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Sindbis VirusAlphavirus InfectionsAlphavirusVirus ReplicationTogaviridae InfectionsCricetinaeRNA, ViralArbovirusesSemliki forest virusRNA VirusesViral InterferenceAedesCell LineViral ProteinsVirus CultivationDefective VirusesVaccinia virusViral Plaque AssayVirus AssemblyRoss River virusReceptors, VirusChick EmbryoVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusViral Envelope ProteinsCapsidVirus SheddingMolecular Sequence DataCytopathogenic Effect, ViralVirus DiseasesEncephalitis VirusesVirionArbovirus InfectionsSimian virus 40Genetic VectorsPlant VirusesGenes, ViralDNA VirusesHemagglutination, ViralEncephalitis, ViralViral Structural ProteinsGlycoproteinsWest Nile virusEncephalitis Virus, Western EquineVero CellsCulture TechniquesMeasles virusRepliconInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeVirulenceViral Nonstructural ProteinsAntigens, ViralCercopithecus aethiopsRabies virusAmino Acid SequenceInfluenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeTemperatureEncephalomyelitisNeutralization TestsInfluenza A Virus, H3N2 SubtypeHepatitis B virusGene Expression Regulation, ViralChikungunya virusViral Core ProteinsAntibodies, ViralUridineRespiratory Syncytial VirusesCells, CulturedKidneyAntiviral AgentsTritiumProtein BiosynthesisMutationDNA, ViralVirus ActivationTranscription, GeneticCapsid ProteinsHost-Pathogen InteractionsGenome, ViralVirus LatencyCulicidaeHemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza VirusRecombination, GeneticNucleocapsidParainfluenza Virus 1, HumanOncogenic VirusesProtein PrecursorsSimian immunodeficiency virusTransfectionHemagglutinins, ViralEncephalitis Viruses, JapaneseMumps virusMosaic VirusesBase SequenceCentrifugation, Density GradientEncephalitisSpecies SpecificityHepatitis A virusAcrylatesEncephalitis Virus, Eastern EquineMembrane GlycoproteinsAvian Sarcoma VirusesCentrifugation, ZonalYellow fever virusRNA, MessengerVirus AttachmentBK VirusRNA ReplicaseTumor Virus InfectionsFibroblastsViruses, UnclassifiedJC VirusVirus Physiological PhenomenaPlasmidsAvian leukosis virusCell FusionPhylogenyPolyproteinsOrthomyxoviridaeAntibodies, MonoclonalBluetongue virusEpitopesOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsSendai virusMoloney murine leukemia virusVirus IntegrationPolymerase Chain ReactionGlucosamine
Sindbis Virus: The type species of ALPHAVIRUS normally transmitted to birds by CULEX mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. Serotypes (differing by less than 17% in nucleotide sequence) include Babanki, Kyzylagach, and Ockelbo viruses.Alphavirus Infections: Virus diseases caused by members of the ALPHAVIRUS genus of the family TOGAVIRIDAE.Alphavirus: A genus of TOGAVIRIDAE, also known as Group A arboviruses, serologically related to each other but not to other Togaviridae. The viruses are transmitted by mosquitoes. The type species is the SINDBIS VIRUS.Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.Togaviridae Infections: Virus diseases caused by the TOGAVIRIDAE.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.RNA, Viral: Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.Arboviruses: Arthropod-borne viruses. A non-taxonomic designation for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. Included are some members of the following families: ARENAVIRIDAE; BUNYAVIRIDAE; REOVIRIDAE; TOGAVIRIDAE; and FLAVIVIRIDAE. (From Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed)Semliki forest virus: A species of ALPHAVIRUS isolated in central, eastern, and southern Africa.RNA Viruses: Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.Viral Interference: A phenomenon in which infection by a first virus results in resistance of cells or tissues to infection by a second, unrelated virus.Aedes: A genus of mosquitoes (CULICIDAE) frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. YELLOW FEVER and DENGUE are two of the diseases that can be transmitted by species of this genus.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Viral Proteins: Proteins found in any species of virus.Virus Cultivation: Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells.Defective Viruses: Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.Vaccinia virus: The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.Viral Plaque Assay: Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.Virus Assembly: The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.Ross River virus: A species of ALPHAVIRUS associated with epidemic EXANTHEMA and polyarthritis in Australia.Receptors, Virus: Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.Chick Embryo: The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus: The type species of VESICULOVIRUS causing a disease symptomatically similar to FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE in cattle, horses, and pigs. It may be transmitted to other species including humans, where it causes influenza-like symptoms.Viral Envelope Proteins: Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.Capsid: The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.Virus Shedding: The expelling of virus particles from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract. Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral: Visible morphologic changes in cells infected with viruses. It includes shutdown of cellular RNA and protein synthesis, cell fusion, release of lysosomal enzymes, changes in cell membrane permeability, diffuse changes in intracellular structures, presence of viral inclusion bodies, and chromosomal aberrations. It excludes malignant transformation, which is CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL. Viral cytopathogenic effects provide a valuable method for identifying and classifying the infecting viruses.Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses.Encephalitis Viruses: A collection of single-stranded RNA viruses scattered across the Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Togaviridae families whose common property is the ability to induce encephalitic conditions in infected hosts.Virion: The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.Arbovirus Infections: Infections caused by arthropod-borne viruses, general or unspecified.Simian virus 40: A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures.Genetic Vectors: DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.Plant Viruses: Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria.Genes, Viral: The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.DNA Viruses: Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.Hemagglutination, Viral: Agglutination of ERYTHROCYTES by a virus.Encephalitis, Viral: Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.Viral Structural Proteins: Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).Glycoproteins: Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.West Nile virus: A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE). It can infect birds and mammals. In humans, it is seen most frequently in Africa, Asia, and Europe presenting as a silent infection or undifferentiated fever (WEST NILE FEVER). The virus appeared in North America for the first time in 1999. It is transmitted mainly by CULEX spp mosquitoes which feed primarily on birds, but it can also be carried by the Asian Tiger mosquito, AEDES albopictus, which feeds mainly on mammals.Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine: A species of ALPHAVIRUS that is the etiologic agent of encephalomyelitis in humans and equines in the United States, southern Canada, and parts of South America.Vero Cells: A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.Culture Techniques: Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.Measles virus: The type species of MORBILLIVIRUS and the cause of the highly infectious human disease MEASLES, which affects mostly children.Replicon: Any DNA sequence capable of independent replication or a molecule that possesses a REPLICATION ORIGIN and which is therefore potentially capable of being replicated in a suitable cell. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype: A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. The H1N1 subtype was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.Viral Nonstructural Proteins: Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.Antigens, Viral: Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.Cercopithecus aethiops: A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.Rabies virus: The type species of LYSSAVIRUS causing rabies in humans and other animals. Transmission is mostly by animal bites through saliva. The virus is neurotropic multiplying in neurons and myotubes of vertebrates.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype: A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 1. The H5N1 subtype, frequently referred to as the bird flu virus, is endemic in wild birds and very contagious among both domestic (POULTRY) and wild birds. It does not usually infect humans, but some cases have been reported.Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Encephalomyelitis: A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.Neutralization Tests: The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype: A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 3 and neuraminidase 2. The H3N2 subtype was responsible for the Hong Kong flu pandemic of 1968.Hepatitis B virus: The type species of the genus ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS which causes human HEPATITIS B and is also apparently a causal agent in human HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA. The Dane particle is an intact hepatitis virion, named after its discoverer. Non-infectious spherical and tubular particles are also seen in the serum.Gene Expression Regulation, Viral: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.Chikungunya virus: A species of ALPHAVIRUS causing an acute dengue-like fever.Viral Core Proteins: Proteins found mainly in icosahedral DNA and RNA viruses. They consist of proteins directly associated with the nucleic acid inside the NUCLEOCAPSID.Antibodies, Viral: Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.UridineRespiratory Syncytial Viruses: A group of viruses in the PNEUMOVIRUS genus causing respiratory infections in various mammals. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have also been reported.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Kidney: Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.Antiviral Agents: Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.TritiumProtein Biosynthesis: The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.DNA, Viral: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.Virus Activation: The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses (PROVIRUSES) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. It may be effected by various endogenous and exogenous stimuli, including B-cell LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES, glucocorticoid hormones, halogenated pyrimidines, IONIZING RADIATION, ultraviolet light, and superinfecting viruses.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Capsid Proteins: Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.Host-Pathogen Interactions: The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.Genome, Viral: The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.Virus Latency: The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). In eukaryotes, subsequent activation and viral replication is thought to be caused by extracellular stimulation of cellular transcription factors. Latency in bacteriophage is maintained by the expression of virally encoded repressors.Culicidae: A family of the order DIPTERA that comprises the mosquitoes. The larval stages are aquatic, and the adults can be recognized by the characteristic WINGS, ANIMAL venation, the scales along the wing veins, and the long proboscis. Many species are of particular medical importance.Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus: Membrane glycoproteins from influenza viruses which are involved in hemagglutination, virus attachment, and envelope fusion. Fourteen distinct subtypes of HA glycoproteins and nine of NA glycoproteins have been identified from INFLUENZA A VIRUS; no subtypes have been identified for Influenza B or Influenza C viruses.Recombination, Genetic: Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.Nucleocapsid: A protein-nucleic acid complex which forms part or all of a virion. It consists of a CAPSID plus enclosed nucleic acid. Depending on the virus, the nucleocapsid may correspond to a naked core or be surrounded by a membranous envelope.Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human: A species of RESPIROVIRUS also called hemadsorption virus 2 (HA2), which causes laryngotracheitis in humans, especially children.Oncogenic Viruses: Viruses that produce tumors.Protein PrecursorsSimian immunodeficiency virus: Species of the genus LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate immunodeficiency viruses (IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, PRIMATE), that induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in monkeys and apes (SAIDS). The genetic organization of SIV is virtually identical to HIV.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Hemagglutinins, Viral: Specific hemagglutinin subtypes encoded by VIRUSES.Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese: A subgroup of the genus FLAVIVIRUS which comprises a number of viral species that are the etiologic agents of human encephalitis in many different geographical regions. These include Japanese encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE), St. Louis encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, ST. LOUIS), Murray Valley encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, MURRAY VALLEY), and WEST NILE VIRUS.Mumps virus: The type species of RUBULAVIRUS that causes an acute infectious disease in humans, affecting mainly children. Transmission occurs by droplet infection.Mosaic Viruses: Viruses which produce a mottled appearance of the leaves of plants.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Centrifugation, Density Gradient: Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Encephalitis: Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Hepatitis A virus: A species in the genus HEPATOVIRUS containing one serotype and two strains: HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS and Simian hepatitis A virus causing hepatitis in humans (HEPATITIS A) and primates, respectively.AcrylatesEncephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine: A species of ALPHAVIRUS causing encephalomyelitis in Equidae and humans. The virus ranges along the Atlantic seaboard of the United States and Canada and as far south as the Caribbean, Mexico, and parts of Central and South America. Infections in horses show a mortality of up to 90 percent and in humans as high as 80 percent in epidemics.Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.Avian Sarcoma Viruses: Group of alpharetroviruses (ALPHARETROVIRUS) producing sarcomata and other tumors in chickens and other fowl and also in pigeons, ducks, and RATS.Centrifugation, Zonal: Centrifugation using a rotating chamber of large capacity in which to separate cell organelles by density-gradient centrifugation. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Yellow fever virus: The type species of the FLAVIVIRUS genus. Principal vector transmission to humans is by AEDES spp. mosquitoes.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Virus Attachment: The binding of virus particles to receptors on the host cell surface. For enveloped viruses, the virion ligand is usually a surface glycoprotein as is the cellular receptor. For non-enveloped viruses, the virus CAPSID serves as the ligand.BK Virus: A species of POLYOMAVIRUS apparently infecting over 90% of children but not clearly associated with any clinical illness in childhood. The virus remains latent in the body throughout life and can be reactivated under certain circumstances.RNA Replicase: An enzyme that catalyses RNA-template-directed extension of the 3'- end of an RNA strand by one nucleotide at a time, and can initiate a chain de novo. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p293)Tumor Virus Infections: Infections produced by oncogenic viruses. The infections caused by DNA viruses are less numerous but more diverse than those caused by the RNA oncogenic viruses.Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.Viruses, Unclassified: Viruses whose taxonomic relationships have not been established.JC Virus: A species of POLYOMAVIRUS, originally isolated from the brain of a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The patient's initials J.C. gave the virus its name. Infection is not accompanied by any apparent illness but serious demyelinating disease can appear later, probably following reactivation of latent virus.Virus Physiological Phenomena: Biological properties, processes, and activities of VIRUSES.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Avian leukosis virus: The type species of ALPHARETROVIRUS producing latent or manifest lymphoid leukosis in fowl.Cell Fusion: Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Polyproteins: Proteins which are synthesized as a single polymer and then cleaved into several distinct proteins.Orthomyxoviridae: A family of RNA viruses causing INFLUENZA and other diseases. There are five recognized genera: INFLUENZAVIRUS A; INFLUENZAVIRUS B; INFLUENZAVIRUS C; ISAVIRUS; and THOGOTOVIRUS.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Bluetongue virus: The type species of ORBIVIRUS causing a serious disease in sheep, especially lambs. It may also infect wild ruminants and other domestic animals.Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.Orthomyxoviridae Infections: Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.Sendai virus: The type species of RESPIROVIRUS in the subfamily PARAMYXOVIRINAE. It is the murine version of HUMAN PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS 1, distinguished by host range.Moloney murine leukemia virus: A strain of Murine leukemia virus (LEUKEMIA VIRUS, MURINE) arising during the propagation of S37 mouse sarcoma, and causing lymphoid leukemia in mice. It also infects rats and newborn hamsters. It is apparently transmitted to embryos in utero and to newborns through mother's milk.Virus Integration: Insertion of viral DNA into host-cell DNA. This includes integration of phage DNA into bacterial DNA; (LYSOGENY); to form a PROPHAGE or integration of retroviral DNA into cellular DNA to form a PROVIRUS.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Glucosamine

