Snake Bites
Snake Venoms
Colubridae
Elapidae
Bothrops
Crotalid Venoms
Viperidae
Boidae
Elapid Venoms
Crotalus
Viper Venoms
Agkistrodon
Trimeresurus
Bungarus
Cobra Venoms
Lizards
Neurotoxins
Phospholipases A2
Reptiles
Batroxobin
Metalloproteases
L-Amino Acid Oxidase
Disintegrins
Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins
Amino Acid Sequence
Venoms
Phospholipases A
Molecular Sequence Data
Animals, Zoo
Phospholipase A2 Inhibitors
Russell's Viper
Crotoxin
Predatory Behavior
A 54 kDa cysteine protease purified from the crude extract of Neodiplostomum seoulense adult worms. (1/507)
As a preliminary study for the explanation of pathobiology of Neodiplostomum seoulense infection, a 54 kDa protease was purified from the crude extract of adult worms by sequential chromatographic methods. The crude extract was subjected to DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column, and protein was eluted using 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) containing 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 M NaCl in stepwise elution. The 0.2 M NaCl fraction was further purified by Q-Sepharose chromatography and protein was eluted using 20 mM sodium acetate (pH 6.4) containing 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 M NaCl, respectively. The 0.1M NaCl fraction showed a single protein band on SDS-PAGE carried out on a 7.5-15% gradient gel. The proteolytic activities of the purified enzyme were specifically inhibited by L-trans-epoxy-succinylleucylamide (4-guanidino) butane (E-64) and iodoacetic acid. The enzyme, cysteine protease, showed the maximum proteolytic activity at pH 6.0 in 0.1 M buffer, and degraded extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen and fibronectin with different activities. It is suggested that the cysteine protease may play a role in the nutrient uptake of N. seoulense from the host intestine. (+info)Structural and phylogenetic characterization of human SLURP-1, the first secreted mammalian member of the Ly-6/uPAR protein superfamily. (2/507)
Members of the Ly-6/uPAR protein family share one or several repeat units of the Ly-6/uPAR domain that is defined by a distinct disulfide bonding pattern between 8 or 10 cysteine residues. The Ly-6/uPAR protein family can be divided into two subfamilies. One comprises GPI-anchored glycoprotein receptors with 10 cysteine residues. The other subfamily includes the secreted single-domain snake and frog cytotoxins, and differs significantly in that its members generally possess only eight cysteines and no GPI-anchoring signal sequence. We report the purification and structural characterization of human SLURP-1 (secreted mammalian Ly-6/uPAR related protein 1) from blood and urine peptide libraries. SLURP-1 is encoded by the ARS (component B)-81/s locus, and appears to be the first mammalian member of the Ly-6/uPAR family lacking a GPI-anchoring signal sequence. A phylogenetic analysis based on the SLURP-1 primary protein structure revealed a closer relationship to the subfamily of cytotoxins. Since the SLURP-1 gene maps to the same chromosomal region as several members of the Ly-6/uPAR subfamily of glycoprotein receptors, it is suggested that both biologically distinct subfamilies might have co-evolved from local chromosomal duplication events. (+info)Immune response in the garter snake (Thamnophis ordinoides). (3/507)
Garter snakes (Thamnophis ordinoides) were immunized with hen egg albumin, human gamma-globulin and Keyhole limpet haemocyanin in Freund's adjuvant. Antibody was consistently detected by radioimmunoelectrophoresis and in three different gamma- and beta-globulin precipitin lines called IgM (approximately or equal to 20S), Ig-1 (approximately or equal to 9S) and Ig-2 (approximately or equal to 8-5S). Early antibody (day 31 after immunization) was frequently Ig-M whereas Ig-2 and especially Ig-1 were detectable for the longest duration (992 days). After immunization with antigen in Freund's adjuvant, Ig-1 serum concentration showed the greatest increase, from almost undetectable levels to the most prominent immunoglobulin in immune serum. (+info)Comparative morphology of the cloacal scent gland in snakes (Serpentes: Reptilia). (4/507)
The histology of the cloacal scent gland, or anal gland, was examined from a diverse group of 50 snakes. Extensive interspecific morphological variation was observed in the general structure of the gland and the glandular epithelium. Morphological variants were quantitatively scored from eight features: lobate nature of the gland; septa in the glandular epithelium; glandular epithelium having a rough or irregular outer surface; glandular epithelium having a rough or irregular inner surface; thickness of the glandular epithelium; PAS reactivity in the glandular epithelium; Periodic Acid-Schiff reactivity in the secretory product; and relative size of the cloacal scent gland. The distribution of the encoded morphological variation was compared to an established phylogeny for snakes and used as the basis for a cluster analysis. In both cases there was no apparent relationship between phylogeny and the morphological variation of the cloacal scent gland. (+info)Developmental evolution: this side of paradise. (5/507)
It has long been appreciated that the evolution of snakes involved the loss of limbs and axis elongation, but their developmental basis has been obscure. It has now been shown that alterations in the deployment of Hox genes and an early block in the formation of hindlimb primordia underpin these modifications. (+info)Evolution of the ventricles. (6/507)
We studied the evolution of ventricles by macroscopic examination of the hearts of marine cartilaginous and bony fish, and by angiocardiography and gross examination of the hearts of air-breathing freshwater fish, frogs, turtles, snakes, and crocodiles. A right-sided, thin-walled ventricular lumen is seen in the fish, frog, turtle, and snake. In fish, there is external symmetry of the ventricle, internal asymmetry, and a thick-walled left ventricle with a small inlet chamber. In animals such as frogs, turtles, and snakes, the left ventricle exists as a small-cavitied contractile sponge. The high pressure generated by this spongy left ventricle, the direction of the jet, the ventriculoarterial orientation, and the bulbar spiral valve in the frog help to separate the systemic and pulmonary circulations. In the crocodile, the right aorta is connected to the left ventricle, and there is a complete interventricular septum and an improved left ventricular lumen when compared with turtles and snakes. The heart is housed in a rigid pericardial cavity in the shark, possibly to protect it from changing underwater pressure. The pericardial cavity in various species permits movements of the heart-which vary depending on the ventriculoarterial orientation and need for the ventricle to generate torque or spin on the ejected blood- that favor run-off into the appropriate arteries and their branches. In the lower species, it is not clear whether the spongy myocardium contributes to myocardial oxygenation. In human beings, spongy myocardium constitutes a rare form of congenital heart disease. (+info)Chemosensitive conductance and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced conductance in snake vomeronasal receptor neurons. (7/507)
Snake vomeronasal receptor neurons in slice preparations were studied using the patch-clamp technique in the conventional and nystatin-perforated whole-cell configurations. The mean resting potential was approximately -70 mV; the average input resistance was 3 GOmega. Neurons required current injection of only 1-10 pA to display a variety of spiking patterns. Intracellular dialysis of 100 microM inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) evoked an inward current in 38% of neurons, with an average peak amplitude of 16.4 +/- 2.8 pA at a holding potential of -70mV. Application of 100 microM 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (F-IP(3)), a derivative of IP(3), also evoked an inward current in 4/8 (50%) neurons (32.6 +/- 58 pA at -70 mV, n = 4). The reversal potentials of the induced components were estimated to be -14 +/- 5 mV for IP(3) and -17 +/- 3 mV for F-IP(3). Bathing the neurons in 10 microM ruthenium red solution greatly reduced the IP(3)-evoked inward current to 1.6 +/- 1.1 pA at -70 mV (n = 6). With Cs(+)-containing internal solution, neither the Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin (1-50 microM) nor the Ca(2+)-ionophore ionomycin (10 microM) evoked a significant current response, suggesting that IP(3) can elicit current response in the neurons without mediation by intracellular Ca(2+) stores. Intracellular application of 1 mM cAMP evoked no detectable current response. Extracellular application of chemoattractant for snakes evoked a very large inward current. The reversal potential of the chemoattractant-induced current was similar to that of the IP(3)-induced current. The present results suggest that IP(3) may act as a second messenger in the transduction of chemoattractants in the garter snake vomeronasal organ. (+info)A fossil snake with limbs. (8/507)
A 95-million-year-old fossil snake from the Middle East documents the most extreme hindlimb development of any known member of that group, as it preserves the tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges. It is more complete than Pachyrhachis, a second fossil snake with hindlimbs that was recently portrayed to be basal to all other snakes. Phylogenetic analysis of the relationships of the new taxon, as well as reanalysis of Pachyrhachis, shows both to be related to macrostomatans, a group that includes relatively advanced snakes such as pythons, boas, and colubroids to the exclusion of more primitive snakes such as blindsnakes and pipesnakes. (+info)I'm sorry for any confusion, but "snakes" is not a medical term. It refers to a group of legless reptiles that can be found on every continent except Antarctica. If you have any questions about snakes in a different context, please provide more information and I'll do my best to help!
