Snake Venoms
Crotalid Venoms
Venoms from snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae or pit vipers, found mostly in the Americas. They include the rattlesnake, cottonmouth, fer-de-lance, bushmaster, and American copperhead. Their venoms contain nontoxic proteins, cardio-, hemo-, cyto-, and neurotoxins, and many enzymes, especially phospholipases A. Many of the toxins have been characterized.
Bothrops
Snake Bites
Viper Venoms
Venoms from SNAKES of the viperid family. They tend to be less toxic than elapid or hydrophid venoms and act mainly on the vascular system, interfering with coagulation and capillary membrane integrity and are highly cytotoxic. They contain large amounts of several enzymes, other factors, and some toxins.
Elapid Venoms
Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized.
Viperidae
A family of snakes comprising three subfamilies: Azemiopinae (the mountain viper, the sole member of this subfamily), Viperinae (true vipers), and Crotalinae (pit vipers). They are widespread throughout the world, being found in the United States, Central and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Their venoms act on the blood (hemotoxic) as compared to the venom of elapids which act on the nervous system (neurotoxic). (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, pp333-36)
Cobra Venoms
Elapidae
A family of extremely venomous snakes, comprising coral snakes, cobras, mambas, kraits, and sea snakes. They are widely distributed, being found in the southern United States, South America, Africa, southern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. The elapids include three subfamilies: Elapinae, Hydrophiinae, and Lauticaudinae. Like the viperids, they have venom fangs in the front part of the upper jaw. The mambas of Africa are the most dangerous of all snakes by virtue of their size, speed, and highly toxic venom. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p329-33)
Venoms
Agkistrodon
A genus of venomous snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae. Twelve species of this genus are found in North and Central America and Asia. Agkistrodon contortrix is the copperhead, A. piscivorus, the cottonmouth. The former is named for its russet or orange-brown color, the latter for the white interior of its mouth. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336; Moore, Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p75)
Bee Venoms
Crotalus
A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE, one of the pit vipers, so-called from the pit hollowing out the maxillary bone, opening between the eye and the nostril. They are distinctively American serpents. Most of the 25 recognized species are found in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Several species are found as far north as Canada and east of the Mississippi, including southern Appalachia. They are named for the jointed rattle (Greek krotalon) at the tip of their tail. (Goin, Goin, and Zug: Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed; Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p335)
Colubridae
The largest family of snakes, comprising five subfamilies: Colubrinae, Natricinae, Homalopsinae, Lycodontinae, and Xenodontinae. They show a great diversity of eating habits, some eating almost anything, others having a specialized diet. They can be oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous. The majority of North American snakes are colubrines. Among the colubrids are king snakes, water moccasins, water snakes, and garter snakes. Some genera are poisonous. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, pp321-29)
Wasp Venoms
Trimeresurus
A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE. About 30 species are currently recognized, found in southeast Asia and adjacent island chains. The Okinawa habu frequently enters dwellings in search of rats and mice; the Chinese habu is often found in suburban and agricultural areas. They are quite irritable. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p136)
Spider Venoms
Scorpion Venoms
Batroxobin
A proteolytic enzyme obtained from the venom of fer-de-lance (Bothrops atrox). It is used as a plasma clotting agent for fibrinogen and for the detection of fibrinogen degradation products. The presence of heparin does not interfere with the clotting test. Hemocoagulase is a mixture containing batroxobin and factor X activator. EC 3.4.21.-.
Arthropod Venoms
L-Amino Acid Oxidase
Metalloproteases
Disintegrins
A family of polypeptides purified from snake venoms, which contain the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence. The RGD tripeptide binds to integrin receptors and thus competitively inhibits normal integrin-ligand interactions. Disintegrins thus block adhesive functions and act as platelet aggregation inhibitors.
Phospholipases A2
Bungarus
Phospholipase A2 Inhibitors
Neurotoxins
Crotoxin
Phospholipases A
Phosphodiesterase I
Amino Acid Sequence
Boidae
A family of snakes comprising the boas, anacondas, and pythons. They occupy a variety of habitats through the tropics and subtropics and are arboreal, aquatic or fossorial (burrowing). Some are oviparous, others ovoviviparous. Contrary to popular opinion, they do not crush the bones of their victims: their coils exert enough pressure to stop a prey's breathing, thus suffocating it. There are five subfamilies: Boinae, Bolyerinae, Erycinae, Pythoninae, and Tropidophiinae. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p315-320)
Fish Venoms
Ant Venoms
Group II Phospholipases A2
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins
Most abundant proteins in COBRA venom; basic polypeptides of 57 to 62 amino acids with four disulfide bonds and a molecular weight of less than 7000; causes skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, interferes with neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission, depolarizes nerve, muscle and blood cell membranes, thus causing hemolysis.
Mollusk Venoms
Venoms from mollusks, including CONUS and OCTOPUS species. The venoms contain proteins, enzymes, choline derivatives, slow-reacting substances, and several characterized polypeptide toxins that affect the nervous system. Mollusk venoms include cephalotoxin, venerupin, maculotoxin, surugatoxin, conotoxins, and murexine.
Phospholipases A2, Secretory
A subcategory of phospholipases A2 that are secreted from cells. They are 14 kDa proteins containing multiple disulfide-bonds and access their substrate via an interfacial binding site that interacts with phospholipid membranes. In addition specific PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 RECEPTORS can bind to and internalize the enzymes.
Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases
Russell's Viper
A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE. It is distributed in West Pakistan, most of India, Burma, Ceylon, Thailand, southeast China, Taiwan, and a few islands of Indonesia. It hisses loudly when disturbed and strikes with great force and speed. Very prolific, it gives birth to 20-60 young. This viper is the leading cause of snakebite in India and Burma. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p127)
Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins
Erabutoxins
Scorpions
Arthropods of the order Scorpiones, of which 1500 to 2000 species have been described. The most common live in tropical or subtropical areas. They are nocturnal and feed principally on insects and other arthropods. They are large arachnids but do not attack man spontaneously. They have a venomous sting. Their medical significance varies considerably and is dependent on their habits and venom potency rather than on their size. At most, the sting is equivalent to that of a hornet but certain species possess a highly toxic venom potentially fatal to humans. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Smith, Insects and Other Arthropods of Medical Importance, 1973, p417; Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, p503)
Phospholipases
Amphibian Venoms
Venoms produced by frogs, toads, salamanders, etc. The venom glands are usually on the skin of the back and contain cardiotoxic glycosides, cholinolytics, and a number of other bioactive materials, many of which have been characterized. The venoms have been used as arrow poisons and include bufogenin, bufotoxin, bufagin, bufotalin, histrionicotoxins, and pumiliotoxin.
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Toxins, Biological
Exocrine Glands
Bungarotoxins
Neurotoxic proteins from the venom of the banded or Formosan krait (Bungarus multicinctus, an elapid snake). alpha-Bungarotoxin blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and has been used to isolate and study them; beta- and gamma-bungarotoxins act presynaptically causing acetylcholine release and depletion. Both alpha and beta forms have been characterized, the alpha being similar to the large, long or Type II neurotoxins from other elapid venoms.
Serine Proteases
Receptors, Phospholipase A2
Cell surface receptors that bind to and internalize SECRETED PHOSPHOLIPASES A2. Although primarily acting as scavenger receptors, these proteins may also play a role in intracellular signaling. Soluble forms of phospholipase A2 receptors occur through the action of proteases and may a play a role in the inhibition of extracellular phospholipase activity.
Ancrod
An enzyme fraction from the venom of the Malayan pit viper, Agkistrodon rhodostoma. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of a number of amino acid esters and a limited proteolysis of fibrinogen. It is used clinically to produce controlled defibrination in patients requiring anticoagulant therapy. EC 3.4.21.-.
Edema
Conus Snail
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Peptides
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Platelet Aggregation
Cnidarian Venoms
Models, Molecular
Base Sequence
Serine Endopeptidases
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Fibrinogen
Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.
Mass Spectrometry
DNA, Complementary
Prothrombin
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Thymidine Monophosphate
Lethal Dose 50
Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
Aprotinin
A single-chain polypeptide derived from bovine tissues consisting of 58 amino-acid residues. It is an inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes including CHYMOTRYPSIN; KALLIKREIN; PLASMIN; and TRYPSIN. It is used in the treatment of HEMORRHAGE associated with raised plasma concentrations of plasmin. It is also used to reduce blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients at high risk of major blood loss during and following open heart surgery with EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)
Chromatography, Ion Exchange
Evolution, Molecular
Cloning, Molecular
Chromatography, Gel
Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.
Hemolysis
Benzamidines
Adenosine Diphosphate Sugars
Binding Sites
Blood Platelets
Substrate Specificity
Blood Coagulation
Wasps
Protein Binding
Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins
Lectins, C-Type
Reptiles
Amino Acids
Structure-Activity Relationship
Disulfides
Nucleotidases
Trypsin
Conotoxins
Peptide neurotoxins from the marine fish-hunting snails of the genus CONUS. They contain 13 to 29 amino acids which are strongly basic and are highly cross-linked by disulfide bonds. There are three types of conotoxins, omega-, alpha-, and mu-. OMEGA-CONOTOXINS inhibit voltage-activated entry of calcium into the presynaptic membrane and therefore the release of ACETYLCHOLINE. Alpha-conotoxins inhibit the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor. Mu-conotoxins prevent the generation of muscle action potentials. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)
Torpedo
Polynucleotide 5'-Hydroxyl-Kinase
Sequence Analysis, Protein
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Endopeptidases
Isolation and characterization of nerve growth factor from the venom of Naja naja atra. (1/438)
Nerve growth factor was isolated from the venom of Naja naja atra by ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography and was found to be homogeneous by disc gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight was estimated to be approximately 20,000 by gel filtration and 22,000 by ultracentrifugation. This protein, which showed an isoelectric point of pH 7.02, probably consists of two subunits of equal molecular weight which are held together or interact with each other noncovalently. The biological activity survives treatment by a number of proteolytic enzymes, such as trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4], chymotrypsin [EC 3.4.21.1], and pepsin [EC 3.4.23.1]. (+info)Isolation and amino acid sequence of a neurotoxic phospholipase A from the venom of the Australian tiger snake Notechis scutatus scutatus. (2/438)
The complete amino acid sequence of notechis 5, a neurotoxic phospholipase A from the venom of Notechis scutatus scutatus (Australian tiger snake), has been elucidated. The main fragmentation of the 119-residue peptide chain was accomplished by digesting the reduced and S-carboxymethylated derivative of the protein with a staphylococcal protease specific for glutamoyl bonds. Tryptic peptides were used to align and complete the sequence of the four staphylococcal protease peptides. The sequence was determined by Edman degradation by means of the direct phenylthiohydantoin method. Notechis 5 differs in seven positions from the recently elucidated sequence of the presynaptic neurotoxin notexin from the same venom. Notechis 5 has a 50% higher specific prospholipase A activity than notexin when assayed against egg yolk but is only one-third as toxic. (+info)NMR spatial structure of alpha-conotoxin ImI reveals a common scaffold in snail and snake toxins recognizing neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (3/438)
A 600 MHz NMR study of alpha-conotoxin ImI from Conus imperialis, targeting the alpha7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), is presented. ImI backbone spatial structure is well defined basing on the NOEs, spin-spin coupling constants, and amide protons hydrogen-deuterium exchange data: rmsd of the backbone atom coordinates at the 2-12 region is 0.28 A in the 20 best structures. The structure is described as a type I beta-turn (positions 2-5) followed by a distorted helix (positions 5-11). Similar structural patterns can be found in all neuronal-specific alpha-conotoxins. Highly mobile side chains of the Asp-5, Arg-7 and Trp-10 residues form a single site for ImI binding to the alpha7 receptor. When depicted with opposite directions of the polypeptide chains, the ImI helix and the tip of the central loop of long chain snake neurotoxins demonstrate a common scaffold and similar positioning of the functional side chains, both of these structural elements appearing essential for binding to the neuronal nAChRs. (+info)Probing the role of C-1 ester group in Naja naja phospholipase A2-phospholipid interactions using butanetriol-containing phosphatidylcholine analogues. (4/438)
To understand the role of the ester moiety of the sn-1 acyl chain in phospholipase A2-glycerophospholipid interactions, we introduced an additional methylene residue between the glycerol C1 and C2 carbon atoms of phosphatidylcholines, and then studied the kinetics of hydrolysis and the binding of such butanetriol-containing phospholipids with Naja naja phospholipase A2. Hydrolysis was monitored by using phospholipids containing a NBD-labelled sn-2 acyl chain and binding was ascertained by measuring the protein tryptophan fluorescence. The hydrolysis of butanetriol-containing phospholipids was invariably slower than that of the glycerol-containing phospholipids. In addition, the enzyme binding with the substrate was markedly decreased upon replacing the glycerol residue with the 1,3,4-butanetriol moiety in phosphatidylcholines. These results have been interpreted to suggest that the sn-1 ester group in glycerophospholipids could play an important role in phospholipase A2-phospholipid interactions. (+info)The effects of specific antibody fragments on the 'irreversible' neurotoxicity induced by Brown snake (Pseudonaja) venom. (5/438)
Brown snake (Pseudonaja) venom has been reported to produce 'irreversible' post synaptic neurotoxicity (Harris & Maltin, 1981; Barnett et al., 1980). A murine phrenic nerve/diaphragm preparation was used to study the neurotoxic effects of this venom and pre- and post-synaptic components were distinguished by varying the temperature and frequency of nerve stimulation. There were no myotoxic effects and the neurotoxicity proved irreversible by washing alone. The effects of a new Fab based ovine antivenom have been investigated and proved able to produce a complete, rapid (< 1 h) reversal of the neurotoxicity induced by Brown snake venom. A reversal was also possible when the antivenom addition was delayed for a further 60 min. We believe that this is the first time such a reversal has been shown. (+info)SVPD-post-labeling detection of oxidative damage negates the problem of adventitious oxidative effects during 32P-labeling. (6/438)
The exploitation of oxidative DNA lesions as biomarkers of oxidative stress in vivo requires techniques that allow for the precise and valid measurement of oxidative damage to DNA. Previously, endogenous levels of the oxidative lesion 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-HO-dG) in rat tissues determined by a micrococcal nuclease/calf spleen phosphodiesterase-based 32P-post-labeling protocol were found to be at least 10-fold higher than those determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection. This was attributed to the adventitious oxidation of the normal nucleotides (dGp) occurring during the labeling stage of the postlabeling protocol, which could only be prevented by the introduction of additional chromatographic steps to remove the unmodified species prior to labeling. In the present study we report that an alternative snake venom phosphodiesterase-based 32P-post-labeling procedure (SVPD-postlabeling) negates the problem of adventitious oxidative damage during labeling by virtue of a unique digestion strategy. In SVPD-post-labeling, digestion yields certain lesions (thymine glycols, phosphoglycolates and abasic sites) as damage-containing dimer species which are ready substrates for labeling. In contrast, the undamaged DNA is recovered as mononucleoside species (dN) which are not substrates for labeling and so remain undetected. Furthermore, even if the mononucleosides are oxidized during labeling, they will not contribute to the level of damage detected. Indeed, we demonstrate that neither the external gamma-irradiation of the digested DNA samples nor increasing the incubation time of the labeling reaction alters the levels of damage detected by SVPD-post-labeling. The negation of adventitious oxidative effects during labeling deems that an optimized SVPD-post-labeling procedure should be well-suited for the biomonitoring of endogenous oxidative stress in vivo. (+info)Long-term regeneration of fast and slow murine skeletal muscles after induced injury by ACL myotoxin isolated from Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus (broad-banded copperhead) venom. (7/438)
The aim of the present work was to analyze the regenerated muscle types I and II fibers of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of mice, 8 months after damage induced by ACL myotoxin (ACLMT). Animals received 5 mg/kg of ACLMT into the subcutaneous lateral region of the right hind limb, near the Achilles tendon; contralateral muscles received saline. Longitudinal and cross sections (10 microm) of frozen muscle tissue were evaluated. Eight months after ACLMT injection, both muscle types I and II fibers of soleus and gastrocnemius muscles still showed centralized nuclei and small regenerated fibers. Compared with the left muscle, the incidence of type I fibers increased in the right muscle (21% +/- 03% versus 12% +/- 06%, P = 0.009), whereas type II fibers decreased (78% +/- 02% versus 88% +/- 06%, P = 0.01). The incidence of type IIC fibers was normal. These results confirm that ACLMT induced muscle type fiber transformation from type II to type I, through type IIC. The area analysis of types I and II fibers of the gastrocnemius revealed that injured right muscles have a higher percentage of small fibers in both types I and II fibers (0-1,500 microm2) than left muscles, which have larger normal type I and II fibers (1,500-3,500 microm2). These results indicate that ACLMT can be used as an excellent model to study the rearrangement of motor units and the transformation of muscle fiber types during regeneration. (+info)Reaction of an activated complex of guinea-pig complement components, C56, with unsensitized erythrocytes and with erythrocytes carrying C3b molecule. (8/438)
During the interaction of guinea-pig complement intermediate cells, EAC423, with guinea-pig C5 and C6, an activated complex of C5 and C6, C56, was demonstrated in the fluid phase of the reaction mixture. C56 also was eluted from EAC42356 which had been generated by the interaction of EAC423 with C5 and C6. Both preparations of C56 showed quite similar characteristics and were not distinguished from one another. Both were capable of reacting with unsensitized erythrocytes (E) in the presence of C7 to form EC567. Further, they were able to react with EAC43 in the absence of C7 to form EAC43568 but did react with EAC43 pretreated with C3b inactivator, dithiothreitol or N-bromosuccinimide. These results indicate that guinea-pig C56 generated on EAC423 has a tendency to dissociate into the fluid phase. Nevertheless, the dissociated C56 can bind again to intact C3b molecule on the cells. The ability of cell-bound C3b to combine with C56 may lead to localization of C56 to the cell membrane carrying C3b, resulting in acceleration of attachment of C567 to the membrane. This assumption could be supported by the finding that the replacement of E by EAC43 increased the susceptibility of the cells to lytic action of complement induced by cobra venom factor. Thus, a new function of cell-bound C3b as localizing C56 to the membrane of sensitized cells was indicated. (+info)
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Atheris barbouri
15-40 [24]. In: Lee CY (1979). Snake venoms. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology (continuation of Handbuch der ... The largest egg measured 1.0 cm × 0.6 cm (0.39 in × 0.24 in). No information is available regarding the venom of A. barbouri, ... ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume). Spawls S, Branch B (1995). The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Dubai: ... McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. ...