Rapid dendritic morphogenesis in CA1 hippocampal dendrites induced by synaptic activity. (1/923)

Activity shapes the structure of neurons and their circuits. Two-photon imaging of CA1 neurons expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein in developing hippocampal slices from rat brains was used to characterize dendritic morphogenesis in response to synaptic activity. High-frequency focal synaptic stimulation induced a period (longer than 30 minutes) of enhanced growth of small filopodia-like protrusions (typically less than 5 micrometers long). Synaptically evoked growth was long-lasting and localized to dendritic regions close (less than 50 micrometers) to the stimulating electrode and was prevented by blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Thus, synaptic activation can produce rapid input-specific changes in dendritic structure. Such persistent structural changes could contribute to the development of neural circuitry.  (+info)

Geographic distribution and evolution of Sindbis virus in Australia. (2/923)

The molecular epidemiology and evolution of Sindbis (SIN) virus in Australia was examined. Several SIN virus strains isolated from other countries were also included in the analysis. Two regions of the virus genome were sequenced including a 418 bp region of the E2 gene and a 484 bp region containing part of the junction region and the 5' end of the C gene. Analysis of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence data from 40 SIN virus isolates clearly separated the Paleoarctic/Ethiopian and Oriental/Australian genetic types of SIN virus. Examination of the Australian strains showed a temporal rather than geographic relationship. This is consistent with the virus having migratory birds as the major vertebrate host, as it allows for movement of virus over vast areas of the continent over a relatively short period of time. The results suggest that the virus is being periodically redistributed over the continent from an enzootic focus of evolving SIN virus. However, SIN virus strains isolated from mosquitoes collected in the south-west of Australia appear to represent a new SIN virus lineage, which is distinct from the Paleoarctic/Ethiopian and Oriental/Australian lineages. Given the widespread geographic dispersal of the Paleoarctic/Ethiopian and Oriental/Australian lineages, it is surprising that the South-west genetic type is so restricted in its area of circulation. Nucleotide sequence data from the C gene of the prototype strain of the alphavirus Whataroa were also determined. This virus was found to be genetically distinct from the SIN virus isolates included in the present study; however, it is clearly SIN-like and appears to have evolved from a SIN-like ancestral virus.  (+info)

Selection of RNA replicons capable of persistent noncytopathic replication in mammalian cells. (3/923)

The natural life cycle of alphaviruses, a group of plus-strand RNA viruses, involves transmission to vertebrate hosts via mosquitoes. Chronic infections are established in mosquitoes (and usually in mosquito cell cultures), but infection of susceptible vertebrate cells typically results in rapid shutoff of host mRNA translation and cell death. Using engineered Sindbis virus RNA replicons expressing puromycin acetyltransferase as a dominant selectable marker, we identified mutations allowing persistent, noncytopathic replication in BHK-21 cells. Two of these adaptive mutations involved single-amino-acid substitutions in the C-terminal portion of nsP2, the viral helicase-protease. At one of these loci, nsP2 position 726, numerous substitution mutations were created and characterized in the context of RNA replicons and infectious virus. Our results suggest a direct correlation between the level of viral RNA replication and cytopathogenicity. This work also provides a series of alphavirus replicons for noncytopathic gene expression studies (E. V. Agapov, I. Frolov, B. D. Lindenbach, B. M. Pragai, S. Schlesinger, and C. M. Rice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:12989-12994, 1998) and a general strategy for selecting RNA viral mutants adapted to different cellular environments.  (+info)

The cholesterol requirement for sindbis virus entry and exit and characterization of a spike protein region involved in cholesterol dependence. (4/923)

Semliki Forest virus (SFV) and Sindbis virus (SIN) are enveloped alphaviruses that enter cells via low-pH-triggered fusion in the endocytic pathway and exit by budding from the plasma membrane. Previous studies with cholesterol-depleted insect cells have shown that SFV requires cholesterol in the cell membrane for both virus fusion and efficient exit of progeny virus. An SFV mutant, srf-3, shows efficient fusion and exit in the absence of cholesterol due to a single point mutation in the E1 spike subunit, proline 226 to serine. We have here characterized the role of cholesterol in the entry and exit of SIN, an alphavirus quite distantly related to SFV. Growth, primary infection, fusion, and exit of SIN were all dramatically inhibited in cholesterol-depleted cells compared to control cells. Based on sequence differences within the E1 226 region between SFV, srf-3, and SIN, we constructed six SIN mutants with alterations within this region and characterized their cholesterol dependence. A SIN mutant, SGM, that had the srf-3 amino acid sequence from E1 position 224 to 235 showed increases of approximately 100-fold in infection and approximately 250-fold in fusion with cholesterol-depleted cells compared with infection and fusion of wild-type SIN. Pulse-chase analysis demonstrated that SGM exit from cholesterol-depleted cells was markedly more efficient than that of wild-type SIN. Thus, similar to SFV, SIN was cholesterol dependent for both virus entry and exit, and the cholesterol dependence of both steps could be modulated by sequences within the E1 226 region.  (+info)

Stable alphavirus packaging cell lines for Sindbis virus and Semliki Forest virus-derived vectors. (5/923)

Alphavirus vectors are being developed for possible human vaccine and gene therapy applications. We have sought to advance this field by devising DNA-based vectors and approaches for the production of recombinant vector particles. In this work, we generated a panel of alphavirus vector packaging cell lines (PCLs). These cell lines were stably transformed with expression cassettes that constitutively produced RNA transcripts encoding the Sindbis virus structural proteins under the regulation of their native subgenomic RNA promoter. As such, translation of the structural proteins was highly inducible and was detected only after synthesis of an authentic subgenomic mRNA by the vector-encoded replicase proteins. Efficient production of biologically active vector particles occurred after introduction of Sindbis virus vectors into the PCLs. In one configuration, the capsid and envelope glycoproteins were separated into distinct cassettes, resulting in vector packaging levels of 10(7) infectious units/ml, but reducing the generation of contaminating replication-competent virus below the limit of detection. Vector particle seed stocks could be amplified after low multiplicity of infection of PCLs, again without generating replication-competent virus, suggesting utility for production of large-scale vector preparations. Furthermore, both Sindbis virus-based and Semliki Forest virus-based vectors could be packaged with similar efficiency, indicating the possibility of developing a single PCL for use with multiple alphavirus-derived vectors.  (+info)

Inhibition versus induction of apoptosis by proteasome inhibitors depends on concentration. (6/923)

We previously established that NF-kappaB DNA binding activity is required for Sindbis Virus (SV)-induced apoptosis. To investigate whether SV induces nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB via the proteasomal degradation pathway, we utilized MG132, a peptide aldehyde inhibitor of the catalytic subunit of the proteasome. 20 microM MG132 completely abrogated SV-induced NF-kappaB nuclear activity at early time points after infection. Parallel measures of cell viability 48 h after SV infection revealed that 20 microM MG132 induced apoptosis in uninfected cells. In contrast, a lower concentration of MG132 (200 nM) resulted in partial inhibition of SV-induced nuclear NF-kappaB activity and inhibition of SV-induced apoptosis without inducing toxicity in uninfected cells. The specific proteasomal inhibitor, lactacystin, also inhibited SV-induced death. Taken together, these results suggest that the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic functions of peptide aldehyde proteasome inhibitors such as MG-132 depend on the concentration of inhibitor utilized and expand the list of stimuli requiring proteasomal activation to induce apoptosis to include viruses.  (+info)

