Snakes. Medical search

Limbless REPTILES of the suborder Serpentes.

Bites by snakes. Bite by a venomous snake is characterized by stinging pain at the wound puncture. The venom injected at the site of the bite is capable of producing a deleterious effect on the blood or on the nervous system. (Webster's 3d ed; from Dorland, 27th ed, at snake, venomous)

Solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by snake (Ophidia) salivary glands for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs. They usually contain enzymes, toxins, and other factors.

The largest family of snakes, comprising five subfamilies: Colubrinae, Natricinae, Homalopsinae, Lycodontinae, and Xenodontinae. They show a great diversity of eating habits, some eating almost anything, others having a specialized diet. They can be oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous. The majority of North American snakes are colubrines. Among the colubrids are king snakes, water moccasins, water snakes, and garter snakes. Some genera are poisonous. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, pp321-29)

A family of extremely venomous snakes, comprising coral snakes, cobras, mambas, kraits, and sea snakes. They are widely distributed, being found in the southern United States, South America, Africa, southern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. The elapids include three subfamilies: Elapinae, Hydrophiinae, and Lauticaudinae. Like the viperids, they have venom fangs in the front part of the upper jaw. The mambas of Africa are the most dangerous of all snakes by virtue of their size, speed, and highly toxic venom. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p329-33)

Antisera used to counteract poisoning by animal VENOMS, especially SNAKE VENOMS.

A genus of poisonous snakes of the VIPERIDAE family. About 50 species are known and all are found in tropical America and southern South America. Bothrops atrox is the fer-de-lance and B. jararaca is the jararaca. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336)

Venoms from snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae or pit vipers, found mostly in the Americas. They include the rattlesnake, cottonmouth, fer-de-lance, bushmaster, and American copperhead. Their venoms contain nontoxic proteins, cardio-, hemo-, cyto-, and neurotoxins, and many enzymes, especially phospholipases A. Many of the toxins have been characterized.

A family of snakes comprising three subfamilies: Azemiopinae (the mountain viper, the sole member of this subfamily), Viperinae (true vipers), and Crotalinae (pit vipers). They are widespread throughout the world, being found in the United States, Central and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Their venoms act on the blood (hemotoxic) as compared to the venom of elapids which act on the nervous system (neurotoxic). (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, pp333-36)

A family of snakes comprising the boas, anacondas, and pythons. They occupy a variety of habitats through the tropics and subtropics and are arboreal, aquatic or fossorial (burrowing). Some are oviparous, others ovoviviparous. Contrary to popular opinion, they do not crush the bones of their victims: their coils exert enough pressure to stop a prey's breathing, thus suffocating it. There are five subfamilies: Boinae, Bolyerinae, Erycinae, Pythoninae, and Tropidophiinae. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p315-320)

Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized.

A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE, one of the pit vipers, so-called from the pit hollowing out the maxillary bone, opening between the eye and the nostril. They are distinctively American serpents. Most of the 25 recognized species are found in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Several species are found as far north as Canada and east of the Mississippi, including southern Appalachia. They are named for the jointed rattle (Greek krotalon) at the tip of their tail. (Goin, Goin, and Zug: Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed; Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p335)

Proteins obtained from species of REPTILES.

Venoms from SNAKES of the viperid family. They tend to be less toxic than elapid or hydrophid venoms and act mainly on the vascular system, interfering with coagulation and capillary membrane integrity and are highly cytotoxic. They contain large amounts of several enzymes, other factors, and some toxins.

A genus of venomous snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae. Twelve species of this genus are found in North and Central America and Asia. Agkistrodon contortrix is the copperhead, A. piscivorus, the cottonmouth. The former is named for its russet or orange-brown color, the latter for the white interior of its mouth. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336; Moore, Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p75)

A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE. About 30 species are currently recognized, found in southeast Asia and adjacent island chains. The Okinawa habu frequently enters dwellings in search of rats and mice; the Chinese habu is often found in suburban and agricultural areas. They are quite irritable. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p136)

A genus of poisonous snakes of the subfamily Elapinae of the family ELAPIDAE. They comprise the kraits. Twelve species are recognized and all inhabit southeast Asia. They are considered extremely dangerous. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p120)

Venoms from snakes of the genus Naja (family Elapidae). They contain many specific proteins that have cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic, and other properties. Like other elapid venoms, they are rich in enzymes. They include cobramines and cobralysins.

Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.

Phospholipases that hydrolyze the acyl group attached to the 2-position of PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES.

Cold-blooded, air-breathing VERTEBRATES belonging to the class Reptilia, usually covered with external scales or bony plates.

A proteolytic enzyme obtained from the venom of fer-de-lance (Bothrops atrox). It is used as a plasma clotting agent for fibrinogen and for the detection of fibrinogen degradation products. The presence of heparin does not interfere with the clotting test. Hemocoagulase is a mixture containing batroxobin and factor X activator. EC 3.4.21.-.

Proteases which use a metal, normally ZINC, in the catalytic mechanism. This group of enzymes is inactivated by metal CHELATORS.

An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of L-amino acids to KETO ACIDS with the generation of AMMONIA and HYDROGEN PEROXIDE. L-amino acid oxidase is widely distributed in and is thought to contribute to the toxicity of SNAKE VENOMS.