Sherman A. Minton
... and snake venoms, especially the effects of bites from rear-fanged venomous snakes. Madge worked as Sherman's field assistant, ... 1971). Snake Venoms and Envenomation. Marcel Dekker, New York. pp. 1-197. ISBN 978-0824714635. Minton, Sherman A., Jr. (1979 ... cared for his live reptile collection and learned to milk venomous snakes for his research into venoms. The couple also ... Listed in the order they were described: Tantilla cucullata Minton, 1956 - Big Bend blackhead snake (Colubridae) Microgecko ...
Atrolysin A
Bjarnason JB, Fox JW (1989). "Hemorrhagic toxins from snake venoms". Journal of Toxicology: Toxin Reviews. 7 (2): 121-209. doi: ... Bjarnason JB, Tu AT (August 1978). "Hemorrhagic toxins from Western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom: isolation ... removes C-terminal Leu from small peptides This endopeptidase is one of six hemorrhagic toxins in the venom of western ... "Studies on the mechanism of hemorrhage production by five proteolytic hemorrhagic toxins from Crotalus atrox venom". Biological ...
Western diamondback rattlesnake
They are one of the few species of snakes that engage in scavenging behavior. Like most other American pit vipers, the venom ... These snakes can go for up to two years without food in the wild. A 5½-month starvation study showed the snakes reduced energy ... The snakes also feed from within on energy-rich lipid stores. The most interesting finding was the snakes grew during the study ... doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1981.tb01270.x. Bjarnason, Jon Bragi; Fox, Jay William (1988). "Hemorrhagic Toxins from Snake Venoms". ...
Western green mamba
Unlike that of many snake species, the venom of mambas has little phospholipase A2. Overall, the venom of the western green ... Like other mamba species, western green mamba venom is among the most rapid-acting venom of snakes. Human fatalities as a ... This snake pursues its prey, striking rapidly and often until the prey succumbs to the venom. The western green mamba, as a ... 2006). Snake Venoms and Envenomations. United States: Krieger Publishing Company. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-57524-272-9. Dreyer, S. B ...
Ophanin
"Wide distribution of cysteine-rich secretory proteins in snake venoms: isolation and cloning of novel snake venom cysteine-rich ... Other snake venom proteins in the CRISP family: Piscivorin from the Eastern Cottonmouth Triflin from the Habu snake Ablomin ... Snake venom CRISPs belonging to different subgroups act on different biological targets, contributing in this way to the ... Mebs D (1989). "Snake venoms: Toolbox of the neurobiologist". Endeavour. 13: 157-161. doi:10.1016/s0160-9327(89)80003-1. PMID ...
Karl Slotta
In 1938, Slotta and his brother-in-law Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat isolated crotoxin from venom, the first snake toxin to be isolated ... Chemistry and Biochemistry of Snake Venoms. Springer-Verlag, 1955. Slotta, Karl Heinrich. Grundriss der modernen Arzneistoff- ... Slotta, a sterol chemist, studied medical applications of snake venom. ... After moving to Miami, Florida with his wife and son in the 1956, Slotta unsuccessfully looked for a polio cure using venom. ...
Sistrurus miliarius barbouri
ISBN 0-398-02808-7. Markland FS (1998). "Snake Venoms and the Hemostatic System". Toxicon 36: 1749-1800. Scarborough RM, Rose ... ISBN 0-8014-4141-2. Brown JH (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: ... Brown (1973) gives an average venom yield of 18 mg (dried venom) (Klauber, 1956) and LD50 values of 2.8,12.6 mg/kg IV, 6.0,6.8 ... "Florida Snake Venom Experiments". Proc. Florida Acad. Sci. 2: 70-76. Behler JM, King FW (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide ...
Neuromuscular junction
Snake venoms act as toxins at the neuromuscular junction and can induce weakness and paralysis. Venoms can act as both ... In doing so, the victim of these snake bite suffer from profound weakness. Such neurotoxins do not respond well to anti-venoms ... Lewis RL, Gutmann L (June 2004). "Snake venoms and the neuromuscular junction". Semin Neurol. 24 (2): 175-9. doi:10.1055/s-2004 ... α-Bungarotoxin is a toxin found in the snake species Bungarus multicinctus that acts as an ACh antagonist and binds to AChRs ...
Crotalus
Hati, Rathanath (1999). "Snake Venom Hemorrhagins". Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 29 (1): 1-19. doi:10.1080/10408449991349168 ... These include other snakes, such as kingsnakes (Lampropeltis), coachwhips (Masticophis), indigo snakes (Drymarchon) and racers ... ISBN 978-0-9754641-3-7. Keegan, HL (1944). "Indigo snakes feeding upon poisonous snakes". Copeia. 1944 (1): 59. doi:10.2307/ ... In most other snakes, the tail tip, or terminal spine, is cone-shaped, hardly any thicker than the rest of the skin, and is ...
Black-necked spitting cobra
In conclusion, after discussion on the therapeutic uses of snake venom, he conjectured that in the future diluted venom or a ... and other snakes. Like other snakes, it may fall prey to raptors, especially different species of snake eagles that migrate to ... Other snakes also prey on this species. Like other spitting cobras, this species is known for its ability to project venom at a ... "LD50 for various snakes". Australian Venom and Toxin database. www.seanthomas.com. Archived from the original on 1 February ...
Siberian Serpentarium
The centre produces about 2,000 grams of snake venom in crystal and lyophilic forms each year. It also produces snake venom ... ISBN 5-7620-0968-8. Snake venom research. Science Photo Library. Snake venom research. Science Photo Library. Как выжить после ... Siberian Serpentarium or Siberian Herpetological Centre is a serpentine farm producing snake venom and snake venom medications ... It is the only serpentarium in Russia, and it is the world's largest producer of snake venom. The activities conducted by the ...
Epidemiology of snakebites
The brown snakes are not present on these islands. Despite the fact that many Australian snakes have unusually potent venom, ... twig snakes, keelback snakes, green snakes, and slender snakes-have caused human fatalities. Since reporting is not mandatory ... The brown snakes, death adders, mulga snakes, taipans, and tiger snakes are the five groups that inflict virtually all reported ... while the coral snakes, although common, inflict only 1 to 2% of all reported snake bites. Of the coral snakes, Micrurus ...
Harold Ridley (ophthalmologist)
After discussion on the therapeutic uses of snake venom, he conjectured that in the future diluted venom or a constituent of ... From his own experiences in the Gold Coast, Ridley described snake venom ophthalmia in a 30-year-old labourer named Gogi Kumasi ... Ridley, Harold (November 1944). "SNAKE VENOM OPHTHALMIA". Br J Ophthalmol. 28 (11): 568-572. doi:10.1136/bjo.28.11.568. PMC ... paper in the British Journal of Ophthalmology on spitting snakes and an account on the composition and action of snake venom in ...
Harold Ridley (ophthalmologist)
After discussion on the therapeutic uses of snake venom, he conjectured that in the future diluted venom or a constituent of ... Snake Venom Ophthalmia. Writing as Major Harold Ridley, he published in 1944 a short paper in the British Journal of ... From his own experiences in the Gold Coast, Ridley described snake venom ophthalmia in a 30 year old labourer named Gogi Kumasi ... "SNAKE VENOM OPHTHALMIA". Br J Ophthalmol. 28 (11): 568-572. doi:10.1136/bjo.28.11.568. PMC 510436. PMID 18170065.. ...
Secretarybird
Snake venom immunity. References[edit]. *^ a b BirdLife International (2013). "Sagittarius serpentarius". IUCN Red List of ... This method of hunting is commonly applied to lizards or snakes.[19] An adult male trained to strike at a rubber snake on a ... There are some reports that, when capturing snakes, the secretary birds will take flight with their prey and then drop them to ... snakes, tortoises, small birds, bird eggs, and sometimes dead animals killed in grass or bush fires. Larger herbivores are not ...
Echis
"Snake bite and snake venoms: their effects on the nervous system". In: de Wolff FA, editor. Handbook of clinical neurology, vol ... Venom from females was more than twice as toxic on average as venom from males. The amount of venom produced also varies. ... Venom Diseases. Springfield, Illinois: CC Thomas. 386 pp. U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. United States ... The snake venom of Echis species consists mostly of four types of toxins: neurotoxins, cardiotoxins, hemotoxins, and cytotoxins ...
Taipoxin
However most snake venoms are capable of more than one toxic activity, such as cytotoxicity, myotoxicity, neuro-toxicity, ... bee venom or the weak elapid venoms are grouped into class I, whereas PLA2s from the more potent viperid venoms which causes ... Fohlman J, Lind P, Eaker D (December 1977). "Taipoxin, an extremely potent presynaptic snake venom neurotoxin. Elucidation of ... Fletcher JE, Jiang MS (December 1995). "Presynaptically acting snake venom phospholipase A2 enzymes attack unique substrates". ...
Alpha-neurotoxin
As more snake venoms were characterized, many were found to contain homologous nAChR-antagonist proteins. These came to be ... α-Neurotoxins are a group of neurotoxic peptides found in the venom of snakes in the families Elapidae and Hydrophiidae. They ... nAChRs contain two binding sites for snake venom neurotoxins. Some computational studies of the mechanism of inhibition using ... Tsetlin V (September 1999). "Snake venom alpha-neurotoxins and other 'three-finger' proteins". European Journal of Biochemistry ...
Boomslang
Snakes of any species may sometimes fail to inject venom when they bite (a so-called "dry bite"), so after a few hours without ... Mackessy, Stephen P. (2002). Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Colubrid Snake Venoms. J. Toxicol. - Toxin Reviews 21 (1&2): 52. ... The pathophysiological mechanisms of the venom are different with every snake, resulting in different clinical manifestations ... The venom of the boomslang is primarily a hemotoxin; it disables the coagulation process and the victim may die as a result of ...
Romulus Whitaker
Whitaker helped the Irula tribe to get involved in extracting snake venom used for the production of antivenom drugs. Rom is ... Desikan, Shubashree (23 January 2021). "Lookalike snakes but with self-styled venoms". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 31 ... titled Snakes of India - The Field Guide in 2004. on the snakes of India. In 2018, he received the Padma Shri, the fourth- ... This film on the natural history of the king cobra, the largest venomous snake in the world, received the Emmy Award for ...
Fasciculin
... s are a class of toxic proteins found in certain snake venoms, notably some species of mamba. Investigations have ... Reed, Tim; Eaton, Katie; Peng, Cathy; Doern, BettyLou (2002). "Neurotoxins in Snake Venom". Elements of Bioinformatics. ... interaction of a three-fingered toxin from snake venom with its target". Structure. 3 (12): 1355-1366. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126( ... This effect helps to incapacitate the muscles, either killing the prey, or paralysing it so that the snake can swallow it. The ...
International Robot
Simpson, Greg (staff) (February 20, 2007). "Awesome Snakes - Venom review". PunkNews.org. Retrieved January 10, 2011. CS1 maint ... "Annie Sparrows closes the book on the Soviettes and Awesome Snakes". City Pages. 2010-03-01. Archived from the original on 2010 ... The Awesome Snakes, France Has The Bomb, the Dummies, the Prostitutes, the Voltz, the Dynamiters, Die Electric! and Dirty ... The Awesome Snakes, France Has The Bomb, the Dummies (as "Rock Bottom") Annie Holoien (bass) - The Soviettes, The Awesome ...
