Snake Venoms
Crotalid Venoms
Venoms from snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae or pit vipers, found mostly in the Americas. They include the rattlesnake, cottonmouth, fer-de-lance, bushmaster, and American copperhead. Their venoms contain nontoxic proteins, cardio-, hemo-, cyto-, and neurotoxins, and many enzymes, especially phospholipases A. Many of the toxins have been characterized.
Bothrops
Snake Bites
Viper Venoms
Venoms from SNAKES of the viperid family. They tend to be less toxic than elapid or hydrophid venoms and act mainly on the vascular system, interfering with coagulation and capillary membrane integrity and are highly cytotoxic. They contain large amounts of several enzymes, other factors, and some toxins.
Elapid Venoms
Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized.
Viperidae
A family of snakes comprising three subfamilies: Azemiopinae (the mountain viper, the sole member of this subfamily), Viperinae (true vipers), and Crotalinae (pit vipers). They are widespread throughout the world, being found in the United States, Central and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Their venoms act on the blood (hemotoxic) as compared to the venom of elapids which act on the nervous system (neurotoxic). (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, pp333-36)
Cobra Venoms
Elapidae
A family of extremely venomous snakes, comprising coral snakes, cobras, mambas, kraits, and sea snakes. They are widely distributed, being found in the southern United States, South America, Africa, southern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. The elapids include three subfamilies: Elapinae, Hydrophiinae, and Lauticaudinae. Like the viperids, they have venom fangs in the front part of the upper jaw. The mambas of Africa are the most dangerous of all snakes by virtue of their size, speed, and highly toxic venom. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p329-33)
Venoms
Agkistrodon
A genus of venomous snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae. Twelve species of this genus are found in North and Central America and Asia. Agkistrodon contortrix is the copperhead, A. piscivorus, the cottonmouth. The former is named for its russet or orange-brown color, the latter for the white interior of its mouth. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336; Moore, Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p75)
Bee Venoms
Crotalus
A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE, one of the pit vipers, so-called from the pit hollowing out the maxillary bone, opening between the eye and the nostril. They are distinctively American serpents. Most of the 25 recognized species are found in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Several species are found as far north as Canada and east of the Mississippi, including southern Appalachia. They are named for the jointed rattle (Greek krotalon) at the tip of their tail. (Goin, Goin, and Zug: Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed; Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p335)
Colubridae
The largest family of snakes, comprising five subfamilies: Colubrinae, Natricinae, Homalopsinae, Lycodontinae, and Xenodontinae. They show a great diversity of eating habits, some eating almost anything, others having a specialized diet. They can be oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous. The majority of North American snakes are colubrines. Among the colubrids are king snakes, water moccasins, water snakes, and garter snakes. Some genera are poisonous. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, pp321-29)
Wasp Venoms
Trimeresurus
A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE. About 30 species are currently recognized, found in southeast Asia and adjacent island chains. The Okinawa habu frequently enters dwellings in search of rats and mice; the Chinese habu is often found in suburban and agricultural areas. They are quite irritable. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p136)
Spider Venoms
Scorpion Venoms
Batroxobin
A proteolytic enzyme obtained from the venom of fer-de-lance (Bothrops atrox). It is used as a plasma clotting agent for fibrinogen and for the detection of fibrinogen degradation products. The presence of heparin does not interfere with the clotting test. Hemocoagulase is a mixture containing batroxobin and factor X activator. EC 3.4.21.-.
Arthropod Venoms
L-Amino Acid Oxidase
Metalloproteases
Disintegrins
A family of polypeptides purified from snake venoms, which contain the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence. The RGD tripeptide binds to integrin receptors and thus competitively inhibits normal integrin-ligand interactions. Disintegrins thus block adhesive functions and act as platelet aggregation inhibitors.
Phospholipases A2
Bungarus
Phospholipase A2 Inhibitors
Neurotoxins
Crotoxin
Phospholipases A
Phosphodiesterase I
Amino Acid Sequence
Boidae
A family of snakes comprising the boas, anacondas, and pythons. They occupy a variety of habitats through the tropics and subtropics and are arboreal, aquatic or fossorial (burrowing). Some are oviparous, others ovoviviparous. Contrary to popular opinion, they do not crush the bones of their victims: their coils exert enough pressure to stop a prey's breathing, thus suffocating it. There are five subfamilies: Boinae, Bolyerinae, Erycinae, Pythoninae, and Tropidophiinae. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p315-320)
Fish Venoms
Ant Venoms
Group II Phospholipases A2
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins
Most abundant proteins in COBRA venom; basic polypeptides of 57 to 62 amino acids with four disulfide bonds and a molecular weight of less than 7000; causes skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, interferes with neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission, depolarizes nerve, muscle and blood cell membranes, thus causing hemolysis.
Mollusk Venoms
Venoms from mollusks, including CONUS and OCTOPUS species. The venoms contain proteins, enzymes, choline derivatives, slow-reacting substances, and several characterized polypeptide toxins that affect the nervous system. Mollusk venoms include cephalotoxin, venerupin, maculotoxin, surugatoxin, conotoxins, and murexine.
Phospholipases A2, Secretory
A subcategory of phospholipases A2 that are secreted from cells. They are 14 kDa proteins containing multiple disulfide-bonds and access their substrate via an interfacial binding site that interacts with phospholipid membranes. In addition specific PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 RECEPTORS can bind to and internalize the enzymes.
Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases
Russell's Viper
A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE. It is distributed in West Pakistan, most of India, Burma, Ceylon, Thailand, southeast China, Taiwan, and a few islands of Indonesia. It hisses loudly when disturbed and strikes with great force and speed. Very prolific, it gives birth to 20-60 young. This viper is the leading cause of snakebite in India and Burma. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p127)
Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins
Erabutoxins
Scorpions
Arthropods of the order Scorpiones, of which 1500 to 2000 species have been described. The most common live in tropical or subtropical areas. They are nocturnal and feed principally on insects and other arthropods. They are large arachnids but do not attack man spontaneously. They have a venomous sting. Their medical significance varies considerably and is dependent on their habits and venom potency rather than on their size. At most, the sting is equivalent to that of a hornet but certain species possess a highly toxic venom potentially fatal to humans. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Smith, Insects and Other Arthropods of Medical Importance, 1973, p417; Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, p503)
Phospholipases
Amphibian Venoms
Venoms produced by frogs, toads, salamanders, etc. The venom glands are usually on the skin of the back and contain cardiotoxic glycosides, cholinolytics, and a number of other bioactive materials, many of which have been characterized. The venoms have been used as arrow poisons and include bufogenin, bufotoxin, bufagin, bufotalin, histrionicotoxins, and pumiliotoxin.
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Toxins, Biological
Exocrine Glands
Bungarotoxins
Neurotoxic proteins from the venom of the banded or Formosan krait (Bungarus multicinctus, an elapid snake). alpha-Bungarotoxin blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and has been used to isolate and study them; beta- and gamma-bungarotoxins act presynaptically causing acetylcholine release and depletion. Both alpha and beta forms have been characterized, the alpha being similar to the large, long or Type II neurotoxins from other elapid venoms.
Serine Proteases
Receptors, Phospholipase A2
Cell surface receptors that bind to and internalize SECRETED PHOSPHOLIPASES A2. Although primarily acting as scavenger receptors, these proteins may also play a role in intracellular signaling. Soluble forms of phospholipase A2 receptors occur through the action of proteases and may a play a role in the inhibition of extracellular phospholipase activity.
Ancrod
An enzyme fraction from the venom of the Malayan pit viper, Agkistrodon rhodostoma. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of a number of amino acid esters and a limited proteolysis of fibrinogen. It is used clinically to produce controlled defibrination in patients requiring anticoagulant therapy. EC 3.4.21.-.
Edema
Conus Snail
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Peptides
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Platelet Aggregation
Cnidarian Venoms
Models, Molecular
Base Sequence
Serine Endopeptidases
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Fibrinogen
Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.
Mass Spectrometry
DNA, Complementary
Prothrombin
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Thymidine Monophosphate
Lethal Dose 50
Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
Aprotinin
A single-chain polypeptide derived from bovine tissues consisting of 58 amino-acid residues. It is an inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes including CHYMOTRYPSIN; KALLIKREIN; PLASMIN; and TRYPSIN. It is used in the treatment of HEMORRHAGE associated with raised plasma concentrations of plasmin. It is also used to reduce blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients at high risk of major blood loss during and following open heart surgery with EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)
Chromatography, Ion Exchange
Evolution, Molecular
Cloning, Molecular
Chromatography, Gel
Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.