A snake bite is a traumatic injury resulting from the puncture or laceration of skin by the fangs of a snake, often accompanied by envenomation. Envenomation occurs when the snake injects venom into the victim's body through its fangs. The severity and type of symptoms depend on various factors such as the species of snake, the amount of venom injected, the location of the bite, and the individual's sensitivity to the venom. Symptoms can range from localized pain, swelling, and redness to systemic effects like coagulopathy, neurotoxicity, or cardiotoxicity, which may lead to severe complications or even death if not treated promptly and appropriately.
Snake venoms are complex mixtures of bioactive compounds produced by specialized glands in snakes. They primarily consist of proteins and peptides, including enzymes, neurotoxins, hemotoxins, cytotoxins, and cardiotoxins. These toxins can cause a variety of pharmacological effects on the victim's body, such as disruption of the nervous system, blood coagulation, muscle function, and cell membrane integrity, ultimately leading to tissue damage and potentially death. The composition of snake venoms varies widely among different species, making each species' venom unique in its toxicity profile.
Colubridae is a family of snakes that includes a large majority of the world's snake species. It is a diverse group, with members ranging from relatively small and harmless species to large and potentially dangerous ones. Some colubrids have evolved specialized adaptations for specific hunting strategies or defense mechanisms.
Colubridae species are found worldwide, except in Antarctica, and they inhabit various environments such as forests, grasslands, deserts, and wetlands. Many colubrids are constrictors, meaning they kill their prey by wrapping their bodies around it and squeezing until the prey can no longer breathe.
It is worth noting that some colubrid species were previously classified under other families such as Natricidae or Dipsadidae, but recent genetic studies have led to a reclassification of these snakes into Colubridae.
Some examples of colubrids include rat snakes, gopher snakes, racers, whip snakes, and tree snakes. The family also includes some well-known species like the king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) and the black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis), which are among the longest and most venomous snakes in the world. However, it is important to note that not all colubrids are venomous, and those that are typically pose little threat to humans due to their mild venom or shy nature.
Elapidae is a family of venomous snakes, also known as elapids. This family includes many well-known species such as cobras, mambas, death adders, and sea snakes. Elapids are characterized by their fixed fangs, which are located at the front of the upper jaw and deliver venom through a hollow canal. The venom of these snakes is typically neurotoxic, causing paralysis and respiratory failure in prey or attackers.
Elapids are found throughout the world, with the greatest diversity occurring in tropical regions. They vary widely in size, from small species like the death adders that measure only a few inches long, to large species like the king cobra, which can reach lengths of up to 18 feet (5.5 meters).
Elapids are generally shy and avoid confrontations with humans whenever possible. However, they will defend themselves aggressively if threatened or cornered. Bites from elapid snakes can be medically significant and may require antivenom treatment.
Antivenins, also known as antivenoms, are medications created specifically to counteract venomous bites or stings from various creatures such as snakes, spiders, scorpions, and marine animals. They contain antibodies that bind to and neutralize the toxic proteins present in venom. Antivenins are usually made by immunizing large animals (like horses) with small amounts of venom over time, which prompts the animal's immune system to produce antibodies against the venom. The antibody-rich serum is then collected from the immunized animal and purified for use as an antivenin.
When administered to a victim who has been envenomated, antivenins work by binding to the venom molecules, preventing them from causing further damage to the body's tissues and organs. This helps minimize the severity of symptoms and can save lives in life-threatening situations. It is essential to seek immediate medical attention if bitten or stung by a venomous creature, as antivenins should be administered as soon as possible for optimal effectiveness.
"Bothrops" is a genus of venomous snakes commonly known as lancehead vipers, found primarily in Central and South America. The name "Bothrops" comes from the Greek words "bothros," meaning pit, and "ops," meaning face, referring to the deep pits on the sides of their heads that help them detect heat and locate prey. These snakes are known for their aggressive behavior and potent venom, which can cause severe pain, swelling, tissue damage, and potentially life-threatening systemic effects if left untreated.
The genus "Bothrops" includes over 30 species of pit vipers, many of which are considered medically important due to their ability to inflict serious envenomations in humans. Some notable examples include Bothrops asper (the terciopelo or fer-de-lance), Bothrops atrox (the common lancehead), and Bothrops jararaca (the jararaca).
If you encounter a snake of this genus, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately if bitten, as the venom can cause significant harm if not treated promptly.
Crotalid venoms are the toxic secretions produced by the members of the Crotalinae subfamily, also known as pit vipers. This group includes rattlesnakes, cottonmouths (or water moccasins), and copperheads, which are native to the Americas, as well as Old World vipers found in Asia and Europe, such as gaboon vipers and saw-scaled vipers.
Crotalid venoms are complex mixtures of various bioactive molecules, including enzymes, proteins, peptides, and other low molecular weight components. They typically contain a variety of pharmacologically active components, such as hemotoxic and neurotoxic agents, which can cause extensive local tissue damage, coagulopathy, cardiovascular dysfunction, and neuromuscular disorders in the victim.
The composition of crotalid venoms can vary significantly between different species and even among individual specimens within the same species. This variability is influenced by factors such as geographic location, age, sex, diet, and environmental conditions. As a result, the clinical manifestations of crotalid envenomation can be highly variable, ranging from mild local reactions to severe systemic effects that may require intensive medical treatment and supportive care.
Crotalid venoms have been the subject of extensive research in recent years due to their potential therapeutic applications. For example, certain components of crotalid venoms have shown promise as drugs for treating various medical conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, pain, and inflammation. However, further studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action of these venom components and to develop safe and effective therapies based on them.
Viperidae is not a term that has a medical definition per se, but it is a term used in the field of biology and zoology. Viperidae is the family name for a group of venomous snakes commonly known as vipers. This family includes various types of pit vipers, adders, and rattlesnakes.
While Viperidae itself may not have direct medical relevance, understanding the biology and behavior of these creatures is important in the context of medical fields such as toxicology and emergency medicine. Knowledge about the venomous properties of viper snakes and their potential to cause harm to humans is crucial for appropriate treatment and management of snakebites.
Boidae is a family of snakes, also known as boas. This family includes many different species of large, non-venomous snakes found in various parts of the world, particularly in Central and South America, Africa, and Asia. Boas are known for their strong bodies and muscular tails, which they use to constrict their prey before swallowing it whole. Some well-known members of this family include the anaconda, the python, and the boa constrictor.