A family of polypeptides purified from snake venoms, which contain the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence. The RGD tripeptide binds to integrin receptors and thus competitively inhibits normal integrin-ligand interactions. Disintegrins thus block adhesive functions and act as platelet aggregation inhibitors.

Toxins, contained in cobra (Naja) venom that block cholinergic receptors; two specific proteins have been described, the small (short, Type I) and the large (long, Type II) which also exist in other Elapid venoms.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator.

Phospholipases that hydrolyze one of the acyl groups of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Compounds that inhibit or block the activity of a PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 enzyme.

A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE. It is distributed in West Pakistan, most of India, Burma, Ceylon, Thailand, southeast China, Taiwan, and a few islands of Indonesia. It hisses loudly when disturbed and strikes with great force and speed. Very prolific, it gives birth to 20-60 young. This viper is the leading cause of snakebite in India and Burma. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p127)

A specific complex of toxic proteins from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American rattlesnake). It can be separated into a phospholipase A and crotapotin fragment; the latter consists of three different amino acid chains, potentiates the enzyme, and is specifically neurotoxic.

Instinctual behavior pattern in which food is obtained by killing and consuming other species.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-.

A 54 kDa cysteine protease purified from the crude extract of Neodiplostomum seoulense adult worms. (1/507)

As a preliminary study for the explanation of pathobiology of Neodiplostomum seoulense infection, a 54 kDa protease was purified from the crude extract of adult worms by sequential chromatographic methods. The crude extract was subjected to DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column, and protein was eluted using 25 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) containing 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 M NaCl in stepwise elution. The 0.2 M NaCl fraction was further purified by Q-Sepharose chromatography and protein was eluted using 20 mM sodium acetate (pH 6.4) containing 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 M NaCl, respectively. The 0.1M NaCl fraction showed a single protein band on SDS-PAGE carried out on a 7.5-15% gradient gel. The proteolytic activities of the purified enzyme were specifically inhibited by L-trans-epoxy-succinylleucylamide (4-guanidino) butane (E-64) and iodoacetic acid. The enzyme, cysteine protease, showed the maximum proteolytic activity at pH 6.0 in 0.1 M buffer, and degraded extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen and fibronectin with different activities. It is suggested that the cysteine protease may play a role in the nutrient uptake of N. seoulense from the host intestine. (+info)

Structural and phylogenetic characterization of human SLURP-1, the first secreted mammalian member of the Ly-6/uPAR protein superfamily. (2/507)

Members of the Ly-6/uPAR protein family share one or several repeat units of the Ly-6/uPAR domain that is defined by a distinct disulfide bonding pattern between 8 or 10 cysteine residues. The Ly-6/uPAR protein family can be divided into two subfamilies. One comprises GPI-anchored glycoprotein receptors with 10 cysteine residues. The other subfamily includes the secreted single-domain snake and frog cytotoxins, and differs significantly in that its members generally possess only eight cysteines and no GPI-anchoring signal sequence. We report the purification and structural characterization of human SLURP-1 (secreted mammalian Ly-6/uPAR related protein 1) from blood and urine peptide libraries. SLURP-1 is encoded by the ARS (component B)-81/s locus, and appears to be the first mammalian member of the Ly-6/uPAR family lacking a GPI-anchoring signal sequence. A phylogenetic analysis based on the SLURP-1 primary protein structure revealed a closer relationship to the subfamily of cytotoxins. Since the SLURP-1 gene maps to the same chromosomal region as several members of the Ly-6/uPAR subfamily of glycoprotein receptors, it is suggested that both biologically distinct subfamilies might have co-evolved from local chromosomal duplication events. (+info)

Immune response in the garter snake (Thamnophis ordinoides). (3/507)

Garter snakes (Thamnophis ordinoides) were immunized with hen egg albumin, human gamma-globulin and Keyhole limpet haemocyanin in Freund's adjuvant. Antibody was consistently detected by radioimmunoelectrophoresis and in three different gamma- and beta-globulin precipitin lines called IgM (approximately or equal to 20S), Ig-1 (approximately or equal to 9S) and Ig-2 (approximately or equal to 8-5S). Early antibody (day 31 after immunization) was frequently Ig-M whereas Ig-2 and especially Ig-1 were detectable for the longest duration (992 days). After immunization with antigen in Freund's adjuvant, Ig-1 serum concentration showed the greatest increase, from almost undetectable levels to the most prominent immunoglobulin in immune serum. (+info)

Comparative morphology of the cloacal scent gland in snakes (Serpentes: Reptilia). (4/507)

The histology of the cloacal scent gland, or anal gland, was examined from a diverse group of 50 snakes. Extensive interspecific morphological variation was observed in the general structure of the gland and the glandular epithelium. Morphological variants were quantitatively scored from eight features: lobate nature of the gland; septa in the glandular epithelium; glandular epithelium having a rough or irregular outer surface; glandular epithelium having a rough or irregular inner surface; thickness of the glandular epithelium; PAS reactivity in the glandular epithelium; Periodic Acid-Schiff reactivity in the secretory product; and relative size of the cloacal scent gland. The distribution of the encoded morphological variation was compared to an established phylogeny for snakes and used as the basis for a cluster analysis. In both cases there was no apparent relationship between phylogeny and the morphological variation of the cloacal scent gland. (+info)

