Simian immunodeficiency virus. Medical search

Species of the genus LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate immunodeficiency viruses (IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, PRIMATE), that induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in monkeys and apes (SAIDS). The genetic organization of SIV is virtually identical to HIV.

Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs naturally in macaques infected with SRV serotypes, experimentally in monkeys inoculated with SRV or MASON-PFIZER MONKEY VIRUS; (MPMV), or in monkeys infected with SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent SAIDS; (SIMIAN ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME); and containing inactivated SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS or type D retroviruses or some of their component antigens.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

A species of the genus MACACA which inhabits Malaya, Sumatra, and Borneo. It is one of the most arboreal species of Macaca. The tail is short and untwisted.

An HIV species related to HIV-1 but carrying different antigenic components and with differing nucleic acid composition. It shares serologic reactivity and sequence homology with the simian Lentivirus SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and infects only T4-lymphocytes expressing the CD4 phenotypic marker.

Proteins coded by the retroviral gag gene. The products are usually synthesized as protein precursors or POLYPROTEINS, which are then cleaved by viral proteases to yield the final products. Many of the final products are associated with the nucleoprotein core of the virion. gag is short for group-specific antigen.

A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, consisting of 16 species inhabiting forests of Africa, Asia, and the islands of Borneo, Philippines, and Celebes.

Retroviral proteins, often glycosylated, coded by the envelope (env) gene. They are usually synthesized as protein precursors (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into the final viral envelope glycoproteins by a viral protease.

Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Products of the retroviral NEF GENE. They play a role as accessory proteins that influence the rate of viral infectivity and the destruction of the host immune system. nef gene products were originally found as factors that trans-suppress viral replication and function as negative regulators of transcription. nef stands for negative factor.

A species of Old World monkeys from the genera CERCOCEBUS that is important in AIDS research. They may be naturally or experimentally infected with the SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS. They inhabit African forests from Sierra Leone to the Congo Republic.

An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.

DNA sequences that form the coding region for a protein that down-regulates the expression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). nef is short for negative factor.

The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.

A species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus feline lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, FELINE) isolated from cats with a chronic wasting syndrome, presumed to be immune deficiency. There are 3 strains: Petaluma (FIP-P), Oma (FIP-O) and Puma lentivirus (PLV). There is no antigenic relationship between FIV and HIV, nor does FIV grow in human T-cells.

A genus of Old World monkeys found in Africa although some species have been introduced into the West Indies. This genus is composed of at least twenty species: C. AETHIOPS, C. ascanius, C. campbelli, C. cephus, C. denti, C. diana, C. dryas, C. erythrogaster, C. erythrotis, C. hamlyni, C. lhoesti, C. mitis, C. mona, C. neglectus, C. nictitans, C. petaurista, C. pogonias, C. preussi, C. salongo, and C. wolfi.

DNA sequences that form the coding region for the viral envelope (env) proteins in retroviruses. The env genes contain a cis-acting RNA target sequence for the rev protein (= GENE PRODUCTS, REV), termed the rev-responsive element (RRE).

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

The presence of viruses in the blood.

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

External envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 120 kDa and contains numerous glycosylation sites. Gp120 binds to cells expressing CD4 cell-surface antigens, most notably T4-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Gp120 has been shown to interfere with the normal function of CD4 and is at least partly responsible for the cytopathic effect of HIV.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Proteins encoded by the NEF GENES of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL3; CHEMOKINE CCL4; and CHEMOKINE CCL5. They are expressed at high levels in T-LYMPHOCYTES; B-LYMPHOCYTES; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; and NK CELLS. The CCR5 receptor is used by the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS to infect cells.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

Antibodies reactive with HIV ANTIGENS.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.

The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).

A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, comprising two species: the drill (M. leucophaeus) and the mandrill (M. sphinx). They are usually found in thick rainforest and have a gentle disposition despite their ferocious reputation. Some authors consider Mandrillus a subgenus of PAPIO.

A broad category of viral proteins that play indirect roles in the biological processes and activities of viruses. Included here are proteins that either regulate the expression of viral genes or are involved in modifying host cell functions. Many of the proteins in this category serve multiple functions.

Proteins encoded by the TAT GENES of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

Proteins from the family Retroviridae. The most frequently encountered member of this family is the Rous sarcoma virus protein.

A species of the genus MACACA which typically lives near the coast in tidal creeks and mangrove swamps primarily on the islands of the Malay peninsula.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

DNA sequences that form the coding region for proteins associated with the viral core in retroviruses. gag is short for group-specific antigen.

A genus of the subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE inhabiting the African forests. They are also known as mangabeys.

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

The number of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. Determination requires the use of a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer.

Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS.

Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.

Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.

Duplex DNA sequences in eukaryotic chromosomes, corresponding to the genome of a virus, that are transmitted from one cell generation to the next without causing lysis of the host. Proviruses are often associated with neoplastic cell transformation and are key features of retrovirus biology.

Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).

The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.

Acquired defect of cellular immunity that occurs in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and in some cats infected with feline leukemia virus (FeLV).

Antigens associated with specific proteins of the human adult T-cell immunodeficiency virus (HIV); also called HTLV-III-associated and lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) antigens.

The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.

Proteins encoded by the GAG GENE of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity.

Virus diseases caused by the Lentivirus genus. They are multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection.

A reverse transcriptase encoded by the POL GENE of HIV. It is a heterodimer of 66 kDa and 51 kDa subunits that are derived from a common precursor protein. The heterodimer also includes an RNAse H activity (RIBONUCLEASE H, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS) that plays an essential role the viral replication process.

Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RNA-DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE), an enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template.

Trans-acting transcription factors produced by retroviruses such as HIV. They are nuclear proteins whose expression is required for viral replication. The tat protein stimulates LONG TERMINAL REPEAT-driven RNA synthesis for both viral regulatory and viral structural proteins. tat stands for trans-activation of transcription.

Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

A major core protein of the human immunodeficiency virus encoded by the HIV gag gene. HIV-seropositive individuals mount a significant immune response to p24 and thus detection of antibodies to p24 is one basis for determining HIV infection by ELISA and Western blot assays. The protein is also being investigated as a potential HIV immunogen in vaccines.

Trans-acting proteins which accelerate retroviral virus replication. The vpr proteins act in trans to increase the levels of specified proteins. vpr is short for viral protein R, where R is undefined.

A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.

Cellular receptors that bind the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. Included are CD4 ANTIGENS, found on T4 lymphocytes, and monocytes/macrophages, which bind to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.

A subgenus of LENTIVIRUS comprising viruses that produce immunodeficiencies in primates, including humans.

An enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template. It is encoded by the pol gene of retroviruses and by certain retrovirus-like elements. EC 2.7.7.49.

Inflammation of brain parenchymal tissue as a result of viral infection. Encephalitis may occur as primary or secondary manifestation of TOGAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; HERPESVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ADENOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; FLAVIVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; BUNYAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PICORNAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; RETROVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; and ARENAVIRIDAE INFECTIONS.

Regulatory sequences important for viral replication that are located on each end of the HIV genome. The LTR includes the HIV ENHANCER, promoter, and other sequences. Specific regions in the LTR include the negative regulatory element (NRE), NF-kappa B binding sites , Sp1 binding sites, TATA BOX, and trans-acting responsive element (TAR). The binding of both cellular and viral proteins to these regions regulates HIV transcription.

Retroviral proteins coded by the pol gene. They are usually synthesized as a protein precursor (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into final products that include reverse transcriptase, endonuclease/integrase, and viral protease. Sometimes they are synthesized as a gag-pol fusion protein (FUSION PROTEINS, GAG-POL). pol is short for polymerase, the enzyme class of reverse transcriptase.

