Signal transduction. Medical search

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A subclass of phospholipases that hydrolyze the phosphoester bond found in the third position of GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS. Although the singular term phospholipase C specifically refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (EC 3.1.4.3), it is commonly used in the literature to refer to broad variety of enzymes that specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

A CALMODULIN-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on CALCIUM. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including VIMENTIN; SYNAPSINS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS; and the MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277)

An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

A proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase which mediates signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Activation of the enzyme by phosphorylation leads to its translocation into the nucleus where it acts upon specific transcription factors. p40 MAPK and p41 MAPK are isoforms.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

Small, monomeric GTP-binding proteins encoded by ras genes (GENES, RAS). The protooncogene-derived protein, PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS), plays a role in normal cellular growth, differentiation and development. The oncogene-derived protein (ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS)) can play a role in aberrant cellular regulation during neoplastic cell transformation (CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC). This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily.

A ubiquitously expressed raf kinase subclass that plays an important role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. The c-raf Kinases are MAP kinase kinase kinases that have specificity for MAP KINASE KINASE 1 and MAP KINASE KINASE 2.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.

The largest family of cell surface receptors involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

A 44-kDa extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase that may play a role the initiation and regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. It phosphorylates a number of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.

A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

An enzyme group that specifically dephosphorylates phosphotyrosyl residues in selected proteins. Together with PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE, it regulates tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in cellular signal transduction and may play a role in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.

A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERLEUKIN-6 family members. STAT3 is constitutively activated in a variety of TUMORS and is a major downstream transducer for the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.

A PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE family that was originally identified by homology to the Rous sarcoma virus ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC). They interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Oncogenic forms of src-family kinases can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by virally encoded src (v-src) genes.

Regions of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE similarity in the SRC-FAMILY TYROSINE KINASES that fold into specific functional tertiary structures. The SH1 domain is a CATALYTIC DOMAIN. SH2 and SH3 domains are protein interaction domains. SH2 usually binds PHOSPHOTYROSINE-containing proteins and SH3 interacts with CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS.

The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient.

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A genus of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, which are dependent on a coinfection with helper adenoviruses or herpesviruses for their efficient replication. The type species is Adeno-associated virus 2.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

Computer-assisted processing of electric, ultrasonic, or electronic signals to interpret function and activity.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.

Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.

Short, predominantly basic amino acid sequences identified as nuclear import signals for some proteins. These sequences are believed to interact with specific receptors at the NUCLEAR PORE.

The conversion of absorbed light energy into molecular signals.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

A subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases that activate TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1 via the phosphorylation of C-JUN PROTEINS. They are components of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate CELL PROLIFERATION; APOPTOSIS; and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to the hexahydroxy alcohol, myo-inositol. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid, myo-inositol, and 2 moles of fatty acids.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that regulates a variety of cellular processes including CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; APOPTOSIS; and cellular responses to INFLAMMATION. The P38 MAP kinases are regulated by CYTOKINE RECEPTORS and can be activated in response to bacterial pathogens.

Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

A Janus kinase subtype that is involved in signaling from GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTORS; PROLACTIN RECEPTORS; and a variety of CYTOKINE RECEPTORS such as ERYTHROPOIETIN RECEPTORS and INTERLEUKIN RECEPTORS. Dysregulation of Janus kinase 2 due to GENETIC TRANSLOCATIONS have been associated with a variety of MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.

The introduction of functional (usually cloned) GENES into cells. A variety of techniques and naturally occurring processes are used for the gene transfer such as cell hybridization, LIPOSOMES or microcell-mediated gene transfer, ELECTROPORATION, chromosome-mediated gene transfer, TRANSFECTION, and GENETIC TRANSDUCTION. Gene transfer may result in genetically transformed cells and individual organisms.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

One of the virulence factors produced by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS. It is a multimeric protein composed of five subunits S1 - S5. S1 contains mono ADPribose transferase activity.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.

Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that is widely expressed and plays a role in regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and post mitotic functions in differentiated cells. The extracellular signal regulated MAP kinases are regulated by a broad variety of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS and can be activated by certain CARCINOGENS.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A Janus kinase subtype that is involved in signaling from a broad variety of CYTOKINE RECEPTORS.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

Eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. It occurs spontaneously or through interaction with viruses, oncogenes, radiation, or drugs/chemicals.

A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERFERONS. Stat1 interacts with P53 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN and regulates expression of GENES involved in growth control and APOPTOSIS.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

A genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

A family of intercellular signaling proteins that play and important role in regulating the development of many TISSUES and organs. Their name derives from the observation of a hedgehog-like appearance in DROSOPHILA embryos with genetic mutations that block their action.

Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.

A cell surface receptor involved in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. It is specific for EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR and EGF-related peptides including TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; AMPHIREGULIN; and HEPARIN-BINDING EGF-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR. The binding of ligand to the receptor causes activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and rapid internalization of the receptor-ligand complex into the cell.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

A phosphoinositide phospholipase C subtype that is primarily regulated by PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES. It is structurally related to PHOSPHOLIPASE C DELTA with the addition of SRC HOMOLOGY DOMAINS and pleckstrin homology domains located between two halves of the CATALYTIC DOMAIN.

A set of BACTERIAL ADHESINS and TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL produced by BORDETELLA organisms that determine the pathogenesis of BORDETELLA INFECTIONS, such as WHOOPING COUGH. They include filamentous hemagglutinin; FIMBRIAE PROTEINS; pertactin; PERTUSSIS TOXIN; ADENYLATE CYCLASE TOXIN; dermonecrotic toxin; tracheal cytotoxin; Bordetella LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; and tracheal colonization factor.

GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that contain three non-identical subunits. They are found associated with members of the seven transmembrane domain superfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. Upon activation the GTP-BINDING PROTEIN ALPHA SUBUNIT of the complex dissociates leaving a dimer of a GTP-BINDING PROTEIN BETA SUBUNIT bound to a GTP-BINDING PROTEIN GAMMA SUBUNIT.

A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A group of enzymes removing the SERINE- or THREONINE-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes which have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Techniques and strategies which include the use of coding sequences and other conventional or radical means to transform or modify cells for the purpose of treating or reversing disease conditions.

An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of CYCLIC AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1.

A CELL LINE derived from human T-CELL LEUKEMIA and used to determine the mechanism of differential susceptibility to anti-cancer drugs and radiation.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A class of cellular receptors that have an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE activity.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Detergent-insoluble CELL MEMBRANE components. They are enriched in SPHINGOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL and clustered with glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins.

IMMUNOGLOBULINS on the surface of B-LYMPHOCYTES. Their MESSENGER RNA contains an EXON with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type I transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Phosphoric acid esters of inositol. They include mono- and polyphosphoric acid esters, with the exception of inositol hexaphosphate which is PHYTIC ACID.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

This enzyme is a lymphoid-specific src family tyrosine kinase that is critical for T-cell development and activation. Lck is associated with the cytoplasmic domains of CD4, CD8 and the beta-chain of the IL-2 receptor, and is thought to be involved in the earliest steps of TCR-mediated T-cell activation.

A family of non-enveloped viruses infecting mammals (MASTADENOVIRUS) and birds (AVIADENOVIRUS) or both (ATADENOVIRUS). Infections may be asymptomatic or result in a variety of diseases.

A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to a variety of CYTOKINES. Stat5 activation is associated with transcription of CELL CYCLE regulators such as CYCLIN KINASE INHIBITOR P21 and anti-apoptotic genes such as BCL-2 GENES. Stat5 is constitutively activated in many patients with acute MYELOID LEUKEMIA.

