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Snake VenomsSnakesCrotalid VenomsBothropsSnake BitesViper VenomsElapid VenomsViperidaeAntiveninsCobra VenomsElapidaeVenomsAgkistrodonBee VenomsReptilian ProteinsCrotalusColubridaeWasp VenomsTrimeresurusSpider VenomsScorpion VenomsBatroxobinArthropod VenomsL-Amino Acid OxidaseMetalloproteasesDisintegrinsPhospholipases A2BungarusPhospholipase A2 InhibitorsNeurotoxinsCrotoxinPhospholipases APhosphodiesterase IAmino Acid SequenceBoidaeFish VenomsAnt VenomsGroup II Phospholipases A2Molecular Sequence DataCobra Cardiotoxin ProteinsMollusk VenomsMetalloendopeptidasesPhospholipases A2, SecretoryPhosphoric Diester HydrolasesRussell's ViperCobra Neurotoxin ProteinsErabutoxinsScorpionsPhospholipasesAmphibian VenomsSequence Homology, Amino AcidToxins, BiologicalExocrine GlandsBungarotoxinsSerine ProteasesReceptors, Phospholipase A2AncrodCoagulantsEdemaConus SnailSequence AlignmentPeptidesChromatography, High Pressure LiquidPlatelet AggregationCnidarian VenomsLizardsModels, MolecularBase SequenceSerine EndopeptidasesElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelProtein ConformationFibrinogenMass SpectrometryDNA, ComplementaryMolecular WeightProthrombinHemorrhageSpecies SpecificityThymidine MonophosphateLethal Dose 50Platelet Aggregation InhibitorsInsect Bites and StingsMangiferaAprotininChromatography, Ion ExchangeEvolution, MolecularNucleoside Diphosphate SugarsCloning, MolecularHydrolysisChromatography, GelSpectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-IonizationHemolysisBenzamidinesAdenosine Diphosphate SugarsKineticsBinding SitesBlood PlateletsSubstrate SpecificityThrombinSpider Bites
Snake Venoms
Solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by snake (Ophidia) salivary glands for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs. They usually contain enzymes, toxins, and other factors.
Snakes
Limbless REPTILES of the suborder Serpentes.
Crotalid Venoms
Venoms from snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae or pit vipers, found mostly in the Americas. They include the rattlesnake, cottonmouth, fer-de-lance, bushmaster, and American copperhead. Their venoms contain nontoxic proteins, cardio-, hemo-, cyto-, and neurotoxins, and many enzymes, especially phospholipases A. Many of the toxins have been characterized.
Bothrops
A genus of poisonous snakes of the VIPERIDAE family. About 50 species are known and all are found in tropical America and southern South America. Bothrops atrox is the fer-de-lance and B. jararaca is the jararaca. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336)
Snake Bites
Bites by snakes. Bite by a venomous snake is characterized by stinging pain at the wound puncture. The venom injected at the site of the bite is capable of producing a deleterious effect on the blood or on the nervous system. (Webster's 3d ed; from Dorland, 27th ed, at snake, venomous)
Viper Venoms
Venoms from SNAKES of the viperid family. They tend to be less toxic than elapid or hydrophid venoms and act mainly on the vascular system, interfering with coagulation and capillary membrane integrity and are highly cytotoxic. They contain large amounts of several enzymes, other factors, and some toxins.
Elapid Venoms
Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized.
Viperidae
A family of snakes comprising three subfamilies: Azemiopinae (the mountain viper, the sole member of this subfamily), Viperinae (true vipers), and Crotalinae (pit vipers). They are widespread throughout the world, being found in the United States, Central and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Their venoms act on the blood (hemotoxic) as compared to the venom of elapids which act on the nervous system (neurotoxic). (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, pp333-36)
Antivenins
Antisera used to counteract poisoning by animal VENOMS, especially SNAKE VENOMS.
Cobra Venoms
Venoms from snakes of the genus Naja (family Elapidae). They contain many specific proteins that have cytotoxic, hemolytic, neurotoxic, and other properties. Like other elapid venoms, they are rich in enzymes. They include cobramines and cobralysins.
Elapidae
A family of extremely venomous snakes, comprising coral snakes, cobras, mambas, kraits, and sea snakes. They are widely distributed, being found in the southern United States, South America, Africa, southern Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands. The elapids include three subfamilies: Elapinae, Hydrophiinae, and Lauticaudinae. Like the viperids, they have venom fangs in the front part of the upper jaw. The mambas of Africa are the most dangerous of all snakes by virtue of their size, speed, and highly toxic venom. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p329-33)
Venoms
Poisonous animal secretions forming fluid mixtures of many different enzymes, toxins, and other substances. These substances are produced in specialized glands and secreted through specialized delivery systems (nematocysts, spines, fangs, etc.) for disabling prey or predator.
Agkistrodon
A genus of venomous snakes of the subfamily Crotalinae. Twelve species of this genus are found in North and Central America and Asia. Agkistrodon contortrix is the copperhead, A. piscivorus, the cottonmouth. The former is named for its russet or orange-brown color, the latter for the white interior of its mouth. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p336; Moore, Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p75)
Bee Venoms
Venoms obtained from Apis mellifera (honey bee) and related species. They contain various enzymes, polypeptide toxins, and other substances, some of which are allergenic or immunogenic or both. These venoms were formerly used in rheumatism to stimulate the pituitary-adrenal system.
Reptilian Proteins
Proteins obtained from species of REPTILES.
Crotalus
A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE, one of the pit vipers, so-called from the pit hollowing out the maxillary bone, opening between the eye and the nostril. They are distinctively American serpents. Most of the 25 recognized species are found in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Several species are found as far north as Canada and east of the Mississippi, including southern Appalachia. They are named for the jointed rattle (Greek krotalon) at the tip of their tail. (Goin, Goin, and Zug: Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed; Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p335)
Colubridae
The largest family of snakes, comprising five subfamilies: Colubrinae, Natricinae, Homalopsinae, Lycodontinae, and Xenodontinae. They show a great diversity of eating habits, some eating almost anything, others having a specialized diet. They can be oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous. The majority of North American snakes are colubrines. Among the colubrids are king snakes, water moccasins, water snakes, and garter snakes. Some genera are poisonous. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, pp321-29)
Wasp Venoms
Venoms produced by the wasp (Vespid) family of stinging insects, including hornets; the venoms contain enzymes, biogenic amines, histamine releasing factors, kinins, toxic polypeptides, etc., and are similar to bee venoms.
Trimeresurus
A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE. About 30 species are currently recognized, found in southeast Asia and adjacent island chains. The Okinawa habu frequently enters dwellings in search of rats and mice; the Chinese habu is often found in suburban and agricultural areas. They are quite irritable. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p136)
Spider Venoms
Venoms of arthropods of the order Araneida of the ARACHNIDA. The venoms usually contain several protein fractions, including ENZYMES, hemolytic, neurolytic, and other TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL.
Scorpion Venoms
Venoms from animals of the order Scorpionida of the class Arachnida. They contain neuro- and hemotoxins, enzymes, and various other factors that may release acetylcholine and catecholamines from nerve endings. Of the several protein toxins that have been characterized, most are immunogenic.
Batroxobin
A proteolytic enzyme obtained from the venom of fer-de-lance (Bothrops atrox). It is used as a plasma clotting agent for fibrinogen and for the detection of fibrinogen degradation products. The presence of heparin does not interfere with the clotting test. Hemocoagulase is a mixture containing batroxobin and factor X activator. EC 3.4.21.-.
Arthropod Venoms
Venoms from animals of the phylum Arthropoda. Those most investigated are from scorpions and spiders of the class Arachnidae and from ant, bee, and wasp families of the Insecta order Hymenoptera. The venoms contain protein toxins, enzymes, and other bioactive substances and may be lethal to man.
L-Amino Acid Oxidase
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of L-amino acids to KETO ACIDS with the generation of AMMONIA and HYDROGEN PEROXIDE. L-amino acid oxidase is widely distributed in and is thought to contribute to the toxicity of SNAKE VENOMS.
Metalloproteases
Proteases which use a metal, normally ZINC, in the catalytic mechanism. This group of enzymes is inactivated by metal CHELATORS.
Disintegrins
A family of polypeptides purified from snake venoms, which contain the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequence. The RGD tripeptide binds to integrin receptors and thus competitively inhibits normal integrin-ligand interactions. Disintegrins thus block adhesive functions and act as platelet aggregation inhibitors.
Phospholipases A2
Phospholipases that hydrolyze the acyl group attached to the 2-position of PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES.
Bungarus
A genus of poisonous snakes of the subfamily Elapinae of the family ELAPIDAE. They comprise the kraits. Twelve species are recognized and all inhabit southeast Asia. They are considered extremely dangerous. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p120)
Phospholipase A2 Inhibitors
Compounds that inhibit or block the activity of a PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 enzyme.
Neurotoxins
Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.
Crotoxin
A specific complex of toxic proteins from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American rattlesnake). It can be separated into a phospholipase A and crotapotin fragment; the latter consists of three different amino acid chains, potentiates the enzyme, and is specifically neurotoxic.
Phospholipases A
Phospholipases that hydrolyze one of the acyl groups of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates.
Phosphodiesterase I
A phosphoric diester hydrolase that removes 5'-nucleotides from the 3'-hydroxy termini of 3'-hydroxy-terminated OLIGONUCLEOTIDES. It has low activity towards POLYNUCLEOTIDES and the presence of 3'-phosphate terminus on the substrate may inhibit hydrolysis.
Amino Acid Sequence
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Boidae
A family of snakes comprising the boas, anacondas, and pythons. They occupy a variety of habitats through the tropics and subtropics and are arboreal, aquatic or fossorial (burrowing). Some are oviparous, others ovoviviparous. Contrary to popular opinion, they do not crush the bones of their victims: their coils exert enough pressure to stop a prey's breathing, thus suffocating it. There are five subfamilies: Boinae, Bolyerinae, Erycinae, Pythoninae, and Tropidophiinae. (Goin, Goin, and Zug, Introduction to Herpetology, 3d ed, p315-320)
Fish Venoms
Venoms produced by FISHES, including SHARKS and sting rays, usually delivered by spines. They contain various substances, including very labile toxins that affect the HEART specifically and all MUSCLES generally.
Ant Venoms
Venoms from the superfamily Formicoidea, Ants. They may contain protein factors and toxins, histamine, enzymes, and alkaloids and are often allergenic or immunogenic.
Group II Phospholipases A2
A subcategory of secreted phospholipases A2 that includes enzymes isolated from a variety of sources. The creation of this group is based upon similarities in the structural determinants of the enzymes including a negatively charged carboxy-terminal segment.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins
Most abundant proteins in COBRA venom; basic polypeptides of 57 to 62 amino acids with four disulfide bonds and a molecular weight of less than 7000; causes skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, interferes with neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission, depolarizes nerve, muscle and blood cell membranes, thus causing hemolysis.
Mollusk Venoms
Venoms from mollusks, including CONUS and OCTOPUS species. The venoms contain proteins, enzymes, choline derivatives, slow-reacting substances, and several characterized polypeptide toxins that affect the nervous system. Mollusk venoms include cephalotoxin, venerupin, maculotoxin, surugatoxin, conotoxins, and murexine.
Metalloendopeptidases
ENDOPEPTIDASES which use a metal such as ZINC in the catalytic mechanism.
Phospholipases A2, Secretory
A subcategory of phospholipases A2 that are secreted from cells. They are 14 kDa proteins containing multiple disulfide-bonds and access their substrate via an interfacial binding site that interacts with phospholipid membranes. In addition specific PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 RECEPTORS can bind to and internalize the enzymes.
Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases
A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of one of the two ester bonds in a phosphodiester compound. EC 3.1.4.
Russell's Viper
A genus of snakes of the family VIPERIDAE. It is distributed in West Pakistan, most of India, Burma, Ceylon, Thailand, southeast China, Taiwan, and a few islands of Indonesia. It hisses loudly when disturbed and strikes with great force and speed. Very prolific, it gives birth to 20-60 young. This viper is the leading cause of snakebite in India and Burma. (Moore: Poisonous Snakes of the World, 1980, p127)
Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins
Toxins, contained in cobra (Naja) venom that block cholinergic receptors; two specific proteins have been described, the small (short, Type I) and the large (long, Type II) which also exist in other Elapid venoms.
Erabutoxins
Toxins isolated from the venom of Laticauda semifasciata, a sea snake (Hydrophid); immunogenic, basic polypeptides of 62 amino acids, folded by four disulfide bonds, block neuromuscular end-plates irreversibly, thus causing paralysis and severe muscle damage; they are similar to Elapid neurotoxins.
Scorpions
Arthropods of the order Scorpiones, of which 1500 to 2000 species have been described. The most common live in tropical or subtropical areas. They are nocturnal and feed principally on insects and other arthropods. They are large arachnids but do not attack man spontaneously. They have a venomous sting. Their medical significance varies considerably and is dependent on their habits and venom potency rather than on their size. At most, the sting is equivalent to that of a hornet but certain species possess a highly toxic venom potentially fatal to humans. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Smith, Insects and Other Arthropods of Medical Importance, 1973, p417; Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, p503)
Phospholipases
A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-.
Amphibian Venoms
Venoms produced by frogs, toads, salamanders, etc. The venom glands are usually on the skin of the back and contain cardiotoxic glycosides, cholinolytics, and a number of other bioactive materials, many of which have been characterized. The venoms have been used as arrow poisons and include bufogenin, bufotoxin, bufagin, bufotalin, histrionicotoxins, and pumiliotoxin.
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
Toxins, Biological
Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often PROTEINS, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants (PLANTS, TOXIC), or ANIMALS.
Exocrine Glands
Glands of external secretion that release its secretions to the body's cavities, organs, or surface, through a duct.
Bungarotoxins
Neurotoxic proteins from the venom of the banded or Formosan krait (Bungarus multicinctus, an elapid snake). alpha-Bungarotoxin blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and has been used to isolate and study them; beta- and gamma-bungarotoxins act presynaptically causing acetylcholine release and depletion. Both alpha and beta forms have been characterized, the alpha being similar to the large, long or Type II neurotoxins from other elapid venoms.
Serine Proteases
Peptide hydrolases that contain at the active site a SERINE residue involved in catalysis.
Receptors, Phospholipase A2
Cell surface receptors that bind to and internalize SECRETED PHOSPHOLIPASES A2. Although primarily acting as scavenger receptors, these proteins may also play a role in intracellular signaling. Soluble forms of phospholipase A2 receptors occur through the action of proteases and may a play a role in the inhibition of extracellular phospholipase activity.
Ancrod
An enzyme fraction from the venom of the Malayan pit viper, Agkistrodon rhodostoma. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of a number of amino acid esters and a limited proteolysis of fibrinogen. It is used clinically to produce controlled defibrination in patients requiring anticoagulant therapy. EC 3.4.21.-.
Coagulants
Agents that cause clotting.
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.
Conus Snail
A genus of cone-shaped marine snails in the family Conidae, class GASTROPODA. It comprises more than 600 species, many containing unique venoms (CONUS VENOMS) with which they immobilize their prey.
Sequence Alignment
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
Peptides
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.
Platelet Aggregation
The attachment of PLATELETS to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., THROMBIN; COLLAGEN) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a THROMBUS.
Cnidarian Venoms
Venoms from jellyfish; CORALS; SEA ANEMONES; etc. They contain hemo-, cardio-, dermo- , and neuro-toxic substances and probably ENZYMES. They include palytoxin, sarcophine, and anthopleurine.
Lizards
Models, Molecular
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
Base Sequence
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Serine Endopeptidases
Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.
Protein Conformation
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Fibrinogen
Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.
Mass Spectrometry
An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.
DNA, Complementary
Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.
Molecular Weight
The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.
Prothrombin
A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia.
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Thymidine Monophosphate
5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.
Lethal Dose 50
The dose amount of poisonous or toxic substance or dose of ionizing radiation required to kill 50% of the tested population.
Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
Drugs or agents which antagonize or impair any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system.
Insect Bites and Stings
Bites and stings inflicted by insects.
Mangifera
A plant genus of the family ANACARDIACEAE best known for the edible fruit.
Aprotinin
A single-chain polypeptide derived from bovine tissues consisting of 58 amino-acid residues. It is an inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes including CHYMOTRYPSIN; KALLIKREIN; PLASMIN; and TRYPSIN. It is used in the treatment of HEMORRHAGE associated with raised plasma concentrations of plasmin. It is also used to reduce blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients at high risk of major blood loss during and following open heart surgery with EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995)
Chromatography, Ion Exchange
Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.
Evolution, Molecular
The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.
Nucleoside Diphosphate Sugars
Cloning, Molecular
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
Hydrolysis
The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.
Chromatography, Gel
Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.
Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of large biomolecules. Analyte molecules are embedded in an excess matrix of small organic molecules that show a high resonant absorption at the laser wavelength used. The matrix absorbs the laser energy, thus inducing a soft disintegration of the sample-matrix mixture into free (gas phase) matrix and analyte molecules and molecular ions. In general, only molecular ions of the analyte molecules are produced, and almost no fragmentation occurs. This makes the method well suited for molecular weight determinations and mixture analysis.
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.
Benzamidines
Amidines substituted with a benzene group. Benzamidine and its derivatives are known as peptidase inhibitors.
Adenosine Diphosphate Sugars
Esters formed between the aldehydic carbon of sugars and the terminal phosphate of adenosine diphosphate.
Kinetics
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Binding Sites
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
Blood Platelets
Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation.
Substrate Specificity
A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.
Thrombin
An enzyme formed from PROTHROMBIN that converts FIBRINOGEN to FIBRIN.
Spider Bites
The effects, both local and systemic, caused by the bites of SPIDERS.
Blood Coagulation
The process of the interaction of BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS that results in an insoluble FIBRIN clot.
Wasps
Any of numerous winged hymenopterous insects of social as well as solitary habits and having formidable stings.
Protein Binding
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins
Surface glycoproteins on platelets which have a key role in hemostasis and thrombosis such as platelet adhesion and aggregation. Many of these are receptors.
Lectins, C-Type
A class of animal lectins that bind to carbohydrate in a calcium-dependent manner. They share a common carbohydrate-binding domain that is structurally distinct from other classes of lectins.
Reptiles
Cold-blooded, air-breathing VERTEBRATES belonging to the class Reptilia, usually covered with external scales or bony plates.
Platypus
A small aquatic oviparous mammal of the order Monotremata found in Australia and Tasmania.
Amino Acids
Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.
Structure-Activity Relationship
The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.
Disulfides
Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.
Nucleotidases
A class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.-.
Trypsin
A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.
Oligopeptides
Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.
Conotoxins
Peptide neurotoxins from the marine fish-hunting snails of the genus CONUS. They contain 13 to 29 amino acids which are strongly basic and are highly cross-linked by disulfide bonds. There are three types of conotoxins, omega-, alpha-, and mu-. OMEGA-CONOTOXINS inhibit voltage-activated entry of calcium into the presynaptic membrane and therefore the release of ACETYLCHOLINE. Alpha-conotoxins inhibit the postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor. Mu-conotoxins prevent the generation of muscle action potentials. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed)
Torpedo
A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.
Polynucleotide 5'-Hydroxyl-Kinase
An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group to the 5'-terminal hydroxyl groups of DNA and RNA. EC 2.7.1.78.
Sequence Analysis, Protein
A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
Endopeptidases
A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.
ADAM Proteins
A family of membrane-anchored glycoproteins that contain a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain. They are responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of many transmembrane proteins and the release of their extracellular domain.

Isolation and characterization of nerve growth factor from the venom of Naja naja atra. (1/438)

Nerve growth factor was isolated from the venom of Naja naja atra by ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography and was found to be homogeneous by disc gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight was estimated to be approximately 20,000 by gel filtration and 22,000 by ultracentrifugation. This protein, which showed an isoelectric point of pH 7.02, probably consists of two subunits of equal molecular weight which are held together or interact with each other noncovalently. The biological activity survives treatment by a number of proteolytic enzymes, such as trypsin [EC 3.4.21.4], chymotrypsin [EC 3.4.21.1], and pepsin [EC 3.4.23.1].  (+info)

Isolation and amino acid sequence of a neurotoxic phospholipase A from the venom of the Australian tiger snake Notechis scutatus scutatus. (2/438)

The complete amino acid sequence of notechis 5, a neurotoxic phospholipase A from the venom of Notechis scutatus scutatus (Australian tiger snake), has been elucidated. The main fragmentation of the 119-residue peptide chain was accomplished by digesting the reduced and S-carboxymethylated derivative of the protein with a staphylococcal protease specific for glutamoyl bonds. Tryptic peptides were used to align and complete the sequence of the four staphylococcal protease peptides. The sequence was determined by Edman degradation by means of the direct phenylthiohydantoin method. Notechis 5 differs in seven positions from the recently elucidated sequence of the presynaptic neurotoxin notexin from the same venom. Notechis 5 has a 50% higher specific prospholipase A activity than notexin when assayed against egg yolk but is only one-third as toxic.  (+info)

NMR spatial structure of alpha-conotoxin ImI reveals a common scaffold in snail and snake toxins recognizing neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. (3/438)

A 600 MHz NMR study of alpha-conotoxin ImI from Conus imperialis, targeting the alpha7 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), is presented. ImI backbone spatial structure is well defined basing on the NOEs, spin-spin coupling constants, and amide protons hydrogen-deuterium exchange data: rmsd of the backbone atom coordinates at the 2-12 region is 0.28 A in the 20 best structures. The structure is described as a type I beta-turn (positions 2-5) followed by a distorted helix (positions 5-11). Similar structural patterns can be found in all neuronal-specific alpha-conotoxins. Highly mobile side chains of the Asp-5, Arg-7 and Trp-10 residues form a single site for ImI binding to the alpha7 receptor. When depicted with opposite directions of the polypeptide chains, the ImI helix and the tip of the central loop of long chain snake neurotoxins demonstrate a common scaffold and similar positioning of the functional side chains, both of these structural elements appearing essential for binding to the neuronal nAChRs.  (+info)

Probing the role of C-1 ester group in Naja naja phospholipase A2-phospholipid interactions using butanetriol-containing phosphatidylcholine analogues. (4/438)

To understand the role of the ester moiety of the sn-1 acyl chain in phospholipase A2-glycerophospholipid interactions, we introduced an additional methylene residue between the glycerol C1 and C2 carbon atoms of phosphatidylcholines, and then studied the kinetics of hydrolysis and the binding of such butanetriol-containing phospholipids with Naja naja phospholipase A2. Hydrolysis was monitored by using phospholipids containing a NBD-labelled sn-2 acyl chain and binding was ascertained by measuring the protein tryptophan fluorescence. The hydrolysis of butanetriol-containing phospholipids was invariably slower than that of the glycerol-containing phospholipids. In addition, the enzyme binding with the substrate was markedly decreased upon replacing the glycerol residue with the 1,3,4-butanetriol moiety in phosphatidylcholines. These results have been interpreted to suggest that the sn-1 ester group in glycerophospholipids could play an important role in phospholipase A2-phospholipid interactions.  (+info)

The effects of specific antibody fragments on the 'irreversible' neurotoxicity induced by Brown snake (Pseudonaja) venom. (5/438)

Brown snake (Pseudonaja) venom has been reported to produce 'irreversible' post synaptic neurotoxicity (Harris & Maltin, 1981; Barnett et al., 1980). A murine phrenic nerve/diaphragm preparation was used to study the neurotoxic effects of this venom and pre- and post-synaptic components were distinguished by varying the temperature and frequency of nerve stimulation. There were no myotoxic effects and the neurotoxicity proved irreversible by washing alone. The effects of a new Fab based ovine antivenom have been investigated and proved able to produce a complete, rapid (< 1 h) reversal of the neurotoxicity induced by Brown snake venom. A reversal was also possible when the antivenom addition was delayed for a further 60 min. We believe that this is the first time such a reversal has been shown.  (+info)