Lizard
Further information: Evolution of snake venom. Until 2006 it was thought that the Gila monster and the Mexican beaded lizard ... 16 November 2005). "Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes". Nature. 439 (7076): 584-588. Bibcode:2006Natur. ... Ditmars, Raymond L (1933). Reptiles of the World: The Crocodilians, Lizards, Snakes, Turtles and Tortoises of the Eastern and ... Both the snakes and the Amphisbaenia (worm lizards) are clades deep within the Squamata (the smallest clade that contains all ...
Samar cobra
ISBN 0-7817-2845-2. Brown, John H. (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, IL USA: ... However, the cobra is more reluctant to spit venom than its northern relative, the Philippines Cobra. If venom gets in the eyes ... ISBN 0-398-02808-7. Zug, George R. (1996). Snakes in Question: The Smithsonian Answer Book. Washington D.C., USA: Smithsonian ... CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "Naja samarensis, General Details, Taxonomy and Biology, Venom, Clinical Effects, ...
Crotalus pricei
in 2 volumes). ISBN 0-8014-0463-0. Brown JH (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, ... 62-63). Schmidt KP, Davis DD (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp ... Retrieved 5 June 2017.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)old-form url McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA (1999). Snake ... Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. (7th printing, 1985). Ithaca and London: ...
Vipera ursinii
ISBN 0-89464-877-2. Brown JH (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: ... Endoglyphs and Other Major Venomous Snakes of the World: A Checklist. Geneva: Azemiops. Latifi M (1991). The Snakes of Iran. ... Vipera ursinii is the most threatened snake in Europe. At least 12 human activities are threatening these animals: 1. Grazing 2 ... McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Vol. 1. Washington ...
Garthius
ISBN 3-937975-00-4. Brown JH (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: ... McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. ... ISBN 0-398-02808-7. Das, Indraneil (2006). A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Borneo. Sanibel Island, Florida ...
Tropidolaemus huttoni
Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. ... Hutton AF, David P (2009). "Notes on a collection of snakes from south India, with emphasis on the snake fauna of the Megamalai ... Hutton's tree viper, Tropidolaemus huttoni is a little-known species of pit viper, a venomous snake in the subfamily Crotalinae ... ISBN 0-398-02808-7. Mehrtens JM (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069 ...
Philippine cobra
... or even poking one or both of the snake's eyes out. Of course, the rat ends up succumbing to the venom, but the snake will ... These snakes are capable of accurately spitting their venom at a target up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) away. The symptoms of a bite ... Envenomation and Treatment Brown, JH (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois ... Large rats that have been bitten by this snake and are in a position to fight back, often do so. Although rare, large rats have ...
Ebola
"J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis. 20 (1): 44. doi:10.1186/1678-9199-20-44. PMC 4197285. PMID 25320574.. ... snake envenomation, clotting factor deficiencies/platelet disorders, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hereditary ...
Octopus
The venom appears to be able to penetrate the skin without a puncture, given prolonged contact. It contains tetrodotoxin, which ... and its tentacles as the snakes.[121] The Kraken are legendary sea monsters of giant proportions said to dwell off the coasts ... "Tentacles of venom: new study reveals all octopuses are venomous". University of Melbourne. 15 April 2009.. ... All species are venomous, but only blue-ringed octopuses have venom that is lethal to humans.[135] Bites are reported each year ...
Evolution of biological complexity
Snake venom. Tempo and modes. *Gradualism/Punctuated equilibrium/Saltationism. *Micromutation/Macromutation. *Uniformitarianism ...
Reptile
Further information: Venom and Evolution of snake venom. Camouflage does not always fool a predator. When caught out, snake ... The venom is modified saliva, delivered through fangs from a venom gland.[124][125] Some non-venomous snakes, such as American ... Snakebite can be treated with antivenom made from the venom of the snake. To produce antivenom, a mixture of the venoms of ... Blood is then extracted; the serum is separated, purified and freeze-dried.[146] The cytotoxic effect of snake venom is being ...
Elisha ben Abuyah
... "like the venom of a snake".[9] ...
Atheris hispida
Venom[edit]. Not much is known about their venom except that it is mainly neurotoxic. Besides the neurotoxins, they also carry ... Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' ... Mehrtens JM (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. p. 480. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.. ... Until recently, their venom has often been regarded as less toxic than that of many other species, perhaps because bites are ...
Greater black krait
Venom[edit]. Its venom consists of both pre- and postsynaptic neurotoxins, and may also contain myotoxins. This snake is often ... Whitaker, Captain, Romulus, Ashok (2004). Snakes of India, The Field Guide. India: Draco Books. ISBN 81-901873-0-9.. ... The greater black krait (Bungarus niger) is a species of krait, a venomous elapid snake. ... This nocturnal and terrestrial snake has an inoffensive disposition. When disturbed, it coils loosely and hides its head ...
Mantis - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Larger species have been known to prey on small lizards, frogs, birds,[2] snakes, and even rodents. ... Mantids bite, but have no venom, and are not dangerous to humans. They are not chemically protected; nearly any large predatory ...
Ring-necked snake - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
... which is using their venom.[7] Ring-necked snakes usually don't try to hurt bigger animals. Instead of biting bigger animals, ... Diadophis punctatus, also called the ring-necked snake, is a species of snake. Ring-necked snakes live in eastern and central ... Ring-necked snakes are the only species of snake in their genus. There are 14 subspecies of ring-necked snake. ... ring-necked snakes may live in dens. Usually, more than one snake will live in one den.[6] Ring-necked snakes often hide under ...
Pasteur Institute
Back in France, he acquired enough snakes to continue his work and create serum for the local population.[1]:98 ... During these studies Calmette discovered that the power of the venom, as well as that of tetanus, could be annihilated by the ... but also capable of spreading at the same time a powerful venom, and they deduced that it can play the role of antigen, that is ... that while secreting this particular venom is able to multiply itself: they were therefore inclined to think that the bacillus ...
History of leprosy
Snakes were also used, according to Pliny, Aretaeus of Cappadocia, and Theodorus. Gaucher recommended treatment with cobra ... venom. Boinet, in 1913, tried increasing doses of bee stings (up to 4000). Scorpions and frogs were used occasionally instead ... of snakes. The excreta of Anabas (the climbing fish) was also tried. ...
Bradykinin
... from the effect of snake venom on intestinal smooth muscle, which was noted to slowly contract.[citation needed] ... Bradykinin was detected in the blood plasma of animals after the addition of venom extracted from the Bothrops jararaca ( ... The discovery was part of a continuing study on circulatory shock and proteolytic enzymes related to the toxicology of snake ... Sérgio Henrique Ferreira, discovered a bradykinin-potentiating factor (BPF) in the bothropic venom, which increases powerfully ...
Hyaluronidase
... s are found in the venom of certain lizards and snakes, as well as honeybees, where they are referred to as " ...
Antivenom - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A venom is a poison released by a snake or insect.) Frequently the venom of some creature such as a cobra will be harvested and ... The horse's body will develop an immunity to the venom, so more and more venom from the snake can be injected every day. After ... An antivenom is a medicine used to protect against a specific venom. ( ...
Many-banded krait
The average venom yield from specimens kept on snake farms is about 4.6 mg-19.4 mg per bite.[15] The venom is highly toxic with ... Venom and toxins[edit]. The venom of the many-banded krait consists of both pre- and postsynaptic neurotoxins (known as α- ... The snake is nocturnal, and may be more defensive at night. It is, however, a timid and placid species of snake. In the daytime ... and true sea snakes than it is to Elapsoidea sundevalli (Sundevall's garter snake), Naja naja (Indan cobra) or two Micrurus ...
Solifugae
The Solifugae apparently have neither venom glands nor any venom-delivery apparatus such as the fangs of spiders, stings of ... They are aggressive hunters and voracious opportunistic feeders, and have been recorded as feeding on snakes, small lizards, ... Even the authors of the original account admitted to having found no means of delivery of the putative venom by the animal, and ... M. Aruchami & G. Sundara Rajulu (1978). "An investigation on the poison glands and the nature of the venom of Rhagodes ...
Phylogenetics
Snake venom. Tempo and modes. *Gradualism/Punctuated equilibrium/Saltationism. *Micromutation/Macromutation. *Uniformitarianism ...
Platypus
Weimann, Anya (4 July 2007) Evolution of platypus venom revealed. Cosmos. *^ de Plater, G.M.; Milburn, P.J.; Martin, R.L. (2001 ... Mortality rates for adults in the wild appear to be low.[15] Natural predators include snakes, water rats, goannas, hawks, owls ... It is one of the few species of venomous mammals, as the male platypus has a spur on the hind foot that delivers a venom ... "The venom of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)". Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 13 September ...
Multicellular organism
Snake venom. Tempo and modes. *Gradualism/Punctuated equilibrium/Saltationism. *Micromutation/Macromutation. *Uniformitarianism ...
Captopril
... , an analog of the snake venom's ACE-inhibiting peptide, was first synthesized in 1975 by three researchers at the U.S ... "From snake venom to ACE inhibitor the discovery and rise of captopril". Pharmaceutical Journal. Retrieved 2015-01-08.. ... the snake venom functions by severely depressing blood pressure. During the 1970s, ACE was found to elevate blood pressure by ... and brought a sample of the viper's venom. Vane's team found that one of the venom's peptides selectively inhibited the action ...
Antikehad - Vikipeedia
2 snake antivenom: Development of process to produce polyvalent horse F(Ab`)2 antibodies anti-african snake venom, African ... Gambón-Deza F1, Sánchez-Espine C, Mirete-Bachiller S, Magadán-Mompó S,Snakes antibodies., Dev Comp Immunol. 2012 Sep;38(1):1-9 ...
Evolution of mammals
Snake venom. Tempo and modes. *Gradualism/Punctuated equilibrium/Saltationism. *Micromutation/Macromutation. *Uniformitarianism ... snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs (including the birds), ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs and therapsids. But mammals have a different ... snakes, turtles/tortoises, crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds are descended.[3] The earliest known fossils of synapsids and ...
Cinchonism
snake venom *Alpha-Bungarotoxin. *Ancrod. *Batroxobin. Arthropods. *Arthropod bites and stings. *bee sting / bee venom *Apamin ...
Middle Paleolithic
Snake venom. Tempo and modes. *Gradualism/Punctuated equilibrium/Saltationism. *Micromutation/Macromutation. *Uniformitarianism ...
Elapid - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
... which is the most venomous land snake to mice, and Hydrophis belcheri, a sea snake and the most toxic venom of all snakes. ... Venom[change , change source]. All elapids are venomous and many are potentially deadly. The venoms are mostly neurotoxic and ... They are characterized by a set of hollow, fixed fangs through which they inject venom. There are snakes of different sizes, ... The Elapidae, or elapids, are a family of venomous snakes. These snakes can be found in tropical and subtropical regions around ...
Crotalus
Hati, Rathanath (1999). "Snake Venom Hemorrhagins". Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 29 (1): 1-19. doi:10.1080/10408449991349168 ... These include other snakes, such as kingsnakes (Lampropeltis), coachwhips (Masticophis), indigo snakes (Drymarchon) and racers ... a b c d e McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1 ... VenomEdit. Two main hemotoxic effects are caused by rattlesnake venom. First, zinc-containing metalloproteases act upon ...
Millipede
Primarily detritivores, some herbivores, few carnivores; no venom Primarily carnivores with claws modified into venomous fangs ... the spotted snake millipede (Blaniulus guttulatus) is a noted pest of sugar beets and other root crops, and as a result is one ...
Agkistrodon contortrix
Venom[edit]. Although venomous, these snakes are generally not aggressive and bites are rarely fatal.[citation needed] ... Conant R, Bridges W (1939). What Snake Is That?: A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains ... pilot snake, poplar leaf, red oak, red snake, southeastern copperhead, white oak snake,[14] American copperhead,[15] southern ... a b c d e Gloyd HK, Conant R (1990). Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society for the Study of ...
NMDA receptor
Argiotoxin-636 - naturally occurring dizocilpine or related site antagonist found in Argiope venom ... Infrared sensing in snakes. *Caridoid escape reaction. *Vocal learning. *Surface wave detection ... "Neuroactive compounds obtained from arthropod venoms as new therapeutic platforms for the treatment of neurological disorders" ...
Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage
... snake venom, and enalapril. Horses that undergo surgical correction for upper airway dysfunction are rested, and are under ...
Coral Snake Antivenom - Coral Snake Bite Venom
The worlds stock of coral snake antivenom, set to expire this weekend, gets a last-minute one-year extension from the FDA. But ... Coral Snake Antivenom Crisis Gets a One-Year Extension. The worlds stock of coral snake antivenom, set to expire this weekend ... In May I wrote about a critical coming shortage in coral snake antivenom, known as Micrurus fulvis, the only FDA-approved cure ... Boyers VIPER Institute is playing a unique role in the venom crisis. She took the lead several years ago when Arizona faced a ...
Boffins prescribe SNAKE VENOM as future pain killer • The Register
Boffins prescribe SNAKE VENOM as future pain killer. Take two Black Mamba bites, see your doctor if pain persists. By Simon ... The venom of the Black Mamba, rated the worlds seventh most potent snake poison, has been suggested as a future painkiller for ... A letter in Nature suggests the application is viable as the venom contains "a new class of three-finger peptides … able to ... The researchers also say that mice, a creature among the Black Mambas favorite prey, are immune to its venom and experience an ...
Snake's Venom - Wikipedia
Venom Snake - Wikipedia
Venom Snake is also revealed to be the man killed by Solid Snake at the end of the original 1987 game. Venom Snake and his role ... Venom Snake (ヴェノム・スネーク, Venomu Sunēku), also known as Punished Snake (パニッシュド・スネーク, Panishudo Sunēku), is a fictional character ... Ocelot: The days of Naked Snake are long gone. Welcome back, Venom Snake. Kojima Productions. Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom ... Although the final game bills him as "Punished Venom Snake" in the opening sequence of every mission, the "Punished Snake" ...
Snake Venoms - DrugBank
Snake Venoms. Accession Number. DBCAT001668. Description. Solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by ... An anticoagulant purified from the venom of the Malayan pit viper that functions by inactivating circulating plasma fibrinogen ... snake (Ophidia) salivary glands for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs ...
Snake Venom Calcium Channel Blocker
Quantitative analysis of snake venoms using soluble polymer-based isotope labeling. - PubMed - NCBI
Snake venom identification using SoPIL. A and B, comparison of the protein composition of the venom from C. scutulatus ... Quantitative analysis of snake venoms using soluble polymer-based isotope labeling.. Galan JA1, Guo M, Sanchez EE, Cantu E, ... Quantitative Analysis of Snake Venoms Using Soluble Polymer-based Isotope Labeling. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2008 Apr;7(4):785-799. ... Quantitative Analysis of Snake Venoms Using Soluble Polymer-based Isotope Labeling. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2008 Apr;7(4):785-799. ...