Cellular proteins encoded by the H-ras, K-ras and N-ras genes. The proteins have GTPase activity and are involved in signal transduction as monomeric GTP-binding proteins. Elevated levels of p21 c-ras have been associated with neoplasia. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Chemical substances, excreted by an organism into the environment, that elicit behavioral or physiological responses from other organisms of the same species. Perception of these chemical signals may be olfactory or by contact.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

A signal transducing adaptor protein that links extracellular signals to the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM. Grb2 associates with activated EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR and PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTORS via its SH2 DOMAIN. It also binds to and translocates the SON OF SEVENLESS PROTEINS through its SH3 DOMAINS to activate PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS).

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

A multiprotein complex composed of the products of c-jun and c-fos proto-oncogenes. These proteins must dimerize in order to bind to the AP-1 recognition site, also known as the TPA-responsive element (TRE). AP-1 controls both basal and inducible transcription of several genes.

Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.

A family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein alpha subunits that were originally identified by their ability to inhibit ADENYLYL CYCLASES. Members of this family can couple to beta and gamma G-protein subunits that activate POTASSIUM CHANNELS. The Gi-Go part of the name is also spelled Gi/Go.

A family of signal transducing adaptor proteins that control the METABOLISM of NITROGEN. They are primarily found in prokaryotes.

Cell surface molecules on cells of the immune system that specifically bind surface molecules or messenger molecules and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Although these receptors were first identified in the immune system, many have important functions elsewhere.

Inducible NO synthase: role in cellular signalling. (1/128527)

The discovery of endothelium-derived relaxing factor and its identification as nitric oxide (NO) was one of the most exciting discoveries of biomedical research in the 1980s. Besides its potent vasodilatory effects, NO was found under certain circumstances to be responsible for the killing of microorganisms and tumour cells by activated macrophages and to act as a novel, unconventional type of neurotransmitter. In 1992, Science picked NO as the 'Molecule of the Year', and over the past years NO has become established as a universal intercellular messenger that acutely affects important signalling pathways and, on a more long-term scale, modulates gene expression in target cells. These actions will form the focus of the present review. (+info)

The surface ectoderm is essential for nephric duct formation in intermediate mesoderm. (2/128527)

The nephric duct is the first epithelial tubule to differentiate from intermediate mesoderm that is essential for all further urogenital development. In this study we identify the domain of intermediate mesoderm that gives rise to the nephric duct and demonstrate that the surface ectoderm is required for its differentiation. Removal of the surface ectoderm resulted in decreased levels of Sim-1 and Pax-2 mRNA expression in mesenchymal nephric duct progenitors, and caused inhibition of nephric duct formation and subsequent kidney development. The surface ectoderm expresses BMP-4 and we show that it is required for the maintenance of high-level BMP-4 expression in lateral plate mesoderm. Addition of a BMP-4-coated bead to embryos lacking the surface ectoderm restored normal levels of Sim-1 and Pax-2 mRNA expression in nephric duct progenitors, nephric duct formation and the initiation of nephrogenesis. Thus, BMP-4 signaling can substitute for the surface ectoderm in supporting nephric duct morphogenesis. Collectively, these data suggest that inductive interactions between the surface ectoderm, lateral mesoderm and intermediate mesoderm are essential for nephric duct formation and the initiation of urogenital development. (+info)

Retinoids are produced by glia in the lateral ganglionic eminence and regulate striatal neuron differentiation. (3/128527)

In order to identify molecular mechanisms involved in striatal development, we employed a subtraction cloning strategy to enrich for genes expressed in the lateral versus the medial ganglionic eminence. Using this approach, the homeobox gene Meis2 was found highly expressed in the lateral ganglionic eminence and developing striatum. Since Meis2 has recently been shown to be upregulated by retinoic acid in P19 EC cells (Oulad-Abdelghani, M., Chazaud, C., Bouillet, P., Sapin, V., Chambon, P. and Dolle, P. (1997) Dev. Dyn. 210, 173-183), we examined a potential role for retinoids in striatal development. Our results demonstrate that the lateral ganglionic eminence, unlike its medial counterpart or the adjacent cerebral cortex, is a localized source of retinoids. Interestingly, glia (likely radial glia) in the lateral ganglionic eminence appear to be a major source of retinoids. Thus, as lateral ganglionic eminence cells migrate along radial glial fibers into the developing striatum, retinoids from these glial cells could exert an effect on striatal neuron differentiation. Indeed, the treatment of lateral ganglionic eminence cells with retinoic acid or agonists for the retinoic acid receptors or retinoid X receptors, specifically enhances their striatal neuron characteristics. These findings, therefore, strongly support the notion that local retinoid signalling within the lateral ganglionic eminence regulates striatal neuron differentiation. (+info)

Membrane-tethered Drosophila Armadillo cannot transduce Wingless signal on its own. (4/128527)

Drosophila Armadillo and its vertebrate homolog beta-catenin are key effectors of Wingless/Wnt signaling. In the current model, Wingless/Wnt signal stabilizes Armadillo/beta-catenin, which then accumulates in nuclei and binds TCF/LEF family proteins, forming bipartite transcription factors which activate transcription of Wingless/Wnt responsive genes. This model was recently challenged. Overexpression in Xenopus of membrane-tethered beta-catenin or its paralog plakoglobin activates Wnt signaling, suggesting that nuclear localization of Armadillo/beta-catenin is not essential for signaling. Tethered plakoglobin or beta-catenin might signal on their own or might act indirectly by elevating levels of endogenous beta-catenin. We tested these hypotheses in Drosophila by removing endogenous Armadillo. We generated a series of mutant Armadillo proteins with altered intracellular localizations, and expressed these in wild-type and armadillo mutant backgrounds. We found that membrane-tethered Armadillo cannot signal on its own; however it can function in adherens junctions. We also created mutant forms of Armadillo carrying heterologous nuclear localization or nuclear export signals. Although these signals alter the subcellular localization of Arm when overexpressed in Xenopus, in Drosophila they have little effect on localization and only subtle effects on signaling. This supports a model in which Armadillo's nuclear localization is key for signaling, but in which Armadillo intracellular localization is controlled by the availability and affinity of its binding partners. (+info)

Regulation of body length and male tail ray pattern formation of Caenorhabditis elegans by a member of TGF-beta family. (5/128527)

We have identified a new member of the TGF-beta superfamily, CET-1, from Caenorhabditis elegans, which is expressed in the ventral nerve cord and other neurons. cet-1 null mutants have shortened bodies and male tail abnormal phenotype resembling sma mutants, suggesting cet-1, sma-2, sma-3 and sma-4 share a common pathway. Overexpression experiments demonstrated that cet-1 function requires wild-type sma genes. Interestingly, CET-1 appears to affect body length in a dose-dependent manner. Heterozygotes for cet-1 displayed body lengths ranging between null mutant and wild type, and overexpression of CET-1 in wild-type worms elongated body length close to lon mutants. In male sensory ray patterning, lack of cet-1 function results in ray fusions. Epistasis analysis revealed that mab-21 lies downstream and is negatively regulated by the cet-1/sma pathway in the male tail. Our results show that cet-1 controls diverse biological processes during C. elegans development probably through different target genes. (+info)

Cancer genetics: tumor suppressor meets oncogene. (6/128527)

The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor protein is inactivated by mutations in the majority of colorectal cancers. A recent study has revealed that alterations in the APC signaling pathway can result in the transcriptional activation of the c-MYC gene. (+info)

The hematopoietic-specific adaptor protein gads functions in T-cell signaling via interactions with the SLP-76 and LAT adaptors. (7/128527)