A genus of Old World monkeys, subfamily COLOBINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE, that inhabits the forests of Africa. It consists of eight species: C. angolensis (Angolan colobus), C. badius or C. rufomitratus (Red or Bay colobus), C. guereza (Guereza or Eastern black-and-white colobus), C. kirkii (Kirk's colobus), C. polykomos (King colobus or Western black-and-white colobus), C. satanas (Black colobus), and C. verus (Olive colobus). Some authors recognize Procolobus as a separate genus and then the olive colobus is recognized as the species P. verus.

Transmembrane envelope protein of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS which is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 41,000 and is glycosylated. The N-terminal part of gp41 is thought to be involved in CELL FUSION with the CD4 ANTIGENS of T4 LYMPHOCYTES, leading to syncytial formation. Gp41 is one of the most common HIV antigens detected by IMMUNOBLOTTING.

Retrovirally encoded accessary proteins that play an essential role VIRUS REPLICATION. They are found in the cytoplasm of host cells and associate with a variety of host cell proteins. Vif stands for "virion infectivity factor".

Proteins synthesized by HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES such as the HIV-1 and HIV-2.

Proteins encoded by the VPR GENES of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

DNA sequences that form the coding region for retroviral enzymes including reverse transcriptase, protease, and endonuclease/integrase. "pol" is short for polymerase, the enzyme class of reverse transcriptase.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

DNA sequences that form the coding region for a trans-activator protein that specifies rapid growth in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). vpr is short for viral protein R, where R is undefined.

Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.

Trans-acting nuclear proteins whose functional expression are required for retroviral replication. Specifically, the rev gene products are required for processing and translation of the gag and env mRNAs, and thus rev regulates the expression of the viral structural proteins. rev can also regulate viral regulatory proteins. A cis-acting antirepression sequence (CAR) in env, also known as the rev-responsive element (RRE), is responsive to the rev gene product. rev is short for regulator of virion.

CXCR receptors with specificity for CXCL12 CHEMOKINE. The receptors may play a role in HEMATOPOIESIS regulation and can also function as coreceptors for the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Development of neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have been exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/HTLV-III/LAV).

Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.

The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)

They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.

Carbon-containing phosphonic acid compounds. Included under this heading are compounds that have carbon bound to either OXYGEN atom or the PHOSPHOROUS atom of the (P=O)O2 structure.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

The common chimpanzee, a species of the genus Pan, family HOMINIDAE. It lives in Africa, primarily in the tropical rainforests. There are a number of recognized subspecies.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.

Proteins encoded by the VIF GENES of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.

Proteins encoded by the REV GENES of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.

Proteins encoded by the ENV GENE of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

DNA sequences that form the coding region for a protein that regulates the expression of the viral structural and regulatory proteins in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). rev is short for regulator of virion.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

An envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus that is encoded by the HIV env gene. It has a molecular weight of 160,000 kDa and contains numerous glycosylation sites. It serves as a precursor for both the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120 and the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP41.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.

Inhibitors of HIV PROTEASE, an enzyme required for production of proteins needed for viral assembly.

Classes of retroviruses for which monkeys or apes are hosts. Those isolated from the West African green monkey and the Asian rhesus macaque monkey are of particular interest because of their similarities to viruses causing cancer and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans.

Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers.

DNA sequences that form the coding region for the HIV-1 regulatory protein vpu (viral protein U) that greatly increases the export of virus particles from infected cells. The vpu genes are not present in HIV-2 or SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.

DNA sequences that form the coding region for the protein responsible for trans-activation of transcription (tat) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Insertion of viral DNA into host-cell DNA. This includes integration of phage DNA into bacterial DNA; (LYSOGENY); to form a PROPHAGE or integration of retroviral DNA into cellular DNA to form a PROVIRUS.

Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus.

Specialized tissues that are components of the lymphatic system. They provide fixed locations within the body where a variety of LYMPHOCYTES can form, mature and multiply. The lymphoid tissues are connected by a network of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.

Diseases of animals within the order PRIMATES. This term includes diseases of Haplorhini and Strepsirhini.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

Polyprotein products of a fused portion of retroviral mRNA containing the gag and pol genes. The polyprotein is synthesized only five percent of the time since pol is out of frame with gag, and is generated by ribosomal frameshifting.

Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.

Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

Enzyme of the human immunodeficiency virus that is required for post-translational cleavage of gag and gag-pol precursor polyproteins into functional products needed for viral assembly. HIV protease is an aspartic protease encoded by the amino terminus of the pol gene.

Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Ratio of T-LYMPHOCYTES that express the CD4 ANTIGEN to those that express the CD8 ANTIGEN. This value is commonly assessed in the diagnosis and staging of diseases affecting the IMMUNE SYSTEM including HIV INFECTIONS.

A purine base and a fundamental unit of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The ability of viruses to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents or antiviral agents. This resistance is acquired through gene mutation.

The insertion of drugs into the rectum, usually for confused or incompetent patients, like children, infants, and the very old or comatose.

A suborder of PRIMATES consisting of six families: CEBIDAE (some New World monkeys), ATELIDAE (some New World monkeys), CERCOPITHECIDAE (Old World monkeys), HYLOBATIDAE (gibbons and siamangs), CALLITRICHINAE (marmosets and tamarins), and HOMINIDAE (humans and great apes).

An EPITHELIUM with MUCUS-secreting cells, such as GOBLET CELLS. It forms the lining of many body cavities, such as the DIGESTIVE TRACT, the RESPIRATORY TRACT, and the reproductive tract. Mucosa, rich in blood and lymph vessels, comprises an inner epithelium, a middle layer (lamina propria) of loose CONNECTIVE TISSUE, and an outer layer (muscularis mucosae) of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS that separates the mucosa from submucosa.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the T-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the T-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the T-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen.

A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)

An individual that contains cell populations derived from different zygotes.

DNA sequences that form the coding region for the vif (virion infectivity factor) protein that is important for the generation of infectious virions in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The former name of this gene was sor (short open reading frame).

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Any immunization following a primary immunization and involving exposure to the same or a closely related antigen.

Drug regimens, for patients with HIV INFECTIONS, that aggressively suppress HIV replication. The regimens usually involve administration of three or more different drugs including a protease inhibitor.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.

Visible morphologic changes in cells infected with viruses. It includes shutdown of cellular RNA and protein synthesis, cell fusion, release of lysosomal enzymes, changes in cell membrane permeability, diffuse changes in intracellular structures, presence of viral inclusion bodies, and chromosomal aberrations. It excludes malignant transformation, which is CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL. Viral cytopathogenic effects provide a valuable method for identifying and classifying the infecting viruses.

Nonsusceptibility to the pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or antigenic substances as a result of antibody secretions of the mucous membranes. Mucosal epithelia in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts produce a form of IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) that serves to protect these ports of entry into the body.

Viruses containing two or more pieces of nucleic acid (segmented genome) from different parents. Such viruses are produced in cells coinfected with different strains of a given virus.

Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).

Membrane glycoproteins consisting of an alpha subunit and a BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN beta subunit. In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during GRAFT REJECTION and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells.

Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

Retroviral proteins that have the ability to transform cells. They can induce sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and mammary carcinomas. Not all retroviral proteins are oncogenic.

A frequent complication of drug therapy for microbial infection. It may result from opportunistic colonization following immunosuppression by the primary pathogen and can be influenced by the time interval between infections, microbial physiology, or host resistance. Experimental challenge and in vitro models are sometimes used in virulence and infectivity studies.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS, subgenus bovine lentiviruses (LENTIVIRUSES, BOVINE), found in cattle and causing lymphadenopathy, LYMPHOCYTOSIS, central nervous system lesions, progressive weakness, and emaciation. It has immunological cross-reactivity with other lentiviruses including HIV.

Immune status consisting of non-production of HIV antibodies, as determined by various serological tests.

The expelling of virus particles from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract. Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Subunits of the antigenic determinant that are most easily recognized by the immune system and thus most influence the specificity of the induced antibody.