Hemolysis
Benzamidines
Adenosine Diphosphate Sugars
Binding Sites
Blood Platelets
Substrate Specificity
Blood Coagulation
Wasps
Protein Binding
Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins
Lectins, C-Type
Reptiles
Amino Acids
Structure-Activity Relationship
Disulfides
Nucleotidases
Trypsin
Conotoxins
Peptide neurotoxins from the marine fish-hunting snails of the genus CONUS. They contain 13 to 29 amino acids which are strongly basic and are highly cross-linked by disulfide bonds. There are three types of conotoxins, omega-, alpha-, and mu-. OMEGA-CONOTOXINS inhibit voltage-activated entry of calcium into the presynaptic membrane and therefore the release of ACETYLCHOLINE. Alpha-conotoxins inhibit the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor. Mu-conotoxins prevent the generation of muscle action potentials. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)
Torpedo
Polynucleotide 5'-Hydroxyl-Kinase
Sequence Analysis, Protein
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Endopeptidases
Isolation and characterization of nerve growth factor from the venom of Naja naja atra. (1/438)
Nerve growth factor was isolated from the venom of Naja naja atra by ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography and was found to be homogeneous by disc gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight was estimated to be approximately 20,000 by gel filtration and 22,000 by ultracentrifugation. This protein, which showed an isoelectric point of pH 7.02, probably consists of two subunits of equal molecular weight which are held together or interact with each other noncovalently. The biological activity survives treatment by a number of proteolytic enzymes, such as trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4], chymotrypsin [EC 3.4.21.1], and pepsin [EC 3.4.23.1]. (+info)Isolation and amino acid sequence of a neurotoxic phospholipase A from the venom of the Australian tiger snake Notechis scutatus scutatus. (2/438)
The complete amino acid sequence of notechis 5, a neurotoxic phospholipase A from the venom of Notechis scutatus scutatus (Australian tiger snake), has been elucidated. The main fragmentation of the 119-residue peptide chain was accomplished by digesting the reduced and S-carboxymethylated derivative of the protein with a staphylococcal protease specific for glutamoyl bonds. Tryptic peptides were used to align and complete the sequence of the four staphylococcal protease peptides. The sequence was determined by Edman degradation by means of the direct phenylthiohydantoin method. Notechis 5 differs in seven positions from the recently elucidated sequence of the presynaptic neurotoxin notexin from the same venom. Notechis 5 has a 50% higher specific prospholipase A activity than notexin when assayed against egg yolk but is only one-third as toxic. (+info)NMR spatial structure of alpha-conotoxin ImI reveals a common scaffold in snail and snake toxins recognizing neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (3/438)
A 600 MHz NMR study of alpha-conotoxin ImI from Conus imperialis, targeting the alpha7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), is presented. ImI backbone spatial structure is well defined basing on the NOEs, spin-spin coupling constants, and amide protons hydrogen-deuterium exchange data: rmsd of the backbone atom coordinates at the 2-12 region is 0.28 A in the 20 best structures. The structure is described as a type I beta-turn (positions 2-5) followed by a distorted helix (positions 5-11). Similar structural patterns can be found in all neuronal-specific alpha-conotoxins. Highly mobile side chains of the Asp-5, Arg-7 and Trp-10 residues form a single site for ImI binding to the alpha7 receptor. When depicted with opposite directions of the polypeptide chains, the ImI helix and the tip of the central loop of long chain snake neurotoxins demonstrate a common scaffold and similar positioning of the functional side chains, both of these structural elements appearing essential for binding to the neuronal nAChRs. (+info)Probing the role of C-1 ester group in Naja naja phospholipase A2-phospholipid interactions using butanetriol-containing phosphatidylcholine analogues. (4/438)
To understand the role of the ester moiety of the sn-1 acyl chain in phospholipase A2-glycerophospholipid interactions, we introduced an additional methylene residue between the glycerol C1 and C2 carbon atoms of phosphatidylcholines, and then studied the kinetics of hydrolysis and the binding of such butanetriol-containing phospholipids with Naja naja phospholipase A2. Hydrolysis was monitored by using phospholipids containing a NBD-labelled sn-2 acyl chain and binding was ascertained by measuring the protein tryptophan fluorescence. The hydrolysis of butanetriol-containing phospholipids was invariably slower than that of the glycerol-containing phospholipids. In addition, the enzyme binding with the substrate was markedly decreased upon replacing the glycerol residue with the 1,3,4-butanetriol moiety in phosphatidylcholines. These results have been interpreted to suggest that the sn-1 ester group in glycerophospholipids could play an important role in phospholipase A2-phospholipid interactions. (+info)The effects of specific antibody fragments on the 'irreversible' neurotoxicity induced by Brown snake (Pseudonaja) venom. (5/438)
Brown snake (Pseudonaja) venom has been reported to produce 'irreversible' post synaptic neurotoxicity (Harris & Maltin, 1981; Barnett et al., 1980). A murine phrenic nerve/diaphragm preparation was used to study the neurotoxic effects of this venom and pre- and post-synaptic components were distinguished by varying the temperature and frequency of nerve stimulation. There were no myotoxic effects and the neurotoxicity proved irreversible by washing alone. The effects of a new Fab based ovine antivenom have been investigated and proved able to produce a complete, rapid (< 1 h) reversal of the neurotoxicity induced by Brown snake venom. A reversal was also possible when the antivenom addition was delayed for a further 60 min. We believe that this is the first time such a reversal has been shown. (+info)SVPD-post-labeling detection of oxidative damage negates the problem of adventitious oxidative effects during 32P-labeling. (6/438)
The exploitation of oxidative DNA lesions as biomarkers of oxidative stress in vivo requires techniques that allow for the precise and valid measurement of oxidative damage to DNA. Previously, endogenous levels of the oxidative lesion 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-HO-dG) in rat tissues determined by a micrococcal nuclease/calf spleen phosphodiesterase-based 32P-post-labeling protocol were found to be at least 10-fold higher than those determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection. This was attributed to the adventitious oxidation of the normal nucleotides (dGp) occurring during the labeling stage of the postlabeling protocol, which could only be prevented by the introduction of additional chromatographic steps to remove the unmodified species prior to labeling. In the present study we report that an alternative snake venom phosphodiesterase-based 32P-post-labeling procedure (SVPD-postlabeling) negates the problem of adventitious oxidative damage during labeling by virtue of a unique digestion strategy. In SVPD-post-labeling, digestion yields certain lesions (thymine glycols, phosphoglycolates and abasic sites) as damage-containing dimer species which are ready substrates for labeling. In contrast, the undamaged DNA is recovered as mononucleoside species (dN) which are not substrates for labeling and so remain undetected. Furthermore, even if the mononucleosides are oxidized during labeling, they will not contribute to the level of damage detected. Indeed, we demonstrate that neither the external gamma-irradiation of the digested DNA samples nor increasing the incubation time of the labeling reaction alters the levels of damage detected by SVPD-post-labeling. The negation of adventitious oxidative effects during labeling deems that an optimized SVPD-post-labeling procedure should be well-suited for the biomonitoring of endogenous oxidative stress in vivo. (+info)Long-term regeneration of fast and slow murine skeletal muscles after induced injury by ACL myotoxin isolated from Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus (broad-banded copperhead) venom. (7/438)
The aim of the present work was to analyze the regenerated muscle types I and II fibers of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of mice, 8 months after damage induced by ACL myotoxin (ACLMT). Animals received 5 mg/kg of ACLMT into the subcutaneous lateral region of the right hind limb, near the Achilles tendon; contralateral muscles received saline. Longitudinal and cross sections (10 microm) of frozen muscle tissue were evaluated. Eight months after ACLMT injection, both muscle types I and II fibers of soleus and gastrocnemius muscles still showed centralized nuclei and small regenerated fibers. Compared with the left muscle, the incidence of type I fibers increased in the right muscle (21% +/- 03% versus 12% +/- 06%, P = 0.009), whereas type II fibers decreased (78% +/- 02% versus 88% +/- 06%, P = 0.01). The incidence of type IIC fibers was normal. These results confirm that ACLMT induced muscle type fiber transformation from type II to type I, through type IIC. The area analysis of types I and II fibers of the gastrocnemius revealed that injured right muscles have a higher percentage of small fibers in both types I and II fibers (0-1,500 microm2) than left muscles, which have larger normal type I and II fibers (1,500-3,500 microm2). These results indicate that ACLMT can be used as an excellent model to study the rearrangement of motor units and the transformation of muscle fiber types during regeneration. (+info)Reaction of an activated complex of guinea-pig complement components, C56, with unsensitized erythrocytes and with erythrocytes carrying C3b molecule. (8/438)
During the interaction of guinea-pig complement intermediate cells, EAC423, with guinea-pig C5 and C6, an activated complex of C5 and C6, C56, was demonstrated in the fluid phase of the reaction mixture. C56 also was eluted from EAC42356 which had been generated by the interaction of EAC423 with C5 and C6. Both preparations of C56 showed quite similar characteristics and were not distinguished from one another. Both were capable of reacting with unsensitized erythrocytes (E) in the presence of C7 to form EC567. Further, they were able to react with EAC43 in the absence of C7 to form EAC43568 but did react with EAC43 pretreated with C3b inactivator, dithiothreitol or N-bromosuccinimide. These results indicate that guinea-pig C56 generated on EAC423 has a tendency to dissociate into the fluid phase. Nevertheless, the dissociated C56 can bind again to intact C3b molecule on the cells. The ability of cell-bound C3b to combine with C56 may lead to localization of C56 to the cell membrane carrying C3b, resulting in acceleration of attachment of C567 to the membrane. This assumption could be supported by the finding that the replacement of E by EAC43 increased the susceptibility of the cells to lytic action of complement induced by cobra venom factor. Thus, a new function of cell-bound C3b as localizing C56 to the membrane of sensitized cells was indicated. (+info)
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... at IMDb v t e (CS1 Czech-language sources (cs), Articles with short description, Short description is different ... Snake's Venom (Czech: Hadí jed) is a 1982 Czechoslovak drama film directed by František Vláčil. It stars Josef Vinklář. The ...
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Awesome Snakes on Facebook Awesome Snakes - Venom at AllMusic Awesome Snakes - Venom at Discogs Awesome Snakes at Crustacean ... Awesome Snakes - Venom at AllMusic Awesome Snakes - Venom at Discogs "Awesome Snakes". October 15, 2021. Retrieved November 30 ... Venom". Local Sounds. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2021. "Awesome Snakes, Venom". ... "Awesome Snakes - Venom review". PunkNews.org. Retrieved November 19, 2021. "Venom Review". ultimate-guitar.com. December 19, ...
Evolution of snake venom
The venoms of the sea snakes are nonetheless among the most toxic venoms known. It has been argued that since sea snakes are ... Venom in snakes and some lizards is a form of saliva that has been modified into venom over its evolutionary history. In snakes ... The evolutionary history of snake venom is a matter of debate. Historically, snake venom was believed to have evolved once, at ... Long-standing hypotheses of snake venom evolution have assumed that most snakes inject far more venom into their prey than is ...
Snake venom factor V activator
This enzyme is present in venom of Daboia russelii. Kisiel W, Canfield WM (1981). "Snake venom proteases that activate blood- ... Snake venom factor V activator (EC 3.4.21.95) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction Fully ... Snake+venom+factor+V+activator at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (CS1: ... from Russell's viper venom. Identification of isoproteins RVV-V alpha, -V beta, and -V gamma and their complete amino acid ...
Venom
Snake venom may have originated with duplication of genes that had been expressed in the salivary glands of ancestors. Venom is ... Some 450 species of snake are venomous. Snake venom is produced by glands below the eye (the mandibular glands) and delivered ... but not to the venom of, for example, king cobras or black mambas. Among marine animals, eels are resistant to sea snake venoms ... snake venom proteins are used to treat conditions including thrombosis, arthritis, and some cancers. Gila monster venom ...
Dilute Russell's viper venom time
Marsh, NA (July 1998). "Use of snake venom fractions in the coagulation laboratory". Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis. 9 (5): ... ISBN 978-1-56238-959-8. Markland, Francis S. (December 1998). "Snake venoms and the hemostatic system". Toxicon. 36 (12): 1749- ... Kini, R. Manjunatha (2006-08-01). "Anticoagulant proteins from snake venoms: structure, function and mechanism". Biochemical ... The venom contains the enzymes RVV-V and RVV-X which activate factor V and factor X, which converts prothrombin into thrombin ...
Atheris barbouri
15-40 [24]. In: Lee C-Y (1979). Snake Venoms. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology (continuation of Handbuch der ... The largest egg measured 1.0 cm × 0.6 cm (0.39 in × 0.24 in). No information is available regarding the venom of A. barbouri, ... Spawls S, Branch B (1995). The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Dubai: Ralph Curtis Books / Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029 ... McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. ...
Venom (1981 film)
List of killer snake films "VENOM (AA)". British Board of Film Classification. 2 February 1982. Retrieved 6 March 2016. "Back ... Vincent Canby (5 February 1982). "Venom". New York Times. Retrieved 29 April 2011. Venom at IMDb Venom at Box Office Mojo Venom ... Piers Haggard interview, 2003, MJ Simpson accessed 11 April 2014 "Venom". Blue-underground.com. Retrieved 31 March 2011. "Venom ... Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote, "If Venom doesn't turn out to be the silliest film of 1982, it's a good bet that it ...
Venom (2005 film)
List of killer snake films "Venom (2005)". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 9, 2017. "Venom Movie ... Venom at AllMovie Venom at IMDb Venom at Metacritic Venom at Rotten Tomatoes (Articles to be expanded from May 2018, All ... "Venom (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Archived from the original on February 2, 2022. Retrieved May 23, 2018. "Venom ... Venom (also known as The Reaper) is a 2005 American horror film directed by Jim Gillespie and starring Agnes Bruckner, Jonathan ...