BACKGROUND: The adaptor protein Gads is a Grb2-related protein originally identified on the basis of its interaction with the tyrosine-phosphorylated form of the docking protein Shc. Gads protein expression is restricted to hematopoietic tissues and cell lines. Gads contains a Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, which has previously been shown to have a similar binding specificity to that of Grb2. Gads also possesses two SH3 domains, but these have a distinct binding specificity to those of Grb2, as Gads does not bind to known Grb2 SH3 domain targets. Here, we investigated whether Gads is involved in T-cell signaling. RESULTS: We found that Gads is highly expressed in T cells and that the SLP-76 adaptor protein is a major Gads-associated protein in vivo. The constitutive interaction between Gads and SLP-76 was mediated by the carboxy-terminal SH3 domain of Gads and a 20 amino-acid proline-rich region in SLP-76. Gads also coimmunoprecipitated the tyrosine-phosphorylated form of the linker for activated T cells (LAT) adaptor protein following cross-linking of the T-cell receptor; this interaction was mediated by the Gads SH2 domain. Overexpression of Gads and SLP-76 resulted in a synergistic augmentation of T-cell signaling, as measured by activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), and this cooperation required a functional Gads SH2 domain. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that Gads plays an important role in T-cell signaling via its association with SLP-76 and LAT. Gads may promote cross-talk between the LAT and SLP-76 signaling complexes, thereby coupling membrane-proximal events to downstream signaling pathways. (+info)

Sonic hedgehog signaling by the patched-smoothened receptor complex. (8/128527)

BACKGROUND: The Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins is involved in a number of developmental processes as well as in cancer. Genetic and biochemical data suggest that the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) receptor is composed of at least two proteins: the tumor suppressor protein Patched (Ptc) and the seven-transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo). RESULTS: Using a biochemical assay for activation of the transcription factor Gli, a downstream component of the Hh pathway, we show here that Smo functions as the signaling component of the Shh receptor, and that this activity can be blocked by Ptc. The inhibition of Smo by Ptc can be relieved by the addition of Shh. Furthermore, oncogenic forms of Smo are insensitive to Ptc repression in this assay. Mapping of the Smo domains required for binding to Ptc and for signaling revealed that the Smo-Ptc interaction involves mainly the amino terminus of Smo, and that the third intracellular loop and the seventh transmembrane domain are required for signaling. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that Smo is the signaling component of a multicomponent Hh receptor complex and that Ptc is a ligand-regulated inhibitor of Smo. Different domains of Smo are involved in Ptc binding and activation of a Gli reporter construct. The latter requires the third intracellular loop and the seventh transmembrane domain of Smo, regions often involved in coupling to G proteins. No changes in the levels of cyclic AMP or calcium associated with such pathways could be detected following receptor activation, however. (+info)

Explanation: Neoplastic cell transformation is a complex process that involves multiple steps and can occur as a result of genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. The process typically begins with a series of subtle changes in the DNA of individual cells, which can lead to the loss of normal cellular functions and the acquisition of abnormal growth and reproduction patterns.

Over time, these transformed cells can accumulate further mutations that allow them to survive and proliferate despite adverse conditions. As the transformed cells continue to divide and grow, they can eventually form a tumor, which is a mass of abnormal cells that can invade and damage surrounding tissues.

In some cases, cancer cells can also break away from the primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body, where they can establish new tumors. This process, known as metastasis, is a major cause of death in many types of cancer.

It's worth noting that not all transformed cells will become cancerous. Some forms of cellular transformation, such as those that occur during embryonic development or tissue regeneration, are normal and necessary for the proper functioning of the body. However, when these transformations occur in adult tissues, they can be a sign of cancer.

See also: Cancer, Tumor

Word count: 190

Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.

Types of Neoplasms

There are many different types of neoplasms, including:

1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.

Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms

The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:

1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.

Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms

The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:

1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms

The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.

Prevention of Neoplasms

While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:

1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.

It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

There are several key features of inflammation:

1. Increased blood flow: Blood vessels in the affected area dilate, allowing more blood to flow into the tissue and bringing with it immune cells, nutrients, and other signaling molecules.
2. Leukocyte migration: White blood cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, migrate towards the site of inflammation in response to chemical signals.
3. Release of mediators: Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, are released by immune cells and other cells in the affected tissue. These molecules help to coordinate the immune response and attract more immune cells to the site of inflammation.
4. Activation of immune cells: Immune cells, such as macrophages and T cells, become activated and start to phagocytose (engulf) pathogens or damaged tissue.
5. Increased heat production: Inflammation can cause an increase in metabolic activity in the affected tissue, leading to increased heat production.
6. Redness and swelling: Increased blood flow and leakiness of blood vessels can cause redness and swelling in the affected area.
7. Pain: Inflammation can cause pain through the activation of nociceptors (pain-sensing neurons) and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators.

Inflammation can be acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is a short-term response to injury or infection, which helps to resolve the issue quickly. Chronic inflammation is a long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases such as arthritis, asthma, and cancer.

There are several types of inflammation, including:

1. Acute inflammation: A short-term response to injury or infection.
2. Chronic inflammation: A long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases.
3. Autoimmune inflammation: An inappropriate immune response against the body's own tissues.
4. Allergic inflammation: An immune response to a harmless substance, such as pollen or dust mites.
5. Parasitic inflammation: An immune response to parasites, such as worms or fungi.
6. Bacterial inflammation: An immune response to bacteria.
7. Viral inflammation: An immune response to viruses.
8. Fungal inflammation: An immune response to fungi.

There are several ways to reduce inflammation, including:

1. Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
2. Lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and getting enough sleep.
3. Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture, herbal supplements, and mind-body practices.
4. Addressing underlying conditions, such as hormonal imbalances, gut health issues, and chronic infections.
5. Using anti-inflammatory compounds found in certain foods, such as omega-3 fatty acids, turmeric, and ginger.

It's important to note that chronic inflammation can lead to a range of health problems, including:

1. Arthritis
2. Diabetes
3. Heart disease
4. Cancer
5. Alzheimer's disease
6. Parkinson's disease
7. Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

Therefore, it's important to manage inflammation effectively to prevent these complications and improve overall health and well-being.

There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:

1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.

2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.

3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.

4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.

5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.

Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.

Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.

It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.

There are several risk factors for developing HCC, including:

* Cirrhosis, which can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis (such as hepatitis B and C), or fatty liver disease
* Family history of liver disease
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* Diabetes
* Obesity

HCC can be challenging to diagnose, as the symptoms are non-specific and can be similar to those of other conditions. However, some common symptoms of HCC include:

* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Weight loss

If HCC is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis, including:

* Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, to look for tumors in the liver
* Blood tests to check for liver function and detect certain substances that are produced by the liver
* Biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the liver to examine under a microscope

Once HCC is diagnosed, treatment options will depend on several factors, including the stage and location of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and their personal preferences. Treatment options may include:

* Surgery to remove the tumor or parts of the liver
* Ablation, which involves destroying the cancer cells using heat or cold
* Chemoembolization, which involves injecting chemotherapy drugs into the hepatic artery to reach the cancer cells
* Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances to target specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of the cancer

Overall, the prognosis for HCC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20%. However, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. It is important for individuals at high risk for HCC to be monitored regularly by a healthcare provider, and to seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms.

Neuroblastoma is caused by a genetic mutation that affects the development and growth of nerve cells. The cancerous cells are often sensitive to chemotherapy, but they can be difficult to remove surgically because they are deeply embedded in the nervous system.

There are several different types of neuroblastoma, including:

1. Infantile neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma occurs in children under the age of one and is often more aggressive than other types of the cancer.
2. Juvenile neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma occurs in children between the ages of one and five and tends to be less aggressive than infantile neuroblastoma.
3. Adult neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma occurs in adults and is rare.
4. Metastatic neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma has spread to other parts of the body, such as the bones or liver.

Symptoms of neuroblastoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include:

* Abdominal pain
* Fever
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss
* Fatigue
* Bone pain
* Swelling in the abdomen or neck
* Constipation
* Increased heart rate

Diagnosis of neuroblastoma typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans and MRI scans, and biopsies to confirm the presence of cancerous cells. Treatment for neuroblastoma usually involves a combination of chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy. The prognosis for neuroblastoma varies depending on the type of cancer, the age of the child, and the stage of the disease. In general, the younger the child and the more aggressive the treatment, the better the prognosis.