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

A 17-KDa cytoplasmic PEPTIDYLPROLYL ISOMERASE involved in immunoregulation. It is a member of the cyclophilin family of proteins that binds to CYCLOSPORINE.

The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens from one generation to another. It includes transmission in utero or intrapartum by exposure to blood and secretions, and postpartum exposure via breastfeeding.

The family of Old World monkeys and baboons consisting of two subfamilies: CERCOPITHECINAE and COLOBINAE. They are found in Africa and part of Asia.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)

The distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE, between the SIGMOID COLON and the ANAL CANAL.

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

A genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species.

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). In eukaryotes, subsequent activation and viral replication is thought to be caused by extracellular stimulation of cellular transcription factors. Latency in bacteriophage is maintained by the expression of virally encoded repressors.

Proteins, usually glycoproteins, found in the viral envelopes of a variety of viruses. They promote cell membrane fusion and thereby may function in the uptake of the virus by cells.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.

The transmission of infectious disease or pathogens. When transmission is within the same species, the mode can be horizontal or vertical (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).

Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).

A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.

The adherence and merging of cell membranes, intracellular membranes, or artificial membranes to each other or to viruses, parasites, or interstitial particles through a variety of chemical and physical processes.

A subfamily of the Old World monkeys, CERCOPITHECIDAE. They inhabit the forests and savannas of Africa. This subfamily contains the following genera: CERCOCEBUS; CERCOPITHECUS; ERYTHROCEBUS; MACACA; PAPIO; and THEROPITHECUS.

A species of the genus ERYTHROCEBUS, subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, family CERCOPITHECIDAE. It inhabits the flat open arid country of Africa. It is also known as the patas monkey or the red monkey.

Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

A republic in central Africa lying east of CHAD and the CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC and west of NIGERIA. The capital is Yaounde.

A general term for diseases produced by viruses.

A CELL LINE derived from human T-CELL LEUKEMIA and used to determine the mechanism of differential susceptibility to anti-cancer drugs and radiation.

The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.

The insertion of drugs into the vagina to treat local infections, neoplasms, or to induce labor. The dosage forms may include medicated pessaries, irrigation fluids, and suppositories.

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of cytidine, forming uridine. EC 3.5.4.5.

Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.

RANTES, IFN-gamma, CCR1, and CCR5 mRNA expression in peripheral blood, lymph node, and bronchoalveolar lavage mononuclear cells during primary simian immunodeficiency virus infection of macaques. (1/2811)

Primary infection of macaques with pathogenic isolates of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (as a model of HIV infection in humans) represents a unique opportunity to study early lentivirus/host interactions. We sought to determine whether there is a temporal relationship linking SIV replication and dissemination and the expression of the chemokine RANTES (regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) and the SIV/HIV coreceptor CCR5 in different tissues during acute SIV infection of macaques. Four cynomolgus macaques were inoculated intravenously with a pathogenic primary isolate of SIVmac251. RT-PCR was used to monitor the expression of RANTES and CCR5 mRNA in fresh isolated mononuclear cells from blood, lymph node, and bronchoalveolar lavages. These expressions were compared to those of IFN-gamma as an indicator of the development of the immune response and to another receptor for RANTES, CCR1, which is not described as a coreceptor for SIV/HIV-1 entry. An enhancement of CCR1/CCR5 mRNA expression was noticed during primary SIVmac251 infection of macaques, mainly in tissue. In the three different compartments investigated, IFN-gamma and RANTES overexpression was noticed by the time of systemic viral replication containment. Our results put CCR5 and RANTES mRNA expression back in the context of inflammatory and immune responses to SIV primary infection. (+info)

Effect of the attenuating deletion and of sequence alterations evolving in vivo on simian immunodeficiency virus C8-Nef function. (2/2811)

The simian immunodeficiency virus macC8 (SIVmacC8) variant has been used in a European Community Concerted Action project to study the efficacy and safety of live attenuated SIV vaccines in a large number of macaques. The attenuating deletion in the SIVmacC8 nef-long terminal repeat region encompasses only 12 bp and is "repaired" in a subset of infected animals. It is unknown whether C8-Nef retains some activity. Since it seems important to use only well-characterized deletion mutants in live attenuated vaccine studies, we analyzed the relevance of the deletion, and the duplications and point mutations selected in infected macaques for Nef function in vitro. The deletion, affecting amino acids 143 to 146 (DMYL), resulted in a dramatic decrease in Nef stability and function. The initial 12-bp duplication resulted in efficient Nef expression and an intermediate phenotype in infectivity assays, but it did not significantly restore the ability of Nef to stimulate viral replication and to downmodulate CD4 and class I major histocompatibility complex cell surface expression. The additional substitutions however, which subsequently evolved in vivo, gradually restored these Nef functions. It was noteworthy that coinfection experiments in the T-lymphoid 221 cell line revealed that even SIVmac nef variants carrying the original 12-bp deletion readily outgrew an otherwise isogenic virus containing a 182-bp deletion in the nef gene. Thus, although C8-Nef is unstable and severely impaired in in vitro assays, it maintains some residual activity to stimulate viral replication. (+info)

Lentivirus vectors using human and simian immunodeficiency virus elements. (3/2811)

Lentivirus vectors based on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) constitute a recent development in the field of gene therapy. A key property of HIV-1-derived vectors is their ability to infect nondividing cells. Although high-titer HIV-1-derived vectors have been produced, concerns regarding safety still exist. Safety concerns arise mainly from the possibility of recombination between transfer and packaging vectors, which may give rise to replication-competent viruses with pathogenic potential. We describe a novel lentivirus vector which is based on HIV, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and which we refer to as HIV/SIVpack/G. In this system, an HIV-1-derived genome is encapsidated by SIVmac core particles. These core particles are pseudotyped with VSV glycoprotein G. Because the nucleotide homology between HIV-1 and SIVmac is low, the likelihood of recombination between vector elements should be reduced. In addition, the packaging construct (SIVpack) for this lentivirus system was derived from SIVmac1A11, a nonvirulent SIV strain. Thus, the potential for pathogenicity with this vector system is minimal. The transduction ability of HIV/SIVpack/G was demonstrated with immortalized human lymphocytes, human primary macrophages, human bone marrow-derived CD34(+) cells, and primary mouse neurons. To our knowledge, these experiments constitute the first demonstration that the HIV-1-derived genome can be packaged by an SIVmac capsid. We demonstrate that the lentivirus vector described here recapitulates the biological properties of HIV-1-derived vectors, although with increased potential for safety in humans. (+info)

Early short-term 9-[2-(R)-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine treatment favorably alters the subsequent disease course in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected newborn Rhesus macaques. (4/2811)

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of newborn macaques is a useful animal model of human pediatric AIDS to study disease pathogenesis and to develop intervention strategies aimed at delaying disease. In the present study, we demonstrate that very early events of infection greatly determine the ultimate disease course, as short-term antiviral drug administration during the initial viremia stage significantly delayed the onset of AIDS. Fourteen newborn macaques were inoculated orally with uncloned, highly virulent SIVmac251. The four untreated control animals showed persistently high virus levels and poor antiviral immune responses; they developed fatal immunodeficiency within 15 weeks. In contrast, SIV-infected newborn macaques which were started on 9-[2-(R)-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA) treatment at 5 days of age and continued for either 14 or 60 days showed reduced virus levels and enhanced antiviral immune responses. This short-term PMPA treatment did not induce detectable emergence of SIV mutants with reduced in vitro susceptibility to PMPA. Although viremia increased in most animals after PMPA treatment was withdrawn, all animals remained disease-free for at least 6 months. Our data suggest that short-term treatment with a potent antiviral drug regimen during the initial viremia will significantly prolong AIDS-free survival for HIV-infected infants and adults. (+info)

Protection of macaques against intrarectal infection by a combination immunization regimen with recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmne gp160 vaccines. (5/2811)