SVPD-post-labeling detection of oxidative damage negates the problem of adventitious oxidative effects during 32P-labeling. (6/438)

The exploitation of oxidative DNA lesions as biomarkers of oxidative stress in vivo requires techniques that allow for the precise and valid measurement of oxidative damage to DNA. Previously, endogenous levels of the oxidative lesion 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-HO-dG) in rat tissues determined by a micrococcal nuclease/calf spleen phosphodiesterase-based 32P-post-labeling protocol were found to be at least 10-fold higher than those determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection. This was attributed to the adventitious oxidation of the normal nucleotides (dGp) occurring during the labeling stage of the postlabeling protocol, which could only be prevented by the introduction of additional chromatographic steps to remove the unmodified species prior to labeling. In the present study we report that an alternative snake venom phosphodiesterase-based 32P-post-labeling procedure (SVPD-postlabeling) negates the problem of adventitious oxidative damage during labeling by virtue of a unique digestion strategy. In SVPD-post-labeling, digestion yields certain lesions (thymine glycols, phosphoglycolates and abasic sites) as damage-containing dimer species which are ready substrates for labeling. In contrast, the undamaged DNA is recovered as mononucleoside species (dN) which are not substrates for labeling and so remain undetected. Furthermore, even if the mononucleosides are oxidized during labeling, they will not contribute to the level of damage detected. Indeed, we demonstrate that neither the external gamma-irradiation of the digested DNA samples nor increasing the incubation time of the labeling reaction alters the levels of damage detected by SVPD-post-labeling. The negation of adventitious oxidative effects during labeling deems that an optimized SVPD-post-labeling procedure should be well-suited for the biomonitoring of endogenous oxidative stress in vivo.  (+info)

Long-term regeneration of fast and slow murine skeletal muscles after induced injury by ACL myotoxin isolated from Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus (broad-banded copperhead) venom. (7/438)

The aim of the present work was to analyze the regenerated muscle types I and II fibers of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of mice, 8 months after damage induced by ACL myotoxin (ACLMT). Animals received 5 mg/kg of ACLMT into the subcutaneous lateral region of the right hind limb, near the Achilles tendon; contralateral muscles received saline. Longitudinal and cross sections (10 microm) of frozen muscle tissue were evaluated. Eight months after ACLMT injection, both muscle types I and II fibers of soleus and gastrocnemius muscles still showed centralized nuclei and small regenerated fibers. Compared with the left muscle, the incidence of type I fibers increased in the right muscle (21% +/- 03% versus 12% +/- 06%, P = 0.009), whereas type II fibers decreased (78% +/- 02% versus 88% +/- 06%, P = 0.01). The incidence of type IIC fibers was normal. These results confirm that ACLMT induced muscle type fiber transformation from type II to type I, through type IIC. The area analysis of types I and II fibers of the gastrocnemius revealed that injured right muscles have a higher percentage of small fibers in both types I and II fibers (0-1,500 microm2) than left muscles, which have larger normal type I and II fibers (1,500-3,500 microm2). These results indicate that ACLMT can be used as an excellent model to study the rearrangement of motor units and the transformation of muscle fiber types during regeneration.  (+info)

Reaction of an activated complex of guinea-pig complement components, C56, with unsensitized erythrocytes and with erythrocytes carrying C3b molecule. (8/438)

During the interaction of guinea-pig complement intermediate cells, EAC423, with guinea-pig C5 and C6, an activated complex of C5 and C6, C56, was demonstrated in the fluid phase of the reaction mixture. C56 also was eluted from EAC42356 which had been generated by the interaction of EAC423 with C5 and C6. Both preparations of C56 showed quite similar characteristics and were not distinguished from one another. Both were capable of reacting with unsensitized erythrocytes (E) in the presence of C7 to form EC567. Further, they were able to react with EAC43 in the absence of C7 to form EAC43568 but did react with EAC43 pretreated with C3b inactivator, dithiothreitol or N-bromosuccinimide. These results indicate that guinea-pig C56 generated on EAC423 has a tendency to dissociate into the fluid phase. Nevertheless, the dissociated C56 can bind again to intact C3b molecule on the cells. The ability of cell-bound C3b to combine with C56 may lead to localization of C56 to the cell membrane carrying C3b, resulting in acceleration of attachment of C567 to the membrane. This assumption could be supported by the finding that the replacement of E by EAC43 increased the susceptibility of the cells to lytic action of complement induced by cobra venom factor. Thus, a new function of cell-bound C3b as localizing C56 to the membrane of sensitized cells was indicated.  (+info)

