoning, sometimes in the form of sodium diacetate, a one-to-one complex of sodium acetate and acetic acid, given the E-number E262. (wikipedia.org)
- A solution of sodium acetate (a basic salt of acetic acid) and acetic acid can act as a buffer to keep a relatively constant pH level. (wikipedia.org)
- When a sodium and carbonate ion-containing compound is used as the reactant, the carbonate anion from sodium bicarbonate or carbonate, reacts with the hydrogen from the carboxyl group (-COOH) in acetic acid, forming carbonic acid. (wikipedia.org)
- Sodium metal ingots are extruded through a die to form a ribbon of sodium metal, usually under an inert gas atmosphere such as N2 then immersed in anhydrous acetic acid. (wikipedia.org)
- sodium acetate charge (CH3COONa) is an industrially prepared chemical compound that is an ester formed by reacting an alkyl halide like bromoethane with acetic acid. (nanouniverse-library.jp)
- Ch. A buffer contains significant amounts of acetic acid (HC2H3O2) and sodium acetate (NaC2H3O2). (ellejae.com)
- Ch. 17 - What must the ratio of acetic acid to acetate ion. (ellejae.com)
- Ch. The pH is higher for this situation, where we have acetic acid, where we have two sources again for the acetate ion, the ionization of acetic acid and also the addition of sodium acetate. (ellejae.com)
- Ch. Using an acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer solution, what ratio of conjugate base to acid will you need to maintain the pH at 5.00? (ellejae.com)
- The sodium salt of acetic acid, CH3COONa, is commonly known as acetate and is an important chemical compound. (lempotee.fr)
- These are compounds formed when the negatively charged acetate anion of acetic acid is combined with a positively charged cation such as sodium or potassium. (lempotee.fr)
- For this measurement, it is necessary to replace inner solution to saturated sodium perchlorate in acetic acid solution. (jmscience.com)
- Prepare the saturated solution of sodium perchlorate in glacial acetic acid with reagent grade of these. (jmscience.com)
- Sodium Acetate Anhydrous is the anhydrous, sodium salt form of acetic acid. (vinipul.com)
Salts4
- While it may seem like a simple topic, the understanding of salts, particularly sodium salts and acetate salts, is fundamental to many areas of science, including chemistry, biology, and environmental science. (unewlife.com)
- It is one of many acetate salts that exist. (lempotee.fr)
- All metallic acetates are inorganic salts containing a metal cation and the acetate anion, a univalent (-1 charge) polyatomic ion composed of two carbon atoms ionically bound to three hydrogen and two oxygen atoms (Symbol: CH3COO) for a total formula weight of 59.05. (sharjahchemical.com)
- Such solutes include polyethylene glycol , magnesium salts (hydroxide and sulfate), and sodium phosphate, which are used as laxatives. (msdmanuals.com)
CH3COONa1
- Sodium acetate can be used to form an ester with an alkyl halide such as bromoethane: CH3COONa + BrCH2CH3 → CH3COOCH2CH3 + NaBr Sodium acetate undergoes decarboxylation to form methane (CH4) under forcing conditions (pyrolysis in the presence of sodium hydroxide): CH3COONa + NaOH → CH4 + Na2CO3 Calcium oxide is the typical catalyst used for this reaction. (wikipedia.org)
Hydroxide4
- Balanced crystalloids (Normosol R, Plasmalyte A, and Plasmalyte 148) are isotonic solutions that contain either sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid to normalize their pH. (perfusion.com)
- Solutions of zinc bromide and sodium hydroxide are mixed. (ellejae.com)
- Impingers containing hydrochloric- acid (7647010) were operated at a flow rate of 1lpm to sample for sodium-hydroxide (1310732). (cdc.gov)
- Samples for cyanide (74908) were collected in sodium-hydroxide (1310732) at 1lpm. (cdc.gov)
Bicarbonate7
- Due to its high SID value * , balanced crystalloids have a tendency for acid base balance to move on the alkaline side of the pH scale without the addition of sodium bicarbonate during bypass. (perfusion.com)
- So, you can give a lot of acetate-containing solutions without worrying about dilution of the serum bicarbonate. (perfusion.com)
- One mEq of acetate is equivalent to one mEq of bicarbonate, so give it in the same mEq dose. (perfusion.com)
- In adults, the conversion of acetate to bicarbonate takes 5-10 minutes at normothermia , so don't expect to see the immediate buffering change like with bicarbonate use. (perfusion.com)
- So, if your program does both adults and peds, save whatever sodium bicarbonate you have left for the peds and use the acetate in the adults. (perfusion.com)
- Rising medical applications - Sodium acetate is preferred by many medical centers as an adequate alternative to sodium bicarbonate, which is central to the treatment of many poisonings. (stratviewresearch.com)