Venom-induced consumption coagulopathy
... (VICC) is a medical condition caused by the effects of some snake and caterpillar venoms ... The exact mechanism by which this is accomplished varies greatly venom to venom. Some venoms cause something akin to ... "Snake antivenom for snake venom induced consumption coagulopathy". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (6): CD011428. doi: ... The anticoagulation effects of snake venom can last for up to two weeks in some species without the administration of antivenom ...
Sherman A. Minton
... and snake venoms, especially the effects of bites from rear-fanged venomous snakes. Madge worked as Sherman's field assistant, ... 1971). Snake Venoms and Envenomation. Marcel Dekker, New York. pp. 1-197. ISBN 978-0824714635. Minton, Sherman A., Jr. (1979 ... cared for his live reptile collection and learned to milk venomous snakes for his research into venoms. The couple also ... Listed in the order they were described: Tantilla cucullata Minton, 1956 - Big Bend blackhead snake (Colubridae) Microgecko ...
List of dangerous snakes
... these snakes can deliver large amounts of venom when they bite, compensating for the lower venom potency. Average venom yield ... King brown snake or Mulga snake The Australian King brown snake or Mulga snake (Pseudechis australis) is the second longest ... The average venom yield from a snake of this species kept at a snake farm was about 250.8 mg (80 mg dry weight). According to ... The venom of this species is the most rapid-acting venom of any snake species and consists mainly of highly potent neurotoxins ...
Venomous snake
Inland Taipan Venom vs. Sea Snakes Venom (most notable Belcher's sea snake) Oakley, Cecily (2011). Interview with Associate ... Venom is known in several families. This has been interpreted[by whom?] to mean venom in snakes originated more than once as ... Snake venom may have both neurotoxic and hemotoxic properties. There are about 600 venomous snake species in the world. The ... which has a venom more toxic than any other land snake or even the sea snakes." venomdoc.com Forums, Retrieved April 17, 2014 ...
Atrolysin A
The glycoprotein VI (GPVI) collagen receptor however, does not seem affected by atrolysin A or other snake venom ... Bjarnason JB, Fox JW (1989). "Hemorrhagic toxins from snake venoms". Journal of Toxicology: Toxin Reviews. 7 (2): 121-209. doi: ... "Identification of sites in the cysteine-rich domain of the class P-III snake venom metalloproteinases responsible for ... Atrolysin A (EC 3.4.24.1) is an enzyme that is one of six hemorrhagic toxins found in the venom of western diamondback ...
Notexin
The name notexin comes from the fact that this toxin was first found to be the major component in the venom of the tiger snake ... Tu AT (1973). "Neurotoxins of animal venoms: snakes". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 42 (1): 235-258. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi. ... Gutiérrez JM, Cerdas L (November 1984). "[Mechanism of action of myotoxins isolated from snake venoms]". Revista de Biologia ... Yang CC, Chang LS, Wu FS (1991-01-01). "Venom constituents of Notechis scutatus scutatus (Australian tiger snake) from ...
Western diamondback rattlesnake
They are one of the few species of snakes that engage in scavenging behavior. Like most other American pit vipers, the venom ... These snakes can go for up to two years without food in the wild. A 5+1⁄2-month starvation study showed the snakes reduced ... The snakes also feed from within on energy-rich lipid stores. The most interesting finding was the snakes grew during the study ... doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1981.tb01270.x. Bjarnason, Jon Bragi; Fox, Jay William (1988). "Hemorrhagic Toxins from Snake Venoms". ...
Western green mamba
Like other mamba species, western green mamba venom is among the most rapid-acting venom of snakes. The speed of onset of ... Unlike that of many snake species, the venom of mambas has little phospholipase A2. Overall, the venom of the western green ... Snakes of Medical Importance include those with highly dangerous venom resulting in high rates of morbidity and mortality, or ... 2006). Snake Venoms and Envenomations. United States: Krieger Publishing Company. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-57524-272-9. Dreyer, S. B ...
Jameson's mamba
Snakes of medical Importance include those with highly dangerous venom resulting in high rates of morbidity and mortality, or ... "Snake Venom". School of Chemistry. University of Bristol. Archived from the original on 15 September 2009. Retrieved 18 ... Unlike that of many snake species, the venom of mambas has little phospholipase A2. Although cardiotoxins have been isolated in ... The strength or toxicity of snake venom is traditionally measured using the LD50 (lethal dose 50%) test; in essence, injecting ...
Venoms in medicine
Batroxobin, is a serine protease found in snake venom produced by Bothrops atrox and Bothrops moojeni, venomous species of pit ... Venom in medicine is the medicinal use of venoms for therapeutic benefit in treating diseases. Venom is any poisonous compound ... This use of venom continued into the Middle Ages and well into the 19th century. The first modern study of venom in a medical ... Serrano, SM (February 2013). "The long road of research on snake venom serine proteinases". Toxicon. 62: 19-26. doi:10.1016/j. ...
Ophanin
"Wide distribution of cysteine-rich secretory proteins in snake venoms: isolation and cloning of novel snake venom cysteine-rich ... Other snake venom proteins in the CRISP family: Piscivorin from the Eastern Cottonmouth Triflin from the Habu snake Ablomin ... Snake venom CRISPs belonging to different subgroups act on different biological targets, contributing in this way to the ... Mebs D (1989). "Snake venoms: Toolbox of the neurobiologist". Endeavour. 13 (4): 157-161. doi:10.1016/s0160-9327(89)80003-1. ...
Karl Slotta
In 1938, Slotta and his brother-in-law Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat isolated crotoxin from venom, the first snake toxin to be isolated ... Chemistry and Biochemistry of Snake Venoms. Springer-Verlag, 1955. Slotta, Karl Heinrich. Grundriss der modernen Arzneistoff- ... Slotta, a sterol chemist, studied medical applications of snake venom. ... After moving to Miami, Florida with his wife and son in the 1956, Slotta unsuccessfully looked for a polio cure using venom. ...
Sistrurus miliarius barbouri
ISBN 0-398-02808-7. Markland FS (1998). "Snake Venoms and the Hemostatic System". Toxicon 36: 1749-1800. Scarborough RM, Rose ... Brown JH (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp ... Brown (1973) gives an average venom yield of 18 mg (dried venom) (Klauber, 1956) and LD50 values of 2.8,12.6 mg/kg IV, 6.0,6.8 ... "Florida Snake Venom Experiments". Proceedings of the Florida Academy of Sciences 2: 70-76. Behler JM, King FW (1979). The ...
Snake detection theory
Allman Updyke, Erin and Welsh, Erin (2022) [31/05/2022]. "Episode 97 Snake Venoms: Collateral Damage". This Podcast Will Kill ... The snake detection theory, also sometimes called the snake detection hypothesis, suggests that snakes have contributed to the ... Support for the idea of a high visual sensitivity to snakes has been proven in primate neural activity in response to snake ... Snake stimuli are particularly distracting during perceptual tasks, suggesting that the brain preferentially processes snake ...
Neuromuscular junction
Snake venoms act as toxins at the neuromuscular junction and can induce weakness and paralysis. Venoms can act as both ... In doing so, the victim of these snake bite suffer from profound weakness. Such neurotoxins do not respond well to anti-venoms ... Lewis RL, Gutmann L (June 2004). "Snake venoms and the neuromuscular junction". Semin Neurol. 24 (2): 175-9. doi:10.1055/s-2004 ... α-Bungarotoxin is a toxin found in the snake species Bungarus multicinctus that acts as an ACh antagonist and binds to AChRs ...
The Soviettes
"Awesome Snakes - Venom". Archived copy. Archived from the original on 2007-07-02. Retrieved 2007-07-02. Scholtes, Peter S. ( ... Annie and Danny have continued playing music together as the punk rock duo The Awesome Snakes. Sturgeon now plays in The ...
Crotalus
Hati, Rathanath (1999). "Snake Venom Hemorrhagins". Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 29 (1): 1-19. doi:10.1080/10408449991349168 ... These include other snakes, such as kingsnakes (Lampropeltis), coachwhips (Masticophis), indigo snakes (Drymarchon), and racers ... ISBN 978-0-9754641-3-7. Keegan, HL (1944). "Indigo snakes feeding upon poisonous snakes". Copeia. 1944 (1): 59. doi:10.2307/ ... In most other snakes, the tail tip, or terminal spine, is cone-shaped, hardly any thicker than the rest of the skin, and is ...
Black-necked spitting cobra
In conclusion, after discussion on the therapeutic uses of snake venom, he conjectured that the diluted venom or a constituent ... Ridley described snake venom ophthalmia in a 30-year-old labourer, who was cutting grass when a Black-necked cobra spat venom ... and other snakes. Like other snakes, it may fall prey to raptors, especially different species of snake eagles that migrate to ... Other snakes also prey on this species. Like other spitting cobras, this species is known for its ability to project venom at a ...
Brewmeister Brewery
Snake Venom' launched". The Scotsman. 23 October 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2014. "'Bubblegum-flavoured' Snake Venom beer is ... "Brewmeister Snake Venom". Brewmeister (official website). Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2014. " ... In 2013, Brewmeister replaced Armageddon with a stronger beer called Snake Venom claiming 67.5% ABV, and put a warning label on ... "World's strongest beer 'Snake Venom' launched". The Scotsman. 2013-10-23. DeNinno, Nadine (October 25, 2012). "World's ...
Euchambersia
Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 65-91. Goris, R.C. (2011). "Infrared Organs of Snakes: An ... In all, Euchambersia seems to have had a venom gland (housed in the maxillary fossae), a delivery mechanism of the venom (the ... most deliver venom through the lower jaw, while snakes have specialized ducts. An alternate hypothesis suggested by Benoit et ... grooved canines in Euchambersia would parallel the fangs of various venomous snakes as well as the venom-delivering incisors of ...
Moon of Blood
Although bitten by a snake, he takes Sagyetha by surprise, decapitates him, and takes the head back to his own lines to use it ... In the midst of the final charge, Conan passes out from the venom, but his men are victorious. As Conan wakes, he finds himself ... and then by venomous snakes conjured by the shaman Sagyetha, nephew of the late Zogar Sag. Conan and Flavius, one of his fellow ...
League of Assassins
She took a serum that enables her to become a snake-like creature. White Ghost I - Dusan al Ghul is the first White Ghost was ... Enterprises cloud seeder in a plot to affect Gotham City's population with a hybrid compound of the mutagen and Joker venom. ...
Brachyurophis fasciolatus
Whilst B. fasciolatus is a venomous snake its venom is generally considered mild to humans*. *Note: All snake bites should be ... Brachyurophis fasciolatus is a species of snake from the family Elapidae, commonly named the narrow-banded shovel-nosed snake, ... This snake is oviparous with an average clutch size of three to five eggs. Oviposition (egg-laying) and hatching occurs during ... The narrow-banded shovel-nosed snake is on average 30 cm (12 in) in total length, reaching to approximately 40 cm (16 in) in ...
Asking Questions
... made from the venom of highly poisonous snakes. Inspector Ghote's suspect is the snake-handler Chandra Chagoo. But Chagoo is ... The institution's work is largely concerned with making new medicines from the venom of poisonous snakes. Dr Subbiah ... The plot concerns an institute that researches medicines made from snake venom, a genuine area of scientific research, ... the snake handler responsible for extracting the venom on which ACE-i is based--if only because Chandra Chagoo has been ...