Cancers | Free Full-Text | Potential of Integrin Inhibitors for Treating Ovarian Cancer: A Literature ReviewCancers | Free Full-Text | Potential of Integrin Inhibitors for Treating Ovarian Cancer: A Literature Review
Epithelial ovarian cancer is a fatal disease, with a cure rate of only 30%. Several recent studies have targeted integrins for cancer treatment. Preclinical studies have shown the effectiveness of several integrin inhibitors for blocking cancer progression, especially by blocking angiogenesis. Because the initial critical step in ovarian cancer metastasis is the attachment of cancer cells to the peritoneum or omentum and because clinical trials have provided positive results for anti-angiogenic therapy, therapies targeting integrins may be the most feasible approach for treating cancer. This review summarizes the current understanding of integrin biology in ovarian cancer metastasis and various therapeutic approaches involving integrin inhibitors. However, no integrin inhibitor has shown favorable results thus far. However, conjugates of cytotoxic agents with the triplet sequence arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptides targeting α5β1-, αvβ3-, and αvβ6-integrins may be promising integrin
http://mdpi.com/2072-6694/9/7/83/xml
Toxins | Free Full-Text | Direct Fibrinolytic Snake Venom Metalloproteinases Affecting Hemostasis: Structural, Biochemical...Toxins | Free Full-Text | Direct Fibrinolytic Snake Venom Metalloproteinases Affecting Hemostasis: Structural, Biochemical...
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are predominant in viperid venoms, which provoke hemorrhage and affect hemostasis and thrombosis. P-I class enzymes consist only of a single metalloproteinase domain. Despite sharing high sequence homology, only some of them induce hemorrhage. They have direct fibrin(ogen)olytic activity. Their main biological substrate is fibrin(ogen), whose Aα-chain is degraded rapidly and independently of activation of plasminogen. It is important to understand their biochemical and physiological mechanisms, as well as their applications, to study the etiology of some human diseases and to identify sites of potential intervention. As compared to all current antiplatelet therapies to treat cardiovascular events, the SVMPs have outstanding biochemical attributes: (a) they are insensitive to plasma serine proteinase inhibitors; (b) they have the potential to avoid bleeding risk; (c) mechanistically, they are inactivated/cleared by α2-macroglobulin that limits their range of
http://mdpi.com/2072-6651/9/12/392
Snake Venom Proteins: Development into Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Agents | Bentham ScienceSnake Venom Proteins: Development into Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Agents | Bentham Science
Title:Snake Venom Proteins: Development into Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Agents. VOLUME: 11 ISSUE: 1. Author(s):Ramar Perumal Samy, Jayapal Manikandan, Gautam Sethi, Octavio L. Franco, Josiah C. Okonkwo, Bradley G. Stiles, Vincent T.K. Chow, Ponnampalam Gopalakrishnakone and Mohammed Al Qahtani. Affiliation:Venom and Toxin Research Programme, Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597.. Keywords:Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), snake venom protein, endogenous antibiotics, Lys49 & Asp49-PLA2, inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, skin, wound healing, transcription factors NF-kB, Cys-rich protein.. Abstract:Infectious diseases are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for approximately 50% of all deaths in tropical countries and as much as 20% of deaths in the USA. The emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains makes the risk of these infections even more threatening and an ...
https://www.eurekaselect.com/121338/article
snake venom medicinal uses - snake venom medicinal uses online Wholesalerssnake venom medicinal uses - snake venom medicinal uses online Wholesalers
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Hypotensive Agents from Snake Venoms | Bentham ScienceHypotensive Agents from Snake Venoms | Bentham Science
Title: Hypotensive Agents from Snake Venoms. VOLUME: 4 ISSUE: 4. Author(s):Roy Joseph, Susanta Pahari, Wayne C. Hodgson and R. Manjunatha Kini. Affiliation:Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543.. Keywords:bradykinin potentiating peptides, natriuretic peptides, sarafatoxin, endothelin, calciseptine, conotoxins and calcium current, vascular permeability, l-type calcium channel, cardiovascular effects. Abstract: Many snake venoms contain toxins which produce profound cardiovascular effects. The site of action of these toxins includes cardiac muscle, vascular smooth muscle and the capillary vascular bed. Some snake venoms, for example, contain peptides that inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme and potentiate the biological actions of bradykinin. Other snake venoms contain structural and functional equivalents of mammalian natriuretic peptides. Sarafotoxins are short peptide toxins found in the venoms of snakes ...
https://www.eurekaselect.com/91361/article/hypotensive-agents-snake-venoms?tracking-code=4
Cilengitide in Treating Younger Patients With Recurrent or Progressive High-Grade Glioma That Has Not Responded to Standard...Cilengitide in Treating Younger Patients With Recurrent or Progressive High-Grade Glioma That Has Not Responded to Standard...
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:. I. To determine the objective response rate to cilengitide in younger patients with recurrent or progressive high-grade glioma that is refractory to standard therapy.. SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:. I. To estimate the distribution of time to progression, time to treatment failure, and time to death in these patients.. II. To estimate the rate of toxicity, especially symptomatic intratumoral hemorrhage, in these patients.. III. To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of cilengitide in plasma using a limited sampling strategy.. IV. To evaluate the pharmacogenetic polymorphisms in drug transporters (eg, breast cancer resistance protein [BCRP], P-glycoprotein [P-gp]) and relate to cilengitide disposition.. OUTLINE:. Patients receive cilengitide IV over 1 hour on days 1, 4, 8, 11, 15, 18, 22, and 25. Courses repeat every 28 days in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.. After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up every 3 months for 2 years and then ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00679354?cond=%22Anaplastic+oligoastrocytoma%22&rank=19
Could the study of snake venom benefit controlled penis tissue deformation - Thunders PlaceCould the study of snake venom benefit controlled penis tissue deformation - Thunders Place
There is no way to find out by just reading this, but Ive heard a lot about snake venom deforming tissues after exposure, now Im not saying that you should just take some venom and the penis will get bigger. But what Im suggesting that further studies of snake venom and the reactions of tissue under controlled environments might lead the way to understand the benefits of tissue deformation without death. There is an antidote for the snake venom if bitten in the wild, it uses a plant of some kind which acts alone in some cases and target the venom in the nervous system rendering the venom useless as it deforms the cells.. Could a controlled dose of venom mixed with another tissue isolating chemical change the size of cells in the penis? Could such a thing be possible? Its a long shot so dont all laugh at once, but its the ideas that people have that spark discovery.. Here is some facts on what people are trying.. The relationship between microstructural features and macroscopic mechanical ...
https://www.thundersplace.org/penis-enlargement/could-the-study-of-snake-venom-benefit-controlled-penis-tissue-deformation.html
Structure of the snake-venom toxin convulxin. - Nuffield Department of MedicineStructure of the snake-venom toxin convulxin. - Nuffield Department of Medicine
Snake venoms contain a number of proteins that interact with components of the haemostatic system that promote or inhibit events leading to blood-clot formation. The snake-venom protein convulxin (Cvx) binds glycoprotein (GP) VI, the platelet receptor for collagen, and triggers signal transduction. Here, the 2.7 A resolution crystal structure of Cvx is presented. In common with other members of this snake-venom protein family, Cvx is an alphabeta-heterodimer and conforms to the C-type lectin-fold topology. Comparison with other family members allows a set of Cvx residues that form a concave surface to be putatively implicated in GPVI binding. Unlike other family members, with the exception of flavocetin-A (FL-A), Cvx forms an (alphabeta)(4) tetramer. This oligomeric structure is consistent with Cvx clustering GPVI molecules on the surface of platelets and as a result promoting signal transduction activity. The Cvx structure and the location of the putative binding sites suggest a model for this
https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/publications/11605
renovatebiologicalrenovatebiological
Snake venom is a highly complex cocktail of proteins, peptides, non protein toxins, carbohydrates, lipids, amines and other molecules. The chemical composition of venom varies at all taxonomic levels. Further, composition can vary considerably between snakes in different geographical locations and individuals within those populations. The composition is also subject to change based on diet, age, season and environment. The widely differing manifestations of snake bite could be attributed to complexity of venom to some extent.. The snake venom mainly contains proteins (,90%, dry weight). There are more than hundred different proteins in each venom; with elapid and viperid venoms constituting 25-70% and 80-90% of enzymes respectively. Some non-enzymatic polypeptide toxins and non-toxic proteins are also present. The snake venoms are mainly characterized as neurotoxic and hemotoxic. The neurotoxic venoms act at molecular level, by disrupting the neuromuscular junctions, limiting muscle activity ...
https://renovatebiological.wordpress.com/
FacultyFaculty
My laboratory, in collaboration with my colleague Dr. Jon Bjarnason, was one of the first to identify and characterize the metalloproteinases present in numerous snake venoms. These Snake Venom Metalloproteinases; SVMPs are responsible for many of the pathologies associated with snake envenoming. Our research has elucidated the structures of these toxins and identified the biochemical and cellular mechanisms by which the toxins function to give rise to their noted pathologies. Specifically my research interests have been centered on metalloproteinases and extracellular matrix and the processes they regulate in normal and pathological circumstances. Our recent focus has expanded to include the interaction of host and tumor in carcinogenesis and metastasis and the role of stromal microenvironment, inflammation in cancer metastasis and invasion. We are also carrying out research on the discovery and validation of biomarkers associated with normal and chronic wound healing. Our longstanding interest ...
https://mic.med.virginia.edu/faculty?id=25622
snake venom whitening anti ageing mask - Face Mask Suppliersnake venom whitening anti ageing mask - Face Mask Supplier
PRODUCT DETAILS Serum by ItS SKIN. Highly effective serum containing SYN-AKE® peptides which mimic the action of snake venom. Wrinkles are frozen, preventing formation of new creases and lines to give a more evenly toned complexion. Delivers deep moisture and vitamins to the skin. Hydration through many levels of skin. Soft texture with enriched essence. Apply to clean skin and leave on , snake venom whitening anti ageing ...
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Snake venom helps hydrogels stop the bleeding • healthcare-in-europe.comSnake venom helps hydrogels stop the bleeding • healthcare-in-europe.com
A nanofiber hydrogel infused with snake venom may be the best material to stop bleeding quickly, according to Rice University scientists., A nanofiber hydrogel infused with snake venom may be the best material to stop bleeding quickly, according to Rice University scientists.
https://healthcare-in-europe.com/en/news/snake-venom-helps-hydrogels-stop-the-bleeding.html
Snake venom might provide a safer antiplatelet drug | American Heart AssociationSnake venom might provide a safer antiplatelet drug | American Heart Association
Study Highlights: In preliminary research, an antiplatelet drug based on a snake venom protein prevented blood clotting without leading to excessive bleeding, a dangerous side effect of currently available antiplatelet drugs. The venom protein may be the template for a new class of antiplatelet drugs that offers fewer bleeding complications.
https://newsroom.heart.org/news/snake-venom-might-provide-a-safer-antiplatelet-drug
Snake Venom + Collagen Wrinkle Filler Eye Cream 15 & Super Antioxidant Facial Cleansing Oil 100mlSnake Venom + Collagen Wrinkle Filler Eye Cream 15 & Super Antioxidant Facial Cleansing Oil 100ml
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Snake venom may replace aspirin for heart disease patients - The Financial ExpressSnake venom may replace aspirin for heart disease patients - The Financial Express
Scientists have found that a snake venom can provide a safer alternative to drugs like aspirin that help prevent blood clots in heart disease patients. Antiplatelet drugs prevent blood cells called platelets from clumping together and are widely used to treat heart disease.
http://www.financialexpress.com/health-3/snake-venom-may-replace-aspirin-for-heart-disease-patients/712590/
Snake venom hydrogel stops bleeding in 6 seconds - FuturitySnake venom hydrogel stops bleeding in 6 seconds - Futurity
A nanofiber hydrogel infused with snake venom may work better than anti-coagulants to stop bleeding quickly, a new study suggests.
http://www.futurity.org/snake-venom-hydrogel-bleeding-1033982/
Cediranib Maleate and Cilengitide in Treating Patients With Progressive or Recurrent GlioblastomaCediranib Maleate and Cilengitide in Treating Patients With Progressive or Recurrent Glioblastoma
This phase I trial is studying the side effects and best dose of cediranib maleate when given together with cilengitide in treating patients with progre
http://www.knowcancer.com/cancer-trials/NCT00979862/
Pharmacokinetics in Subjects With Renal Impairment - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govPharmacokinetics in Subjects With Renal Impairment - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Subjects in Groups 2 and 3 will receive a single dose of 2000mg of cilengitide as 1-hour i.v. infusion. Subjects from group 4a will receive a single dose of 1000mg of cilengitide as 1-hour i.v. infusion . PK samples will be collected and basic PK parameters will be calculated. The safety, tolerability, and PK will be evaluated by the Safety Monitoring Committee (SMC). If the SMC has no concerns, Group 4b will be treated with a higher dose (up to 2000mg) of cilengitide. Then, Group 1 (healthy subjects) will be started after the last subject with renal impairment (in either Group 2, 3, or 4a; or in Group 4b, if applicable) has completed all activities on Day 3. They will also receive a single dose of 2000mg of cilengitide as 1-hour i.v. infusion.. The duration of the trial from the first subject enrolled to the last subject last visit will be approximately 6 months (approximately 8 months, in case Group 4b is included). Each subject will participate in the trial for up to 35 days, including ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01504165
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Specific binding sites in collagen for integrins and use thereofSpecific binding sites in collagen for integrins and use thereof
The present invention identified a high affinity binding sequence in collagen type III for the collagen-binding integrin I domains. Provided herein are the methods used to characterize the sequence, the peptides comprising this novel sequence and the use of the peptides in enabling cell adhesion. Also provided herein are methods to identify specific integrin inhibitors, sequences of these inhibitors and their use in inhibiting pathophysiological conditions that may arise due to integrin-collagen interaction ...
https://oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/handle/1969.1/177879
Murphy, John A.<...Murphy, John A.<...
Lippa, Rhys A. and Barrett, John and Pal, Sandeep and Rowedder, James E. and Murphy, John A. and Barrett, Tim N. (2020) Discovery of the first potent and selective αvβ5 integrin inhibitor based on an amide-containing core. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 208. 112719. ISSN 0223-5234 Smith, Andrew J. and Dimitrova, Daniela and Arokianathar, Jude N. and Clark, Kenneth F. and Poole, Darren L. and Leach, Stuart G. and Murphy, John A. (2020) Et3SiH + KOtBu provide multiple reactive intermediates that compete in the reactions and rearrangements of benzylnitriles and indolenines. Chemical Science, 11 (45). pp. 12364-12370. ISSN 2041-6520 Lawson, Connor A. and Dominey, Andrew P. and Williams, Glynn D. and Murphy, John A. (2020) Visible light-mediated smiles rearrangements and annulations of non-activated aromatics. Chemical Communications, 56 (77). pp. 11445-11448. ISSN 1359-7345 Rohrbach, Simon and Murphy, John A. and Tuttle, Tell (2020) Computational study on the boundary between the ...
https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/86752.html
Snake venom is a cure for heart disease patients: No aspirin, no side-effects! - Global Village SpaceSnake venom is a cure for heart disease patients: No aspirin, no side-effects! - Global Village Space
In the process of study, researchers first created a drug that interacts with the receptor found on the exterior of the blood clotting cells. The protein was then mixed with the blood and introduced into the bodies of mice.. The results obtained showed slower blood clot formation in mice having the protein in their system than those without. The protein in the venom interacted with the GPVI, the receptor on the cells, and resultantly inhibited the blood clot formation.. According to another significant benefit revealed in the research, the protein also did not cause the excessive bleeding which is the common side effect of the concurrent medicines used in the treatment.. ...
https://www.globalvillagespace.com/snake-venom-cure-heart-disease-patients-aspirin-side-effects/
Animal venom toxins are a good template for new medicines: Zoltan Takacs | ET HealthWorldAnimal venom toxins are a good template for new medicines: Zoltan Takacs | ET HealthWorld
Shahid Akhter, editor, ETHealthworld spoke to Zoltan Takacs, Founder and CEO, World Toxin Bank ToxinTech Inc, US, to know more about the animal venom toxins a..
https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/videos/animal-venom-toxins-are-a-good-template-for-new-medicines-zoltan-takacs/72962284
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ElishaCoy Syn-ake Velvet Skin lotion not only cultivates smoother but also improve the skins elasticity with peptides similar to those found in snake venom and epithelial cell growth enhancing EGF.... Learn More ...
https://www.toktokbox.com/collections/lotion-essence
Agahinda: Arsene Wenger yongeye guhemukira bikomeye abafana ba Arsenal - YEGOBAgahinda: Arsene Wenger yongeye guhemukira bikomeye abafana ba Arsenal - YEGOB
Amakuru azindukiye mu bitangazamakuru nka Skysport ndetse na Daily Star ndetse na The times aravuga ko umukinnyi Alex Oxlade Chamberlain atagishaka kuguma mu ikipe ya Arsenal nyuma yuko umutoza Jurgen Klopp utoza Liverpool yatangaje ko mu bakinnyi akunda imikinire yabo nuyu musore arimo ndetse namakipe nka Chelsea na Manchester City yigeze kwifuza uyu mukinnyi. ibi akaba aribyo byongeye kubabaza bikomeye abafana ba Arsenal.. ...
https://yegob.rw/agahinda-arsene-wenger-yongeye-guhemukira-bikomeye-abafana-ba-arsenal/
New Arsenal Away Kit UnveiledNew Arsenal Away Kit Unveiled
Here it is, folks! The new 2010-2011 Arsenal away kit! Quite spiffy, if you ask me. Ive seen some mixed reactions to it, but I like it. Now all we need is
http://www.arsenalfcblog.com/new-arsenal-away-kit-unveiled/
Nacho Monreal unveiled by Arsenal - PICTURED | Daily Mail OnlineNacho Monreal unveiled by Arsenal - PICTURED | Daily Mail Online
Arsenal unveiled new signing Nacho Monreal on the same day that manager Arsene Wenger revealed fellow left back Kieran Gibbs will be out for up to eight weeks.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2271797/Nacho-Monreal-unveiled-Arsenal--PICTURED.html?ITO=1490&ns_mchannel=rss&ns_campaign=1490
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Arsenal manager Arsene Wengers obstinacy rewarded - The NationalArsenal manager Arsene Wengers obstinacy rewarded - The National
Stubbornness and going against the grain is the hallmark of a great manager, traits the Gunners coach possesses in abundance, writes |i|Richard Jolly.|/i|
https://www.thenational.ae/sport/arsenal-manager-arsene-wenger-s-obstinacy-rewarded-1.385235
inggris | LANKAPHONES.COMinggris | LANKAPHONES.COM
Tercatat selama kurang lebih 24 tahun, Arsenal menjadi salah satu tim yang telah rutin berlaga di kompetisi Eropa setiap musimnya. Arsenal tak pernah Read More ...
https://www.lankaphones.com/tag/inggris/
Accelerated evolution of snake venom phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> isozymes for acquisition of diverse physiological...Accelerated evolution of snake venom phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> isozymes for acquisition of diverse physiological...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Accelerated evolution of snake venom phospholipase A2 isozymes for acquisition of diverse physiological functions. AU - Ogawa, Tomohisa. AU - Nakashima, Kin Ichi. AU - Nobuhisa, Ikuo. AU - Deshimaru, Masanobu. AU - Shimohigashi, Yasuyuki. AU - Fukumaki, Yasuyuki. AU - Sakaki, Yoshiyuki. AU - Hattori, Shosaku. AU - Ohno, Motonori. PY - 1996/11. Y1 - 1996/11. N2 - The nucleotide sequences of two cDNAs and four genes encoding Trimeresurus gramineus venom gland phospholipase A2 (PLA2) isozymes were determined and compared internally and externally with those encoding Trimeresurus flavoviridis venom gland PLA2 isozymes. It was reveald that the protein-coding regions are much more diversified than the 5 and 3 untranslated regions (UTRs) and the introns except for the signal peptide domain. The numbers of nucleotide substitutions per site (K(N)) for the UTRs and the introns were approximately one-quarter of the numbers of nucleotide substitutions per synonymous site (K(s)) for the ...
https://kyushu-u.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/accelerated-evolution-of-snake-venom-phospholipase-asub2sub-isozy
High-throughput immuno-profiling of mamba (Dendroaspis) venom toxin epitopes using high-density peptide microarraysHigh-throughput immuno-profiling of mamba (Dendroaspis) venom toxin epitopes using high-density peptide microarrays
Snakebite envenoming is a serious condition requiring medical attention and administration of antivenom. Current antivenoms are antibody preparations obtained from the plasma of animals immunised with whole venom(s) and contain antibodies against snake venom toxins, but also against other antigens. In order to better understand the molecular interactions between antivenom antibodies and epitopes on snake venom toxins, a high-throughput immuno-profiling study on all manually curated toxins from Dendroaspis species and selected African Naja species was performed based on custom-made high-density peptide microarrays displaying linear toxin fragments. By detection of binding for three different antivenoms and performing an alanine scan, linear elements of epitopes and the positions important for binding were identified. A strong tendency of antivenom antibodies recognizing and binding to epitopes at the functional sites of toxins was observed. With these results, high-density peptide microarray ...
http://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/handle/10669/74732?locale-attribute=es
Cyclo(RGDyK) trifluoroacetate | Integrin Inhibitor | MedChemExpressCyclo(RGDyK) trifluoroacetate | Integrin Inhibitor | MedChemExpress
Cyclo(RGDyK) trifluoroacetate is a potent and selective αVβ3 integrin inhibitor with an IC50 of 20 nM. - Mechanism of Action & Protocol.
https://www.medchemexpress.com/Cyclo_RGDyK__trifluoroacetate.html
Carbon monoxide, Iron-based Therapy Inhibits Effects of Snake VenomCarbon monoxide, Iron-based Therapy Inhibits Effects of Snake Venom
A University of Arizona researcher developing a therapy to prevent or delay the dangerous results of rattlesnake and other venomous snakebites in humans has shown that a combination of carbon monoxide and iron inhibits snake venoms effects for up to an hour in animals, a major advance in bringing the treatment to market.. Snake venom is hemotoxic-destructive to the ability of blood to clot-and can cause the destruction of fibrinogen, an essential protein that enables blood to clot and stop excessive bleeding. Snake-venom enzymes also can cause abnormally fast clotting, which can lead to heart attack, stroke and damage to the bodys organs. Both reactions are inhibited by the therapy.. Vance G. Nielsen, professor and vice chair for research in the Department of Anesthesiology at the UA College of Medicine - Tucson, has confirmed that, if given soon enough after a snake bite, the carbon monoxide-iron-based therapy directly can inhibit snake venoms ability to block blood clotting in laboratory ...
https://www.laboratoryequipment.com/news/2017/10/carbon-monoxide-iron-based-therapy-inhibits-effects-snake-venom
Molecular characterisation of endogenous snake venom metalloproteinase inhibitors. - PubMed - NCBIMolecular characterisation of endogenous snake venom metalloproteinase inhibitors. - PubMed - NCBI
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18029259?dopt=Abstract
SERPENS DERM Gift set with snake venomSERPENS DERM Gift set with snake venom
Gift box comprises a broad-spectrum ointment with Snake venom having antirheumatic and antispastic effect (75 ml), anti-wrinkle face cream with Snake venom - anti-age care for all skin types (50 ml)
https://www.vivaco.cz/en/catalogue-serpens-derm-gift-set-with-snake-venom-detail-6793
Snake Venom Antisera : medicine prices in Pakistan - WhatPriceDrugs.comSnake Venom Antisera : medicine prices in Pakistan - WhatPriceDrugs.com
Snake Venom Antisera : medicine prices in Pakistan at WhatPriceDrugs.com. List of Medication containing Snake Venom Antisera. Get information about generic, dosage forms, pack sizes and latest price.
https://whatpricedrugs.com/medicine-category/snake-venom-antisera/
Snake venom evolved for prey not protection | EurekAlert! Science NewsSnake venom evolved for prey not protection | EurekAlert! Science News
It is estimated that every year, over 100,000 human deaths can be attributed to snakebite from the worlds 700 venomous snake species -- all inflicted in self-defence when the snakes feel threatened by encroaching humans. However, a new piece of research concludes that snake venom did not evolve as a defence mechanism.
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-03/su-sve032520.php
Snake Spiele - SpieleSnake Spiele - Spiele
Neck, lumbar and pelvic vertebrae are very reduced in number only 2-10 lumbar and pelvic vertebrae are present , while only a short tail remains of the caudal vertebrae. Amphibians and reptiles portal. An older snake may shed its skin only once or twice a year. The probe is marked at the point where it stops, removed, and compared to the subcaudal depth by laying it alongside the scales. More advanced snakes have no remnants of limbs, but basal snakes such as pythons and boas do have traces of highly reduced, vestigial hind limbs. Cobras, vipers, and closely related species use venom to immobilize or kill their prey. This process leads to genome wide homozygosity , expression of deleterious recessive alleles and often to developmental abnormalities. Snakes use smell to track their prey. It is reconstituted with sterile water and becomes antivenom. More than 20 families are currently recognized, comprising about genera and about 3, species. King cobras and the Australian bandy-bandy consume other ...
http://zombiespiele.review/monopoly-online-spielen/snake.php
Decoding Snake-Venom Origins | The Institute for Creation ResearchDecoding Snake-Venom Origins | The Institute for Creation Research
The origin of snake venom has long been a mystery to both creationists and evolutionists. However, by stepping outside the standard research paradigm, scientists recently showed that snake venom proteins may have arisen from existing salivary proteins.1. The Bible indicates that at the beginning of creation, Gods handiwork was not fraught with death, disease, and violence. Because of Adam and Eves rebellion, creation became subject to all of these negative factors, including snakes with toxic venom. The question then arises of how the curse on creation brought about these deadly changes. Were new genes of malicious intent added by the Creator, or was pre-existing genetic information corrupted or altered in some way? According to what we know about genomic decay and the character of God as revealed in the Bible, it is more likely that genomic modification, possibly associated with degradation (genetic entropy), was the cause.2,3. On the other side of the scientific paradigm lies the ...
https://www.icr.org/article/decoding-snake-venom-origins/
Snake Venom worth 12 crore seized by BSF | Medicare NewsSnake Venom worth 12 crore seized by BSF | Medicare News
Curious to know about venom and its usage! Snake Venom means snakes poison. Stay away from it. Venom is poisonous fluid generate by animals such as snakes,
http://medicarepharmabusiness.com/snake-venom-worth-12-crore-seized-by-bsf/
Snake Venom Enzymes Proteins Substances Neurotoxic Effect Coagulants Biology EssaySnake Venom Enzymes Proteins Substances Neurotoxic Effect Coagulants Biology Essay
Introduction: Snake venom is adapted saliva that is formed by distinct glands of only certain species of snakes. The gland which secretes ...
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/biology/snake-venom-enzymes-proteins-substances-neurotoxic-effect-coagulants-biology-essay.php
Due to its various structures in bio-compounds, snake venom is the indisputable result of evolutionary stages of molecules with...Due to its various structures in bio-compounds, snake venom is the indisputable result of evolutionary stages of molecules with...
