Social Control, Formal
Social Control Policies
Social Control, Informal
Social Environment
Health Policy
Tobacco Industry
Policy Making
Organizational Policy
Smoke-Free Policy
United States Office of National Drug Control Policy
Social Support
Public Policy
Smoking Cessation
Commerce
Environmental Policy
Lobbying
Social Isolation
Australasia
Social Marketing
Health care, federalism and the new Social Union. (1/59)
The Social Union framework agreement and the Health Accord provide examples of the close relationship that exists between federalism and the delivery of health care. These recent agreements represent a move from a federal-unilateral style of federalism to a more collaborative model. This shift will potentially affect federal funding for health care, interpretation of the Canada Health Act and the development of new health care initiatives. The primary advantage of the new collaborative model is protection of jurisdictional autonomy. Its primary disadvantages are blurring of accountability and potential for exclusion of the public from decision-making. (+info)Effect of restrictions on smoking at home, at school, and in public places on teenage smoking: cross sectional study. (2/59)
OBJECTIVE: To determine the relation between extent of restrictions on smoking at home, at school, and in public places and smoking uptake and smoking prevalence among school students. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey with merged records of extent of restrictions on smoking in public places. SETTING: United States. PARTICIPANTS: 17 287 high school students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Five point scale of smoking uptake; 30 day smoking prevalence. RESULTS: More restrictive arrangements on smoking at home were associated with a greater likelihood of being in an earlier stage of smoking uptake (P<0.05) and a lower 30 day prevalence (odds ratio 0.79 (95% confidence interval 0.67 to 0.91), P<0.001). These findings applied even when parents were smokers. More pervasive restrictions on smoking in public places were associated with a higher probability of being in a earlier stage of smoking uptake (P<0.05) and lower 30 day prevalence (0.91 (0.83 to 0.99), P=0.03). School smoking bans were related to a greater likelihood of being in an earlier stage of smoking uptake (0.89 (0.85 to 0.99), P<0.05) and lower prevalence (0. 86 (0.77 to 0.94), P<0.001) only when the ban was strongly enforced, as measured by instances when teenagers perceived that most or all students obeyed the rule. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that restrictions on smoking at home, more extensive bans on smoking in public places, and enforced bans on smoking at school may reduce teenage smoking. (+info)Psychiatric disorders and fitness to drive. (3/59)
OBJECTIVE: In Switzerland, as in some other European countries, medical doctors may breach patient confidentiality and report to police authorities any patient who seems prone to automobile accidents or traffic violations. The aim of this study was to see if those patients reported to authorities actually represent a higher risk than drivers not reported to the police. DESIGN: This study was designed following a case-control study comparing the characteristics of a group of psychiatric patients who were reported to authorities for preventive purposes, with the characteristics of another group of people who had disorders that were noticed at the time of an accident or traffic violation. RESULTS: The results show that medical doctors tended to report male patients, patients with a low level of education, and patients with a severe psychiatric background. The subjects of the control group, who had often been involved in accidents or committed traffic violations in the past, did not possess these characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The breach of medical confidentiality by doctors in reporting to authorities patients who are allegedly at risk is ethically questionable as long as the evaluation of driving performance does not rely on objective bases. (+info)Uneasy promises: sexuality, health, and human rights. (4/59)
Although attention to the links between health and human rights is growing globally, the full potential of a progressive human rights approach to health has not yet been explored, and it is even more faintly understood in the United States than in the rest of the world. At the same time, global claims for sexual rights, particularly for those identifying as gay, lesbian, transsexual, or bisexual, are increasingly being made as human rights claims. All of these approaches to rights advocacy risk limiting their own transformative impact unless advocates critique their own strategies. Paradoxically, using health as a way to bring attention to nonheteronormative sexualities can be both helpful and potentially dangerous, especially when coupled with human rights. Recognizing sexuality as a critical element of humanity, and establishing a fundamental human right to health, can play a role in broader social justice claims, but the tendency of both public health and human rights advocacy to "normalize" and regulate must be scrutinized and challenged. (+info)Epidemiological analysis of tuberculosis treatment outcome as a tool for changing TB control policy in Israel. (5/59)
BACKGROUND: Sensing an inadequacy of tuberculosis control due to an influx of TB associated with immigration, we analyzed TB treatment outcome in Israel by population groups. OBJECTIVES: To provide an epidemiological basis necessary for any new national TB control policy, and to bring it to the attention of the medical profession in Israel and abroad since its results led to a change in Israel's TB control policy. METHODS: We reviewed all TB cases notified during the period 1990 to September 1992. "New cases" (820 cases, 93.5%) and "re-treatment cases" (57 cases, 6.5%) were analyzed according to three mutually exclusive groups: "successful outcome," "death," and "potentially unsatisfactory outcome" (according to WHO/IUATLD definitions). RESULTS: Of 820 "new cases," 26.6% had a "satisfactory outcome," 68.5% had a "potentially unsatisfactory outcome" and 4.9% died; compared to 47.4%, 45.6% and 7% among 57 "re-treatment cases," respectively. Using logistic regression analysis, outcome was associated with the district health office (P < 0.0001), the TB "experience" of the notifying clinic (P < 0.0001), and the form of TB (P = 0.02). No significant relationships were obtained for population groups, gender and age, interval between arrival in Israel and TB notification, and bacteriological results. CONCLUSIONS: Non-supervised TB treatment resulted in poor outcomes regardless of population groups. Better outcomes occurred in the larger TB clinics. Therefore, in addition to measures such as adequate drug supplies, reorganization of TB laboratories and training of TB personnel, we recommend the "directly observed treatment short-course" for all cases as well as reducing the number of treatment centers thereby increasing their case load. (+info)Examining the effects of tobacco treatment policies on smoking rates and smoking related deaths using the SimSmoke computer simulation model. (6/59)