Packaging of AeDNV-GFP transducing virus by expression of densovirus structural proteins from a sindbis virus expression system. (7/923)

Genetic recombination resulting in the production of wild-type infectious virus is an obstacle in the current system for producing densovirus transducing particles. In order to eliminate this problem, a double subgenomic Sindbis virus (TE/3'2J/VP) was engineered that expresses the structural proteins (VPs) of Aedes densonucleosis virus (AeDNV) from the second subgenomic promoter. Expression of AeDNV VPs from TE/3'2J/VP was confirmed by Northern analysis of RNA from infected C6/36 (Aedes albopictus) cells and by indirect immunofluorescence in infected C6/36 cells and BHK-21 cells. TE/3'2J/VP was used to infect C6/36 cells transfected with p7NS1-GFP, a plasmid expressing the nonstructural genes of AeDNV and green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter gene. This infection resulted in the production of AeDNV-GFP transducing virus, which is infectious to C6/36 cells and Aedes aegypti larvae, as determined by GFP expression. The TE/3'2J/VP packaging system produced titers of transducing virus comparable to those produced by the standard two-plasmid method. The possibility of recombination resulting in wild-type infectious virus in transducing densovirus stocks was eliminated by employing an RNA virus expression system to supply AeDNV structural proteins.  (+info)

Endoprotease PACE4 is Ca2+-dependent and temperature-sensitive and can partly rescue the phenotype of a furin-deficient cell strain. (8/923)

PACE4 is a member of the eukaryotic subtilisin-like endoprotease family. The expression of human PACE4 in RPE.40 cells (furin-null mutants derived from Chinese hamster ovary K1 cells) resulted in the rescue of a number of wild-type characteristics, including sensitivity to Sindbis virus and the ability to process the low-density-lipoprotein receptor-related protein. Expression of PACE4 in these cells failed to restore wild-type sensitivity to Pseudomonas exotoxin A. Co-expression of human PACE4 in these cells with either a secreted form of the human insulin pro-receptor or the precursor form of von Willebrand factor resulted in both proproteins being processed; RPE.40 cells were unable to process either precursor protein in the absence of co-expressed PACE4. Northern analysis demonstrated that untransfected RPE.40 cells express mRNA species for four PACE4 isoforms, suggesting that any endogenous PACE4 proteins produced by these cells are either non-functional or sequestered in a compartment outside of the secretory pathway. In experiments in vitro, PACE4 processed diphtheria toxin and anthrax toxin protective antigen, but not Pseudomonas exotoxin A. The activity of PACE4 in vitro was Ca2+-dependent and, unlike furin, was sensitive to temperature changes between 22 and 37 degrees C. RPE.40 cells stably expressing human PACE4 secreted an endoprotease with the same Ca2+ dependence and temperature sensitivity as that observed in membrane fractions of these cells assayed in vitro. These results, in conjunction with other published work, demonstrate that PACE4 is an endoprotease with more stringent substrate specificity and more limited operating parameters than furin.  (+info)

