Atrazine
Herbicides
Determination of selected herbicides and phenols in water and soils by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. (1/14)
A high-performance liquid chromatography procedure or the determination of the herbicides simazine, propazine, bromacil, metoxuron, and hexazinone is elaborated. Stationary phases RP8 and RP18 and mixtures of methanol-water (2:1 and 1:1, v/v) as a mobile phase are applied for this purpose. The conditions for solid-phase extraction are established, allowing the separation of phenols and herbicides in their mixtures and the extraction of phenols (from river and coke plant water) and herbicides (from the soil samples). (+info)Differential modulation of catecholamines by chlorotriazine herbicides in pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells in vitro. (2/14)
Epidemiological, wildlife, and laboratory studies have pointed to the possible adverse health effects of chlorotriazine herbicide (i.e. , atrazine, simazine, and cyanazine) exposure. However, the cellular mechanism(s) of action of these compounds remains unknown. Recently, it was reported by Cooper et al. (2000, Toxicol. Sci. 53, 297-307) that atrazine disrupts ovarian function by altering hypothalamic catecholamine concentrations and subsequently the regulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) secretion by the pituitary. In this study, we examined the effect of three chlorotriazines on catecholamine metabolism in vitro using PC12 cells. Intracellular norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) concentrations and spontaneous NE release were measured following treatment with different concentrations of atrazine, simazine (0, 12. 5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 microM) and cyanazine (0, 25, 50, 100, and 400 microM) for 6, 12, 18, 24, and 48 h. Atrazine and simazine significantly decreased intracellular DA concentration in a concentration-dependent manner. Intracellular NE concentration was also significantly decreased by 100 and 200 microM atrazine and 200 microM simazine. Similarly, there was a dose-dependent inhibition of NE release with 100 and 200 microM concentrations of both compounds. Although 100 and 400 microM cyanazine increased intracellular NE concentration, 50, 100, and 400 microM cyanazine significantly increased NE release at 24 and 36 h. In contrast, intracellular DA concentration was decreased by cyanazine, but only at 400 microM. The GABA(A)-receptor agonist, muscimol (0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 microM) had no effect on either the release or on intracellular catecholamine concentrations from 6 through 24 h of treatment. Cell viability was somewhat lower in the groups exposed to 100 and 200 microM atrazine and simazine. However, the reduction in viability was significant only in the highest dose of atrazine used (200 microM) at 24 h. Cyanazine did not have an effect on the viability at any of the doses tested, and the cells were functional, even up to 48 h of exposure. These data indicate that both atrazine and simazine inhibit the cellular synthesis of DA mediated by the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and NE mediated by dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH), and, as a result, there is a partial or significant inhibition of NE release. Cyanazine, on the other hand, stimulated the synthesis of intracellular NE, and not DA. Thus, chlorotriazine compounds presumably act at the enzymatic steps or sites of CA biosynthesis to modulate monoaminergic activity in PC12 cells. (+info)Effects of chloro-s-triazine herbicides and metabolites on aromatase activity in various human cell lines and on vitellogenin production in male carp hepatocytes. (3/14)
We investigated a potential mechanism for the estrogenic properties of three chloro-s-triazine herbicides and six metabolites in vitro in several cell systems. We determined effects on human aromatase (CYP19), the enzyme that converts androgens to estrogens, in H295R (adrenocortical carcinoma), JEG-3 (placental choriocarcinoma), and MCF-7 (breast cancer) cells; we determined effects on estrogen receptor-mediated induction of vitellogenin in primary hepatocyte cultures of adult male carp (Cyprinus carpio). In addition to atrazine, simazine, and propazine, two metabolites--atrazine-desethyl and atrazine-desisopropyl--induced aromatase activity in H295R cells concentration-dependently (0.3-30 microM) and with potencies similar to those of the parent triazines. After a 24-hr exposure to 30 microM of the triazines, an apparent maximum induction of about 2- to 2.5-fold was achieved. The