OBJECTIVES: To develop a simulation model to predict the effects of different smoking treatment policies on quit rates, smoking rates, and smoking attributable deaths. METHODS: We first develop a decision theoretic model of quitting behaviour, which incorporates the decision to quit and the choice of treatment. A model of policies to cover the costs of different combinations of treatments and to require health care provider intervention is then incorporated into the quit model. The policy model allows for the smoker to substitute between treatments and for policies to reduce treatment effectiveness. The SimSmoke computer simulation model is then used to examine policy effects on smoking rates and smoking attributable deaths. RESULTS: The model of quit behaviour predicts a population quit rate of 4.3% in 1993, which subsequently falls and then increases in recent years to 4.5%. The policy model suggests a 25% increase in quit rates from a policy that mandates brief interventions and the coverage of all proven treatments. Smaller effects are predicted from policies that mandate more restricted coverage of treatments, especially those limited to behavioural treatment. These policies translate into small reductions in the smoking rate at first, but increase to as much as a 5% reduction in smoking rates. They also lead to substantial savings in lives. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco treatment policies, especially those with broad and flexible coverage, have the potential to increase smoking cessation substantially and decrease smoking rates in the short term, with fairly immediate reductions in deaths. (+info)Unintentional gun injuries, firearm design, and prevention: what we know, what we need to know, and what can be done. (7/59)
The public health community has long recognized unintentional gun injuries as a public health issue. In 1998 in the United States, 866 people died from unintentional gunshot wounds, resulting in a crude death rate of 0.32 per 100,000. Unintentional gun deaths have been declining since at least 1920, yet the reasons for this downward trend are not understood. Possible explanations, such as changes in gun ownership and demography, changes in access to guns among population subgroups, safety practices, and artifactual influences are discussed. Intervention strategies for reducing the risk of unintentional gun injury are also discussed. (+info)Traffic injury data, policy, and public health: lessons from Boston Chinatown. (8/59)
We note that long-standing land use and transportation policy are critical factors in creating traffic conditions and will have to play a role in reducing injuries. We present the historical progression of events that created current traffic conditions in Boston Chinatown and an analysis of traffic-related injuries at the community level for the years 1996-1998. Injuries were found to be as likely on weekends as on weekdays and frequently occurred late at night. Nighttime occupant injuries were found to be more likely on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday nights (relative risk = 2.26; confidence interval = 1.35-3.78, P =.0014). Injuries varied significantly by location for occupant (P = <.001) and for pedestrian injuries (P =.039). There were no peaks of injuries at traditionally defined commuter hours, which have been the standard time for assessing "worst case" traffic impacts by developers and government agencies. There was, however, a strong association between injuries and vehicle volume at 9 intersections with simple configurations for AM and PM commuter hours (R(2) = 0.589, P =.010), resulting in a calculated increase of 3-5 injuries per year for each increase of 1,000 vehicles. There was no such association at 10 intersections with complex configurations (R(2) = 0.104, P =.397). The 24-hour weekend patterns of vehicle volumes showed that traffic abated only between 3 and 7 AM, and the patterns appeared qualitatively to mirror the 24-hour pattern of injuries, suggesting that they were also indicative of injury risk. We suggest that there is a need for both long-term changes in policy and more immediate interventions. We also conclude that researchers should be cautious about assuming that traffic patterns conform to naive expectations such as rush hour peaks. (+info)Formal social control, in the context of medical sociology or health sciences, refers to the systematic mechanisms and processes through which society regulates and guides the behavior of its members in accordance with established laws, rules, and norms, particularly in relation to health and healthcare. This can include various formal institutions and agencies such as governmental bodies, regulatory authorities, professional organizations, and healthcare providers that are responsible for enforcing standards, policies, and regulations aimed at ensuring quality, safety, and effectiveness of healthcare services and products.
Examples of formal social control in healthcare may include licensing and accreditation requirements for healthcare professionals and facilities, clinical guidelines and protocols for diagnosis and treatment, quality improvement initiatives, and regulatory oversight of pharmaceuticals and medical devices. These mechanisms help to maintain order, promote compliance with ethical and professional standards, and protect the public's health and well-being.
"Social control policies" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in a broader social context, social control policies refer to the strategies and measures implemented by society or its institutions to regulate, manage, and shape the behavior of individuals or groups in order to maintain social order, conformity, and cohesion.
In the field of public health, social control policies may refer to interventions aimed at changing behaviors that pose risks to individual or community health, such as tobacco control policies, alcohol regulation measures, or food safety regulations. These policies are designed to promote healthy behaviors, prevent disease and injury, and protect vulnerable populations from harm.
It's worth noting that the concept of social control can be controversial, as it raises questions about individual autonomy, privacy, and social justice. Therefore, the development and implementation of social control policies should involve careful consideration of ethical principles and community engagement to ensure that they are fair, effective, and respectful of human rights.
In the context of medical and public health, social control in its informal sense refers to the unofficial mechanisms through which society regulates the behavior and conduct of individuals within a group or community. This can include peer pressure, social norms, customs, traditions, and other informal sanctions that discourage deviant behavior and promote conformity to accepted standards of health-related behaviors.
For example, in a community where regular exercise is considered important for maintaining good health, individuals who do not engage in physical activity may face informal social control measures such as disapproval, ridicule, or exclusion from social activities. These unofficial mechanisms can be just as powerful as formal regulations and laws in shaping individual behavior and promoting public health.
Informal social control is often contrasted with formal social control, which refers to the official mechanisms used by institutions such as government agencies, schools, and workplaces to regulate behavior through rules, policies, and laws. However, both forms of social control can interact and reinforce each other in complex ways to shape individual and community health behaviors.
In a medical or psychological context, hostility typically refers to a negative and antagonistic attitude or behavior towards others. It can manifest as overt actions such as aggression, verbal abuse, or anger, or as covert attitudes such as cynicism, mistrust, or resentment. Hostility is often considered a component of certain mental health conditions, such as personality disorders or mood disorders, and has been linked to negative health outcomes like cardiovascular disease. However, it's important to note that hostility can also be a normal and adaptive response to certain situations, depending on the context.