Elapid venoms are the toxic secretions produced by elapid snakes, a family of venomous snakes that includes cobras, mambas, kraits, and coral snakes. These venoms are primarily composed of neurotoxins, which can cause paralysis and respiratory failure in prey or predators.
Elapid venoms work by targeting the nervous system, disrupting communication between the brain and muscles. This results in muscle weakness, paralysis, and eventually respiratory failure if left untreated. Some elapid venoms also contain hemotoxins, which can cause tissue damage, bleeding, and other systemic effects.
The severity of envenomation by an elapid snake depends on several factors, including the species of snake, the amount of venom injected, the location of the bite, and the size and health of the victim. Prompt medical treatment is essential in cases of elapid envenomation, as the effects of the venom can progress rapidly and lead to serious complications or death if left untreated.
'Crotalus' is a genus of venomous snakes commonly known as rattlesnakes. These snakes are native to the Americas, ranging from southern Canada to Argentina. They are characterized by the distinctive rattle on the end of their tails, which they use to warn potential predators before striking. The venom of Crotalus species is hemotoxic, meaning that it causes damage to blood vessels and tissue.
Some examples of species in this genus include the Western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox), the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus), and the sidewinder (Crotalus cerastes). It is important to note that all rattlesnakes are potentially dangerous and should be treated with caution. If you encounter a rattlesnake in the wild, it is best to leave it alone and avoid approaching it.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Reptilian Proteins" does not have a specific or established medical or scientific meaning. The term "reptilian" generally refers to characteristics of reptiles, and proteins are complex molecules that perform various functions within all living organisms, including reptiles. However, there isn't a recognized category or classification called "Reptilian Proteins" in the field of medicine or biology. If you have any questions about specific reptile-related proteins or reptile physiology, I would be happy to try and help with those!
"Viper venoms" refer to the toxic secretions produced by members of the Viperidae family of snakes, which include pit vipers (such as rattlesnakes, copperheads, and cottonmouths) and true vipers (like adders, vipers, and gaboon vipers). These venoms are complex mixtures of proteins, enzymes, and other bioactive molecules that can cause a wide range of symptoms in prey or predators, including local tissue damage, pain, swelling, bleeding, and potentially life-threatening systemic effects such as coagulopathy, cardiovascular shock, and respiratory failure.
The composition of viper venoms varies widely between different species and even among individuals within the same species. However, many viper venoms contain a variety of enzymes (such as phospholipases A2, metalloproteinases, and serine proteases) that can cause tissue damage and disrupt vital physiological processes in the victim. Additionally, some viper venoms contain neurotoxins that can affect the nervous system and cause paralysis or other neurological symptoms.
Understanding the composition and mechanisms of action of viper venoms is important for developing effective treatments for venomous snakebites, as well as for gaining insights into the evolution and ecology of these fascinating and diverse creatures.
'Agkistrodon' is a genus of venomous snakes commonly known as pit vipers, found predominantly in North America and parts of Asia. This genus includes several species, among them the copperhead (A. contortrix), cottonmouth or water moccasin (A. piscivorus), and the cantil (A. bilineatus). These snakes are characterized by their triangular heads, heat-sensing pits between the eyes and nostrils, and elliptical pupils. They deliver venom through hollow fangs and can cause significant harm to humans if they bite.
It is important to note that 'Agkistrodon' species are often misidentified due to their similarities with other pit vipers. Accurate identification of a snakebite victim is crucial for proper medical treatment, so seeking professional help from herpetologists or medical professionals is highly recommended in such situations.
"Trimeresurus" is a genus of venomous pit vipers found primarily in Asia. Commonly known as "Asian pit vipers" or " temple pit vipers," these snakes are characterized by the presence of a heat-sensing pit organ between the eye and the nostril, which they use to detect the body heat of their prey. They are responsible for causing serious bites and occasionally fatal accidents in human beings.
It's important to note that "Trimeresurus" is a taxonomic term used in the field of biology, specifically in systematics and classification of organisms. It does not have a direct medical definition, but it refers to a group of snakes with medical significance due to their venomous nature.
'Bungarus' is a genus of venomous elapid snakes commonly known as kraits, which are native to South and Southeast Asia. The term 'Bungarus' comes from the natural history classification system used in biology, specifically in the field of herpetology (the study of amphibians and reptiles).
Kraits are known for their highly potent neurotoxic venom, which can cause respiratory failure and death if left untreated. They are typically nocturnal and have a distinctive pattern of alternating black, white, and yellow bands. Some of the more well-known species in this genus include the banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus) and the Malayan krait (Bungarus candidus).
It's worth noting that 'Bungarus' is not a medical term per se, but rather a taxonomic designation used by biologists to classify a group of related organisms. However, understanding the properties and behaviors of venomous snakes like kraits can be important for medical professionals who may encounter patients who have been bitten or envenomated by these creatures.
Cobra venoms are a type of snake venom that is produced by cobras, which are members of the genus Naja in the family Elapidae. These venoms are complex mixtures of proteins and other molecules that have evolved to help the snake immobilize and digest its prey.
Cobra venoms typically contain a variety of toxic components, including neurotoxins, hemotoxins, and cytotoxins. Neurotoxins target the nervous system and can cause paralysis and respiratory failure. Hemotoxins damage blood vessels and tissues, leading to internal bleeding and organ damage. Cytotoxins destroy cells and can cause tissue necrosis.
The specific composition of cobra venoms can vary widely between different species of cobras, as well as between individual snakes of the same species. Some cobras have venoms that are primarily neurotoxic, while others have venoms that are more hemotoxic or cytotoxic. The potency and effects of cobra venoms can also be influenced by factors such as the age and size of the snake, as well as the temperature and pH of the environment.
Cobra bites can be extremely dangerous and even fatal to humans, depending on the species of cobra, the amount of venom injected, and the location of the bite. Immediate medical attention is required in the event of a cobra bite, including the administration of antivenom therapy to neutralize the effects of the venom.
I apologize for any confusion, but "lizards" is not a term used in medical definition. Lizards are a group of scaled reptiles constituting the order Squamata, characterized by having skin covered with overlapping scales, external ears, and movable eyelids. They are found worldwide in a variety of habitats, ranging from desert to tropical environments. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I'd be happy to help!
Neurotoxins are substances that are poisonous or destructive to nerve cells (neurons) and the nervous system. They can cause damage by destroying neurons, disrupting communication between neurons, or interfering with the normal functioning of the nervous system. Neurotoxins can be produced naturally by certain organisms, such as bacteria, plants, and animals, or they can be synthetic compounds created in a laboratory. Examples of neurotoxins include botulinum toxin (found in botulism), tetrodotoxin (found in pufferfish), and heavy metals like lead and mercury. Neurotoxic effects can range from mild symptoms such as headaches, muscle weakness, and tremors, to more severe symptoms such as paralysis, seizures, and cognitive impairment. Long-term exposure to neurotoxins can lead to chronic neurological conditions and other health problems.
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 ester bond in glycerophospholipids, releasing free fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid, and lysophospholipids. These products are important precursors for the biosynthesis of various signaling molecules, including eicosanoids, platelet-activating factor (PAF), and lipoxins, which play crucial roles in inflammation, immunity, and other cellular processes.
Phospholipases A2 are classified into several groups based on their structure, mechanism of action, and cellular localization. The secreted PLA2s (sPLA2s) are found in extracellular fluids and are characterized by a low molecular weight, while the calcium-dependent cytosolic PLA2s (cPLA2s) are larger proteins that reside within cells.