Effect of interferon on Sindbis virus growth in chick embryo cell cultures. - Semantic ScholarEffect of interferon on Sindbis virus growth in chick embryo cell cultures. - Semantic Scholar
Semantic Scholar extracted view of Effect of interferon on Sindbis virus growth in chick embryo cell cultures. by Robert B. Stewart et al.
Neurovirulent strains of Alphavirus induce apoptosis in bcl-2-expressing cells: role of a single amino acid change in the E2...Neurovirulent strains of Alphavirus induce apoptosis in bcl-2-expressing cells: role of a single amino acid change in the E2...
The isolation and sequence comparison of avirulent and neurovirulent strains of polio virus, alpha virus, herpes virus, immunodeficiency virus, and other viruses have identified genetic changes that are required to cause disease in the nervous system. The molecular mechanisms by which these genetic changes result in neurovirulence are unknown. An avirulent laboratory strain of the Alphavirus Sindbis kills most cultured cell lines not by lethal parasitism, but by inducing apoptosis or programmed cell death. Transfection of cultured cells with the human bcl-2 oncogene can block Sindbis virus-induced apoptosis, resulting in a persistent viral infection resembling that observed in brains of immunodeficient mice. We investigated the possibility that neurovirulent strains of Sindbis virus could overcome the protective effects of bcl-2--a potential mechanism to explain the ability of these strains to cause fatal disease. Strains of Sindbis virus that were lethal for 2- to 4-week-old mice induced ...
Chimeric Sindbis viruses dependent on the NS3 protease of hepatitis C virus. | Journal of VirologyChimeric Sindbis viruses dependent on the NS3 protease of hepatitis C virus. | Journal of Virology
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Culex torrentium Mosquito Role as Major Enzootic Vector Defined by Rate of Sindbis Virus Infection, Sweden, 2009Culex torrentium Mosquito Role as Major Enzootic Vector Defined by Rate of Sindbis Virus Infection, Sweden, 2009
We isolated Sindbis virus (SINV) from the enzootic mosquito vectors Culex torrentium, Cx. pipiens, and Culiseta morsitans collected in an area of Sweden where SINV disease is endemic. The infection rate in Cx. torrentium mosquitoes was exceptionally high (36 infections/1,000 mosquitoes), defining Cx. torrentium as the main enzootic vector of SINV in Scandinavia.. ...
Viruses | Free Full-Text | Fluorescent Protein-Tagged Sindbis Virus E2 Glycoprotein Allows Single Particle Analysis of Virus...Viruses | Free Full-Text | Fluorescent Protein-Tagged Sindbis Virus E2 Glycoprotein Allows Single Particle Analysis of Virus...
Sindbis virus (SINV) is an enveloped, mosquito-borne alphavirus. Here we generated and characterized a fluorescent protein-tagged (FP-tagged) SINV and found that the presence of the FP-tag (mCherry) affected glycoprotein transport to the plasma membrane whereas the specific infectivity of the virus was not affected. We examined the virions by transmission electron cryo-microscopy and determined the arrangement of the FP-tag on the surface of the virion. The fluorescent proteins are arranged icosahedrally on the virus surface in a stable manner that did not adversely affect receptor binding or fusion functions of E2 and E1, respectively. The delay in surface expression of the viral glycoproteins, as demonstrated by flow cytometry analysis, contributed to a 10-fold reduction in mCherry-E2 virus titer. There is a 1:1 ratio of mCherry to E2 incorporated into the virion, which leads to a strong fluorescence signal and thus facilitates single-particle tracking experiments. We used the FP-tagged virus for high
AID 216207 - Antiviral activity (to reduce virus-induced cytopathogenicity) against Sindbis virus in vero cells - PubChemAID 216207 - Antiviral activity (to reduce virus-induced cytopathogenicity) against Sindbis virus in vero cells - PubChem
BioAssay record AID 216207 submitted by ChEMBL: Antiviral activity (to reduce virus-induced cytopathogenicity) against Sindbis virus in vero cells.
Sindbis Virus - Stock Image C006/2445 - Science Photo LibrarySindbis Virus - Stock Image C006/2445 - Science Photo Library
Interior and exterior views of the three-dimensional reconstruction of Sindbis Virus. This virus is transmitted by mosquitos and causes fever and rash in humans. If was first discovered in Egypt. - Stock Image C006/2445
Thiol agents and Bcl-2 identify an alphavirus-induced apoptotic pathway that requires activation of the transcription factor NF...Thiol agents and Bcl-2 identify an alphavirus-induced apoptotic pathway that requires activation of the transcription factor NF...
Oxidative stress has been proposed as a common mediator of apoptotic death. To investigate further the role of oxidants in this process we have studied the effects of antioxidants on Sindbis virus (SV)-induced apoptosis in two cell lines, AT-3 (a prostate carcinoma line) and N18 (a neuroblastoma line). The thiol antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), at concentrations above 30 mM, completely abrogates SV-induced apoptosis in AT-3 and N18 cells. The effects of NAC cannot be attributed to inhibition of viral entry or viral replication, changes in extracellular osmolarity or to increases in cellular glutathione levels, nor can they be mimicked by chelators of trace metals, inhibitors of lipid peroxidation or peroxide scavengers. In contrast, other thiol agents including pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, 75 microM) are protective. Because NAC and PDTC are among the most effective inhibitors of the transcription factor NF-kappa B, we examined SVs ability to activate NF-kappa B before the onset of ...
Superinfection exclusion of alphaviruses in three mosquito cell lines persistently infected with Sindbis virus<...Superinfection exclusion of alphaviruses in three mosquito cell lines persistently infected with Sindbis virus<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Superinfection exclusion of alphaviruses in three mosquito cell lines persistently infected with Sindbis virus. AU - Karpf, Adam R.. AU - Lenches, Edith. AU - Strauss, Ellen G.. AU - Strauss, James H.. AU - Brown, Dennis T.. PY - 1997. Y1 - 1997. N2 - Three Aedes albopictus (mosquito) cell lines persistently infected with Sindbis virus excluded the replication of both homologous (various strains of Sindbis) and heterologous (Aura, Semliki Forest, and Ross River) alphaviruses. In contrast, an unrelated flavivirus, yellow fever virus, replicated equally well in uninfected and persistently infected cells of each line. Sindbis virus and Semliki Forest virus are among the most distantly related alphaviruses, and our results thus indicate that mosquito cells persistently infected with Sindbis virus are broadly able to exclude other alphaviruses but that exclusion is restricted to members of the alphavirus genus. Superinfection exclusion occurred to the same extent in three biologically ...
Suppression of RNA interference increases alphavirus replication and virus-associated mortality in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes |...Suppression of RNA interference increases alphavirus replication and virus-associated mortality in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes |...
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) can persistently infect and cause limited damage to mosquito vectors. RNA interference (RNAi) is a mosquito antiviral response important in restricting RNA virus replication and has been shown to be active against some arboviruses. The goal of this study was to use a recombinant Sindbis virus (SINV; family Togaviridae; genus Alphavirus) that expresses B2 protein of Flock House virus (FHV; family Nodaviridae; genus Alphanodavirus), a protein that inhibits RNAi, to determine the effects of linking arbovirus infection with RNAi inhibition. B2 protein expression from SINV (TE/32J) inhibited the accumulation of non-specific small RNAs in Aedes aegypti mosquito cell culture and virus-specific small RNAs both in infected cell culture and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. More viral genomic and subgenomic RNA accumulated in cells and mosquitoes infected with TE/32J virus expressing B2 (TE/32J/B2) compared to TE/32J and TE/32J virus expressing GFP. TE/32J/B2 exhibited increased
AID 216212 - Evaluated in vitro for antiviral activity in vero cell cultures against Sindbis virus - PubChemAID 216212 - Evaluated in vitro for antiviral activity in vero cell cultures against Sindbis virus - PubChem
BioAssay record AID 216212 submitted by ChEMBL: Evaluated in vitro for antiviral activity in vero cell cultures against Sindbis virus.
Faculty | UTSA Department of BiologyFaculty | UTSA Department of Biology
The primary focus of Dr. Heidners research lab is the design and development of alphavirus-based vectors and vaccines. Alphaviruses are small RNA viruses that are spread to humans and other vertebrates through the bites of infected mosquitoes. Alphaviruses possess a number of properties that support their use as vectors for expressing foreign genes of interest. Therefore, these viruses have been researched extensively for use as recombinant vaccines.. The lab is using Sindbis virus, the prototype alphavirus, to develop and evaluate new strategies for targeting alphavirus vectors, or alphavirus-expressed antigens to immunologically relevant cell types such as dendritic cells. An additional project focuses on the development of an alphavirus-based influenza vaccine.. ...
The alphaviruses: gene expression, replication, and evolution. | Microbiology and Molecular Biology ReviewsThe alphaviruses: gene expression, replication, and evolution. | Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
The alphaviruses are a genus of 26 enveloped viruses that cause disease in humans and domestic animals. Mosquitoes or other hematophagous arthropods serve as vectors for these viruses. The complete sequences of the +/- 11.7-kb plus-strand RNA genomes of eight alphaviruses have been determined, and partial sequences are known for several others; this has made possible evolutionary comparisons between different alphaviruses as well as comparisons of this group of viruses with other animal and plant viruses. Full-length cDNA clones from which infectious RNA can be recovered have been constructed for four alphaviruses; these clones have facilitated many molecular genetic studies as well as the development of these viruses as expression vectors. From these and studies involving biochemical approaches, many details of the replication cycle of the alphaviruses are known. The interactions of the viruses with host cells and host organisms have been exclusively studied, and the molecular basis of ...
Activity and predator escape performance of greenfinches infected with Sindbis virusActivity and predator escape performance of greenfinches infected with Sindbis virus
Uppsala University, Teknisk-naturvetenskapliga vetenskapsområdet, Faculty of Science and Technology, Biology, Department of Evolutionary Biology. Department of Ecology and Evolution, Population Biology. populationsbiologi. ...
Mapping the Structure and Function of the E1 and E2 Glycoproteins in Alphaviruses - CaltechAUTHORSMapping the Structure and Function of the E1 and E2 Glycoproteins in Alphaviruses - CaltechAUTHORS
The 9 Å resolution cryo-electron microscopy map of Sindbis virus presented here provides structural information on the polypeptide topology of the E2 protein, on the interactions between the E1 and E2 glycoproteins in the formation of a heterodimer, on the difference in conformation of the two types of trimeric spikes, on the interaction between the transmembrane helices of the E1 and E2 proteins, and on the conformational changes that occur when fusing with a host cell. The positions of various markers on the E2 protein established the approximate topology of the E2 structure. The largest conformational differences between the icosahedral surface spikes at icosahedral 3-fold and quasi-3-fold positions are associated with the monomers closest to the 5-fold axes. The long E2 monomers, containing the cell receptor recognition motif at their extremities, are shown to rotate by about 180^o and to move away from the center of the spikes during fusion. ...
Discovering the cellular RNA-binding proteins controlling virus infection | BiochemistryDiscovering the cellular RNA-binding proteins controlling virus infection | Biochemistry