A "social environment" is not a term that has a specific medical definition, but it is often used in the context of public health and social sciences to refer to the physical and social conditions, relationships, and organized institutions that influence the health and well-being of individuals and communities.
The social environment includes factors such as:
* Social support networks (family, friends, community)
* Cultural norms and values
* Socioeconomic status (income, education, occupation)
* Housing and neighborhood conditions
* Access to resources (food, healthcare, transportation)
* Exposure to discrimination, violence, and other stressors
These factors can have a significant impact on health outcomes, as they can influence behaviors related to health (such as diet, exercise, and substance use), as well as exposure to disease and access to healthcare. Understanding the social environment is essential for developing effective public health interventions and policies that promote health equity and reduce health disparities.
Health policy refers to a set of decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific healthcare goals within a population. It is formulated by governmental and non-governmental organizations with the objective of providing guidance and direction for the management and delivery of healthcare services. Health policies address various aspects of healthcare, including access, financing, quality, and equity. They can be designed to promote health, prevent disease, and provide treatment and rehabilitation services to individuals who are sick or injured. Effective health policies require careful consideration of scientific evidence, ethical principles, and societal values to ensure that they meet the needs of the population while being fiscally responsible.
A Tobacco Industry is a commercial sector involved in the cultivation, production, manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of tobacco and tobacco-related products. This can include growers who produce tobacco leaves, manufacturers who process the leaves into various forms (such as cigarettes, chewing tobacco, or snuff), and companies that market and distribute these products to consumers. It is important to note that the tobacco industry has been associated with significant health risks, as the use of tobacco products can lead to a range of serious health problems, including cancer, heart disease, and lung disease.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "policy making" is not a medical term per se. It refers to the process of formulating or establishing official guidelines or rules, such as public policies or organizational policies, that govern decisions and actions. In the context of healthcare, policy making can refer to the development of guidelines, laws, regulations, and procedures that govern the delivery, financing, and accessibility of medical care and health promotion activities.
Examples of policy making in healthcare include:
* Developing clinical practice guidelines for the management of specific medical conditions
* Establishing reimbursement policies for medical procedures or treatments
* Implementing regulations to ensure patient safety and quality of care
* Creating public health policies to address population health issues, such as tobacco control or obesity prevention.
Social behavior, in the context of medicine and psychology, refers to the ways in which individuals interact and engage with others within their social environment. It involves various actions, communications, and responses that are influenced by cultural norms, personal values, emotional states, and cognitive processes. These behaviors can include but are not limited to communication, cooperation, competition, empathy, altruism, aggression, and conformity.
Abnormalities in social behavior may indicate underlying mental health conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, or personality disorders. Therefore, understanding and analyzing social behavior is an essential aspect of diagnosing and treating various psychological and psychiatric conditions.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "organizational policy" is not a medical term. It falls under the broader category of management or administrative terminology.
An organizational policy generally refers to a formal statement or set of guidelines that outline an organization's approved course of action or conduct regarding various matters. These policies guide decision-making and help ensure consistent action across the organization. They can cover a wide range of topics, including (but not limited to) employee behavior, data security, patient care standards, and operational procedures.
In a healthcare setting, organizational policies play a crucial role in maintaining quality of care, ensuring patient safety, and complying with relevant laws and regulations.
In the context of healthcare, "policy" refers to a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by an organization or government to guide and determine its decisions, actions, and responses to issues related to the provision, financing, and regulation of health and healthcare services. Health policies are formulated to address various aspects such as access to care, quality of care, cost containment, medical research, public health, and patient safety. They can be established through legislation, regulations, guidelines, protocols, or organizational rules and may be aimed at various stakeholders, including healthcare providers, payers, patients, and the general public.
A smoke-free policy is a set of rules or regulations that prohibit smoking in a specific area or organization-wide, with the goal of protecting people from the harmful effects of secondhand smoke. These policies can apply to various settings such as workplaces, hospitals, schools, restaurants, and public places. The ultimate aim of a smoke-free policy is to reduce exposure to tobacco smoke, promote healthier living environments, and encourage smoking cessation. Smoke-free policies are evidence-based interventions that have been shown to significantly improve indoor air quality, decrease the prevalence of respiratory symptoms, and lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases among non-smoking individuals.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Taxes" is not a medical term. It refers to a compulsory financial charge or levy imposed on individuals or entities by a governmental authority to fund various public expenditures and services. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!
The United States (US) Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) is not a medical entity, but rather a policy-making body within the US government. It is responsible for setting and coordinating national drug control policies and strategies to reduce illicit drug use, manufacturing, and trafficking, as well as the abuse of prescription drugs.
The ONDCP was established by the National Narcotics Leadership Act of 1988 and is part of the Executive Office of the President. The Director of the ONDCP is appointed by the President and serves as the principal advisor to the President on drug control issues.
While the ONDCP does not provide medical definitions, it works closely with public health agencies such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) to develop evidence-based approaches to drug prevention, treatment, and recovery.
Smoking is not a medical condition, but it's a significant health risk behavior. Here is the definition from a public health perspective:
Smoking is the act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning tobacco that is commonly consumed through cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. The smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and numerous toxic and carcinogenic substances. These toxins contribute to a wide range of diseases and health conditions, such as lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and various other cancers, as well as adverse reproductive outcomes and negative impacts on the developing fetus during pregnancy. Smoking is highly addictive due to the nicotine content, which makes quitting smoking a significant challenge for many individuals.
Social support in a medical context refers to the resources and assistance provided by an individual's social network, including family, friends, peers, and community groups. These resources can include emotional, informational, and instrumental support, which help individuals cope with stress, manage health conditions, and maintain their overall well-being.
Emotional support involves providing empathy, care, and encouragement to help an individual feel valued, understood, and cared for. Informational support refers to the provision of advice, guidance, and knowledge that can help an individual make informed decisions about their health or other aspects of their life. Instrumental support includes practical assistance such as help with daily tasks, financial aid, or access to resources.