Due to its various structures in bio-compounds, snake venom is the indisputable result of evolutionary stages of molecules with an increasingly complex structure, high specificity, and of great importance for medicine because of their potential. 4.50, 7.00, 15.00, 28.00, 46.00, 63.00, 95.00, 150.00, 240.00 kDa. The screening revealed the presence of compounds with a molecular weight greater than 80 kDa, in the case of and and genus using a useful and replicable methodology. The extension of protein fractions evaluation in the field up to 230 kDa allows the identification of fractions Torisel price that are insufficiently studied so far, including both their structures and their biological effects. Material and Methods Venom collection In all cases, animal manipulation, including snakes harvesting, was good UNC Institutional Pet Make use of and Treatment Committee authorized protocols, and none from the pets were for the International Union for Conservation of Character threatened varieties ...
http://health-media.net/%EF%BB%BFdue-to-its-various-structures-in-bio-compounds-snake-venom-is-the-indisputable-result-of-evolutionary-stages-of-molecules-with-an-increasingly-complex-structure-high-specificity-and-of-gre/
Snake venoms affect bloodstream coagulation and platelet function inside a organic - Small molecule epigenetic inhibitors...Snake venoms affect bloodstream coagulation and platelet function inside a organic - Small molecule epigenetic inhibitors...
Snake venoms affect bloodstream coagulation and platelet function inside a organic way. A23187 with identical IC50 concentrations. They neither influence shape modification nor the cAMP level. Further research demonstrated that trigramin and echistatin purified from and venom, which like RUC-2, got a minor priming impact in induction of fibrinogen-binding or PAC-1 binding, reflecting that TMV-7 induces small publicity of LIBs (unpublished data). It binds ideally to IIb, a binding epitope not the same as those of mAb 7E3, tirofiban, eptifibatide & most RGD-containing disintegrins including dimeric disintegrin, and brief- and medium-size disintegrins. TMV-7 in addition has been shown to become an efficacious antithrombotic agent in FeCl3-induced carotid artery damage, and irradiation-induced mesenteric thrombosis versions. At effective dosages, TMV-7 didnt significantly extend the bleeding period. Its unique system of action could be linked to inhibiting outside-in signaling without influencing ...
http://og-l002.com/snake-venoms-affect-bloodstream-coagulation-and-platelet-function-inside-a-organic/
Tissue Damage and Inflammation Induced by Snake VenomsTissue Damage and Inflammation Induced by Snake Venoms
Some characteristics of the local tissue damage and inflammatory reactions induced by snake venoms were analyzed in a mouse model. Tissue damage was studied by intravital, light, and electron microscopic techniques, and by the use of biochemical markers. Detailed information on the early development and dynamics of local tissue damage was obtained by intravital microscopy. Main alterations were microvascular plasma leakage, hemorrhage, blood flow disturbances, thrombosis, and myonecrosis. A new technique for the quantification of myonecrosis in vivo was established, based on the principle of MTT reduction. The method was tested for its usefulness in the evaluation of antibody-mediated neutralization of myotoxicity. The inflammatory response to venom included early lymphopenia and neutrophilia, thrombocytopenia, with edema and leukocyte extravasation at the site of injection. A rapid plasma peak of IL-6 was induced by venoms, as well as by purified muscle-damaging and hemorrhagic toxins, in ...
http://kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/handle/10669/9249
Snake Catcher Shares Photo of Unsuspecting Children Walking Inches from Highly Venomous Eastern Brown SnakeSnake Catcher Shares Photo of Unsuspecting Children Walking Inches from Highly Venomous Eastern Brown Snake
No-one saw the large Eastern Brown snake until they looked at the pics later, veteran handler Barry Goldsmith wrote on Facebook, saying it really goes to show snakes are not aggressive.
https://www.newsweek.com/australia-snake-catcher-barry-goldsmith-facebook-photo-eastern-brown-children-1465245
Snake venom L-amino acid oxidase - UM RepositorySnake venom L-amino acid oxidase - UM Repository
HONG, TAN NGET (2009) Snake venom L-amino acid oxidase. In: CRC Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles. Taylor and Francis / CRC Press, pp. 219-234. ...
http://repository.um.edu.my/70704/
Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 17
This gene encodes a member of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain) family. Members of this family are membrane-anchored proteins structurally related to snake venom disintegrins, and have been implicated in a variety of biologic processes involving cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, including fertilization, muscle development, and neurogenesis. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate the mature protease. The encoded protease functions in the ectodomain shedding of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in which soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha is released from the membrane-bound precursor. This protease also functions in the processing of numerous other substrates, including cell adhesion proteins, cytokine and growth factor receptors and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor ligands. The encoded protein also plays a prominent role in the activation of the Notch signaling pathway. Elevated expression of this gene has been observed in specific cell types ...
https://pharos.nih.gov/idg/targets/P78536
Snake venom - WikipediaSnake venom - Wikipedia
Snake venom is highly modified saliva containing zootoxins which facilitates the immobilization and digestion of prey, and defends against threats. It is injected by unique fangs after a bite, and some species are also able to spit. The glands that secrete the zootoxins are a modification of the parotid salivary gland found in other vertebrates, and are usually situated on each side of the head, below and behind the eye, and encapsulated in a muscular sheath. The glands have large alveoli in which the synthesized venom is stored before being conveyed by a duct to the base of channeled or tubular fangs through which it is ejected. Venoms contain more than 20 different compounds, mostly proteins and polypeptides. A complex mixture of proteins, enzymes, and various other substances with toxic and lethal properties serves to immobilize the prey animal, enzymes play an important role in the digestion of prey, and various other substances are responsible for important but non-lethal biological ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_venom
Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 20Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 20
This gene encodes a member of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain) family. Members of this family are membrane-anchored proteins structurally related to snake venom disintegrins, and have been implicated in a variety of biological processes involving cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, including fertilization, muscle development, and neurogenesis. The expression of this gene is testis-specific. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008 ...
https://pharos.nih.gov/idg/targets/O43506
RIIP - Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur - Lebetin 2, a snake venom natriuretic-like peptide and BNP exert...RIIP - Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur - Lebetin 2, a snake venom natriuretic-like peptide and BNP exert...
Bochra Tourki, Anaïs Dumesnil, Claire Arnaud, Elise Belaidi Corsat, Vincent Richard, et al.. Lebetin 2, a snake venom natriuretic-like peptide and BNP exert cardioprotective effects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo. Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology, Wiley, 2016, 8 (3), ⟨10.1016/S1878-6480(16)30416-5⟩. ⟨pasteur-01471775⟩ ...
https://hal-riip.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01471775
Lisinopril: Lisinopril human blood pressure, blood pressure meds, snake venom...Lisinopril: Lisinopril human blood pressure, blood pressure meds, snake venom...
DO YOUR HOMEWORK PEOPLE, Lisinopril is NOT made from snake venom. Blood pressure meds were developed from INFORMATION that was obtained by recogniz...
https://www.medications.com/lisinopril/37932-1
ADAM23 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 23 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBIADAM23 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 23 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI
This gene encodes a member of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain) family. Members of this family are membrane-anchored proteins structurally related to snake venom disintegrins and have been implicated in a variety of biological processes involving cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, including fertilization, muscle development, and neurogenesis. It is reported that inactivation of this gene is associated with tumorigenesis in human cancers. [provided by RefSeq, May 2013 ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8745
Cilengitide in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: The results of NABTC 03-02, a phase II trial with measures of treatment...Cilengitide in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: The results of NABTC 03-02, a phase II trial with measures of treatment...
Cilengitide in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: The results of NABTC 03-02, a phase II trial with measures of treatment delivery Academic Article ...
http://vivo.med.cornell.edu/display/pubid83055173043
Sanofi Reports Results of Toujeo (insulin glargine 300 Units/mL) in P-III EDITION JUNIOR Study in Children and Adolescents with...Sanofi Reports Results of Toujeo (insulin glargine 300 Units/mL) in P-III EDITION JUNIOR Study in Children and Adolescents with...
Sanofi Reports Results of Toujeo (insulin glargine 300 Units/mL) in P-III EDITION JUNIOR Study in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes
https://pharmashots.com/22910/sanofi-reports-results-of-toujeo-insulin-glargine-300-units-ml-in-p-iii-edition-junior-study-in-children-and-adolescents-with-type-1-diabetes/
Snake icons - 0 Free Snake icons | Download PNG & SVGSnake icons - 0 Free Snake icons | Download PNG & SVG
Snake icons - 0 Free Snake icons | Download PNG & SVG Popular Styles including Glyphs, Flat, Outline, Filled, and Hand Drawn. You may also like: snake vector, snakes and ladders, frog, spider, snake skin, cobra, snacks, dragon, lizard
https://dryicons.com/free-graphics/snake
Snake as Medicine - InfoBarrelSnake as Medicine - InfoBarrel
Snake venom is sometimes used as medicine; recent research has shown that snake venom may have value in treating cardiovascular diseases.
http://www.infobarrel.com/Snake_as_Medicine
Unusually short crunch time | Einstein@HomeUnusually short crunch time | [email protected]
Heres something thats strange. One of my old P-III machines got a workunit that only took about half as long as it should have to crunch. My wingman, running an Athlon64 3500+, took only about 5000 seconds less than I did with the P-III. Yet, the results validated okay.. Something just doesnt seem right with this.. Strange P-III results. ...
https://einsteinathome.org/content/unusually-short-crunch-time
Eastern Hognose Snake | Chert Hollow Farm, LLCEastern Hognose Snake | Chert Hollow Farm, LLC
In our first ten years here, we had only three sightings of these, and it wasnt until the third sighting (in April 2016) that I had a camera with me. This snake announced its presence in an audible manner. I paused, looked around, and saw a patterned brown snake emerging from the vegetation where I had heard the rattling sound. From about 10 feet away, I strained my eyes to look at the tail. Then it puffed up its head, conjuring up a menacing cobra. Oh, relief: a Hognose Snake. I hollered to get Erics attention, and we enjoyed watching it for a few minutes. After its initial bluff didnt scare us away, it shape-shifted its head to a triangular form, more reminiscent of the rattlesnake that I had initially feared. It even moved in a sidewinder fashion, a master impressionist. The one trick we didnt get it to do was to play dead. The round pupil is absolute confirmation that this one was nonpoisonous. Certainly a really fascinating creature to have around, though they are predators of toads, ...
http://cherthollowfarm.com/species/eastern-hognose-snake/
Snake venom could aid drug development | Earth | EarthSkySnake venom could aid drug development | Earth | EarthSky
Those who need drugs to treat cancer, diabetes and high blood pressure might soon have a reason to thank a snake. Learn more on EarthSky.
https://earthsky.org/earth/snake-venom-discovery-could-aid-drug-development
Relieving the pain of arthritis with snake venom | ISRAEL21cRelieving the pain of arthritis with snake venom | ISRAEL21c
There is a good reason why the snake is a symbol for the medical profession in America. - Dr. Naftali Primor.As the world looks to nature to find cures f
https://www.israel21c.org/relieving-the-pain-of-arthritis-with-snake-venom/
Snake venom inspires coagulant gel - The Engineer The EngineerSnake venom inspires coagulant gel - The Engineer The Engineer
Its interesting that you can take something so deadly and turn it into something that has the potential to save lives, said Rice chemist Jeffrey Hartgerink.. Batroxobin is a haemotoxin that has similar properties to thrombin, a naturally occurring enzyme in humans that plays an important role in clotting. First recognised in 1936 for its coagulant capabilities, batroxobin is particularly useful for treating patients who have taken the anti-coagulant drug heparin.. Theres a lot of different things that can trigger blood coagulation, but when youre on heparin, most of them dont work, or they work slowly or poorly, Hartgerink said in a statement.. This is important because surgical bleeding in patients taking heparin can be a serious problem. The use of batroxobin allows us to get around this problem because it can immediately start the clotting process, regardless of whether heparin is there or not.. ...
https://www.theengineer.co.uk/snake-venom-inspires-coagulant-gel/
The three-dimensional structures of two toxins from snake venom throw light on the anticoagulant and neurotoxic sites of...The three-dimensional structures of two toxins from snake venom throw light on the anticoagulant and neurotoxic sites of...
Addresses: Carredano E, Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Biol Mol, Ctr Biomed, Box 590, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Biol Mol, Ctr Biomed, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden. Univ Uppsala, Ctr Biomed, Dept Biochem, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.Available from: 2008-10-17 Created: 2008-10-17 Last updated: 2011-01-14 ...
http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:112831
The Forensics of Snake Venom - The New York TimesThe Forensics of Snake Venom - The New York Times
Genetic analysis of venom allows Indian investigators to determine whether it came from an endangered cobra, helping them to prosecute traffickers.
https://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/10/the-forensics-of-snake-venom/
Antiserum - WikipediaAntiserum - Wikipedia
Antibodies in the antiserum bind the infectious agent or antigen.[8] The immune system then recognizes foreign agents bound to antibodies and triggers a more robust immune response. The use of antiserum is particularly effective against pathogens which are capable of evading the immune system in their unstimulated state but are not robust enough to evade the stimulated immune system. The existence of antibodies to the agent depends on an initial survivor whose immune system, by chance, discovered a counteragent to the pathogen or a host species which carries the pathogen but does not suffer from its effects.[9] Further stocks of antiserum can then be produced from the initial donor or from a donor organism that is inoculated with the pathogen and cured by some stock of pre-existing antiserum. Diluted snake venom is often used as an antiserum to give passive immunity to snake venom itself.[10][11] Horses that were infected by a pathogen were vaccinated thrice in increasing sizes of the dose. The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convalescent_plasma
Scientists Create Superglue from Snake Venom That Can Stop Blood Loss, Prevent DeathScientists Create Superglue from Snake Venom That Can Stop Blood Loss, Prevent Death
This super glue may be applied after trauma, injury, and critical bleeding by merely squeezing the tubes and flashing a visible light over it.
https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/scientists-create-superglue-from-snake-venom-that-can-stop-blood-loss-prevent-death-3970832.html
Worlds Strongest Beers - Brewmeister Snake Venom - ThrillistWorlds Strongest Beers - Brewmeister Snake Venom - Thrillist
Most people these days consume beer solely for the health benefits, but for those who want to be intoxicated by more than just the lure o...
https://www.thrillist.com/drink/nation/worlds-strongest-beers-brewmeister-snake-venom-thrillist-nation
snake venom Archives - NewBeautysnake venom Archives - NewBeauty
NewBeauty uses cookies for various reasons, including to analyze and improve its content and advertising. Please review our Privacy Policy and Terms of Use for more about how we use this data. By continuing to use this site, you agree to these policies ...
https://www.newbeauty.com/tag/snake-venom/
Snake Eyes (2002)Snake Eyes (2002)
There have been enough Snake Eyes, Storm Shadow, Cobra Commander and Duke figures that I could cover each variation pretty regularly and still not run out of them for a few more years. In fact, I think thats whats been happening. But what can I do, when those four have been the most ubiquitous characters in GI Joe for the past thirty something years? Hunting through piles of figures, the big four are bound to pop up now and again. So, If you dont like to hear about another Snakes figure, come back tomorrow. Im sure someone different will be in the spotlight. But wait-it might be Duke.. Believe it or not, this black version of the mold was not the first to be released. The man in black was the man in grey and purple for a short time in 2002, a very odd change of pace for the popular ninja. While the greater contrasting colors of that figure brought out the details in the mold, I prefer this black version. I guess my preference goes all the way back to 1982. A perfect Snake Eyes for me would ...
http://www.joeaday.com/snake-eyes-2002/?replytocom=27716
4 year old Tessa bitten by a brown snake | Royal Flying Doctor Service4 year old Tessa bitten by a brown snake | Royal Flying Doctor Service
It was about 12.30pm on a Sunday. My kids were in the lounge room, laying about on the couch and watching TV while I prepared their food in the kitchen. Thats when I heard a scream. A moment later Tessa stumbled in and she just sort of dropped onto the ground screaming.
https://www.flyingdoctor.org.au/news/4-year-old-tessa-bitten-brown-snake-bite/
Worlds Deadliest: Eagle vs. Toxic SnakeWorlds Deadliest: Eagle vs. Toxic Snake
The banded sea snake packs enough poison to kill a human. But to a passing eagle, the snake looks like a tasty-if dangerous-morsel.
https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/worlds-deadliest/00000144-0a2b-d3cb-a96c-7b2f294d0000?gc=%2Fvideo%2Fhistory-civilization&source=relatedvideo
ProNutra Smooth Skin Cream Reviews- Facts, Price, Ingredients - Health RewindProNutra Smooth Skin Cream Reviews- Facts, Price, Ingredients - Health Rewind
ProNutra Smooth Skin is a multi-action formula with moisturizing agents, Syn-Ake. Read this Snake Venom Peptide Creams ingredients, where to buy, price etc
http://healthrewind.com/pronutra-smooth-skin-cream/
Style Story | Brisbane | The Urban ListStyle Story | Brisbane | The Urban List
If you havent hopped on the Korean beauty train yet, its time to get on board. Be transported to a futuristic, quirky world of snail mucin, sheet masks, snake venom and kitschy packaging-where youll have the best skin of your life.
https://www.theurbanlist.com/brisbane/directory/style-story
Chain Trim for All of Your Projects | M&J Trimming, Chain Style FLAT/SNAKE, Product Type2 CHAINSChain Trim for All of Your Projects | M&J Trimming, Chain Style FLAT/SNAKE, Product Type2 CHAINS
Our chain trims come in a variety of material finishes such as plastic chains, metal chains, wood chains, rhinestone chains and pearl chains., Chain Style FLAT/SNAKE, Product Type2 CHAINS
https://www.mjtrim.com/chains?all_sizes=217&chain_style=3861&limit=all&product_type=3574
Ikipe ya Arsenal yaba yabonye umutabazi - YEGOBIkipe ya Arsenal yaba yabonye umutabazi - YEGOB
Hashize igihe kinini abafana b’ikipe ya Arsenal binginga Wenger ngo agure rutahizamu mushya wo kunganira Olivier Giroud, ubu ngubu rero birasa naho ibyifuzo byabo byumviswe kuko biravugwako Arsenal igiye kugura Rutahizamu mushya mu masaha make ari imbere.. Nkuko ibinyamakuru byo mu bwongereza bibitangaza ngo ikipe ya Arsenal yaba yamaze kumvikana n’ikipe ya Deportivo La Corogne kuri rutahizamu wayo Lucas Perez w’imyaka 27 y’amavuko.. ...
https://yegob.rw/ikipe-ya-arsenal-yaba-yabonye-umutabazi/
BBC Breaking!!! Arsenal Announces Another key Player sent back home after Injury - Just Arsenal FansBBC Breaking!!! Arsenal Announces Another key Player sent back home after Injury - Just Arsenal Fans
England appeals to me: Arsenal, Tottenham, Chelsea or Manchester United are nice clubs where I can see myself playing in a few years.. Everywhere I go abroad they know my father, he often asked: Come to Barcelona, Ill give a tour of Camp Nou. I really wanted to go to Barcelona instead of Real Madrid. Barcelona is in my heart, but who am I to say no to Real Madrid?. ...
https://www.justarsenalfans.com/posts/bbc-breaking-arsenal-announces-another-key-player-sent-back-home-after-injury/
5 Questions Youd Love to Ask Arsenal Boss Arsene Wenger | Bleacher Report5 Questions Youd Love to Ask Arsenal Boss Arsene Wenger | Bleacher Report
Arsene Wenger has been at Arsenal so long that Gunners fans feel as if they know him inside out. However, in truth, few fans will ever get to be face-to-face with the Arsenal manager...
http://www.bleacherreport.com/articles/1982500-5-questions-youd-love-to-ask-arsenal-boss-arsene-wenger
Transfer News: Arsenal reignite interest in Wilfried ZahaTransfer News: Arsenal reignite interest in Wilfried Zaha
Arsenal are reportedly ready to return to their former target Wilfried Zaha, with the winger poised to leave Crystal Palace this summer.
http://www.thehardtackle.com/news/2021/04/08/transfer-news-arsenal-reignite-interest-in-wilfried-zaha/
Wigan v ARSENAL: Van Persie in line to make Gunners return | Daily Mail OnlineWigan v ARSENAL: Van Persie in line to make Gunners return | Daily Mail Online
Robin van Persie could return to Arsenal duty against Wigan after injury problems which have seen him play just eight matches this season
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-528505/Wigan-v-ARSENAL-Van-Persie-line-make-Gunners-return.html
ARSENAL Universal Pouch,Blk,Ballistic Polyester - 36H495|5593 - GraingerARSENAL Universal Pouch,Blk,Ballistic Polyester - 36H495|5593 - Grainger
Looking for ARSENAL Universal Pouch,Blk,Ballistic Polyester (36H495)? Graingers got your back. Price:$14.25. Easy ordering & convenient delivery. Log-in or register for your pricing.
https://www.grainger.com/product/ARSENAL-Universal-Pouch-36H495
Atheris barbouriAtheris barbouri
15-40 [24]. In: Lee CY (1979). Snake venoms. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology (continuation of Handbuch der ... The largest egg measured 1.0 cm × 0.6 cm (0.39 in × 0.24 in). No information is available regarding the venom of A. barbouri, ... ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume). Spawls S, Branch B (1995). The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Dubai: ... McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheris_barbouri
Sherman A. MintonSherman A. Minton
... and snake venoms, especially the effects of bites from rear-fanged venomous snakes. Madge worked as Sherman's field assistant, ... 1971). Snake Venoms and Envenomation. Marcel Dekker, New York. pp. 1-197. ISBN 978-0824714635. Minton, Sherman A., Jr. (1979 ... cared for his live reptile collection and learned to milk venomous snakes for his research into venoms. The couple also ... Listed in the order they were described: Tantilla cucullata Minton, 1956 - Big Bend blackhead snake (Colubridae) Microgecko ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_A._Minton
Atrolysin AAtrolysin A
Bjarnason JB, Fox JW (1989). "Hemorrhagic toxins from snake venoms". Journal of Toxicology: Toxin Reviews. 7 (2): 121-209. doi: ... Bjarnason JB, Tu AT (August 1978). "Hemorrhagic toxins from Western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom: isolation ... removes C-terminal Leu from small peptides This endopeptidase is one of six hemorrhagic toxins in the venom of western ... "Studies on the mechanism of hemorrhage production by five proteolytic hemorrhagic toxins from Crotalus atrox venom". Biological ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrolysin_A
Western diamondback rattlesnakeWestern diamondback rattlesnake
They are one of the few species of snakes that engage in scavenging behavior. Like most other American pit vipers, the venom ... These snakes can go for up to two years without food in the wild. A 5½-month starvation study showed the snakes reduced energy ... The snakes also feed from within on energy-rich lipid stores. The most interesting finding was the snakes grew during the study ... doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1981.tb01270.x. Bjarnason, Jon Bragi; Fox, Jay William (1988). "Hemorrhagic Toxins from Snake Venoms". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_diamondback_rattlesnake
Western green mambaWestern green mamba
Unlike that of many snake species, the venom of mambas has little phospholipase A2. Overall, the venom of the western green ... Like other mamba species, western green mamba venom is among the most rapid-acting venom of snakes. Human fatalities as a ... This snake pursues its prey, striking rapidly and often until the prey succumbs to the venom. The western green mamba, as a ... 2006). Snake Venoms and Envenomations. United States: Krieger Publishing Company. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-57524-272-9. Dreyer, S. B ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_green_mamba
OphaninOphanin
"Wide distribution of cysteine-rich secretory proteins in snake venoms: isolation and cloning of novel snake venom cysteine-rich ... Other snake venom proteins in the CRISP family: Piscivorin from the Eastern Cottonmouth Triflin from the Habu snake Ablomin ... Snake venom CRISPs belonging to different subgroups act on different biological targets, contributing in this way to the ... Mebs D (1989). "Snake venoms: Toolbox of the neurobiologist". Endeavour. 13: 157-161. doi:10.1016/s0160-9327(89)80003-1. PMID ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophanin
Karl SlottaKarl Slotta
In 1938, Slotta and his brother-in-law Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat isolated crotoxin from venom, the first snake toxin to be isolated ... Chemistry and Biochemistry of Snake Venoms. Springer-Verlag, 1955. Slotta, Karl Heinrich. Grundriss der modernen Arzneistoff- ... Slotta, a sterol chemist, studied medical applications of snake venom. ... After moving to Miami, Florida with his wife and son in the 1956, Slotta unsuccessfully looked for a polio cure using venom. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Slotta
Sistrurus miliarius barbouriSistrurus miliarius barbouri
ISBN 0-398-02808-7. Markland FS (1998). "Snake Venoms and the Hemostatic System". Toxicon 36: 1749-1800. Scarborough RM, Rose ... ISBN 0-8014-4141-2. Brown JH (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: ... Brown (1973) gives an average venom yield of 18 mg (dried venom) (Klauber, 1956) and LD50 values of 2.8,12.6 mg/kg IV, 6.0,6.8 ... "Florida Snake Venom Experiments". Proc. Florida Acad. Sci. 2: 70-76. Behler JM, King FW (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrurus_miliarius_barbouri
Neuromuscular junctionNeuromuscular junction
Snake venoms act as toxins at the neuromuscular junction and can induce weakness and paralysis. Venoms can act as both ... In doing so, the victim of these snake bite suffer from profound weakness. Such neurotoxins do not respond well to anti-venoms ... Lewis RL, Gutmann L (June 2004). "Snake venoms and the neuromuscular junction". Semin Neurol. 24 (2): 175-9. doi:10.1055/s-2004 ... α-Bungarotoxin is a toxin found in the snake species Bungarus multicinctus that acts as an ACh antagonist and binds to AChRs ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction
CrotalusCrotalus
Hati, Rathanath (1999). "Snake Venom Hemorrhagins". Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 29 (1): 1-19. doi:10.1080/10408449991349168 ... These include other snakes, such as kingsnakes (Lampropeltis), coachwhips (Masticophis), indigo snakes (Drymarchon) and racers ... ISBN 978-0-9754641-3-7. Keegan, HL (1944). "Indigo snakes feeding upon poisonous snakes". Copeia. 1944 (1): 59. doi:10.2307/ ... In most other snakes, the tail tip, or terminal spine, is cone-shaped, hardly any thicker than the rest of the skin, and is ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotalus
Black-necked spitting cobraBlack-necked spitting cobra
In conclusion, after discussion on the therapeutic uses of snake venom, he conjectured that in the future diluted venom or a ... and other snakes. Like other snakes, it may fall prey to raptors, especially different species of snake eagles that migrate to ... Other snakes also prey on this species. Like other spitting cobras, this species is known for its ability to project venom at a ... "LD50 for various snakes". Australian Venom and Toxin database. www.seanthomas.com. Archived from the original on 1 February ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-necked_spitting_cobra
Siberian SerpentariumSiberian Serpentarium
The centre produces about 2,000 grams of snake venom in crystal and lyophilic forms each year. It also produces snake venom ... ISBN 5-7620-0968-8. Snake venom research. Science Photo Library. Snake venom research. Science Photo Library. Как выжить после ... Siberian Serpentarium or Siberian Herpetological Centre is a serpentine farm producing snake venom and snake venom medications ... It is the only serpentarium in Russia, and it is the world's largest producer of snake venom. The activities conducted by the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Serpentarium
Epidemiology of snakebitesEpidemiology of snakebites