- You can make sodium acetate at home by mixing vinegar (distilled white vinegar will work if high purity is not required) with baking soda (sodium bicarbonate). (lempotee.fr)
Betamethasone acetate4
- Betamethasone Sodium Phosphate and Betamethasone Acetate Injectable Suspension is a sterile aqueous suspension containing 3 mg per milliliter betamethasone (equivalent to 3.95 mg betamethasone sodium phosphate USP) and 3 mg per milliliter betamethasone acetate. (nih.gov)
- The formula for betamethasone acetate is C 24 H 31 FO 6 and it has a molecular weight of 434.50. (nih.gov)
- Betamethasone acetate is a white to creamy white, odorless powder that sinters and resolidifies at about 165°C, and remelts at about 200°C-220°C with decomposition. (nih.gov)
- Betamethasone sodium phosphate, a soluble ester, provides prompt activity, while betamethasone acetate is only slightly soluble and affords sustained activity. (nih.gov)
Electrolyte2
- Sodium is the principal cation of the extracellular fluid and plays a large part in fluid and electrolyte replacement therapies. (vinipul.com)
- Sodium Acetate Anhydrous is used as an electrolyte replenisher in isosmotic solution for parenteral replacement of acute losses of extracellular fluid without distressing normal electrolyte balance. (vinipul.com)
Hydrochloric acid1
- Samples for hydrochloric-acid were taken in impingers containing sodium-acetate at 1lpm. (cdc.gov)
Ions4
- Hydrogen bonding in two dimensions between acetate ions and water of hydration links the chains into a three-dimensional network. (wikipedia.org)
- Upon dissolution in water, it forms sodium acetate and acetate ions. (nanouniverse-library.jp)
- The acetate ion will react with some of the hydronium ions, causing the equilibrium to a shift to the left. (ellejae.com)
- Sodium acetate anhydrous dissociates in water to form sodium ions (Na+) and acetate ions. (vinipul.com)
Purity2
- Ltd - manufacturer, supplier, and exporter in India well known for accurate composition, impurity-free Sodium Acetate Anhydrous using superior purity chemicals and the latest manufacturing equipment according to International Industry standards. (vinipul.com)
- Acetates are excellent precursors for production of ultra high purity compounds, catalysts, and nanoscale materials. (sharjahchemical.com)
Sulfate1
- Sodium 2-ethylhexyl Sulfate is easily dispersed in water. (cookingmamacookoff.com)
Supersaturated solution of sodium1
- A supersaturated solution of sodium acetate in water is supplied with a device to initiate crystallization, a process that releases substantial heat. (wikipedia.org)
Diacetate2
- Our company is mainly engaged in research and production of preservatives, such as, sodium diacetate, sodium dehydroacetate, calcium propionate and sodium propionate. (hzshenlifood.com)
- Our sodium diacetate has features of gentle acid and long shelf lives. (hzshenlifood.com)
Soluble1
- Sodium acetate is a hygroscopic white powder that is easily soluble in water. (lempotee.fr)
Potassium1
- Your doctor may instruct you to follow a low-sodium, low-salt, potassium-rich, or high-protein diet. (medlineplus.gov)
Additive1
- Acetate is a common additive to IV solutions. (perfusion.com)
NaAc1
- Our research was focused to the evaluation of Sodium Acetate (NaAc) in the HEK293 cell culture. (mendeley.com)
Exporter1
- Ltd. is one of the leading manufacturers, suppliers, exporter, stockist and dealer of Sodium Acetate Anhydrous. (vinipul.com)
Phosphate2
Carbonate1
- Ch. 17 - Sodium carbonate is added to a solution in which. (ellejae.com)
Buffer2
- Sodium acetate is also used as a pH buffer in food preparation to keep the pH of a product relatively constant. (nanouniverse-library.jp)
- The matched placebo product contains trehalose and sodium acetate as a buffer. (who.int)
Chemicals1
- Sodium Monochloro Acetate (SMCA) is a versatile product and is used as raw material or intimidates in the manufacture of important organic & textile chemicals such as Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC), Carboxymethyl Starch, Glycolic Acid and Trioglycolic Acid. (eximcan.com)
Calcium3
- The effects of calcium sodium ethylenediaminetetra-acetate (CaNa 2 EDTA) on the kinetics of distribution and excretion of lead ( 210 Pb) have been studied in rats. (bmj.com)
- Model: CMA25P Shipping Weight: 28lbs Product made in USA -- Granular Calcium Magnesium Acetate 100% solid calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) - Meets LEED Requirements For commercia. (greenicemelt.com)
- Model: CS2.5 Shipping Weight: 25lbs 9993 Units in Stock Manufactured by: The Green Earth Company, Inc. -- 2.5 Gallons - ($22.95 per gal) Clean Sweep (CMA) Calcium magnesium acetate. (greenicemelt.com)
Static electricity1
- In processing cotton for disposable cotton pads, sodium acetate is used to eliminate the buildup of static electricity. (wikipedia.org)
Salt2
- Sodium acetate is an organic sodium salt containing acetate. (stratviewresearch.com)