Social support has been shown to have a positive impact on physical and mental health outcomes, including reduced stress levels, improved immune function, better coping skills, and increased resilience. It can also play a critical role in promoting healthy behaviors, such as adherence to medical treatments and lifestyle changes.
"Public policy" is not a medical term, but rather a term used in the field of politics, government, and public administration. It refers to a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or organization to guide decisions and achieve specific goals related to public health, safety, or welfare.
However, in the context of healthcare and medicine, "public policy" often refers to laws, regulations, guidelines, and initiatives established by government entities to promote and protect the health and well-being of the population. Public policies in healthcare aim to ensure access to quality care, reduce health disparities, promote public health, regulate healthcare practices and industries, and address broader social determinants of health. Examples include Medicaid and Medicare programs, laws mandating insurance coverage for certain medical procedures or treatments, and regulations governing the safety and efficacy of drugs and medical devices.
Tobacco smoke pollution is not typically defined in medical terms, but it refers to the presence of tobacco smoke in indoor or outdoor environments, which can have negative effects on air quality and human health. It is also known as secondhand smoke or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). This type of smoke is a mixture of sidestream smoke (the smoke given off by a burning cigarette) and mainstream smoke (the smoke exhaled by a smoker).
The medical community recognizes tobacco smoke pollution as a serious health hazard. It contains more than 7,000 chemicals, hundreds of which are toxic and about 70 that can cause cancer. Exposure to tobacco smoke pollution can cause a range of adverse health effects, including respiratory symptoms, lung cancer, heart disease, and stroke. In children, it can also lead to ear infections, asthma attacks, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
Therefore, many laws and regulations have been implemented worldwide to protect people from tobacco smoke pollution, such as smoking bans in public places and workplaces.
Smoking cessation is the process of discontinuing tobacco smoking. This can be achieved through various methods such as behavioral modifications, counseling, and medication. The goal of smoking cessation is to improve overall health, reduce the risk of tobacco-related diseases, and enhance quality of life. It is a significant step towards preventing lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other serious health conditions.
I believe you may have mixed up the terms "medicine" and "commerce." Commerce is a broad term that refers to the buying and selling of goods and services. It is not typically used in a medical context, so it does not have a specific medical definition. However, I can provide you with some related terms that might be helpful:
1. Medical commerce: This term generally refers to the business aspects of healthcare, such as the buying and selling of medical supplies, equipment, and services. It may also refer to the economic relationships between various stakeholders in the healthcare system, including providers, insurers, pharmaceutical companies, and patients.
2. Telemedicine commerce: This term specifically refers to the use of technology to facilitate remote consultations and transactions between healthcare providers and patients. Examples include online appointment scheduling, virtual consultations, and electronic prescribing.
3. Medical tourism: This is a form of commerce where people travel to other countries to receive medical treatment or procedures that may be less expensive or more accessible than in their home country. It can also refer to the business of providing medical services to international patients.
4. Healthcare marketing: This term refers to the activities and strategies used by healthcare organizations to promote their products, services, and brands to potential customers. It includes advertising, public relations, social media, content marketing, and other tactics designed to build awareness, generate leads, and drive sales.
I hope this information is helpful! Let me know if you have any further questions or concerns.
Tobacco products are defined as any items that contain tobacco, including but not limited to cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, snuff, chewing tobacco, and electronic nicotine delivery systems (such as e-cigarettes). These products can be smoked, smokeless, or heated and involve the inhalation or ingestion of tobacco or its derivatives. They are known to cause addiction due to their nicotine content and can lead to a variety of serious health problems, including cancer, heart disease, and lung disease.
Environmental policy refers to the regulations, guidelines, and practices established by federal, state, or local governments to protect natural resources, human health, and the environment from potential harm caused by human activities. These policies aim to balance economic development with environmental sustainability through various measures such as:
1. Setting standards for air and water quality, waste management, and hazardous substance handling.
2. Encouraging sustainable practices in industries, agriculture, transportation, and energy production.
3. Promoting conservation efforts, habitat restoration, and biodiversity preservation.
4. Implementing monitoring programs to assess environmental impacts and enforce regulations.
5. Providing education and awareness campaigns to engage the public in environmentally responsible behaviors.
Environmental policies can be mandatory or voluntary and may involve various stakeholders, including government agencies, businesses, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and communities. The primary goal of environmental policy is to minimize negative human impacts on ecosystems while promoting a healthy and sustainable environment for present and future generations.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "lobbying" is not a term that has a medical definition. Lobbying refers to the act of attempting to influence decisions made by legislators or other officials in favor of specific causes or outcomes. It is commonly used to describe advocacy efforts by various interest groups, including healthcare organizations and pharmaceutical companies, to shape health policy and regulations. However, it is not a medical term with a specific clinical meaning.
Consumer advocacy in a medical context refers to the process of representing and supporting the rights and interests of patients and healthcare consumers. Consumer advocates work to ensure that individuals receive safe, effective, and affordable healthcare services, and that they are empowered to make informed decisions about their own care. This may involve promoting transparency and accountability in the healthcare system, advocating for policies that protect patient rights, and providing education and support to help consumers navigate the complex world of healthcare. Consumer advocacy can take many forms, including individual case advocacy, class action lawsuits, policy reform efforts, and public awareness campaigns.
Social isolation, in the context of health and medicine, refers to the lack of social connections, interactions, or engagement with other people or communities. It is a state of being separated from others, lacking companionship or meaningful communication, which can lead to feelings of loneliness and disconnection. Social isolation can be self-imposed or imposed by external factors such as mobility issues, loss of loved ones, or discrimination. Prolonged social isolation has been linked to various negative health outcomes, including mental health disorders, cognitive decline, and increased risk for chronic conditions like heart disease and stroke.