Molecular characterisation of endogenous snake venom metalloproteinase inhibitors. - PubMed - NCBI
... ocellatus venom. The pEKW and pHpG peptides inhibit the proteolytic activity of the haemorrhagic snake venom metalloproteinase ... Molecular characterisation of endogenous snake venom metalloproteinase inhibitors.. Wagstaff SC1, Favreau P, Cheneval O, Laing ... Viper venoms contain one of the most potent mixtures of proteases in natural existence and yet the venom gland and proteins in ... Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.. ...
Snake venom evolved for prey not protection | EurekAlert! Science News
However, a new piece of research concludes that snake venom did not evolve as a defence mechanism. ... over 100,000 human deaths can be attributed to snakebite from the worlds 700 venomous snake species -- all inflicted in self- ... defence when the snakes feel threatened by encroaching humans. ... Snake venom evolved for prey not protection Swansea University ... Defensive venom? Some coral snakes (Micrurus) have specifically pain-inducing toxins in their venoms (IMAGE) view more ...
Toxins | Free Full-Text | Pharmacokinetics of Snake Venom
In general, the disposition of snake venom was described by a two-compartment model consisting of a rapid distribution phase ... This review aims to explore the current knowledge of snake venom pharmacokinetics in animals and humans. Literature searches ... following rapid intravenous injection of the venoms or toxins. When the venoms or toxins were administered intramuscularly or ... The bioavailability of venoms or toxins ranged from 4 to 81.5% following intramuscular administration and 60% following ...
snake venom Archives - NewBeauty
A family of cellular proteins related to snake venom disintegrins | PNAS
Snake venom reveals clues about heart drug - ScienceBlog.com
With the help of snake venom and sophisticated laboratory testing, scientists believe theyve uncovered the reason why a group ... Snake venom reveals clues about heart drug. With the help of snake venom and sophisticated laboratory testing, scientists ... Snake venom reveals clues about heart drug. August 18, 2004. ScienceBlog.com ... With the help of snake venom and sophisticated laboratory testing, scientists believe theyve uncovered the reason why a group ...
Decoding Snake-Venom Origins | The Institute for Creation Research
... they began looking for other explanations for snake venom origins by carrying out a comparison of gene expression in venom ... So, if these venom proteins are found in many different types of bodily tissues in both venomous and non-venomous snakes, then ... The origin of snake venom has long been a mystery to both creationists and evolutionists. However, by stepping outside the ... Thus, the toxic levels of venom found in modern venomous snakes could be due to an alteration of genetic information that ...
Snake's powerful venom could lead to better painkillers for humans | Toronto Star
... the unusual venom found in long-glanded blue coral snakes acts on sodium channels, which regulate signals in neurons as well as ... Snakes powerful venom could lead to better painkillers for humans Unlike Vicodin and other opioids, the unusual venom found in ... Thanks to this venom, the fire-headed animal is able to prey upon young king cobras, kraits and other agile, dangerous snakes ... "This is first time that a snake venom has been reported to act on sodium channels, which is really quite surprising," said ...
Venom of snake used in stroke treatment | Lewiston Sun Journal
"We havent had too many people get upset about the fact this is a snake venom," he said when asked how patients or their ... The drug is derived from the venom of the Malaysian pit viper, an aggressive snake that inhabits forest edges across much of ... The venom of the Malaysian pit viper is the potent ingredient found in an experimental drug called Viprinex now being tested in ... The venom is frozen before being purified and converted to a drug product, explained Warren Wasiewski, the scientist overseeing ...
Study finds link between COVID-19 deaths and snake venom
... similar to one found in rattlesnake venom, that could be driving COVID-19 deaths. ... The snake-like enzyme is found in healthy people at low levels to prevent bacterial infections. In severe cases of COVID-19, ... "We found evidence that there was an enzyme, a snake-like enzyme, in the blood of people who were in extraordinarily high levels ... Researchers explain that current clinical trials on snake bites are helping in those efforts. They hope to repurpose some of ...
Snake Venom Detection (Snake Venoms) CSL
Snake Venom Detection indications, usages and related health products lists ... Snake Venom Detection information about active ingredients, pharmaceutical forms and doses by CSL, ... Find online pharmacy, drugstore, pharma or beauty shop where to order or buy Snake Venom Detection brand or generic online:. ...
Coral Snake Venoms | The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Of the venoms tested, M. frontalis venom would be most suitable for use in the production of a polyvalent coral snake antivenin ... tests were performed with coral snake venoms and rabbit antisera against five venoms to determine the most suitable venoms for ... mipartitus venom. The latter was the only venom not neutralized by heterologous antisera. M. spixii venom was neutralized by ... M. frontalis venom produced the most cross-reactive neutralizing antibody, having neutralized five of six venoms. ...
Slither Into the World of Snake Venom Research
Steve Mackessy goes into more detail about how he became interested in snake venom, his published and future research and other ... His research revolves around snake venom, the types of protein structures found within the venom, and how the venom can be used ... This snake is a rear-fanged snake, meaning it has enlarged teeth in the back of its mouth. Venom from this species has a taxon- ... That snake produces a venom with a toxin thats a significant amount of the venom, that when you purify it, and you look at its ...
Stiletto Snakes: Clever Biters with Nasty Venom | HubPages
... in writing about snakes and arachnids - spiders and scorpions, etc., creatures that give many of us goose-bumps and the... ... David Warrell, at the Venom Week conference this summer (where I was able to give a 20 minute talk on my snake venom research ... Worlds Most Poisonous Snake Ever - Worlds Most Venomous Snake - and Most Fierce Snake in the World. by ngureco. 35 ... Im told there are snakes that are classified as good snakes. I have seen videos of bull snakes eating a rattlesnake and told ...
Uveitis following anti-snake venom therapy
He had received anti-snake venom serum at a local governmental center before being referred to our center due to worsening ... Uveitis as an immunological complication following therapy with anti-snake venom (ASV) serum has been rarely reported in ... He was treated with hemodialysis with multiple transfusions and anti-snake venom sera. The patient sought an ophthalmology ... The patient had received anti-snake venom sera at a primary treatment center. ...
What Do Snake Venom, Tree Bark, and Drugs Have in Common? - AOL Finance
Snake-handling preacher dies from bite after refusing anti-venom - RT USA News
... has died from a snake bite. He refused medical treatment, because he relied on Gods protection to save him from the venom. ... Snake-handling preacher dies from bite after refusing anti-venom 17 Feb, 2014 09:12 ... However his faith included the conviction that God would protect any true believer from snake venom, so he refused medical aid ... A Kentucky preacher and reality TV star, whose sermons involved handling of deadly snakes, has died from a snake bite. He ...
Snake Venoms and Envenomation. | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of Physicians
Snake Venoms and Envenomation: Modern Trends and Future Prospects | Nova Science Publishers
Chapter 2. Venoms from "Non-Venomous" Snakes: Rear-Fanged Snake Venoms as Sources of Novel Compounds. Stephen P. Mackessy, ... production and use of snake venom components as antigens for antivenom preparation, and the therapeutic value of snake venom ... Chapter 7. Immune Response Triggered by Snake Venoms: Impact of Venom Compounds on the Envenomation Process. Carla Cristina ... Snake Venoms and Envenomation: Modern Trends and Future Prospects. Yuri N. Utkin, PhD (Editor). Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute ...
Snake Venom - Loudness - VAGALUME
... show me your snake venom tonight / Oh, Ill love you anyway ... Letra e música de Snake Venom de Loudness 🎵 - Show, show me ... Snake Venom. Loudness. I was a monkey in a tree. Swinging oh so carelessly. Then I saw you smile. And sink your fangs down my ... Show, show me your snake venom tonight. Oh, Ill love you anyway. I feel trapped when Im with you. You sure have a grip on me ... Show, show me your snake venom tonight. Oh, Ill love you anyway. Show me your sweet thing. Show me your sweet love. Show me ...
The Forensics of Snake Venom - The New York Times
Genetic analysis of venom allows Indian investigators to determine whether it came from an endangered cobra, helping them to ... Its not entirely clear how big of a problem the illegal trade in snake venom is or where the bootleg venom ends up, the ... It took the legendary snake wrangler Bill Haast three years and 69,000 milkings to produce one pint of coral snake venom, for ... The Forensics of Snake Venom. By Douglas M. Main February 10, 2012 12:05 pm. February 10, 2012 12:05 pm ...
Brazil milks deadly snakes for their life-saving venom
De Souza and her colleagues at the Butantan Institute in Sao Paulo harvest the toxin from hundreds of snakes ... Fabiola de Souza massages its venom glands to squeeze out drops that will save lives around Brazil where thousands of people ... Gripping the deadly snake behind its jaws, Fabiola de Souza massages its venom glands to squeeze out drops that will save lives ... Venom is extracted from each snake once a month in a delicate and potentially dangerous process. ...
Snake venom inspires coagulant gel - The Engineer The Engineer
Snake venom inspires coagulant gel. By Andrew Wade 27th October 2015 11:07 am 11th April 2017 12:28 pm ... Snake venom from two species of South American pit viper has inspired a new coagulating treatment developed by a team from Rice ... The snake venom batroxobin is combined with nanofibre hydrogels from the Rice lab. According to the researchers, it is first ... Though inspired by snake venom, the batroxobin used by the Rice team is actually harvested from genetically modified bacteria ...
ToxinsMetalloproteinasesBothropsGlandsPeptidesEnvenomationBitesToxinPotentCobrasEvolution of venomsSnakebiteBiteVipersToxicityFangsDeadly snakesWorld'sGlandPreyResearchersSnake'sNeutralizeBlack mambaNeurotoxicJararacaProperties of the venomsMicrurusDifferent snake venomsCharacterizationMetalloproteinaseRear-fangedRattlesnake venomKraitsHemotoxicViperidaeEnzymesBitten by venomous snakesPeptideEvolutionaryAntibodiesSpecies of snakesSerineScientistsNeurotoxinCoralHumansComponents of venomNajaSerumInhibitFoundProduce venomCompoundsInhibitorsToxic venomPoisonous snakeProteolyticRattlesnakesInject snake venomTherapeuticViper venom
Toxins43
- A new paper published in Toxins reveals that surprisingly few venomous snake bites cause immediate pain, implying that the venom make-up has not evolved for a defensive primary purpose. (eurekalert.org)
- Some coral snakes (Micrurus) have specifically pain-inducing toxins in their venoms, suggesting that natural selection for defence may have played a role in their evolution - a possible exception to the rule uncovered in this study. (eurekalert.org)
- In general, the disposition of snake venom was described by a two-compartment model consisting of a rapid distribution phase and a slow elimination phase, with half-lives of 5 to 48 min and 0.8 to 28 h, respectively, following rapid intravenous injection of the venoms or toxins. (mdpi.com)
- When the venoms or toxins were administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously, an initial absorption phase and slow elimination phase were observed. (mdpi.com)
- The bioavailability of venoms or toxins ranged from 4 to 81.5% following intramuscular administration and 60% following subcutaneous administration. (mdpi.com)
- Interestingly, the authors state, 'Our analysis in fact shows that the majority of snake venom toxins are likely derived from pre-existing salivary proteins,' and they admit that 'snake venom should instead be considered to be simply a modified form of saliva. (icr.org)
- The researchers state that their data 'suggest that a possible route for pre-existing salivary proteins to become venom toxins may simply be an elevated expression level, where initial toxicity is dosage-dependent. (icr.org)
- 2014. Restriction and Recruitment-Gene Duplication and the Origin and Evolution of Snake Venom Toxins. (icr.org)
- Coursing within these twin glands is a venom unlike any chemical previously discovered in snakes, as Fry and his colleagues recently reported in the journal Toxins. (thestar.com)
- Although there is not yet clinical evidence the coral snake holds the secret to new types of toxin-based pain relief within its glands, researchers have successfully turned snail toxins into painkillers. (thestar.com)
- This is a Speckled Rattlesnake, which produces a venom with high amounts of tissue-damaging protein toxins. (unco.edu)
- Because Dr. Mackessy's lab has worked with venoms for many years, we know that certain toxins form bands at certain places in the gel, allowing us to identify many protein toxins quickly, simply based on their band patterns. (unco.edu)
- Dr. Mackessy shows a collection of cancer cells that are kept in liquid nitrogen - the extreme cold preserves the cells, and to grow them, they are brought to room temperature, added to nutrient media in a flask and incubated at 37 ˚C (~98.6 ˚F). They are then used in experiments with venom toxins to evaluate the effects on cell growth, cell survival, etc. (unco.edu)
- The research is the first to tie the cobra's 19 venom toxins to the genes which produce them, allowing for a new anti-venom production method. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
- The synthetic antibodies which stick to the toxins will be the ones that can save snake-bite victims. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
- Solange Serrano, a researcher at the Instituto Butantan in Brazil, gets it: She studies the protein toxins in these serpents' venom in hopes of helping develop improved medication for envenomation. (geek.com)
- An international 12-year project revealed that the two main toxins in the venom target certain receptors on nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord of mammals. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- its toxins had no effect on the proteins that most venoms target. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Most toxins in snake venoms target specialized nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the surface of nerve cells that make muscles contract, paralyzing the snakes' victims. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Most venom contains a huge variety of lethal molecules called toxins, which evolve from harmless compounds that used to do different jobs elsewhere in the body. (earthsky.org)
- These toxins target normal biological processes in snakes' prey, such as blood clotting or nerve-cell signalling, and stop them from working properly. (earthsky.org)
- Now researchers have discovered that the toxins that make snake and lizard venom deadly can evolve back into completely harmless molecules, raising the possibility that they could be developed into drugs. (earthsky.org)
- But the researchers' discovery that there may be many harmless versions of venom toxins throughout a snake's body opens the door to a whole new era of drug discovery. (earthsky.org)
- Snake researchers were aware that venom toxins evolve from harmless molecules that do fairly mundane jobs elsewhere in the body. (earthsky.org)
- Snake venom toxins are the most rapidly-evolving proteins ever identified. (earthsky.org)
- Many snake venom toxins target the same physiological pathways that doctors would like to target to treat a variety of medical conditions. (earthsky.org)
- Understanding how toxins can be tamed into harmless physiological proteins may aid development of cures from venom. (earthsky.org)
- Specialized three-finger toxins that target select prey taxa have evolved in some RFS venoms, and this prey capture strategy has appeared in multiple RFS species, from Old World Boiga to New World Spilotes and Oxybelis . (frontiersin.org)
- The large number of 3FTx protein sequences available, together with a growing database of RFS venom 3FTxs, make possible predictions concerning structure-function relationships among these toxins and the basis of selective toxicity of specific RFS venom 3FTxs. (frontiersin.org)
- Pan's research builds on a growing body of scientific research that has shown toxins in venom can fight cancer cells without harming healthy cells. (wreg.com)
- Opossum serum contains metalloproteinase inhibitors which neutralize toxins from Crotalid venoms. (asknature.org)
- Neutralization of snake venom toxins has been achieved through different approaches: plant extracts have been utilized in etnomedicine. (mdpi.com)