Malignant prostatic neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can be aggressive and spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). The most common type of malignant prostatic neoplasm is adenocarcinoma of the prostate, which accounts for approximately 95% of all prostate cancers. Other types of malignant prostatic neoplasms include sarcomas and small cell carcinomas.

Prostatic neoplasms can be diagnosed through a variety of tests such as digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, imaging studies (ultrasound, CT scan or MRI), and biopsy. Treatment options for prostatic neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options can include active surveillance, surgery (robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy or open prostatectomy), radiation therapy (external beam radiation therapy or brachytherapy), and hormone therapy.

In summary, Prostatic Neoplasms are tumors that occur in the prostate gland, which can be benign or malignant. The most common types of malignant prostatic neoplasms are adenocarcinoma of the prostate, and other types include sarcomas and small cell carcinomas. Diagnosis is done through a variety of tests, and treatment options depend on the type, stage, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health.

There are several types of melanoma, including:

1. Superficial spreading melanoma: This is the most common type of melanoma, accounting for about 70% of cases. It usually appears as a flat or slightly raised discolored patch on the skin.
2. Nodular melanoma: This type of melanoma is more aggressive and accounts for about 15% of cases. It typically appears as a raised bump on the skin, often with a darker color.
3. Acral lentiginous melanoma: This type of melanoma affects the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, or nail beds and accounts for about 5% of cases.
4. Lentigo maligna melanoma: This type of melanoma usually affects the face and is more common in older adults.

The risk factors for developing melanoma include:

1. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure from the sun or tanning beds
2. Fair skin, light hair, and light eyes
3. A history of sunburns
4. Weakened immune system
5. Family history of melanoma

The symptoms of melanoma can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Common symptoms include:

1. Changes in the size, shape, or color of a mole
2. A new mole or growth on the skin
3. A spot or sore that bleeds or crusts over
4. Itching or pain on the skin
5. Redness or swelling around a mole

If melanoma is suspected, a biopsy will be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options for melanoma depend on the stage and location of the cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. Early detection and treatment are key to successful outcomes in melanoma cases.

In conclusion, melanoma is a type of skin cancer that can be deadly if not detected early. It is important to practice sun safety, perform regular self-exams, and seek medical attention if any suspicious changes are noticed on the skin. By being aware of the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options for melanoma, individuals can take steps to protect themselves from this potentially deadly disease.

There are several types of colonic neoplasms, including:

1. Adenomas: These are benign growths that are usually precursors to colorectal cancer.
2. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from the epithelial lining of the colon.
3. Sarcomas: These are rare malignant tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the colon.
4. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can affect the colon.

Colonic neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including bleeding, abdominal pain, and changes in bowel habits. They are often diagnosed through a combination of medical imaging tests (such as colonoscopy or CT scan) and biopsy. Treatment for colonic neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy.

Overall, colonic neoplasms are a common condition that can have serious consequences if left untreated. It is important for individuals to be aware of their risk factors and to undergo regular screening for colon cancer to help detect and treat any abnormal growths or tumors in the colon.

Medical Term: Cardiomegaly

Definition: An abnormal enlargement of the heart.

Symptoms: Difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling of legs and feet, chest pain, and palpitations.

Causes: Hypertension, cardiac valve disease, myocardial infarction (heart attack), congenital heart defects, and other conditions that affect the heart muscle or cardiovascular system.

Diagnosis: Physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), chest x-ray, echocardiography, and other diagnostic tests as necessary.

Treatment: Medications such as diuretics, vasodilators, and beta blockers, lifestyle changes such as exercise and diet modifications, surgery or other interventions in severe cases.

Note: Cardiomegaly is a serious medical condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications such as heart failure and death. If you suspect you or someone else may have cardiomegaly, seek medical attention immediately.

Liver neoplasms, also known as liver tumors or hepatic tumors, are abnormal growths of tissue in the liver. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant liver tumors can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or metastatic, meaning they spread to the liver from another part of the body.

There are several types of liver neoplasms, including:

1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and arises from the main cells of the liver (hepatocytes). HCC is often associated with cirrhosis and can be caused by viral hepatitis or alcohol abuse.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from the cells lining the bile ducts within the liver (cholangiocytes). Cholangiocarcinoma is rare and often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
3. Hemangiosarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the blood vessels of the liver. It is most commonly seen in dogs but can also occur in humans.
4. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the liver (fibrocytes). Fibromas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
5. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the glandular cells of the liver (hepatocytes). Adenomas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.

The symptoms of liver neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and whether they are benign or malignant. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment options for liver neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery may be an option for some patients with small, localized tumors, while others may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy to shrink the tumor before surgery can be performed. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.

Prognosis for liver neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer. In general, early detection and treatment improve the prognosis, while advanced-stage disease is associated with a poorer prognosis.

The term "basophilic" refers to the staining properties of these abnormal cells, which have a distinctive appearance under a microscope. The disease is often referred to as "acute" because it progresses rapidly and can be fatal within weeks or months if left untreated.

There are two main subtypes of basophilic leukemia: acute and chronic. Acute basophilic leukemia is the more aggressive and common form of the disease, accounting for approximately 75% of all cases. It typically affects adults in their 40s and 50s and is characterized by a high white blood cell count, anemia, and splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen).

Chronic basophilic leukemia, on the other hand, is a rarer form of the disease that progresses more slowly and typically affects adults in their 60s and 70s. It is characterized by a lower white blood cell count, splenomegaly, and an increased risk of developing myelodysplastic syndrome (a precancerous condition).

The exact cause of basophilic leukemia is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and/or bone marrow transplantation, and the prognosis varies depending on the subtype and overall health of the patient.

1. Activation of oncogenes: Some viruses contain genes that code for proteins that can activate existing oncogenes in the host cell, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
2. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes: Other viruses may contain genes that inhibit the expression of tumor suppressor genes, allowing cells to grow and divide uncontrollably.
3. Insertional mutagenesis: Some viruses can insert their own DNA into the host cell's genome, leading to disruptions in normal cellular function and potentially causing cancer.
4. Epigenetic changes: Viral infection can also cause epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation or histone modification, that can lead to the silencing of tumor suppressor genes and the activation of oncogenes.

Viral cell transformation is a key factor in the development of many types of cancer, including cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), and liver cancer caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). In addition, some viruses are specifically known to cause cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV).

Early detection and treatment of viral infections can help prevent the development of cancer. Vaccines are also available for some viruses that are known to cause cancer, such as HPV and hepatitis B. Additionally, antiviral therapy can be used to treat existing infections and may help reduce the risk of cancer development.

As with other signals, the transduction of biological signals is characterised by delay, noise, signal feedback and feedforward ... Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment, from the journal Science, published by AAAS. Signal+Transduction at the US National ... A curated resource of signal transduction pathways in humans Archived 2012-09-20 at the Wayback Machine Signal Transduction - ... Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction

... is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism used by organisms to survive. Sugars have an overwhelming ... "The role of hexokinase in plant sugar signal transduction and growth and development." Plant Molecular Biology. 2000 Nov;44(4): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_signal_transduction

... s are drugs that may prevent the ability of cancer cells to multiply quickly and invade other ... Signal transduction inhibitor entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms This article incorporates public domain ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction_inhibitor

The functioning of a signal transduction pathway is based on extra-cellular signaling that in turn creates a response that ... Signal transduction is a mechanism in which the cell responds to a signal from the environment by activating several proteins ... This insulin signal transduction pathway is composed of trigger mechanisms (e.g., autophosphorylation mechanisms) that serve as ... The process of insulin secretion is an example of a trigger mechanism in a signal transduction pathway because insulin is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_signal_transduction_pathway

"Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy". 2020 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate Analytics. ... Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy is a multidisciplinary peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering ... biomedical research with a particular focus on signal transduction and its application to the drug development process. It was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_Transduction_and_Targeted_Therapy