Premature mortality is an unfortunate event where an individual's life ends before they reach the statistically expected lifespan for their birth cohort and geographical location. This can be due to various factors such as genetic predisposition, lifestyle choices, environmental conditions or inadequate healthcare access. It often refers to deaths from diseases or injuries that could have been prevented or postponed with appropriate interventions.
This concept is crucial in public health as it helps identify populations at risk and prioritize resources towards preventive measures and treatments. The World Health Organization (WHO) uses this metric extensively while comparing health outcomes between different countries and regions, aiming to reduce premature mortality rates worldwide.
Australasia is not a medical term, but a geographical region that includes Australia, New Zealand, and the islands of the Pacific Ocean that are southwest of the Asian continent. It is sometimes used in a broader sense to include Papua New Guinea, the eastern islands of Indonesia, and the island nations of the South Pacific.
Therefore, there is no medical definition for 'Australasia'. However, it is important to note that Australia and New Zealand have well-developed healthcare systems and high standards of medical care, while some of the smaller island nations in the region may have more limited resources and access to medical services.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Social Marketing" is not a term typically used in the field of medicine. Instead, it is a marketing strategy that uses commercial marketing techniques and principles to influence the behavior of target audiences in order to improve their personal well-being and that of their communities. This approach has been applied to various public health and healthcare initiatives, such as promoting healthy lifestyles, preventing substance abuse, and increasing vaccination rates.
However, if you're looking for a medical definition related to social aspects or interactions, there might be some confusion. In that case, I would need more context to provide an accurate definition. Could you please clarify your question?
Determinants of hea6
- Dr Sirven, you just gave a very interesting presentation at this year's Wake Forest Symposium on social determinants of health and epilepsy. (medscape.com)
- Some of this started with a very wayside conversation with someone not involved in the field of epilepsy, who said, "I suspect that this is really all about social determinants of health. (medscape.com)
- As someone who is not an expert in that topic, it was kind of a genesis of a larger project which we worked on for a few years and published, both in paper and in book form - this whole idea of social determinants of health and how they affect epilepsy. (medscape.com)
- First, social determinants of health include those key demographics that we often quickly overlook the moment that someone seeks care. (medscape.com)
- We were able to access this database that sits quietly in this place at Arizona State and examine it for patients with epilepsy and, to try to understand how those demographics, those social determinants of health, impact the care of epilepsy. (medscape.com)
- They will also have to adopt innovative strategies for fostering effective intersectoral action for health since most of the major determinants of health fall outside the direct control of the health sector. (who.int)
Centers2
Norms10
- Methods The policy adoption continuum is described in the context of California's smoke-free workplace movement, and the influence of policy-driven tobacco control initiatives on social norms, behaviour and the public's health was examined. (bmj.com)
- Results The Smoke-free California policy adoption continuum reflects a general approach for policy innovation and diffusion that builds social acceptance and influences social norms, while minimising unintended consequences and creating best practices in tobacco control. (bmj.com)
- Conclusions Proposition 99 created an unprecedented tobacco control infrastructure that supported local policy innovation and diffusion to influence social norms and behaviours. (bmj.com)
- 5 The innovation and refinement of a given policy may occur across the following continuum of policy types, with varying impacts on social norms and the public's health. (bmj.com)
- Are anti-smoking social norms associated with tobacco control mass media campaigns, tax and policy changes? (who.int)
- Background Anti-smoking social norms are associated with subsequent quitting behaviours. (who.int)
- We examined if exposure to tobacco control advertisements and policy changes predict subjective (perceived disapproval of smoking among close family and friends) and internalised injunctive norms (embarrassed about telling others you are a smoker). (who.int)
- Logistic regression analyses examined associations of social norms with exposure to different types of tobacco control advertisements, tax increases and other tobacco control policies, adjusting for key demographic, smoking and media exposure covariates. (who.int)
- Young adult engagement is recognized as a common strategic practice in tobacco control policy efforts, especially in changing social norms around tobacco use. (cdc.gov)
- Notwithstanding that legal right, and recognizing the important role these platforms play in facilitating robust global communication, we believe that they should promote free expression and transparency and base moderation practices and policies on human rights norms. (eff.org)
Economic17
- Noteworthy with this change was the accompanying promise from the government that it would also be enacting supportive policy changes in areas such as employment, finance, childcare, and education to address the social and economic reasons why couples had thus far hesitated to have more children. (britannica.com)
- Economic, social and health issues in tobacco control. (who.int)
- Overall, tobacco control policies can be organised into three categories based on intent: (1) to educate individuals and influence health behaviours, (2) to create economic disincentives or (3) to regulate product production, distribution or use. (bmj.com)
- For instance, rules and policies introduced to help control the spread of the virus have resulted in deep economic recession. (europa.eu)
- The overarching objective of this project is to understand these non-intended consequences and to devise improved health, economic and social policies. (europa.eu)
- The State Council Information Office held a press conference on Monday morning in Beijing to introduce the efforts being made by various government departments to coordinate the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic with continued economic and social development. (china.org.cn)
- Monetary and financial policies are an important tool to address emergencies and restore economic growth. (china.org.cn)
- Presently, China's monetary policy space and policy tools remain sufficient, so we are confident and capable of winning the battle against this epidemic, and supporting the orderly resumption of work and production for quick recovery of economic growth. (china.org.cn)
- second, we will make our proactive fiscal policy more active, and stage some new measures in the light of the trend of our economic development. (china.org.cn)
- While there may be legitimate, even widely held, criticisms of the BJP government's economic or agricultural policy, citizens are likely to withhold public criticism or face intimidation from government supporters when they do so. (hindustantimes.com)