- A deeper knowledge of alternative ways to inhibit venom toxins may provide supplemental treatments to serum therapy. (mdpi.com)
- These roles include opsonization, activating the complement system, and neutralizing toxins (such as snake and scorpion venom) and toxic organisms (such as bacteria and viruses). (exampleessays.com)
- If oral glands show expression of some of the 20 gene families associated with "venom toxins," that species gets the venomous label. (phys.org)
- It also shows that just the expression of genes related to venom toxins in oral glands of snakes and lizards isn't enough information to close the book on whether something is venomous. (phys.org)
- No snake possesses just one type because each snake tends to have a different combination of toxins. (reptilegardens.com)
- For instance, some coral snakes and pit vipers have specifically pain-inducing toxins in their venoms. (bangor.ac.uk)
- Homogenates from gastrocnemius muscles of mice injected with the venom of the snake Bothrops asper or with 2 tissue-damaging toxins were added to cultures of C2C12 myogenic cells. (wiley.com)
- This study sheds light on the structure-function relationships of the procoagulant toxins within these venoms and may have important clinical implications including for the design of next-generation antivenoms. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Snake venom is a complex mixture of many substances such as toxins, enzymes, growth factors, activators, and inhibitors with a wide spectrum of biological activities. (scielo.br)
- Toxins C13S1C3 and C13S2C3 from green mamba venom (Dendroaspis angusticeps) acted like dendrotoxin to increase acetylcholine release in response to nerve stimulation in the chick biventer cervicis preparation. (strath.ac.uk)
- The snake venom is saliva of the snake that contains the toxins which facilitates the snake to digestion of prey, and mainly helps to defend against thethreats. (alliedacademies.org)
Metalloproteinases8
- New venom protein superfamilies in RFS venoms include matrix metalloproteinases, distinct from but closely related to snake venom metalloproteinases, veficolins, and acid lipases. (frontiersin.org)
- Pit viper venom is a complex mixture of various enzymes called metalloproteinases. (asknature.org)
- Opossum sera were capable of neutralizing metalloproteinases from Malayan pit viper venom including hemorrhagins, fibrinogenases, and gelatinases. (asknature.org)
- The studies reviewed here denote jararhagin as a prototype for studies of snake venom metalloproteinases, bringing new insights into cellular-matrix interactions and adding for the improvement of snakebite treatment. (biomedsearch.com)
- Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are predominant in viperid venoms, which provoke hemorrhage and affect hemostasis and thrombosis. (mdpi.com)
- Serine proteases, metalloproteinases and phospholipases had a positive relationship, meaning the more diverse the snake's diet, the more complex its venom. (infosurhoy.com)
- Neutralization of the haemorrhagic activities of viperine snake venoms and venom metalloproteinases using synthetic peptide inhibitors and chelators Envenoming by the West African saw-scaled viper, Echis ocellatus resembles that of most vipers, in that it results in local blistering, necrosis and sometimes life-threatening systemic haemorrhage. (umn.edu)
- The major mediators of local venom pathology are the zinc-dependant snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). (umn.edu)
Bothrops19
- The SoPIL strategy was used to quantify venom proteins from two pairs of venomous snakes: Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus type A, C. scutulatus scutulatus type B, Crotalus oreganus helleri, and Bothrops colombiensis. (nih.gov)
- Isolation and biochemical characterization of a fibrinolytic proteinase from Bothrops leucurus (white-tailed jararaca) snake venom," Biochimie , vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 189-200, 2006. (hindawi.com)
- M. T. Assakura, A. P. Reichl, M. C. Asperti, and F. R. Mandelbaum, "Isolation of the major proteolytic enzyme from the venom of the snake Bothrops moojeni (Caissaca)," Toxicon , vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 691-706, 1985. (hindawi.com)
- S. M. T. Serrano, C. A. M. Sampaio, and F. R. Mandelbaum, "Basic proteinases from Bothrops moojeni (caissaca) venom-II. (hindawi.com)
- Isolation and structural characterization of a new fibrin(ogen)olytic metalloproteinase from Bothrops moojeni snake venom," Toxicon , vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 574-584, 2008. (hindawi.com)
- BthMP: a new weakly hemorrhagic metalloproteinase from Bothrops moojeni snake venom," Toxicon , vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 24-32, 2009. (hindawi.com)
- Structural studies of BmooMP α -I, a non-hemorrhagic metalloproteinase from Bothrops moojeni venom," Toxicon , vol. 55, no. 2-3, pp. 361-368, 2010. (hindawi.com)
- BnP1, a novel P-I metalloproteinase from Bothrops neuwiedi venom: biological effects benchmarking relatively to jararhagin, a P-III SVMP," Toxicon , vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 54-65, 2008. (hindawi.com)
- As has been believed by most workers in the field, 7 of these 9 coagulant venoms convert fibrinogen to an insoluble modification resembling fibrin ( Bothrops atrox, Bothrops jararaca, Bothrops nummifera, Crotalus adamanteus, Crotalus horridus, Crotalus terrificus basiliscus, Crotalus terrificus terrificus ). (rupress.org)
- In addition to coagulating fibrinogen directly, 3 of these venoms ( Bothrops atrox, Bothrops jararaca , and to a less extent, Crotalus terrificus basiliscus ) acted on prothrombin to convert it to thrombin, without the necessary intervention of either calcium or platelets. (rupress.org)
- Thus, the fer de lance ( Bothrops atrox ) venom was active in a 1:25,000,000 dilution, and that of the Australian tiger snake ( Notechis scutatus ) was active in a 1:4,000,000 dilution. (rupress.org)
- Jararhagin, a hemorrhagic snake venom metalloproteinase from Bothrops jararaca. (biomedsearch.com)
- Jararhagin is a metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops jararaca snake venom, which has been extensively studied. (biomedsearch.com)
- This review will briefly highlight the structure-function relationships of these few direct-acting fibrinolytic agents, including, barnettlysin-I, isolated from Bothrops barnetti venom, that could be considered as potential agent to treat major thrombotic disorders. (mdpi.com)
- Taking into consideration toxicity and venom yields, the fer-de-lance, Bothrops asper (formerly included in B. atrox ), appears to be the most dangerous snake in Costa Rica and Lachesis muta , despite its impressive size, occupies a relatively unimportant position. (ajtmh.org)
- NPP-BJ, a nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase from Bothrops jararaca snake venom, inhibits platelet aggregation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Here we describe for the first time the isolation and functional characterization of a soluble phosphodiesterase from Bothrops jararaca venom, which shows amino acid sequence similarity to mammalian nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 3 (NPP3), and inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- (13) evaluated the action of the venoms of Crotalus durissus terrificus and Bothrops jararaca on Ehrlich ascitic tumors and found that both venoms act directly on tumor cells. (scielo.br)
- This study describe s the effects of Bothrops marajoensis venom (Marajó lancehead) on isolated neuromuscular preparations of chick biventer cervicis (CBC) and mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm (PND). (libpubmedia.co.uk)
Glands17
- Solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by snake (Ophidia) salivary glands for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs. (drugbank.ca)
- Thus, they began looking for other explanations for snake venom origins by carrying out a comparison of gene expression in venom glands and other body tissues for a wide variety of snakes (both venomous and non-venomous snakes, as well as a gecko). (icr.org)
- These results demonstrate that venom genes are serving other non-venomous purposes in reptile tissues, including a function in the salivary glands of both non venomous and venomous snakes. (icr.org)
- Thus, the toxic levels of venom found in modern venomous snakes could be due to an alteration of genetic information that causes them to be over-expressed in venom glands. (icr.org)
- Like fuel tanks for its speedy hunts, the coral snake has two immense toxin glands - the largest in any animal - travelling along either side of its throat to its ribs for a full quarter-length of its six-foot body. (thestar.com)
- The venom held within snake's glands, the scientists argued, could inspire the development of a strong, non-narcotic painkiller. (thestar.com)
- Gripping the deadly snake behind its jaws, Fabiola de Souza massages its venom glands to squeeze out drops that will save lives around Brazil where thousands of people are bitten every year. (yahoo.com)
- They compared these sequences with those from venom glands in a wide range of snakes and lizards, constructing an evolutionary tree to work out the relationships between the various sequences. (earthsky.org)
- Even alcohol, coffee and water can be toxic at high enough volumes so we needed to consider how much venom different species of snake produce and store in their venom glands. (tcd.ie)
- These glands- one on either side of the head - are modified salivary glands surrounded by muscle which, when contracted, forces the clear or yellowish venom along the venom ducts and down through the fangs, squirting out under pressure as if from a pair of hypodermic syringes. (reptilepark.com.au)
- However, the venom glands of the snake are enormous so that when the snake bites, a large amount of venom is injected into the victim's body. (worldatlas.com)
- On January 23 in the journal Cell, researchers are reporting that they have created organoids of the venom glands of the Cape coral snake (Aspidelaps lubricus cowlesi) and that these glands are capable of producing venom. (faunaclassifieds.com)
- Once we grew the venom glands as organoids, we realized that they make a lot of venom. (faunaclassifieds.com)
- In addition to the venom glands, the researchers also made organoids of the snake liver, pancreas, and gut. (faunaclassifieds.com)
- He notes that if it could be commercialized, this method would be much more efficient than the way venom is currently produced -- by raising snakes on farms and milking their glands. (faunaclassifieds.com)
- The saliva glands of snake have large alveoli in which the venom is stored and is being conveyed by tubular fangs which is ejected. (alliedacademies.org)
- Zootoxins are secreted by the snake venom glands and are modified of parotid salivary glands which is located in vertebrates . (alliedacademies.org)
Peptides9
- A letter in Nature suggests the application is viable as the venom contains "a new class of three-finger peptides … able to abolish pain through inhibition of Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) in central or peripheral neurons. (theregister.co.uk)
- If the peptides in Black Mamba venom shut them down, that's good news. (theregister.co.uk)
- The pEKW and pHpG peptides inhibit the proteolytic activity of the haemorrhagic snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP), EoVMP-2, and the haemorrhagic activity of E. ocellatus venom. (nih.gov)
- Furthermore, snake venoms can be considered natural "combinatorial libraries" of proteins and peptides. (novapublishers.com)
- But Pan's lab has developed a technique to separate out the important proteins and peptides in the venom so they can be used to stop cancer cell growth. (wreg.com)
- Subsequently, interacting peptides will be evaluated for venom-neutralizing properties, and promising leads will be optimized by iterative cycles of mutagenesis and valuation of venom neutralizing properties. (amrita.edu)
- Researchers, led by Sylvie Diochot, of the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology at Nice University, Sophia Antipolis in France, purified the peptides from the venom and profiled the compounds' structure. (scientificamerican.com)
- The scientists created images of the 3D molecular structures of two peptides, including one from snake venom, that inhibit angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE), a key protein that regulates blood pressure. (healthcanal.com)
- They confirmed that the venom peptides produced were biologically active and resembled the components of venom from live snakes. (faunaclassifieds.com)
Envenomation9
- Ocular manifestations resulting from snake envenomation are myriad and vary with the nature of the toxin. (scielo.br)
- Snake Venoms and Envenomation. (annals.org)
- Understanding the pathology of envenomation and chemical composition of snake venoms is important in the development of medical countermeasures (including, but not limited to, antivenoms). (novapublishers.com)
- Several chapters highlight protein biochemistry and enzymology of snake venoms, immune response to envenomation and antivenoms, production and use of snake venom components as antigens for antivenom preparation, and the therapeutic value of snake venom components in the treatment of various diseases. (novapublishers.com)
- Rear-fanged snakes (RFS) are a phylogenetically diverse collection of species that feed on a variety of prey and show varying prey capture strategies, from constriction to envenomation. (frontiersin.org)
- During envenomation, venom components mainly affect the hemostatic system [causing hemorrhage]. (asknature.org)
- Identification of the venom involved in a clinically significant envenomation by an elapid snake in Australia or Papua New Guinea . (edu.au)
- The anti-venom taken from the horses are used to treat humans suffering from snake envenomation. (reptilepark.com.au)
- There are innumerable combinations of variables that affect the outcome of a snake envenomation. (reptilegardens.com)
Bites19
- As I mentioned in my original article, Wyeth stopped making the antivenom because, with fewer than 100 bites per year, treating coral snake bites just wasn't a good business, but before the company shut down its factory, they made a five year supply. (popularmechanics.com)
- His survey, which gained nearly 400 responses world-wide, asked people working with snakes about the time-course of pain after bites they had sustained. (eurekalert.org)
- Image 2: Caption: Many snakes, like this Indian cobra (Naja naja) will use their venoms in self-defence, causing millions of bites every year. (eurekalert.org)
- Researchers explain that current clinical trials on snake bites are helping in those efforts. (newschannel5.com)
- The Stiletto Snake has another alarming characteristic and one that has caused the quite high incidence of bites on humans. (hubpages.com)
- The dangerous practice, which is based on Bible passages referring to apostles' immunity to snake bites, is illegal in most places. (rt.com)
- Snake bites are a major health concern, especially in tropical countries. (novapublishers.com)
- There have been reports of people in India enduring actual snake bites to get high . (nytimes.com)
- Snake bites kill more than 120,000 people a year, more than a third of them in India. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
- Snake bites cause 400,000 amputations a year, almost seven times as many as the number of amputations performed in the U.S. Civil War. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
- The Sawyer Extractor Bite and Sting Kit was also banned from sale in Australia following a complaint about the product, which was touted as the'most powerful suction available' for the safe extraction of venom and poisons including from snake bites and bee and wasp stings. (smh.com.au)
- For the second year in a row, UC San Diego Medical Center toxicologists are reporting unusually powerful snake bites and unusually extreme patient reactions to those bites. (ucsd.edu)
- With some rattlesnake bites, no venom is injected into the wound, but because it is impossible to know if venom has or has not been injected, getting medical treatment quickly is important. (ucsd.edu)
- Venom may be injected with each of a possible series of consecutive bites. (reptilepark.com.au)
- Remain calm - death from most snake bites is not instantaneous. (reptilegardens.com)
- The survey asked 368 people who had collectively received 584 bites from 192 different snake species. (bangor.ac.uk)
- VENOM LOCC™ is the only commercially available snakebite kit that follows current medical guidelines for field-based first aid treatment of snake bites. (tongs.com)
- Around 100,000 people around the world die from snake bites every year, and another 250,000 are permanently disabled, but these statistics don't seem to scare Steve Ludwin. (odditycentral.com)
- More than 100,000 people die from snake bites every year, mostly in developing countries. (faunaclassifieds.com)
Toxin10
- Even a few snail species produce venom similar to the blue coral snake's toxin. (thestar.com)
- Venom from this species has a taxon-specific neurotoxin - this toxin is lethal to birds and lizards, their primary prey, but harmless to mammals. (unco.edu)