Abnormal regulation or activity of Phospholipase A2 has been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Therefore, understanding the biology and function of these enzymes is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies to target these disorders.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Reptiles" is not a medical term. It is a term used in biology to describe a class of cold-blooded, scaly-skinned animals that include snakes, lizards, alligators, crocodiles, turtles, and tortoises. They are characterized by having lungs for breathing, laying eggs on land, and having a three-chambered heart. If you have any medical questions or terms, I'd be happy to help clarify those!
Batroxobin is a serine protease enzyme that is isolated from the venom of Bothrops atrox, also known as the South American fer-de-lance snake. It has thrombin-like activity and can induce fibrinogen to form fibrin, which is an important step in blood clotting. Batroxobin is used medically as a defibrinating agent to treat conditions such as snake envenomation, cerebral infarction, and arterial thrombosis. It may also be used for research purposes to study hemostasis and coagulation.
Metalloproteases are a group of enzymes that require a metal ion as a cofactor for their enzymatic activity. They are also known as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) or extracellular proteinases, and they play important roles in various biological processes such as tissue remodeling, wound healing, and cell migration. These enzymes are capable of degrading various types of extracellular matrix proteins, including collagens, gelatins, and proteoglycans. The metal ion cofactor is usually zinc, although other ions such as calcium or cobalt can also be involved. Metalloproteases are implicated in several diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Inhibitors of metalloproteases have been developed for therapeutic purposes.
L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) is an enzyme that belongs to the family of flavin monooxygenases. It catalyzes the oxidative deamination of L-amino acids into corresponding α-keto acids, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide. The reaction takes place in the presence of molecular oxygen and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) as a cofactor.
LAAO is found in various organisms, including mammals, reptiles, fish, insects, bacteria, and plants. In some species, LAAO plays a role in the metabolism of amino acids, while in others, it functions as a part of the immune system or contributes to the development of venoms and toxins.
In humans, LAAO is primarily located in the peroxisomes of liver, kidney, and intestinal cells, where it participates in the catabolism of amino acids. In addition, LAAO has been found to have potential roles in several pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative disorders, atherosclerosis, and cancer, due to its ability to generate hydrogen peroxide and induce oxidative stress.
Disintegrins are a group of small, cysteine-rich proteins that are derived from the venom of certain snakes, such as vipers and pit vipers. They are named for their ability to disrupt the integrin-mediated adhesion of cells, which is an important process in many physiological and pathological processes, including hemostasis, inflammation, and cancer metastasis.
Disintegrins contain a conserved RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) or KTS (Lys-Thr-Ser) sequence that allows them to bind specifically to integrin receptors on the surface of cells. This binding can cause various effects, such as inhibiting cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation, or promoting apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Due to their potent biological activities, disintegrins have been studied for their potential therapeutic applications in various diseases, including thrombosis, cancer, and inflammation. However, further research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and safety profiles before they can be used clinically.
Cobra neurotoxin proteins refer to a group of toxic proteins found in the venom of cobra snakes. These toxins primarily affect the nervous system and cause paralysis, which can lead to respiratory failure and death in prey or envenomed individuals. Cobra neurotoxins are classified as phospholipases A2 (PLA2) enzymes, which are capable of hydrolyzing membrane phospholipids and inducing various biological effects.
The two main types of cobra neurotoxin proteins are:
1. Short-chain neurotoxins: These toxins consist of 60-74 amino acid residues, with four disulfide bridges that stabilize their structure. They primarily interact with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at the neuromuscular junction, causing muscle paralysis by preventing the binding of acetylcholine to its receptors.
2. Long-chain neurotoxins: These toxins contain 110-120 amino acid residues and have five disulfide bridges. They can be further divided into two subcategories:
a. Cardiotoxins: Although they primarily affect the heart, causing cardiac arrhythmias and decreased contractility, these toxins can also interact with nAChRs and contribute to neuromuscular paralysis.
b. Cytotoxins: These toxins mainly cause damage to various cell types by forming pores in the cell membrane, leading to cell lysis and death. They have minimal effects on the nervous system.
Understanding cobra neurotoxin proteins is essential for developing effective antivenoms and treatments for cobra envenomation.
An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.
Venom is a complex mixture of toxic compounds produced by certain animals, such as snakes, spiders, scorpions, and marine creatures like cone snails and stonefish. These toxic substances are specifically designed to cause damage to the tissues or interfere with the normal physiological processes of other organisms, which can lead to harmful or even lethal effects.
Venoms typically contain a variety of components, including enzymes, peptides, proteins, and small molecules, each with specific functions that contribute to the overall toxicity of the mixture. Some of these components may cause localized damage, such as tissue necrosis or inflammation, while others can have systemic effects, impacting various organs and bodily functions.
The study of venoms, known as toxinology, has important implications for understanding the evolution of animal behavior, developing new therapeutics, and advancing medical treatments for envenomation (the process of being poisoned by venom). Additionally, venoms have been used in traditional medicine for centuries, and ongoing research continues to uncover novel compounds with potential applications in modern pharmacology.
Phospholipases A are a group of enzymes that hydrolyze phospholipids into fatty acids and lysophospholipids by cleaving the ester bond at the sn-1 or sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. There are three main types of Phospholipases A:
* Phospholipase A1 (PLA1): This enzyme specifically hydrolyzes the ester bond at the sn-1 position, releasing a free fatty acid and a lysophospholipid.
* Phospholipase A2 (PLA2): This enzyme specifically hydrolyzes the ester bond at the sn-2 position, releasing a free fatty acid (often arachidonic acid, which is a precursor for eicosanoids) and a lysophospholipid.
* Phospholipase A/B (PLA/B): This enzyme has both PLA1 and PLA2 activity and can hydrolyze the ester bond at either the sn-1 or sn-2 position.
Phospholipases A play important roles in various biological processes, including cell signaling, membrane remodeling, and host defense. They are also involved in several diseases, such as atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
"Animals, Zoo" is not a medical term. However, it generally refers to a collection of various species of wild animals kept in enclosures or exhibits for the public to view and learn about. These animals are usually obtained from different parts of the world and live in environments that attempt to simulate their natural habitats. Zoos play an essential role in conservation efforts, education, and research. They provide a unique opportunity for people to connect with wildlife and understand the importance of preserving and protecting endangered species and their ecosystems.
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors are substances that inhibit or block the activity of phospholipase A2, an enzyme that plays a role in inflammation. Phospholipase A2 is responsible for the breakdown of certain types of fat molecules called phospholipids, which are found in cell membranes. This breakdown releases fatty acids, including arachidonic acid, which can be further metabolized to produce pro-inflammatory signaling molecules called eicosanoids.
By inhibiting the activity of phospholipase A2, PLA2 inhibitors can help reduce the production of these inflammatory mediators and potentially decrease inflammation in the body. These inhibitors have been studied for their potential therapeutic benefits in a variety of conditions associated with inflammation, such as rheumatoid arthritis, pancreatitis, and atherosclerosis. However, more research is needed to fully understand their safety and efficacy.
Russell's Viper is not a medical condition or term. It is a type of venomous snake, scientifically known as Daboia russelii, found in parts of Asia. The bite of this viper can cause severe symptoms such as pain, swelling, bleeding, tissue damage, and potentially life-threatening systemic effects like kidney failure, blood clotting problems, and cardiac arrest. Medical personnel should be notified immediately in case of a snakebite, and appropriate antivenom therapy should be initiated as soon as possible to reduce the risk of complications or mortality.