Developmental evolution: this side of paradise. (5/507)

It has long been appreciated that the evolution of snakes involved the loss of limbs and axis elongation, but their developmental basis has been obscure. It has now been shown that alterations in the deployment of Hox genes and an early block in the formation of hindlimb primordia underpin these modifications. (+info)

Evolution of the ventricles. (6/507)

We studied the evolution of ventricles by macroscopic examination of the hearts of marine cartilaginous and bony fish, and by angiocardiography and gross examination of the hearts of air-breathing freshwater fish, frogs, turtles, snakes, and crocodiles. A right-sided, thin-walled ventricular lumen is seen in the fish, frog, turtle, and snake. In fish, there is external symmetry of the ventricle, internal asymmetry, and a thick-walled left ventricle with a small inlet chamber. In animals such as frogs, turtles, and snakes, the left ventricle exists as a small-cavitied contractile sponge. The high pressure generated by this spongy left ventricle, the direction of the jet, the ventriculoarterial orientation, and the bulbar spiral valve in the frog help to separate the systemic and pulmonary circulations. In the crocodile, the right aorta is connected to the left ventricle, and there is a complete interventricular septum and an improved left ventricular lumen when compared with turtles and snakes. The heart is housed in a rigid pericardial cavity in the shark, possibly to protect it from changing underwater pressure. The pericardial cavity in various species permits movements of the heart-which vary depending on the ventriculoarterial orientation and need for the ventricle to generate torque or spin on the ejected blood- that favor run-off into the appropriate arteries and their branches. In the lower species, it is not clear whether the spongy myocardium contributes to myocardial oxygenation. In human beings, spongy myocardium constitutes a rare form of congenital heart disease. (+info)

Chemosensitive conductance and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced conductance in snake vomeronasal receptor neurons. (7/507)

Snake vomeronasal receptor neurons in slice preparations were studied using the patch-clamp technique in the conventional and nystatin-perforated whole-cell configurations. The mean resting potential was approximately -70 mV; the average input resistance was 3 GOmega. Neurons required current injection of only 1-10 pA to display a variety of spiking patterns. Intracellular dialysis of 100 microM inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) evoked an inward current in 38% of neurons, with an average peak amplitude of 16.4 +/- 2.8 pA at a holding potential of -70mV. Application of 100 microM 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (F-IP(3)), a derivative of IP(3), also evoked an inward current in 4/8 (50%) neurons (32.6 +/- 58 pA at -70 mV, n = 4). The reversal potentials of the induced components were estimated to be -14 +/- 5 mV for IP(3) and -17 +/- 3 mV for F-IP(3). Bathing the neurons in 10 microM ruthenium red solution greatly reduced the IP(3)-evoked inward current to 1.6 +/- 1.1 pA at -70 mV (n = 6). With Cs(+)-containing internal solution, neither the Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin (1-50 microM) nor the Ca(2+)-ionophore ionomycin (10 microM) evoked a significant current response, suggesting that IP(3) can elicit current response in the neurons without mediation by intracellular Ca(2+) stores. Intracellular application of 1 mM cAMP evoked no detectable current response. Extracellular application of chemoattractant for snakes evoked a very large inward current. The reversal potential of the chemoattractant-induced current was similar to that of the IP(3)-induced current. The present results suggest that IP(3) may act as a second messenger in the transduction of chemoattractants in the garter snake vomeronasal organ. (+info)

A fossil snake with limbs. (8/507)

A 95-million-year-old fossil snake from the Middle East documents the most extreme hindlimb development of any known member of that group, as it preserves the tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges. It is more complete than Pachyrhachis, a second fossil snake with hindlimbs that was recently portrayed to be basal to all other snakes. Phylogenetic analysis of the relationships of the new taxon, as well as reanalysis of Pachyrhachis, shows both to be related to macrostomatans, a group that includes relatively advanced snakes such as pythons, boas, and colubroids to the exclusion of more primitive snakes such as blindsnakes and pipesnakes. (+info)