Trimorphodon
Their venom is not considered to be dangerous to humans. Western lyre snake, Trimorphodon biscutatus (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril ... Snakes of North America, Vertebrates of Mexico, Snakes of Central America, Snake genera, Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope). ... Trimorphodon is a genus of mildly venomous, rear-fanged, colubrid snakes. They are commonly known as lyre snakes, named after ... Texas lyre snake, Trimorphodon vilkinsonii (Cope, 1886) Wright, A.H. and A.A. Wright. 1957. Handbook of Snakes of the United ...
Amplorhinus
... commonly known as the many-spotted snake or the Cape reed snake, is a species of mildly venomous snake in the family ... the venom may cause localized swelling, inflammation, and pain. The venom is delivered by enlarged grooved teeth at the rear of ... Monotypic snake genera, Snakes of Africa, Reptiles of Mozambique, Reptiles of South Africa, Reptiles of Zimbabwe, Taxa named by ... Branch, Bill (2004). Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa Third Revised Edition, Second impression. ...
List of Metal Gear characters
Ocelot: The days of Naked Snake are long gone. Welcome back, Venom Snake. Kojima Productions. Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom ... Solid Snake. / Solid Snake: No! That is not Solid Snake! Solidus Snake: What a pleasant surprise - brother. Kojima Productions ... Snake rescues her, but in the process Snake is bitten by a snake and the two are lost in a sandstorm as Soviet forces hunt for ... Additionally, the Metal Gear Solid prequels follow Big Boss's past as Naked Snake and legend development via Venom Snake as ...
Max Steel (2000 TV series)
... half reptile with the abilities to turn into a snake, poison people with highly-toxic venom or use his venom to transform other ... David Klimo was involved in an accident and is thought to have been injected with electrified snake venom, and thus mutated ... Bio-Con looks more like a leather mummy than a snake, mostly because his body is composed of several serpents twisted around ... such as scorpions and snakes, into biological weapons, which appears to form a basis of the plotline of the Endangered Species ...
Crotalus atrox tortugensis
Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 ( ... Klauber (1956) gives an average venom yield of 56 mg for this species. For comparison, the same study yielded an average of 277 ...
Psammophis
... "snake", thus sand-snake. In the genus Psammophis the maxillary teeth are 10 to 13 in number, with one or two in the middle much ... All species in the genus are venomous, and the venom is considered mild and not dangerous to humans. The generic name ... Psammophis is a genus of snakes in the family Psammophiidae. The genus comprises 33 species, which are found in Africa and Asia ... Psammophis species are chiefly sand-snakes, but they are also found on low bushes. Species in the genus Psammophis feed ...
Southeastern crown snake
and spiders In the back of the snake's jaw are small, chiseled fangs that are used to inject venom into their prey. All crowned ... What Snake Is That? A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains. D. Appleton-Century. New York ... The snake will attempt to burrow in the sand when threatened, or by crawling beneath organic litter and other debris. The snake ... The southeastern crown snake is commonly found in both damp and dry woodland habitats. The snake is active during the day ...
Ahaetulla dispar
... , the Gunther's vine snake, is a species of tree snake endemic to the Western Ghats. It is primarily restricted ... It is considered to have a mild venom and is rear-fanged. It is presumed to be ovoviviparous, giving birth to live young ones. ... Snakes of India, Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats, Snakes of Asia, Reptiles described in 1864, Taxa named by Albert Günther) ... It is a diurnal, semi arboreal and sometimes terrestrial snake, often found in low bushes or rocks and high elevation forests ...
Shringara-manjari-katha
He threw the snake on the procurer's body, pinched her nose and lips to mimic a snakebite, and left quickly. The procurer woke ... The procurer asked her servants to cut off her nose and her lips to prevent the venom from spreading. In the morning, everyone ... One day, Vinaya-dhara spotted a dead snake, and picked it up. He borrowed money from a friend, and gained admittance to Ananga- ... Vinaya-dhara also came back with a stick, pretended to kill the snake, and said that something needed to be done about the ...
List of The Asylum monsters
She was a Spanish woman given an Aztec curse that caused her to spit several corn snakes until she spat venom. After doing so, ... Alma appeared in the 2006 movie Snakes on a Train. ... Snakes on A Train, Cast and Crew, Retrieved February 15, 2011 ...
John McGarvie Smith
He collected a large number of venomous snakes which he handled himself when extracting their venom. Smith eventually came to ... his investigations he collected a large amount of information about the relative virulence of the venom of Australian snakes. ... and did a large amount of research endeavouring to find a vaccine against the effects of snake bite. ... the conclusion that it was bacteriologically impossible to inoculate against snake-bite, but while carrying out ...
ATC code J06
J06AA01 Diphtheria antitoxin J06AA02 Tetanus antitoxin J06AA03 Snake venom antiserum J06AA04 Botulinum antitoxin J06AA05 Gas- ...
Checkered garter snake
The Duvernoy's gland of garters are posterior (to the rear) of the snake's eyes. The mild venom is spread into wounds through a ... The checkered garter snake is one of the easiest garter snakes to tame. Even a wild-caught one can become tame in a few days if ... The checkered garter snake (Thamnophis marcianus) is a species of garter snake in the subfamily Natricinae of the family ... The checkered garter snake is typically greenish in color, with a distinct, black checkerboard pattern down its back. It is ...
Calliophis bivirgatus
Blue coral snake venom has only occasionally caused human deaths. This species has unusually long venom glands, extending to 25 ... "Blue coral snake venom is ridiculously potent and causes instant paralysis". Business Insider. "The Venom From This Beautiful ... Unlike other snakes of the family Elapidae, its venom does not contain a neurotoxin. The toxic element is instead a unique ... The snake, especially when juvenile, is often confused with the pink-headed reed snake (Calamaria schlegeli) as they share ...
Agkistrodon taylori
The venom of A. taylori is significantly stronger than that of A. contortrix and can cause severe tissue damage and potentially ... Taylor's cantils are uncommon to rare snakes in the wild and listed as a threatened species in Mexico. It occurs in a variety ... Its venom is believed to be similar to its close relative, the cantil Agkistrodon bilineatus, and potentially fatal.: 265-266 p ... Snakes, the Evolution of Mystery in Nature. University of California Press, Berkeley. xiii, 351pp. ISBN 0-520-20014-4 Titus, ...
Timber rattlesnake
Potentially, this is one of North America's most dangerous snakes, due to its long fangs, impressive size, and high venom yield ... Type C venom has none of the above components and is relatively weak. The neurotoxic component of the type A venom is referred ... In Massachusetts, the snakes are active from mid-May to mid-October. Early settlers were afraid of the snake, as its population ... ISBN 0-486-26629-X. "Snake Venoms and the Neuromuscular Junction: Spontaneous Activity". Medscape.com. 2004-08-16. Retrieved ...
Proatheris
ISBN 1-84773-086-8. Venom at The World Of Atheris. Accessed 9 September 2007. Boulenger, G.A. 1896. Catalogue of the Snakes in ... Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. ... Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X. O'Shea, Mark (2008). ... These snakes are entirely terrestrial and are usually found in or around these rodent burrows. One of the distinguishing ...
Freddie Sessler
... including his Miami Venom Institute which used diluted snake venom to treat serious illnesses. One patient was the by then ...
Leonard Rogers
Rogers had a wide range of interests in tropical medicine, from the study of kala-azar epidemics to sea snake venoms, but is ...
Between Miracles
He kills the snake (symbol of the primal temptation) and, when he explains to her that the venom must be sucked out through an ... While working in the fields one day, a schoolteacher is bitten by a snake, and pleads with him to save her. ...
Wonder Woman: Gods and Mortals
But Diana's hair turns into serpents and inject venom into her. Removing her tiara, Diana kills Deimos, her hair goes back to ... The five are taken to Ares' sons' domain, where Deimos sends several massive snakes at Diana and Phobos has Diana's friends ...
Toxin
... basic peptides found in snake and lizard venoms, They cause muscle tissue damage by a non-enzymatic receptor based mechanism. ... The word toxin does not specify method of delivery (as opposed to venom, a toxin delivered via a bite, sting, etc.). Poison is ... Biotoxins vary greatly in purpose and mechanism, and can be highly complex (the venom of the cone snail can contain over 100 ... "Toxins: Venom within Living Cells or Organisms". Unrevealed Files. Retrieved 17 July 2021. Płusa, Tadeusz (September 2015). "[ ...
List of Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir characters
... once using the Snake Miraculous to become "Snake Noir". In one episode, he becomes a second cat hero called "Cat Walker" ( ... "Venom", allows her to paralyze any sentient being. Her transformation call is "Pollen, Buzz On!" (French: Pollen, transforme- ... Using the Snake Miraculous, he can transform into "Viperion". His weapon is a lyre and his special power, "Second Chance", lets ... Adrien has temporarily used the Ladybug Miraculous twice to become "Mister Bug" and the Snake Miraculous to become "Aspik". ...
Lepidosauria
... which allows the snake to consume unconscious, or even dead, prey. Also, some venoms include a proteolytic component that aids ... The snake then tightens its grip as the prey struggles, which leads to suffocation. Some snakes have fangs that produce ... The remaining snake species, tuataras, and amphisbaenians, are carnivores. While some snake species are generalist, others eat ... The alethinophidians comprise about 2,700 species and are represented by the more common snakes. As snakes evolved, their gape ...
SKEPP
... attempt by taking an overdose of homeopathically diluted snake venom, belladonna, and arsenic. The goal of this action was to ...
Browsing by Subject "Snake Venoms"
The development of simple standard assay procedures for the characterization of snake venoms : including WHO international ... Guidelines for the management of snake-bites World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia (World Health ... Snake-bites are well-known medical emergencies in many parts of the world, especially in rural areas. Agricultural workers and ... Guidelines for the clinical management of snake bites in the South-East Asia Region ...
Using Snake Venom Protein to Fight Cancer | AMNH
Whats a challenge of working with snake venom?. Markland: The problem with a snake venom-derived protein is that youd have to ... snake venom may have real healing power. At March 7s SciCafe, From Poison to Panacea: Using Snake Venom to Combat Cancer, ... Using Snake Venom Protein to Fight Cancer by AMNH on Mar 1, 2012 12:00 am. ... How are you using snake venom in cancer research?. Frank Markland: We injected contortrostatin, a protein found in southern ...
Is It Safe To Suck The Venom Out Of A Snake Bite?
While we often see people sucking the venom out of snake bites in movies and on TV, is this a safe and efficient life-saving ... Treatment For Snake Bites. © Aria sandi hasim/Shutterstock Vial of anti-snake venom serum So what should you do instead if ... Coral snakes, rattlesnakes, copperheads, and cottonmouth snakes are all venomous species of snakes found in the U.S. While ... The Dangers Of Snake Bite Suction. © Andrey_Popov/Shutterstock Man using venom suction device Despite the widespread belief ...