We previously reported that immunization with recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmne envelope (gp160) vaccines protected macaques against intravenous challenge by the cloned homologous virus E11S but that this protection was only partially effective against the uncloned virus, SIVmne. In the present study, we examine the protective efficacy of this immunization regimen against infection by a mucosal route. We found that the same gp160-based vaccines were highly effective against intrarectal infection not only with the E11S clone but also with the uncloned SIVmne. Protection against mucosal infection is therefore achievable by parenteral immunization with recombinant envelope vaccines. Protection appears to correlate with high levels of SIV-specific antibodies and, in animals protected against the uncloned virus, the presence of serum-neutralizing activities. To understand the basis for the differential efficacies against the uncloned virus by the intravenous versus the intrarectal routes, we examined viral sequences recovered from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of animals early after infection by both routes. We previously showed that the majority (85%) of the uncloned SIVmne challenge stock contained V1 sequences homologous to the molecular clone from which the vaccines were made (E11S type), with the remainder (15%) containing multiple conserved changes (the variant types). In contrast to intravenously infected animals, from which either E11S-type or the variant type V1 sequences could be recovered in significant proportions, animals infected intrarectally had predominantly E11S-type sequences. Preferential transmission or amplification of the E11S-type viruses may therefore account in part for the enhanced efficacy of the recombinant gp160 vaccines against the uncloned virus challenge by the intrarectal route compared with the intravenous route. (+info)

Dramatic rise in plasma viremia after CD8(+) T cell depletion in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. (6/2811)

To determine the role of CD8(+) T cells in controlling simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication in vivo, we examined the effect of depleting this cell population using an anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody, OKT8F. There was on average a 99.9% reduction of CD8 cells in peripheral blood in six infected Macaca mulatta treated with OKT8F. The apparent CD8 depletion started 1 h after antibody administration, and low CD8 levels were maintained until day 8. An increase in plasma viremia of one to three orders of magnitude was observed in five of the six macaques. The injection of a control antibody to an infected macaque did not induce a sustained viral load increase, nor did it significantly reduce the number of CD8(+) T cells. These results demonstrate that CD8 cells play a crucial role in suppressing SIV replication in vivo. (+info)

Viral burden and disease progression in rhesus monkeys infected with chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency viruses. (7/2811)

To determine the role of viral burden in simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-induced disease, cellular provirus and plasma viral RNA levels were measured after inoculation of rhesus monkeys with four different SHIVs. These SHIVs included SHIV-HXBc2 and SHIV-89.6, constructed with env, tat, rev, and vpu derived from either cell line-passaged or primary patient isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1; the viral quasispecies SHIV-89.6P derived after in vivo passage of SHIV-89.6; and a molecular clone, SHIV-KB9, derived from SHIV-89.6P. SHIV-HXBc2 and SHIV-89.6 are nonpathogenic in rhesus monkeys; SHIV-89.6P and SHIV-KB9 cause rapid CD4(+) T cell depletion and an immunodeficiency syndrome. Relative SHIV provirus levels were highest during primary infection in monkeys infected with SHIV-89.6P, the virus that caused the most rapid and dramatic CD4(+) T cell depletion. However, by 10 weeks postinoculation, provirus levels were similar in monkeys infected with the pathogenic and nonpathogenic chimeric viruses. The virus infections that resulted in the highest peak and chronic viral RNA levels were the pathogenic viruses SHIV-89.6P and SHIV-KB9. SHIV-89. 6P uniformly caused rapid and profound CD4(+) T cell depletion and immunodeficiency. Infection with the SHIV-KB9 resulted in very low CD4(+) T cell counts without seroconversion in some monkeys and a substantial but less profound CD4(+) T cell depletion and rapid seroconversion in others. Surprisingly, the level of plasma viremia did not differ between SHIV-KB9-infected animals exhibiting these contrasting outcomes, suggesting that host factors may play an important role in AIDS virus pathogenesis. (+info)

Secretion of beta-chemokines by bronchoalveolar lavage cells during primary infection of macaques inoculated with attenuated nef-deleted or pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus strain mac251. (8/2811)

Primary infection of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) as a model of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection represents a unique opportunity to investigate early lentivirus-host interactions. In order to gain insight into immunopathogenic events taking place in the lung during lentiviral infection, we analysed lymphocyte expansion in the lung and chemokine secretion by mononuclear cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BALMCs) during primary infection by a pathogenic and a non-pathogenic SIV. Two groups of cynomolgus macaques were inoculated intravenously with a fully pathogenic isolate of SIVmac251 or with an attenuated, nef-deleted, molecular clone of SIVmac251. Spontaneous MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES production was assessed by ELISA in supernatants of short-term cultured BALMCs. Kinetics of haematological, virological and immunological parameters were investigated simultaneously. All 11 inoculated animals became infected. Monkeys inoculated with the nef-deleted SIV clone exhibited a significantly reduced plasma virus load and a less pronounced accumulation of lymphocytes in the lung compared to monkeys infected with the pathogenic SIVmac251 isolate. Compared to pre-infection levels, we observed an increase in the levels of RANTES, MIP1-alpha and MIP1-beta production in the two groups of monkeys, by the time of peak viraemia. Strikingly, a greater enhancement of RANTES and MIP-1alpha production was detected in monkeys infected with the attenuated virus. Given the potential influence of beta-chemokines on the immune response and virus replication, such results suggest that RANTES, MIP1-alpha and MIP1-beta could contribute to the singular features of the immune response elicited during infection of macaques with an attenuated SIV. (+info)

The mechanisms underlying the AIDS resistance of natural hosts for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) remain unknown. Recently ... The mechanisms underlying the AIDS resistance of natural hosts for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) remain unknown. Recently ... Downregulation of robust acute type I interferon responses distinguishes nonpathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) ...

https://research.pasteur.fr/en/publication/downregulation-of-robust-acute-type-i-interferon-responses-distinguishes-nonpathogenic-simian-immunodeficiency-virus-siv-infection-of-natural-hosts-from-pathogenic-siv-infection-of-rhesus-macaques/

immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. We used pyrosequencing to examine variation within ... Conditional CD8+ T cell escape during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Journal of Virology 86 (1) , pp. 605-609. ...

https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/27556/

Isolation Isolation and characterization of a new chimpanzee lentivirus (simian immunodeficiency virus isolate cpz-ant) from a ...

https://repository.uantwerpen.be/link/irua/46304

Sui, Y, Li, S, Pinson, D, Adany, I, Li, Z, Villinger, F, Narayan, O & Buch, S 2005, Simian human immunodeficiency virus- ... Simian human immunodeficiency virus-associated pneumonia correlates with increased expression of MCP-1, CXCL10, and viral RNA ... Simian human immunodeficiency virus-associated pneumonia correlates with increased expression of MCP-1, CXCL10, and viral RNA ... Simian human immunodeficiency virus-associated pneumonia correlates with increased expression of MCP-1, CXCL10, and viral RNA ...

https://experts.nebraska.edu/en/publications/simian-human-immunodeficiency-virus-associated-pneumonia-correlat

... simian immunodefiency virus; NA, none available.. Novel multiplexed HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus antibody detection assay ... and apparently a mandrill have passed along an SIV virus to a person in Africa in recent years.. HIV-related viruses still ...

https://www.thefreedictionary.com/mandrill

In Gilead's preclinical study, 44 rhesus monkeys infected with simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) were divided ... But the biotech's experience with its hepatitis C virus (HCV) drugs shows that the long-term impact might not be so great ... The other six animals in the combo group initially experienced a viral rebound, but then began resuppressing the virus without ...

https://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/gilead-sciences-14-billion-per-year-threat

First Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV) chimera based on HIV-1C of African origin. ...

https://aids.harvard.edu/timeline/

... that the polio researchers grew the vaccine in cells taken from chimpanzees infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus ( ... Most hold that it arose when a simian version of HIV jumped to a human, probably in West Africa in the early- to mid-20th ... "The new data may not convince the hardened conspiracy theorist who thinks that contamination of OPV by chimpanzee virus was ...