Dr. Shortt, the eminent ophiologist of Madras, has recorded indisputable evidence of its value when quickly and largely used after the bite of venomous snakes. (chestofbooks.com)
Although death from venomous snake bites is rare, a worker with a severe envenomation or allergy to snake venom can die from a venomous bite. (cdc.gov)
And sometimes even a venomous snake will impart a "dry" bite, not delivering the potent venom. (livescience.com)
(CNN) - Mack Wolford, one of the most famous Pentecostal serpent handlers in Appalachia, was laid to rest Saturday at a low-key service at his West Virginia church a week after succumbing to a snake bite that made headlines across the nation. (cnn.com)
Wolford's own dad was a serpent handler who died from a snake bite in 1983. (cnn.com)
When a copperhead bites a human, that's a defensive bite, and the snake isn't likely to use as much venom in those cases (or sometimes, no venom at all). (yahoo.com)
It is not advantageous for snakes to waste venom - it's metabolically expensive to make, so they don't want to bite anything other than prey items," Beane said. (yahoo.com)
But, since a snake's number one reason for biting is to kill and eat prey, snakes only bite people in an act of self-defense, Beane said. (yahoo.com)
Snakes are dangled and bite snake charmer in the Sultan's Palace of Tangier, Morocco. (britishpathe.com)
A) Streptobacillus moniliformis -specific multilocus variant analysis (MLVA) for a 59- year-old man (snake keeper) with acute tetraplegia caused by rat bite fever. (cdc.gov)
Do Brown Snakes Bite? (a-z-animals.com)
All species of brown snakes bite. (a-z-animals.com)
Both the North American and Eastern brown snakes can bite when threatened or provoked, but their bites have different severities on people. (a-z-animals.com)
Thankfully, eastern brown snakes are not aggressive and do not often bite. (a-z-animals.com)
Although both species can bite, only the eastern brown snake is dangerous to humans. (a-z-animals.com)
Norris RL, Pfalzgraf RR, Laing G. Death following coral snake bite in the United States--first documented case (with ELISA confirmation of envenomation) in over 40 years. (medscape.com)
The Ebbinghaus retention curve: training does not increase the ability to apply pressure immobilisation in simulated snake bite--implications for snake bite first aid in the developing world. (medscape.com)
Even a recently killed snake can envenomate because bite reflexes may persist for several hours. (medscape.com)

They range in size from the tiny, 10 cm long thread snake to pythons and anacondas of up to 7.6 m (25 ft) in length. (upi.com)
Only the venomous snakes, which are considered advanced snakes, sport such fangs, while the non-venomous snakes like pythons are equipped with only the normal rows of teeth. (livescience.com)
That's unlike the dental development scenario for humans and non-venomous snakes, such as pythons. (livescience.com)
Pythons and boas - primitive groups among modern snakes - have vestigial hind limbs: tiny, clawed digits known as anal spurs, which are used to grasp during mating. (crystalinks.com)
Reticulated pythons - the world's longest snakes - can reach up to 10m (32ft). (crystalinks.com)

The topic of snakes - and copperhead snakes in particular - is one we revisit often, not to frighten folks, but to share information from experts about the best ways to coexist and stay safe. (yahoo.com)

solution of permanganate, soon after an injection of snake venom, has proved antidotal in dogs (October, 1881). (chestofbooks.com)
The snake venom system is one of the most advanced bioweapon systems in the natural world," said lead researcher Freek Vonk of Leiden University in the Netherlands. (livescience.com)
Snake fangs are sharp, enlarged teeth positioned along the upper jaw at the front or rear of a snake's mouth and connected to venom glands. (livescience.com)
Beane confirmed that young copperheads may be less likely to control or withhold the amount of venom they inject, but that they also don't have as much venom as a mature snake. (yahoo.com)
Beane told us that a newborn's venom "may or may not be slightly more concentrated than adult's," but that because a larger copperhead has a lot more venom to inject, the larger snake would probably more than make up for any differences in chemical composition. (yahoo.com)
This snake possesses short but sharp fangs that penetrate human skin and deliver a very potent venom. (a-z-animals.com)
People bitten by an eastern brown snake should call medical help right away because their bites contain venom. (a-z-animals.com)
However, their venom potency is so high that the eastern brown snake is responsible for causing more snakebite fatalities than any other species in the country. (a-z-animals.com)
North American brown snakes are small and possess zero venom, making them harmless. (a-z-animals.com)
Although these snakes venom can be potent, they only have short fangs, growing up to 4 mm. (a-z-animals.com)
They can inject up to 4 mg of venom into their victims when provoked, but despite injecting less venom, a bit from an eastern brown snake is life-threatening. (a-z-animals.com)
The venom of eastern brown snakes is a mixture of complex toxins that can do various types of damage to their prey and even to the human body. (a-z-animals.com)
Annually, snake venom poisoning has 2.5 million victims and 100 000 deaths worldwide. (who.int)
red on black, venom lack" is commonly used to distinguish coral snakes from nonvenomous species, but there are many exceptions. (medscape.com)
A number of factors determine how much venom is delivered, including the species, age, size, and overall health of the snake, as well as its diet and the last time it had fed or released venom. (medscape.com)
Coral snakes have shorter, fixed, front fangs and a smaller mouth, which make them deliver venom less efficiently. (medscape.com)
In the wild, snakes often hang onto their prey until the venom takes effect. (medscape.com)
Skin Rejuvenation: Synthetic Snake Venom to the Rescue? (medscape.com)
Much more research is necessary, of course, to see if there are methods to facilitate entry of snake venom into the dermis and if this is even desirable,' Leslie S. Baumann, MD, says in her column. (medscape.com)
As the refugees are currently living in desert conditions where snakes and scorpions are also present, WHO and its partners have requested the delivery of anti-venom medication. (who.int)