The brown snakes are not present on these islands. Despite the fact that many Australian snakes have unusually potent venom, ... twig snakes, keelback snakes, green snakes, and slender snakes-have caused human fatalities. Since reporting is not mandatory ... The brown snakes, death adders, mulga snakes, taipans, and tiger snakes are the five groups that inflict virtually all reported ... while the coral snakes, although common, inflict only 1 to 2% of all reported snake bites. Of the coral snakes, Micrurus ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology_of_snakebites
Harold Ridley (ophthalmologist)Harold Ridley (ophthalmologist)
After discussion on the therapeutic uses of snake venom, he conjectured that in the future diluted venom or a constituent of ... From his own experiences in the Gold Coast, Ridley described snake venom ophthalmia in a 30-year-old labourer named Gogi Kumasi ... Ridley, Harold (November 1944). "SNAKE VENOM OPHTHALMIA". Br J Ophthalmol. 28 (11): 568-572. doi:10.1136/bjo.28.11.568. PMC ... paper in the British Journal of Ophthalmology on spitting snakes and an account on the composition and action of snake venom in ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Ridley_(ophthalmologist)
Harold Ridley (ophthalmologist)Harold Ridley (ophthalmologist)
After discussion on the therapeutic uses of snake venom, he conjectured that in the future diluted venom or a constituent of ... Snake Venom Ophthalmia. Writing as Major Harold Ridley, he published in 1944 a short paper in the British Journal of ... From his own experiences in the Gold Coast, Ridley described snake venom ophthalmia in a 30 year old labourer named Gogi Kumasi ... "SNAKE VENOM OPHTHALMIA". Br J Ophthalmol. 28 (11): 568-572. doi:10.1136/bjo.28.11.568. PMC 510436. PMID 18170065.. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Ridley_
SecretarybirdSecretarybird
Snake venom immunity. References[edit]. *^ a b BirdLife International (2013). "Sagittarius serpentarius". IUCN Red List of ... This method of hunting is commonly applied to lizards or snakes.[19] An adult male trained to strike at a rubber snake on a ... There are some reports that, when capturing snakes, the secretary birds will take flight with their prey and then drop them to ... snakes, tortoises, small birds, bird eggs, and sometimes dead animals killed in grass or bush fires. Larger herbivores are not ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_bird
EchisEchis
"Snake bite and snake venoms: their effects on the nervous system". In: de Wolff FA, editor. Handbook of clinical neurology, vol ... Venom from females was more than twice as toxic on average as venom from males. The amount of venom produced also varies. ... Venom Diseases. Springfield, Illinois: CC Thomas. 386 pp. U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. United States ... The snake venom of Echis species consists mostly of four types of toxins: neurotoxins, cardiotoxins, hemotoxins, and cytotoxins ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echis
TaipoxinTaipoxin
However most snake venoms are capable of more than one toxic activity, such as cytotoxicity, myotoxicity, neuro-toxicity, ... bee venom or the weak elapid venoms are grouped into class I, whereas PLA2s from the more potent viperid venoms which causes ... Fohlman J, Lind P, Eaker D (December 1977). "Taipoxin, an extremely potent presynaptic snake venom neurotoxin. Elucidation of ... Fletcher JE, Jiang MS (December 1995). "Presynaptically acting snake venom phospholipase A2 enzymes attack unique substrates". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipoxin
Alpha-neurotoxinAlpha-neurotoxin
As more snake venoms were characterized, many were found to contain homologous nAChR-antagonist proteins. These came to be ... α-Neurotoxins are a group of neurotoxic peptides found in the venom of snakes in the families Elapidae and Hydrophiidae. They ... nAChRs contain two binding sites for snake venom neurotoxins. Some computational studies of the mechanism of inhibition using ... Tsetlin V (September 1999). "Snake venom alpha-neurotoxins and other 'three-finger' proteins". European Journal of Biochemistry ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-neurotoxin
BoomslangBoomslang
Snakes of any species may sometimes fail to inject venom when they bite (a so-called "dry bite"), so after a few hours without ... Mackessy, Stephen P. (2002). Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Colubrid Snake Venoms. J. Toxicol. - Toxin Reviews 21 (1&2): 52. ... The pathophysiological mechanisms of the venom are different with every snake, resulting in different clinical manifestations ... The venom of the boomslang is primarily a hemotoxin; it disables the coagulation process and the victim may die as a result of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomslang
Romulus WhitakerRomulus Whitaker
Whitaker helped the Irula tribe to get involved in extracting snake venom used for the production of antivenom drugs. Rom is ... Desikan, Shubashree (23 January 2021). "Lookalike snakes but with self-styled venoms". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 31 ... titled Snakes of India - The Field Guide in 2004. on the snakes of India. In 2018, he received the Padma Shri, the fourth- ... This film on the natural history of the king cobra, the largest venomous snake in the world, received the Emmy Award for ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_Whitaker
FasciculinFasciculin
... s are a class of toxic proteins found in certain snake venoms, notably some species of mamba. Investigations have ... Reed, Tim; Eaton, Katie; Peng, Cathy; Doern, BettyLou (2002). "Neurotoxins in Snake Venom". Elements of Bioinformatics. ... interaction of a three-fingered toxin from snake venom with its target". Structure. 3 (12): 1355-1366. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126( ... This effect helps to incapacitate the muscles, either killing the prey, or paralysing it so that the snake can swallow it. The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciculin
International RobotInternational Robot
Simpson, Greg (staff) (February 20, 2007). "Awesome Snakes - Venom review". PunkNews.org. Retrieved January 10, 2011. CS1 maint ... "Annie Sparrows closes the book on the Soviettes and Awesome Snakes". City Pages. 2010-03-01. Archived from the original on 2010 ... The Awesome Snakes, France Has The Bomb, the Dummies, the Prostitutes, the Voltz, the Dynamiters, Die Electric! and Dirty ... The Awesome Snakes, France Has The Bomb, the Dummies (as "Rock Bottom") Annie Holoien (bass) - The Soviettes, The Awesome ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Robot
LizardLizard
Further information: Evolution of snake venom. Until 2006 it was thought that the Gila monster and the Mexican beaded lizard ... 16 November 2005). "Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes". Nature. 439 (7076): 584-588. Bibcode:2006Natur. ... Ditmars, Raymond L (1933). Reptiles of the World: The Crocodilians, Lizards, Snakes, Turtles and Tortoises of the Eastern and ... Both the snakes and the Amphisbaenia (worm lizards) are clades deep within the Squamata (the smallest clade that contains all ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard
Samar cobraSamar cobra
ISBN 0-7817-2845-2. Brown, John H. (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, IL USA: ... However, the cobra is more reluctant to spit venom than its northern relative, the Philippines Cobra. If venom gets in the eyes ... ISBN 0-398-02808-7. Zug, George R. (1996). Snakes in Question: The Smithsonian Answer Book. Washington D.C., USA: Smithsonian ... CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "Naja samarensis, General Details, Taxonomy and Biology, Venom, Clinical Effects, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar_cobra
Crotalus priceiCrotalus pricei
in 2 volumes). ISBN 0-8014-0463-0. Brown JH (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, ... 62-63). Schmidt KP, Davis DD (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp ... Retrieved 5 June 2017.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)old-form url McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA (1999). Snake ... Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. (7th printing, 1985). Ithaca and London: ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotalus_pricei
Vipera ursiniiVipera ursinii
ISBN 0-89464-877-2. Brown JH (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: ... Endoglyphs and Other Major Venomous Snakes of the World: A Checklist. Geneva: Azemiops. Latifi M (1991). The Snakes of Iran. ... Vipera ursinii is the most threatened snake in Europe. At least 12 human activities are threatening these animals: 1. Grazing 2 ... McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Vol. 1. Washington ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipera_ursinii
GarthiusGarthius
ISBN 3-937975-00-4. Brown JH (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: ... McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. ... ISBN 0-398-02808-7. Das, Indraneil (2006). A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Borneo. Sanibel Island, Florida ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garthius
Tropidolaemus huttoniTropidolaemus huttoni
Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. ... Hutton AF, David P (2009). "Notes on a collection of snakes from south India, with emphasis on the snake fauna of the Megamalai ... Hutton's tree viper, Tropidolaemus huttoni is a little-known species of pit viper, a venomous snake in the subfamily Crotalinae ... ISBN 0-398-02808-7. Mehrtens JM (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropidolaemus_huttoni
Philippine cobraPhilippine cobra
... or even poking one or both of the snake's eyes out. Of course, the rat ends up succumbing to the venom, but the snake will ... These snakes are capable of accurately spitting their venom at a target up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) away. The symptoms of a bite ... Envenomation and Treatment Brown, JH (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois ... Large rats that have been bitten by this snake and are in a position to fight back, often do so. Although rare, large rats have ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_cobra
EbolaEbola
"J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis. 20 (1): 44. doi:10.1186/1678-9199-20-44. PMC 4197285. PMID 25320574.. ... snake envenomation, clotting factor deficiencies/platelet disorders, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hereditary ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease
OctopusOctopus
The venom appears to be able to penetrate the skin without a puncture, given prolonged contact. It contains tetrodotoxin, which ... and its tentacles as the snakes.[121] The Kraken are legendary sea monsters of giant proportions said to dwell off the coasts ... "Tentacles of venom: new study reveals all octopuses are venomous". University of Melbourne. 15 April 2009.. ... All species are venomous, but only blue-ringed octopuses have venom that is lethal to humans.[135] Bites are reported each year ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopoda
Evolution of biological complexityEvolution of biological complexity
Snake venom. Tempo and modes. *Gradualism/Punctuated equilibrium/Saltationism. *Micromutation/Macromutation. *Uniformitarianism ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_complexity
ReptileReptile
Further information: Venom and Evolution of snake venom. Camouflage does not always fool a predator. When caught out, snake ... The venom is modified saliva, delivered through fangs from a venom gland.[124][125] Some non-venomous snakes, such as American ... Snakebite can be treated with antivenom made from the venom of the snake. To produce antivenom, a mixture of the venoms of ... Blood is then extracted; the serum is separated, purified and freeze-dried.[146] The cytotoxic effect of snake venom is being ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile
Elisha ben AbuyahElisha ben Abuyah
... "like the venom of a snake".[9] ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_ben_Abuyah
Atheris hispidaAtheris hispida
Venom[edit]. Not much is known about their venom except that it is mainly neurotoxic. Besides the neurotoxins, they also carry ... Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' ... Mehrtens JM (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. p. 480. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.. ... Until recently, their venom has often been regarded as less toxic than that of many other species, perhaps because bites are ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairy_bush_viper
Greater black kraitGreater black krait
Venom[edit]. Its venom consists of both pre- and postsynaptic neurotoxins, and may also contain myotoxins. This snake is often ... Whitaker, Captain, Romulus, Ashok (2004). Snakes of India, The Field Guide. India: Draco Books. ISBN 81-901873-0-9.. ... The greater black krait (Bungarus niger) is a species of krait, a venomous elapid snake. ... This nocturnal and terrestrial snake has an inoffensive disposition. When disturbed, it coils loosely and hides its head ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_black_krait
Mantis - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaMantis - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Larger species have been known to prey on small lizards, frogs, birds,[2] snakes, and even rodents. ... Mantids bite, but have no venom, and are not dangerous to humans. They are not chemically protected; nearly any large predatory ...
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praying_mantis
Ring-necked snake - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaRing-necked snake - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
... which is using their venom.[7] Ring-necked snakes usually don't try to hurt bigger animals. Instead of biting bigger animals, ... Diadophis punctatus, also called the ring-necked snake, is a species of snake. Ring-necked snakes live in eastern and central ... Ring-necked snakes are the only species of snake in their genus. There are 14 subspecies of ring-necked snake. ... ring-necked snakes may live in dens. Usually, more than one snake will live in one den.[6] Ring-necked snakes often hide under ...
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringneck_snake
Pasteur InstitutePasteur Institute
Back in France, he acquired enough snakes to continue his work and create serum for the local population.[1]:98 ... During these studies Calmette discovered that the power of the venom, as well as that of tetanus, could be annihilated by the ... but also capable of spreading at the same time a powerful venom, and they deduced that it can play the role of antigen, that is ... that while secreting this particular venom is able to multiply itself: they were therefore inclined to think that the bacillus ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteur_Institute
History of leprosyHistory of leprosy
Snakes were also used, according to Pliny, Aretaeus of Cappadocia, and Theodorus. Gaucher recommended treatment with cobra ... venom. Boinet, in 1913, tried increasing doses of bee stings (up to 4000). Scorpions and frogs were used occasionally instead ... of snakes. The excreta of Anabas (the climbing fish) was also tried. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_leprosy
BradykininBradykinin
... from the effect of snake venom on intestinal smooth muscle, which was noted to slowly contract.[citation needed] ... Bradykinin was detected in the blood plasma of animals after the addition of venom extracted from the Bothrops jararaca ( ... The discovery was part of a continuing study on circulatory shock and proteolytic enzymes related to the toxicology of snake ... Sérgio Henrique Ferreira, discovered a bradykinin-potentiating factor (BPF) in the bothropic venom, which increases powerfully ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinin
HyaluronidaseHyaluronidase
... s are found in the venom of certain lizards and snakes, as well as honeybees, where they are referred to as " ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaluronidase
Antivenom - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaAntivenom - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A venom is a poison released by a snake or insect.) Frequently the venom of some creature such as a cobra will be harvested and ... The horse's body will develop an immunity to the venom, so more and more venom from the snake can be injected every day. After ... An antivenom is a medicine used to protect against a specific venom. ( ...
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivenom
Many-banded kraitMany-banded krait
The average venom yield from specimens kept on snake farms is about 4.6 mg-19.4 mg per bite.[15] The venom is highly toxic with ... Venom and toxins[edit]. The venom of the many-banded krait consists of both pre- and postsynaptic neurotoxins (known as α- ... The snake is nocturnal, and may be more defensive at night. It is, however, a timid and placid species of snake. In the daytime ... and true sea snakes than it is to Elapsoidea sundevalli (Sundevall's garter snake), Naja naja (Indan cobra) or two Micrurus ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-banded_krait
SolifugaeSolifugae
The Solifugae apparently have neither venom glands nor any venom-delivery apparatus such as the fangs of spiders, stings of ... They are aggressive hunters and voracious opportunistic feeders, and have been recorded as feeding on snakes, small lizards, ... Even the authors of the original account admitted to having found no means of delivery of the putative venom by the animal, and ... M. Aruchami & G. Sundara Rajulu (1978). "An investigation on the poison glands and the nature of the venom of Rhagodes ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solifugae
PhylogeneticsPhylogenetics
Snake venom. Tempo and modes. *Gradualism/Punctuated equilibrium/Saltationism. *Micromutation/Macromutation. *Uniformitarianism ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetically
PlatypusPlatypus
Weimann, Anya (4 July 2007) Evolution of platypus venom revealed. Cosmos. *^ de Plater, G.M.; Milburn, P.J.; Martin, R.L. (2001 ... Mortality rates for adults in the wild appear to be low.[15] Natural predators include snakes, water rats, goannas, hawks, owls ... It is one of the few species of venomous mammals, as the male platypus has a spur on the hind foot that delivers a venom ... "The venom of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)". Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 13 September ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck-billed_Platypus
Multicellular organismMulticellular organism
Snake venom. Tempo and modes. *Gradualism/Punctuated equilibrium/Saltationism. *Micromutation/Macromutation. *Uniformitarianism ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicellular_organisms
CaptoprilCaptopril
... , an analog of the snake venom's ACE-inhibiting peptide, was first synthesized in 1975 by three researchers at the U.S ... "From snake venom to ACE inhibitor the discovery and rise of captopril". Pharmaceutical Journal. Retrieved 2015-01-08.. ... the snake venom functions by severely depressing blood pressure. During the 1970s, ACE was found to elevate blood pressure by ... and brought a sample of the viper's venom. Vane's team found that one of the venom's peptides selectively inhibited the action ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captopril
Antikehad - VikipeediaAntikehad - Vikipeedia
2 snake antivenom: Development of process to produce polyvalent horse F(Ab`)2 antibodies anti-african snake venom, African ... Gambón-Deza F1, Sánchez-Espine C, Mirete-Bachiller S, Magadán-Mompó S,Snakes antibodies., Dev Comp Immunol. 2012 Sep;38(1):1-9 ...
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikeha
Evolution of mammalsEvolution of mammals
Snake venom. Tempo and modes. *Gradualism/Punctuated equilibrium/Saltationism. *Micromutation/Macromutation. *Uniformitarianism ... snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs (including the birds), ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs and therapsids. But mammals have a different ... snakes, turtles/tortoises, crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds are descended.[3] The earliest known fossils of synapsids and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals
CinchonismCinchonism
snake venom *Alpha-Bungarotoxin. *Ancrod. *Batroxobin. Arthropods. *Arthropod bites and stings. *bee sting / bee venom *Apamin ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinchonism
Middle PaleolithicMiddle Paleolithic
Snake venom. Tempo and modes. *Gradualism/Punctuated equilibrium/Saltationism. *Micromutation/Macromutation. *Uniformitarianism ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic
Elapid - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaElapid - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
... which is the most venomous land snake to mice, and Hydrophis belcheri, a sea snake and the most toxic venom of all snakes. ... Venom[change , change source]. All elapids are venomous and many are potentially deadly. The venoms are mostly neurotoxic and ... They are characterized by a set of hollow, fixed fangs through which they inject venom. There are snakes of different sizes, ... The Elapidae, or elapids, are a family of venomous snakes. These snakes can be found in tropical and subtropical regions around ...
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elapid
CrotalusCrotalus
Hati, Rathanath (1999). "Snake Venom Hemorrhagins". Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 29 (1): 1-19. doi:10.1080/10408449991349168 ... These include other snakes, such as kingsnakes (Lampropeltis), coachwhips (Masticophis), indigo snakes (Drymarchon) and racers ... a b c d e McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1 ... VenomEdit. Two main hemotoxic effects are caused by rattlesnake venom. First, zinc-containing metalloproteases act upon ...
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotalus
MillipedeMillipede
Primarily detritivores, some herbivores, few carnivores; no venom Primarily carnivores with claws modified into venomous fangs ... the spotted snake millipede (Blaniulus guttulatus) is a noted pest of sugar beets and other root crops, and as a result is one ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millipede
Agkistrodon contortrixAgkistrodon contortrix
Venom[edit]. Although venomous, these snakes are generally not aggressive and bites are rarely fatal.[citation needed] ... Conant R, Bridges W (1939). What Snake Is That?: A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains ... pilot snake, poplar leaf, red oak, red snake, southeastern copperhead, white oak snake,[14] American copperhead,[15] southern ... a b c d e Gloyd HK, Conant R (1990). Snakes of the Agkistrodon Complex: A Monographic Review. Society for the Study of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agkistrodon_contortrix
NMDA receptorNMDA receptor
Argiotoxin-636 - naturally occurring dizocilpine or related site antagonist found in Argiope venom ... Infrared sensing in snakes. *Caridoid escape reaction. *Vocal learning. *Surface wave detection ... "Neuroactive compounds obtained from arthropod venoms as new therapeutic platforms for the treatment of neurological disorders" ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor
Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhageExercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage
... snake venom, and enalapril. Horses that undergo surgical correction for upper airway dysfunction are rested, and are under ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise-induced_pulmonary_hemorrhage
Coral Snake Antivenom - Coral Snake Bite VenomCoral Snake Antivenom - Coral Snake Bite Venom
The worlds stock of coral snake antivenom, set to expire this weekend, gets a last-minute one-year extension from the FDA. But ... Coral Snake Antivenom Crisis Gets a One-Year Extension. The worlds stock of coral snake antivenom, set to expire this weekend ... In May I wrote about a critical coming shortage in coral snake antivenom, known as Micrurus fulvis, the only FDA-approved cure ... Boyers VIPER Institute is playing a unique role in the venom crisis. She took the lead several years ago when Arizona faced a ...
https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/a6131/coral-snake-antivenom-crisis/
Boffins prescribe SNAKE VENOM as future pain killer • The RegisterBoffins prescribe SNAKE VENOM as future pain killer • The Register
Boffins prescribe SNAKE VENOM as future pain killer. Take two Black Mamba bites, see your doctor if pain persists. By Simon ... The venom of the Black Mamba, rated the worlds seventh most potent snake poison, has been suggested as a future painkiller for ... A letter in Nature suggests the application is viable as the venom contains "a new class of three-finger peptides … able to ... The researchers also say that mice, a creature among the Black Mambas favorite prey, are immune to its venom and experience an ...
http://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/10/04/black_mamba_venom_as_painkiller/
Snakes Venom - WikipediaSnake's Venom - Wikipedia
Snakes Venom (Czech: Hadí jed) is a 1982 Czechoslovak drama film directed by František Vláčil. It stars Josef Vinklář. The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakes_Venom
Venom Snake - WikipediaVenom Snake - Wikipedia
Venom Snake is also revealed to be the man killed by Solid Snake at the end of the original 1987 game. Venom Snake and his role ... Venom Snake (ヴェノム・スネーク, Venomu Sunēku), also known as Punished Snake (パニッシュド・スネーク, Panishudo Sunēku), is a fictional character ... Ocelot: The days of Naked Snake are long gone. Welcome back, Venom Snake. Kojima Productions. Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom ... Although the final game bills him as "Punished Venom Snake" in the opening sequence of every mission, the "Punished Snake" ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom_Snake
Snake Venoms - DrugBankSnake Venoms - DrugBank
Snake Venoms. Accession Number. DBCAT001668. Description. Solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by ... An anticoagulant purified from the venom of the Malayan pit viper that functions by inactivating circulating plasma fibrinogen ... snake (Ophidia) salivary glands for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs ...
https://www.drugbank.ca/categories/DBCAT001668
Snake Venom Calcium Channel BlockerSnake Venom Calcium Channel Blocker
... Jason Kennerly jkenner at cello.gina.calstate.edu Fri Sep 1 20:06:46 EST 1995 *Previous ... look everyone... legitimate snake oil! I knew that stuff had a use! -- ____ ______ ________ _____ / \ , \, /\ , \ jkenner at ...
http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/neur-sci/1995-September/020221.html
Quantitative analysis of snake venoms using soluble polymer-based isotope labeling. - PubMed - NCBIQuantitative analysis of snake venoms using soluble polymer-based isotope labeling. - PubMed - NCBI
Snake venom identification using SoPIL. A and B, comparison of the protein composition of the venom from C. scutulatus ... Quantitative analysis of snake venoms using soluble polymer-based isotope labeling.. Galan JA1, Guo M, Sanchez EE, Cantu E, ... Quantitative Analysis of Snake Venoms Using Soluble Polymer-based Isotope Labeling. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2008 Apr;7(4):785-799. ... Quantitative Analysis of Snake Venoms Using Soluble Polymer-based Isotope Labeling. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2008 Apr;7(4):785-799. ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18089550
Molecular characterisation of endogenous snake venom metalloproteinase inhibitors. - PubMed - NCBIMolecular characterisation of endogenous snake venom metalloproteinase inhibitors. - PubMed - NCBI
... ocellatus venom. The pEKW and pHpG peptides inhibit the proteolytic activity of the haemorrhagic snake venom metalloproteinase ... Molecular characterisation of endogenous snake venom metalloproteinase inhibitors.. Wagstaff SC1, Favreau P, Cheneval O, Laing ... Viper venoms contain one of the most potent mixtures of proteases in natural existence and yet the venom gland and proteins in ... Alistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.. ...
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18029259?dopt=Abstract
Snake venom evolved for prey not protection | EurekAlert! Science NewsSnake venom evolved for prey not protection | EurekAlert! Science News
However, a new piece of research concludes that snake venom did not evolve as a defence mechanism. ... over 100,000 human deaths can be attributed to snakebite from the worlds 700 venomous snake species -- all inflicted in self- ... defence when the snakes feel threatened by encroaching humans. ... Snake venom evolved for prey not protection Swansea University ... Defensive venom? Some coral snakes (Micrurus) have specifically pain-inducing toxins in their venoms (IMAGE) view more ...
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-03/su-sve032520.php
Toxins | Free Full-Text | Pharmacokinetics of Snake VenomToxins | Free Full-Text | Pharmacokinetics of Snake Venom
In general, the disposition of snake venom was described by a two-compartment model consisting of a rapid distribution phase ... This review aims to explore the current knowledge of snake venom pharmacokinetics in animals and humans. Literature searches ... following rapid intravenous injection of the venoms or toxins. When the venoms or toxins were administered intramuscularly or ... The bioavailability of venoms or toxins ranged from 4 to 81.5% following intramuscular administration and 60% following ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/10/2/73
snake venom Archives - NewBeautysnake venom Archives - NewBeauty
A Little Snake Venom With Your Spf By Susan Yara May 3, 2012 ... We reported that synthetic snake venom is a popular beauty ... A new product from Z. Bigatti gets its inspiration from an unlikely source: snake venom. While creating the Rescue Intensive ...
https://www.newbeauty.com/tag/snake-venom/
A family of cellular proteins related to snake venom disintegrins | PNASA family of cellular proteins related to snake venom disintegrins | PNAS
A family of cellular proteins related to snake venom disintegrins. G Weskamp and C P Blobel ... Disintegrins are short soluble integrin ligands that were initially identified in snake venom. A previously recognized cellular ...
https://www.pnas.org/content/91/7/2748?ijkey=6729e12edb06c79fa50c44c6171f1c939c7f0ed3&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Snake venom reveals clues about heart drug - ScienceBlog.comSnake venom reveals clues about heart drug - ScienceBlog.com
With the help of snake venom and sophisticated laboratory testing, scientists believe theyve uncovered the reason why a group ... Snake venom reveals clues about heart drug. With the help of snake venom and sophisticated laboratory testing, scientists ... Snake venom reveals clues about heart drug. August 18, 2004. ScienceBlog.com ... With the help of snake venom and sophisticated laboratory testing, scientists believe theyve uncovered the reason why a group ...