RNA-binding proteins are a critical component of the cellular machinery that dictate the fate of RNA molecules. As RNA virus genomes are small, they rely on host RNA-binding proteins to control the life of the viral RNA. However, which of these host proteins are required for virus infection remains largely unknown. Alfredos group developed a novel technique called comparative RNA interactome capture to interrogate which RNA-binding proteins are involved in the infection of a model virus called Sindbis (SINV). This work uncovered that SINV infection alters the activity of more than 200 cellular RNA-binding proteins, thus rewiring cellular RNA metabolism (Figure 1). ...
Purdue researchers apply new technique to manipulate virus, make it a possible cancer treatment - Purdue UniversityPurdue researchers apply new technique to manipulate virus, make it a possible cancer treatment - Purdue University
Purdue University researchers successfully eliminated the native infection preferences of a Sindbis virus engineered to target and kill cancer cells, a milestone in the manipulation of this promising viral vector.
CDFD :: Computational & Functional Genomics :: PublicationsCDFD :: Computational & Functional Genomics :: Publications
Jain, A., Ranjan, A., Chatterji, U., Das, P., Ghosh, S., Habib, S., Pandey, S., Ramachandran, A., Venkaiah, B., and Hasnain, S.E. (1998) High level expression of heterologous genes in insect cells is not dependent on promoter alone in Invertebrate cell culture: Novel Direction and Biotechnological Applications (Eds: Maramorosch K and Mitsuhashi J) Science Publishers, Inc (USA) New Hampshire, p221-227 ...
True Terpenes XJ-13 - Precision - BVVTrue Terpenes XJ-13 - Precision - BVV
True Terpenes XJ-13 - Precision All sales are final. Orders can be refunded prior to fulfillment and shipping but once the order has been fulfilled and/or shipped, no refunds will be issued. Due to the hazardous nature of our product, we are unable to accept returns. Lightweight but potent, great for beginners, XJ-13
Science of the Invisible: 02/01/2011 - 03/01/2011Science of the Invisible: 02/01/2011 - 03/01/2011
Together with the work of Dr G. Stanway on the neurovirulent strains P3/Leon/37 and P3/119, hundreds of cDNA clones were examined and more than 22 kbp of nucleotide sequence determined. These experiments resulted in the identification of a mall number of mutations in the genomes of the strains studied which must be responsible for their differences in neurovirulence. However, it has not yet been possible to identify the individual mutations involved in attenuation and reversion and further experiments are currently in progress. These experiments represent a number of different approaches. Firstly, the sequence of other neurovirulent vaccine revertants are being determined, to ascertain whether the mutations observed in P3/119 are shared by other strains. Secondly, the work of Racaniello and Baltimore (1981a) has demonstrated that the construction of recombinant virus genomes in vitro, at the level of cloned cDNA, is possible. Transfection of susceptible cells with these recombinant genomes gives ...
Plasma Spendenzentren Seiersberg/Leoben: Pogosta vprašanjaPlasma Spendenzentren Seiersberg/Leoben: Pogosta vprašanja
Kaj se zgodi pri darovanju krvne plazme? Pri darovanju krvne plazme, potuje kri preko igle v sterilnem, zaprtem, enocevnem sistemu na aparat za odvzem krvne plazme, kjer se kri filtrira in centrifugira, s tem procesom dosežemo, da se glavni sestavni deli krvi ločijo od plazme. Plazma teče v vrečo za plazmo, nakar se izmenično kri vrne nazaj po sistemu preko igle v žilo. Darovana količina plazme je odvisna od teže darovalca. Darovanje traja približno 45 minut. Kdo vse lahko daruje krvno plazmo?. Vsak človek, ki je dopolnil 18 let in ni starejši od 60 let ter ima vsaj 50kg in ne več kot 150kg ter je telesno in psihično sposoben za darovanje. O sposobnosti za darovanje presodi zdravnik. Kako pogosto se lahko daruje krvna plazma?. Darovanje krvne plazme bistveno ne vpliva na telo, zato lahko v enem letu darujemo 50 krat. Vendar je potrebno upoštevati predpise o darovanju. Med dvemi darovanji mora preteči 72ur, v enem tednu lahko darujete do 2 krat, v dveh tednih 3 krat in v enem ...
Halkogen - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedijaHalkogen - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedija
Kisik in žveplo sta nekovini, selen, telur in polonij pa so polprevodne polkovine. To pomeni, da so njihove električne lastnosti nekje med lastnostmi kovin in izolatorjev. Telur, pa tudi selen, se kljub temu pogosto razvrščata med kovine. Kovinski halkogenidi se v naravi pojavljajo kot minerali. Nekateri so zelo pogosti, na primer pirit (FeS), ki je železova ruda, nekateri pa so zelo redki, na primer zlatov ditelurid kalaverit (AuTe2). Najboolj pogosto formalno oksidacijsko stanje halkogenih spojin je 2-. Pogosta so tudi druga oksidacijska stanja, na primer 1- v piritu. Najvišje formalno oksidacijsko stanje je 6+ v sulfatih (žveplova kislina H2SO4), selenatih (natrijev selenat Na2SeO4) in teluratih. ...
Frontiers | Mouse Model of Neurological Complications Resulting from Encephalitic Alphavirus Infection | MicrobiologyFrontiers | Mouse Model of Neurological Complications Resulting from Encephalitic Alphavirus Infection | Microbiology
Long-term neurological complications, termed sequelae, can result from viral encephalitis, which are not well understood. In human survivors, alphavirus encephalitis can cause severe neurobehavioral changes, in the most extreme cases, a schizophrenic-like syndrome. In the present study, we aimed to adapt an animal model of alphavirus infection survival to study the development of these long-term neurological complications. Upon low-dose infection of wild-type C57B/6 mice, asymptomatic and symptomatic groups were established and compared to mock-infected mice to measure general health and baseline neurological function, including the acoustic startle response and prepulse inhibition paradigm. Prepulse inhibition is a robust operational measure of sensorimotor gating, a fundamental form of information processing. Deficits in prepulse inhibition manifest as the inability to filter out extraneous sensory stimuli. Sensory gating is disrupted in schizophrenia and other mental disorders, as well as
Binding of Sindbis Virus to Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate | Journal of VirologyBinding of Sindbis Virus to Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate | Journal of Virology
Implications for viral behavior and virulence.Alphavirus variants with reduced plaque sizes often have reduced virulence in vivo as well, although there are certainly exceptions to this rule, and fresh wild-type isolates frequently contain a mixture of large-plaque and small-plaque viruses. Repeated tissue culture passaging of alphaviruses can lead to decreased plaque size and decreased virulence (19, 39). Small-plaque and large-plaque alphavirus variants typically have different affinities for hydroxyapatite (a form of calcium phosphate), indicating changes in the surface charge of the glycoproteins (3, 23). It may be possible to reinterpret these findings in light of our demonstration that SV can bind to HS. We suggest that alphaviruses with a small-plaque phenotype under agar (indicating strong binding to the agar sulfated polysaccharide) may also bind better to HS and that strong binding to HS may decrease virulence in vivo.. The strain of SV used in this study, Toto 1101, is a relatively ...
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | ANTIGENIC AND GENETIC TYPING OF WHATAROA VIRUSES IN AUSTRALIAThe American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | ANTIGENIC AND GENETIC TYPING OF WHATAROA VIRUSES IN AUSTRALIA
We recently characterized three novel alphaviruses isolated from mosquitoes captured in New South Wales, Australia. Initial cross-neutralization studies revealed antigenic similarity to the Sindbis virus (SINV)-like Whataroa virus (WHAV), heretofore found only in New Zealand. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the WHAV-like viruses shared >99% nucleotide sequence similarity with each other, and 96-97% similarity with prototype WHAV. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reactions of a panel of monoclonal antibodies to SINV showed that the novel WHAV-like viruses displayed identical binding patterns and were antigenically distinct from all SINV isolates examined. Although these viruses displayed a similar binding pattern to prototype WHAV, three monoclonal antibodies discriminated them from the New Zealand virus. Our results suggest that these novel alphaviruses are antigenic variants of WHAV and represent the first reported isolations of this virus from outside New Zealand. The monoclonal
A radioisotopic technique for measuring the mononuclear inflammatory r by E M. Anders, J F. Miller et al."A radioisotopic technique for measuring the mononuclear inflammatory r" by E M. Anders, J F. Miller et al.
Anders, E M.; Miller, J F.; and Gamble, J, "A radioisotopic technique for measuring the mononuclear inflammatory response in sindbis virus-induced encephalitis of mice." (1979). Subject Strain Bibliography 1979. 3366 ...
Sufficiency and Regulation of the C. elegans Family of Developmental C by Jessica Hope Thomas"Sufficiency and Regulation of the C. elegans Family of Developmental C" by Jessica Hope Thomas
Regulatory and biophysical mechanisms of cell-cell fusion are largely unknown, despite the fundamental requirement for fused cells in eukaryotic development. Only two cellular fusogens that are not of obvious viral origin have been identified to date, both in nematodes. EFF-1 and AFF-1 comprise the FF family and together they are necessary for virtually all somatic cell fusions in C. elegans. Unregulated EFF-1 expression causes lethality due to ectopic fusion between cells not developmentally programmed to fuse, highlighting the necessity of tight fusogen regulation for proper development. ^ Identifying factors that regulate EFF-1 and its paralog AFF-1 could lead to discovery of molecular mechanisms that control cell fusion upstream of the action of a membrane fusogen. Yet, FF proteins are sufficient to fuse heterologous invertebrate cell types, suggesting that they function autonomously in foreign molecular and proteomic environments. The work presented here examines whether a predicted 14-3-3
Permalien vers Alphavirus myopathies and arthritis: modeling and understanding the mechanisms of disease development and...Permalien vers Alphavirus myopathies and arthritis: modeling and understanding the mechanisms of disease development and...
Arthropod-borne alphaviruses are distributed worldwide and cause considerable human morbidity and mortality. Alphaviruses cause a variety of human diseases,
virology - Can virus survive dessication (and come back functional after rewetting)? - Biology Stack Exchangevirology - Can virus survive dessication (and come back functional after rewetting)? - Biology Stack Exchange
No exactly related to surfaces, but in terms of killing viruses via heat, a study from a few years ago looked at the time required for inactivation of various Alphaviruses in blood serum samples at 56°C, finding that it could take anywhere from 20 min to 2 hrs [1]. If youre looking for ways that the average person can disinfect surfaces, some fairly common consumer disinfectants are actually already capable of killing certain types of viruses (e.g. Dettol claim that some of their products kill influenza, coronavirus, RSV, etc. [2]). [1] Park, S.L., Huang, Y.-J.S., Hsu, W.-W., Hettenbach, S.M., Higgs, S., and Vanlandingham, D.L. (2016). Virus-specific thermostability and heat inactivation profiles of alphaviruses. Journal of Virological Methods 234, 152-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.04.004. [2] https://www.dettol.com.ng/products-old/see-all-products/. ...
alphavirus - oialphavirus - oi
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How High (Part 2) Lyrics - Method ManHow High (Part 2) Lyrics - Method Man
Lyrics to How High (Part 2) by Method Man: [Redman]: / Yo yo / [Chorus--Toni Braxton]: / I I get so high / I can touch the sky / I I get so
Alphavirus infections | definition of Alphavirus infections by Medical dictionaryAlphavirus infections | definition of Alphavirus infections by Medical dictionary
Looking for online definition of Alphavirus infections in the Medical Dictionary? Alphavirus infections explanation free. What is Alphavirus infections? Meaning of Alphavirus infections medical term. What does Alphavirus infections mean?