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/controversial-aids-theory/

Scott McGraw! They recently received two grants to study simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV). ... Scott McGraw! They recently received two grants to study simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV). ...

https://anthropology.osu.edu/news/tessa-cannon-and-dr.-mcgraw-receive-grants-study-siv

2013) Genetic imprint of vaccination on simian/human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmitted viral genomes in Rhesus Macaques ... independent strains of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is associated with disease progression in naturally infected cats. ... An investigation of the breadth of neutralising antibody response in cats naturally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus ...

https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/project_code/47156.html

This process is thought to have led to spillover of zoonotic viruses such as simian immunodeficiency viruses and the emergence ... The World Health Organization said Ebola virus disease has a fatality rate of up to 90% and that the virus is transmitted to ... Sadly, the article touches on the transmission of ebola, just as the aids virus HIV was traced back to the handling of ... The first reported outbreaks of the Ebola virus emerged in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Sudan in June and ...

https://prospectbooks.co.uk/products-page/current-titles/ppc-115-oct-2019/

... to monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, or SIV, the primate form of HIV. ... the levels of bacteria that escape the gut and reduces health complications in non-human primates infected with the simian form ...

http://www.pennywarren.co.uk/microbiology/hiv-research-breakthrough-could-lead-to-new-therapies/

HIV-1, which is responsible for the AIDS pandemic, is a retrovirus closely related to a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) ... And it was easy for me to be sure about this because I realized that the whole group of viruses to which HIV is said to belong ... And it was easy for me to be sure about this because I realized that the whole group of viruses to which HIV is said to belong ... In the past years, however, he stumbled over a breathtaking fact: Not even ONE of the (medically relevant) viruses has ever ...

https://www.forumsains.com/kesehatan/hiv-cause-aids/15/

... and subsequently discovered the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which causes the monkey version of AIDS. It was there, as ...

https://www.ghtcoalition.org/blog/curtains-down-for-the-neprc

Foci of endemic simian immunodeficiency virus infection in wild-living eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii). ML ...

https://scholar.google.com.co/citations?user=RPYG5FkAAAAJ&hl=en&oe=ASCII

... therapy given 24 h after oral exposure cleared simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) in a macaque model of perinatal ... therapy given 24 h after oral exposure cleared simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) in a macaque model of perinatal ... therapy given 24 h after oral exposure cleared simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) in a macaque model of perinatal ... therapy given 24 h after oral exposure cleared simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) in a macaque model of perinatal ...

https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/single-dose-bnab-cocktail-or-abbreviated-art-post-exposure-regime

... simian immunodeficiency virus), a virus similar to HIV, out of the genomes of non-human primates. Specifically, the scientists ... CRISPR/Cas9 used successfully to edit SIV (simian immunodeficiency virus, which is similar to HIV) out of monkey genome Leave a ... simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), Summer Siddiqui, Temple University, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Tiffany A. ... has been been used to edit simian immunodeficiency virus from infected monkeys cells according to a December 2, 2020 article ...

https://www.frogheart.ca/?tag=clustered-regularly-interspaced-short-palindromic-repeats-crispr

Monitoring Immune Activation with Whole-Body Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron-Emission Tomography in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus- ... Genome-Wide Transcriptional Analysis Reveals Novel AhR Targets That Regulate Dendritic Cell Function during Influenza A Virus ...

https://www.immunohorizons.org/

LGALS4 - Chronic simian immunodeficiency virus infection: colon, jejunum and lung. Annotation: LGALS4, lectin, galactoside- ...

https://0-www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.brum.beds.ac.uk/geoprofiles?LinkName=geoprofiles_geoprofiles_homologs&from_uid=131639595

ARP-2317 Anti-Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) SIVmac gp41 Monoclonal (KK41) M ...

https://www.hivreagentprogram.org/Catalog.aspx?f_instockflag=In+Stock%23~%23Temporarily+Out+of+Stock&f_contributor=K%2BKent%252c%2BC%2BPowell&page=1

... protected more than half of the vaccinated animals from simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection. ... research team used a more-is-better approach in monkeys that appeared to improve vaccine protection from an HIV-like virus. ... protected more than half of the vaccinated animals from simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection. ... Investigational Vaccine Protected Monkeys from HIV-Like Virus The vaccine adds three more targets to a human vaccine candidate ...

https://corporate.dukehealth.org/news/investigational-vaccine-protected-monkeys-hiv-virus?h=nl

ARP-3444 Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)agm tan-1 Infectious Molecular Clone. ...

https://www.hivreagentprogram.org/Catalog.aspx?f_instockflag=In+Stock%23~%23Temporarily+Out+of+Stock&f_contributor=M%2BSoares%252c%2BB%2BHahn&page=1

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (isolate F236) envelope glycoprotein gp120 Protein (His Tag)_40415-V08H. ... Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (isolate SIVmac251v31523ru28) envelope glycoprotein gp120 Protein (His Tag)_40410-V08H. ... Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (isolate F236) envelope glycoprotein gp120 Protein (His Tag)_40415-V08H ... Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (isolate SIVmac251v31523ru28) envelope glycoprotein gp120 Protein (His Tag)_40410-V08H ...

https://www.abscience.com.tw/host/siv/

The macaque simian or simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SIV/SHIV) challenge model has been widely used to inform and guide ...

https://www.pacb.com/auto_tags/homogeneity/

Characterization of the Drug Resistance Profiles of Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus ... In contrast, resistance against EVG appeared earlier than in wild-type virus in viruses containing the R263K and E138K/R263K ... DESIGN AND METHODS: We performed tissue culture selection experiments using DTG-resistant viruses containing integrase ...

https://read.qxmd.com/read/26372484/the-dolutegravir-r263k-resistance-mutation-in-hiv-1-integrase-is-incompatible-with-the-emergence-of-resistance-against-raltegravir

HIV is a variation of a virus that infects African chimpanzees. Scientists suspect the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) ... The persons immune system reacts to the antigens (parts of the virus) by producing antibodies (cells that fight the virus). ... Eventually, the virus migrated to other parts of the world. Scientists first discovered HIV in a human blood sample in 1959. ... Once inside the human population, the virus mutated into what we now know as HIV. This likely occurred as long ago as the 1920s ...

https://my.healtopedia.com/hiv-i-ii-antibody/

... may destabilize viral reservoirs in macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, the monkey equivalent of HIV.. ... ART with an immune-enhancing treatment may destabilize viral reservoirs in macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus ... India isolated new strain of SARS-COV-2 Corona virus Strain found in UK Hace 6 meses ... INFO ON HIV SYMTOMS HIV TESTING AIDS SYMPTOMS AIDS TREATMENT PREVENT HIV VIRUS TRANSMISSION VACCINE ...

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The chimpanzee version (simian immunodeficiency virus) was most likely passed to humans when they hunted the chimpanzees for ... Human immunodeficiency virus comes in 2 types that infect humans. Overtime, they lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ... The virus is not airborne like cold and flu viruses. HIV lives in the blood and in body fluids. ... Hepatitis B is an infection of the liver caused by a virus. It does not always show symptoms but possible ones are a high ...

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AIDS in Africa HIV-1 and HIV-2 are the types of viruses that cause the AIDS disease in humans. ... The theory of the origin of HIV was that the virus was extracted from the Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses that was transmitted ... The HIV viruses are related to Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses also known as SIV that is found in monkey and other apes. In ... The HIV virus is contact through direct exchange of specific body fluids like semen, blood and vaginal fluid. The virus can ...