induction responses were confirmed by similar increases in CYP19 mRNA levels, determined by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. In JEG-3 cells, where basal aromatase expression is about 15-fold greater than in H295R cells, the induction responses were similar but less pronounced; aromatase expression in MCF-7 cells was neither detectable nor inducible under our culture conditions. The fully dealkylated metabolite atrazine-desethyl-desisopropyl and the three hydroxylated metabolites (2-OH-atrazine-desethyl, -desisopropyl, and -desethyl-desisopropyl) did not induce aromatase activity. None of the triazine herbicides nor their metabolites induced vitellogenin production in male carp hepatocytes; nor did they antagonize the induction of vitellogenin by 100 nM (EC(50) 17beta-estradiol. These findings together with other reports indicate that the estrogenic effects associated with the triazine herbicides in vivo are not estrogen receptor-mediated, but may be explained partly by their ability to induce aromatase in vitro. (+info)Effects of selected herbicides and plant hormones on Prototheca wickerhamii. (4/14)
Prototheca wickerhamii was treated in vitro with 11 different herbicides and plant hormones. Growth was inhibited by indolyl-3-acetic acid, indolyl-3-butyric acid and indolyl-3-propionic acid at 400 mug per ml. Coconut milk was stimulatory. (+info)Atrazine-induced aromatase expression is SF-1 dependent: implications for endocrine disruption in wildlife and reproductive cancers in humans. (5/14)
BACKGROUND: Atrazine is a potent endocrine disruptor that increases aromatase expression in some human cancer cell lines. The mechanism involves the inhibition of phosphodiesterase and subsequent elevation of cAMP. METHODS: We compared steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) expression in atrazine responsive and non-responsive cell lines and transfected SF-1 into nonresponsive cell lines to assess SF-1's role in atrazine-induced aromatase. We used a luciferase reporter driven by the SF-1-dependent aromatase promoter (ArPII) to examine activation of this promoter by atrazine and the related simazine. We mutated the SF-1 binding site to confirm the role of SF-1. We also examined effects of 55 other chemicals. Finally, we examined the ability of atrazine and simazine to bind to SF-1 and enhance SF-1 binding to ArPII. RESULTS: Atrazine-responsive adrenal carcinoma cells (H295R) expressed 54 times more SF-1 than nonresponsive ovarian granulosa KGN cells. Exogenous SF-1 conveyed atrazine-responsiveness to otherwise nonresponsive KGN and NIH/3T3 cells. Atrazine induced binding of SF-1 to chromatin and mutation of the SF-1 binding site in ArPII eliminated SF-1 binding and atrazine-responsiveness in H295R cells. Out of 55 chemicals examined, only atrazine, simazine, and benzopyrene induced luciferase via ArPII. Atrazine bound directly to SF-1, showing that atrazine is a ligand for this "orphan" receptor. CONCLUSION: The current findings are consistent with atrazine's endocrine-disrupting effects in fish, amphibians, and reptiles; the induction of mammary and prostate cancer in laboratory rodents; and correlations between atrazine and similar reproductive cancers in humans. This study highlights the importance of atrazine as a risk factor in endocrine disruption in wildlife and reproductive cancers in laboratory rodents and humans. (+info)Pesticide levels in ground and surface waters of Primavera do Leste Region, Mato Grosso, Brazil. (6/14)
Residues of the herbicides simazine, metribuzin, metolachlor, trifluralin, atrazine, and two metabolites of atrazine, deisopropylatrazine (DIA) and deethylatrazine (DEA), are surveyed in the surface and groundwater of the Primavera do Leste region, Mato Grosso, Brazil during September and December 1998 and April 1999. Different water source sampling stations of groundwater (irrigation water well, drinking water well, and water hole) and surface water (dam and river) are set up based on agricultural land use. A solid-phase extraction procedure followed by gas chromatography-nitrogen-phosphorus detection is used for the determination of these compounds. All compounds are detected at least once in water samples. A temporal trend of pesticide contamination is observed, with the highest contamination frequency occurring in December during the main application season. Metribuzin shows the highest individual detection frequencies throughout the monitoring period, followed by metolachlor, simazine, and DEA. The maximum mean concentrations of pesticides in this study are in the range from 0.14 to 1.7 microg/L. We deduct that the contamination of water resources is predominantly caused by non-point pollution of pesticides used in intensive cash-crop cultures of the Cerrado area. Therefore, a continuous monitoring of pesticide concentrations in water resources of this tropical region is necessary to detect the longer term contamination trends and developing health risks. (+info)Determination of atrazine and simazine in environmental water samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with high performance liquid chromatography. (7/14)