Crotoxin is a type of protein toxin found in the venom of the South American rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus terrificus. It is a heterodimeric presynaptic neurotoxin composed of two subunits, an acidic subunit (CA) and a basic subunit (CB), which work together to inhibit the release of neurotransmitters from nerve endings. Crotoxin has been extensively studied for its potential therapeutic applications in various medical conditions, including inflammation, pain, and cancer. However, it is also highly toxic and can cause serious harm if ingested or introduced into the body through a snake bite.
In the context of mental health and psychology, "predatory behavior" is not a term that is commonly used as a medical diagnosis or condition. However, it generally refers to aggressive or exploitative behavior towards others with the intention of taking advantage of them for personal gain or pleasure. This could include various types of harmful behaviors such as sexual harassment, assault, stalking, bullying, or financial exploitation.
In some cases, predatory behavior may be associated with certain mental health conditions, such as antisocial personality disorder or psychopathy, which are characterized by a disregard for the rights and feelings of others. However, it's important to note that not all individuals who engage in predatory behavior have a mental health condition, and many people who do may not necessarily exhibit these behaviors.
If you or someone else is experiencing harm or exploitation, it's important to seek help from a trusted authority figure, such as a healthcare provider, law enforcement officer, or social worker.
Phospholipases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phospholipids, which are major components of cell membranes. Phospholipases cleave specific ester bonds in phospholipids, releasing free fatty acids and other lipophilic molecules. Based on the site of action, phospholipases are classified into four types:
1. Phospholipase A1 (PLA1): This enzyme hydrolyzes the ester bond at the sn-1 position of a glycerophospholipid, releasing a free fatty acid and a lysophospholipid.
2. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2): PLA2 cleaves the ester bond at the sn-2 position of a glycerophospholipid, releasing a free fatty acid (often arachidonic acid) and a lysophospholipid. Arachidonic acid is a precursor for eicosanoids, which are signaling molecules involved in inflammation and other physiological processes.
3. Phospholipase C (PLC): PLC hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond in the headgroup of a glycerophospholipid, releasing diacylglycerol (DAG) and a soluble head group, such as inositol trisphosphate (IP3). DAG acts as a secondary messenger in intracellular signaling pathways, while IP3 mediates the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.
4. Phospholipase D (PLD): PLD cleaves the phosphoester bond between the headgroup and the glycerol moiety of a glycerophospholipid, releasing phosphatidic acid (PA) and a free head group. PA is an important signaling molecule involved in various cellular processes, including membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal reorganization, and cell survival.
Phospholipases have diverse roles in normal physiology and pathophysiological conditions, such as inflammation, immunity, and neurotransmission. Dysregulation of phospholipase activity can contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders.
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Sokh snakes - Wikipedia
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Category:hu:Snakes - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Stressed snakes strike first | Penn State University
dice snake | Encyclopedia.com
Snakes on a Ridge | Porter Ridge | Discovery
Line 6 Cables & Snakes | Musician's Friend
Snake (1983) - MobyGames
Snake River - WorldAtlas
Snakes on the loose at Chinese university | CNN
Photos: Spiders feast on deadly snakes | Live Science
Snakes and Ladders Wooden Game | Waterstones
Snakes
'Snakes on a Plane': Read Michael Phillips' 2006...
Modern snakes evolved from a few survivors of | EurekAlert!
Here's How 'The Hunger Games: The Ballad Of Songbirds & Snakes' Ends
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Snakes | HowStuffWorks
Marlborough, CT - Snake Rock
DeJ Loaf 'Snakes' (NEW MUSIC)
Snakes Latest News | The Star
Garter Snakes by Lolly Brown
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Snake Plant
Ask IFAS: Snakes
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Snakes and Ladders - Free download and software reviews - CNET Download
Ballad of Songbirds10
- ICYMI, The Hunger Games: The Ballad Of Songbirds & Snakes finally hits theaters this weekend on Nov. 17, 2023. (yahoo.com)
- Does Hunger Games: The Ballad Of Songbirds & Snakes have an end credit scene? (yahoo.com)
- Unfortunately, Suzanne Collins also hasn't published anything else in the Hunger Games canon since releasing The Ballad Of Songbirds & Snakes novel in 2020-so there's not really anything to tease quite yet in terms of follow-ups to the newest film. (yahoo.com)
- In the final scene of The Ballad of Songbirds & Snakes , Snow poisons Dean Highbottom (Peter Dinklage)-his first victim. (yahoo.com)
- Rachel Zegler and Tom Blyth in The Hunger Games: The Ballad of Songbirds & Snakes . (yahoo.com)
- Lucy Gray kinda mysteriously vanishes in The Ballad of Songbirds & Snakes , and that's intentional! (yahoo.com)
- While the story of Katniss Everdeen was written first, it does come after the events depicted in The Ballad of Songbirds & Snakes . (yahoo.com)
- In a recent interview with Empire , The Hunger Games: The Ballad of Songbirds and Snakes director Francis Lawrence discussed the difference between Rachel Zegler's character Lucy Gray Baird and franchise hero Katniss Everdeen. (yahoo.com)
- Based on the 2020 prequel novel by Suzanne Collins, The Ballad of Songbirds and Snakes is set 64 years before the events of the Hunger Games trilogy, where an 18-year-old Coriolanus Snow gets assigned to mentor District 12's tribute girl at the Tenth Hunger Games. (yahoo.com)
- The post Rachel Zegler's Character Is the 'Anti-Katniss' in The Ballad of Songbirds and Snakes appeared first on ComingSoon.net - Movie Trailers, TV & Streaming News, and More . (yahoo.com)
North America3
- Where are wild snakes in North America? (answers.com)
- Cottonmouth snakes are often called water moccasins and are one of only four venomous snakes found in North America. (howstuffworks.com)
- ophidiomycosis), caused by the pathogen Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola (Oo), has been documented in wild snakes in North America and Eurasia, and is considered an emerging disease in the eastern United States of America. (bvsalud.org)
Lizards4
- This huge family of snakes, which lives on every continent except Antarctica, also eats lizards and amphibians. (howstuffworks.com)
- Snakes and lizards share a common ancestor, and snakes still have the genetic coding for legs and feet. (howstuffworks.com)
- Many of these governments ban the import and possession of snakes to ensure they stay that way (even pet lizards and turtles are illegal in Iceland). (discovermagazine.com)
- look no further than Guam, where the invasive brown tree snake is infamous for killing native lizards and birds. (discovermagazine.com)
Yellow-bellied sea snakes4
- While a few individual yellow-bellied sea snakes have been reported on the Caribbean coast of Colombia -- likely drifters who made it through the Panama Canal -- Sheehy said the odds are stacked against them establishing a successful breeding population. (sciencedaily.com)
- The New Zealand Herald reported that this is the first time since April 2018 that yellow-bellied sea snakes were found in the country. (newsweek.com)
- The Australian Museum noted that the species' potent neurotoxins and myotoxins are incredibly deadly and require immediate medical attention, even though most bites from yellow-bellied sea snakes present with no initial pain and little to no swelling. (newsweek.com)
- The shocking influx of yellow-bellied sea snakes in New Zealand is believed to stem from Australia and warmer areas of the Pacific Ocean, as they can travel but not breed in colder waters like the Manawatū coast. (newsweek.com)
Venomous Snake2
- The eastern coral snake, for example, is a venomous snake with colorful bands that signal trouble to would-be predators. (nationalgeographic.com)