The Division of Signal Transduction Therapy or DSTT is an organization managed by the University of Dundee, the Medical ... "The Division of Signal Transduction Therapy: Showcasing Open Innovation". NCUB. Retrieved 25 April 2020. "Firms invest £14m in ... Division of Signal Transduction Therapy (Articles with topics of unclear notability from September 2018, All articles with ... Retrieved 21 August 2013 "Division of Signal Transduction Therapy". Dundee's College of Life Science website. University of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Signal_Transduction_Therapy

The Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes laboratory and clinical ... and brief communications on biological receptors and associated signal transduction pathways for ligands involved in the ... The Journal of Receptors and Signal Tranduction is abstracted and indexed in BIOBASE, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Receptors_and_Signal_Transduction

Thus, in this example, more light hitting the photoreceptor results in the transduction of a signal into fewer electrical ... In the somatosensory system the sensory transduction mainly involves the conversion of the mechanical signal such as pressure, ... L (2002). "G Proteins and Olfactory Signal Transduction". Annual Review of Physiology. 64 (1): 189-222. doi:10.1146/annurev. ... In physiology, transduction is the translation of arriving stimulus into an action potential by a sensory receptor. It begins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transduction_(physiology)

Cell biology and genomics RNA interference (RNAi) and small-RNA biology; DNA replication; RNA splicing; signal transduction; ... stem cell signaling; plant-environment interactions; using genetic insights to increase yield of staple crops, e.g., maize, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory

... signal transduction; general regulatory or receptor activity. Metabolism: Anabolic and catabolic processes; cell maintenance ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfamily_database

Signal Transduction. 5 (3): 142-151. doi:10.1002/sita.200400052. Laursen LV, Bjergbaek L, Murray JM, Andersen AH (2003). "RecQ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecQ_helicase

Weston CR, Lambright DG, Davis RJ (June 2002). "Signal transduction. MAP kinase signaling specificity". Science. 296 (5577): ... RAF kinases participate in the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signal transduction cascade, also referred to as the mitogen-activated protein ... Chen YR, Tan TH (April 2000). "The c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway and apoptotic signaling (review)". International Journal of ... Chang L, Karin M (March 2001). "Mammalian MAP kinase signalling cascades". Nature. 410 (6824): 37-40. doi:10.1038/35065000. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_kinase

... signal transduction; notch signaling pathway PATH:ko04330 Cellular processes; cell growth and death; cell cycle PATH:ko04110 ... Class II HDACs (HDAC4, 5, 6, 7 9, and 10) are able to shuttle in and out of the nucleus, depending on different signals. HDAC6 ... PTEN is an important phosphatase involved in cell signaling via phosphoinositols and the AKT/PI3 kinase pathway. PTEN is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_deacetylase

Pouysségur J (2000). "Signal transduction. An arresting start for MAPK". Science. 290 (5496): 1515-8. doi:10.1126/science. ... MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular ... Kelkar N, Gupta S, Dickens M, Davis RJ (2000). "Interaction of a mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling module with the ... Freedman BD, Liu QH, Del Corno M, Collman RG (2003). "HIV-1 gp120 chemokine receptor-mediated signaling in human macrophages". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK10

Tatham P, Gomperts BD, Kramer IM (2003). Signal transduction. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-289632-3. Wu H ... Once a T cell has been appropriately activated (i.e. has received signal one and signal two) it alters its cell surface ... T cell receptor signalling alone results in anergy. The signalling pathways downstream from co-stimulatory molecules usually ... The first signal is provided by binding of the T cell receptor to its cognate peptide presented on MHCII on an APC. MHCII is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell

Signal Transduction. 4: 29-35. doi:10.1002/sita.200400032. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, ... 2007). "Interleukin-10 regulates transforming growth factor-beta signaling in cultured human bronchial epithelial cells". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLF10

B. D. Gomperts; Ijsbrand M. Kramer; Peter E. R. Tatham (1 July 2009). Signal transduction. Academic Press. pp. 378-. ISBN 978-0 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_superfamily

... termed signal transduction pathways, that regulate specific cellular functions. Each signal transduction occurs with a primary ... system The Insulin Signaling Pathway The Sonic hedgehog Signaling Pathway The Wnt signaling pathway The JAK-STAT signaling ... triggering intracellular cascades and in turn amplifying the initial signal. Two main signal transduction mechanisms have been ... several important enzymatic cascades and signal transduction cascades participate in metabolic pathways or signaling networks, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_cascade

... in transduction of signaling from the G protein-coupled receptor for a variety of signaling processes like hormonal signaling, ... "Signal-Transduction Pathways". Biochemistry. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 2007. Scheffzek, K. et al. "The Ras-RasGAP ... "Signal-Transduction Pathways". Biochemistry. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 2007. Nellore, Anoma et al. "Loss of Rap1GAP ... Gerhard Krauss (2008). Biochemistry of signal transduction and regulation. Wiley-VCH. pp. 235-. ISBN 978-3-527-31397-6. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTPase-activating_protein

Signal Transduction. 7 (2): 85-98. PMID 9392437. Geller DS, Rodriguez-Soriano J, Vallo Boado A, Schifter S, Bayer M, Chang SS, ... interacts with the receptor and results in a signal transduction affecting specific gene expression in the nucleus. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor

Signal Transduction. 7 (2): 85-98. PMID 9392437. Satyal SH, Chen D, Fox SG, Kramer JM, Morimoto RI (Jul 1998). "Negative ... "Proteomic and functional evidence for a P2X7 receptor signalling complex". The EMBO Journal. 20 (22): 6347-58. doi:10.1093/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA4

Signal transduction Gomperts, BD.; Kramer, IM. Tatham, PER. (2002). Signal transduction. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-289631-9 ... Regulation of MHC class II signal transduction by the B cell coreceptors CD19 and CD22. Wang, J., Meihers, R., Xiong, Y., Lui, ... The term co-receptor is prominent in literature regarding signal transduction, the process by which external stimuli regulate ... Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Signal transduction). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-receptor

Stryer, Lubert (1995). "Signal transduction cascades.". In: Biochemistry (Fourth ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism

Signal Transduction. 7 (2): 85-98. PMID 9392437. Miyata Y, Chambraud B, Radanyi C, Leclerc J, Lebeau MC, Renoir JM, Shirai R, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FKBP4

"Signal transduction of IL-6, leukemia-inhibitory factor, and oncostatin M: structural receptor requirements for signal ... The members of the IL-6 receptor family all complex with gp130 for signal transduction. For example, IL-6 binds to the IL-6 ... It is often referred to as the common gp130 subunit, and is important for signal transduction following cytokine engagement. As ... Kim H, Baumann H (1998). "Transmembrane domain of gp130 contributes to intracellular signal transduction in hepatic cells". J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein_130

Perrin RM, Young LS, Murthy UM, Harrison BR, Wang Y, Will JL, Masson PH (October 2005). "Gravity signal transduction in primary ... Scheel D, Wasternack C (2002). Plant signal transduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-963879-9. Xiong L, Zhu JK ... Clark GB, Thompson G, Roux SJ (January 2001). "Signal transduction mechanisms in plants: an overview". Current Science. 80 (2 ... Scheel D, Wastermack C (May 2002). Plant Signal Transduction. Oxford University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-19-963879-6. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_perception_(physiology)

Signal Transduction. 7 (4): 241-56. PMID 9633825. Tsujimoto H, Nishizuka S, Redpath JL, Stanbridge EJ (1999). "Differential ... PTPs are cell signaling molecules that play regulatory roles in a variety of cellular processes. This tyrosine phosphatase is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTP4A1

Signal Transduction. 7 (4): 241-56. PMID 9633825. Zeng Q, Si X, Horstmann H, et al. (2000). "Prenylation-dependent association ... 2001). "Role of PRL-3, a human muscle-specific tyrosine phosphatase, in angiotensin-II signaling". Biochem. Biophys. Res. ... PTPs are cell signaling molecules that play regulatory roles in a variety of cellular processes. This class of PTPs contain a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTP4A3