https://scienceblog.com/3681/snake-venom-reveals-clues-about-heart-drug/
Decoding Snake-Venom Origins | The Institute for Creation ResearchDecoding Snake-Venom Origins | The Institute for Creation Research
... they began looking for other explanations for snake venom origins by carrying out a comparison of gene expression in venom ... So, if these venom proteins are found in many different types of bodily tissues in both venomous and non-venomous snakes, then ... The origin of snake venom has long been a mystery to both creationists and evolutionists. However, by stepping outside the ... Thus, the toxic levels of venom found in modern venomous snakes could be due to an alteration of genetic information that ...
https://www.icr.org/article/decoding-snake-venom-origins/
Snakes powerful venom could lead to better painkillers for humans | Toronto StarSnake's powerful venom could lead to better painkillers for humans | Toronto Star
... the unusual venom found in long-glanded blue coral snakes acts on sodium channels, which regulate signals in neurons as well as ... Snakes powerful venom could lead to better painkillers for humans Unlike Vicodin and other opioids, the unusual venom found in ... Thanks to this venom, the fire-headed animal is able to prey upon young king cobras, kraits and other agile, dangerous snakes ... "This is first time that a snake venom has been reported to act on sodium channels, which is really quite surprising," said ...
https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2016/11/01/snakes-powerful-venom-could-lead-to-better-painkillers-for-humans.html
Venom of snake used in stroke treatment | Lewiston Sun JournalVenom of snake used in stroke treatment | Lewiston Sun Journal
"We havent had too many people get upset about the fact this is a snake venom," he said when asked how patients or their ... The drug is derived from the venom of the Malaysian pit viper, an aggressive snake that inhabits forest edges across much of ... The venom of the Malaysian pit viper is the potent ingredient found in an experimental drug called Viprinex now being tested in ... The venom is frozen before being purified and converted to a drug product, explained Warren Wasiewski, the scientist overseeing ...
https://www.sunjournal.com/2008/02/09/venom-snake-used-stroke-treatment/
Study finds link between COVID-19 deaths and snake venomStudy finds link between COVID-19 deaths and snake venom
... similar to one found in rattlesnake venom, that could be driving COVID-19 deaths. ... The snake-like enzyme is found in healthy people at low levels to prevent bacterial infections. In severe cases of COVID-19, ... "We found evidence that there was an enzyme, a snake-like enzyme, in the blood of people who were in extraordinarily high levels ... Researchers explain that current clinical trials on snake bites are helping in those efforts. They hope to repurpose some of ...
https://www.newschannel5.com/news/national/coronavirus/study-finds-link-between-covid-19-deaths-and-snake-venom
Snake Venom Detection (Snake Venoms) CSLSnake Venom Detection (Snake Venoms) CSL
Snake Venom Detection indications, usages and related health products lists ... Snake Venom Detection information about active ingredients, pharmaceutical forms and doses by CSL, ... Find online pharmacy, drugstore, pharma or beauty shop where to order or buy Snake Venom Detection brand or generic online:. ...
https://drugs-about.com/drugs-s/snake-venom-detection.html
Coral Snake Venoms | The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and HygieneCoral Snake Venoms | The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Of the venoms tested, M. frontalis venom would be most suitable for use in the production of a polyvalent coral snake antivenin ... tests were performed with coral snake venoms and rabbit antisera against five venoms to determine the most suitable venoms for ... mipartitus venom. The latter was the only venom not neutralized by heterologous antisera. M. spixii venom was neutralized by ... M. frontalis venom produced the most cross-reactive neutralizing antibody, having neutralized five of six venoms. ...
http://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.1971.20.646
Slither Into the World of Snake Venom ResearchSlither Into the World of Snake Venom Research
Steve Mackessy goes into more detail about how he became interested in snake venom, his published and future research and other ... His research revolves around snake venom, the types of protein structures found within the venom, and how the venom can be used ... This snake is a rear-fanged snake, meaning it has enlarged teeth in the back of its mouth. Venom from this species has a taxon- ... That snake produces a venom with a toxin thats a significant amount of the venom, that when you purify it, and you look at its ...
https://www.unco.edu/news/articles/mackessy-snake-venom-research-podcast.aspx
Stiletto Snakes: Clever Biters with Nasty Venom | HubPagesStiletto Snakes: Clever Biters with Nasty Venom | HubPages
... in writing about snakes and arachnids - spiders and scorpions, etc., creatures that give many of us goose-bumps and the... ... David Warrell, at the Venom Week conference this summer (where I was able to give a 20 minute talk on my snake venom research ... Worlds Most Poisonous Snake Ever - Worlds Most Venomous Snake - and Most Fierce Snake in the World. by ngureco. 35 ... Im told there are snakes that are classified as good snakes. I have seen videos of bull snakes eating a rattlesnake and told ...
https://hubpages.com/animals/Stiletto-Snakes-Clever-Biters-with-Nasty-Venom
Uveitis following anti-snake venom therapyUveitis following anti-snake venom therapy
He had received anti-snake venom serum at a local governmental center before being referred to our center due to worsening ... Uveitis as an immunological complication following therapy with anti-snake venom (ASV) serum has been rarely reported in ... He was treated with hemodialysis with multiple transfusions and anti-snake venom sera. The patient sought an ophthalmology ... The patient had received anti-snake venom sera at a primary treatment center. ...
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1678-91992007000100010&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
What Do Snake Venom, Tree Bark, and Drugs Have in Common? - AOL FinanceWhat Do Snake Venom, Tree Bark, and Drugs Have in Common? - AOL Finance
The article What Do Snake Venom, Tree Bark, and Drugs Have in Common? originally appeared on Fool.com. ... while others are derived from more exotic sources like snake venom and tree bark. ...
https://www.aol.com/2013/03/12/what-do-snake-venom-tree-bark-and-drugs-have-in-co/
Snake-handling preacher dies from bite after refusing anti-venom - RT USA NewsSnake-handling preacher dies from bite after refusing anti-venom - RT USA News
... has died from a snake bite. He refused medical treatment, because he relied on Gods protection to save him from the venom. ... Snake-handling preacher dies from bite after refusing anti-venom 17 Feb, 2014 09:12 ... However his faith included the conviction that God would protect any true believer from snake venom, so he refused medical aid ... A Kentucky preacher and reality TV star, whose sermons involved handling of deadly snakes, has died from a snake bite. He ...
https://www.rt.com/usa/snake-handling-pastor-dies-334/
Snake Venoms and Envenomation. | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of PhysiciansSnake Venoms and Envenomation. | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of Physicians
Snake Venoms and Envenomation.. Ann Intern Med. 1971;74:470. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-74-3-470 ... Ten review papers: the biochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and detection of venom; treatment of snake bite; identification ...
https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/685293/snake-venoms-envenomation
Snake Venoms and Envenomation: Modern Trends and Future Prospects | Nova Science PublishersSnake Venoms and Envenomation: Modern Trends and Future Prospects | Nova Science Publishers
Chapter 2. Venoms from "Non-Venomous" Snakes: Rear-Fanged Snake Venoms as Sources of Novel Compounds. Stephen P. Mackessy, ... production and use of snake venom components as antigens for antivenom preparation, and the therapeutic value of snake venom ... Chapter 7. Immune Response Triggered by Snake Venoms: Impact of Venom Compounds on the Envenomation Process. Carla Cristina ... Snake Venoms and Envenomation: Modern Trends and Future Prospects. Yuri N. Utkin, PhD (Editor). Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute ...
https://novapublishers.com/shop/snake-venoms-and-envenomation-modern-trends-and-future-prospects/
Snake Venom - Loudness - VAGALUMESnake Venom - Loudness - VAGALUME
... show me your snake venom tonight / Oh, Ill love you anyway ... Letra e música de Snake Venom de Loudness 🎵 - Show, show me ... Snake Venom. Loudness. I was a monkey in a tree. Swinging oh so carelessly. Then I saw you smile. And sink your fangs down my ... Show, show me your snake venom tonight. Oh, Ill love you anyway. I feel trapped when Im with you. You sure have a grip on me ... Show, show me your snake venom tonight. Oh, Ill love you anyway. Show me your sweet thing. Show me your sweet love. Show me ...
https://www.vagalume.com.br/loudness/snake-venom.html
The Forensics of Snake Venom - The New York TimesThe Forensics of Snake Venom - The New York Times
Genetic analysis of venom allows Indian investigators to determine whether it came from an endangered cobra, helping them to ... Its not entirely clear how big of a problem the illegal trade in snake venom is or where the bootleg venom ends up, the ... It took the legendary snake wrangler Bill Haast three years and 69,000 milkings to produce one pint of coral snake venom, for ... The Forensics of Snake Venom. By Douglas M. Main February 10, 2012 12:05 pm. February 10, 2012 12:05 pm ...
https://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/10/the-forensics-of-snake-venom/
Brazil milks deadly snakes for their life-saving venomBrazil milks deadly snakes for their life-saving venom
De Souza and her colleagues at the Butantan Institute in Sao Paulo harvest the toxin from hundreds of snakes ... Fabiola de Souza massages its venom glands to squeeze out drops that will save lives around Brazil where thousands of people ... Gripping the deadly snake behind its jaws, Fabiola de Souza massages its venom glands to squeeze out drops that will save lives ... Venom is extracted from each snake once a month in a delicate and potentially dangerous process. ...
https://sg.news.yahoo.com/brazil-milks-deadly-snakes-life-saving-venom-020833544.html
Snake venom inspires coagulant gel - The Engineer The EngineerSnake venom inspires coagulant gel - The Engineer The Engineer
Snake venom inspires coagulant gel. By Andrew Wade 27th October 2015 11:07 am 11th April 2017 12:28 pm ... Snake venom from two species of South American pit viper has inspired a new coagulating treatment developed by a team from Rice ... The snake venom batroxobin is combined with nanofibre hydrogels from the Rice lab. According to the researchers, it is first ... Though inspired by snake venom, the batroxobin used by the Rice team is actually harvested from genetically modified bacteria ...
https://www.theengineer.co.uk/snake-venom-inspires-coagulant-gel/
ToxinsMetalloproteinasesBothropsGlandsPeptidesEnvenomationBitesToxinPotentCobrasEvolution of venomsSnakebiteBiteVipersToxicityFangsDeadly snakesWorld'sGlandPreyResearchersSnake'sNeutralizeBlack mambaNeurotoxicJararacaProperties of the venomsMicrurusDifferent snake venomsCharacterizationMetalloproteinaseRear-fangedRattlesnake venomKraitsHemotoxicViperidaeEnzymesBitten by venomous snakesPeptideEvolutionaryAntibodiesSpecies of snakesSerineScientistsNeurotoxinCoralHumansComponents of venomNajaSerumInhibitFoundProduce venomCompoundsInhibitorsToxic venomPoisonous snakeProteolyticRattlesnakesInject snake venomTherapeuticViper venom
Toxins43
  • A new paper published in Toxins reveals that surprisingly few venomous snake bites cause immediate pain, implying that the venom make-up has not evolved for a defensive primary purpose. (eurekalert.org)
  • Some coral snakes (Micrurus) have specifically pain-inducing toxins in their venoms, suggesting that natural selection for defence may have played a role in their evolution - a possible exception to the rule uncovered in this study. (eurekalert.org)
  • In general, the disposition of snake venom was described by a two-compartment model consisting of a rapid distribution phase and a slow elimination phase, with half-lives of 5 to 48 min and 0.8 to 28 h, respectively, following rapid intravenous injection of the venoms or toxins. (mdpi.com)
  • When the venoms or toxins were administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously, an initial absorption phase and slow elimination phase were observed. (mdpi.com)
  • The bioavailability of venoms or toxins ranged from 4 to 81.5% following intramuscular administration and 60% following subcutaneous administration. (mdpi.com)
  • Interestingly, the authors state, 'Our analysis in fact shows that the majority of snake venom toxins are likely derived from pre-existing salivary proteins,' and they admit that 'snake venom should instead be considered to be simply a modified form of saliva. (icr.org)
  • The researchers state that their data 'suggest that a possible route for pre-existing salivary proteins to become venom toxins may simply be an elevated expression level, where initial toxicity is dosage-dependent. (icr.org)
  • 2014. Restriction and Recruitment-Gene Duplication and the Origin and Evolution of Snake Venom Toxins. (icr.org)
  • Coursing within these twin glands is a venom unlike any chemical previously discovered in snakes, as Fry and his colleagues recently reported in the journal Toxins. (thestar.com)
  • Although there is not yet clinical evidence the coral snake holds the secret to new types of toxin-based pain relief within its glands, researchers have successfully turned snail toxins into painkillers. (thestar.com)
  • This is a Speckled Rattlesnake, which produces a venom with high amounts of tissue-damaging protein toxins. (unco.edu)
  • Because Dr. Mackessy's lab has worked with venoms for many years, we know that certain toxins form bands at certain places in the gel, allowing us to identify many protein toxins quickly, simply based on their band patterns. (unco.edu)
  • Dr. Mackessy shows a collection of cancer cells that are kept in liquid nitrogen - the extreme cold preserves the cells, and to grow them, they are brought to room temperature, added to nutrient media in a flask and incubated at 37 ˚C (~98.6 ˚F). They are then used in experiments with venom toxins to evaluate the effects on cell growth, cell survival, etc. (unco.edu)
  • The research is the first to tie the cobra's 19 venom toxins to the genes which produce them, allowing for a new anti-venom production method. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
  • The synthetic antibodies which stick to the toxins will be the ones that can save snake-bite victims. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
  • Solange Serrano, a researcher at the Instituto Butantan in Brazil, gets it: She studies the protein toxins in these serpents' venom in hopes of helping develop improved medication for envenomation. (geek.com)
  • An international 12-year project revealed that the two main toxins in the venom target certain receptors on nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord of mammals. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • its toxins had no effect on the proteins that most venoms target. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Most toxins in snake venoms target specialized nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the surface of nerve cells that make muscles contract, paralyzing the snakes' victims. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Most venom contains a huge variety of lethal molecules called toxins, which evolve from harmless compounds that used to do different jobs elsewhere in the body. (earthsky.org)
  • These toxins target normal biological processes in snakes' prey, such as blood clotting or nerve-cell signalling, and stop them from working properly. (earthsky.org)
  • Now researchers have discovered that the toxins that make snake and lizard venom deadly can evolve back into completely harmless molecules, raising the possibility that they could be developed into drugs. (earthsky.org)
  • But the researchers' discovery that there may be many harmless versions of venom toxins throughout a snake's body opens the door to a whole new era of drug discovery. (earthsky.org)
  • Snake researchers were aware that venom toxins evolve from harmless molecules that do fairly mundane jobs elsewhere in the body. (earthsky.org)
  • Snake venom toxins are the most rapidly-evolving proteins ever identified. (earthsky.org)
  • Many snake venom toxins target the same physiological pathways that doctors would like to target to treat a variety of medical conditions. (earthsky.org)
  • Understanding how toxins can be tamed into harmless physiological proteins may aid development of cures from venom. (earthsky.org)
  • Specialized three-finger toxins that target select prey taxa have evolved in some RFS venoms, and this prey capture strategy has appeared in multiple RFS species, from Old World Boiga to New World Spilotes and Oxybelis . (frontiersin.org)
  • The large number of 3FTx protein sequences available, together with a growing database of RFS venom 3FTxs, make possible predictions concerning structure-function relationships among these toxins and the basis of selective toxicity of specific RFS venom 3FTxs. (frontiersin.org)
  • Pan's research builds on a growing body of scientific research that has shown toxins in venom can fight cancer cells without harming healthy cells. (wreg.com)
  • Opossum serum contains metalloproteinase inhibitors which neutralize toxins from Crotalid venoms. (asknature.org)
  • Neutralization of snake venom toxins has been achieved through different approaches: plant extracts have been utilized in etnomedicine. (mdpi.com)
  • A deeper knowledge of alternative ways to inhibit venom toxins may provide supplemental treatments to serum therapy. (mdpi.com)
  • These roles include opsonization, activating the complement system, and neutralizing toxins (such as snake and scorpion venom) and toxic organisms (such as bacteria and viruses). (exampleessays.com)
  • If oral glands show expression of some of the 20 gene families associated with "venom toxins," that species gets the venomous label. (phys.org)
  • It also shows that just the expression of genes related to venom toxins in oral glands of snakes and lizards isn't enough information to close the book on whether something is venomous. (phys.org)
  • No snake possesses just one type because each snake tends to have a different combination of toxins. (reptilegardens.com)
  • For instance, some coral snakes and pit vipers have specifically pain-inducing toxins in their venoms. (bangor.ac.uk)
  • Homogenates from gastrocnemius muscles of mice injected with the venom of the snake Bothrops asper or with 2 tissue-damaging toxins were added to cultures of C2C12 myogenic cells. (wiley.com)
  • This study sheds light on the structure-function relationships of the procoagulant toxins within these venoms and may have important clinical implications including for the design of next-generation antivenoms. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Snake venom is a complex mixture of many substances such as toxins, enzymes, growth factors, activators, and inhibitors with a wide spectrum of biological activities. (scielo.br)
  • Toxins C13S1C3 and C13S2C3 from green mamba venom (Dendroaspis angusticeps) acted like dendrotoxin to increase acetylcholine release in response to nerve stimulation in the chick biventer cervicis preparation. (strath.ac.uk)
  • The snake venom is saliva of the snake that contains the toxins which facilitates the snake to digestion of prey, and mainly helps to defend against thethreats. (alliedacademies.org)
Metalloproteinases8
  • New venom protein superfamilies in RFS venoms include matrix metalloproteinases, distinct from but closely related to snake venom metalloproteinases, veficolins, and acid lipases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Pit viper venom is a complex mixture of various enzymes called metalloproteinases. (asknature.org)
  • Opossum sera were capable of neutralizing metalloproteinases from Malayan pit viper venom including hemorrhagins, fibrinogenases, and gelatinases. (asknature.org)
  • The studies reviewed here denote jararhagin as a prototype for studies of snake venom metalloproteinases, bringing new insights into cellular-matrix interactions and adding for the improvement of snakebite treatment. (biomedsearch.com)
  • Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are predominant in viperid venoms, which provoke hemorrhage and affect hemostasis and thrombosis. (mdpi.com)
  • Serine proteases, metalloproteinases and phospholipases had a positive relationship, meaning the more diverse the snake's diet, the more complex its venom. (infosurhoy.com)
  • Neutralization of the haemorrhagic activities of viperine snake venoms and venom metalloproteinases using synthetic peptide inhibitors and chelators Envenoming by the West African saw-scaled viper, Echis ocellatus resembles that of most vipers, in that it results in local blistering, necrosis and sometimes life-threatening systemic haemorrhage. (umn.edu)
  • The major mediators of local venom pathology are the zinc-dependant snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). (umn.edu)
Bothrops19
  • The SoPIL strategy was used to quantify venom proteins from two pairs of venomous snakes: Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus type A, C. scutulatus scutulatus type B, Crotalus oreganus helleri, and Bothrops colombiensis. (nih.gov)
  • Isolation and biochemical characterization of a fibrinolytic proteinase from Bothrops leucurus (white-tailed jararaca) snake venom," Biochimie , vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 189-200, 2006. (hindawi.com)
  • M. T. Assakura, A. P. Reichl, M. C. Asperti, and F. R. Mandelbaum, "Isolation of the major proteolytic enzyme from the venom of the snake Bothrops moojeni (Caissaca)," Toxicon , vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 691-706, 1985. (hindawi.com)
  • S. M. T. Serrano, C. A. M. Sampaio, and F. R. Mandelbaum, "Basic proteinases from Bothrops moojeni (caissaca) venom-II. (hindawi.com)
  • Isolation and structural characterization of a new fibrin(ogen)olytic metalloproteinase from Bothrops moojeni snake venom," Toxicon , vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 574-584, 2008. (hindawi.com)
  • BthMP: a new weakly hemorrhagic metalloproteinase from Bothrops moojeni snake venom," Toxicon , vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 24-32, 2009. (hindawi.com)
  • Structural studies of BmooMP α -I, a non-hemorrhagic metalloproteinase from Bothrops moojeni venom," Toxicon , vol. 55, no. 2-3, pp. 361-368, 2010. (hindawi.com)
  • BnP1, a novel P-I metalloproteinase from Bothrops neuwiedi venom: biological effects benchmarking relatively to jararhagin, a P-III SVMP," Toxicon , vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 54-65, 2008. (hindawi.com)
  • As has been believed by most workers in the field, 7 of these 9 coagulant venoms convert fibrinogen to an insoluble modification resembling fibrin ( Bothrops atrox, Bothrops jararaca, Bothrops nummifera, Crotalus adamanteus, Crotalus horridus, Crotalus terrificus basiliscus, Crotalus terrificus terrificus ). (rupress.org)
  • In addition to coagulating fibrinogen directly, 3 of these venoms ( Bothrops atrox, Bothrops jararaca , and to a less extent, Crotalus terrificus basiliscus ) acted on prothrombin to convert it to thrombin, without the necessary intervention of either calcium or platelets. (rupress.org)
  • Thus, the fer de lance ( Bothrops atrox ) venom was active in a 1:25,000,000 dilution, and that of the Australian tiger snake ( Notechis scutatus ) was active in a 1:4,000,000 dilution. (rupress.org)
  • Jararhagin, a hemorrhagic snake venom metalloproteinase from Bothrops jararaca. (biomedsearch.com)
  • Jararhagin is a metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops jararaca snake venom, which has been extensively studied. (biomedsearch.com)
  • This review will briefly highlight the structure-function relationships of these few direct-acting fibrinolytic agents, including, barnettlysin-I, isolated from Bothrops barnetti venom, that could be considered as potential agent to treat major thrombotic disorders. (mdpi.com)
  • Taking into consideration toxicity and venom yields, the fer-de-lance, Bothrops asper (formerly included in B. atrox ), appears to be the most dangerous snake in Costa Rica and Lachesis muta , despite its impressive size, occupies a relatively unimportant position. (ajtmh.org)
  • NPP-BJ, a nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase from Bothrops jararaca snake venom, inhibits platelet aggregation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Here we describe for the first time the isolation and functional characterization of a soluble phosphodiesterase from Bothrops jararaca venom, which shows amino acid sequence similarity to mammalian nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 3 (NPP3), and inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • (13) evaluated the action of the venoms of Crotalus durissus terrificus and Bothrops jararaca on Ehrlich ascitic tumors and found that both venoms act directly on tumor cells. (scielo.br)
  • This study describe s the effects of Bothrops marajoensis venom (Marajó lancehead) on isolated neuromuscular preparations of chick biventer cervicis (CBC) and mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm (PND). (libpubmedia.co.uk)
Glands17
  • Solutions or mixtures of toxic and nontoxic substances elaborated by snake (Ophidia) salivary glands for the purpose of killing prey or disabling predators and delivered by grooved or hollow fangs. (drugbank.ca)
  • Thus, they began looking for other explanations for snake venom origins by carrying out a comparison of gene expression in venom glands and other body tissues for a wide variety of snakes (both venomous and non-venomous snakes, as well as a gecko). (icr.org)
  • These results demonstrate that venom genes are serving other non-venomous purposes in reptile tissues, including a function in the salivary glands of both non venomous and venomous snakes. (icr.org)
  • Thus, the toxic levels of venom found in modern venomous snakes could be due to an alteration of genetic information that causes them to be over-expressed in venom glands. (icr.org)
  • Like fuel tanks for its speedy hunts, the coral snake has two immense toxin glands - the largest in any animal - travelling along either side of its throat to its ribs for a full quarter-length of its six-foot body. (thestar.com)
  • The venom held within snake's glands, the scientists argued, could inspire the development of a strong, non-narcotic painkiller. (thestar.com)
  • Gripping the deadly snake behind its jaws, Fabiola de Souza massages its venom glands to squeeze out drops that will save lives around Brazil where thousands of people are bitten every year. (yahoo.com)
  • They compared these sequences with those from venom glands in a wide range of snakes and lizards, constructing an evolutionary tree to work out the relationships between the various sequences. (earthsky.org)
  • Even alcohol, coffee and water can be toxic at high enough volumes so we needed to consider how much venom different species of snake produce and store in their venom glands. (tcd.ie)
  • These glands- one on either side of the head - are modified salivary glands surrounded by muscle which, when contracted, forces the clear or yellowish venom along the venom ducts and down through the fangs, squirting out under pressure as if from a pair of hypodermic syringes. (reptilepark.com.au)
  • However, the venom glands of the snake are enormous so that when the snake bites, a large amount of venom is injected into the victim's body. (worldatlas.com)
  • On January 23 in the journal Cell, researchers are reporting that they have created organoids of the venom glands of the Cape coral snake (Aspidelaps lubricus cowlesi) and that these glands are capable of producing venom. (faunaclassifieds.com)
  • Once we grew the venom glands as organoids, we realized that they make a lot of venom. (faunaclassifieds.com)
  • In addition to the venom glands, the researchers also made organoids of the snake liver, pancreas, and gut. (faunaclassifieds.com)
  • He notes that if it could be commercialized, this method would be much more efficient than the way venom is currently produced -- by raising snakes on farms and milking their glands. (faunaclassifieds.com)
  • The saliva glands of snake have large alveoli in which the venom is stored and is being conveyed by tubular fangs which is ejected. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Zootoxins are secreted by the snake venom glands and are modified of parotid salivary glands which is located in vertebrates . (alliedacademies.org)
Peptides9
  • A letter in Nature suggests the application is viable as the venom contains "a new class of three-finger peptides … able to abolish pain through inhibition of Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) in central or peripheral neurons. (theregister.co.uk)
  • If the peptides in Black Mamba venom shut them down, that's good news. (theregister.co.uk)
  • The pEKW and pHpG peptides inhibit the proteolytic activity of the haemorrhagic snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP), EoVMP-2, and the haemorrhagic activity of E. ocellatus venom. (nih.gov)
  • Furthermore, snake venoms can be considered natural "combinatorial libraries" of proteins and peptides. (novapublishers.com)
  • But Pan's lab has developed a technique to separate out the important proteins and peptides in the venom so they can be used to stop cancer cell growth. (wreg.com)
  • Subsequently, interacting peptides will be evaluated for venom-neutralizing properties, and promising leads will be optimized by iterative cycles of mutagenesis and valuation of venom neutralizing properties. (amrita.edu)
  • Researchers, led by Sylvie Diochot, of the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology at Nice University, Sophia Antipolis in France, purified the peptides from the venom and profiled the compounds' structure. (scientificamerican.com)
  • The scientists created images of the 3D molecular structures of two peptides, including one from snake venom, that inhibit angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE), a key protein that regulates blood pressure. (healthcanal.com)