- Snakebite envenoming is a potentially life-threatening disease that typically results from the injection of a mixture of different toxins ("venom") following the bite of a venomous snake. (who.int)
Ringneck snakes7
- And sometimes, the contrast of colors-such as the non-venomous ringneck snakes , which are black on top and pale red below-serve as "flash coloration" that can briefly confuse a predator. (nationalgeographic.com)
- Ringneck snakes are found throughout Alabama. (outdooralabama.com)
- Ringneck snakes are found in wooded, terrestrial type habitats, commonly under objects such as stumps, logs and leaf litter, and can be found in gardens, flower beds and occasionally in salt marshes. (outdooralabama.com)
- Ringneck snakes feed on earthworms, slugs, insects and insect larvae, small amphibians and small reptiles. (outdooralabama.com)
- While not necessary on smaller prey items, ringneck snakes will partially constrict larger prey. (outdooralabama.com)
- Ringneck snakes will lay four to five elongate, whitish eggs typically in rotten wood of a log or stump. (outdooralabama.com)
- Ringneck snakes rarely bite when handled, typically discharging the contents of the cloaca as a predator avoidance technique. (outdooralabama.com)
Prey5
- Desert snakes are specially design to retain the water they encounter, and they also get moisture from their prey, and probably they, in the wild, know the vegetation and spots where water can be found. (answers.com)
- Snakes get their water from the prey they eat. (answers.com)
- Spiders don't just prey on snakes in exotic, wild locales. (livescience.com)
- Prey wouldn't know how to protect themselves, and predators would have to quickly learn that sea snakes are venomous and likely have toxins in their skin. (sciencedaily.com)
- Like sharks, sea snakes often prey on weak or diseased fish. (sciencedaily.com)
Bite12
- Most of the captured snakes had bite marks on their bodies, suggesting they had been kept in a confined space. (cnn.com)
- Just one bite from any of these venomous snakes could cost you your life. (howstuffworks.com)
- A woman at a nearby dairy shop told them that they had caught a yellow-bellied sea snake, which, according to the Australian Museum , can deliver a powerful bite with enough toxins to paralyze or kill any humans that come across it. (newsweek.com)
- Any bite from this sea snake would result in eventual death, The New Zealand Herald reports. (newsweek.com)
- Deluxe Snake is a clone of the classic arcade games Nibbles and Snake, with improved gameplay, including bonus items, mushrooms, bricks, tail-bite, and other fun stuff. (allegro.cc)
- If you are walking in high water, you may feel a bite, but not know that you were bitten by a snake. (cdc.gov)
- Pay attention to the following snake bite signs and symptoms. (cdc.gov)
- Try to see and remember the color and shape of the snake, which can help with treatment of the snake bite. (cdc.gov)
- Do not pick up the snake or try to trap it (this may put you or someone else at risk for a bite). (cdc.gov)
- A) Streptobacillus moniliformis -specific multilocus variant analysis (MLVA) for a 59- year-old man (snake keeper) with acute tetraplegia caused by rat bite fever. (cdc.gov)
- Not all snakebites result in envenoming: some snakes are non-venomous and venomous snakes do not always inject venom during a bite. (who.int)
- The venom of coral snakes affects nervous system activity but causes little damage to tissue around the bite. (msdmanuals.com)
Bites4
- About 3000 bites occur per year in Australia from all species of snakes, 500 of which require antivenin. (medscape.com)
- And snake bites. (cdc.gov)
- Bites from nonpoisonous snakes rarely cause any serious problems. (msdmanuals.com)
- Coral snakebites and bites from imported snakes are much less common. (msdmanuals.com)
Garter snakes3
- Garter snakes are harmless, very common and beneficially feed on slugs, leeches, large insects and small rodents in North American gardens. (howstuffworks.com)
- item_title" : "Garter Snakes", "item_author" : [" Lolly Brown "], "item_description" : "These attractive, considerably small and generally docile snakes are easy to be around and make for hours and hours of viewing them a pleasure. (booksamillion.com)
- Whereas many other snake species are most active at night, garter snakes are often up and about whilst the sun is up. (booksamillion.com)
Live snakes2
- The Guangzhou Daily reported Monday that animal control experts had caught around 40 live snakes on Saturday after a number of the reptiles were spotted writhing along a road in Guangzhou University City. (cnn.com)
- I didn't know what he was talking about until he took me into the home owner's den (a home I had never been in) and there were TWO CAGES WITH LIVE SNAKES! (emofree.com)
Fear of sna4
- I would really believe this stuff (tapping) if it could do something about my fear of snakes. (emofree.com)
- As Ann Reed applied EFT for her client's fear of snakes, several snake related memories showed up. (emofree.com)
- We tapped for that sadness using the affirmation 'even though my mother passed on her fear of snakes to me and I passed them on to my children. (emofree.com)
- without the fear of snakes. (emofree.com)
Thought of snakes2
- To some, the thought of snakes flying through the air is the scariest thought imaginable, but, as we'll explain, flying snakes don't actually fly, they "fall with style. (howstuffworks.com)
- I hate to go into the garage, if a snake is on the television screen I have to change the channel, just the thought of snakes makes me sweat. (emofree.com)
Venom8
- Snakes cannot remove their venom glands under any circumstances. (answers.com)
- Venomous snakes can control when they release venom. (answers.com)
- there are no recorded instances of a snake successfully biting and injecting venom into a spider. (livescience.com)
- The common brown snake produces the second most toxic snakebite venom known (LD 50 0.53 mg/kg) and is the most common cause of snakebite death in Australia. (medscape.com)
- This can slow down the spread of venom if the snake is venomous. (cdc.gov)
- Title : Heterologous antivenin in neutralization of North American coral snake venom Personal Author(s) : Keegan, Hugh L.;Whittemore, Frederick W.;Flanigan, James F. (cdc.gov)
- Envenoming can also be caused by venom being sprayed into a person's eyes by certain species of snakes that have the ability to spit venom as a defence measure. (who.int)
- In humans and animals, snakebite envenoming affects multiple organ systems (depending on the particular species of snake and the classes of toxins present in the venom) and can cause, among other things: haemorrhage and prolonged disruption of haemostasis, neuromuscular paralysis, tissue necrosis, myolysis (muscle degeneration), cardiotoxicity, acute kidney injury, thrombosis and hypovolaemic shock. (who.int)
Reptiles2
- No. Snakes and other reptiles generally mate and reproduce on land. (answers.com)
- During this last glacial period, spanning between about 120,000 and 10,000 years ago, both Ireland and the island of Great Britain were far too cold for snakes and other reptiles. (discovermagazine.com)
Water snakes5
- snakes are every were i find land snakes in water ,water snakes on land even when im not looking. (answers.com)
- Water snakes feed in or near water, and some leave aquatic environments only to bask in the sun or breed. (britannica.com)
- Water snakes are characterized by stout bodies with strongly keeled scales and triangular heads. (britannica.com)
- The principal diet of water snakes is made up of fish and amphibians . (britannica.com)
- When handled, water snakes habitually defecate or excrete a foul-smelling substance from their anal scent glands. (britannica.com)
Rattlesnakes2
- Venomous snakes in the United States include pit vipers (rattlesnakes, copperheads, and cottonmouths) and coral snakes. (msdmanuals.com)
- Kasturiratne identified snakes were rattlesnakes, but America's Poison et al. (who.int)
20023
- In 2002 Hot Snakes reconvened to record the album Suicide Invoice and tour the United States. (wikipedia.org)
- In the summer of 2002 the rocks were painted to resemble a coiled snake, but apparently someone thought it was too threatening. (roadsideamerica.com)
- By 2002 it was down to 20 snakes per day, by 2010 it was down to 10, and then in 2012 there were no snakes left in the shallows. (newsweek.com)
Eastern coral1
- The colorful bands of the venomous eastern coral snake serve as a warning to would-be predators. (nationalgeographic.com)
Highly venomous3