Workers are far more likely to suffer long-term injuries from snake bites than to die from them. (cdc.gov)
Employers should train their workers about their risk of exposure to venomous snakes, how workers can prevent and protect themselves from snake bites, and what they should do if they are bitten. (cdc.gov)
Snake-bites are well-known medical emergencies in many parts of the world, especially in rural areas. (who.int)
Mack Wolford and his father were both serpent handlers who died of snake bites. (cnn.com)
Beane notes that whenever a snake bites, it's an instinctive response, and that the snake doesn't "reason it out. (yahoo.com)
And snake bites. (cdc.gov)
Bites of an eastern brown snake can cause severe symptoms of envenomation and sometimes might even kill people. (a-z-animals.com)
On the other hand, the eastern brown snake is a very dangerous species whose bites cause severe symptoms and serious complications. (a-z-animals.com)
It is estimated that less than 10% of pit viper bites and 30-50% or coral snake bites are dry. (medscape.com)
Severe envenomation and death have resulted from bites from decapitated snakes. (medscape.com)
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates there are up to 1.8 million bites from venomous snakes annually worldwide, causing 20,000-90,000 deaths. (medscape.com)

Venomous snakes found in the United States include rattlesnakes, copperheads, cottonmouths/water moccasins, and coral snakes. (cdc.gov)
Cottonmouth snakes are often called water moccasins and are one of only four venomous snakes found in North America. (howstuffworks.com)

There are 14 species of snakes that call Massachusetts home, most of which are non-venomous, including those most often found in yards or basements: the eastern garter snake and eastern milk snake. (massaudubon.org)
There are more than 50 species of snakes that live in the seas. (howstuffworks.com)
There are 31 species of snakes found in Big Bend National Park, including 4 species of rattlesnakes. (nps.gov)

In the winter, the animals will den underground, commonly returning to the same spot year after year, and often commune there with other snake species , such as rat snakes and rattlesnakes. (nationalgeographic.com)
Most venomous snakes, including grass snakes, have fangs positioned in the rear of the mouth, while a few groups, including rattlesnakes , cobras and vipers, have fangs jutting down from their upper jaws in the front of the mouth. (livescience.com)
1] The vast majority of venomous snake species are viperids (eg, rattlesnakes, Gaboon vipers) or elapids (eg, cobras, taipans). (medscape.com)

The eastern garter snake is one of our most commonly-seen snakes. (massaudubon.org)
However, the name "garter snake" comes from the old fashion of wearing garters-strips of fabric that held up stockings. (massaudubon.org)
It looks much like an eastern garter snake, in that it has yellow and black stripes, but it also has thick burgundy stripes and a white mark by the eye. (massaudubon.org)
Garter snakes are harmless, very common and beneficially feed on slugs, leeches, large insects and small rodents in North American gardens. (howstuffworks.com)
Garter Snakes ( Thamnophis sirtalis ) are one of the most commonly seen snakes in NH. (nhaudubon.org)
Adult garter snakes average approximately 24" in length. (nhaudubon.org)
Garter snakes are ovoviviparous, meaning they give birth to live young. (nhaudubon.org)
Garter snakes, both black-necked and checkered, prefer riparian habitats where they hunt for frogs and toads. (nps.gov)

asked a reptile rescuer, showing the mass of adult and baby snakes. (huffpost.com)
FaunaClassifieds.com is the largest online community about Reptile & Amphibians, Snakes, Lizards and number one classifieds service with thousands of ads to look for. (faunaclassifieds.com)
Saturday, July 16th is World Snake Day , join us at Reptile Discovery , from 12:00pm -4:00pm , and learn about snakes and what you can do to support the snake population. (sixflags.com)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Snake envenomation. (who.int)
Snake envenomation. (who.int)
Aggarwal R, Thavaraj V. Snake envenomation. (who.int)
Envenomation by Micrurus coral snakes in the Brazilian Amazon region: report of two cases. (medscape.com)
Pressure-immobilization bandages delay toxicity in a porcine model of eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius fulvius) envenomation. (medscape.com)
Apparent coral snake envenomation in a patient without visible fang marks. (medscape.com)

The diversity of modern snakes appeared during the Paleocene period (c 66 to 56 Ma). (upi.com)
X-ray images of snake and lizard skulls suggest that modern snakes' ancestors burrowed rather than swam , scientists report November 27 in Science Advances . (sciencenews.org)
Dinilysia patagonica , a Late Cretaceous relative of modern snakes that lived roughly 90 million years ago, also had the balloon-shaped inner ear cavity of a burrower, Yi and Norell report. (sciencenews.org)
And an analysis of the snake family tree suggests that modern snakes' early ancestors did too. (sciencenews.org)
Modern snakes greatly diversified during the Paleocene. (crystalinks.com)
Several other fossil snakes have been found with hind limbs, but the new find is estimated to be a direct ancestor of modern snakes. (crystalinks.com)

More in Lizards and Snakes: Alive! (amnh.org)
SEE-THROUGH SKULL X-ray scans of the skulls of lizards and snakes, including Ptyas mucosa , the oriental rat snake, reveal clues that today's snakes descended from burrowers. (sciencenews.org)

The eastern worm snake is smooth and pinkish-gray-much like a worm-and, in fact, earthworms are its main prey. (massaudubon.org)
Colloquially known as a "penis snake" due to its phallic countenance, this noodle-shaped creature hunts by using a pair of face tentacles to detect snails, lizards and other prey. (nypost.com)
Such a structure has been linked with low-frequency hearing, and would have helped underground snakes detect the rumbling vibrations of predators or prey. (sciencenews.org)