- De Souza and her colleagues at the Butantan Institute in Sao Paulo harvest the toxin from hundreds of snakes kept in captivity to produce antivenom. (yahoo.com)
- The cobra's venom is not the only toxin that can be treated this way. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
- The researchers found that a disproportionate number of glycans contained sialic acid-a sugar with a negative charge-which may help with venom solubility and increase toxin half-life, according to Serrano. (geek.com)
- Toxin levels in rattler venom vary from year to year and season to season but - typically- venom is weaker in winter and stronger in summer because snakes are more active, fighting for food and for survival. (ucsd.edu)
- In general, RFS venoms share many toxin families with front-fanged snakes, and venoms generally are either a neurotoxic three-finger toxin (3FTx)-dominated venom or an enzymatic metalloproteinase-dominated venom. (frontiersin.org)
- Beestings, for example, hurt and become inflamed because melittin, the main toxin in a bee's venom, destroys cell membranes. (wreg.com)
- For example, Dr. Samuel Wickline at Washington University in St. Louis helped develop "nanobees" that are also being tested to see if they can deliver a synthesized version of the toxin found in bee venom to cancer cells in prostate cancer. (wreg.com)
- Snake venoms are complex toxin mixtures. (mdpi.com)
Potent10
- Instead, corals inject a potent neurotoxin by grabbing hold of their prey and gnawing for 20 to 30 seconds with their little teeth to work in the venom-people who have been bitten liken the experience of removing a coral to that of peeling Velcro. (popularmechanics.com)
- The venom of the Black Mamba, rated the world's seventh most potent snake poison , has been suggested as a future painkiller for humans. (theregister.co.uk)
- Viper venoms contain one of the most potent mixtures of proteases in natural existence and yet the venom gland and proteins in this mixture are refractory to degradation. (nih.gov)
- The venom of the Malaysian pit viper is the potent ingredient found in an experimental drug called Viprinex now being tested in hospitals. (sunjournal.com)
- Venomous snakes in the main aren't interested in killing their human molesters but merely escaping their attentions, they rarely try to expel all their potent charge of venom which would leave them defenseless for a time. (hubpages.com)
- We really don't know why the venom is becoming increasingly potent. (ucsd.edu)
- Snakes are infamous for possessing potent venoms, a fact that makes them deadly predators and also strikes fear into humans and other animals alike. (tcd.ie)
- The team found strong evidence that venoms have evolved to be more potent against animals that are closely related to the species that the snake commonly eats. (tcd.ie)
- Cottonmouth venom is hemotoxic and potent. (exampleessays.com)
- It was found that the sea snake, Pelamis platurus , possesses the most potent venom. (ajtmh.org)
Cobras13
- Our results suggest little evidence for widespread evolution of venoms driven by their use in defence, though interesting exceptions likely exist such as the defensive use of venom 'spitting' in some cobras, and these specific cases deserve further study. (eurekalert.org)
- Thanks to this venom, the fire-headed animal is able to prey upon young king cobras, kraits and other agile, dangerous snakes without killing itself on the hunt. (thestar.com)
- Cobras are quick to strike and deadly, too, so blue coral snakes must be quicker. (thestar.com)
- Where the venom of mambas and cobras relax their prey into paralysis, the fast-acting calliotoxin jams open sodium channels, causing muscles to hyper-contract into what scientists call "spastic" paralysis. (thestar.com)
- Which is why many people have survived attacks from even the most feared of snakes, like Taipans, Mambas, Cobras and the rest. (hubpages.com)
- Elapidae (cobras and kraits) venoms are mainly neurotoxic and may cause neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations. (scielo.br)
- However, some species, such as cobras, boomslangs and rattlesnakes have far more venom than they apparently need-in a single reserve of venom, they have the potential to kill thousands of their prey animals and several adult humans. (tcd.ie)
- The study, which has just been published in international journal Ecology Letters , tackled this puzzle by comparing records of venom potency and quantity for over 100 venomous snake species, ranging from rattlesnakes, cobras and the tree dwelling boomslangs of Africa to sea snakes and burrowing asps. (tcd.ie)
- Whether in movies, literature, or folklore, poisonous serpents have received bad press, which is unfortunate, because snakes like copperheads and cobras are at this moment at the forefront of some of the most exciting medical breakthroughs. (exampleessays.com)
- The difference is, in highly venomous snakes, such as rattlesnakes or cobras, the venom gene families have expanded to make many copies of those shared genes, and some of these copies have evolved into genes that produce highly toxic venom proteins. (phys.org)
- The research team looked at 24 gene families that are shared by pythons, cobras, rattlesnakes and Gila monsters, and associated with venom. (phys.org)
- Spitting cobras have unique behavioural adaptations for defensive venom use, and their venoms cause intense pain upon contact with eyes . (bangor.ac.uk)
- Venoms of cobras ( Naja spp. (frontiersin.org)
Evolution of venoms2
- Our results demonstrate that the evolution of venoms is a really complex process. (earthsky.org)
- On the other hand, scientists know surprisingly little about the role of natural selection for self-defence in the evolution of venoms. (bangor.ac.uk)
Snakebite5
- Boyer hopes to be able to have some of the Bioclon antivenom available by springtime, which should help to alleviate any shortages that come as snakebite season ramps up-as cold-blooded creatures, snakes aren't that aggressive in winter-but she warns that her program isn't big enough to cover the eventual need. (popularmechanics.com)
- It is estimated that every year, over 100,000 human deaths can be attributed to snakebite from the world's 700 venomous snake species - all inflicted in self-defence when the snakes feel threatened by encroaching humans. (eurekalert.org)
- Understanding snake venom pharmacokinetics is essential for developing risk assessment strategies and determining the optimal dose and timing of antivenom required to bind all venom in snakebite patients. (mdpi.com)
- Research on venom is widespread because of its obvious importance to treating and understanding snakebite, as well as the potential of venoms to be used as drugs, but, up until now, everything was focused in the venom gland , where venom is produced before it is injected," Castoe said. (phys.org)
- VENOM LOCC™, designed by an Emergency Room physician and toxicologist, is the only Snakebite First Aid Kit shown to trap venom at the site of the snakebite and lower the risk of shock and death. (tongs.com)
Bite24
- In May I wrote about a critical coming shortage in coral snake antivenom , known as Micrurus fulvis, the only FDA-approved cure or coral snake bite available in the U.S. By some bizarre and slightly macabre coincidence, the expiration date for the existing vials of coral snake antivenom is October 31st, Halloween. (popularmechanics.com)
- Since the manufacturer of the antivenom, Wyeth (now owned by Pfizer) stopped making the drug back in 2003, the expiration of the existing stock would mean that there will be no drugs at all that can stop the effects of a coral snake bite in the U.S. For those who didn't read my original article , it's worth a reminder of exactly how coral snake bite works. (popularmechanics.com)
- Corals are among the deadliest snakes native to the U.S. They are different from pit vipers (rattlesnakes, cottonmouths, etc.), which strike fast and inject hemotoxin into a bite, causing immense pain and swelling at the site. (popularmechanics.com)
- Thumb almost completely eaten away by necrosis after snake bite. (hubpages.com)
- A Kentucky preacher and reality TV star, whose sermons involved handling of deadly snakes, has died from a snake bite. (rt.com)
- Clark emphasized that while San Diego County is seeing a rise in snake bite cases each year, the more alarming factor recently is the toxicity of the bite. (ucsd.edu)
- An Australian snake venom expert will lead a new global effort to improve snake bite treatment and education. (abc.net.au)
- These enzymes wreak havoc inside the bodies of venomous snake-bite victims by causing widespread breakdown of important proteins (proteolyisis) in the tissue surroundings blood vessels and within cells themselves. (asknature.org)
- Typically, a snake bite is treated with polyclonal antibody preparations obtained from immunized animals. (amrita.edu)
- The venom of each species is unique, consisting of a combination of complex proteins, which act on the prey or bite victim in various ways. (reptilepark.com.au)
- The dose of anti-venom given to a patient varies according to the species responsible for the bite and, when it can be ascertained, the amount of venom injected. (reptilepark.com.au)
- A bite from the black mamba snake ( Dendroaspis polylepis ) can kill an adult human within 20 minutes. (scientificamerican.com)
- The venom is used by the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories - better known as BioCSL Limited, to manufacture the only Australian antivenoms that save human snake bite and spider bite victims. (reptilepark.com.au)
- This plasma contains the antibodies which, when injected into a snake bite victim, will neutralize snake venom. (reptilepark.com.au)
- Do not attempt the following, they can cause harm and waste your valuable time getting snake bite treatment from a qualified medical professional. (reptilegardens.com)
- These are all instances of improper snake bite treatment, will cause severe pain, permanent tissue damage, and possible amputation. (reptilegardens.com)
- The body temperature, even mood, of a particular snake in addition to the toxicity and quantity of venom delivered by that snake can all make a very big difference in the outcome of the bite. (reptilegardens.com)
- Snakes have complete control over how much venom they inject anytime they bite. (reptilegardens.com)
- So one could get a "dry" bite, with no venom in it whatsoever. (reptilegardens.com)
- Add in the potential for a severe infection, and it is safe to say there are many variables that will affect the outcome of a snake bite. (reptilegardens.com)
- If pain occurs long after the bite, it may simply be a side effect of other venom properties, such as tissue damage. (bangor.ac.uk)
- The ideal organism on which to test this idea is a species that is regularly exposed to venomous snakebites from a wide variety of snakes and can communicate precisely the effects of a bite. (bangor.ac.uk)
- By far the most common experience involved relatively low pain levels after a bite within the first five minutes, when the pain might deter a predator in time for the snake to escape injury or death. (bangor.ac.uk)
- Vance G. Nielsen, professor and vice chair for research in the Department of Anesthesiology at the UA College of Medicine - Tucson, has confirmed that, if given soon enough after a snake bite, the carbon monoxide-iron-based therapy directly can inhibit snake venom's ability to block blood clotting in laboratory animals for as long as an hour. (laboratoryequipment.com)
Vipers10
- These results demonstrate that these vipers express abundant transcripts encoding tandemly repeated protease inhibitor cassettes and accumulate significant quantities of peptide inhibitors in venoms to provide a basis for attenuating the proteolytic activity of SVMPs. (nih.gov)
- The Brazilian lancehead is one of several South American pit vipers that produce venom that has proven to be a powerful blood coagulant. (theengineer.co.uk)
- The research on natural snake venom metalloendopeptidase inhibitors (SVMPIs) began in the 18th century with the pioneering work of Fontana on the resistance that vipers exhibited to their own venom. (mdpi.com)
- Vipers are snakes in the family Viperidae, a group of short-tailed, (usually) stout-bodied snakes with long fangs at the front of the mouth, sited on a short jawbone that can be rotated to bring the fangs from their resting position parallel with the palate to an erect position for striking. (jrank.org)
- This efficient venom delivery system allows vipers to eat large (and sometimes dangerous) animals without a struggle that might expose them to harm. (jrank.org)
- Vipers make a swift strike in which the long hollow (hypodermic needle-like) fangs inject a strong venom deep into the prey's body. (jrank.org)
- Diversity in diet plays a role in the complexity of venom in pit vipers such as rattlesnakes, copperheads and cottonmouths. (infosurhoy.com)
- The journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences published the findings in a paper titled "Phylogenetically diverse diets favor more complex venoms in North American pit vipers. (infosurhoy.com)
- Holding collaborated with researchers from Clemson, Florida State University, Mexico and Brazil to study the venoms and diets of 46 species of North American pit vipers, including all that live in the United States. (infosurhoy.com)
- And it wasn't long before he began bringing home rattlesnakes, copperheads and vipers with enough venom to kill our entire street. (theguardian.com)
Toxicity5
- So, if these venom proteins are found in many different types of bodily tissues in both venomous and non-venomous snakes, then why the toxicity? (icr.org)
- Though this same protein superfamily is commonly found in the venoms of elapid (front-fanged) snakes, no elapid 3FTxs appear to show prey-specific toxicity (with the exception of perhaps Micrurus ). (frontiersin.org)
- Interestingly, studies have also shown that the toxicity of the venom in a particular snake can vary a small amount from season to season and even day to day. (reptilegardens.com)
- Venom yields and toxicity levels for Costa Rican snakes are reported. (ajtmh.org)
- The data show that in toxicity or neutralization experiments in which mice are used it is desirable to prolong the observation period up to 48 hours when employing crotalid venoms and up to 72 hours when using elapide venoms. (ajtmh.org)
Fangs11
- After grasping the snake's head and exposing its fangs, venom is extracted by placing calibrated glass capillary tubes over the fangs. (unco.edu)
- It can fool even experienced snake handlers by still being able to sink its long fangs into an uninformed hand with its mouth still closed! (hubpages.com)
- Front-fanged snakes have tubular fangs positioned anteriorly in the upper jaw and a venom apparatus that includes an encapsulated reservoir with compressor glandulae (Viperidae) or adductor externus superficialis (Elapidae) muscles inserted directly onto the venom gland capsule ( Kochva, 1962 ). (frontiersin.org)
- A swab from the fangs of the dead snake may be used if available. (edu.au)
- Snake venom is a highly developed form of saliva, injected by the snake into its victim through hollow, modified fangs. (reptilepark.com.au)
- Which Snake Has The Longest Fangs And The Highest Venom Yield In The World? (worldatlas.com)
- The Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica) is the snake with the longest fangs in the world. (worldatlas.com)
- The fangs of the snake are up to 2 inches long. (worldatlas.com)
- After striking the prey and injecting it with venom, the Gaboon viper hangs on to the prey with its large fangs until it dies. (worldatlas.com)
- Just the sheer fangs on the snake look scary, but after a few drops of venom are extracted, the show host then mixes just a single drop in a glass of human blood. (thefw.com)
- Our house was a zoo, with our potbellied pig Lou who loved the Velvet Underground , a ginger-and-white rat Moo-Moo whom I saved from the fangs of a copperhead , a pair of rescued iguanas , a vicious baby caiman crocodile and a terrifying assortment of snakes and scorpions. (theguardian.com)
Deadly snakes3
- As the DNA of more species of venomous snakes is mapped - especially of the three other snakes which, along with the cobra, are regarded as the "Big Four" deadly snakes: Russell's viper, the saw-scaled viper, and the common krait - the technique may be used to create a catalogue of antidotes. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
- In Australia, the country with the highest percentage of deadly snakes , just 3 to 4 people are killed by venomous snakes yearly. (reptilegardens.com)
- I started an indie-music glossy called Lime Lizard and everyone and their mates showed up at our Victorian terrace, turning it into a den for drugs, debauched rockers and deadly snakes. (theguardian.com)
World's5
- The world's stock of coral snake antivenom, set to expire this weekend , gets a last-minute one-year extension from the FDA. (popularmechanics.com)
- Oct. 31 - French scientists say the venom of the Black Mamba, one of the world's deadliest natural poisons, could hold the secret to new forms of pain relief. (reuters.com)
- Steve Ludwin, a 42-year-old snake obsessed rocker from California, is one of a just a handful of people who regularly inject venom from the world's deadliest snakes into their bloodstream, in the belief that it will make them immune to it. (odditycentral.com)