- These colorful snakes are found all over the world and are highly venomous, so the best strategy is to avoid them. (howstuffworks.com)
- A third highly venomous sea snake thought to be extinct was discovered in New Zealand. (newsweek.com)
- Meanwhile, in the ocean's twilight zone last month, another species of highly venomous short-nosed sea snakes originally thought to be extinct was rediscovered in Western Australia. (newsweek.com)
Coral snake4
- A tarantula ( Theraphosa blondi ) captures a juvenile false coral snake of the genus Oxyrhopus and carries it back to its burrow. (livescience.com)
- An adult female black widow ( Latrodectus hesperus ) feeds upon a young coral snake ( Micruroides euryxanthus ) near the Boyce Thompson Arboretum in Superior, Arizona. (livescience.com)
- Often confused with the venomous coral snake, which advertises its toxicity through bright bands of color, the milk snake is harmless to humans. (howstuffworks.com)
- The scarlet king snake is harmless, but uses its coloration to masquerade as the lethal coral snake. (nationalgeographic.com)
Tongues1
- Snakes flick their forked tongues to bring in odors to their sensory glands. (howstuffworks.com)
Vipers1
- Modern snake diversity - including tree snakes, sea snakes, venomous vipers and cobras, and huge constrictors like boas and pythons - emerged only after the dinosaur extinction. (eurekalert.org)
Patterns6
- Nicolette Cagle has traveled the world in search of snakes, from the Midwest and the southeastern United States to Cuba, Nicaragua, and Australia, and spent decades conducting natural science research on the patterns of snakes in regions where urban development encroaches upon the natural world. (virginia.edu)
- The patterns seen in snakes hint at a key role for catastrophes - severe, rapid, and global environmental disruptions - in driving evolutionary change. (eurekalert.org)
- If rainfall patterns aren't conducive to providing water to drink, sea snakes can't survive, even if ocean temperatures are favorable. (sciencedaily.com)
- Belly Up: Why Do Some Snakes Have Elaborate Belly Patterns? (nationalgeographic.com)
- Snakes don't typically have elaborate patterns on their bellies. (nationalgeographic.com)
- But, "patterns are not very common on snake bellies," says Kate Jackson of Whitman College in Washington State. (nationalgeographic.com)
20001
- Most of this recording session was released in 2000 as Hot Snakes' first album Automatic Midnight, which was the first release by the Swami label. (wikipedia.org)
Dispersal1
- Oo strains from the USA formed a clade (Clade II) distinct from European strains (Clade I), and molecular dating indicated that these clades diverged too recently (approximately 2,000 years ago) for transcontinental dispersal of Oo to have occurred via natural snake movements across Beringia. (bvsalud.org)
Found14
- Around 60 snakes were also found dead, most squashed by traffic. (cnn.com)
- An official at Sun Yat-Sen University contacted by CNN confirmed that snakes had been found but said they did not know any details. (cnn.com)
- Scientists have found more than 300 reported cases of 30 spider species preying on dozens of species of snakes . (livescience.com)
- Some of these snakes are hundreds of times heavier than the arachnid preying on them, researchers found. (livescience.com)
- According to a report from The New Zealand Herald , the sea snake was found by an unsuspecting beach-going family at Tangimoana Beach on the Manawatū coast in New Zealand over the weekend. (newsweek.com)
- Although The New Zealand Herald reported that two previous snakes found at Woolleys Bay and Tokerau Beach were found "alive and wriggling" by horrified viewers last month, this snake did ultimately did not survive. (newsweek.com)
- The outlet reported that sea snakes as a whole are a rare sighting in the country, with no more than 10 found annually. (newsweek.com)
- Ernst said that during his 18 years of researching the efficacy of hundreds of different types of alternative medicine - from acupuncture, to herbal remedies, to homeopathy and chiropractic therapy - he has found that 'snake-oil salesmen and pseudo-science are ubiquitous and dangerous. (smh.com.au)
- The unnamed person who found the snake contacted the Virginia Herpetological Society for identification and a state herpetologist picked it up to study. (10news.com)
- The dugite brown snake may be found in the southwestern corner of Australia, in Western Australia and along the South Australian border. (medscape.com)
- The speckled brown snake can be found from central Queensland to the eastern areas of the Northern Territory. (medscape.com)
- Ingram's snake may be found around Barkly Tableland of the Northern Territory, and the ringed snake may be found in the arid regions of all the mainland states. (medscape.com)
- The western snake may be found throughout Australia and the common brown snake in Queensland, New South Wales, and from Victoria to the southeast of South Australia. (medscape.com)
- They can be found in association with other snakes like the Earth snake (Virginia spp. (outdooralabama.com)
20231
- Rick O'Connor October 27th, 2023 Since last year we have been logging reports from area residents of snake encounters. (ufl.edu)
Spiders4
- Spiders taking down and feasting on snakes is more common than researchers thought. (livescience.com)
- Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) feeding on snakes (Reptilia: Squamata). (livescience.com)
- Most snakes successfully killed and eaten by spiders are babies or juveniles, though there are examples of snakes up to a meter long being taken. (livescience.com)
- Widow spiders were responsible for about half of reports of spiders killing snakes. (livescience.com)
Populations6
- Snake populations are declining precipitously around the globe, but calls for their conservation are muted by fear and prejudice. (virginia.edu)
- Saving Snakes offers a new approach to understanding snakes and preserving their populations-an approach built on respect. (virginia.edu)
- Sea snakes' range could expand as ocean waters warm, Lillywhite said, but the net effect of climate change is more likely to trigger population declines than increases and may already be doing so: With the exception of the yellow-bellied sea snake, populations are shrinking in many areas. (sciencedaily.com)
- Alabama populations are intergradient combinations involving 2 or all of 3 subspecies, D.p. punctatus (southern ringneck snake), D.p. edwardsi (northern ringneck snake), and D.p. stictogenys (Mississippi ringneck snake). (outdooralabama.com)
- Because the snake disappeared so long ago, no one knew whether bird populations had declined in their absence-or how much they might rebound once the snakes returned. (audubon.org)
- The presence of Clade II in captive snakes worldwide demonstrates a potential mechanism of introduction and highlights that additional incursions are likely unless action is taken to reduce the risk of pathogen translocation and spillover into wild snake populations . (bvsalud.org)
19992
- Hot Snakes were an American rock band led by Rick Froberg and John Reis, formed in 1999 in San Diego, California. (wikipedia.org)
- Hot Snakes essentially began as a "side project" in 1999 while Reis was taking time off from Rocket from the Crypt, who were in between record labels and had lost their longtime drummer Atom Willard. (wikipedia.org)
Reptilian2
- These snakes are some of the best reptilian actors you'll ever meet, but don't let the act fool you. (howstuffworks.com)
- it sits atop the reptilian food chain, eating the snakes that eat birds. (audubon.org)
Today's2
- Today's sea snakes -- about 60 species of fully marine sea snakes and eight species of semiaquatic sea kraits -- evolved in the warm, tropical conditions of the Coral Triangle at a time when the region was undergoing swift and dramatic physical, climatic and geologic change. (sciencedaily.com)
- But for today's SINTEF researchers, it's the snake robots on the ISS that represent their most natural and realistic project. (sciencedaily.com)
Venoms2
Corn2
- One exception is the corn snake, which has an eye-catching checkerboard pattern evocative of an ear of maize. (nationalgeographic.com)
- The eye-catching checkerboard belly of the corn snake is a good example of this body décor--it resembles an ear of maize, which is likely what inspired the snake's name. (nationalgeographic.com)
Search1