Signal Transduction. 7 (3): 143-50. PMID 9440501. Shetzline MA, Premont RT, Walker JK, Vigna SR, Caron MG (March 1998). "A role ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretin_receptor

doi:10.1895/wormbook.1.17.1. Greenwald, Iva (2005). "Introduction to signal transduction". WormBook. doi:10.1895/wormbook.1.20. ... These sections include: Genetics and genomics Molecular biology Biochemistry Cell Biology Signal transduction Developmental ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WormBook

... signal transduction and cellular metabolism in the pathogenesis of human cancer. Mischel found that tumors can dynamically ... and identified specific signaling, biochemical and metabolic mechanisms that control its copy number and activity in response ... "Oncogene Amplification in Growth Factor Signaling Pathways Renders Cancers Dependent on Membrane Lipid Remodeling". Cell ... Mischel and colleagues discovered signaling, transcriptional, and metabolic co-dependencies that are downstream consequences of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mischel

PelB (an amino acid signal sequence that targets the protein to the periplasm where a signal peptidase then cleaves off PelB) ... The phage gene and insert DNA hybrid is then inserted (a process known as "transduction") into E. coli bacterial cells such as ... In a recent study, it has been shown that AviTag, FLAG and His could be displayed on pVII without the need of a signal sequence ... However, phage display of this protein was completed successfully after the addition of a periplasmic signal sequence (pelB or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_display

Soyer OS, Salathé M, Bonhoeffer S (January 2006). "Signal transduction networks: topology, response and biochemical processes ... Hendrickson WA (November 2005). "Transduction of biochemical signals across cell membranes". Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics. ... These signals are usually in the form of water-soluble messengers such as hormones and growth factors and are detected by ... These signals are then transmitted inside the cell by second messenger systems that often involved the phosphorylation of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

... signal transduction and apoptosis. Subsequently, a compromised proteasome complex assembly and function lead to reduced ... UPS proteolysis plays a major role in responses of cancer cells to stimulatory signals that are critical for the development of ... Karin, M; Delhase, M (2000). "The I kappa B kinase (IKK) and NF-kappa B: Key elements of proinflammatory signalling". Seminars ... Karin, M; Delhase, M (February 2000). "The I kappa B kinase (IKK) and NF-kappa B: key elements of proinflammatory signalling". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSMD7

... and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR6B1

... oxidase homolog Nox4 modulates insulin-stimulated generation of H2O2 and plays an integral role in insulin signal transduction ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOX4

This links transduction technologies (electrochemistry, optics, ultrasound) with synthetic biology and nanomaterials to achieve ... might involve connecting electrochemistry with an engineered enzyme and some neat signal processing to make glucose monitoring ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_A._H._Hall

This triggers a cascade of signal transduction events resulting in the recruitment of Arp2/3 complex. CDC42, protein tyrosine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever

"Molecular mechanisms of bitter and sweet taste transduction". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (1): 1-4. doi:10.1074/jbc.R100054200. PMID ... different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways". Cell. 112 (3): 293-301. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00071-0. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R43

Protein-protein interactions play a very important role in Na⁺-K⁺ pump-mediated signal transduction. For example, the Na⁺-K⁺ ... July 2009). "NaKtide, a Na/K-ATPase-derived peptide Src inhibitor, antagonizes ouabain-activated signal transduction in ... pump-mediated signal transduction. Na⁺-K⁺ pump also interacts with ankyrin, IP3R, PI3K, PLC-gamma and cofilin. The Na⁺-K⁺ pump ... It also functions as a signal transducer/integrator to regulate the MAPK pathway, reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium–potassium_pump

"A physical and functional map of the human TNF-alpha/NF-kappa B signal transduction pathway". Nature Cell Biology. 6 (2): 97- ... Cellular Signalling. 20 (5): 942-8. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.01.010. PMID 18276110. Nagase T, Seki N, Ishikawa K, Ohira M, ... and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks". Cell. 127 (3): 635-48. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIAF1

... a neuromast is a fine hair-like structure that uses transduction of rate coding to transmit the directionality of the signal. ... Cupula helps attenuate low-frequency signals by virtue of its inertia and amplify higher frequency signals due to the leverage ... The flexibility of the canal system has a significant effect on low-frequency signal attenuation. The flexibility of the ... Under-water navigation is challenging due to the rapid attenuation of radio frequency and Global Positioning System signals. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_lateral_line

Signal transduction). ... a mechanism for attenuation of olfactory signals". Neuron. 21 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_receptor_neuron

... and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR8A1

Her research involves the investigation of the mechanism of signal transduction via cyclic nucleotides, phosphodiesterases and ... She serves as the Editorial Board Member of the Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, Tuberculosis, Physiology Reports ... the Alliance for Cell Signalling (1997-present), the TB Structural Genomics Consortium, the American Society for Biochemistry ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhya_Srikant_Visweswariah

The transduction of sounds requires an oxygen supply that will be readily depleted due to the prolonged threshold shifts. When ... "Alliesthesia in visual and auditory sensations from environmental signals". Physiology & Behavior. 91 (2-3): 196-201. doi: ... metabolic energy is needed to maintain the relevant electrochemical gradients used in the transduction of sounds. The extra ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listener_fatigue

Is Activated by Lysosomal Damage via a Novel Galectin-Directed Ubiquitin Signal Transduction System". Molecular Cell. 77 (5): ... This signaling cascade directly links Galectin-9 intracellular function with ubiqutin systems. Galectin-9, through its ... Vaitaitis GM, Wagner DH (2012). "Galectin-9 controls CD40 signaling through a Tim-3 independent mechanism and redirects the ... and signaling pathways inducing lysosomal permeabilization such as those initiated by TRAIL. Mild lysosomal damage, such as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galectin-9

This department's research has primarily focused on signal transduction. Ullrich has received Hamdan Award for Medical Research ... Sunitinib inhibits cellular signaling by targeting multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). These include all receptors for ... In the early 1990s, Ullrich and his team identified the signaling system involved in regulating tumor angiogenesis, the growth ... He and his team discovered that inhibiting a key player in the signaling system (called vascular endothelial growth factor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Ullrich

... and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR7C2

Takada Y, Kamata T, Irie A, Puzon-McLaughlin W, Zhang XP (1998). "Structural basis of integrin-mediated signal transduction". ... Integrins are involved in cell adhesion and also participate in cell-surface-mediated signalling. Expression of CD49b in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin_alpha_2

Phosphorylation of proteins is a necessary step in transduction of signals within a cell in order to regulate the cellular ... which assign it in charge of sending inhibitory signals throughout the cell. The protein KIR2DL3 transduces inhibitory signals ... The tyrosine kinase based transductions are enzymatic transferences of a phosphate group from an ATP molecule to a protein in ... The protein KIR2DL3 has long tailed cytoplasmic domain and transduce the inhibitory signal upon the ligand binding via an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_cell_immunoglobulin-like_receptor_2DL3

May P, Bock HH, Herz J (April 2003). "Integration of endocytosis and signal transduction by lipoprotein receptors". Science's ... The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) is a mosaic protein of 839 amino acids (after removal of 21-amino acid signal ... Exon 1 contains a signal sequence that localises the receptor to the endoplasmic reticulum for transport to the cell surface. ... The cytosolic C-terminal domain contains ~50 amino acids, including a signal sequence important for localizing the receptors to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDL_receptor

This regulation strategy also controls carbon flux from photosynthesis, as studies indicate the signal transduction pathway ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose-phosphate_synthase