- Every week for the past 23 years he has been injecting a venom cocktail from the world's most dangerous snakes, trying to train his antibodies to resist the poison. (odditycentral.com)
- He's been shooting, swallowing and scratching venom into his skin from some of the world's deadliest snakes for 30 years. (theguardian.com)
Gland9
- The researchers started the discussion of their results by saying, 'We find the hypothesis that snake venom evolves through the duplication of physiological or body genes and subsequent recruitment into the venom gland to be unsupported by the available data,' and, 'Indeed for a large number of the gene families claimed to have undergone recruitment we find evidence of a diverse tissue expression pattern, including the salivary gland of nonvenomous reptiles. (icr.org)
- The venom gland of snakes appears to be a melting pot for evolving new functions for molecules, some of which are retained in venom for killing prey, while others go on to serve new functions in other tissues in the body. (earthsky.org)
- They found that rather than staying stuck in the venom gland, some proteins evolve back into harmless molecules to do different roles in the body. (earthsky.org)
- Researchers collected venom and venom gland samples from rattlesnakes and cottonmouths across North America. (infosurhoy.com)
- They used next-generation sequencing techniques to generate the largest dataset of proteomes and venom-gland transcriptomes for viperid snakes to date. (infosurhoy.com)
- This project utilized venom gland genetic data for more than 250 individual snakes, a denser sampling that any other study to date. (infosurhoy.com)
- This is a field that does not exist, so they thought it was interesting to study the most iconic reptilian organ, the snake venom gland,' he says. (faunaclassifieds.com)
- In fact, he says, the venom gland organoids grew so fast that in just one week, they were able to break them apart and re-plate them, generating hundreds of plates within two months. (faunaclassifieds.com)
- The researchers were able to identify at least four distinct types of cells within the venom gland organoids. (faunaclassifieds.com)
Prey24
- The researchers also say that mice, a creature among the Black Mamba's favorite prey, are immune to its venom and experience an analgesic effect when bitten. (theregister.co.uk)
- The snakes are at extreme risk from their very dangerous prey," Fry told The Washington Post via email, "so they need to immobilize them before they get killed in retaliation. (thestar.com)
- That is, like the feared Brown Recluse Spider it's venom attacks the area it is injected and proceeds to destroy tissue and even bone, achieving in spectacular fashion what the substance does in its prey, a small mammal or bird. (hubpages.com)
- One such drug called Captopril, which treats high blood pressure, was developed from a compound in lancehead viper venom which catastrophically lowers blood pressure in its prey. (earthsky.org)
- But snakes' and reptiles' prey tends to evolve resistance to venom, which means that venoms have to continually evolve to remain effective. (earthsky.org)
- Why venoms vary so much in their ability to kill or incapacitate potential prey animals has long puzzled scientists, with several competing hypotheses suggested as explanations. (tcd.ie)
- These results make sense from an evolutionary viewpoint as we expect that evolution will have shaped venoms to be more efficient at killing the prey animals they are most often the target of the venom. (tcd.ie)
- This difference may be due to how often a snake encounters its prey in these different environments, with terrestrial species requiring a larger reserve of venom to take advantage of the rarer opportunities to feed. (tcd.ie)
- Neofunctionalization of Spilotes sulphureus 3FTx genes has even resulted in the evolution within a single venom of 3FTxs selectively neurotoxic to different prey taxa (mammals or lizards), allowing this non-constricting RFS to take larger mammalian prey. (frontiersin.org)
- Rear-fanged snake venoms are therefore of considerable research interest due to the evolutionary novelties they contain, providing insights into the evolution of snake venom proteins and potential predator-prey coevolution in a broader phylogenetic context. (frontiersin.org)
- The two most common ways that snakes kill their prey is with venom or by constriction. (exampleessays.com)
- Venom can either slow down or kill the prey. (exampleessays.com)
- The cobra uses its teeth to inject poison into its prey and can even spit the venom up to 6 feet at the enemy's eye. (exampleessays.com)
- The snake is capable of swallowing prey as large as a fully grown adult rabbit. (worldatlas.com)
- This behavior of the Gaboon viper is unique as most other venomous snakes release their prey and wait for it to die before swallowing the prey. (worldatlas.com)
- The venom also has the effect of initiating digestion even before the prey is swallowed. (jrank.org)
- The venom of these snakes are diverse, being adapted to quickly kill the preferred prey animals of each species . (jrank.org)
- The first is foraging, where venom helps the snake to overpower its prey before eating it. (bangor.ac.uk)
- Many studies have shown that the need to capture and eat prey often drives the evolution of different snake venoms. (bangor.ac.uk)
- For instance, many species have venoms that are especially lethal to their main prey species . (bangor.ac.uk)
- But new collaborative research by Clemson University scientists found the number of prey species a snake ate did not drive venom complexity. (infosurhoy.com)
- Venoms contain proteins that collectively function to incapacitate prey. (infosurhoy.com)
- Likewise, each protein has a different function when the venom is injected into a mouse, lizard or centipede or whatever prey the snake is eating. (infosurhoy.com)
- The study shows the amount of divergence among prey species matters for the evolution of targeted venoms, rather than only differences among prey species or major taxonomic groups, regardless of how they are phylogenetically related. (infosurhoy.com)
Researchers9
- Hubbers and researchers who have followed some of my articles for the last 3 years will know that I specialize - or used to - in writing about snakes and arachnids - spiders and scorpions, etc., creatures that give many of us goose-bumps and the shudders. (hubpages.com)
- Rice University researchers Jeffrey Hartgerink, left, and Vivek Kumar led research that combines a derivative of snake venom with their nanofibre hydrogel to help encourage blood clotting. (theengineer.co.uk)
- The approach used in the study may also help researchers predict the potency of venoms in species that have yet to be tested, and even pinpoint potentially useful healthcare-related applications. (tcd.ie)
- Researchers have designed a safer antiplatelet drug based on a snake venom, according to new research in Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, an American Heart Association journal. (medicalxpress.com)
- Rice University researchers Jeffrey Hartgerink, left, and Vivek Kumar led research that combines a derivative of snake venom with their nanofiber hydrogel to help encourage blood clotting in wounds, even for patients who take anti-coagulant medications. (phys.org)
- Using venom milked from the snake, researchers filtered out all but one protein to create a drug called Anfibatide, which in human testing prevented blood clots from forming but didn't prolong bleeding as is the case with some clot-busting drugs. (kingsnake.com)
- In particular, snake keepers, reptile researchers and ecologists who work with them in the field. (bangor.ac.uk)
- The research could lead to better anti-venoms and serve as a dietary database for other snake researchers. (infosurhoy.com)
- Using natural history specimens, researchers compared venom complexity to snake species' diets. (infosurhoy.com)
Snake's4
- Snake's Venom (Czech: Hadí jed) is a 1982 Czechoslovak drama film directed by František Vláčil. (wikipedia.org)
- A peptide originally isolated from this snake's venom is being used to combat Type II diabetes. (unco.edu)
- It is because the snake's venom has such a profound effect on small mammals, such as mice, that is it predisposed to affect all mammals, even large ones like us. (hubpages.com)
- You can think of venom as a snake's toolbox," said Holding, who is now a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Florida State. (infosurhoy.com)
Neutralize5
- The sera from the North American Virginia opossums ( Didelphis virginiana ) were able to neutralize the venom of the Malayan pit viper. (asknature.org)
- They have metalloproteinase inhibitors in their sera that neutralize the hemorrhagic and other proteolytic activities caused by many snake venoms. (asknature.org)
- Ultimately, optimized peptide sequences will be cloned, bacterially expressed, may then be tested in combination to neutralize the complete venom. (amrita.edu)
- Chemists at the University of California, Irvine, (UCI) have developed a way to neutralize deadly snake venom more cheaply and effectively than with traditional anti-venom--an innovation that could spare millions of people the loss of life or limbs each year. (nsf.gov)
- Electrocute" the bitten area to neutralize the venom. (reptilegardens.com)
Black mamba2
- One of the research's authors, Anne Baron of France's Centre national de la recherche scientifique , told Agence France Press "(It) is surprising that mambalgins, which represent less than 0.5 percent of the total venom protein content, has analgesic (pain-relief) properties without neurotoxicity in mice, whereas the total venom of black mamba is lethal and among the most neurotoxic ones. (theregister.co.uk)
- Proteins B and E from black mamba venom (Dendroaspis polylepis) had no prejunctional facilitatory activity. (strath.ac.uk)
Neurotoxic1
- To assess the effects of antivenom on neuromuscular paralysis in people with neurotoxic snake envenoming. (cochrane.org)
Jararaca3
- Dozens of poisonous snake species, including the jararaca, thrive in Brazil's hot and humid climate. (yahoo.com)
- Led by Serrano, the team examined glycans-sugar molecules attached in a complex chain-and how they affect proteins in the venom of B. jararaca (also known as lancehead) snakes. (geek.com)
- However, polyclonal antibodies raised against NPP-BJ could not abolish the lethal activity of B. jararaca venom. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Properties of the venoms1
- This study set to explore the anticancer properties of the venoms and cytotoxins from Naja sumatrana (equatorial spitting cobra) and Naja kaouthia (monocled cobra), two highly venomous species in Southeast Asia. (frontiersin.org)
Micrurus3
- Antisera were produced against Micrurus species M. fulvius, M. frontalis, M. spixii, M. carinicauda , and M. nigrocinctus venom but not against M. mipartitus venom. (ajtmh.org)
- Biochemical studies revealed the identity of the venom's active ingredient: it's actually twin proteins, dubbed micrurotoxins (MmTX) after their serpentine source, the reclusive coral snake Micrurus mipartitus. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Finally, 2 venoms ( Notechis scutatus , and to a slight extent, a mixed Micrurus venom), which had no demonstrable effect on purified fibrinogen, nevertheless converted prothrombin to thrombin. (rupress.org)
Different snake venoms1
- These pictures of gels, stained after electrophoresis, show the 'molecular fingerprints' of many different snake venoms. (unco.edu)
Characterization1
- These observations demand the fractionation of the crude venom and characterization of its active components for a better understanding of its biological dynamics. (libpubmedia.co.uk)
Metalloproteinase2
- Molecular characterisation of endogenous snake venom metalloproteinase inhibitors. (nih.gov)
- Snake venom zinc metalloproteinase that cleaves the alpha chain of fibrinogen (FGA) first followed by the beta chain (FGB) and shows no effect on the gamma chain. (uniprot.org)
Rear-fanged3
- I hope studies like this start to encourage further research into the function and natural ecology of snake venom, particularly rear-fanged venomous snakes which we still know so little about. (eurekalert.org)
- This snake is a rear-fanged snake, meaning it has enlarged teeth in the back of its mouth. (unco.edu)
- Snake venom research has focused on front-fanged venomous snakes because of the high incidence of human morbidity and mortality from envenomations and larger venom yields of these species, while venoms from rear-fanged snakes have been largely neglected. (frontiersin.org)
Rattlesnake venom3
- According to a study recently published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, scientists from the University of Arizona have discovered an enzyme similar to one found in rattlesnake venom that could be driving COVID-19 deaths. (newschannel5.com)
- A research team at Seventh-day Adventist-owned Loma Linda University is testing rattlesnake venom as an immunization agent to reduce bleeding and swelling in brain tissues during and after brain surgery. (adventistreview.org)
- Time is of the essence following exposure to rattlesnake venom because without fibrinogen, blood does not clot and the risk of internal bleeding increases, resulting in serious health consequences such as blood entering the brain or intestines. (laboratoryequipment.com)
Kraits3
- Painless venom: Indian kraits (Bungarus caeruleus) are notorious for biting sleeping people at night. (eurekalert.org)
- Some are tiny insect eating snakes, while others are the approximate size of Kraits and can grow to 2 or 3 feet in length. (hubpages.com)
- An Indian kraits snake (Bungarus caeruleus). (swansea.ac.uk)
Hemotoxic5
- Viperidae and Crotalidae venoms, which are hemotoxic, are responsible for most of the envenomations around the world. (mdpi.com)
- There venom is hemotoxic. (exampleessays.com)
- others have an effect on the tissue and blood with a hemotoxic venom. (reptilegardens.com)
- Snake venom is hemotoxic-destructive to the ability of blood to clot-and can cause the destruction of fibrinogen, an essential protein that enables blood to clot and stop excessive bleeding. (laboratoryequipment.com)
- The excitement is that we have proven that carbon monoxide has the ability to directly inhibit essentially all hemotoxic venom enzymes in the test tube and that it blocks the effects of the Western Diamondback rattlesnake's venom in animals," Nielsen said. (laboratoryequipment.com)
Viperidae2
- Viperidae venoms are hematotoxic and may lead to subconjunctival hemorrhage, hyphema, retinal and vitreous hemorrhages. (scielo.br)
- It has been reported (14) that venoms from the snake families Elapidae, Viperidae , and Crotalidae , but not Hydrophidae, caused lysis of Yoshida sarcoma and KB cells. (scielo.br)
Enzymes6
- The sera of Virginia opossum avoid toxic reactions to snake venom by containing compounds that block the key enzymes in the venom. (asknature.org)
- Snake venom is made up of about 20 different enzymes. (exampleessays.com)
- Snake Venom is modified saliva, a combination of many different proteins and enzymes. (reptilegardens.com)
- Snake venoms contain enzymes that hydrolyze nucleic acids and nucleotides, but their function is poorly understood. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- There are few reports on the use of snake venoms or purified venom enzymes as anti-cancer in vivo system, by studying extensively the enzyme crotalase, purified from the venom of Crotalus adamanteus for its anti-tumor activity, using B16 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice (10,11) . (scielo.br)
- Snake-venom enzymes also can cause abnormally fast clotting, which can lead to heart attack, stroke and damage to the body's organs. (laboratoryequipment.com)
Bitten by venomous snakes2
- Opossums show no signs of edema, ecchymosis, or necrosis when bitten by venomous snakes. (asknature.org)
- A man working to clear trees and shrubs in the Australian Outback was bitten by venomous snakes twice in three days. (medicalxpress.com)
Peptide9
- Here we demonstrate that the sub-10-kDa components of venom from two African viper species (Echis ocellatus and Cerastes cerastes cerastes) are predominantly composed of the tri-peptide pyroglutamate-lysine-tryptophan (pEKW). (nih.gov)
- This tripeptide is encoded by tandemly repeating elements and, in E. ocellatus, on the same transcript as a novel, and highly unusual, poly-histidine-poly-glycine peptide (pHpG) also detected in E. ocellatus venom. (nih.gov)
- To that end snake venom will be fractionated and individual peptide components of the venom will be purified by various methods including size exclusion, ion exchange chromatography etc. (amrita.edu)
- Aluris Snake Venom Peptide: Does It really Work? (thebeautyinsiders.com)
- Aluris Snake Venom Peptide Cream is marketed as a solution to having brighter and younger looking skin. (thebeautyinsiders.com)
- Aluris Snake Venom Peptide Cream is an all-natural formulation designed to fight skin aging signs. (thebeautyinsiders.com)
- It would be best to test the product on a small area of your skin like the arms or thighs to check sensitivity to Aluris Snake Venom Peptide Cream. (thebeautyinsiders.com)
- The biggest question regarding Aluris Snake Venom Peptide Cream is if it is a scam. (thebeautyinsiders.com)