Snake Venom and Cannabis: Kenya's Economic Salvation? | High Times
... and snake venom farming) to boost the domestic economy. ... Home Marijuana News World Snake Venom and Cannabis: Kenyas ... Snake Venom and Cannabis: Kenyas Economic Salvation?. A Kenyan presidential candidate proposes cannabis reform (and snake ... Bottom line? Snake venom farming may prove to be more lucrative on the international market for the struggling Kenyan economy. ... Beyond the cannabis play, snake venom is used to manufacture drugs like high blood pressure medication and is used in ...
Study finds link between COVID-19 deaths and snake venom
... similar to one found in rattlesnake venom, that could be driving COVID-19 deaths. ... The snake-like enzyme is found in healthy people at low levels to prevent bacterial infections. In severe cases of COVID-19, ... "We found evidence that there was an enzyme, a snake-like enzyme, in the blood of people who were in extraordinarily high levels ... Researchers explain that current clinical trials on snake bites are helping in those efforts. They hope to repurpose some of ...
Evolution of Snake Venom: A New Use for Old Genes?
| Answers in Genesis
The components of snake venom vary, especially across species. The complexity and variety of snake venom makes the development ... The authors liken the evolution of snake venom and the coevolution of venom resistance in snakes prey to a biological arms ... also produces non-venom-related products throughout the snakes body.. Recruiting Existing Genes. Casewell suspects snake venom ... Mamba venom, like cobra venom, contains venomous versions of physiologically active molecules. Mamba venom even contains ...
Snakes, Snakebites and Venoms | The Explorers Club *
Snakes, Snakebites, and Venom Join our panelists to learn more about the science of snakes and how they are playing an ... with a regional specialization in central Africa and a taxonomic focus on snakes, the snake venom-delivery system, and ... Kate is the author of three books, including most recently Snakes of Central and Western Africa (2019, Johns Hopkins University ... Of the 3,000 species of snake on our earth, only about 200, or 7%, are able to kill or significantly wound a human. Regardless ...
kingsnake blog Kingsnake.com Blog - Coral Snake anti-venom back in production
Coral Snake anti-venom back in production. By Cindy Steinle. Thu, November 11 2010 at 11:46. ... As the supply of Coral Snake anti-venom dwindles down to nothing and the expiration date approaches, Pfizer announces that it ... The initial production of antivenin (the clinical term for anti-venom) for treating coral snake bites is the function of an ... Herp Photo of the Day: Rat Snake . . . . . . . . . . Herp Photo of the Day: Kingsnake . . . . . . . . . . Greater Cincinnati ...
Breakthrough study examines evolution of snake venom genes - News Center - The University of Texas at Arlington
UTA biologists lead research team investigating snake venom regulatory systems ... The evolution of snake venom required snakes to develop a highly specialized venom gland to produce and store a diverse and ... Breakthrough study examines evolution of snake venom genes. UTA biologists lead research team investigating snake venom ... Snake venom and venom systems are an example of such complex traits. Little is known about their molecular mechanisms or the ...
Venom To Cure Disease, On The Frontier Of Modern Snake Medicine - Worldcrunch
Venom To Cure Disease, On The Frontier Of Modern Snake Medicine A European program has been researching how the pharmaceutical ... Venom To Cure Disease, On The Frontier Of Modern Snake Medicine A European program has been researching how the pharmaceutical ... Biologist pressing the head of a Yarara snake to extract its venom in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Photo : EMartin Zabala/ ... Biologist pressing the head of a Yarara snake to extract its venom in Buenos Aires, Argentina - Photo : EMartin Zabala/ ...
Venom Snake Automaton: [ 14. FRONT CAMS ASSEMBLY (G13) ] : 6 Steps - Instructables
Toxins | Free Full-Text | Reply to Comments on Proteomic Investigations of Two Pakistani Naja Snake Venom Species Unravel the...
"Reply to Comments on Proteomic Investigations of Two Pakistani Naja Snake Venom Species Unravel the Venom Complexity, ... "Reply to Comments on Proteomic Investigations of Two Pakistani Naja Snake Venom Species Unravel the Venom Complexity, ... Reply to Comments on Proteomic Investigations of Two Pakistani Naja Snake Venom Species Unravel the Venom Complexity, ... Comments on Proteomic Investigations of Two Pakistani Naja Snake Venoms Species Unravel the Venom Complexity, Posttranslational ...
Why snake venom causes such horrifying pain
What is it about the bite of the famous Texas coral snake that makes it so excruciatingly painful for so long? New research has ... What is it about the bite of the famous Texas coral snake that makes it so excruciatingly painful for so long? New research has ... Hopefully this research will lead into a more effective way of counteracting the bite of this snake, and alleviating the pain ... but the venom triggers them without actually acidifying your tissue. ...
LAWRENCE SELLIN: No COVID-19 Is Not a Snake Venom - Only Snake Oil Salesmen Would Tell You That
After two years of … Continue reading LAWRENCE SELLIN: No COVID-19 Is Not a Snake Venom - Only Snake Oil Salesmen Would Tell ... LAWRENCE SELLIN: No COVID-19 Is Not a Snake Venom - Only Snake Oil Salesmen Would Tell You That ... No COVID-19 Is Not a Snake Venom – Only Snake Oil Salesmen Would Tell You That,/a,,/blockquote,,iframe sandbox=allow- ... No COVID-19 Is Not a Snake Venom – Only Snake Oil Salesmen Would Tell You That” — The Gateway Pundit data- ...
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"Effects of a Snake Venom and Some Hypometabolic Agents on the Substand" by SH. I. ALLAMURATOV, R. N. AHMEROV et al.
A lethal dose of the snake Vipera lebetina venom decreases the standard gas-oxygen metabolism of mice approximately threefold ... I.; AHMEROV, R. N.; ALMATOV, K. T.; and KAZAKOV, I. K. (1999) "Effects of a Snake Venom and Some Hypometabolic Agents on the ... Effects of a Snake Venom and Some Hypometabolic Agents on the Substandard Gas-Oxygen Metabolism in Mice ... A lethal dose of the snake Vipera lebetina venom decreases the standard gas-oxygen metabolism of mice approximately threefold ...
Why is snake venom so dangerous to humans? - How It Works
Snakes use venom to anaesthetise or kill prey and sometimes to help digest it. By using venom, snakes use much less energy to ... Venom is produced by modified salivary glands in the mouth. When venomous snakes bite, muscles squeeze the venom out via a duct ... There is a wide variety of venom among different snake species, but generally venom contains enzymes that digest proteins, ... To counter bites, venom can be milked from snakes to produce anti-venom. ...
King Snake - Fishing Lures - Venom Lures
Molecular evolution and phylogeny of elapid snake venom three-finger toxins. - Bangor University
Warning: Corona+GENE vaccionations = snake venom 01 -
comparison
... certain regions snake venom was put into drinking water -- The symptoms after a GENE vaccination which is a SNAKE VENOM ... poisonous snake bites -- So how you will heal a poisoning by a SNAKE VENOM vaccination which is called a Corona vaccination ... The symptoms of snake bites in general - are like a GENE vaccination! -- Symptoms of a snake bite of the Chinese king cobra ( ... by the high mafia? Dialysis - Lachesis C30 - antibody medicaments against snake venom + blood group nutrition ...
Heterologous antivenin in neutralization of North American coral snake venom
UniJos seeks funds for clinical trials of world's first anti-snake venom vaccine
UniJos ACEPRD is seeking for funds to conduct clinical trials of the worlds first anti-snake venom vaccine. ... Maimako added apart from snake venom, it can also neutralise scorpion, scorpion, bees and spider venoms and could be potent in ... He explained that an essential approach to tackling snakebite was to prevent or neutralise snake venom on its arrival at the ... UniJos seeks funds for clinical trials of worlds first anti-snake venom vaccine. HealthEducation ...
Snake venom is the special ingredient in new life-saving super glue
... snake venom is probably low on the list. ... Home » Health » Medicine » Snake venom is the special ... snake venom is probably low on the list-especially if youve read our recent article about snakes in India-but scientists from ... Snake venom is the special ingredient in new life-saving super glue * Health ... The team produced a snake-venom-based "super glue" that can stop bleeding within seconds once activated with light. Quickly ...
The FDA has approved SIX prescription drugs that are made from snake venom - DC Clothesline
Safe or not, snake venom is used in all sorts of emerging drug treatments. Not only is snake venom used to make pharmaceutical ... PHARMA SNAKES: Thirteen irrefutable FACTS about snake venom, Big Pharma and biological weapons ... Snake venom was used even in traditional and ancient medicine systems in primitive form to treat all sorts of things. Medicinal ... Currently, there are six drugs made from the venom of snakes and other poisonous species that have approval from the U.S. Food ...
Study finds link between COVID-19 deaths and snake venom
... similar to one found in rattlesnake venom, that could be driving COVID-19 deaths. ... The snake-like enzyme is found in healthy people at low levels to prevent bacterial infections. In severe cases of COVID-19, ... "We found evidence that there was an enzyme, a snake-like enzyme, in the blood of people who were in extraordinarily high levels ... Researchers explain that current clinical trials on snake bites are helping in those efforts. They hope to repurpose some of ...
Isolation and expression of a hypotensive and anti-platelet acidic phospholipase A2 from Bothrops moojeni snake venom
... Silveira ... BmooPLA2 is the first isolated and characterized non-myotoxic PLA2 from B. moojeni snake venom. The recombinant PLA2 can ... Phospholipases A2 are important components of snake venoms, the basic isoforms have been more extensively studied than the ... Isolation and expression of a hypotensive and anti-platelet acidic phospholipase A2 from Bothrops moojeni snake venom. Journal ...
IMSEAR at SEARO: Snake venom poisoning: experience with 633 cases.
... treatment and outcome of snake venom poisoning in central Karnataka. Six hundred and thirty three cases of snake bite, seen in ... Polyvalent anti snake venom (ASV) was given to 479 cases. Hypersensitivity to ASV was noted in 8 cases. Blood transfusion was ... Snake venom poisoning is a common medical emergency and the epidemiological features vary from region to region. We conducted a ... Kulkarni ML, Anees S. Snake venom poisoning: experience with 633 cases. Indian Pediatrics. 1994 Oct; 31(10): 1239-43. ...