Snakes are reptiles, like turtles and lizards. (massaudubon.org)
Approximately twice as many households own turtles than own pet snakes or lizards. (cdc.gov)

Snakes are elongate legless carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes that can be distinguished from legless lizards by their lack of eyelids and external ears. (upi.com)

Discover alligator-eating snakes, spiders larger than your phone, and 1000 more incredible animals in our daily FREE email. (a-z-animals.com)

Our mission is to use grassroots tactics to mobilize constituents in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho to convince their legislators to support the breaching of the lower Snake River dams by the end of 2021. (endangered.org)

Of course, if you're one of the 51 percent of people who are afraid of snakes (according to a 2001 Gallup poll), it's probably not comforting to watch this video of an amphiBot easily outswimming its human competitor. (popsci.com)
People tend to be afraid of snakes for various reasons but a key one is failure to learn how to live safely in environments that contain snakes. (wikihow.com)

This non-venomous snake is often confused for a rattlesnake, but it lacks the rattle, keeled scales, and cat-like pupils. (massaudubon.org)
The rattlesnake sheds its skin in the same fashion as all other snakes, but the process is highly modified at the tail tip, where successive layers of keratinized, hardened epidermis are interlocked, or nested, to form the rattle, a device used to ward off large mammals. (britannica.com)

Similar to the DeKay's brownsnake, the northern red-bellied snake is small, with keeled scales and a brown back, and often eats slugs and worms. (massaudubon.org)

The robot was originally developed to help biologists understand the neurobiology of snakes and amphibians. (popsci.com)
This huge family of snakes, which lives on every continent except Antarctica, also eats lizards and amphibians. (howstuffworks.com)

Snake & Herring 'Tough Love' Chardonnay 2019 The ferments start naturally in unclarified juices, which builds flesh and texture, hallmarks of cooler climate chardonnay. (villeneuvewines.com)

Snake envenomations, coral. (medscape.com)
Collectively, these crotalids, also known as pit vipers, account for greater than 95% of all native snake envenomations. (medscape.com)
Coral snakes are the only elapids that are native to the Western hemisphere, and the three species of US coral snakes account for less than 5% of all native envenomations. (medscape.com)

Realize that the majority of snakes do not seek an encounter with humans. (wikihow.com)
The problems humans face with snakes usually arise due to accidental encounters or human actions towards the snake--both of these problems can be managed from the human side, as this article will explain. (wikihow.com)
The use of the rattle is reasonably successful with buffalo, cattle, or horses but spectacularly unsuccessful with humans because, through this advertising, the rattling snake precipitates either its death or its capture but seldom its escape. (britannica.com)
Often confused with the venomous coral snake, which advertises its toxicity through bright bands of color, the milk snake is harmless to humans. (howstuffworks.com)
Most snakes are perfectly harmless to humans. (houstonpress.com)
Are Brown Snakes Dangerous to Humans? (a-z-animals.com)

When you handle snakes for God, it is not. (howstuffworks.com)
It's why he drove to small, out-of-the-way churches around Appalachia to encourage those who handle snakes to keep the tradition alive. (cnn.com)

These slender snakes are often darkish green in color with three vertical light stripes, one along the back and one on each side of their body, however their color can be variable. (nhaudubon.org)
These slender snakes have a tan background color with two longitudinal dark brown stripes lining a central brown stripe. (nps.gov)

For all front-fanged venomous snake species, the front fangs displaced forward during embryo development by rapid growth of the embryonic upper jaws. (livescience.com)

The snakes typically feed on mice and other rodents, but will also go after small birds, lizards, and frogs. (nationalgeographic.com)
Revell's Reptiles is proud to offer Wollongong and the surrounds with high quality rodents for your snakes, monitors and dragons. (aussiepythons.com)
Despite their name, rat snakes don't eat just rodents. (howstuffworks.com)
These modern rat snakes have an affinity for barns (and the rodents that live in them). (howstuffworks.com)
The colubrids, one of the more common snake groups, became particularly diverse due to preying on rodents, an especially successful mammal group. (crystalinks.com)

These snakes commonly breed in the spring, at which time males search out females and become aggressive while competing with one another. (nationalgeographic.com)

Envenoming by coral snakes (Micrurus) in Argentina, during the period between 1979-2003. (medscape.com)
Review of Eastern coral snake (Micrurus fulvius fulvius) exposures managed by the Florida Poison Information Center Network: 1998-2010. (medscape.com)
Notification of Shelf Life Extension for North American Coral Snake Antivenin 10 mL Vial [package insert]. (medscape.com)
Cross neutralization of coral snake venoms by commercial Australian snake antivenoms. (medscape.com)
Neutralization of two North American coral snake venoms with United States and Mexican antivenoms. (medscape.com)
Expiration Date Extension for North American Coral Snake Antivenin (Micrurus fulvius) (Equine Origin) Lot L67530 through January 31, 2018. (medscape.com)
Comparison of the harmless Lampropeltis triangulum annulata(Mexican milksnake) (top) with Micrurus tener(Texas coral snake) (bottom). (medscape.com)
There are three species of coral snakes in the United States. (medscape.com)
The Sonoran coral snake, Micruroides euryxanthus euryxanthus, is found in Arizona and western New Mexico. (medscape.com)
The Eastern coral snake, Micrurus fulvius, is confined to the Southeastern United States as far north as North Carolina and as far west as Mississippi. (medscape.com)
Some native coral snakes have aberrant patterns that do not adhere to the rule, and nonnative coral snakes may have completely different coloration. (medscape.com)
Texas coral snake, Micrurus tener. (medscape.com)
However, despite the persistent myth, coral snakes do not need to "chew" in order to envenomate. (medscape.com)

The eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi) is the largest non-venomous snake in the United States, with large adult males reaching. (zooatlanta.org)
The eastern indigo snake is native to Florida, southern Georgia and southern Alabama. (zooatlanta.org)

The study is the latest to suggest that snakes evolved from land lizards that lost their limbs while adapting to a slithery, subterranean lifestyle ( SN: 8/22/15, p. 10 ). (sciencenews.org)
This and other new fossils help answer long-standing questions on the origins of snakes, such as how they lost their limbs and evolved their highly specialized skulls. (crystalinks.com)

Another theory posits that today's snakes descended from marine reptiles - with a svelte body and lack of legs serving as adaptations to move through a watery home. (sciencenews.org)

Toads & Frogs & Snakes Oh My! (brighthillpress.org)
Taught by Bertha Rogers) - Ages 6 - 14: 9 am - 2:30 pm, 5 days - Among the many animals that live near and around us are toads and frogs and snakes. (brighthillpress.org)

These colorful snakes are found all over the world and are highly venomous, so the best strategy is to avoid them. (howstuffworks.com)
When you talk about brown snakes , some people will exhibit utter fear, saying they are deadly and highly venomous. (a-z-animals.com)
While in Australia and Papua New Guinea , brown snakes, called eastern brown snakes, refer to huge fast-moving, 7-feet snakes that are also highly venomous. (a-z-animals.com)

Early snakes first appeared during the time of the dinosaurs, and they now live on every continent except Antarctica. (massaudubon.org)
Living snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica. (upi.com)

Their individual Facebook pages show photos of poisonous snakes and "serpent handling" appears on their "activities and interests" lists. (cnn.com)
Are Brown Snakes Poisonous (Venomous) or Dangerous? (a-z-animals.com)
So, are brown snakes poisonous or dangerous? (a-z-animals.com)

The North American brown snakes ( Storeria ) in the United Sates are harmless. (a-z-animals.com)

What does an adult copperhead snake look like? (yahoo.com)

The red racer, or western coachwhip, is the most commonly seen snake in the park due to its bright reddish-pink color. (nps.gov)

The Concho Water Snake is a small, nonvenomous aquatic snake found in central Texas. (archives.gov)
Although most snakes in the Colubridae family are nonvenomous, some (eg, boomslang) are venomous and responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. (medscape.com)
Additionally, many nonvenomous snakes can flatten their heads into a triangle shape when they feel threatened. (medscape.com)

These large snakes, found through the southern and eastern United States, have bodies that range from tan to copper to gray, with characteristic hourglass-shaped stripes. (nationalgeographic.com)
The North American copperhead is a common species of venomous snake found in the eastern and central United States. (nationalgeographic.com)
They can also be found in water--both land and water-based snakes can swim. (wikihow.com)
The separate development of the rear part of the tissue, Vonk said, may have played a major role in snakes' ability to diverge into the 3,000 species found throughout the world today. (livescience.com)
The inner ears of snakes living in different environments have telltale shapes, the researchers found. (sciencenews.org)
When Pollock's team compared nearly 7500 genes from the Burmese python and the king cobra with their counterparts in other vertebrates, they found that the snakes' versions had an unusually high number of evolutionary changes, rivalling the mouse as the highest seen for any vertebrate. (newscientist.com)
The fossil, found in Lebanon, is from an era when snakes had not yet completely lost the hind limbs left by their lizard ancestors. (crystalinks.com)
Baird's rat snakes are found only in the Chisos, while the Trans-Pecos rat snake prefers desert and scrub habitats below 5000 feet. (nps.gov)
A B.C. veterinarian is speaking out after a pet snake was found dead after being dumped near Agassiz by its owner. (clearwatertimes.com)
There are two types of brown snake species found in two different regions. (a-z-animals.com)

The research suggests that both rear and front fangs in venomous snakes developed from separate teeth-forming tissue at the rear of the mouth - unlike the situation for non-venomous snake dentition and human teeth. (livescience.com)

and saw scaled vipers (the most common snakes in Saudi Arabia) (Echis carinatus sochureki, Echis pyramidium and Echis coloratus), which cause severe homeostatic disturbance and local envenoming [1]. (who.int)

Elegant and slender, the eastern ribbon snake has keeled scales. (massaudubon.org)

Like all squamates, snakes are ectothermic amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales. (upi.com)
The first two full snake genomes to be sequenced - belonging to the Burmese python and the king cobra - show that they have one of the fastest rates of genetic evolution among vertebrates. (newscientist.com)
Snakes' shape and penchant for infrequent, huge meals suggest they must have undergone a lot of evolutionary change since they diverged from other vertebrates. (newscientist.com)