Antibody-mediated clearance of alphavirus infection from neurons | ScienceAntibody-mediated clearance of alphavirus infection from neurons | Science
Humoral immunity is important for protection against viral infection and neutralization of extracellular virus, but clearance of virus from infected tissues is thought to be mediated solely by cellular immunity. However, in a SCID mouse model of persistent alphavirus encephalomyelitis, adoptive transfer of hyperimmune serum resulted in clearance of infectious virus and viral RNA from the nervous system, whereas adoptive transfer of sensitized T lymphocytes had no effect on viral replication. Three monoclonal antibodies to two different epitopes on the E2 envelope glycoprotein mediated viral clearance. Treatment of alphavirus-infected primary cultured rat neurons with these monoclonal antibodies to E2 resulted in decreased viral protein synthesis, followed by gradual termination of mature infectious virion production. Thus, antibody can mediate clearance of alphavirus infection from neurons by restricting viral gene expression. ...
Sindbis virus usurps the cellular HuR protein to stabilize its transcripts and promote productive infections in mammalian and...Sindbis virus usurps the cellular HuR protein to stabilize its transcripts and promote productive infections in mammalian and...
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An alphavirus puzzle solved | NatureAn alphavirus puzzle solved | Nature
Alphaviruses infect their host by binding to cellular receptors and fusing with cell membranes. New studies define the receptor-binding protein of these viruses and its regulation of the membrane-fusion reaction. See Letters p.705 & p.709 Alphaviruses are significant animal and human pathogens - as demonstrated in recent outbreaks of infection with the mosquito-borne Chikungunya virus in India and southeast Asia. The E1 and E2 glycoproteins of alphaviruses are central to the way the virus infects host cells. The E1/E2 heterodimers that form spikes on the virus surface dissociate in the acidic conditions found in the internal vesicles of host cells, and E1 triggers infection by fusing with the endosomal membrane. Félix Rey and colleagues present the structure of Chikungunya virus envelope glycoprotein at neutral pH, and Michael Rossmann and colleagues reveal the structure of the envelope
A Single Point Mutation Controls the Cholesterol Dependence of Semliki Forest Virus Entry and Exit | JCBA Single Point Mutation Controls the Cholesterol Dependence of Semliki Forest Virus Entry and Exit | JCB
In summary, our data indicate that SFV fusion and exit are highly cholesterol dependent, and that this sterol requirement is significantly reduced by the P226S mutation. Interestingly, preliminary data from our lab indicate that two independent mutants selected for cholesterol-independent growth also have the P226S mutation, supporting the importance of this region of the spike protein in the virus cholesterol requirement (Chatterjee, P., and M. Kielian, unpublished results). It is striking that although it is not conserved, the position analogous to SFV E1 P226 is not found as a serine residue in any of the alphavirus sequences in the database, including recent virus isolates from nature (Fig. 7). Other nonconserved proline residues in this and other E1 regions (eg., P237; Fig. 7) are present as a serine in some alphavirus sequences. Preliminary results with Sindbis virus, having alanine at position 226, indicate that both its infection and fusion are highly cholesterol dependent, similar to wt ...
Alphavirus - Medical Dictionary online-medical-dictionary.orgAlphavirus - Medical Dictionary online-medical-dictionary.org
A genus of Togaviridae, also known as Group A Arboviruses, serologically related to each other but not to other Togaviridae. The Viruses are transmitted by Mosquitoes. The type species is the Sindbis Virus ...
Immunization with one alphavirus cross-primes cellular and humoral imm by J A. Wolcott, C J. Wust et al."Immunization with one alphavirus cross-primes cellular and humoral imm" by J A. Wolcott, C J. Wust et al.
Wolcott, J A.; Wust, C J.; and Brown, A, "Immunization with one alphavirus cross-primes cellular and humoral immune responses to a second alphavirus." (1982). Subject Strain Bibliography 1982. 4459 ...
Čistilna naprava - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedijaČistilna naprava - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedija
Odpadne vode so ustvarjene iz stanovanjskih, inšticionalnih ter poslovnih in industrijskih obratov in vključujejo gospodinjske odpadke, vodo iz stranišč, kadi, kuhinj in umivalnikov, ki jih odvržemo v kanalizacijo. Voda, ki se uporabi v gospodinjstvu in industriji, se zavrže kot odpadna voda. Ta se pri uporabniku zbere in odvede v kanalizacijo. Na mnogih področjih se v odpadne vode zlivajo tudi tekoči odpadki iz industrije in trgovin. Kanalizacijski sistem je omrežje podzemnih kanalov z jaški, v katerih se zbira odpadna voda iz hiš in tovarn, ter vodi do čistilne naprave, kjer se voda prečisti. Ločevanje in odvajanje gospodinjskih odpadkov v sive in črne vode je vse bolj pogosta v razvitem svetu. Sive vode lahko uporabljamo za zalivanje in splakovanje stranišč. V večino odpadnih voda se steka tudi deževnica in voda iz težko dostopnih področij. Kanalizacijskim sistemom, ki uporabljajo padavinske vode, pravimo tudi kombinirani sistemi ali mešani kanalizacijski sistem. Ti ...
Inhibition of alphavirus infection in cell culture and in mice with antisense morpholino oligomers<...Inhibition of alphavirus infection in cell culture and in mice with antisense morpholino oligomers<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Inhibition of alphavirus infection in cell culture and in mice with antisense morpholino oligomers. AU - Paessler, Slobodan. AU - Rijnbrand, Rene. AU - Stein, David A.. AU - Ni, Haolin. AU - Yun, Nadezhda E.. AU - Dziuba, Natallia. AU - Borisevich, Viktoriya. AU - Seregin, Alexey. AU - Ma, Yinghong. AU - Blouch, Robert. AU - Iversen, Patrick L.. AU - Zacks, Michele A.. N1 - Funding Information: The authors wish to thank The Chemistry Group at AVI BioPharma for the expert production of all PPMO compounds used in this study. This work was supported by grants from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases through the Western Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research (U54 AI057156) and through the Galveston National Laboratory Operations, Advanced Veterinary Services Core (UC7 AI070083). S. Paessler was supported by a National Institutes of Health K08 Award (A1059491) and faculty support provided by the Institute for Human ...
Alphavirus - WikipediaAlphavirus - Wikipedia
In biology and immunology, an alphavirus belongs to the group IV Togaviridae family of viruses, according to the system of classification based on viral genome composition introduced by David Baltimore in 1971. Alphaviruses, like all other group IV viruses, have a positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome. There are thirty alphaviruses able to infect various vertebrates such as humans, rodents, fish, birds, and larger mammals such as horses as well as invertebrates. Transmission between species and individuals occurs mainly via mosquitoes making the alphaviruses a contributor to the collection of Arboviruses - or Arthropod-Borne Viruses. Alphavirus particles are enveloped, have a 70 nm diameter, tend to be spherical (although slightly pleomorphic), and have a 40 nm isometric nucleocapsid. The alphaviruses are small, spherical, enveloped viruses with a genome of a single positive sense strand RNA. The total genome length ranges between 11,000 and 12,000 nucleotides, and has a 5 cap, and 3 ...
The Semliki-Forest-virus-specific nonstructural protein nsP4 is an autoproteinase<...The Semliki-Forest-virus-specific nonstructural protein nsP4 is an autoproteinase<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The Semliki-Forest-virus-specific nonstructural protein nsP4 is an autoproteinase. AU - Takkinen, Kristiina. AU - Peränen, Johan. AU - Keränen, Sirkka. AU - Söderlund, Hans. AU - Kääriäinen, Leevi. PY - 1990. Y1 - 1990. N2 - The Semliki‐Forest‐virus‐specific nonstructural proteins are translated as a large polyprotein (2431 amino acid residues), from which the mature polymerase components nsP1, nsP2, nsP3 and nsP4 are released by proteolytic cleavages. The complete ns polyprotein (P1234) can be cleaved in two alternative ways yielding either P123 (with sequences of nsP1, nsP2 and nsP3) and nsP4 or P12 (nsP1 plus nsP2) and P34 (nsP3 plus nsP4). We studied the possible autoproteolytic role of nsP4 involved in the cleavage between nsP3 and nsP4 in an in vitro transcription‐translation system. cDNAs encoding P34 precursor and shorter precursor protein segments covering the nsP3‐nsP4 cleavage region, were cloned under the T7 RNA polymerase promoter. The mRNAs ...
Viruses | Free Full-Text | Mosquitoes as Suitable Vectors for AlphavirusesViruses | Free Full-Text | Mosquitoes as Suitable Vectors for Alphaviruses
Alphaviruses are arthropod-borne viruses and are predominantly transmitted via mosquito vectors. This vector preference by alphaviruses raises the important question of the determinants that contribute to vector competence. There are several tissue barriers of the mosquito that the virus must overcome in order to establish a productive infection. Of importance are the midgut, basal lamina and the salivary glands. Infection of the salivary glands is crucial for virus transmission during the mosquitos subsequent bloodfeed. Other factors that may contribute to vector competence include the microflora and parasites present in the mosquito, environmental conditions, the molecular determinants of the virus to adapt to the vector, as well as the effect of co-infection with other viruses. Though mosquito innate immunity is a contributing factor to vector competence, it will not be discussed in this review. Detailed understanding of these factors will be instrumental in minimising transmission of alphaviral
Genetic Mutations & Gene TherapyGenetic Mutations & Gene Therapy
Types of Viruses Used in Gene Therapy: There are 6 main types of viruses used in gene therapy:. 1) Retroviruses - A class of viruses that can create double-stranded DNA copies of their RNA genomes. These copies of its genome can be integrated into the chromosomes of host cells. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus.. 2) Adenoviruses - A class of viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes that cause respiratory, intestinal, and eye infectious in humans. The virus that causes the common cold is an adenovirus.. 3) Adeno-associated viruses - A class of small, single-stranded DNA viruses that can insert their genetic material at a specific site on chromosome 19.. 4) Herpes simplex viruses - A class of double-stranded DNA viruses that infect a particular cell type, neurons. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is a common human pathogen that causes cold sores.. 5) Alphaviruses - A single stranded positive sense RNA, particularly used to develop viral vectors for the Ross-River virus, Sindbis virus, ...
Arboviruses, Group A - Medical Dictionary online-medical-dictionary.orgArboviruses, Group A - Medical Dictionary online-medical-dictionary.org
A genus of Togaviridae, also known as Group A Arboviruses, serologically related to each other but not to other Togaviridae. The Viruses are transmitted by Mosquitoes. The type species is the Sindbis Virus ...
The endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis induces the expression of host antioxidant proteins in an Aedes albopictus cell line. -...The endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis induces the expression of host antioxidant proteins in an Aedes albopictus cell line. -...
PubMed comprises more than 30 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.
Sočasna okužba - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedijaSočasna okužba - Wikipedija, prosta enciklopedija
Sočasna okužba, sookužba ali koinfekcija je hkratna okužba celice ali organizma z dvema mikroorganizmoma (na primer pljučnica, ki jo povzročata ortomiksovirus in streptokok).[1] Kadar pa se nova okužba pridruži že obstoječi kasneje in ne istočasno, govorimo o nadokužbi (naknadni okužbi).[2] V svetovnem merilu je pogosta sookužba z jetiko (tuberkulozo) in HIV-om. V nekaterih državah je do 80 % bolnikov s tuberkulozo okuženih tudi z virusom HIV.[3] Nadalje je okoli 10 % bolnikov, okuženih s HIV-om, sočasno okuženih tudi z virusom hepatitisa B.[4] Pri okužbi s HIV-om pa je možna tudi sookužba z več sevi istega virusa; kadar pa se bolnik najprej okuži z enim sevom virusa, kasneje v življenju pa še z drugim, gre za nadokužbo.[5] ...