- Users may apply database filters, such as socioeconomic status, minority status, housing type, or transportation to focus on those who may need more support when economic changes result in job loss, financial loss, or lack of social networks. (cdc.gov)
- Studying the impact of social, economic, and organizational factors could lead to achieving better workplace health [5,6]. (cdc.gov)
- When OSH research examines the broader social, economic, and environmental contexts in which work-related injury and illness occur, this research can better help identify interventions to prevent poor health outcomes. (cdc.gov)
- The NIOSH Occupational Health Equity Program team advances health equity by exploring how social, economic, and organizational issues overlap and affect worker health and well-being. (cdc.gov)
- Since the 1990s, gradual paradigm shifts have occurred whereby various policies have been developed to adapt family matters to economic pressures and goals, demographic concerns, changing employment structures, pension and childcare systems, gender equality issues and diversifying familial structures (Lewis, 2006, p. (lu.se)
- Based on fairly similar domestic political and socioeconomic developments affecting work-family reconciliation issues, the MSs advocated an extension of EU competencies in social, economic and employment matters. (lu.se)
- Yet, due to diverse complexities of domestic socioeconomic, political and cultural circumstances, the peculiarities of the differing welfare regimes and the MSs' reluctance of further extending EU powers, resulted in the creation of soft law as a regulative response to support the MSs balancing economic, employment and social issues. (lu.se)
Practices1
- Unsuspecting individuals have otherwise logical decision-making practices altered by social engineering, leading them to do things they normally would not do. (sailpoint.com)
Practice4
- While some scholars describe social policy as an interdisciplinary field of practice, scholars like Fiona Williams and Pete Alcock believe social policy is a discipline unto itself. (wikipedia.org)
- Thus, two major models of social insurance arose in practice: Bismarkian welfare from Germany and Beveridgean welfare from Britain. (wikipedia.org)
- How Mature Is Your Nonprofit's Social Media Practice? (socialmediatoday.com)
- In showing how the colonial authorities sought to gain political and social control in Africa, it can be seen how their will to exert political power influenced every area of planning practice during this era. (routledge.com)
Programmes4
- In the Global South, social policy is offered along with public policy degree programmes, as at the Institute of Public Policy, National Law School of India University, Bangalore, combined with development policy. (wikipedia.org)
- Routine immunization programmes also demonstrated the indispensable role of social mobilization in achieving and sustaining high coverages in a number of countries in Southern and Eastern Africa. (who.int)
- Countries with strong noncommunicable diseases programmes are utilising social mobilisation to educate communities on risks of tobacco, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension etc, and to educate the community on its role in understanding and caring for the mentally ill. (who.int)
- Consequently, the momentum and experience gained with the Polio Eradication Initiative is timely and could be emulated by other disease control programmes. (who.int)
Reforms1
- In this study, the cases of the German Elterngeld reforms are applied to scrutinise the influences of these three strategies on domestic policy- making. (lu.se)
Councils1
- This One Pager details the main results of an analysis of the social participation of users, workers, and social assistance entities in the Municipal Social Assistance Councils (CMAS) as a space of social control of the Unified Social Assistance System (SUAS) in the municipalities of Bahia, with the Basic Operating Standard of the Unified Social Assistance System (NOB-SUAS) as a guide. (ipcig.org)
Practitioners4
- Some professionals and universities consider social policy a subset of public policy, while other practitioners characterize social policy and public policy to be two separate, competing approaches for the same public interest (similar to MD and DO in healthcare), with social policy deemed more holistic than public policy. (wikipedia.org)
- This is often easier said than done because the same social dynamics that can worsen differences in work-related benefits and risks also affect how OSH researchers, practitioners, and policymakers do their work. (cdc.gov)
- Managers, workers, researchers, practitioners, and institutions exist in a social context that can bias OSH efforts to favor the dominant social group [15]. (cdc.gov)
- The aim of the first Focus Asia in 2015 was to bring together practitioners, working in various fields of the social sciences and Asian studies, who take seriously the inter-relationships between global production and consumption landscapes, and who pose relevant questions regarding Asia's contemporary and historical role within this nexus. (lu.se)
Centre1
- At its core, Bajaj was expressing a concern about the hegemony of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) rule at the Centre, and how it silences the criticism required for effective policy. (hindustantimes.com)
Healthcare3
- What's more, social contacts and interactions have been interrupted and people are generally hesitant about visiting healthcare centres. (europa.eu)
- In our policy recommendations, we strive to make healthcare systems and societies in the EU more resilient to pandemics in terms of prevention, protection and treatment of the population 50+, a most vulnerable part of the population. (europa.eu)
- The pressures of the pandemic also exposed an acute weakness in the federal style of healthcare policy implementation, which divides decision-making power between federal, state, and local governing arrangements ( Haffajee and Mello, 2020 ). (frontiersin.org)
Epidemic5
- Many of these resources focus on food- and physical activity-related policy changes that can promote healthy environments, encourage healthy behaviors, and ultimately, help turn around the diabetes epidemic . (harvard.edu)
- The goal is to formulate recommendations that will make European societies more resilient, effectively protect the most vulnerable population of 50+ and optimise future epidemic control measures. (europa.eu)
- Since the outbreak of the epidemic, in line with the decisions and plans of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, the People's Bank of China has pursued a prudent monetary policy that is flexible and appropriate, intensified counter-cyclical adjustments, and released a string of measures. (china.org.cn)
- Third, the People's Bank of China and five other departments have jointly issued 30 measures on the control and prevention of the epidemic so as to offer financial security for containing the epidemic and restoring production. (china.org.cn)
- In the previous stage, the three policy banks actively took many financial measures to support anti-epidemic efforts, and these measures have worked well. (china.org.cn)
Programme1
- Background Since the passage of Proposition 99, California's comprehensive tobacco control programme has benefited from a localised policy adoption process that allows for the innovation and diffusion of strong local tobacco control policies throughout the state. (bmj.com)
Research14
- The mainstream social insect research has ignored parasites for a very long time," said Paul Schmid-Hempel, an experimental ecologist at the Swiss public research university ETH Zurich. (motherjones.com)