This paper describes a new method for the rapid and sensitive analysis of atrazine and simazine based on the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with carbon tetrachloride and methanol as the extraction solvent and disperser solvent. Under the optimal conditions, there are excellent linear relationships between the peak area and the concentration in the range of 0.5 - 50 microg L(-1) for atrazine and 0.1 - 50 microg L(-1) for simazine. The limits of detection were 0.1 and 0.04 microg L(-1) for atrazine and simazine, respectively. The proposed method was also applied to the analysis of real water samples, and excellent results were achieved with spiked recoveries in the range of 60.7 - 91.4%. All these results demonstrate that the proposed method would be widely used in many fields in the future. (+info)Immunochemical screening of pesticides (simazine and cypermethrin) in orange oil. (8/14)
(+info)Simazine is a herbicide, specifically a triazine compound. According to the medical definitions provided by MedlinePlus, a service of the US National Library of Medicine, simazine is used to control broadleaf weeds and grasses in various settings such as agriculture (for crops like fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains), residential areas, and golf courses. It works by inhibiting photosynthesis in plants.
Exposure to simazine can occur through skin contact, ingestion, or inhalation. Potential health effects of exposure may include irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Ingesting large amounts can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Chronic exposure has been linked to neurological symptoms like headaches, dizziness, and decreased coordination. However, it's important to note that the general population's exposure to simazine is usually low, and significant health effects are unlikely under normal circumstances.
As with any chemical substance, individual sensitivity and susceptibility can vary, so if you suspect exposure or experience symptoms, it's advisable to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment.
Atrazine is a herbicide that is widely used to control broadleaf and grassy weeds in crops such as corn, sorghum, and sugarcane. It belongs to a class of chemicals called triazines. Atrazine works by inhibiting the photosynthesis process in plants, which ultimately leads to their death.
Here is the medical definition of Atrazine:
Atrazine: A selective systemic herbicide used for pre- and postemergence control of broadleaf weeds and grasses in corn, sorghum, sugarcane, and other crops. It acts by inhibiting photosynthesis in susceptible plants. Exposure to atrazine can occur through skin or eye contact, ingestion, or inhalation during its use or after its application. Short-term exposure to high levels of atrazine can cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes, while long-term exposure has been linked to reproductive effects in both humans and animals. It is classified as a possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
Herbicides are a type of pesticide used to control or kill unwanted plants, also known as weeds. They work by interfering with the growth processes of the plant, such as inhibiting photosynthesis, disrupting cell division, or preventing the plant from producing certain essential proteins.
Herbicides can be classified based on their mode of action, chemical composition, and the timing of their application. Some herbicides are selective, meaning they target specific types of weeds while leaving crops unharmed, while others are non-selective and will kill any plant they come into contact with.
It's important to use herbicides responsibly and according to the manufacturer's instructions, as they can have negative impacts on the environment and human health if not used properly.
Triazines are not a medical term, but a class of chemical compounds. They have a six-membered ring containing three nitrogen atoms and three carbon atoms. Some triazine derivatives are used in medicine as herbicides, antimicrobials, and antitumor agents.