The development of a reverse genetics system for the study of chikungunya pathogenesis in the mouse model - LSHTM Research...The development of a reverse genetics system for the study of chikungunya pathogenesis in the mouse model - LSHTM Research...
The genus Alphavirus is one of two within the family Togaviridae and comprises approximately 30 species, including several pathogens of humans and other animals that are of medical, veterinary and economic importance. Most alphaviruses are maintained in nature by a biological transmission cycle between susceptible vertebrate hosts and blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes. In common with many Old World alphavirus pathogens Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the aetiological agent of a syndrome characterized by fever, skin rash and acute or chronic poly-arthralgia or arthritis. Whereas previously CHIKV outbreaks were sporadic and self-limiting, in 2004 it re-emerged in coastal Kenya and there followed a series of outbreaks that have continued until the present day, resulting in many millions of cases. Inroads into understanding the pathogenesis of CHIKV disease were until recently hampered through the lack of a convenient small animal model capable of exhibiting symptoms similar to those observed ...
Zdravila za prostatitis: najučinkovitejša zdravila in njihov opis - Napajanje FebruaryZdravila za prostatitis: najučinkovitejša zdravila in njihov opis - Napajanje February
Zdravilo za prostatitis je mogoče najti v skoraj vseh lekarnah. Izbira takšnih zdravil v resnici navdušuje s svojo širino in raznolikostjo. Vsak od njih pa ima lasten farmakološki učinek na pacientovo telo, zato izbira specifičnega sredstva mora izvesti izključno specializiran specialist, zato je treba izbrano zdravilo jemati izključno po predpisovanju zdravnika.. Prostatitis je vnetni proces v prostati, to je precej pogosta bolezen pri moških, ki imajo več kot 40 let. Vendar se v zadnjih letih vse pogosteje diagnosticira pri mlajših bolnikih, ki ne upoštevajo lastnega zdravja in zlorabljajo alkohol, tobak in ne jedo prav.. Mnogi predstavniki močnejšega spola ne poskušajo opaziti simptomov prostatitisa. Strah pred boleznijo in nepripravljenostjo za oglaševanje težav intimne narave spodbuja moške, da popolnoma ignorirajo vnetje prostate. Posledica tega je, da bolezen le napreduje, njeno zdravljenje pa zahteva veliko truda in dolgo časa.. Strokovnjaki soglasno ponavljajo, da je ...
Kako zdraviti prostatitis pri moških - zdravila in znake bolezni - Simptomi 2020Kako zdraviti prostatitis pri moških - zdravila in znake bolezni - Simptomi 2020
Zdravilo za prostatitis je mogoče najti v skoraj vseh lekarnah. Izbira takšnih zdravil je resnično impresivna zaradi širine in raznolikosti. Vsak od njih ima lasten farmakološki učinek na pacientovo telo, zato izbira specifičnega zdravila mora izvesti izključno specialist, zato morate vzeti izbrano zdravilo strogo po zdravniškem receptu.. Prostatitis je vnetni proces v prostati, to je precej pogosta bolezen pri moških nad 40 let. Vendar je v zadnjih letih vedno bolj diagnosticirana pri mlajših bolnikih, ki ne spremljajo lastnega zdravja in zlorabljajo alkohol, tobak in ne jedo pravilno.. Mnogi moški poskušajo prezreti simptome prostatitisa. Strah pred boleznijo in nenaklonjenost k oglaševanju intimnih problemov spodbujajo moške, da popolnoma ignorirajo vnetje prostate. Posledica tega je, da bolezen le napreduje, njeno zdravljenje pa zahteva veliko napora in dolgo časa.. Strokovnjaki z enim glasom pravijo, da je treba prostatitis zdraviti v zgodnjih fazah razvoja, ne pa sramovati ...
Deborah MowshowitzDeborah Mowshowitz
MosquitoMosquito
Ribosomal protein SARibosomal protein SA
TogavirinTogavirin
Bcl-2Bcl-2
Gel electrophoresisGel electrophoresis
Binding immunoglobulin proteinBinding immunoglobulin protein
UBE1LUBE1L
TRIM14TRIM14
AlphavirusAlphavirus
Togavirus 5 plus strand cis-regulatory elementTogavirus 5' plus strand cis-regulatory element
Diferenzas entre revisións de «Virus de ARN», a enciclopedia libreDiferenzas entre revisións de «Virus de ARN», a enciclopedia libre
Viral neuronal tracingViral neuronal tracing
Lentiviral vector in gene therapyLentiviral vector in gene therapy
Diane GriffinDiane Griffin
Alphavirus infectionAlphavirus infection
Charles M. RiceCharles M. Rice
WaterbuckWaterbuck
Pogosta diseasePogosta disease
Brome mosaic virusBrome mosaic virus
Anopheles subpictusAnopheles subpictus
Hairpin ribozymeHairpin ribozyme
PolyarthritisPolyarthritis
XenophagyXenophagy
Antiviral proteinAntiviral protein
NS2-3 proteaseNS2-3 protease
Zika feverZika fever
Tahyna virusTahyna virus
Eilat virusEilat virus
Babanki virusBabanki virus
Virus-TaxonomieVirus-Taxonomie
Lassa feverLassa fever
ChikungunyaChikungunya
Lassa virusLassa virus
Ebola virus diseaseEbola virus disease
មូស - វិគីភីឌាមូស - វិគីភីឌា
Catalytic triadCatalytic triad
Cysteine proteaseCysteine protease
Promoter (genetics)Promoter (genetics)
La Crosse encephalitisLa Crosse encephalitis
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic feverCrimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
Marburg virus diseaseMarburg virus disease
中東呼吸綜合症 - 维基百科，自由的百中東呼吸綜合症 - 维基百科，自由的百
Japanese encephalitisJapanese encephalitis
人畜共通傳染病 - 維基百科，自由的百人畜共通傳染病 - 維基百科，自由的百
Middle East respiratory syndromeMiddle East respiratory syndrome
ප්‍රවර්ගය:Zoonoses - විකිපීඩියාප්‍රවර්ගය:Zoonoses - විකිපීඩියා
DNA vaccinationDNA vaccination
QuaranjavirusQuaranjavirus
Taxonomic list of virusesTaxonomic list of viruses
List of Aedes speciesList of Aedes species
Drosophila X virusDrosophila X virus
West Nile feverWest Nile fever
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth Care
Sindbis VirusAlphavirus InfectionsAlphavirusVirus ReplicationTogaviridae InfectionsCricetinaeRNA, ViralArbovirusesSemliki forest virusRNA VirusesViral InterferenceAedesCell LineViral ProteinsVirus CultivationDefective VirusesVaccinia virusViral Plaque AssayVirus AssemblyRoss River virusReceptors, VirusChick EmbryoVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusViral Envelope ProteinsCapsidVirus SheddingMolecular Sequence DataCytopathogenic Effect, ViralVirus DiseasesEncephalitis VirusesVirionArbovirus InfectionsSimian virus 40Genetic VectorsPlant VirusesGenes, ViralDNA VirusesHemagglutination, ViralEncephalitis, ViralViral Structural ProteinsGlycoproteinsWest Nile virusEncephalitis Virus, Western EquineVero CellsCulture TechniquesMeasles virusRepliconInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeVirulenceViral Nonstructural ProteinsAntigens, ViralCercopithecus aethiopsRabies virusAmino Acid SequenceInfluenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeTemperatureEncephalomyelitisNeutralization TestsInfluenza A Virus, H3N2 SubtypeHepatitis B virusGene Expression Regulation, ViralChikungunya virusViral Core ProteinsAntibodies, ViralUridineRespiratory Syncytial VirusesCells, CulturedKidneyAntiviral AgentsTritiumProtein BiosynthesisMutationDNA, ViralVirus ActivationTranscription, GeneticCapsid ProteinsHost-Pathogen InteractionsGenome, ViralVirus LatencyCulicidaeHemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza VirusRecombination, GeneticNucleocapsidParainfluenza Virus 1, HumanOncogenic VirusesProtein PrecursorsSimian immunodeficiency virusTransfectionHemagglutinins, ViralEncephalitis Viruses, JapaneseMumps virusMosaic VirusesBase SequenceCentrifugation, Density GradientEncephalitisSpecies SpecificityHepatitis A virusAcrylatesEncephalitis Virus, Eastern EquineMembrane GlycoproteinsAvian Sarcoma VirusesCentrifugation, ZonalYellow fever virusRNA, MessengerVirus AttachmentBK VirusRNA ReplicaseTumor Virus InfectionsFibroblastsViruses, UnclassifiedJC VirusVirus Physiological PhenomenaPlasmidsAvian leukosis virusCell FusionPhylogenyPolyproteinsOrthomyxoviridaeAntibodies, MonoclonalBluetongue virusEpitopesOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsSendai virusMoloney murine leukemia virusVirus IntegrationPolymerase Chain ReactionGlucosamine
Sindbis Virus - Stock Image C006/2445 - Science Photo LibrarySindbis Virus - Stock Image C006/2445 - Science Photo Library
Viruses | Free Full-Text | Fluorescent Protein-Tagged Sindbis Virus E2 Glycoprotein Allows Single Particle Analysis of Virus...Viruses | Free Full-Text | Fluorescent Protein-Tagged Sindbis Virus E2 Glycoprotein Allows Single Particle Analysis of Virus...
AID 216207 - Antiviral activity (to reduce virus-induced cytopathogenicity) against Sindbis virus in vero cells - PubChemAID 216207 - Antiviral activity (to reduce virus-induced cytopathogenicity) against Sindbis virus in vero cells - PubChem
Culex torrentium Mosquito Role as Major Enzootic Vector Defined by Rate of Sindbis Virus Infection, Sweden, 2009Culex torrentium Mosquito Role as Major Enzootic Vector Defined by Rate of Sindbis Virus Infection, Sweden, 2009
Sindbis virus - WikipediaSindbis virus - Wikipedia
Semliki Forest virus - WikipediaSemliki Forest virus - Wikipedia
dna hr block - Microbial Genome Analysis System package MiGenASdna hr block - Microbial Genome Analysis System package MiGenAS
Search Results | Journal of Cell Biology | Rockefeller University PressSearch Results | Journal of Cell Biology | Rockefeller University Press
Satu Kurkela - Publikationer - Helsingfors universitetSatu Kurkela - Publikationer - Helsingfors universitet
Single-step antibody-based affinity cryo-electron microscopy for imaging and structural analysis of macromolecular assemblies<...Single-step antibody-based affinity cryo-electron microscopy for imaging and structural analysis of macromolecular assemblies<...
sae100r4-12 in south africasae100r4-12 in south africa
PQDT OpenPQDT Open
Mark T HeiseMark T Heise
HEPATITIS INFECTIONS - Rooks Textbook of DermatologyHEPATITIS INFECTIONS - Rooks Textbook of Dermatology
IndexIndex
rna fish - Microbial Genome Analysis System package MiGenASrna fish - Microbial Genome Analysis System package MiGenAS
test kits for pools - Microbial Genome Analysis System package MiGenAStest kits for pools - Microbial Genome Analysis System package MiGenAS
Astronomie-Werkstatt Sterne ohne Grenzen - Zur CORONA-SituationAstronomie-Werkstatt "Sterne ohne Grenzen" - Zur CORONA-Situation
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Background Chikungunya trojan (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne, arthrogenic Alphavirus that causes - CYP17 inhibitors in prostate...Background Chikungunya trojan (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne, arthrogenic Alphavirus that causes - CYP17 inhibitors in prostate...
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straight away that I had madestraight away that I had made
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ROXETTE-FAN-ÖSTERREICH - 1063-Startseite-Home-Hem-GERMAN-ENGLISH-SVENSKA-ESPAÑOL JH FD EW GH HG FDROXETTE-FAN-ÖSTERREICH - 1063-Startseite-Home-Hem-GERMAN-ENGLISH-SVENSKA-ESPAÑOL JH FD EW GH HG FD
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth Care
Sindbis VirusAlphavirus InfectionsAlphavirusVirus ReplicationTogaviridae InfectionsCricetinaeRNA, ViralArbovirusesSemliki forest virusRNA VirusesViral InterferenceAedesCell LineViral ProteinsVirus CultivationDefective VirusesVaccinia virusViral Plaque AssayVirus AssemblyRoss River virusReceptors, VirusChick EmbryoVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusViral Envelope ProteinsCapsidVirus SheddingMolecular Sequence DataCytopathogenic Effect, ViralVirus DiseasesEncephalitis VirusesVirionArbovirus InfectionsSimian virus 40Genetic VectorsPlant VirusesGenes, ViralDNA VirusesHemagglutination, ViralEncephalitis, ViralViral Structural ProteinsGlycoproteinsWest Nile virusEncephalitis Virus, Western EquineVero CellsCulture TechniquesMeasles virusRepliconInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeVirulenceViral Nonstructural ProteinsAntigens, ViralCercopithecus aethiopsRabies virusAmino Acid SequenceInfluenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeTemperatureEncephalomyelitisNeutralization TestsInfluenza A Virus, H3N2 SubtypeHepatitis B virusGene Expression Regulation, ViralChikungunya virusViral Core ProteinsAntibodies, ViralUridineRespiratory Syncytial VirusesCells, CulturedKidneyAntiviral AgentsTritiumProtein BiosynthesisMutationDNA, ViralVirus ActivationTranscription, GeneticCapsid ProteinsHost-Pathogen InteractionsGenome, ViralVirus LatencyCulicidaeHemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza VirusRecombination, GeneticNucleocapsidParainfluenza Virus 1, HumanOncogenic VirusesProtein PrecursorsSimian immunodeficiency virusTransfectionHemagglutinins, ViralEncephalitis Viruses, JapaneseMumps virusMosaic VirusesBase SequenceCentrifugation, Density GradientEncephalitisSpecies SpecificityHepatitis A virusAcrylatesEncephalitis Virus, Eastern EquineMembrane GlycoproteinsAvian Sarcoma VirusesCentrifugation, ZonalYellow fever virusRNA, MessengerVirus AttachmentBK VirusRNA ReplicaseTumor Virus InfectionsFibroblastsViruses, UnclassifiedJC VirusVirus Physiological PhenomenaPlasmidsAvian leukosis virusCell FusionPhylogenyPolyproteinsOrthomyxoviridaeAntibodies, MonoclonalBluetongue virusEpitopesOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsSendai virusMoloney murine leukemia virusVirus IntegrationPolymerase Chain ReactionGlucosamine