- Sodium acetate is used as washing salt in the leather industry. (stratviewresearch.com)
Bacteria2
- Sodium acetate is used as the carbon source for culturing bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- Usage in Food preservation and flavor enhancer - Sodium acetate prevents bacteria cultivation which helps in food preservation and adds a sour taste. (stratviewresearch.com)
Shelf-life3
- Sodium acetate (anhydrous) is widely used as a shelf-life extending agent and pH control agent. (wikipedia.org)
- Hence, to enhance flavor and extend the shelf-life of processed foods, the usage of sodium acetate is growing. (stratviewresearch.com)
- Ltd, we offer Sodium Acetate Anhydrous with fine quality, precise required composition and long shelf life. (vinipul.com)
Ethanol1
- Sodium acetate is also useful for increasing yields of DNA isolation by ethanol precipitation. (wikipedia.org)
Suppliers1
- Are you looking for finest quality Sodium Acetate Anhydrous suppliers? (vinipul.com)
Acid1
- Sodium acetate is used in the textile industry to neutralize sulfuric acid waste streams and also as a photoresist while using aniline dyes. (wikipedia.org)
Preservative1
- Sodium dehydroacetate, as new type high-efficient preservative, is produced according to American FCC standard. (hzshenlifood.com)
Chromium1
- Other examples include lead acetate, chromium(II) acetate and aluminum acetate. (lempotee.fr)
Chemical3
- Unlike some types of heat packs, such as those dependent upon irreversible chemical reactions, a sodium acetate heat pack can be easily reused by immersing the pack in boiling water for a few minutes, until the crystals are completely dissolved, and allowing the pack to slowly cool to room temperature. (wikipedia.org)
- Sodium acetate is widely used in chemical and medical industry (E.g. (jmscience.com)
- Sodium Acetate Anhydrous is an appropriate food grade chemical used to control the Listeria monocytogenes in Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus) meat. (vinipul.com)
Atom2
- A derivative of prednisolone, betamethasone has a 16β-methyl group that enhances the anti-inflammatory action of the molecule and reduces the sodium- and water-retaining properties of the fluorine atom bound at carbon 9. (nih.gov)
- It consists of one sodium atom, two oxygen atoms, two carbon atoms, and three hydrogen atoms. (nanouniverse-library.jp)
Metabolism3
- Acetate is normally produced in the gut and as a by-product of tissue metabolism. (perfusion.com)
- To do that, programming codes were created, and metabolic models were adapted considering reactions and metabolites that are presented not only in the Recon2 network, but also were added reactions and metabolites that are connected with the metabolism of acetate. (mendeley.com)
- The aim of our study is to assess the effects of eslicarbazepine acetate, a novel AED, on lipid metabolism profile, sodium values and liver function tests, as well as to compare them with previous effects of carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine. (redheracles.net)
Pads1
- Sodium acetate is also used in heating pads, hand warmers, and hot ice. (wikipedia.org)
Mmol1
- The normal value for acetate in blood is between 0.01-0.07 mmol/L, and is quickly converted into acetyl co-enzyme A and eventually oxidized in the liver into CO2 and water. (perfusion.com)
Commonly1
- Sodium acetate is used to mitigate water damage to concrete by acting as a concrete sealant, while also being environmentally benign and cheaper than the commonly used epoxy alternative for sealing concrete against water permeation. (wikipedia.org)
Applications3
- Applications Sodium Lauroyl Amphoteric Acetate It can be used as a foaming agent in many fields, including baby shampoo, bodywash, hand sanitizers and sanitizers for silk hair, industrial cleaning, metal corrosion inhibitors. (cookingmamacookoff.com)
- Expanding applications in the building and construction industry - Sodium acetate is used in the building and construction industry for multiple purposes such as a concrete sealant, a fire retardant, etc. (stratviewresearch.com)
- Sodium acetate is used in a variety of industrial applications including food production and concrete manufacturing. (lempotee.fr)
Organic1
- Experiments have shown that when added to food waste composting systems, sodium acetate may be effective at counteracting the adverse effects of organic acids produced in the composting process. (sharjahchemical.com)
Food2
- Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the denitrification capacity of fermentation liquid of food-waste by comparison with sodium acetate and glucose. (elsevierpure.com)
- And specific denitrification rate of food-waste was 0.77 times of sodium acetate and 2.1 times of glucose. (elsevierpure.com)
Water1
- Any of these reactions produce sodium acetate and water. (wikipedia.org)