- National Cancer Institute, Tobacco Control Research Branch. (harvard.edu)
- The independent source for health policy research, polling, and news. (kff.org)
- The independent source for health policy research, polling, and news, KFF is a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, California. (kff.org)
- However, research on community colleges and on student engagement in policy efforts is limited. (cdc.gov)
- This research, a National Science Foundation-funded Rapid Response Research (RAPID), explores the United States (U.S.) government's messaging on science in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and how this messaging informed policy. (frontiersin.org)
- This research fills a significant information gap by providing a better understanding of how policy regimes emerge across multiple levels of government and impact vulnerable populations during times of a public health crisis. (frontiersin.org)
- Many messaging data sources (agency websites, public service announcements, etc). have since been changed since we collected them, thus our real-time RAPID research enabled an accurate snapshot of a policy response in a crisis. (frontiersin.org)
- Thus, our RAPID research demonstrates how significant policy regimes are enacted and how messaging from these regimes can impact vulnerable populations. (frontiersin.org)
- Forum Qualitative Social Research 15(1). (cuny.edu)
- Research in Social Problems and Public Policy , Vol. 17. (cuny.edu)
- Some of that research now feeds the CDC Social Vulnerability Index (CDC SVI), a database of factors which can contribute to the social vulnerability of communities in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- The United States has a long history of occupational safety and health (OSH) research, policy, and intervention. (cdc.gov)
- worker safety and health research has been slower to again consider the role that social determinants play in health outcomes [7,8]. (cdc.gov)
China's1
- Learn more about China's one-child policy. (britannica.com)
Gender2
Context3
- This is all the more worrying in the current context of austerity, which is having a disproportionate impact on groups at risk of discrimination as well as adverse effects on equality policies. (statewatch.org)
- The Resolution should be regarded as setting a broad policy context for the upcoming Senate Commerce Committee hearing on the IANA transition, which is expected to be the first of many such inquiries. (circleid.com)
- Long story short, over the course of 2016, I had personally seen a lot of things happen in the context of social media and politics that were just nuts. (theverge.com)
Platforms2
- However, the exponential rise in usage of social media platforms by general public has given the government a wider insight to overcome this long pending dilemma. (hal.science)
- Although the respected social media platforms claimed that they didn't play any part in the block and that their servers were functioning normally, both Facebook and Twitter made similar statements that there seemed to have been an "intentional slowing" of traffic within Turkey. (sociable.co)
NGOs1
- The project's policy recommendation are targeted at policy makers in the Commission and in national ministries as well as at national and international NGOs and social organisations. (europa.eu)
20171
- Murji, K. (2017) Racism, Policy and Politics . (lse.ac.uk)
Misinformation1
- United Nations' policies on misinformation are about silencing dissent & criticism of Agenda. (sociable.co)
Framework Convent1
- Disclaimer: The information and views set out on this website are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC), the Parties to the Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products, or the Secretariat of the WHO FCTC. (who.int)
Consequences2
- The one-child policy produced consequences beyond the goal of reducing population growth . (britannica.com)
- Proposition 99 and the creation of the California Tobacco Control Program (CTCP) generated a statewide infrastructure which laid the groundwork for a localised policy adoption process that in turn has allowed for the innovation, diffusion and refinement of tobacco control policies while minimising unintended consequences. (bmj.com)
Organization1
- It furthermore demanded democratic control over foreign policy, social peace and a stronger international organization. (nobelprize.org)
People's3
- Next, the People's Bank of China (PBOC) will firmly implement the spirit invoked by the important speeches of General Secretary Xi Jinping and promote a prudent monetary policy that is more flexible and appropriate. (china.org.cn)
- As laws, policies, and technological design increasingly structure people's relationships with. (mit.edu)
- With a very effective media campaign on the part of the government via traditional Television news networks and nontraditional social media networks such as WhatsApp, the regime's ability to "flood people's news and social media feeds with assurances of control, appears to have turned the tide in the early hours of Saturday. (sociable.co)
Impacts1
- For over 20 years, California tobacco control advocates have employed voluntary and legislative policy processes as tools to yield long-term sustainable impacts on the health of their communities. (bmj.com)
Makers2
Sciences1
- Today we publish over 30 titles in the arts and humanities, social sciences, and science and technology. (mit.edu)
Welfare state3
- Whichever of these persuasions a university adheres to, social policy begins with the study of the welfare state and social services. (wikipedia.org)
- Other significant examples in the development of social policy are the Bismarckian welfare state in 19th century Germany, social security policies in the United States introduced under the rubric of the New Deal between 1933 and 1935, and both the Beveridge Report and the National Health Service Act 1946 in Britain. (wikipedia.org)
- There is no social welfare state in America. (veteranstoday.com)
Public policy1
- As a privacy and public policy adviser, Dipayan Ghosh once worked to improve Facebook from the inside. (theverge.com)
CDC's1
- For more information on CDC's web notification policies, see Website Disclaimers . (cdc.gov)
Tobacco-free7
- SimSmokeFinn: how far can tobacco control policies move Finland toward tobacco-free 2040 goals? (nih.gov)
- This qualitative study describes the levels, roles, and value of engaging students in advancing a 100% tobacco-free policy in California community colleges. (cdc.gov)
- Community colleges can leverage and engage students in adoption of campus 100% tobacco-free policies. (cdc.gov)
- This qualitative study examines the importance of student engagement in advancing 100% tobacco-free policies in community colleges and identifies strategies for campuses to involve students in such efforts. (cdc.gov)
- Community colleges represented campuses with (n = 6) and without (n = 6) tobacco-free policy and varied by geography (urban vs rural) and student population size. (cdc.gov)
- We found that students are doers, allies, and champions in adoption of 100% campus tobacco-free policy. (cdc.gov)
- California Community Colleges (CCCs), the nation's largest higher education system, passed a 2018 resolution supporting the adoption and implementation of 100% tobacco-free policies (TFPs). (cdc.gov)
Researchers3
- That rarely happens, social insect researchers say, and vast colonies of such species are somehow able to limit the spread of contagions. (motherjones.com)
- While social insects have been the subject of intense scientific scrutiny for more than a century, the threat of pathogens and other parasites, researchers say, was long overlooked. (motherjones.com)