To figure out how both types of snake fangs evolved from non-fanged species, Vonk and his colleagues looked at fang development in 96 embryos from eight living snake species. (livescience.com)
They have relatively small fangs in comparison to other venomous snakes in Australia. (a-z-animals.com)

Weekly ultrasound scans were performed on the Python bivittatus snakes to follow up on the respiratory condition. (bvsalud.org)

Keep in mind that all wildlife, including snakes, are protected in the park. (nps.gov)
and certified wildlife relocation expert Talena Chavis, owner of NC Snake Catcher ( facebook.com/ncsnakecatcher ) in Cary. (yahoo.com)
According to the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission , female copperheads can have one litter per year, and the litters can range from 2 to 18 snakes, which are 8 to 10 inches long when born. (yahoo.com)

Today is Julian's birthday so all the Salinity Snake gear has been draped with colorful paper snakes carrying birthday greetings. (nasa.gov)

The name pit viper is derived from the fact that these snakes possess two heat-sensing organs situated inside a pit on either side of its head, between each ipsilateral eye and nostril, both of which are visible on the right side of this snake's head from this right anterior oblique perspective. (cdc.gov)

How Did Snakes Lose Their Legs? (howstuffworks.com)
A three-dimensional reconstruction of the bones could help researchers understand how snakes evolved to lose their legs. (crystalinks.com)

When threatened, this harmless snake may flatten its head like a cobra, and then play dead. (massaudubon.org)

Although some references recommend using the pupil shape as a way of distinguishing a pit vipers from noncrotalids, it should be noted that all snakes can have round or elliptical pupils, depending on the amount of ambient light. (medscape.com)

Snakes and lizards share a common ancestor, and snakes still have the genetic coding for legs and feet. (howstuffworks.com)

Indian performers and entertainers including snake charmers, dancers, musicians and a fakir. (britishpathe.com)
Men washing clothes in river, snake charmers, street scenes in Delhi. (britishpathe.com)

Green anacondas - the world's heaviest snakes - reach a mere 250kg (550 lbs). (crystalinks.com)

At night in caves around the world, dangling snakes emerge from hiding ready to scarf up flying bats. (howstuffworks.com)

It was a "huge surprise" for researchers to discover a caecilian, colloquially known as a "penis snake" due to its phallic countenance, in Florida. (nypost.com)
Enter the "penis snake," a similarly manhood-shaped invader that's causing a hubbub in Florida. (nypost.com)
Lottie May begins to see snakes everywhere, and attacks Matlow, thinking his penis is a snake. (bookrags.com)

Further, 110 vials snake antivenom and rabies vaccine were distributed. (who.int)

It sheds light on one of those nagging questions in herpetology - how did a diversity of fang types among snakes evolve? (livescience.com)

Save the Snakes is a conservation organization that funds snake conservation organization that funds snake conservation projects all over the world. (sixflags.com)

Anatomy1

Organisms14

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs19

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes1

Information Science2

A 54 kDa cysteine protease purified from the crude extract of Neodiplostomum seoulense adult worms. (1/507)

Structural and phylogenetic characterization of human SLURP-1, the first secreted mammalian member of the Ly-6/uPAR protein superfamily. (2/507)

Immune response in the garter snake (Thamnophis ordinoides). (3/507)

Comparative morphology of the cloacal scent gland in snakes (Serpentes: Reptilia). (4/507)

Developmental evolution: this side of paradise. (5/507)

Evolution of the ventricles. (6/507)

Chemosensitive conductance and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced conductance in snake vomeronasal receptor neurons. (7/507)

A fossil snake with limbs. (8/507)

Snakes

Snake Bites

Snake Venoms

Colubridae

Elapidae

Antivenins

Bothrops

Crotalid Venoms

Viperidae

Boidae

Elapid Venoms

Crotalus

Reptilian Proteins

Viper Venoms

Agkistrodon

Trimeresurus

Bungarus

Cobra Venoms

Lizards

Neurotoxins

Phospholipases A2

Reptiles

Batroxobin

Metalloproteases

L-Amino Acid Oxidase

Disintegrins

Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins

Amino Acid Sequence

Venoms

Phospholipases A

Molecular Sequence Data

Animals, Zoo

Phospholipase A2 Inhibitors

Russell's Viper

Crotoxin

Predatory Behavior

Phospholipases

A 54 kDa cysteine protease purified from the crude extract of Neodiplostomum seoulense adult worms. (1/507)

Structural and phylogenetic characterization of human SLURP-1, the first secreted mammalian member of the Ly-6/uPAR protein superfamily. (2/507)

Immune response in the garter snake (Thamnophis ordinoides). (3/507)

Comparative morphology of the cloacal scent gland in snakes (Serpentes: Reptilia). (4/507)

Developmental evolution: this side of paradise. (5/507)

Evolution of the ventricles. (6/507)

Chemosensitive conductance and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced conductance in snake vomeronasal receptor neurons. (7/507)

A fossil snake with limbs. (8/507)

Parks & Wildlife Service - Tiger snake, Notechis scutatus

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