- Take control of snake on his trusty red cart as he explores the Emerald Isle in search of his friends while evading the sneaky skunk and his legion of followers, enjoy the retro-styled gameplay in this enchanting 2D platform game made by our family and designed for your family. (moddb.com)
Snake's1
- Much of the pre-strike footage is filmed in snake-o-vision, an "X-Files" green-tinted snake's-eye-view perspective. (chicagotribune.com)
Researchers2
- Researchers are looking into how a snake robot might carry out maintenance work on the International Space Station (ISS), study comets, and explore the possibility of living and working in lava tunnels on the Moon. (sciencedaily.com)
- There is no shortage of challenges facing researchers attempting to develop an inspection and maintenance snake robot system. (sciencedaily.com)
Harmless1
- Milk Snakes: Colored for Danger, but Totally Harmless (and Non-dairy! (howstuffworks.com)
Habitat1
- Theoretically, sea snakes could flourish in the Atlantic: Warm, tropical regions such as the Caribbean offer prime sea snake habitat and living conditions. (sciencedaily.com)
Survive5
- All snakes do need water to survive. (answers.com)
- What do snakes need to survive in the wild? (answers.com)
- Snakes need water, food and air in order to survive in the wild. (answers.com)
- The authors argue that the ability of snakes to shelter underground and go for long periods without food helped them survive the destructive effects of the impact. (eurekalert.org)
- Battling his instincts for both good and evil, Snow sets out on a race against time to survive and reveal if he will ultimately become a songbird or a snake. (yahoo.com)
Virginia1
- Wild bicephalic snakes are exceptionally rare, because they just don't live that long," J.D. Kleopfer of the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries posted on Facebook on Thursday. (10news.com)
Copperhead1
- He recalled a scary memory of his mother shouting to her children and at the snake as she killed a copperhead with a shovel and seeing the blood on the shovel. (emofree.com)
Classic snake game3
- This is a new experience of the classic snake game, you have a snake competitor with which you have to compete for points. (slideme.org)
- It´s the classic snake game, play either 1 player and collect as many points as possible by eating the green boxes, or play against another human player to see who can win the most rounds. (allegro.cc)
- its a tile-based snake game based on the classic snake game. (allegro.cc)
Prequel1
- Julianna Margulies plays a surreally calm attendant with an immobile forehead (what, was she bitten by a snake in a prequel? (chicagotribune.com)
Predators3
- Declines in sea snakes could have ripple effects on coral reef ecosystems, where they're often top predators, Sheehy said. (sciencedaily.com)
- Plain or patterned bellies can help snakes avoid predators. (nationalgeographic.com)
- Finding an increase in box activity could mean fewer predators such as copperheads and rat snakes as a result of a robust indigo population. (audubon.org)
Metres2
- Fossils also show a change in the shape of snake vertebrae in the aftermath, resulting from the extinction of Cretaceous lineages and the appearance of new groups, including giant sea snakes up to 10 metres long. (eurekalert.org)
- It is a moderately large snake that can reach lengths of 1 to 1.4 metres (3 to 4.5 feet). (britannica.com)
Worm1
- and worm snakes (Carphophis amoenus). (outdooralabama.com)
Mushrooms1
- You must direct Sid, your pet snake to eat the flies and bugs, but beware if the poisonous mushrooms. (mobygames.com)
Scarlet snake2
- A black widow spider ( Latrodectus geometricus ) enjoys a meal of juvenile scarlet snake ( Cemophora coccinea ) in Georgia. (livescience.com)
- This scarlet snake ( Cemophora coccinea ) met its fate in the corner of a front porch in Gulf Breeze, Florida, where a black widow had set up shop. (livescience.com)
Long8
- yes,snakes do need water.they could live a little while without it,but not very long. (answers.com)
- On the way to the library I saw a green snake lying on the road in the sun, about 50 cm long," the newspaper quoted one student as writing on Sina Weibo, China's version of Twitter. (cnn.com)
- The snake is 15.7 inches (40 centimeters) long. (livescience.com)
- Snakes have a long, flexible body that is covered with dry scales. (howstuffworks.com)
- The salt marsh snake ( N. clarkii ) lives in the brackish water habitats of the southeastern United States, and adults typically grow to 0.3-0.7 metre (1-2 feet) long. (britannica.com)
- Why there are no sea snakes in the Atlantic is a question we've been asking for a long time," said Coleman Sheehy, Florida Museum of Natural History herpetology collection manager. (sciencedaily.com)
- In the Eastern Hemisphere, forbiddingly cold, dry conditions at the tip of South Africa where the Indian and Atlantic Oceans meet prevent the snakes from surviving long if they drift west of the Cape of Good Hope. (sciencedaily.com)
- What you end up with is a stick with a long, snake-like animal coiled around it. (medscape.com)
Bitten3
- Less campy than expected, a visual drag yet undeniably snake-filled, "Snakes on a Plane" comes with its own set of talking points on the subject of where its disposable and semianonymous characters get bitten. (chicagotribune.com)
- Most of the literature describing the brown snake consists of case studies of people accidentally bitten and their clinical course. (medscape.com)
- If you or someone you know are bitten, try to see and remember the color and shape of the snake. (cdc.gov)
Shelter1
- When you return to your home, be cautious of snakes that may have sought shelter in your home. (cdc.gov)
Large snake1
- He recalled being alone in the woods and coming across a large snake. (emofree.com)
Common species2
- Zhang Liang, from the South China Institute of Endangered Animals, identified the snakes as chequered keelbacks, a common species in the region, and said they were not poisonous. (cnn.com)
- The northern water snake ( N. sipedon ), the most common species, inhabits the eastern half of the United States, southern Ontario, and southern Quebec. (britannica.com)
Dozens2
- Students at a university in the southern Chinese city of Guangzhou were given a scare last week, after dozens of snakes invaded the campus. (cnn.com)
- It's been said that the missionary raised dozens of people from the dead , for example, and even banished all of Ireland's snakes into the sea following a 40-day fast. (discovermagazine.com)
Evolution1
- The study, led by scientists at the University of Bath and including collaborators from Bristol, Cambridge and Germany, used fossils and analysed genetic differences between modern snakes to reconstruct snake evolution. (eurekalert.org)
Time12
- That fall, Hot Snakes contributed a cover of the Government Issue song "Time to Escape" to the soundtrack to the Tony Hawk's American Wasteland video game. (wikipedia.org)
- At a time when so many animals are endangered, who will speak up for the snake? (virginia.edu)
- I do think genuine possibilities exist in the idea of re-releasing films that flopped earlier this year, but with snakes this time. (chicagotribune.com)
- The research, published in Nature Communications , shows that snakes, today including almost 4000 living species, started to diversify around the time that an extra-terrestrial impact wiped out the dinosaurs and most other species on the planet. (eurekalert.org)
- The analyses helped to pinpoint the time that modern snakes evolved. (eurekalert.org)
- The study also suggests that snakes began to spread across the globe around this time. (eurekalert.org)
- By the time any sea snakes spread across the Pacific to the New World, the Isthmus of Panama had already closed, blocking their access to the Caribbean. (sciencedaily.com)
- Only weeks after one of the world's most deadly snake species was seen for the first time in two decades in the ocean's twilight zone, yet another highly dangerous sea snake was discovered along international shorelines. (newsweek.com)
- We tapped using the affirmation 'even though I wasted so much time fearing snakes when I could have been enjoying nature. (emofree.com)
- So we have to find ways in which snake robots can move around on a comet while at the same time keeping themselves fixed on the surface," says Transeth. (sciencedaily.com)
- Around this time, a number of new species, including three different snake species, colonized Britain. (discovermagazine.com)
- The prevailing theory is that snakes simply didn't have enough time to make the last stint of the journey to the Emerald Isle. (discovermagazine.com)