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Downregulation of robust acute type I interferon responses distinguishes nonpathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of natural hosts from pathogenic SIV infection of rhesus macaques. (pasteur.fr)
immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. (cardiff.ac.uk)
Vertical transmission accounts for most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children, and treatments for newborns are needed to abrogate infection or limit disease progression. (elsevier.com)
We showed previously that short-term broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) therapy given 24 h after oral exposure cleared simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) in a macaque model of perinatal infection. (elsevier.com)
Adding three more targets to the investigational vaccine, for a total of five, protected more than half of the vaccinated animals from simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection. (dukehealth.org)
Vaccine protection using this model of virus infection in primates is possible," said lead author Todd Bradley , Ph.D., a member of the Duke Human Vaccine Institute. (dukehealth.org)
Hepatitis B is an infection of the liver caused by a virus. (iplaysafe.app)
The YXXL signalling motifs of the bovine leukemia virus transmembrane protein are required for in vivo infection and maintenance of high viral loads. (expasy.org)
Genome-wide patterns of gene expression in a wild primate indicate species-specific mechanisms associated with tolerance to natural simian immunodeficiency virus infection. (uoregon.edu)
Infection with the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses are unique in that the infections give rise to prolonged, continuous viral replication in the infected host. (scholarres.org)
Severe depletion of B cells and T cells in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) and virus persistence in lymphoid tissues is thought to be the most important characteristics of CSFV infection that leads to the acquired immunosuppressive state. (scholarres.org)
Immature B lymphocytes can themselves be the cellular targets of the virus in any stage of maturation within follicles or they may lack critical cytokines because of an infection of the supporting follicular dendritic cell network. (scholarres.org)
Autocrine and paracrine interferon signalling as 'ring vaccination'and 'contact tracing'strategies to suppress virus infection in a host. (ke-lab.org)
Wound healing events in mucous tissues during early infection by Simian Immunodeficiency Virus, or SIV, guard some primate species against developing AIDS, a recent study has learned. (tajlifesciences.com)
however, AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a condition that might develop at a later stage of HIV infection. (healtharchives.org)
The posited infection could have originated with laboratory contamination of the monkey kidneys used to grow polio virus (as from a dirty scalpel previously used to dissect a chimp with an HIV-1-like virus) or from using a monkey with the atypical HIV-1-like virus. (aidsorigins.com)
The infection became known as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) left untreated. (anotheroneforthefire.com)
Over time, the virus mutated into HIV and became the source of HIV infection in humans. (demystifyingyourhealth.com)
So, when there are enough of the drug molecules in the cells, they can stop the virus from replicating and stop the infection before it can gain hold. (demystifyingyourhealth.com)
CD4+ T cells are critical in enhancing both cellular and humoral immune responses that can effectively suppress virus replication, yet their activation makes these cells more susceptible to infection by HIV, thus creating more targets for virus replication (2, 3). (membranemeeting2018.com)
The activity was also detected in CD8+ cells of uninfected macaques, which indicates that CNAR is not necessarily a computer virus specific response but increases after SIV-infection. (stemedics.com)

Overtime, they lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome which damages the cells in your immune system. (iplaysafe.app)
In 1982, the term "acquired immunodeficiency syndrome," or AIDS, was used for the first time to describe the occurrence of opportunistic infections and formal tracking of AIDS cases began in the United States. (demystifyingyourhealth.com)
Although human behaviours often increase the risk of acquiring an infectious disease, the systematic investigation of human risk behaviours is seldom included in disease surveillance strategies.7 However, behavioural surveillance to improve the understanding of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has been ongoing for decades. (datexis.com)

The mechanisms underlying the AIDS resistance of natural hosts for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) remain unknown. (pasteur.fr)
Sadly, the article touches on the transmission of ebola, just as the aids virus HIV was traced back to the handling of chimpanzees, gorilla and bats. (prospectbooks.co.uk)
Researchers working there generated some of the earliest evidence that AIDS is a viral disease, and subsequently discovered the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which causes the monkey version of AIDS. (ghtcoalition.org)
NIAID-funded research findings presented at the 21st International AIDS Conference (AIDS 2016) in Durban, South Africa, suggest that combining antiretroviral therapy with PD-1 blockade, an immune-enhancing treatment, may destabilize viral reservoirs in macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, the monkey equivalent of HIV. (blogspot.com)
If untreated, it can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency virus). (iplaysafe.app)
HIV-1 and HIV-2 are the types of viruses that cause the AIDS disease in humans. (essay-samples.com)
Researchers have learned a tremendous amount about how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, infects immune cells. (nih.gov)
Monkeys carry viruses called simian immunodeficiency viruses or SIVs, which are generally thought to be the source of the human viruses, HIVs, responsible for AIDS. (aidsorigins.com)
Some time into his quest, Hooper decided that the theory most worthy of further investigation was that HIV-1 - the virus responsible for most AIDS around the world - originated in contaminated polio vaccines used in Africa in the 1950s. (aidsorigins.com)
A 1990 survey found that 34% believed the AIDS virus was produced in a germ warfare lab. (swallowingthecamel.me)
At stage 3, HIV develops to AIDS, and by then, the virus had caused the severe disease to the immune system. (healtharchives.org)
Because the HIV acquired immunodeficiency syndrom (AIDS) is death, non-reproductive sterile `anal sex` is what the serpent was tempting Eve with, rather than human sexual reproduction. (thefactandfiction.com)
As a journalist, I'm glad to be a catalyst for scientific discussion of the theory that the AIDS epidemic was spawned by a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that may have contaminated early live oral polio vaccines tested on about a quarter million Central Africans more than 30 years ago. (aidsorigins.com)
Koprowski asks: If the AIDS virus were in a vaccine administered to rural children in 1958, wouldn't one see a much higher percentage of infected adults today in these rural areas, rather than in the cities, where rates are higher? (aidsorigins.com)
One of the most impactful pieces of news came in 1982 when the Centers For Disease Control and Prevention recognized the issue of the AIDS virus. (anotheroneforthefire.com)
In April 1984, Dr. Robert Gallo filed a United States patent application for his invention, the HIV/AIDS Virus . (wordpress.com)
The scientific evidence is complete and compelling, the AIDS Virus is a designer bi-product of the U.S. Special Virus program . (wordpress.com)
According to the Proceedings of the United States of America, AIDS is an evolutionary, laboratory development of the peculiar Visna Virus , first detected in Icelandic sheep. (wordpress.com)
Dr. Gallo's 1971 Special Virus paper is identical to his 1984 announcement of AIDS. (wordpress.com)
By 1983, scientists realized that the HTLV-III/LAV (human T-cell lymphotropic virus-type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus) was the cause AIDS. (demystifyingyourhealth.com)
As described in the June 2011, issue of AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, Patricia Molina and colleagues from Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center examined the impact of ongoing administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in macaque monkeys exposed to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). (drmarijuananj.com)
31) Born uncontaminated by male semen from his mother, the Virgin Mary, Jesus represented a prophylactic against the HIV/AIDS virus` `incurable killer disease` spread by men`s mixing of blood, shit and semen in each others` anuses which became a global plague after it was diagnosed in the 1980s as a virus originating in the African Congo derived from the simian immuno-deficiency virus (SIV). (thefactandfiction.com)
INTRODUCTION The precise factors determining the rate of CD4+ T cell decline, and ultimately the rate of progression to AIDS, in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected humans remain poorly defined. (membranemeeting2018.com)
In marked contrast to HIV-infected humans, and despite similar viral loads, natural simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) hosts, such as sooty mangabeys (SMs) and African green monkeys (AGMs), generally maintain healthy CD4+ T cell levels and avoid chronic immune activation, thus remaining AIDS free (4,C10). (membranemeeting2018.com)