Simazine
Ethylamine
Cyanobacteria
Myakka (soil)
Pesticides in the United States
Pseudomonas multiresinovorans
Cyanazine
Terbuthylazine
Atrazine
Senecio hispidulus
1,3,5-Triazine
List of MeSH codes (D03)
Conifer release
The Unscrambler
List of herbicides
Photosystem II
Algaecide
Cyanuric chloride
North Dandalup Dam
Index of pesticide articles
IARC group 3
Simazine - Wikipedia
EWG Tap Water Database | Jemez Springs Dwua | Simazine
ATSDR - Interaction Profile: Atrazine, Deethylatrazine, Diazinon, Nitrate, and Simazine
SIMAZINE - ACGIH
Are Changes Coming for Atrazine and Simazine? | NC State Extension
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748. Paraquat (Pesticide residues in food: 1986 evaluations Part II Toxicology)
Princep1
- This pesticide factsheet covers the use and characteristics of the preemergent herbicide Princep, Simazine (simazine). (ncsu.edu)
Atrazine and simazine8
- Are Changes Coming for Atrazine and Simazine? (ncsu.edu)
- Atrazine and simazine are triazine herbicides registered for pre- and post-emergent control of numerous broadleaf and grassy weeds in turfgrass systems (including sod production, golf courses, residential lawns, athletic fields, school grounds, parks, roadsides, rights of way, and airports, among other sites). (ncsu.edu)
- Atrazine and simazine are commonly used herbicides due in large part to efficacy and costs. (ncsu.edu)
- This process began most recently with atrazine and simazine in 2013 and the results (formally called "Proposed Interim Registration Review Decision") were released in December 2019. (ncsu.edu)
- Turf managers are encouraged to submit comments articulating why atrazine and simazine are crucial and how the proposed changes will impact you BEFORE March 02, 2020. (ncsu.edu)
- Additionally, individuals should specify how and why atrazine and simazine are used as well as the benefits. (ncsu.edu)
- What is the difference between atrazine and simazine? (thankyourlawn.com)
- Ethylamine is a precursor to many herbicides including atrazine and simazine. (wikipedia.org)
Herbicides4
- Both simazine and atrazine are herbicides, and both belong to the tirazene class of nitrogen-containing compounds. (thankyourlawn.com)
- Simazine and atrazine have some chemical differences which result in certain differences in effects when they are used as herbicides. (thankyourlawn.com)
- Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to simazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides. (weedscience.com)
- Human exposure may be evaluated by measuring urinary metabolites, but the dealkylated metabolites can result from metabolism of other chlorotriazine herbicides, including simazine, propazine, cyanazine. (cdc.gov)
Herbicide6
- Simazine is an herbicide of the triazine class. (wikipedia.org)
- Simazine is a hormone-disrupting herbicide related to atrazine. (ewg.org)
- One main difference between simazine and atrazine is that the latter is a selective herbicide while the former is non-selective. (thankyourlawn.com)
- For these reasons, atrazine is somewhat more popular than Simazine as an industrial herbicide. (thankyourlawn.com)
- Simazine is primarily used as a herbicide on a variety of weeds and grasses in crops. (thankyourlawn.com)
- Simazine is a herbicide that prevents the growth of most types of weed-grasses and broad-leafed weeds. (thankyourlawn.com)
Toxicity2
Crops2
- For instance, sorghum and corn crops are more sensitive to simazine than atrazine. (thankyourlawn.com)
- Limited amounts of simazine are still used on crops in North America and parts of Asia, while atrazine is still used widely in the United States. (thankyourlawn.com)
Weeds2
- It cannot, like Simazine, kill weeds after they have emerged from the ground. (thankyourlawn.com)
- Simazine also eradicates the majority of annual grass weeds, including Crabgrass and Ryegrass. (thankyourlawn.com)
Substance1
- Simazine is a long lasting chemical and the frequent use of this substance is not recommended. (algone.com)
Water5
- Simazine may be prepared from cyanuric chloride and a concentrated solution of ethyl amine (at least 50 percent by number) in water. (wikipedia.org)
- Simazine is an off-white crystalline compound which is sparingly soluble in water. (wikipedia.org)