Details for: South African snake venoms and antivenoms / › WHO HQ Library catalog
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Bites2022ToxinsPoisonousBiteGlandsProteinsPreySpidersPeptidesSerumSnakebiteEnvenomationAnti-snakeLizardsEvolution of Snake VenomPotentEncounter venomous snakesToxinWorld'sBothropsElapidaeHumansFound in snake venomNeurotoxicSnakebitesNicotinic acetylchAntiserumVipersHighly venomousEnzymeCone snailsType of venomCoral snakeToxicityScorpionTypes of venomSubstanceAntivenomsVictimsCobrasRattlesnakesVariation2018CasewellSymptomsProteinKraitAnimal venomImmunoglobulin2021Venomics2019Snake's
Bites21
- Snake-bites are well-known medical emergencies in many parts of the world, especially in rural areas. (who.int)
- Beyond the cannabis play, snake venom is used to manufacture drugs like high blood pressure medication and is used in treatments for blood clots, heart disease and as an antidote for snake bites. (hightimes.com)
- Researchers explain that current clinical trials on snake bites are helping in those efforts. (wtvr.com)
- The initial production of antivenin (the clinical term for anti-venom) for treating coral snake bites is the function of an 11,500-square-foot facility Pfizer is building near the center of the 2,100-acre animal health research farm it has in Richland Township. (kingsnake.com)
- To counter bites, venom can be milked from snakes to produce anti-venom. (howitworksdaily.com)
- So it could also be to heal instantly the GENE vaccination damages with snake venom cures: "antiserum", homeopathic remedies for snake bites such as Lachesis or Ophiophagus hannah (King's cobra), or also antibody medicaments against snake venoms, and in general also dialysis will better life after a snake venom injection, and there is the elimination of metals (graphene oxide) with alga cures etc. (med-etc.com)
- Many of these compounds have overlapping/redundant functions, resulting in the possibility of similar envenomation symptoms in bites from snakes of different families. (owlcation.com)
- Second most common species for deadly snake bites in Taiwan. (ucsf.edu)
- This leaves us severely unprotected against snake bites. (interestingengineering.com)
- The question then becomes: will we be able to produce a new effective antivenom in time to avoid the horrible consequences of snake bites? (interestingengineering.com)
- When faced with threats ranging from snake bites to COVID infections, some white blood cells retaliate with a peculiar tactic: spewing out their own DNA to form pathogen-trapping nets. (nerdfighteria.info)
- Dry bites: These occur when there is no venom deposition, and therefore there are no signs or symptoms beyond a puncture wound. (medscape.com)
- It is estimated that less than 10% of pit viper bites and 30-50% or coral snake bites are dry. (medscape.com)
- Severe envenomation and death have resulted from bites from decapitated snakes. (medscape.com)
- Bites of an eastern brown snake can cause severe symptoms of envenomation and sometimes might even kill people. (a-z-animals.com)
- Both the North American and Eastern brown snakes can bite when threatened or provoked, but their bites have different severities on people. (a-z-animals.com)
- People bitten by an eastern brown snake should call medical help right away because their bites contain venom. (a-z-animals.com)
- On the other hand, the eastern brown snake is a very dangerous species whose bites cause severe symptoms and serious complications. (a-z-animals.com)
- Well, you should always carry a Livabit Venom Extractor Kit and protect yourself from snake bites. (gunassociation.org)
- In addition, this extractor kit is not just useful for snake bites. (gunassociation.org)
- Their venom has the potential to be deadly, so for the best chance to survive, bites should be treated by medical professionals as soon as possible. (randomfunfactsonline.com)
20221
- In an April 11, 2022 video interview, entitled "Watch the Water," former chiropractor Dr. Bryan Ardis made the astounding claim that COVID-19 is not a virus, but a snake venom. (thegatewaypundit.com)
Toxins9
- Biologists think that mutations such as duplication of these "good" genes led to the production of toxins now found in snake venom. (answersingenesis.org)
- It could be that this just lets the snake deliver more of the same toxins, but it's also highly likely that these duplications led to the evolution of new functions. (answersingenesis.org)
- Such gene duplicates may have persisted in the genome of venomous snakes, the authors suggest, because toxins produced when those genes were expressed in the salivary and accessory glands provided selective advantages in obtaining prey. (answersingenesis.org)
- Researchers suggest that by co-opting more and more genes for the production of more and more toxins, snakes like the king cobra's ancestors stayed a step ahead of their prey and produced increasingly complex biological weapons. (answersingenesis.org)
- The objective of Venomics was to advance the research on these animal toxins, and to sequence the peptides contained in the venoms of 201 different types of animals, then produce them individually. (worldcrunch.com)
- Molecular evolution and phylogeny of elapid snake venom three-finger toxins. (bangor.ac.uk)
- The NETs and the blood clots they cause might help contain venom toxins to a particular area, keeping the damage localized. (nerdfighteria.info)
- The venom of eastern brown snakes is a mixture of complex toxins that can do various types of damage to their prey and even to the human body. (a-z-animals.com)
- Like botulinum toxins, most snake venoms are a mixture of many proteins which are often neurotoxins with LD50s below 1 mg/kg. (imaginate.com)
Poisonous19
- Currently, there are six drugs made from the venom of snakes and other poisonous species that have approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (dcclothesline.com)
- Viper was the most common poisonous snake. (who.int)
- Are Brown Snakes Poisonous (Venomous) or Dangerous? (a-z-animals.com)
- So, are brown snakes poisonous or dangerous? (a-z-animals.com)
- It provides anti-venom to treat victims of poisonous snake-bite and, with the help of the James Ashe Antivenom Trust (JAAT), it provides it free of charge to those unable to afford it. (monacosafaris.africa)
- Despite the differences that are exhibited between poisonous and venomous snakes, both of them will bring no good in case of a bite. (differencebetween.com)
- The most important fact about poisonous snakes is that they do not have a specialised mechanism for the poisoning of the victim. (differencebetween.com)
- Therefore, it becomes clear that poisonous snakes are not deliberate killers. (differencebetween.com)
- It should be stated that the poisonous snakes are not venomous although they are commonly referred to be. (differencebetween.com)
- That means the actual poisonous snakes do not intend to kill or immobilize another animal using poison. (differencebetween.com)
- As an example, the rat snake could never be detrimental unless it is consumed as a food and the digested matter becomes poisonous to the consumer. (differencebetween.com)
- There are no poisonous snakes, but they can be accidentally poisonous in case of ingestion or absorption. (differencebetween.com)
- What is the difference between Poisonous and Venomous Snake? (differencebetween.com)
- Venomous snakes become detrimental to the prey via injecting the venom, whereas poisonous snakes could be harmful to the consumer in case of ingestion or absorption. (differencebetween.com)
- The victim is meant to immobilize or kill through venom in venomous snakes while poisonous snakes do not intend to kill the victim. (differencebetween.com)
- Venomous snakes have specialized venom injecting organs (fangs and venom glands) and mechanisms, but poisonous snakes neither do have such organs nor mechanisms. (differencebetween.com)
- Venomous snakes are directly detrimental for the victim while poisonous snakes indirectly become harmful. (differencebetween.com)
- Venomous snakes are serious, deliberate killers while poisonous snakes are not. (differencebetween.com)
- Venom: Poisonous substance secreted by animals such as snakes, spiders, and scorpions and typically injected into prey or aggressors by biting or stinging. (wordpress.com)
Bite24
- Is It Safe To Suck The Venom Out Of A Snake Bite? (msn.com)
- What is it about the bite of the famous Texas coral snake that makes it so excruciatingly painful for so long? (gizmodo.com)
- Hopefully this research will lead into a more effective way of counteracting the bite of this snake, and alleviating the pain it can cause. (gizmodo.com)
- When venomous snakes bite, muscles squeeze the venom out via a duct into each fang, which injects venom into victims. (howitworksdaily.com)
- Unfortunately for people, these venoms have the same effect on us, although snakes mostly bite in self-defence or accidentally because they have been surprised. (howitworksdaily.com)
- Six hundred and thirty three cases of snake bite, seen in a teaching hospital, upto the age of 18 years, over a period of 8 years from 1985 to 1992 constituted the material for the study. (who.int)
- Detailed history with special reference to the type of snake, circumstances leading to the bite and clinical consequences were studied and final outcome was noted. (who.int)
- One substance that protected against the bite of 10 different snakes saw its production thwarted in 2014 because i t simply wasn't profitable enough to continue development. (interestingengineering.com)
- He then explains that the symptoms of snake bite, such as "the dying process" of cellular tissue, would take place when someone is injected, and that we haven't seen those symptoms in the injected. (eraoflight.com)
- Even a recently killed snake can envenomate because bite reflexes may persist for several hours. (medscape.com)
- Dr. Shortt, the eminent ophiologist of Madras, has recorded indisputable evidence of its value when quickly and largely used after the bite of venomous snakes. (chestofbooks.com)
- If you are walking in high water, you may feel a bite, but not know that you were bitten by a snake. (cdc.gov)
- Pay attention to the following snake bite signs and symptoms. (cdc.gov)
- Try to see and remember the color and shape of the snake, which can help with treatment of the snake bite. (cdc.gov)
- Do not pick up the snake or try to trap it (this may put you or someone else at risk for a bite). (cdc.gov)
- Do Brown Snakes Bite? (a-z-animals.com)
- All species of brown snakes bite. (a-z-animals.com)
- On the other hand, their venomous counterparts bite and deliver potent venom into their victims' bodies using their fangs. (a-z-animals.com)
- Thankfully, eastern brown snakes are not aggressive and do not often bite. (a-z-animals.com)
- Although both species can bite, only the eastern brown snake is dangerous to humans. (a-z-animals.com)
- Bio-Ken holds biannual snake-bite seminars which are attended by experts from all over the world. (monacosafaris.africa)
- Bio-Ken is promoting an educational scheme to teach people the correct procedures when faced with a snake-bite, the importance of snakes and why they should not necessarily be killed on sight. (monacosafaris.africa)
- Open labelled study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of snake venom antiserum - Sri Lanka (SL-AVS) developed for Sri Lankan species vs currently used anti snake venom in patients with patients with snake bite. (who.int)
- As the bite of the venomous snake takes place, the venom is directly transferred as it is into the lymphatic system. (differencebetween.com)
Glands10
- We injected contortrostatin, a protein found in southern copperhead snake venom, directly into the mammary glands of mice where human breast cancer cells had been injected two weeks earlier. (amnh.org)
- Snakes expressing such genetic variations in their salivary glands would have been better able to capture dinner. (answersingenesis.org)
- The possibility that snake venom glands are "part of a core genetic network regulating secretion that has been co-opted during the evolution of the snake venom gland from an ancestral role in the pancreas and foregut secretory cells," 5 is consistent with their results, the researchers write, saying their work "highlights an inherent link between these two secretory tissues. (answersingenesis.org)
- Venom glands are thought to have evolved from ancestral salivary glands, but Perry and colleagues show that this also required the evolution of new regulatory sequences and the repurposing of existing regulatory systems to control the precise expression of these dangerous genes. (uta.edu)
- But first the researchers had to obtain the raw material for their studies: venoms and venom glands from a wide variety of animals, some of them exotic and not exactly docile. (worldcrunch.com)
- Venom is produced by modified salivary glands in the mouth. (howitworksdaily.com)
- On rare occasion, venom has also been found to differ between the venom glands of an individual snake. (owlcation.com)
- Solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by snake (Ophidia) salivary glands for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs. (bvsalud.org)
- In venomous snakes, there are body structures developed for this purpose such as venom glands and fangs. (differencebetween.com)