  • They confirmed that the venom peptides produced were biologically active and resembled the components of venom from live snakes. (faunaclassifieds.com)
Envenomation9
  • Ocular manifestations resulting from snake envenomation are myriad and vary with the nature of the toxin. (scielo.br)
  • Snake Venoms and Envenomation. (annals.org)
  • Understanding the pathology of envenomation and chemical composition of snake venoms is important in the development of medical countermeasures (including, but not limited to, antivenoms). (novapublishers.com)
  • Several chapters highlight protein biochemistry and enzymology of snake venoms, immune response to envenomation and antivenoms, production and use of snake venom components as antigens for antivenom preparation, and the therapeutic value of snake venom components in the treatment of various diseases. (novapublishers.com)
  • Rear-fanged snakes (RFS) are a phylogenetically diverse collection of species that feed on a variety of prey and show varying prey capture strategies, from constriction to envenomation. (frontiersin.org)
  • During envenomation, venom components mainly affect the hemostatic system [causing hemorrhage]. (asknature.org)
  • Identification of the venom involved in a clinically significant envenomation by an elapid snake in Australia or Papua New Guinea . (edu.au)
  • The anti-venom taken from the horses are used to treat humans suffering from snake envenomation. (reptilepark.com.au)
  • There are innumerable combinations of variables that affect the outcome of a snake envenomation. (reptilegardens.com)
Bites19
  • As I mentioned in my original article, Wyeth stopped making the antivenom because, with fewer than 100 bites per year, treating coral snake bites just wasn't a good business, but before the company shut down its factory, they made a five year supply. (popularmechanics.com)
  • His survey, which gained nearly 400 responses world-wide, asked people working with snakes about the time-course of pain after bites they had sustained. (eurekalert.org)
  • Image 2: Caption: Many snakes, like this Indian cobra (Naja naja) will use their venoms in self-defence, causing millions of bites every year. (eurekalert.org)
  • Researchers explain that current clinical trials on snake bites are helping in those efforts. (newschannel5.com)
  • The Stiletto Snake has another alarming characteristic and one that has caused the quite high incidence of bites on humans. (hubpages.com)
  • The dangerous practice, which is based on Bible passages referring to apostles' immunity to snake bites, is illegal in most places. (rt.com)
  • Snake bites are a major health concern, especially in tropical countries. (novapublishers.com)
  • There have been reports of people in India enduring actual snake bites to get high . (nytimes.com)
  • Snake bites kill more than 120,000 people a year, more than a third of them in India. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
  • Snake bites cause 400,000 amputations a year, almost seven times as many as the number of amputations performed in the U.S. Civil War. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
  • The Sawyer Extractor Bite and Sting Kit was also banned from sale in Australia following a complaint about the product, which was touted as the'most powerful suction available' for the safe extraction of venom and poisons including from snake bites and bee and wasp stings. (smh.com.au)
  • For the second year in a row, UC San Diego Medical Center toxicologists are reporting unusually powerful snake bites and unusually extreme patient reactions to those bites. (ucsd.edu)
  • With some rattlesnake bites, no venom is injected into the wound, but because it is impossible to know if venom has or has not been injected, getting medical treatment quickly is important. (ucsd.edu)
  • Venom may be injected with each of a possible series of consecutive bites. (reptilepark.com.au)
  • Remain calm - death from most snake bites is not instantaneous. (reptilegardens.com)
  • The survey asked 368 people who had collectively received 584 bites from 192 different snake species. (bangor.ac.uk)
  • VENOM LOCC™ is the only commercially available snakebite kit that follows current medical guidelines for field-based first aid treatment of snake bites. (tongs.com)
  • Around 100,000 people around the world die from snake bites every year, and another 250,000 are permanently disabled, but these statistics don't seem to scare Steve Ludwin. (odditycentral.com)
  • More than 100,000 people die from snake bites every year, mostly in developing countries. (faunaclassifieds.com)
Toxin10
  • Even a few snail species produce venom similar to the blue coral snake's toxin. (thestar.com)
  • Venom from this species has a taxon-specific neurotoxin - this toxin is lethal to birds and lizards, their primary prey, but harmless to mammals. (unco.edu)
  • De Souza and her colleagues at the Butantan Institute in Sao Paulo harvest the toxin from hundreds of snakes kept in captivity to produce antivenom. (yahoo.com)
  • The cobra's venom is not the only toxin that can be treated this way. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
  • The researchers found that a disproportionate number of glycans contained sialic acid-a sugar with a negative charge-which may help with venom solubility and increase toxin half-life, according to Serrano. (geek.com)
  • Toxin levels in rattler venom vary from year to year and season to season but - typically- venom is weaker in winter and stronger in summer because snakes are more active, fighting for food and for survival. (ucsd.edu)
  • In general, RFS venoms share many toxin families with front-fanged snakes, and venoms generally are either a neurotoxic three-finger toxin (3FTx)-dominated venom or an enzymatic metalloproteinase-dominated venom. (frontiersin.org)
  • Beestings, for example, hurt and become inflamed because melittin, the main toxin in a bee's venom, destroys cell membranes. (wreg.com)
  • For example, Dr. Samuel Wickline at Washington University in St. Louis helped develop "nanobees" that are also being tested to see if they can deliver a synthesized version of the toxin found in bee venom to cancer cells in prostate cancer. (wreg.com)
  • Snake venoms are complex toxin mixtures. (mdpi.com)
Potent10
  • Instead, corals inject a potent neurotoxin by grabbing hold of their prey and gnawing for 20 to 30 seconds with their little teeth to work in the venom-people who have been bitten liken the experience of removing a coral to that of peeling Velcro. (popularmechanics.com)
  • The venom of the Black Mamba, rated the world's seventh most potent snake poison , has been suggested as a future painkiller for humans. (theregister.co.uk)
  • Viper venoms contain one of the most potent mixtures of proteases in natural existence and yet the venom gland and proteins in this mixture are refractory to degradation. (nih.gov)
  • The venom of the Malaysian pit viper is the potent ingredient found in an experimental drug called Viprinex now being tested in hospitals. (sunjournal.com)
  • Venomous snakes in the main aren't interested in killing their human molesters but merely escaping their attentions, they rarely try to expel all their potent charge of venom which would leave them defenseless for a time. (hubpages.com)
  • We really don't know why the venom is becoming increasingly potent. (ucsd.edu)
  • Snakes are infamous for possessing potent venoms, a fact that makes them deadly predators and also strikes fear into humans and other animals alike. (tcd.ie)
  • The team found strong evidence that venoms have evolved to be more potent against animals that are closely related to the species that the snake commonly eats. (tcd.ie)
  • Cottonmouth venom is hemotoxic and potent. (exampleessays.com)
  • It was found that the sea snake, Pelamis platurus , possesses the most potent venom. (ajtmh.org)
Cobras13
  • Our results suggest little evidence for widespread evolution of venoms driven by their use in defence, though interesting exceptions likely exist such as the defensive use of venom 'spitting' in some cobras, and these specific cases deserve further study. (eurekalert.org)
  • Thanks to this venom, the fire-headed animal is able to prey upon young king cobras, kraits and other agile, dangerous snakes without killing itself on the hunt. (thestar.com)
  • Cobras are quick to strike and deadly, too, so blue coral snakes must be quicker. (thestar.com)
  • Where the venom of mambas and cobras relax their prey into paralysis, the fast-acting calliotoxin jams open sodium channels, causing muscles to hyper-contract into what scientists call "spastic" paralysis. (thestar.com)
  • Which is why many people have survived attacks from even the most feared of snakes, like Taipans, Mambas, Cobras and the rest. (hubpages.com)
  • Elapidae (cobras and kraits) venoms are mainly neurotoxic and may cause neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations. (scielo.br)
  • However, some species, such as cobras, boomslangs and rattlesnakes have far more venom than they apparently need-in a single reserve of venom, they have the potential to kill thousands of their prey animals and several adult humans. (tcd.ie)
  • The study, which has just been published in international journal Ecology Letters , tackled this puzzle by comparing records of venom potency and quantity for over 100 venomous snake species, ranging from rattlesnakes, cobras and the tree dwelling boomslangs of Africa to sea snakes and burrowing asps. (tcd.ie)
  • Whether in movies, literature, or folklore, poisonous serpents have received bad press, which is unfortunate, because snakes like copperheads and cobras are at this moment at the forefront of some of the most exciting medical breakthroughs. (exampleessays.com)
  • The difference is, in highly venomous snakes, such as rattlesnakes or cobras, the venom gene families have expanded to make many copies of those shared genes, and some of these copies have evolved into genes that produce highly toxic venom proteins. (phys.org)
  • The research team looked at 24 gene families that are shared by pythons, cobras, rattlesnakes and Gila monsters, and associated with venom. (phys.org)
  • Spitting cobras have unique behavioural adaptations for defensive venom use, and their venoms cause intense pain upon contact with eyes . (bangor.ac.uk)
  • Venoms of cobras ( Naja spp. (frontiersin.org)
Evolution of venoms2
  • Our results demonstrate that the evolution of venoms is a really complex process. (earthsky.org)
  • On the other hand, scientists know surprisingly little about the role of natural selection for self-defence in the evolution of venoms. (bangor.ac.uk)
Snakebite5
  • Boyer hopes to be able to have some of the Bioclon antivenom available by springtime, which should help to alleviate any shortages that come as snakebite season ramps up-as cold-blooded creatures, snakes aren't that aggressive in winter-but she warns that her program isn't big enough to cover the eventual need. (popularmechanics.com)
  • It is estimated that every year, over 100,000 human deaths can be attributed to snakebite from the world's 700 venomous snake species - all inflicted in self-defence when the snakes feel threatened by encroaching humans. (eurekalert.org)
  • Understanding snake venom pharmacokinetics is essential for developing risk assessment strategies and determining the optimal dose and timing of antivenom required to bind all venom in snakebite patients. (mdpi.com)
  • Research on venom is widespread because of its obvious importance to treating and understanding snakebite, as well as the potential of venoms to be used as drugs, but, up until now, everything was focused in the venom gland , where venom is produced before it is injected," Castoe said. (phys.org)
  • VENOM LOCC™, designed by an Emergency Room physician and toxicologist, is the only Snakebite First Aid Kit shown to trap venom at the site of the snakebite and lower the risk of shock and death. (tongs.com)
Bite24
  • In May I wrote about a critical coming shortage in coral snake antivenom , known as Micrurus fulvis, the only FDA-approved cure or coral snake bite available in the U.S. By some bizarre and slightly macabre coincidence, the expiration date for the existing vials of coral snake antivenom is October 31st, Halloween. (popularmechanics.com)
  • Since the manufacturer of the antivenom, Wyeth (now owned by Pfizer) stopped making the drug back in 2003, the expiration of the existing stock would mean that there will be no drugs at all that can stop the effects of a coral snake bite in the U.S. For those who didn't read my original article , it's worth a reminder of exactly how coral snake bite works. (popularmechanics.com)
  • Corals are among the deadliest snakes native to the U.S. They are different from pit vipers (rattlesnakes, cottonmouths, etc.), which strike fast and inject hemotoxin into a bite, causing immense pain and swelling at the site. (popularmechanics.com)
  • Thumb almost completely eaten away by necrosis after snake bite. (hubpages.com)
  • A Kentucky preacher and reality TV star, whose sermons involved handling of deadly snakes, has died from a snake bite. (rt.com)
  • Clark emphasized that while San Diego County is seeing a rise in snake bite cases each year, the more alarming factor recently is the toxicity of the bite. (ucsd.edu)
  • An Australian snake venom expert will lead a new global effort to improve snake bite treatment and education. (abc.net.au)
  • These enzymes wreak havoc inside the bodies of venomous snake-bite victims by causing widespread breakdown of important proteins (proteolyisis) in the tissue surroundings blood vessels and within cells themselves. (asknature.org)
  • Typically, a snake bite is treated with polyclonal antibody preparations obtained from immunized animals. (amrita.edu)
  • The venom of each species is unique, consisting of a combination of complex proteins, which act on the prey or bite victim in various ways. (reptilepark.com.au)
  • The dose of anti-venom given to a patient varies according to the species responsible for the bite and, when it can be ascertained, the amount of venom injected. (reptilepark.com.au)
  • A bite from the black mamba snake ( Dendroaspis polylepis ) can kill an adult human within 20 minutes. (scientificamerican.com)
  • The venom is used by the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories - better known as BioCSL Limited, to manufacture the only Australian antivenoms that save human snake bite and spider bite victims. (reptilepark.com.au)
  • This plasma contains the antibodies which, when injected into a snake bite victim, will neutralize snake venom. (reptilepark.com.au)
  • Do not attempt the following, they can cause harm and waste your valuable time getting snake bite treatment from a qualified medical professional. (reptilegardens.com)
  • These are all instances of improper snake bite treatment, will cause severe pain, permanent tissue damage, and possible amputation. (reptilegardens.com)
  • The body temperature, even mood, of a particular snake in addition to the toxicity and quantity of venom delivered by that snake can all make a very big difference in the outcome of the bite. (reptilegardens.com)
  • Snakes have complete control over how much venom they inject anytime they bite. (reptilegardens.com)
  • So one could get a "dry" bite, with no venom in it whatsoever. (reptilegardens.com)
  • Add in the potential for a severe infection, and it is safe to say there are many variables that will affect the outcome of a snake bite. (reptilegardens.com)
  • If pain occurs long after the bite, it may simply be a side effect of other venom properties, such as tissue damage. (bangor.ac.uk)
  • The ideal organism on which to test this idea is a species that is regularly exposed to venomous snakebites from a wide variety of snakes and can communicate precisely the effects of a bite. (bangor.ac.uk)
  • By far the most common experience involved relatively low pain levels after a bite within the first five minutes, when the pain might deter a predator in time for the snake to escape injury or death. (bangor.ac.uk)
  • Vance G. Nielsen, professor and vice chair for research in the Department of Anesthesiology at the UA College of Medicine - Tucson, has confirmed that, if given soon enough after a snake bite, the carbon monoxide-iron-based therapy directly can inhibit snake venom's ability to block blood clotting in laboratory animals for as long as an hour. (laboratoryequipment.com)
Vipers10
  • These results demonstrate that these vipers express abundant transcripts encoding tandemly repeated protease inhibitor cassettes and accumulate significant quantities of peptide inhibitors in venoms to provide a basis for attenuating the proteolytic activity of SVMPs. (nih.gov)
  • The Brazilian lancehead is one of several South American pit vipers that produce venom that has proven to be a powerful blood coagulant. (theengineer.co.uk)
  • The research on natural snake venom metalloendopeptidase inhibitors (SVMPIs) began in the 18th century with the pioneering work of Fontana on the resistance that vipers exhibited to their own venom. (mdpi.com)
  • Vipers are snakes in the family Viperidae, a group of short-tailed, (usually) stout-bodied snakes with long fangs at the front of the mouth, sited on a short jawbone that can be rotated to bring the fangs from their resting position parallel with the palate to an erect position for striking. (jrank.org)
  • This efficient venom delivery system allows vipers to eat large (and sometimes dangerous) animals without a struggle that might expose them to harm. (jrank.org)
  • Vipers make a swift strike in which the long hollow (hypodermic needle-like) fangs inject a strong venom deep into the prey's body. (jrank.org)
  • Diversity in diet plays a role in the complexity of venom in pit vipers such as rattlesnakes, copperheads and cottonmouths. (infosurhoy.com)
  • The journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences published the findings in a paper titled "Phylogenetically diverse diets favor more complex venoms in North American pit vipers. (infosurhoy.com)
  • Holding collaborated with researchers from Clemson, Florida State University, Mexico and Brazil to study the venoms and diets of 46 species of North American pit vipers, including all that live in the United States. (infosurhoy.com)
  • And it wasn't long before he began bringing home rattlesnakes, copperheads and vipers with enough venom to kill our entire street. (theguardian.com)
Toxicity5
  • So, if these venom proteins are found in many different types of bodily tissues in both venomous and non-venomous snakes, then why the toxicity? (icr.org)
  • Though this same protein superfamily is commonly found in the venoms of elapid (front-fanged) snakes, no elapid 3FTxs appear to show prey-specific toxicity (with the exception of perhaps Micrurus ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Interestingly, studies have also shown that the toxicity of the venom in a particular snake can vary a small amount from season to season and even day to day. (reptilegardens.com)
  • Venom yields and toxicity levels for Costa Rican snakes are reported. (ajtmh.org)
  • The data show that in toxicity or neutralization experiments in which mice are used it is desirable to prolong the observation period up to 48 hours when employing crotalid venoms and up to 72 hours when using elapide venoms. (ajtmh.org)
Fangs11
  • After grasping the snake's head and exposing its fangs, venom is extracted by placing calibrated glass capillary tubes over the fangs. (unco.edu)
  • It can fool even experienced snake handlers by still being able to sink its long fangs into an uninformed hand with its mouth still closed! (hubpages.com)
  • Front-fanged snakes have tubular fangs positioned anteriorly in the upper jaw and a venom apparatus that includes an encapsulated reservoir with compressor glandulae (Viperidae) or adductor externus superficialis (Elapidae) muscles inserted directly onto the venom gland capsule ( Kochva, 1962 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • A swab from the fangs of the dead snake may be used if available. (edu.au)
  • Snake venom is a highly developed form of saliva, injected by the snake into its victim through hollow, modified fangs. (reptilepark.com.au)
  • Which Snake Has The Longest Fangs And The Highest Venom Yield In The World? (worldatlas.com)
  • The Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica) is the snake with the longest fangs in the world. (worldatlas.com)
  • The fangs of the snake are up to 2 inches long. (worldatlas.com)
  • After striking the prey and injecting it with venom, the Gaboon viper hangs on to the prey with its large fangs until it dies. (worldatlas.com)
  • Just the sheer fangs on the snake look scary, but after a few drops of venom are extracted, the show host then mixes just a single drop in a glass of human blood. (thefw.com)
  • Our house was a zoo, with our potbellied pig Lou who loved the Velvet Underground , a ginger-and-white rat Moo-Moo whom I saved from the fangs of a copperhead , a pair of rescued iguanas , a vicious baby caiman crocodile and a terrifying assortment of snakes and scorpions. (theguardian.com)
Deadly snakes3
  • As the DNA of more species of venomous snakes is mapped - especially of the three other snakes which, along with the cobra, are regarded as the "Big Four" deadly snakes: Russell's viper, the saw-scaled viper, and the common krait - the technique may be used to create a catalogue of antidotes. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
  • In Australia, the country with the highest percentage of deadly snakes , just 3 to 4 people are killed by venomous snakes yearly. (reptilegardens.com)
  • I started an indie-music glossy called Lime Lizard and everyone and their mates showed up at our Victorian terrace, turning it into a den for drugs, debauched rockers and deadly snakes. (theguardian.com)
World's5
  • The world's stock of coral snake antivenom, set to expire this weekend , gets a last-minute one-year extension from the FDA. (popularmechanics.com)
  • Oct. 31 - French scientists say the venom of the Black Mamba, one of the world's deadliest natural poisons, could hold the secret to new forms of pain relief. (reuters.com)
  • Steve Ludwin, a 42-year-old snake obsessed rocker from California, is one of a just a handful of people who regularly inject venom from the world's deadliest snakes into their bloodstream, in the belief that it will make them immune to it. (odditycentral.com)
  • Every week for the past 23 years he has been injecting a venom cocktail from the world's most dangerous snakes, trying to train his antibodies to resist the poison. (odditycentral.com)
  • He's been shooting, swallowing and scratching venom into his skin from some of the world's deadliest snakes for 30 years. (theguardian.com)
Gland9
  • The researchers started the discussion of their results by saying, 'We find the hypothesis that snake venom evolves through the duplication of physiological or body genes and subsequent recruitment into the venom gland to be unsupported by the available data,' and, 'Indeed for a large number of the gene families claimed to have undergone recruitment we find evidence of a diverse tissue expression pattern, including the salivary gland of nonvenomous reptiles. (icr.org)
  • The venom gland of snakes appears to be a melting pot for evolving new functions for molecules, some of which are retained in venom for killing prey, while others go on to serve new functions in other tissues in the body. (earthsky.org)
  • They found that rather than staying stuck in the venom gland, some proteins evolve back into harmless molecules to do different roles in the body. (earthsky.org)
  • Researchers collected venom and venom gland samples from rattlesnakes and cottonmouths across North America. (infosurhoy.com)
  • They used next-generation sequencing techniques to generate the largest dataset of proteomes and venom-gland transcriptomes for viperid snakes to date. (infosurhoy.com)
  • This project utilized venom gland genetic data for more than 250 individual snakes, a denser sampling that any other study to date. (infosurhoy.com)
  • This is a field that does not exist, so they thought it was interesting to study the most iconic reptilian organ, the snake venom gland,' he says. (faunaclassifieds.com)
  • In fact, he says, the venom gland organoids grew so fast that in just one week, they were able to break them apart and re-plate them, generating hundreds of plates within two months. (faunaclassifieds.com)
  • The researchers were able to identify at least four distinct types of cells within the venom gland organoids. (faunaclassifieds.com)
Prey24
  • The researchers also say that mice, a creature among the Black Mamba's favorite prey, are immune to its venom and experience an analgesic effect when bitten. (theregister.co.uk)
  • The snakes are at extreme risk from their very dangerous prey," Fry told The Washington Post via email, "so they need to immobilize them before they get killed in retaliation. (thestar.com)
  • That is, like the feared Brown Recluse Spider it's venom attacks the area it is injected and proceeds to destroy tissue and even bone, achieving in spectacular fashion what the substance does in its prey, a small mammal or bird. (hubpages.com)
  • One such drug called Captopril, which treats high blood pressure, was developed from a compound in lancehead viper venom which catastrophically lowers blood pressure in its prey. (earthsky.org)
  • But snakes' and reptiles' prey tends to evolve resistance to venom, which means that venoms have to continually evolve to remain effective. (earthsky.org)
  • Why venoms vary so much in their ability to kill or incapacitate potential prey animals has long puzzled scientists, with several competing hypotheses suggested as explanations. (tcd.ie)
  • These results make sense from an evolutionary viewpoint as we expect that evolution will have shaped venoms to be more efficient at killing the prey animals they are most often the target of the venom. (tcd.ie)
  • This difference may be due to how often a snake encounters its prey in these different environments, with terrestrial species requiring a larger reserve of venom to take advantage of the rarer opportunities to feed. (tcd.ie)
  • Neofunctionalization of Spilotes sulphureus 3FTx genes has even resulted in the evolution within a single venom of 3FTxs selectively neurotoxic to different prey taxa (mammals or lizards), allowing this non-constricting RFS to take larger mammalian prey. (frontiersin.org)
  • Rear-fanged snake venoms are therefore of considerable research interest due to the evolutionary novelties they contain, providing insights into the evolution of snake venom proteins and potential predator-prey coevolution in a broader phylogenetic context. (frontiersin.org)
  • The two most common ways that snakes kill their prey is with venom or by constriction. (exampleessays.com)
  • Venom can either slow down or kill the prey. (exampleessays.com)
  • The cobra uses its teeth to inject poison into its prey and can even spit the venom up to 6 feet at the enemy's eye. (exampleessays.com)
  • The snake is capable of swallowing prey as large as a fully grown adult rabbit. (worldatlas.com)
  • This behavior of the Gaboon viper is unique as most other venomous snakes release their prey and wait for it to die before swallowing the prey. (worldatlas.com)
  • The venom also has the effect of initiating digestion even before the prey is swallowed. (jrank.org)
  • The venom of these snakes are diverse, being adapted to quickly kill the preferred prey animals of each species . (jrank.org)
  • The first is foraging, where venom helps the snake to overpower its prey before eating it. (bangor.ac.uk)
  • Many studies have shown that the need to capture and eat prey often drives the evolution of different snake venoms. (bangor.ac.uk)
  • For instance, many species have venoms that are especially lethal to their main prey species . (bangor.ac.uk)
  • But new collaborative research by Clemson University scientists found the number of prey species a snake ate did not drive venom complexity. (infosurhoy.com)
  • Venoms contain proteins that collectively function to incapacitate prey. (infosurhoy.com)
  • Likewise, each protein has a different function when the venom is injected into a mouse, lizard or centipede or whatever prey the snake is eating. (infosurhoy.com)
  • The study shows the amount of divergence among prey species matters for the evolution of targeted venoms, rather than only differences among prey species or major taxonomic groups, regardless of how they are phylogenetically related. (infosurhoy.com)
Researchers9
  • Hubbers and researchers who have followed some of my articles for the last 3 years will know that I specialize - or used to - in writing about snakes and arachnids - spiders and scorpions, etc., creatures that give many of us goose-bumps and the shudders. (hubpages.com)
  • Rice University researchers Jeffrey Hartgerink, left, and Vivek Kumar led research that combines a derivative of snake venom with their nanofibre hydrogel to help encourage blood clotting. (theengineer.co.uk)
  • The approach used in the study may also help researchers predict the potency of venoms in species that have yet to be tested, and even pinpoint potentially useful healthcare-related applications. (tcd.ie)
  • Researchers have designed a safer antiplatelet drug based on a snake venom, according to new research in Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, an American Heart Association journal. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Rice University researchers Jeffrey Hartgerink, left, and Vivek Kumar led research that combines a derivative of snake venom with their nanofiber hydrogel to help encourage blood clotting in wounds, even for patients who take anti-coagulant medications. (phys.org)
  • Using venom milked from the snake, researchers filtered out all but one protein to create a drug called Anfibatide, which in human testing prevented blood clots from forming but didn't prolong bleeding as is the case with some clot-busting drugs. (kingsnake.com)
  • In particular, snake keepers, reptile researchers and ecologists who work with them in the field. (bangor.ac.uk)
  • The research could lead to better anti-venoms and serve as a dietary database for other snake researchers. (infosurhoy.com)
  • Using natural history specimens, researchers compared venom complexity to snake species' diets. (infosurhoy.com)
Snake's4
  • Snake's Venom (Czech: Hadí jed) is a 1982 Czechoslovak drama film directed by František Vláčil. (wikipedia.org)
  • A peptide originally isolated from this snake's venom is being used to combat Type II diabetes. (unco.edu)
  • It is because the snake's venom has such a profound effect on small mammals, such as mice, that is it predisposed to affect all mammals, even large ones like us. (hubpages.com)
  • You can think of venom as a snake's toolbox," said Holding, who is now a National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Florida State. (infosurhoy.com)