Macaques infected with Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV) develop pulmonary disease and concurrent opportunistic infections similar to those observed in HIV-infected individuals, thereby providing an excellent working model to elucidate the pathogenesis of the human lung disease. (nebraska.edu)
In Gilead's preclinical study, 44 rhesus monkeys infected with simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) were divided into four groups after taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 96 weeks. (foxbusiness.com)
First Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV) chimera based on HIV-1C of African origin. (harvard.edu)
2556 competed with the endogenous anti-gp41 antibodies present in simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) infected macaque serum, and 213Bi-2556 preferentially bound to and killed SHIV infected PBMCs in numbers twice as high as PBMCs from control monkeys. (yu.edu)

The other six animals in the combo group initially experienced a viral rebound, but then began resuppressing the virus without ART. (foxbusiness.com)
By adding the three additional regions of the viral envelope to the investigational vaccine, the researchers improved the level of protection afforded to animals exposed to a difficult-to-neutralize strain of the simian virus, which is comparable to HIV. (dukehealth.org)
Furthermore, in viruses, ITAMs may play key roles in viral pathogenesis by regulating viral clearance, immune cell activation, immune cell recruitment through binding of cellular kinases and thereby down regulate their function [ 3 ]. (expasy.org)
Moreover, the virus encoded protein Nef prevents the viral antigen presentation. (scholarres.org)
Dr. Leonard Horowitz of Harvard theorizes HIV resulted from viological viral research concealed by the Special Virus Cancer Program. (swallowingthecamel.me)
Anktiva is capable of triggering both of these mechanisms, as it can both activate viral transcription in CD4+ T cells-i.e., remove the virus from latency-and activate CD8+ memory cells and natural killer cells that recognize and kill HIV-infected host cells. (immunitybio.com)
The risk from the main bloodstream transmissible viral attacks, including hepatitis C and B infections and human being immunodeficiency pathogen, continues to decrease because of particular analyses completed in examples from bloodstream donors. (cambio-red.net)
Simian Pathogen 40 (SV40) can be a viral agent from the Asian macaque ( Macacus rhesus ), which can be its natural sponsor. (cambio-red.net)

Origins' depicts the emergence of HIV from SIV (simian immuno-deficiency virus) in the Congo basin and its identification in the Pasteur Institut (Paris) laboratory of Luc Montagnier. (history.ac.uk)

The chimpanzee version (simian immunodeficiency virus) was most likely passed to humans when they hunted the chimpanzees for their meat. (iplaysafe.app)
While it is unclear how he became infected, in 1999, scientists discovered a subspecies of chimpanzee in West Africa that have the chimpanzee version of the immunodeficiency virus, known as the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). (demystifyingyourhealth.com)

He argued that the polio researchers grew the vaccine in cells taken from chimpanzees infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) variant most closely related to HIV, which, when introduced into humans, was able to establish a lethal foothold in the new host. (scientificamerican.com)
2000). Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF) virus outbreaks in humans have repeatedly been linked to the handling of infected great apes (Leroy et al. (prospectbooks.co.uk)
DURHAM, N.C. -- Building on insights from an HIV vaccine regimen in humans that had partial success during a phase 3 clinical trial in Thailand, a Duke-led research team used a more-is-better approach in monkeys that appeared to improve vaccine protection from an HIV-like virus. (dukehealth.org)
Scientists suspect the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) jumped from chimps to humans when people consumed infected chimpanzee meat. (healtopedia.com)
Human immunodeficiency virus comes in 2 types that infect humans. (iplaysafe.app)
Researchers estimate that some time in the early 1900s a form of simian immunodeficiency virus, SIV, was transmitted to humans in Central Africa. (jecampus.it)
Once infected, the hunter could pass the virus - now adapted for survival in humans - to others. (aidsorigins.com)
Viruses mainly affect humans to reproduce. (healtharchives.org)
HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system of humans and leads to a deterioration of the natural defense system in the body. (healtharchives.org)
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and it affects humans through exchange or contact of body fluids or blood. (healtharchives.org)
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus originating from the chimpanzee Simian Immunodeficiency Virus ( SIV) that initially passed to humans who were exposed to infected chimpanzee blood, while hunting them in central Africa, as early as in late 1800's. (researchlab.gr)
BSE is the bovine form of the virus known as Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease for humans. (wa-pedia.com)

The University of Pittsburgh researchers gave the drug Sevelamer, which is used to treat elevated levels of phosphate in the blood of patients with chronic kidney disease, to monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, or SIV, the primate form of HIV. (pennywarren.co.uk)
Using Indian rhesus macaques with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), the equivalent of HIV in monkeys, researchers will be able to study whether changes in DNA methylation levels of genes have an impact on the inflammation in the brain, which is the underlying cause of HAND . (housseniawriting.com)
HIV is a strain from a virus that was know to infect monkeys in africa. (wordpress.com)

IMPORTANCE Assessment of the immunologic ramifications of simian immunodeficiency pathogen (SIV) disease on rhesus macaques (RMs), a varieties seen as a progression to Helps, and organic sponsor sooty mangabeys (Text message), a varieties which remains Helps free, has turned into a useful device for identifying systems of human being immunodeficiency pathogen (HIV) disease development. (membranemeeting2018.com)

The person's immune system reacts to the antigens (parts of the virus) by producing antibodies (cells that fight the virus). (healtopedia.com)
Antibodies Elicited by Multiple Envelope Glycoprotein Immunogens in Primates Neutralize Primary Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV-1) Sensitized by CD4-Mimetic Compounds. (childrensmercy.org)
In addition, in foundational preclinical studies, ImmunityBio observed that Anktiva plus one or two anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies, or bNAbs, suppressed simian/human immunodeficiency virus replication in 9 of 13 animals evaluated. (immunitybio.com)

In 1959, Central Africa recorded the first human to test positive for HIV virus. (essay-samples.com)

Nevertheless, to exist as a species, virus replication and transfer to a new host are essential. (scholarres.org)
We do not accept test materials containing replication competent retroviruses including Human and Simian Immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV), herpesviruses, in addition to BSL 3 or BSL 4 agents , and reserve the right to determine the acceptance of certain test materials. (bionique.com)
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) consists of the replication-deficient simian adenovirus vector ChAdOx1, containing the full-length structural surface glycoprotein (spike protein) of SARS-CoV-2, with a tissue plasminogen activator leader sequence. (immunopaedia.org.za)

Fruit bats and other wildlife, especially non-human primates, are considered to be the natural host of the virus. (prospectbooks.co.uk)
Scientists at the University of Pittsburgh Center for Vaccine Research (CVR) found that a drug often administered to patients undergoing kidney dialysis significantly reduces the levels of bacteria that escape the gut and reduces health complications in non-human primates infected with the simian form of HIV. (pennywarren.co.uk)
Immunogenicity of NYVAC Prime-Protein Boost Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Vaccination and Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Challenge of Nonhuman Primates. (childrensmercy.org)

This process is thought to have led to spillover of zoonotic viruses such as simian immunodeficiency viruses and the emergence of HIV-1 and -2 (Hahn et al. (prospectbooks.co.uk)
Destruction of virus-specific T helper cells, the emergence of antigenic escape variants and the expression of an envelope complex that structurally minimizes antibody escape to conserved epitopes contribute to persistence. (scholarres.org)

If the virus is caught in a person during this early stage, they would be prescribed antiretroviral therapy (ART) and it would effectively keep the virus at bay. (anotheroneforthefire.com)

Another monkey virus, SV40, is know to have contaminated polio vaccine given to millions of people around the world before it was discovered in 1960. (aidsorigins.com)
Albert Sabin found an unidentified, non-polio virus in Koprowski's vaccine. (aidsorigins.com)
The U.S. Special Virus was then added as 'compliment' to vaccine inoculations in Africa and Manhattan. (wordpress.com)

Viruses have coevolved with their hosts and thus have limited pathogenicity in any immunocompromised natural host. (scholarres.org)

An antigen, on the other hand, is the part of the virus that activates the immune system. (healtopedia.com)

The first reported outbreaks of the Ebola virus emerged in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Sudan in June and September respectively. (prospectbooks.co.uk)