- Usually, the salivary glands are developed into venom glands, and the venom is injected through specialized mechanisms in each venomous snake. (differencebetween.com)
Proteins9
- We and others have found that similar proteins are present in many different snakes of the viper family to a greater or lesser degree. (amnh.org)
- Snake venom is not a single substance but a cocktail of proteins encoded by many different genes. (answersingenesis.org)
- The proteins, which work together to incapacitate the victim, are produced in the main venom gland-a modified salivary gland located behind the eyes-and also in an accessory venom gland of hitherto unknown function. (answersingenesis.org)
- Genes encoding venom proteins are located at multiple locations in the king cobra's genome. (answersingenesis.org)
- There are four main gene families that create venom proteins in the King Cobra, and they have all expanded hugely compared to other parts of the genome," Casewell explains. (answersingenesis.org)
- Venoms largely consist of repurposed regulatory proteins and peptides, overexpressed and stored in a specialized gland only millimeters from the snake's brain. (uta.edu)
- There is a wide variety of venom among different snake species, but generally venom contains enzymes that digest proteins, which cause animals to go into shock and cause damage to body tissues and internal organs, and/or proteins that affect the functioning of nerves. (howitworksdaily.com)
- Although snake venoms are primarily made up of proteins (some of which are enzymes) and peptides, they may also contain small organic compounds. (owlcation.com)
- B. thalassinus and B. aurifer venoms are comprised by similar toxin arsenals dominated by SVMPs (33-39% of the venom proteome), CTLs (11-16%), BPP-like molecules (10-13%), and CRISPs (5-10%), and are characterized by the absence of PLA2 proteins. (ucr.ac.cr)
Prey7
- King cobras prey on snakes, lizards, rodents, and birds in the forests of India and Southeast Asia after immobilizing them with deadly venom. (answersingenesis.org)
- The biologists believe this "coevolutionary arms race between venomous snakes and their prey" 3 shaped the evolution of snake venom and the evolution of snakes . (answersingenesis.org)
- The authors liken the evolution of snake venom and the coevolution of venom resistance in snakes' prey to a biological arms race. (answersingenesis.org)
- Snakes use venom to anaesthetise or kill prey and sometimes to help digest it. (howitworksdaily.com)
- Their venom is powerful enough to paralyze and kill their prey, while it can also be strong enough to cause severe complications in humans. (a-z-animals.com)
- They lack fangs and venom, but instead, they have specialized sets of teeth and jaws that help them eat their prey. (a-z-animals.com)
- Despite dietary studies suggesting that palm-pitvipers are generalists with an ontogenetic shift toward endothermic prey, venom proteomic analyses have revealed remarkable divergence between the venoms of the Costa Rican species, B. lateralis, B. schlegelii, B. supraciliaris, and B. nigroviridis. (ucr.ac.cr)
Spiders2
- The refrigerator contains more than 4,000 from 201 venomous species: snakes, spiders and cone snails, among them. (worldcrunch.com)
- Discover alligator-eating snakes, spiders larger than your phone, and 1000 more incredible animals in our daily FREE email. (a-z-animals.com)
Peptides5
- To produce their neurotoxic, cardiotoxic or hemotoxic effects, venoms affect specific cells of living organisms through peptides,' Gilles explains. (worldcrunch.com)
- Corona is a drinking water contamination with snake venom, and peptides from snake venom was found in the so-called "corona vaccinations", and some of the side effects also correspond to the snake poison of Chinese royal cobra and Chinese krait. (med-etc.com)
- Snake Venom Eye Cream contains SYN®-AKE, a patented active ingredient which is similar to a peptide found in the Temple Viper's venom, Marine Collagen to help smooth and protect skin structure and 2% REGU®-AGE, a complex of rice and soy peptides, to help reduce the appearance of under-eye dark circles and bags. (balanceactiveformula.com)
- Snake venoms are made of peptides…and generally are degraded in our stomach…If you were to swallow snake venom…it wouldn't cause toxicity. (eraoflight.com)
- Before, peptides with a similar effect were only known in the venom of snakes. (fapesp.br)
Serum2
- Snake Venom Wrinkle-Freeze Serum™ contains 4% SYN®-AKE, a patented active ingredient which is similar to a peptide found in the Temple Viper's venom, to help reduce the appearance of expression lines and 'freeze the appearance of wrinkles" and Marine Collagen, to help smooth and protect skin structure. (balanceactiveformula.com)
- The Tripepid complex, also contained in the Lanserhof Lab Serum, with an active ingredient modelled on viper venom, dissolves expression lines and prevents wrinkles. (lanserhof.com)
Snakebite6
- Kate is a herpetologist whose research explores the morphology, biodiversity, and evolution of amphibians and reptiles, with a regional specialization in central Africa and a taxonomic focus on snakes, the snake venom-delivery system, and snakebite. (explorers.org)
- The primary challenge for treating snakebite is the extreme variation in venom composition across populations and species of snakes. (uta.edu)
- He explained that an essential approach to tackling snakebite was to prevent or neutralise snake venom on its arrival at the human and animal tissue or blood that required a prophylactic agent or vaccine. (tribuneonlineng.com)
- We searched Medline/PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library up to January 2021 using keywords such as snakebite and snake envenomation. (who.int)
- Bangor University Scientist and Herpetologist Dr Anita Malhotra specialises in research on venomous snakes and their venom and is taking part in a global snakebite awareness campaign this year. (bangor.ac.uk)
- However, their venom potency is so high that the eastern brown snake is responsible for causing more snakebite fatalities than any other species in the country. (a-z-animals.com)
Envenomation4
- He is a Fellow of the Academy of Wilderness Medicine and serves as a primary subject matter expert on austere snake envenomation management for the United States Department of Defense and special operations medicine community. (explorers.org)
- Trying to better understand the role of the acidic isoforms on the envenomation process, an acidic phospholipase A2 was purified from Bothrops moojeni snake venom through two chromatographic steps (BmooPLA2). (fiocruz.br)
- This observation of shared venom compounds across snake families, combined with the somewhat similar envenomation system of each snake family (please see part 4 of this series), leads us to believe that these snakes shared a common, venomous ancestor. (owlcation.com)
- Now, within each snake family, it is possible for genera (and species) to have venoms that are distinct from one another, giving you a better idea of the likely envenomation symptoms from those snakes. (owlcation.com)
Anti-snake9
- THE University of Jos Africa Centre of Excellence in Phytomedicine Research and Development (ACEPRD) is seeking for funds to conduct clinical trials of the world's first anti-snake venom vaccine. (tribuneonlineng.com)
- It would be recalled that after 24 years of intensive research, the ACEPRD has developed an anti-snake venom vaccine called COVIP-Plus. (tribuneonlineng.com)
- The VC said while anti-snake drugs currently in the market were curative, COVIP-plus is preventive. (tribuneonlineng.com)
- According to him, the vaccine holds the potential to drastically reduce the use of anti-snake sera globally. (tribuneonlineng.com)
- The VC further said that the anti-snake vaccine works in both human beings as well as animals. (tribuneonlineng.com)
- Polyvalent anti snake venom (ASV) was given to 479 cases. (who.int)
- The presenting symptoms, associated complications and unavailability of anti-snake venom also contribute to mortality (10,11). (who.int)
- Dr Owen Kaluwa mentioned that t he significance of the conference was underpinned by the fact that quality clinical care required access to quality-assured medical products including medicines, vaccines, blood and blood products, other biologics such as anti-snake venom, devices and diagnostics. (who.int)
- Intervention- Snake Venom Antiserum, I.P. is a sterile solution containing enzyme refined anti snake venom equine immunoglobulin F(ab')2 fragments for parenteral administration. (who.int)
Lizards4
- The park houses a number of snake species, lizards, crocodiles and turtles. (baijujoseph.com)
- Some of the popular species of reptiles found here include King Cobra, Banded Krait, vipers,the reticulated python (Python Reticulatus) and alligators, the Indian rock python (Python Molorus).Apart form snakes, the park is also home to other reptiles like turtles, crocodiles and lizards. (baijujoseph.com)
- King cobras rarely hunt animals like rats and lizards, in contrary to other snake species. (randomfunfactsonline.com)
- About 10,500 species of reptiles (animals such as lizards and snakes) are found around the world and about 150 to 200 new species are also discovered every year. (wordpress.com)
Evolution of Snake Venom2
- Evolution of Snake Venom: A New Use for Old Genes? (answersingenesis.org)
- The evolution of snake venom required snakes to develop a highly specialized venom gland to produce and store a diverse and deadly protein cocktail for delivery to their victims. (uta.edu)
Potent8
- Maimako added apart from snake venom, it can also neutralise scorpion, scorpion, bees and spider venoms and could be potent in the human body for one year. (tribuneonlineng.com)
- Because it's so fast acting, so potent and highly specific to its target, venom has all of the ingredients necessary for making a drug. (dcclothesline.com)
- This snake possesses short but sharp fangs that penetrate human skin and deliver a very potent venom. (a-z-animals.com)
- Its venom is one of the most potent globally, which doesn't help its already fearsome reputation. (a-z-animals.com)
- Although these snakes venom can be potent, they only have short fangs, growing up to 4 mm. (a-z-animals.com)
- While some snake venoms may be highly potent, other, less potent venoms might kill faster. (imaginate.com)
- A potent but slow-acting venom might leave enough time to intervene, while a fast-acting poison with a lower LD50 might kill you before you can get help. (imaginate.com)
- These venoms are among the most potent found in snakes, yet the venom yield per animal is less than that of most vipers or pit vipers . (wordpress.com)
Encounter venomous snakes2
- The most likely geographic locations where outdoor workers would encounter venomous snakes is in the American South, Southwest, and West. (cdc.gov)
- Do you often encounter venomous snakes there? (gunassociation.org)
Toxin2
- Venom could be any toxin that is usually injected via biting or stinging, but it is neither ingested nor absorbed. (differencebetween.com)
- The major toxin family found in the venoms of both neonate B. lateralis and B. schlegelii, is serine proteinase (SVSP), comprising about 20% of their toxin arsenals. (ucr.ac.cr)
World's4
- The king cobra ( Ophiophagus hannah ) is the world's longest venomous snake and the choice companion of snake charmers. (answersingenesis.org)
- Fifteen percent of the world's animals produce venom, it turns out. (dcclothesline.com)
- A king cobra snake is the world's largest venomous snake, more than three times the size of a common pin-headed viper and 50 times as heavy. (randomfunfactsonline.com)
- It can grow to be almost 18.5 feet long and weigh up to 13 pounds, making it one of the world's most dangerous snakes. (randomfunfactsonline.com)
Bothrops2
- Fibrinogen-clotting enzyme, pictobin, from Bothrops pictus snake venom. (bvsalud.org)
- Snake venomics and antivenomics of Bothrops atrox venoms from Colombia and the Amazon regions of Brazil, Perú and Ecuador suggest the occurrence of geographic variation of venom phenotype by a trend towards paedomorphism. (bvsalud.org)
Elapidae3
- Although family Atractaspididae and Colubridae contain some nonvenomous snake species (not possessing fangs or venom), members of families Elapidae and Viperidae are exclusively venomous. (owlcation.com)
- Among the 2000 species of snakes globally, 400 are venomous and belong to 4 families: Viperidae (vipers), Elapidae (cobra, krait and coral snake), Hydrophidae (sea snake) and Colubridae (6). (who.int)
- Members of the taxonomic families Elapidae, Viperidae, and Atractaspididae are some notorious venomous snakes, and some colubrid members can also be venomous. (differencebetween.com)
Humans7
- Humans can die from king cobra venom in as little as 30 minutes. (answersingenesis.org)
- He said that snake venoms are valuable systems for understanding links between the genotype and phenotype of animals, and these biochemically active secretions also have major implications for humans, as snakebites cause over 100,000 deaths a year. (uta.edu)
- Why is snake venom so dangerous to humans? (howitworksdaily.com)
- Humans can benefit from this as well, apparently, since venom can be manipulated to target pathogenic predators. (dcclothesline.com)