- The EWG Health Guideline of 0.1 ppb for simazine was defined by EWG based on epidemiological studies of human exposure to atrazine in drinking water. (ewg.org)
- Both simazine and atrazine accumulate in water rather than food. (thankyourlawn.com)
- Because it breaks down more rapidly, this chemical is safer than simazine and atrazine in terms of accumulation in water supplies. (thankyourlawn.com)
Blood1
- In studies of laboratory animals, simazine increases blood levels of estrogen, decreases prolactin and progesterone, and causes mammary and ovarian tumors. (ewg.org)
Plants2
- This means that atrazine kills a particular type of plant while simazine kills plants more indiscriminately. (thankyourlawn.com)
- Simazine will affect plants in the same way as it affects algae. (algone.com)
Studies1
- Studies have shown that due to differences in solubility, simazine is better in terms of preventing runoff. (thankyourlawn.com)
Propazine and simazine1
- That's because EPA has published a "draft biological evaluation " for the triazines (including atrazine, propazine and simazine). (iowafarmbureau.com)
Pesticide1
- The optimal H2O2/Fe (II)/simazine ratio resulting in the maximum pesticide (100%) and TOC removal (32%) was found to be 55/15/3 (mg L-1). (deu.edu.tr)
Cyanazine1
- Human exposure may be evaluated by measuring urinary metabolites, but the dealkylated metabolites can result from metabolism of other chlorotriazine herbicides, including simazine, propazine, cyanazine. (cdc.gov)
Descriptor1
- Simazine" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (wakehealth.edu)
Soils1
- The second component consisted of a seperate study on a small-scale study site (0.1 ha) to assess simazine persistence and its potential to leach in the course textured and relatively infertile soils of the area. (australianmap.net)
Concentrations2
- Simazine concentrations in soil groundwater and stream water following application to Pinus plantations in the coastal lowland forests of south-east Queensland. (australianmap.net)
- Box-Behnken statistical experiment design and the response surface methods were used to investigate the effects of simazine, H2O2 and Fe (II) concentrations on simazine degradation and mineralization. (deu.edu.tr)
Groundwater2
- Users of this product are advised not to apply simazine where the water table (groundwater) is close to the surface and whereEPA Reg. (fliphtml5.com)
- The detection of simazine in the unconfined aquifers at both sites indicated that it has the potential to leach to groundwater. (australianmap.net)
Evaluation1
- The evaluation of this simazine application indicated that the end-use product has value and the human health and environmental risks associated with the new uses are acceptable. (canada.ca)
Found1
- The initial rate of simazine degradation was found to be first-order with respect to the initial simazine concentration. (deu.edu.tr)
Products1
- However, only 32% of simazine was mineralized after 15 min indicating formation of some intermediate products. (deu.edu.tr)
Application2
- The study had two components, the first being a large-scale catchment study site (903 ha) which assessed the level of simazine residues being transported from the point of application to the shallow unconfined aquifer and the major drainage stream over a 13-month period. (australianmap.net)
- Mean Simazine residues (kg ha in soil following application) up to 96 days at one site. (australianmap.net)
Data1
- The recommendation for maximum residue limits (MRL) for simazine was based upon the submitted field trial data, and the guidance provided in the OECD MRL Calculator . (canada.ca)
Control1
- Simazine 90DF HerbicideFor weed control in certain crops and ornamental plantings. (fliphtml5.com)
Highest1
- Total organic carbon (TOC) and simazine removals were investigated at different reagent doses to determine the experimental conditions yielding the highest removal of simazine and TOC. (deu.edu.tr)
Publications2
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Simazine" by people in this website by year, and whether "Simazine" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (wakehealth.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Simazine" by people in Profiles. (wakehealth.edu)
Study1
- An overview of Genetic Toxicology In Vivo Alkaline Comet Assay Rats study conclusions related to Simazine (122-34-9). (nih.gov)