... even though σ1 receptors have been linked circumstantially to a wide variety of signal transduction pathways. Links between σ1 ... towards a hypothesis that sigma-1 receptors are intracellular amplifiers for signal transduction". Current Medicinal Chemistry ... The wide scope and effect of ligand binding on σ1 receptors has led some to believe that σ1 receptors are intracellular signal ... Hayashi T, Su TP (November 2007). "Sigma-1 receptor chaperones at the ER-mitochondrion interface regulate Ca(2+) signaling and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-1_receptor

It involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which have crucial roles in signal transduction or as toxic agents ... Kučera O, Cifra M (November 2013). "Cell-to-cell signaling through light: just a ghost of chance?". Cell Communication and ... A 2010 review article discusses various published theories on this kind of signaling. The hypothesis of cellular communication ... These genes and their associated proteins are responsible for pathogen recognition and activation of defense signaling networks ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophoton

In particular, these studies were focused on signal transduction pathways regulated by Ras and Rho family of small GTPases. ... His work in the field of cell signalling showed how RAS and other signalling proteins are involved in transmitting signals from ... Marshall was distinguished for research in the field of tumour cell signalling. His track record includes the discovery of the ... At the time of his death, Marshall's laboratory studied the cell signalling mechanisms that allow cancer cells to disseminate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Marshall_(doctor)

... and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR7G2

"Activation of the BCL2 promoter in response to Hedgehog/GLI signal transduction is predominantly mediated by GLI2". Cancer ... In this context, Gli2 is responding to the Indian Hedgehog signaling pathway. It has been shown in mouse models that Gli1 can ... Hardcastle Z, Mo R, Hui CC, Sharpe PT (August 1998). "The Shh signalling pathway in tooth development: defects in Gli2 and Gli3 ... Gli family zinc finger proteins are mediators of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling and they are implicated as potent oncogenes in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLI2

The proteins mediate signal transduction events that play a role in the regulation of cell development, activation, growth and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD151

A dimeric organization of mGluRs is required for signaling induced by agonists. Eight different types of mGluRs, labeled mGluR1 ... More recent reports on ionotropic glutamate receptors able to couple to metabotropic transduction systems suggest that ... Koike H, Iijima M, Chaki S (December 2011). "Involvement of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in the antidepressant- ... "Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 and glutamate signaling in human melanoma". Cancer Research. 67 (5): 2298-305. doi:10.1158/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor

Deputy Chief, Signal Transduction Laboratory and Senior Investigator Tel 984-287-3545 Fax 919-541-1367 [email protected] ... Chief, Signal Transduction Laboratory and Senior Investigator Tel 984-287-4545 [email protected] P.O. Box 12233 ... The Signal Transduction Laboratory seeks to achieve this goal through cutting edge basic research and training of junior ... The Signal Transduction Laboratory investigates the following topics:. *Glucocorticoid receptors and their actions in ...

https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/atniehs/labs/stl/index.cfm

... medicinal chemistry of drugs that affect signal transduction channels. ... Current Signal Transduction Therapy. ISSN (Print): 1574-3624. ISSN (Online): 2212-389X ... Current Signal Transduction Therapy includes genomics, proteomics, ...

https://benthamscience.com/journal/43/guest-editor-guidelines

Current Signal Transduction Therapy is an essential journal for all involved in drug design and discovery. ... The concept of signal transduction therapy has got into the front line of modern drug research, and a multidisciplinary ... Thematic issues are also published to cover selected areas of signal transduction therapy. Coverage of the field includes ... Current Signal Transduction Therapy. ISSN (Print): 1574-3624. ISSN (Online): 2212-389X ...

https://www.benthamscience.com/journal/43/about-journal

Signal Transduction Pathways Regulating Hematopoietic Differentiation Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you ...

https://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org/content/50/1/1

Redox Biology - Signal Transduction

https://videocast.nih.gov/watch=7103

Antibodies for proteins involved in regulation of signal transduction by receptor internalization pathways, according to their ...

https://www.thermofisher.com/antibody/primary/panther/regulation%20of%20signal%20transduction%20by%20receptor%20internalization

NetPath is a curated resource of signal transduction pathways in humans ... et al. (2010) NetPath: A public resource of curated signal transduction pathways. Genome Biology. 11:R3.[PubMed]. ... NetPath is a manually curated resource of signal transduction pathways in humans. It is a collaborative effort between the ... The initial set of 10 cancer signaling pathways were developed in collaboration with the Computational Biology Center at ...

http://www.netpath.org/index.html

Basic Cellular And Molecular Research - Signal Transduction Basic Cellular And Molecular Research - Signal Transduction ... 05 - Signal Transduction. - THE IMPACT OF ARYL HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR SIGNALING ON TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR-MEDIATED INFLAMMATION. ... 05 - Signal Transduction. 03 - Carcinogenesis/Cell Transformation. PROTEIN KINASE SIGNALING IN THE GENOTOXIC STRESS RESPONSE. ... 05 - Signal Transduction. - ROLE OF AHR IN DENDRITIC CELLS IN THE CONTROL OF CNS AUTOIMMUNITY. quintana, francisco j.. Brigham ...

https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/portfolio/index.cfm?do=portfolio.scienceCodeGrants&scode=05&topic=5

Review of phosphorylation of RhoA and its role as a regulator of signal transduction ... offers a wide range of kits and products for drug screening, signal transduction and cytoskeletal research. We specialize in ... followed by translocation back to the membrane for effector interaction and signal transduction3. A formal proof of this ... New Signal-Seeker™: PTM detection kits, antibodies, and reagents * Acetyl-Lysine Tools 10 ...

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This is the home of the Balla Lab: Section on Molecular Signal Transduction. ... Transmission of extracellular signals to the cell interior is based on receptor-induced recruitment and assembly of proteins ... Most signaling proteins have a modular structure in which each module confers interaction with binding modules of other ... Other work in the Section has been focused on the role of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4-kinase enzymes in cellular signaling, ...

https://www.nichd.nih.gov/about/org/dir/affinity-groups/neurosciences/balla

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Rodbells and Hechters use of the term signal transduction also can be traced to the influence of information theory and ... Employing signal transduction theory, Rodbell believed that the fundamental information processing systems of both computers ... In the language of signal transduction, the G-protein was the crucial link between the discriminator and the amplifier that ... Still, Rodbell did not understand exactly how GTP stimulated the G-protein, or how it made signal transduction possible. (The ...

https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/gg/feature/discovery

Signal Transduction and the Discovery of G-Proteins, 1969-1980 ✖ Remove constraint Story Section: Signal Transduction and the ... Signal Transduction and the Discovery of G-Proteins, 1969-1980✖[remove]3 ...

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Transmembrane mucins also engage in signal transduction, through extracellular domain-mediated ligand binding or by interacting ... The cytoplasmic tail of MUC1 (MUC1CT), the best characterized of the transmembrane mucins, is involved in several signaling ...

https://edrn.nci.nih.gov/data-and-resources/publications/16904320-860-cell-surface-associated-mucins-in-signal-transduction/

Sensory Signal Transduction in the Vagal Primary Afferent Neurons. Author(s): Ying Li and Ying Li Volume 14, Issue 24, 2007 ... Li Ying and Li Ying, Sensory Signal Transduction in the Vagal Primary Afferent Neurons, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2007; 14(24 ... Current Neurovascular Research VEGF Signaling Regulates Cofilin and the Arp2/3-complex within the Axonal Growth Cone. Current ... Keywords: Sensory transduction, Vagus nerve, Nodose ganglia, Cholecytokinin, Serotonin, Macronutrients, Endocrine and ...

http://www.eurekaselect.com/article/4937

The present study demonstrates that CR2 associates with a complex of membrane proteins that may mediate signal transduction by ... Therefore, CR2 associates directly with CD19 to become a ligand-binding subunit of a pre-existing signal transduction complex ... Intersection of the complement and immune systems: a signal transduction complex of the B lymphocyte-containing complement ... a signal transduction complex of the B lymphocyte-containing complement receptor type 2 and CD19.. J Exp Med 1 January 1991; ...