Background Simian disease 40 (SV40) is a little DNA tumour disease. (cambio-red.net)

The research looked at why certain species can carry the virus throughout their lives, and still avoid disease progression. (tajlifesciences.com)
It could slow down the progression of the virus or completely stop it from progressing. (anotheroneforthefire.com)

Our immune system has a robust and effective mechanism to fight bacteria and viruses, but HIV drastically affects the immune response. (healtharchives.org)
Once the body is infected with HIV, the virus begins to attack the immune system. (hivmanagement.net)
This short and educational primer offers relevant background information on viruses and the immune system, and goes into much more detail on vaccines than other recent introductory books. (inquisitivebiologist.com)
In this brief book, physics and chemistry professor Arup K. Chakraborty and immunologist Andrey S. Shaw offer a general introduction to how our immune system reacts to viruses, and how our medical inventions help out. (inquisitivebiologist.com)

HIV is a variation of a virus that infects African chimpanzees. (healtopedia.com)

Here, we report that all infants given either a single dose of bNAbs at 30 h, or a 21-day triple-drug ART regimen at 48 h, are aviremic with almost no virus in tissues. (elsevier.com)

Intriguingly, scientists recently reported finding a single African monkey among 500 sampled that tests positive for such a virus (6,7). (aidsorigins.com)
In 2005, scientists were able to trace the disease back to the late 1800s, when it was a disease that infected chimpanzees in Africa and became known as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), specifically in Cameroon. (anotheroneforthefire.com)
Even today, scientists are still trying to figure out and understand exactly how the virus works in order to combat its effects on the body. (hivmanagement.net)

The aim of this work is to assess the ability of RIT to bind and kill infected cells using latent cell line models, simian lymphocytes, and primary human lymphocytes co-treated with ART. (yu.edu)

The virus can access the body through the mucous membranes during sexual intercourse, or direct injection of viruses into the blood vessels. (essay-samples.com)

One of those potential factors is prior immunity to other, closely related viruses. (nih.gov)

Different viruses affect different cells, and various infections have different capabilities. (healtharchives.org)

She and others have now documented mine instances in which chimps, sooty mangabeys, and apparently a mandrill have passed along an SIV virus to a person in Africa in recent years. (thefreedictionary.com)
Most hold that it arose when a simian version of HIV jumped to a human, probably in West Africa in the early- to mid-20th century, and a number of theories have emerged to explain just how it made that jump. (scientificamerican.com)
HIV-2 virus is commonly found in West Africa while HIV-1 virus dominates the entire world (All Life, 1). (essay-samples.com)
Iliffe shows, for the first time, the causes and consequences of the virus' genotype differentiations as it progressed East, South and West in Africa (and then around the world). (history.ac.uk)
Once the virus had made the transition from chimpanzees, there were an estimated 2,000 people in Africa who were infected by 1960. (anotheroneforthefire.com)
The virus continued to spread throughout Africa in the 1980s, mostly through soldiers, truck drivers, labor migration between the western and eastern ends of the continent, and sex workers. (anotheroneforthefire.com)
As time passed, the virus slowly expanded across Africa and into other parts of the world. (demystifyingyourhealth.com)
No other modern epidemic or pandemic mobilized the global health community to action like the 2013-2016 Ebola virus disease outbreak in western Africa. (datexis.com)

Early detection of the virus improves the quality of life and increases the chances of treatment and survival, so it is essential to identify signs and symptoms of HIV at an initial stage. (healtharchives.org)

Bertoletti's team and others are pursuing this intriguing lead to see where it will lead-not only in explaining our varied responses to the virus, but also in designing new treatments and optimized vaccines. (nih.gov)

They identified T cells that respond to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid, which is a structural protein inside the virus. (nih.gov)

In contrast, resistance against EVG appeared earlier than in wild-type virus in viruses containing the R263K and E138K/R263K DTG-associated resistance substitutions. (qxmd.com)
A new investigation into "pig virus" contamination in human vaccines has revealed that both circovirus type 1 (PCV1) and 2 (PCV2) DNA are still present in vaccines developed against infant and childhood rotaviral gastroenteritis (RG), and which since 5 June, 2009, the World Health Organization has recommended be included in all national immunization programs. (greenmedinfo.com)

Focusing on the biology and immunology of the virus, Iliffe does his readers a great service in succinctly explaining the evolution of HIV-1 and HIV-2 and their global migration. (history.ac.uk)

This outbreak was caused by a different species of Ebola virus which was named Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus (Le Guenno et al. (prospectbooks.co.uk)
The theory of the origin of HIV was that the virus was extracted from the Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses that was transmitted from animal species to the human population in between the year 1930-1940 (All Life, 1). (essay-samples.com)
Could this virus jump into a new species, the tick? (greenmedinfo.com)

Although the chances of the BSE virus mutating to the human form are low (maybe 1%), there is always a risk. (wa-pedia.com)

Superinfection and cure of infected cells as mechanisms for hepatitis C virus adaptation and persistence. (ke-lab.org)

CSF virus (CSFV) has high affinity for vascular endothelial cells and lymphoreticular cells including T cells, B cells and monocytes. (scholarres.org)

But the biotech's experience with its hepatitis C virus (HCV) drugs shows that the long-term impact might not be so great for Gilead. (foxbusiness.com)

Bertoletti's team recognized that many factors could help to explain how a single virus can cause respiratory, circulatory, and other symptoms that vary widely in their nature and severity-as we've witnessed in this pandemic. (nih.gov)
This particular virus, group M of HIV-1, went on to become the pandemic strain of HIV, though others have been identified. (jecampus.it)
Nicholas A. Christakis, a physician and sociologist directing the Human Nature Lab in Yale, got drafted into working on the pandemic from the start, tracking the spread of the virus, and sat at the bedside of many dying patients while working as a hospice doctor in New York. (inquisitivebiologist.com)
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, many publishers have seen an opportunity to reissue previously published books on viruses and pandemics. (inquisitivebiologist.com)
We identified community-based serological surveys of viruses with pandemic potential as a possible source of useful biological outcome data. (datexis.com)

His narrative approach of choice is to tell the story of viruses, immunology, and vaccines through the history of scientific discovery. (inquisitivebiologist.com)

Second, such a historical account 'highlights the evolution and role of the virus' allowing Iliffe to put epidemiology into context (p. 1). (history.ac.uk)

In its wake came Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). (history.ac.uk)

However, some people might not display early symptoms, but it is vital to detect the virus. (healtharchives.org)
When looking at the genetic analysis of the human blood sample, it has shown that HIV-1 most likely stemmed from this single virus in the late 1940s or early 1950s. (demystifyingyourhealth.com)

Characterization of the Drug Resistance Profiles of Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239. (qxmd.com)

Anatomy25

Organisms41

Diseases22

Chemicals and Drugs78

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment29

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes63

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Named Groups1

Health Care4

Geographicals2

RANTES, IFN-gamma, CCR1, and CCR5 mRNA expression in peripheral blood, lymph node, and bronchoalveolar lavage mononuclear cells during primary simian immunodeficiency virus infection of macaques. (1/2811)

Effect of the attenuating deletion and of sequence alterations evolving in vivo on simian immunodeficiency virus C8-Nef function. (2/2811)

Lentivirus vectors using human and simian immunodeficiency virus elements. (3/2811)

Early short-term 9-[2-(R)-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine treatment favorably alters the subsequent disease course in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected newborn Rhesus macaques. (4/2811)

Protection of macaques against intrarectal infection by a combination immunization regimen with recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmne gp160 vaccines. (5/2811)

Dramatic rise in plasma viremia after CD8(+) T cell depletion in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. (6/2811)

Viral burden and disease progression in rhesus monkeys infected with chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency viruses. (7/2811)

Secretion of beta-chemokines by bronchoalveolar lavage cells during primary infection of macaques inoculated with attenuated nef-deleted or pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus strain mac251. (8/2811)

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