Neutralize5
  • The sera from the North American Virginia opossums ( Didelphis virginiana ) were able to neutralize the venom of the Malayan pit viper. (asknature.org)
  • They have metalloproteinase inhibitors in their sera that neutralize the hemorrhagic and other proteolytic activities caused by many snake venoms. (asknature.org)
  • Ultimately, optimized peptide sequences will be cloned, bacterially expressed, may then be tested in combination to neutralize the complete venom. (amrita.edu)
  • Chemists at the University of California, Irvine, (UCI) have developed a way to neutralize deadly snake venom more cheaply and effectively than with traditional anti-venom--an innovation that could spare millions of people the loss of life or limbs each year. (nsf.gov)
  • Electrocute" the bitten area to neutralize the venom. (reptilegardens.com)
Black mamba2
  • One of the research's authors, Anne Baron of France's Centre national de la recherche scientifique , told Agence France Press "(It) is surprising that mambalgins, which represent less than 0.5 percent of the total venom protein content, has analgesic (pain-relief) properties without neurotoxicity in mice, whereas the total venom of black mamba is lethal and among the most neurotoxic ones. (theregister.co.uk)
  • Proteins B and E from black mamba venom (Dendroaspis polylepis) had no prejunctional facilitatory activity. (strath.ac.uk)
Neurotoxic1
  • To assess the effects of antivenom on neuromuscular paralysis in people with neurotoxic snake envenoming. (cochrane.org)
Jararaca3
  • Dozens of poisonous snake species, including the jararaca, thrive in Brazil's hot and humid climate. (yahoo.com)
  • Led by Serrano, the team examined glycans-sugar molecules attached in a complex chain-and how they affect proteins in the venom of B. jararaca (also known as lancehead) snakes. (geek.com)
  • However, polyclonal antibodies raised against NPP-BJ could not abolish the lethal activity of B. jararaca venom. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Properties of the venoms1
  • This study set to explore the anticancer properties of the venoms and cytotoxins from Naja sumatrana (equatorial spitting cobra) and Naja kaouthia (monocled cobra), two highly venomous species in Southeast Asia. (frontiersin.org)
Micrurus3
  • Antisera were produced against Micrurus species M. fulvius, M. frontalis, M. spixii, M. carinicauda , and M. nigrocinctus venom but not against M. mipartitus venom. (ajtmh.org)
  • Biochemical studies revealed the identity of the venom's active ingredient: it's actually twin proteins, dubbed micrurotoxins (MmTX) after their serpentine source, the reclusive coral snake Micrurus mipartitus. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Finally, 2 venoms ( Notechis scutatus , and to a slight extent, a mixed Micrurus venom), which had no demonstrable effect on purified fibrinogen, nevertheless converted prothrombin to thrombin. (rupress.org)
Different snake venoms1
  • These pictures of gels, stained after electrophoresis, show the 'molecular fingerprints' of many different snake venoms. (unco.edu)
Characterization1
  • These observations demand the fractionation of the crude venom and characterization of its active components for a better understanding of its biological dynamics. (libpubmedia.co.uk)
Metalloproteinase2
  • Molecular characterisation of endogenous snake venom metalloproteinase inhibitors. (nih.gov)
  • Snake venom zinc metalloproteinase that cleaves the alpha chain of fibrinogen (FGA) first followed by the beta chain (FGB) and shows no effect on the gamma chain. (uniprot.org)
Rear-fanged3
  • I hope studies like this start to encourage further research into the function and natural ecology of snake venom, particularly rear-fanged venomous snakes which we still know so little about. (eurekalert.org)
  • This snake is a rear-fanged snake, meaning it has enlarged teeth in the back of its mouth. (unco.edu)
  • Snake venom research has focused on front-fanged venomous snakes because of the high incidence of human morbidity and mortality from envenomations and larger venom yields of these species, while venoms from rear-fanged snakes have been largely neglected. (frontiersin.org)
Rattlesnake venom3
  • According to a study recently published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, scientists from the University of Arizona have discovered an enzyme similar to one found in rattlesnake venom that could be driving COVID-19 deaths. (newschannel5.com)
  • A research team at Seventh-day Adventist-owned Loma Linda University is testing rattlesnake venom as an immunization agent to reduce bleeding and swelling in brain tissues during and after brain surgery. (adventistreview.org)
  • Time is of the essence following exposure to rattlesnake venom because without fibrinogen, blood does not clot and the risk of internal bleeding increases, resulting in serious health consequences such as blood entering the brain or intestines. (laboratoryequipment.com)
Kraits3
  • Painless venom: Indian kraits (Bungarus caeruleus) are notorious for biting sleeping people at night. (eurekalert.org)
  • Some are tiny insect eating snakes, while others are the approximate size of Kraits and can grow to 2 or 3 feet in length. (hubpages.com)
  • An Indian kraits snake (Bungarus caeruleus). (swansea.ac.uk)
Hemotoxic5
  • Viperidae and Crotalidae venoms, which are hemotoxic, are responsible for most of the envenomations around the world. (mdpi.com)
  • There venom is hemotoxic. (exampleessays.com)
  • others have an effect on the tissue and blood with a hemotoxic venom. (reptilegardens.com)
  • Snake venom is hemotoxic-destructive to the ability of blood to clot-and can cause the destruction of fibrinogen, an essential protein that enables blood to clot and stop excessive bleeding. (laboratoryequipment.com)
  • The excitement is that we have proven that carbon monoxide has the ability to directly inhibit essentially all hemotoxic venom enzymes in the test tube and that it blocks the effects of the Western Diamondback rattlesnake's venom in animals," Nielsen said. (laboratoryequipment.com)
Viperidae2
  • Viperidae venoms are hematotoxic and may lead to subconjunctival hemorrhage, hyphema, retinal and vitreous hemorrhages. (scielo.br)
  • It has been reported (14) that venoms from the snake families Elapidae, Viperidae , and Crotalidae , but not Hydrophidae, caused lysis of Yoshida sarcoma and KB cells. (scielo.br)
Enzymes6
  • The sera of Virginia opossum avoid toxic reactions to snake venom by containing compounds that block the key enzymes in the venom. (asknature.org)
  • Snake venom is made up of about 20 different enzymes. (exampleessays.com)
  • Snake Venom is modified saliva, a combination of many different proteins and enzymes. (reptilegardens.com)
  • Snake venoms contain enzymes that hydrolyze nucleic acids and nucleotides, but their function is poorly understood. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • There are few reports on the use of snake venoms or purified venom enzymes as anti-cancer in vivo system, by studying extensively the enzyme crotalase, purified from the venom of Crotalus adamanteus for its anti-tumor activity, using B16 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice (10,11) . (scielo.br)
  • Snake-venom enzymes also can cause abnormally fast clotting, which can lead to heart attack, stroke and damage to the body's organs. (laboratoryequipment.com)
Bitten by venomous snakes2
  • Opossums show no signs of edema, ecchymosis, or necrosis when bitten by venomous snakes. (asknature.org)
  • A man working to clear trees and shrubs in the Australian Outback was bitten by venomous snakes twice in three days. (medicalxpress.com)
Peptide9
  • Here we demonstrate that the sub-10-kDa components of venom from two African viper species (Echis ocellatus and Cerastes cerastes cerastes) are predominantly composed of the tri-peptide pyroglutamate-lysine-tryptophan (pEKW). (nih.gov)
  • This tripeptide is encoded by tandemly repeating elements and, in E. ocellatus, on the same transcript as a novel, and highly unusual, poly-histidine-poly-glycine peptide (pHpG) also detected in E. ocellatus venom. (nih.gov)
  • To that end snake venom will be fractionated and individual peptide components of the venom will be purified by various methods including size exclusion, ion exchange chromatography etc. (amrita.edu)
  • Aluris Snake Venom Peptide: Does It really Work? (thebeautyinsiders.com)
  • Aluris Snake Venom Peptide Cream is marketed as a solution to having brighter and younger looking skin. (thebeautyinsiders.com)
  • Aluris Snake Venom Peptide Cream is an all-natural formulation designed to fight skin aging signs. (thebeautyinsiders.com)
  • It would be best to test the product on a small area of your skin like the arms or thighs to check sensitivity to Aluris Snake Venom Peptide Cream. (thebeautyinsiders.com)
  • The biggest question regarding Aluris Snake Venom Peptide Cream is if it is a scam. (thebeautyinsiders.com)
  • In this Medical Research Council funded study, the team produced images of a snake venom peptide BPPb binding to ACE. (healthcanal.com)
Evolutionary5
  • On the other side of the scientific paradigm lies the evolutionary mindset which has traditionally believed that snake-venom proteins arose through the duplication of non-venomous genes that were then somehow reworked through random mutational processes to provide new functions combined with the expression of the new gene in just the right tissue. (icr.org)
  • By using ecological and evolutionary data for available species we may be able to use our approach as a tool to identify other species which may have properties in their venoms that are useful for biomedical purposes, such as drug development. (tcd.ie)
  • The non-venomous python diverged from the snake evolutionary tree prior to this massive expansion and re-working of venom gene families. (phys.org)
  • We also investigated the presence of venoms that caused early-onset pain throughout an evolutionary tree of snake species. (bangor.ac.uk)
  • We could not have built a comparative phylogenetic framework to compare snakes' diet and evolutionary history without them," said Parkinson, who has a dual appointment in the College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Science's Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation. (infosurhoy.com)
Antibodies8
  • The cross reactions suggest that some venom antigens that elicit precipitating and neutralizing antibodies may be distinct. (ajtmh.org)
  • The antiquated technique - involving injecting a horse with venom, then harvesting the horse's blood after antibodies have been produced - is costly and imprecise. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
  • According to a previous report, there was no evidence to support that opossums produce antibodies against venom molecules when immunized. (asknature.org)
  • The horses are given increasing doses of venom over a period of time until they have built up sufficient antibodies to the venom. (reptilepark.com.au)
  • After this has occurred, antibodies are extracted from the blood, purified and reduced to a usable form - this becomes anti-venom. (reptilepark.com.au)
  • Injected into the human bloodstream, the antibodies attack the venom, neutralising its effects. (reptilepark.com.au)
  • The existing antidote is made by injecting horses with venom, waiting weeks for the animals to develop antibodies, then extracting their blood and shipping it from Mexico or Australia to places that can afford it. (scienceblog.com)
  • The inhibitory effect induced by homogenates from venom-injected mice was abrogated by preincubation of the homogenate with antivenom antibodies but not with control antibodies. (wiley.com)
Species of snakes3
  • Focused judgement and great dexterity are needed to obtain snake venom from the dangerous species of snakes found in Australia. (reptilepark.com.au)
  • One of the important functions of the Australian Reptile Park, along with education and tourism, is the collection of venom from deadly species of snakes and spiders . (reptilepark.com.au)
  • Nielsen has found that the therapy works against the venom of more than three dozen species of snakes throughout the world. (laboratoryequipment.com)
Serine2
  • Ten microliters of whole ( A and C ) and serine proteinase-free ( B and D ) venom (0.03 mg/ml) was added to 20 μl of fibrinogen solution (2.5 mg/ml) in 0.05 m Tris-HCl at pH 8.5 and incubated at 37 °C for 2 and 24 h. (nih.gov)
  • Snake venom serine protease that has fibrinogenolytic activities. (uniprot.org)
Scientists16
  • With the help of snake venom and sophisticated laboratory testing, scientists believe they've uncovered the reason why a group of new heart medications were doing some patients more harm than good. (scienceblog.com)
  • However, by stepping outside the standard research paradigm, scientists recently showed that snake venom proteins may have arisen from existing salivary proteins. (icr.org)
  • The scientists named the unusual venom calliotoxin. (thestar.com)
  • As the scientists described it in their paper, the compound is a product of a chemical arms race between the blue coral snake and its venomous food. (thestar.com)
  • In this book, well-known scientists from the Americas, Asia, and Europe discuss recent trends and outlooks in regards to snake venom research. (novapublishers.com)
  • For the first time, scientists were able to analyze DNA within the venom to prove that it came from the Indian cobra , or Naja naja. (nytimes.com)
  • Scientists are ready to transform the production of anti-venom after mapping the DNA of the Indian cobra for the first time. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
  • Scientists have found that a snake venom can provide a safer alternative to drugs like aspirin that help prevent blood clots in heart disease patients. (financialexpress.com)
  • UK-led scientists have made a discovery about snake venom that could lead to the development of new drugs to treat a range of life-threatening conditions like cancer, diabetes and high blood pressure. (earthsky.org)
  • Ex-venom proteins could be valuable because they're made up of what scientists call bioactive proteins. (earthsky.org)
  • An international collaboration led by scientists from the National University of Ireland, Galway, The University of St Andrews, Trinity College Dublin and the Zoological Society of London has uncovered why the venom of some snakes makes them so much deadlier than others. (tcd.ie)
  • Venomous snakes and their venoms have instilled both fear and fascination in humans, and they have especially inspired the interest of scientists over the years as unparalleled examples of trophic adaptation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Scientists at Rice University have combined a derivative of the venom with their injectable hydrogels to create a material that can quickly stop bleeding and protect wounds, even in patients who take anti-coagulant medications. (phys.org)
  • A nanofiber hydrogel infused with snake venom may be the best material to stop bleeding quickly, according to Rice University scientists. (phys.org)
  • Technology that can map out the genes at work in a snake or lizard's mouth has, in many cases, changed the way scientists define an animal as venomous. (phys.org)
  • Scientists say those findings demonstrate much about the functions of venom genes before they evolved into venoms. (phys.org)
Neurotoxin1
  • Professional snake wrangler Jules Sylvester and E.R. physician Dr. Travis Stork explain how the two types of snake venom, hemotoxin and neurotoxin, affect the body. (thedoctorstv.com)
Coral14
  • Nobody seems to know exactly how much coral snake antivenom is left, since many local hospitals in potentially affected regions are not always forthcoming about how much they have. (popularmechanics.com)
  • Now, the VIPER Institute has secured an FDA grant for $1.6 million to work with Mexican drug manufacturer Instituto Bioclon to import that company's coral snake antivenom on a research basis. (popularmechanics.com)
  • Unlike Vicodin and other opioids, the unusual venom found in long-glanded blue coral snakes acts on sodium channels, which regulate signals in neurons as well as muscles. (thestar.com)
  • The long-glanded blue coral snake secretes a strange and exceptional venom. (thestar.com)
  • Specifically, the blue coral snake venom targets sodium channels, proteins that pass electrochemical signals from nerve cell to nerve cell or muscle cell to muscle cell. (thestar.com)
  • But the long-glanded blue coral snake is more than a speed freak with a head like a jewel. (thestar.com)
  • Blue coral snakes are not the first venomous serpents to hold such promise. (thestar.com)
  • Cross neutralization and precipitin tests were performed with coral snake venoms and rabbit antisera against five venoms to determine the most suitable venoms for producing a polyvalent antivenin useful in treating persons bitten by coral snakes. (ajtmh.org)
  • Of the venoms tested, M. frontalis venom would be most suitable for use in the production of a polyvalent coral snake antivenin. (ajtmh.org)
  • It took the legendary snake wrangler Bill Haast three years and 69,000 milkings to produce one pint of coral snake venom, for example. (nytimes.com)
  • The reason for the lethality of venom from the rare, reclusive Costa Rican coral snake has been a mystery. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Some types include the Indian Cobra, coral Snake, and rattlesnake. (exampleessays.com)
  • Coral snakes use their bright colored skin as a means of warding off predators, and rattlesnakes shake their tails to warn that they are near. (exampleessays.com)
  • The investigators started with the Cape coral snake because they knew a breeder who was able to supply some fertilized eggs. (faunaclassifieds.com)
Humans8
  • This review aims to explore the current knowledge of snake venom pharmacokinetics in animals and humans. (mdpi.com)
  • For humans, 24 out of 666 initially identified publications contained sufficient information and timed venom concentrations in the absence of antivenom therapy for data extraction. (mdpi.com)
  • For example, the marbled sea snake has only a tiny amount of very weak venom, making it effectively harmless to any relatively large animals such as humans. (tcd.ie)
  • Understanding how venom evolves may help us better identify the risks to humans from different snake groups, and also potentially from other venomous animals such as spiders, scorpions, centipedes and jellyfish. (tcd.ie)
  • If humans are bitten by the snake, rapid swelling, intense pain, local blistering, and severe shocks might be the immediate resulting symptoms. (worldatlas.com)
  • But considering we humans are scared of them anyway, here's a video that won't change our minds about snakes anytime soon. (thefw.com)
  • If you wondered how poisonous snake venom kills humans, this interesting clip will demonstrate what venom does to blood. (thefw.com)
  • A University of Arizona researcher developing a therapy to prevent or delay the dangerous results of rattlesnake and other venomous snakebites in humans has shown that a combination of carbon monoxide and iron inhibits snake venom's effects for up to an hour in animals, a major advance in bringing the treatment to market. (laboratoryequipment.com)
Components of venom1
  • This machine is a high pressure liquid chromatography apparatus that is used to analyze the venom and to separate the various components of venom from one another. (unco.edu)
Naja1
  • Cancer cell inhibitors, named Atroporin and Kaotree, having molecular weights of 35 kDa and 6 kDa have been isolated from the venoms of Crotalus atrox and Naja naja kaouthia, respectively, by fractionation on high pressure liquid chromatography. (scielo.br)
Serum5
  • Anti- M. frontalis serum neutralized more heterologous ( M. spixii ) venom than homologous ( M. frontalis ) venom. (ajtmh.org)
  • Uveitis as an immunological complication following therapy with anti-snake venom (ASV) serum has been rarely reported in literature. (scielo.br)
  • He had received anti-snake venom serum at a local governmental center before being referred to our center due to worsening renal functions. (scielo.br)
  • Neutralization of lethality and proteolytic activities of Malayan pit viper (Calloselasma rhodostoma) venom with North American Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) serum. (asknature.org)
  • Anti-snake venom serum, locally or systemic, was not used in any of the cases. (journals.co.za)
Inhibit2
  • Our observations suggest that traces of venom in muscle tissue might inhibit myotube formation and preclude a successful regenerative response. (wiley.com)
  • In this study, four recently developed MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) (Marimastat, AG-3340, CGS-270 23A and Bay-12 9566) are evaluated in addition to three metal ion chelators (EDTA, TPEN and BAPTA) for their ability to inhibit the haemorrhagic activities of the medically important E. ocellatus venom and one of its haemorrhagic SVMPs, EoVMP2. (umn.edu)
Found15
  • In trying to solve the mystery of why one type of integrin antagonists works better than another, Hantgan and colleagues decided to enlist the help of a protein found in snake venom that binds to the integrin and blocks fibrinogen. (scienceblog.com)
  • We found evidence that there was an enzyme, a snake-like enzyme, in the blood of people who were in extraordinarily high levels," said Dr. Floyd Chilton, the senior author of the study with the University of Arizona, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. (newschannel5.com)
  • The snake-like enzyme is found in healthy people at low levels to prevent bacterial infections. (newschannel5.com)
  • No other venomous snakes are found in our state. (unco.edu)
  • Thus, it is not surprising that components of snake venom have been found extensively useful in biomedical research as well as clinical use for treating diseases as diverse as cancer and muscle pain. (novapublishers.com)
  • Previous research has found that trowaglerix, a protein in the venom of the Tropidolaemus waglerix snake, stimulated platelets to form blood clots by latching onto GPVI. (financialexpress.com)
  • Those drugs were based on a protein found in snake venom - but why that target leads to the bleeding side effect is not fully understood," said Tur-Fu Huang from National Taiwan University. (financialexpress.com)
  • We found that big terrestrial species have the most venom, while smaller tree dwelling or aquatic species had the least. (tcd.ie)
  • Because of the limited complexity of these venoms, they represent a more tractable source to inform about the biological roles of specific venom proteins that are found in the venoms of this rich diversity of snakes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Pan's technique uses nanotechnology to deliver a synthesized element similar to the venom found in bees, snakes and scorpions. (wreg.com)
  • If it's successful, this natural agent found in venom could become the basis for a whole legion of cancer-fighting drugs. (wreg.com)
  • Nine of the 17 venoms here tested were found capable of coagulating citrated blood or plasma. (rupress.org)
  • The snakes can live at altitudes of up to 2,100 meters but are generally found in the lowland areas. (worldatlas.com)
  • We found that venoms which cause early pain evolved on several occasions, but were usually quickly lost again during the course of snake evolution. (bangor.ac.uk)
  • We found that the new ICP taipan antivenom exhibited high selectivity for Oxyuranus venoms and only low to moderate cross-reactivity with any Pseudonaja venoms. (unboundmedicine.com)
Produce venom1
Compounds2
  • They help in the treatment of poisonings caused from foreign compounds such as venoms (snake and scorpion), drugs (digoxin) and bacteria (anthrax). (exampleessays.com)
  • Mast cells release a wide range of biological compounds that promote inflammation and other changes to tissue when triggered by parasites, bacteria or foreign substances such as venom. (freedomsphoenix.com)
Inhibitors1
  • Valente, R.H. Natural Inhibitors of Snake Venom Metalloendopeptidases: History and Current Challenges. (mdpi.com)
Toxic venom4
  • Because of Adam and Eve's rebellion, creation became subject to all of these negative factors, including snakes with toxic venom. (icr.org)
  • But mixed in with that toxic venom is a new natural class of compound that could be used to help develop new painkillers. (scientificamerican.com)
  • That theory says highly toxic venom proteins were evolutionarily "born" from non-toxic genes, which have other ordinary jobs around the body, such as regulation of cellular functions or digestion of food. (phys.org)
  • But little explanation has been given for why evolution picked just 24 genes to make into highly toxic venom-encoding genes, from the 25,000 or so possible. (phys.org)
Poisonous snake1
Proteolytic1
  • These animals are naturally resistant to the proteolytic effects of Crotalid venoms. (asknature.org)
Rattlesnakes1
  • For something that is almost as universally loathed as rattlesnakes, it seems fitting and interesting and ironic that the venom that they have in rattlesnakes might be the key in getting out of this situation," Hughes said. (newschannel5.com)
Inject snake venom3
  • Two years after this experience, his father took him to the Miami Serpentarium, where he met Dr. Bill Haast, the first Western man to willfully inject snake venom into his body. (odditycentral.com)
  • Something told me I had to inject snake venom. (odditycentral.com)
  • When I was 17," he says, "I knew I was going to inject snake venom in the future. (theguardian.com)
Therapeutic2
  • The mammalian system-targeting property of snake venom proteins is typically specific and selective, thus making them a repertoire of bioactive molecules for the discovery of new therapeutic agents ( Lewis and Garcia, 2003 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • We are investigating the therapeutic potential and delivery options for a novel snake venom disintegrin, contortrostatin (CN), in an orthotopic, xenograft model of human breast cancer in nude mice. (aacrjournals.org)
Viper venom1
  • The compound trowaglerix developed from the Wagler's pit viper venom acts on glycoprotein VI to slow but not stop clotting ability in mice, suggesting a potential new class of antiplatelet drugs , CNN reports. (medpagetoday.com)
Snake Venom + Collagen Wrinkle Filler Eye Cream 15 & Super Antioxidant Facial Cleansing Oil 100ml
Snake Venom + Collagen Wrinkle Filler Eye Cream 15 & Super Antioxidant Facial Cleansing Oil 100ml (secretsales.com)
Life Sciences
Life Sciences (springer.com)
Ancrod snake venom peptide
Ancrod snake venom peptide (buysemax.com)
Darwin man delays getting sea snake bite treated to go fishing and narrowly avoids amputation - ABC News
Darwin man delays getting sea snake bite treated to go fishing and narrowly avoids amputation - ABC News (abc.net.au)
Smuggling: Latest Articles, Videos & Photos of Smuggling- Telegraph India
Smuggling: Latest Articles, Videos & Photos of Smuggling- Telegraph India (telegraphindia.com)
How Does Snake Venom Work?- bizlevian24.info
How Does Snake Venom Work?- bizlevian24.info (bizlevian24.info)
Snake Venoms and Envenomation. | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of Physicians
Snake Venoms and Envenomation. | Annals of Internal Medicine | American College of Physicians (annals.org)
The Australian Snakebite Project, 2005-2015 (ASP-20) | The Medical Journal of Australia
The Australian Snakebite Project, 2005-2015 (ASP-20) | The Medical Journal of Australia (mja.com.au)
Boffins prescribe SNAKE VENOM as future pain killer • The Register
Boffins prescribe SNAKE VENOM as future pain killer • The Register (theregister.co.uk)
Snake venom evolved for prey not protection | EurekAlert! Science News
Snake venom evolved for prey not protection | EurekAlert! Science News (eurekalert.org)
September 1927 - Scientific American
September 1927 - Scientific American (scientificamerican.com)
Why do snakes produce venom? Not for self-defence, study shows - School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University
Why do snakes produce venom? Not for self-defence, study shows - School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University (bangor.ac.uk)
10 Facts That Make Ferocious Animals Even More Terrifying - Listverse
10 Facts That Make Ferocious Animals Even More Terrifying - Listverse (listverse.com)
PURITA [Buy 2 get 1 free] Aqua Snake Venom Essence Mask 11pcs - 卓悅香港貓 HKMall
PURITA [Buy 2 get 1 free] Aqua Snake Venom Essence Mask 11pcs - 卓悅香港貓 HKMall (bonjourhk.com)
Toxins
Toxins (newsweek.com)
Snake Venoms - DrugBank
Snake Venoms - DrugBank (drugbank.ca)
Venom of snake used in stroke treatment | Lewiston Sun Journal
Venom of snake used in stroke treatment | Lewiston Sun Journal (sunjournal.com)
Earth's first giant predators produced killer babies - Flipboard
Earth's first giant predators produced killer babies - Flipboard (flipboard.com)
Snake-handling preacher dies from bite after refusing anti-venom - RT USA News
Snake-handling preacher dies from bite after refusing anti-venom - RT USA News (rt.com)
All Stories by Ed Yong - Page 2 - The Atlantic
All Stories by Ed Yong - Page 2 - The Atlantic (theatlantic.com)
A family of cellular proteins related to snake venom disintegrins | PNAS
A family of cellular proteins related to snake venom disintegrins | PNAS (pnas.org)
Snake's powerful venom could lead to better painkillers for humans | Toronto Star
Snake's powerful venom could lead to better painkillers for humans | Toronto Star (thestar.com)
Books Archives - Page 378 of 627 - Nova Science Publishers
Books Archives - Page 378 of 627 - Nova Science Publishers (novapublishers.com)
12 Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in East London, South Africa | PlanetWare
12 Top-Rated Tourist Attractions in East London, South Africa | PlanetWare (planetware.com)
Internet Scientific Publications
Internet Scientific Publications (ispub.com)
Internet Scientific Publications
Internet Scientific Publications (ispub.com)
Snake Bite: Venom Toxicity | GreenMedInfo | Disease | Natural
Snake Bite: Venom Toxicity | GreenMedInfo | Disease | Natural (greenmedinfo.com)
National Natural Toxins Research Center | Texas A&M University Kingsville
National Natural Toxins Research Center | Texas A&M University Kingsville (tamuk.edu)
Chemistry & Biochemistry | ScienceBlogs
Chemistry & Biochemistry | ScienceBlogs (scienceblogs.com)
Photos: Six venomous Georgia snakes you need to avoid
Photos: Six venomous Georgia snakes you need to avoid (ajc.com)
Hurricane Irma: What to do if you've been bitten by a snake
Hurricane Irma: What to do if you've been bitten by a snake (ajc.com)
Variable venom - why are some snakes deadlier than others? - Trinity News and Events
Variable venom - why are some snakes deadlier than others? - Trinity News and Events (tcd.ie)