AlphavirusInfectionMosquitoesABSTRACTSemliki ForestReplicationViralVectorsGlycoproteinVesicular stomaMember of the Togaviridae familyParticlesProteinGenusInducesAntibodiesInfluenzaApoptosis inducedAedesInfectsChimericHumansAdeno-assocPogostaTransfectionEncephalitis VirusesReceptorHomologous virusOckelboChikungunya virusCaspasesMutationsVertebrate hostsFeverDengueArthropod-borneMembranesSpeciesSpecificitySeroprevalence
Alphavirus18
Infection40
Mosquitoes22
ABSTRACT1
Semliki Forest10
Replication16
Viral26
Vectors4
Glycoprotein10
Vesicular stoma1
  • Although it has been hypothesized that ISG15 functions as an antiviral molecule, the initial evaluation of ISG15-deficient mice revealed no defects in their responses to vesicular stomatitis virus or lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, leaving open the important question of whether ISG15 is an antiviral molecule in vivo . (pnas.org)
Member of the Togaviridae family1
Particles10
Protein12
  • Recent studies have shown that the influenza B virus targets the disruption of the ISG15 pathway through the activity of its NS1 protein ( 10 ). (pnas.org)
  • Identification of a cell-surface protein involved in the binding site of Sindbis virus on human lymphoblastic cell lines using a heterobifunctional. (nih.gov)
  • A cell-surface protein of molecular weight 90000 was identified as the major protein located at or near the binding site of Sindbis virus on the lymphoblastic cell lines JY and Daudi. (nih.gov)
  • This Sindbis-virus-binding protein was detected by cross-linking Sindbis virus, modified with 4-[6-formyl-3-azidophenoxy]butyrimidate, to the cell surface. (nih.gov)
  • Immunolabeling with anti-CD8 antibodies of cells expressing by transfection the CD8 transmembrane protein and infected with Sindbis virus shows absence of labeling on the particle aggregates over the forming virions. (biologists.org)
  • We demonstrate that Sindbis virus uses U-rich 3' UTR sequences in its RNAs to recruit the cellular HuR protein during infections of both human and mosquito cells. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
  • A three-dimensional reconstruction of Sindbis virus at 7.0 Å resolution presented here provides a detailed view of the virion structure and includes structural evidence for key interactions that occur between the capsid protein (CP) and transmembrane (TM) glycoproteins E1 and E2. (rcsb.org)
  • A virus consists of genetic material, which may be either DNA or RNA, and is surrounded by a protein coat and, in some viruses, by a membranous envelope. (thefreedictionary.com)
  • Recombinant Sindbis virus expressing functional GFP in the nonstructural protein nsP3 is not formatted in HTML just yet , but will be available very soon! (gtmb.org)
  • New studies define the receptor-binding protein of these viruses and its regulation of the membrane-fusion reaction. (nature.com)
  • Identification of a novel C-terminal cleavage of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus PreGN that leads to generation of an NSM protein. (springer.com)
  • The srf-3 mutant emphasizes the relationship between the role of cholesterol in membrane fusion and virus exit, and most significantly, identifies a novel spike protein region involved in the virus cholesterol requirement. (rupress.org)
Genus1
  • ABBR: AAV A genus in the parvovirus family whose members cannot replicate without the presence of another virus. (tabers.com)
Induces1
Antibodies2
Influenza13
Apoptosis induced2
  • CrmA (a serpin from cowpox virus) and zVAD-FMK (N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone) inhibited Sindbis virus-induced cell death, suggesting that cellular caspases facilitate apoptosis induced by Sindbis virus. (elsevier.com)
  • To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of increasing Ca2+o on apoptosis induced by Sindbis Virus in AT-3 prostate carcinoma cells. (nih.gov)
Aedes1
  • Considerably higher infectivity thresholds were observed with C. salinarius (4.41) and Aedes aegypti (4.46), but these species did show persistence of virus which may indicate multiplication. (ajtmh.org)
Infects1
Chimeric1
Humans6
Adeno-assoc1
  • In addition, recent work has shown that HS is also involved in the binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, foot-and-mouth disease virus, respiratory syncytial virus, dengue virus, and adeno-associated virus type 2 ( 9 , 21 , 32 , 47 , 62 ). (asm.org)
Pogosta2
Transfection3
Encephalitis Viruses1
Receptor3
  • A previous study has identified a role for the 67-kDa high-affinity laminin receptor in binding of Sindbis virus (SV) to rodent and monkey cells but not to avian cells ( 68 ). (asm.org)
  • Another study using Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus identified a 32-kDa receptor in mosquito cells which also appears to be a laminin receptor ( 34 ). (asm.org)
  • The first virus found to bind HS was herpes simplex virus (HSV) ( 70 ), and since then a number of other herpesviruses have been demonstrated to use HS as an initial receptor ( 43 , 45 , 58 ). (asm.org)
Homologous virus1
Ockelbo1
Chikungunya virus3
Caspases3
Mutations4
Vertebrate hosts1
  • Dissecting the Components of Sindbis Virus from Arthropod and Vertebrate Hosts: Implications for Infectivity Differences. (nih.gov)
Fever4
Dengue1
Arthropod-borne1
  • Pubmed ID: 12225924 Diseases caused by arthropod-borne viruses are increasingly significant public health problems, and novel methods are needed to control pathogen transmission. (jove.com)
Membranes1
  • Viruses with lipid envelopes have a greater ability to adhere to cell membranes and to avoid destruction by the immune system. (tabers.com)
Species1
Specificity1
  • The specificity of CrmA indicates that the Sindbis virus- induced death pathway is similar to that induced by Fas or tumor necrosis factor alpha rather than being like the death pathway induced by DNA damage. (elsevier.com)
Seroprevalence1
Sindbis virus | MSDSonline
Sindbis virus | MSDSonline (msdsonline.com)
Frontiers | A Descending Circuit Derived From the Superior Colliculus Modulates Vibrissal Movements | Frontiers in Neural...
Frontiers | A Descending Circuit Derived From the Superior Colliculus Modulates Vibrissal Movements | Frontiers in Neural... (frontiersin.org)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
Sindbis Virus Infection in Resident Birds, Migratory Birds, and Humans, Finland - Volume 14, Number 1-January 2008 - Emerging...
Sindbis Virus Infection in Resident Birds, Migratory Birds, and Humans, Finland - Volume 14, Number 1-January 2008 - Emerging... (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
RCSB PDB - 3J0F: Sindbis virion
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Konyne (Factor IX Complex): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning
Konyne (Factor IX Complex): Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Interactions, Warning (rxlist.com)
Albumin (Human) 20% - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses
Albumin (Human) 20% - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses (drugs.com)
Dicer-2 Regulates Resistance and Maintains Homeostasis against Zika Virus Infection in Drosophila | The Journal of Immunology
Dicer-2 Regulates Resistance and Maintains Homeostasis against Zika Virus Infection in Drosophila | The Journal of Immunology (jimmunol.org)
Frontiers | Fusion of a Novel Native Signal Peptide Enhanced the Secretion and Solubility of Bioactive Human Interferon Gamma...
Frontiers | Fusion of a Novel Native Signal Peptide Enhanced the Secretion and Solubility of Bioactive Human Interferon Gamma... (frontiersin.org)
Tau Aggregation and Progressive Neuronal Degeneration in the Absence of Changes in Spine Density and Morphology after Targeted...
Tau Aggregation and Progressive Neuronal Degeneration in the Absence of Changes in Spine Density and Morphology after Targeted... (jneurosci.org)
Influenza Viral Proteins: Identification and Synthesis | SpringerLink
Influenza Viral Proteins: Identification and Synthesis | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
An alphavirus puzzle solved | Nature
An alphavirus puzzle solved | Nature (nature.com)
Mechanism of Sindbis Virus-Induced Intrinsic Interference with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Replication | Journal of Virology
Mechanism of Sindbis Virus-Induced Intrinsic Interference with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Replication | Journal of Virology (jvi.asm.org)
Morphogenesis of Sindbis virus in three subclones of Aedes albopictus (mosquito) cells. | Journal of Virology
Morphogenesis of Sindbis virus in three subclones of Aedes albopictus (mosquito) cells. | Journal of Virology (jvi.asm.org)
Establishment and maintenance of persistent infection by Sindbis virus in BHK cells. | Journal of Virology
Establishment and maintenance of persistent infection by Sindbis virus in BHK cells. | Journal of Virology (jvi.asm.org)
Three-dimensional structure of a membrane-containing virus | PNAS
Three-dimensional structure of a membrane-containing virus | PNAS (pnas.org)
Mutagenesis of the 3' nontranslated region of Sindbis virus RNA - CaltechAUTHORS
Mutagenesis of the 3' nontranslated region of Sindbis virus RNA - CaltechAUTHORS (authors.library.caltech.edu)
Arthropod Cell Cultures and Their Application to the Study of Viruses | Emilio Weiss | Springer
Arthropod Cell Cultures and Their Application to the Study of Viruses | Emilio Weiss | Springer (springer.com)
Plus it
Plus it (jneurosci.org)
Sweden Articles All Issues - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
Sweden Articles All Issues - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
Translation of Sindbis virus mRNA: effects of sequences downstream of the initiating codon. | Journal of Virology
Translation of Sindbis virus mRNA: effects of sequences downstream of the initiating codon. | Journal of Virology (jvi.asm.org)
Autophagy: An Emerging Immunological Paradigm | The Journal of Immunology
Autophagy: An Emerging Immunological Paradigm | The Journal of Immunology (jimmunol.org)
IUCr) Data processing
IUCr) Data processing (journals.iucr.org)
Publications by B.M. Arif | Canadian Forest Service Publications | Natural Resources Canada
Publications by B.M. Arif | Canadian Forest Service Publications | Natural Resources Canada (cfs.nrcan.gc.ca)
Alphavirus Structure | SpringerLink
Alphavirus Structure | SpringerLink (link.springer.com)
Light-Induced Rescue of Breathing after Spinal Cord Injury | Journal of Neuroscience
Light-Induced Rescue of Breathing after Spinal Cord Injury | Journal of Neuroscience (jneurosci.org)
Aedes albopictus in the United States: Ten-Year Presence and Public Health Implications - Volume 3, Number 3-September 1997 -...
Aedes albopictus in the United States: Ten-Year Presence and Public Health Implications - Volume 3, Number 3-September 1997 -... (wwwnc.cdc.gov)
Student Research Symposium - 2013 by University Communications - issuu
Student Research Symposium - 2013 by University Communications - issuu (issuu.com)
Sphingomyelinase, Acidic | Springer for Research & Development
Sphingomyelinase, Acidic | Springer for Research & Development (rd.springer.com)
Sindbis virus attachment: isolation and characterization of mutants with impaired binding to vertebrate cells. | Journal of...
Sindbis virus attachment: isolation and characterization of mutants with impaired binding to vertebrate cells. | Journal of... (jvi.asm.org)
MIR29B2CHG Gene - GeneCards | MIR29B2CHG RNA Gene
MIR29B2CHG Gene - GeneCards | MIR29B2CHG RNA Gene (genecards.org)