- Of course, humans have developed another use for snake venom: protecting people who've been bitten by snakes. (interestingengineering.com)
- Are Brown Snakes Dangerous to Humans? (a-z-animals.com)
- Neurotoxins, Haemotoxins, Cardiotoxins, and Cytotoxins are the main types of venom substances that are produced in venomous snakes, and both those types are known to be deadly for humans and many other animals. (differencebetween.com)
Found in snake venom1
- At March 7's SciCafe, From Poison to Panacea: Using Snake Venom to Combat Cancer , University of Southern California biochemistry professor Frank Markland will share his research on a protein found in snake venom and how it's being used to combat cancer in the lab. (amnh.org)
Neurotoxic1
- The venom of all coral snakes is strongly neurotoxic, it affects the nervous system and can cause respiratory paralysis and suffocation. (wordpress.com)
Snakebites4
- Even the venom from snakebites can cause them to form, as well as just regular old cuts and injuries. (nerdfighteria.info)
- The signs and symptoms that develop from venomous snakebites may vary in severity based on the type and amount of venom injected. (cdc.gov)
- Instead of innocent bystanders who are unintentionally bitten, the great majority of snakebites are actually caused by snake handlers. (randomfunfactsonline.com)
- Although radioimmunoassay has been used to detect venom in patients with snakebites , it is impractical and expensive. (medscape.com)
Nicotinic acetylch2
- A look at how multibanded krait snake venom interacts with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that mediates nerve activation of muscles. (ucsf.edu)
- Pigs are one of four known mammalian species which possess mutations in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that protect against snake venom. (wiki2.org)
Antiserum2
- Rosmarinic acid, a new snake venom phospholipase A2 inhibitor from Cordia verbenacea (Boraginaceae): antiserum action potentiation and molecular interaction. (bvsalud.org)
- Snake Venom Antiserum is supplied in 10 ml glass vial with 10 ml sterile water for injection, as diluent. (who.int)
Vipers2
- Snakes comprising the family Atractaspididae, such as the side-stabbing stiletto snakes, burrowing asps, and mole vipers, can be very confusing as they share a number of fang and venom gland characteristics with the other three venomous snake families and can be either front- or rear-fanged venomous (although they are generally considered front-fanged for a variety of reasons discussed in the other articles in this 'Snake Venom' series). (owlcation.com)
- Pit Vipers, such as rattlesnakes, copperheads, and water moccasins have slit-like pupils, triangular heads (due to venom pouches), and a pit located between the eyes and nostrils). (cdc.gov)
Highly venomous3
- When you talk about brown snakes , some people will exhibit utter fear, saying they are deadly and highly venomous. (a-z-animals.com)
- While in Australia and Papua New Guinea , brown snakes, called eastern brown snakes, refer to huge fast-moving, 7-feet snakes that are also highly venomous. (a-z-animals.com)
- The main three types of venomous snakes are known as the highly venomous, moderately venomous, and mildly or non-venomous. (differencebetween.com)
Enzyme4
- According to a study recently published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, scientists from the University of Arizona have discovered an enzyme similar to one found in rattlesnake venom that could be driving COVID-19 deaths. (wtvr.com)
- We found evidence that there was an enzyme, a snake-like enzyme, in the blood of people who were in extraordinarily high levels," said Dr. Floyd Chilton, the senior author of the study with the University of Arizona, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. (wtvr.com)
- The snake-like enzyme is found in healthy people at low levels to prevent bacterial infections. (wtvr.com)
- The active ingredient in the glue is batroxobin (also known as reptilase), a blood-clotting enzyme from the venom of lancehead snakes . (optimistdaily.com)
Cone snails2
- We could imagine setting up a new European project dedicated to the scientific exploit of this data in order to understand, for instance, why individuals within the same species of cone snails present different venoms according to their level of development or the region they're in,' Gilles explains. (worldcrunch.com)
- Prialt, which is used by roughly 22 million adults in the U.S. who suffer from severe and chronic pain, could not be made without the venom of cone snails. (dcclothesline.com)
Type of venom1
- There are few types of snakes based on the type of venom, and they can be further classified into different categories according the type of weaponry. (differencebetween.com)
Coral snake4
- As the supply of Coral Snake anti-venom dwindles down to nothing and the expiration date approaches, Pfizer announces that it has broken ground a facility to start production again. (kingsnake.com)
- Elapids, like the coral snake, have brilliantly colored bands (red, black, and yellow), and can be confused with non-venomous snakes such as the scarlet kingsnake, Mexican milk snake, and red milk snake. (cdc.gov)
- Our encounter with the South American Aquatic Coral Snake , also known as "Micrurus Ssrinamensis" in the Madidi Jungle National Park, Amazon Basin , Bolivia . (wordpress.com)
- The Aquatic Coral Snake ( Micrurus surinamensis ) is found throughout the Amazon including the Guianas , Brazil , Bolivia, Suriname . (wordpress.com)
Toxicity2
- Phospholipases A2 are important components of snake venoms, the basic isoforms have been more extensively studied than the acidic groups, maybe due to their higher toxicity. (fiocruz.br)
- Although there can be up to 100 distinct compounds (including subtypes and isoforms not represented here) within any one snake's venom, there are snakes that possess less than a dozen different venom components (that's not to say that there is necessarily a direct association between the number of venom components present and toxicity of the venom). (owlcation.com)
Scorpion1
- We specialize in the supply of the best quality Scorpion venoms / Snake venoms Online at relatively cheaper prices. (venomshoponline.com)
Types of venom1
- As you can see in the table below, some types of venom compounds exist in a single family of snakes, while others are present in all three families examined here. (owlcation.com)
Substance3
- If someone were to ask you to think of a life-saving substance, snake venom is probably low on the list-especially if you've read our recent article about snakes in India-but scientists from the Universities of Manitoba, Shantou, and Western Ontario have discovered how this unlikely ingredient can actually save someone's life rather than take it. (optimistdaily.com)
- The team hopes that in the future, once the substance is refined, their snake venom super glue will help first responders, soldiers on the battlefield, and doctors during surgery. (optimistdaily.com)
- It contains the highly effective anti-age substance SYN-AKE, which was developed by the synthesis of Wagler's rattlesnake venom. (vivaco.cz)
Antivenoms1
- South African snake venoms and antivenoms / by Poul Agerholm Christensen. (who.int)
Victims2
- The death rate among snake victims was 5.2% (33 cases). (who.int)
- They can inject up to 4 mg of venom into their victims when provoked, but despite injecting less venom, a bit from an eastern brown snake is life-threatening. (a-z-animals.com)
Cobras1
- From the venomous King Cobras living in the jungles of South Asia, to the harmless Garter snakes living in North American backyards, there are over 3,000 species of snake across our planet. (explorers.org)
Rattlesnakes2
- For something that is almost as universally loathed as rattlesnakes, it seems fitting and interesting and ironic that the venom that they have in rattlesnakes might be the key in getting out of this situation," Hughes said. (wtvr.com)
- The venomous snakes that are native to the United States include rattlesnakes, copperheads, water moccasins (cottonmouth), and coral snakes. (cdc.gov)
Variation4
- This opens up new opportunities to understand how variation in snake venom, both within and between snake species, corresponds to variation in the genome. (uta.edu)
- Our work provides the first description of the regulatory architecture that drives snake venom expression, providing critical context for understanding the molecular interactions that govern venom variation," Castoe said. (uta.edu)
- These phenomena partially explain how/why there are problems with the effectiveness of antivenom, because it can be difficult to account for all of these sources of venom variation in the production of antivenom. (owlcation.com)
- The integration of the pattern of venom variation across Bothriechis into a phylogenetic and biogeographic framework may lay the foundation for assessing, in future studies, the evolutionary path that led to the present-day variability of the venoms of palm-pitvipers. (ucr.ac.cr)
20181
- Venomics expert Dr. Mandë Holford, who teaches chemistry at the Hunter College and City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate Center, told the WEF in 2018 that snake venom has "ushered in a whole new way for pharmaceutical industries to treat pain, they are now looking for things that target something other than opioid receptors. (dcclothesline.com)
Casewell2
- Casewell suspects snake venom originated when variations in existing genetic material-duplications and other mutations-produced toxic products. (answersingenesis.org)
- In this study the authors apply a diverse array of cutting-edge approaches to investigate this topic, and their ensuing collection of regulatory sequence, transcription factor, signaling cascade and chromatin accessibility data and associated analyses provides completely unparalleled insight into the regulatory architecture of the snake venom system," Casewell said. (uta.edu)
Symptoms2
- As early as 2020, it was reported that snake poison could have triggered symptoms in the drinking water, which are called "Corona" today. (med-etc.com)
- The symptoms of "Corona" and the symptoms of the gene vaccinations are largely the same with the effect of snake venoms. (med-etc.com)
Protein7
- The venom of a southern copperhead, pictured above, contains a protein that may have cancer-fighting powers. (amnh.org)
- The problem with a snake venom-derived protein is that you'd have to milk every copperhead in existence to get enough to treat one patient. (amnh.org)
- So now, we can grow these bacteria in large vats to make a new protein, vicrostatin, which mimics the activity of the snake venom protein. (amnh.org)
- I was attending a meeting in Tokyo in the 1980s, and I ran into a fellow who had been working with a similar protein from snake venom when the idea dawned on me. (amnh.org)
- It was fortuitous because copperheads were the species of snake I was working with at the time to isolate another protein, and since we had that particular venom on hand, we thought we would try it. (amnh.org)
- The biomaterials research team from the University of Queensland's Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), led by Postdoctoral Research Fellow Amanda Kijas, has discovered a protein in the venom of two snakes (Australia's eastern brown and scaled viper) that could serve as a useful accelerant in the human body's natural blood-clotting process, according to a statement from the institution published on Monday. (interestingengineering.com)
- On the contrary, SPR revealed that α-cobratoxin, a three-finger protein from cobra venom, does not bind to GLIC. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Krait3
Animal venom1
- This researcher at the Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission outside Paris coordinates a European project called Venomics, which has been studying therapeutic uses of animal venom . (worldcrunch.com)
Immunoglobulin1
- COVIP-Plus induces immunogenicity reaction in animals, producing high neutralising immunoglobulin (antibodies) titers against the venoms different snake species within 30 days. (tribuneonlineng.com)
20214
- In addition to studying specific venom genes, we can now investigate parts of the genome involved in the regulation of these genes as well," said Perry, who received his Ph.D. from UTA in 2021 with Castoe as his faculty advisor. (uta.edu)
- 2021 sportster iron 883 in snake venom with only 667 miles. (crystavox.com)
- Snake Venom (+$700) 2021 Harley. (crystavox.com)
- 2021 iron 883 in the color changing snake venom. (crystavox.com)
Venomics1
- Overall, genus-wide venomics illustrate the high evolvability of palm-pitviper venoms. (ucr.ac.cr)
20191
- Kate is the author of three books, including most recently Snakes of Central and Western Africa (2019, Johns Hopkins University Press, with co-author J-P. Chippaux), as well as over 40 scientific articles and book chapters. (explorers.org)
Snake's2
- The genetic information responsible for the king cobra's venom, they found, also produces non-venom-related products throughout the snake's body. (answersingenesis.org)
- I have done venom snake's head poring using prop replacement method before ,now it's time for me to turn him into a ped. (gta5-mods.com)