- In this Medical Research Council funded study, the team produced images of a snake venom peptide BPPb binding to ACE. (healthcanal.com)
Evolutionary5
- On the other side of the scientific paradigm lies the evolutionary mindset which has traditionally believed that snake-venom proteins arose through the duplication of non-venomous genes that were then somehow reworked through random mutational processes to provide new functions combined with the expression of the new gene in just the right tissue. (icr.org)
- By using ecological and evolutionary data for available species we may be able to use our approach as a tool to identify other species which may have properties in their venoms that are useful for biomedical purposes, such as drug development. (tcd.ie)
- The non-venomous python diverged from the snake evolutionary tree prior to this massive expansion and re-working of venom gene families. (phys.org)
- We also investigated the presence of venoms that caused early-onset pain throughout an evolutionary tree of snake species. (bangor.ac.uk)
- We could not have built a comparative phylogenetic framework to compare snakes' diet and evolutionary history without them," said Parkinson, who has a dual appointment in the College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Science's Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation. (infosurhoy.com)
Antibodies8
- The cross reactions suggest that some venom antigens that elicit precipitating and neutralizing antibodies may be distinct. (ajtmh.org)
- The antiquated technique - involving injecting a horse with venom, then harvesting the horse's blood after antibodies have been produced - is costly and imprecise. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
- According to a previous report, there was no evidence to support that opossums produce antibodies against venom molecules when immunized. (asknature.org)
- The horses are given increasing doses of venom over a period of time until they have built up sufficient antibodies to the venom. (reptilepark.com.au)
- After this has occurred, antibodies are extracted from the blood, purified and reduced to a usable form - this becomes anti-venom. (reptilepark.com.au)
- Injected into the human bloodstream, the antibodies attack the venom, neutralising its effects. (reptilepark.com.au)
- The existing antidote is made by injecting horses with venom, waiting weeks for the animals to develop antibodies, then extracting their blood and shipping it from Mexico or Australia to places that can afford it. (scienceblog.com)
- The inhibitory effect induced by homogenates from venom-injected mice was abrogated by preincubation of the homogenate with antivenom antibodies but not with control antibodies. (wiley.com)
Species of snakes3
- Focused judgement and great dexterity are needed to obtain snake venom from the dangerous species of snakes found in Australia. (reptilepark.com.au)
- One of the important functions of the Australian Reptile Park, along with education and tourism, is the collection of venom from deadly species of snakes and spiders . (reptilepark.com.au)
- Nielsen has found that the therapy works against the venom of more than three dozen species of snakes throughout the world. (laboratoryequipment.com)
Serine2
- Ten microliters of whole ( A and C ) and serine proteinase-free ( B and D ) venom (0.03 mg/ml) was added to 20 μl of fibrinogen solution (2.5 mg/ml) in 0.05 m Tris-HCl at pH 8.5 and incubated at 37 °C for 2 and 24 h. (nih.gov)
- Snake venom serine protease that has fibrinogenolytic activities. (uniprot.org)
Scientists16
- With the help of snake venom and sophisticated laboratory testing, scientists believe they've uncovered the reason why a group of new heart medications were doing some patients more harm than good. (scienceblog.com)
- However, by stepping outside the standard research paradigm, scientists recently showed that snake venom proteins may have arisen from existing salivary proteins. (icr.org)
- The scientists named the unusual venom calliotoxin. (thestar.com)
- As the scientists described it in their paper, the compound is a product of a chemical arms race between the blue coral snake and its venomous food. (thestar.com)
- In this book, well-known scientists from the Americas, Asia, and Europe discuss recent trends and outlooks in regards to snake venom research. (novapublishers.com)
- For the first time, scientists were able to analyze DNA within the venom to prove that it came from the Indian cobra , or Naja naja. (nytimes.com)
- Scientists are ready to transform the production of anti-venom after mapping the DNA of the Indian cobra for the first time. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
- Scientists have found that a snake venom can provide a safer alternative to drugs like aspirin that help prevent blood clots in heart disease patients. (financialexpress.com)
- UK-led scientists have made a discovery about snake venom that could lead to the development of new drugs to treat a range of life-threatening conditions like cancer, diabetes and high blood pressure. (earthsky.org)
- Ex-venom proteins could be valuable because they're made up of what scientists call bioactive proteins. (earthsky.org)
- An international collaboration led by scientists from the National University of Ireland, Galway, The University of St Andrews, Trinity College Dublin and the Zoological Society of London has uncovered why the venom of some snakes makes them so much deadlier than others. (tcd.ie)
- Venomous snakes and their venoms have instilled both fear and fascination in humans, and they have especially inspired the interest of scientists over the years as unparalleled examples of trophic adaptation. (frontiersin.org)
- Scientists at Rice University have combined a derivative of the venom with their injectable hydrogels to create a material that can quickly stop bleeding and protect wounds, even in patients who take anti-coagulant medications. (phys.org)
- A nanofiber hydrogel infused with snake venom may be the best material to stop bleeding quickly, according to Rice University scientists. (phys.org)
- Technology that can map out the genes at work in a snake or lizard's mouth has, in many cases, changed the way scientists define an animal as venomous. (phys.org)
- Scientists say those findings demonstrate much about the functions of venom genes before they evolved into venoms. (phys.org)
Neurotoxin1
- Professional snake wrangler Jules Sylvester and E.R. physician Dr. Travis Stork explain how the two types of snake venom, hemotoxin and neurotoxin, affect the body. (thedoctorstv.com)
Coral14
- Nobody seems to know exactly how much coral snake antivenom is left, since many local hospitals in potentially affected regions are not always forthcoming about how much they have. (popularmechanics.com)
- Now, the VIPER Institute has secured an FDA grant for $1.6 million to work with Mexican drug manufacturer Instituto Bioclon to import that company's coral snake antivenom on a research basis. (popularmechanics.com)
- Unlike Vicodin and other opioids, the unusual venom found in long-glanded blue coral snakes acts on sodium channels, which regulate signals in neurons as well as muscles. (thestar.com)
- The long-glanded blue coral snake secretes a strange and exceptional venom. (thestar.com)
- Specifically, the blue coral snake venom targets sodium channels, proteins that pass electrochemical signals from nerve cell to nerve cell or muscle cell to muscle cell. (thestar.com)
- But the long-glanded blue coral snake is more than a speed freak with a head like a jewel. (thestar.com)
- Blue coral snakes are not the first venomous serpents to hold such promise. (thestar.com)
- Cross neutralization and precipitin tests were performed with coral snake venoms and rabbit antisera against five venoms to determine the most suitable venoms for producing a polyvalent antivenin useful in treating persons bitten by coral snakes. (ajtmh.org)
- Of the venoms tested, M. frontalis venom would be most suitable for use in the production of a polyvalent coral snake antivenin. (ajtmh.org)
- It took the legendary snake wrangler Bill Haast three years and 69,000 milkings to produce one pint of coral snake venom, for example. (nytimes.com)
- The reason for the lethality of venom from the rare, reclusive Costa Rican coral snake has been a mystery. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Some types include the Indian Cobra, coral Snake, and rattlesnake. (exampleessays.com)
- Coral snakes use their bright colored skin as a means of warding off predators, and rattlesnakes shake their tails to warn that they are near. (exampleessays.com)
- The investigators started with the Cape coral snake because they knew a breeder who was able to supply some fertilized eggs. (faunaclassifieds.com)
Humans8
- This review aims to explore the current knowledge of snake venom pharmacokinetics in animals and humans. (mdpi.com)
- For humans, 24 out of 666 initially identified publications contained sufficient information and timed venom concentrations in the absence of antivenom therapy for data extraction. (mdpi.com)
- For example, the marbled sea snake has only a tiny amount of very weak venom, making it effectively harmless to any relatively large animals such as humans. (tcd.ie)
- Understanding how venom evolves may help us better identify the risks to humans from different snake groups, and also potentially from other venomous animals such as spiders, scorpions, centipedes and jellyfish. (tcd.ie)
- If humans are bitten by the snake, rapid swelling, intense pain, local blistering, and severe shocks might be the immediate resulting symptoms. (worldatlas.com)
- But considering we humans are scared of them anyway, here's a video that won't change our minds about snakes anytime soon. (thefw.com)
- If you wondered how poisonous snake venom kills humans, this interesting clip will demonstrate what venom does to blood. (thefw.com)
- A University of Arizona researcher developing a therapy to prevent or delay the dangerous results of rattlesnake and other venomous snakebites in humans has shown that a combination of carbon monoxide and iron inhibits snake venom's effects for up to an hour in animals, a major advance in bringing the treatment to market. (laboratoryequipment.com)
Components of venom1
- This machine is a high pressure liquid chromatography apparatus that is used to analyze the venom and to separate the various components of venom from one another. (unco.edu)
Naja1
- Cancer cell inhibitors, named Atroporin and Kaotree, having molecular weights of 35 kDa and 6 kDa have been isolated from the venoms of Crotalus atrox and Naja naja kaouthia, respectively, by fractionation on high pressure liquid chromatography. (scielo.br)
Serum5
- Anti- M. frontalis serum neutralized more heterologous ( M. spixii ) venom than homologous ( M. frontalis ) venom. (ajtmh.org)
- Uveitis as an immunological complication following therapy with anti-snake venom (ASV) serum has been rarely reported in literature. (scielo.br)
- He had received anti-snake venom serum at a local governmental center before being referred to our center due to worsening renal functions. (scielo.br)
- Neutralization of lethality and proteolytic activities of Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma) venom with North American Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) serum. (asknature.org)
- Anti-snake venom serum, locally or systemic, was not used in any of the cases. (journals.co.za)
Inhibit2
- Our observations suggest that traces of venom in muscle tissue might inhibit myotube formation and preclude a successful regenerative response. (wiley.com)
- In this study, four recently developed MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) (Marimastat, AG-3340, CGS-270 23A and Bay-12 9566) are evaluated in addition to three metal ion chelators (EDTA, TPEN and BAPTA) for their ability to inhibit the haemorrhagic activities of the medically important E. ocellatus venom and one of its haemorrhagic SVMPs, EoVMP2. (umn.edu)
Found15
- In trying to solve the mystery of why one type of integrin antagonists works better than another, Hantgan and colleagues decided to enlist the help of a protein found in snake venom that binds to the integrin and blocks fibrinogen. (scienceblog.com)
- We found evidence that there was an enzyme, a snake-like enzyme, in the blood of people who were in extraordinarily high levels," said Dr. Floyd Chilton, the senior author of the study with the University of Arizona, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. (newschannel5.com)
- The snake-like enzyme is found in healthy people at low levels to prevent bacterial infections. (newschannel5.com)
- No other venomous snakes are found in our state. (unco.edu)
- Thus, it is not surprising that components of snake venom have been found extensively useful in biomedical research as well as clinical use for treating diseases as diverse as cancer and muscle pain. (novapublishers.com)
- Previous research has found that trowaglerix, a protein in the venom of the Tropidolaemus waglerix snake, stimulated platelets to form blood clots by latching onto GPVI. (financialexpress.com)
- Those drugs were based on a protein found in snake venom - but why that target leads to the bleeding side effect is not fully understood," said Tur-Fu Huang from National Taiwan University. (financialexpress.com)
- We found that big terrestrial species have the most venom, while smaller tree dwelling or aquatic species had the least. (tcd.ie)
- Because of the limited complexity of these venoms, they represent a more tractable source to inform about the biological roles of specific venom proteins that are found in the venoms of this rich diversity of snakes. (frontiersin.org)
- Pan's technique uses nanotechnology to deliver a synthesized element similar to the venom found in bees, snakes and scorpions. (wreg.com)
- If it's successful, this natural agent found in venom could become the basis for a whole legion of cancer-fighting drugs. (wreg.com)
- Nine of the 17 venoms here tested were found capable of coagulating citrated blood or plasma. (rupress.org)
- The snakes can live at altitudes of up to 2,100 meters but are generally found in the lowland areas. (worldatlas.com)
- We found that venoms which cause early pain evolved on several occasions, but were usually quickly lost again during the course of snake evolution. (bangor.ac.uk)
- We found that the new ICP taipan antivenom exhibited high selectivity for Oxyuranus venoms and only low to moderate cross-reactivity with any Pseudonaja venoms. (unboundmedicine.com)
Produce venom1
- Why do snakes produce venom? (bangor.ac.uk)
Compounds2
- They help in the treatment of poisonings caused from foreign compounds such as venoms (snake and scorpion), drugs (digoxin) and bacteria (anthrax). (exampleessays.com)
- Mast cells release a wide range of biological compounds that promote inflammation and other changes to tissue when triggered by parasites, bacteria or foreign substances such as venom. (freedomsphoenix.com)
Inhibitors1
- Valente, R.H. Natural Inhibitors of Snake Venom Metalloendopeptidases: History and Current Challenges. (mdpi.com)
Toxic venom4
- Because of Adam and Eve's rebellion, creation became subject to all of these negative factors, including snakes with toxic venom. (icr.org)
- But mixed in with that toxic venom is a new natural class of compound that could be used to help develop new painkillers. (scientificamerican.com)
- That theory says highly toxic venom proteins were evolutionarily "born" from non-toxic genes, which have other ordinary jobs around the body, such as regulation of cellular functions or digestion of food. (phys.org)
- But little explanation has been given for why evolution picked just 24 genes to make into highly toxic venom-encoding genes, from the 25,000 or so possible. (phys.org)
Poisonous snake1
- The most important thing about a poisonous snake is the venom. (exampleessays.com)
Proteolytic1
- These animals are naturally resistant to the proteolytic effects of Crotalid venoms. (asknature.org)
Rattlesnakes1
- For something that is almost as universally loathed as rattlesnakes, it seems fitting and interesting and ironic that the venom that they have in rattlesnakes might be the key in getting out of this situation," Hughes said. (newschannel5.com)
Inject snake venom3
- Two years after this experience, his father took him to the Miami Serpentarium, where he met Dr. Bill Haast, the first Western man to willfully inject snake venom into his body. (odditycentral.com)
- Something told me I had to inject snake venom. (odditycentral.com)
- When I was 17," he says, "I knew I was going to inject snake venom in the future. (theguardian.com)
Therapeutic2
- The mammalian system-targeting property of snake venom proteins is typically specific and selective, thus making them a repertoire of bioactive molecules for the discovery of new therapeutic agents ( Lewis and Garcia, 2003 ). (frontiersin.org)
- We are investigating the therapeutic potential and delivery options for a novel snake venom disintegrin, contortrostatin (CN), in an orthotopic, xenograft model of human breast cancer in nude mice. (aacrjournals.org)
Viper venom1
- The compound trowaglerix developed from the Wagler's pit viper venom acts on glycoprotein VI to slow but not stop clotting ability in mice, suggesting a potential new class of antiplatelet drugs , CNN reports. (medpagetoday.com)