- In the modern West, proponents of scientific social planning such as the sociologist Auguste Comte, and social researchers, such as Charles Booth, contributed to the emergence of social policymaking in the first industrialised countries following the Industrial Revolution. (wikipedia.org)
Implementation2
- GST implementation by Indian government and established that proposed system can be successfully implemented for efficient policy making and implementation. (hal.science)
- This study incorporates the Policy Regime Framework to discuss how two foundational concepts (ideas and institutions) helped govern policy implementation during the COVID-19 pandemic. (frontiersin.org)
Racism1
- The discussion of 'social policy' in the United States and Canada can also apply to governmental policy on social issues such as tackling racism, LGBT issues (such as same-sex marriage) and the legal status of abortion, guns, euthanasia, recreational drugs and prostitution. (wikipedia.org)
Medicare1
- The benefits for retirees, Medicare and Social Security, are being chipped away by "conservative" politics. (veteranstoday.com)
Campaigns1
- Conclusion Smokers' perceptions of family and friends' disapproval of their smoking was more common after exposure to fear-evoking tobacco control campaigns and after large tobacco tax increases were announced and implemented. (who.int)
Economics1
- The Department of Social Policy at the London School of Economics defines social policy as "an interdisciplinary and applied subject concerned with the analysis of societies' responses to social need", which seeks to foster in its students a capacity to understand theory and evidence drawn from a wide range of social science disciplines, including economics, sociology, psychology, geography, history, law, philosophy and political science. (wikipedia.org)
Tuberculosis1
- Back Malaria (RBM), Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI), Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS have acknowledged the role of social mobilization and are exploring ways to ensure greater involvement and participation of communities. (who.int)
Diversity1
- Ji, F 2018, Language Planning and Policy in China: Unity, Diversity and Social Control . (edu.au)
Laid2
- Titmuss's essay on the "Social Division of Welfare" (1955) laid the development for social policy to gradually absorb social administration. (wikipedia.org)
- The social engineering attack narrative is laid out during the hook step, and a foothold is gained (e.g., malware is downloaded and installed, or the victim is driven to act). (sailpoint.com)
Participation2
- Lack of public participation in various policy making decision has always been a major cause of concern for government all around the world while formulating as well as evaluating such policies. (hal.science)
- It addresses the challenges, strengths, and suggestions revealed by 70 interviews in 39 municipalities regarding control and social participation in the state. (ipcig.org)
Content2
- A report by the University of Washington (UW) from September of 2011 states, "After analyzing more than 3 million tweets, gigabytes of YouTube content and thousands of blog posts, a new study finds that social media played a central role in shaping political debates in the Arab Spring. (sociable.co)
- Our goal is to give users as much control over their own content as possible by creating resources that educate users on their rights, and tools which give them the power to defend those rights. (eff.org)
Monitoring1
- This paper presents a pragmatic approach that combines the capabilities of cloud computing and social media analytics towards efficient monitoring and controlling of public policies. (hal.science)
20202
- The EES, Lisbon and Europe 2020 are the most relevant soft law strategies promoting the improvement of work-family reconciliation-related policies in the EU Member States. (lu.se)
- Thereby, soft law instruments of the European Employment Strategy (EES), the Lisbon and Europe 2020 strategies are the most prominent channels to promote work-family reconciliation policies. (lu.se)
Hints2
- They Also May Offer Hints for Controlling Disease. (motherjones.com)
- With the revelations of its connections to torture and hints in its history of connections to eugenics and social control, the APA may be an appropriate target for university boycott. (truthout.org)
Risks2
- the benefits, risks, individual- and organizational-level barriers, and organizational and government interventions and policies designed to remove these risks and barriers. (cdc.gov)
- Often, these groups may not have worker protections to lessen their risks because of social factors like immigration status, and this makes them less likely to receive worker rights and benefits granted to them by law. (cdc.gov)
Stronger1
- By 2040, 1300 deaths can be averted in that year alone with the stronger set of policies. (nih.gov)
Mortality1
- This paper describes the development of a simulation model examining the potential effect of tobacco control policies in Finland on smoking prevalence and associated future premature mortality. (nih.gov)
Security1
- With social engineering attacks, deception is used to trick individuals into breaking personal and organizational security protocols to support criminal activities. (sailpoint.com)
Challenges2
America1
- He quit his job at Facebook early last year and became a fellow at New America, a think tank focused on foreign policy, technology, and the economy. (theverge.com)
Describe1
- Social engineering is an umbrella term used to describe the use of psychological manipulation as an attack vector for perpetrating malicious activities. (sailpoint.com)
Government8
- Social policy is a plan or action of government or institutional agencies which aim to improve or reform society. (wikipedia.org)
- Using rapidly emerging secondary data (e.g., policy documents taken from government websites and others), much of which has since been removed or changed, we examined the interactions between governing bodies, non-governmental organizations, and civilian populations in the Southeastern U.S. during the first 2 years of the pandemic. (frontiersin.org)
- The problem is that when criticisms from the ground cannot easily reach those in power, then the government cannot efficiently correct flaws in its policies - as it is surrounded by yes men. (hindustantimes.com)
- When a faction of the Turkish military attempted to overthrow the government, the regime reportedly blocked social media in the country including Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube. (sociable.co)
- The fact that the Turkish government played a part in controlling social media and conventional media goes to show how those who control communication can alter the perceptions of the people, whether the information being broadcast is accurate or not. (sociable.co)
- It appears that the Turkish government remembered full-well the role that social media played during the Arab Spring some five years ago and knew how to quash resistance by flooding pro-government information across the various channels, or else crumble and fall like the other governments before them. (sociable.co)
- Because the Turkish government was able to control both social media and conventional media, it was able to influence public opinion and stop the bloodshed - at least temporarily. (sociable.co)
- Nonetheless, it is debated whether the digitization of government has in fact led to increased transparency, or whether governments primarily use the online interfaces to enhance social control. (lu.se)