https://rupress.org/jem/article/173/1/55/24337/Intersection-of-the-complement-and-immune-systems

Interleukin-13 initiates signal transduction through IL-13Rα2 in human glioma cell lines via AP-1 pathway. Wednesday, September ... These studies show that IL-13 can signal through AP-1 in vitro. We are currently investigating IL-13 signaling in primary and ... Herein, we have investigated whether IL-13 can mediate signaling through IL-13Rα2 in human glioma cell lines. By ...

https://researchfestival.nih.gov/2016/posters/interleukin-13-initiates-signal-transduction-through-il-13ra2-human-glioma

Role of relaxation time scale in noisy signal transduction. A K MAITY, S K BANIK, PINAKI CHAUDHURY ... information to indentify a time scale domain where a network can recognize the fluctuations associated with the input signal ...

https://research.caluniv.ac.in/publication/role-of-relaxation-time-scale-in-noisy-signal-transduction

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... and on the biochemical mechanism of signal transduction at the CGRP receptor. ... CGRP Signal Transduction. Our lab is studying the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), focusing on the role of ... This process, known as signal transduction, involves a change in the three-dimensional structure of the receptor, which results ... and on the biochemical mechanism of signal transduction at the CGRP receptor. To facilitate these studies we are collaborating ...

https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/labs/dickerson.aspx

Mapping signal transduction pathways by phage display *Sergey Zozulya. *Mario Lioubin. *Mikhail L. Gishizky ...

https://www.nature.com/nbt/volumes/17/issues/12?error=cookies_not_supported&code=fccb43bd-5a85-4165-8c83-bf848c3fbf87

Compared to Ca2+ and phosphoinositide signaling, coupling of these receptors to signal transduction pathways is less clear. ... Role of Neuromedins in Pain and Signal Transduction Pathways. ✅ Paper Type: Free Essay. ✅ Subject: Biology. ... Here we demonstrate a role of NmU in pain, signal transduction pathways, the relationship between ion channel and nociception. ... "Role of Neuromedins in Pain and Signal Transduction Pathways." UKEssays. ukessays.com, November 2018. Web. 1 June 2023. ,https ...

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JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION [10.1155/2012/534029].. Reactive oxygen species: friends and foes of signal transduction.. Retta ... friends and foes of signal transduction. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION [10.1155/2012/534029]. ... of Signal Transduction presents a special issue on the involvement of ROS in physiological and pathological signal transduction ... of Signal Transduction presents a special issue on the involvement of ROS in physiological and pathological signal transduction ...

https://usiena-air.unisi.it/handle/11365/42974

... rate or extent of signal transduction via a phosphorelay signal transduction system. [GOC:mah] ... GO:0070298: negative regulation of phosphorelay signal transduction system (Biological process). Any process that stops, ...

https://evorepro.sbs.ntu.edu.sg/go/view/32019

Inhibitors of signal transduction protein kinases as targets for cancer therapy ... Inhibitors of signal transduction protein kinases as targets for cancer therapy. Theresa Mikalsen, Nancy Gerits, and Ugo Moens* ... Inhibitors of signal transduction protein kinases as targets for cancer therapy This document was generated using the LaTeX2. ... Hence signal transduction pathways play a pivotal role in the regulation of fundamental cellular processes such as metabolism, ...

http://nens.yellowcouch.org/articles/pkiChap/pkiRev.html

Models of signal transduction through the B-cell antigen receptor. Immunology 2003 Dec;110(4):401-10 ... Models of signal transduction through the B-cell antigen receptor. Immunology 2003 Dec;110(4):401-10 ... The role of protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases in T cell antigen receptor signal transduction. Annual ... The role of protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases in T cell antigen receptor signal transduction. Annual ...

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Allergic reactions affect nearly 40 million persons in the United States. Allergic reactions are due to a sequential interaction beginning with the extracellular aggregation of the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcepsilonRI) followed by intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation which initiates a further cascade of events eventually leading to histamine and cytokine release. The reaction is initiated by Lyn kinase which is pre-associated with the FcepsilonRI. It was shown that the introduction of a unique portion of the N-terminal region of Lyn A kinase into cells inhibits the receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in a dose and time-dependent manner. Without receptor phosphorylation, allergic reactions can not occur. The NIH is looking for a company to license and independently develop the technology or to work in collaboration with the NIH scientists via a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement to further research and develop the allergy treatment. It is believed that this technology may ...

http://www.techtransfer.nih.gov/tech/tab-346

Signal transduction: Mating, channels and kidney cysts. / Emmons, Scott W.; Somlo, Stefan. In: Nature, Vol. 401, No. 6751, ... Emmons, SW & Somlo, S 1999, Signal transduction: Mating, channels and kidney cysts, Nature, vol. 401, no. 6751, pp. 339-340. ... Emmons SW, Somlo S. Signal transduction: Mating, channels and kidney cysts. Nature. 1999 Sep 23;401(6751):339-340. doi: 10.1038 ... Signal transduction : Mating, channels and kidney cysts. In: Nature. 1999 ; Vol. 401, No. 6751. pp. 339-340. ...

https://einstein.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/signal-transduction-mating-channels-and-kidney-cysts-2

Parker laboratory: Metabolic Proteomics & Signal Transduction * Skeletal muscle signal transduction related to exercise, ... Skeletal muscle signal transduction related to exercise, metabolic disease and human health * ... This project uses functional screening and proteomics to understand how signal transduction regulates metabolism. It aims to ... Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, Cell Signalling, Systems Biology Key Contact For further information about this research, ...

https://biomedicalsciences.unimelb.edu.au/sbs-research-groups/anatomy-and-physiology-research/metabolic-and-cardiovascular-sciences/Parker-laboratory-Metabolic-Proteomics/Skeletal-muscle-signal-transduction

The delineation of the signal transduction pathways affected in these and other complex human diseases is likely to present new avenues for therapeutic intervention and understanding of human disease mechanisms. (nih.gov)
Several signal transduction pathways that occur in the human cell. (nih.gov)
'NetPath' is a manually curated resource of signal transduction pathways in humans. (netpath.org)
The initial set of 10 cancer signaling pathways were developed in collaboration with the Computational Biology Center at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and with Gary Bader's lab at the University of Toronto for the ' Cancer Cell Map ' . (netpath.org)
2010) NetPath: A public resource of curated signal transduction pathways. (netpath.org)
The cytoplasmic tail of MUC1 (MUC1CT), the best characterized of the transmembrane mucins, is involved in several signaling pathways, including those involving Ras, beta-catenin, p120 catenin, p53 and estrogen receptor alpha. (nih.gov)
Here we demonstrate a role of NmU in pain, signal transduction pathways, the relationship between ion channel and nociception. (ukessays.com)
Hence signal transduction pathways play a pivotal role in the regulation of fundamental cellular processes such as metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, survival, migration and angiogenesis. (yellowcouch.org)

Current Signal Transduction Therapy is an essential journal for all involved in drug design and discovery. (benthamscience.com)

It is being increasingly recognized that cells impose temporal and spatial constraints on the various signaling cascades to ensure signal specificity. (nih.gov)
Focus is directed on inhibitors against receptor tyrosine kinases and protein kinases participating in the signalling cascades. (yellowcouch.org)
Production of secondary messengers is regulated by a variety of membrane receptors and downstream signaling cascades. (bio-rad.com)
The downstream signaling cascades involve several isoforms of phospholipases ( PLC-beta , PLC-gamma , PLC-epsilon ) which catalyze hydrolysis of PI(4,5)P2 (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate) into IP3 and DAG , Upon its release to cytoplasm, IP3 binds to IP3R (IP3 Receptor) on the surface of Endoplasmic Reticulum and mobilizes Ca(II) from internal stores [ 1 ]. (bio-rad.com)

Transmission of extracellular signals to the cell interior is based on receptor-induced recruitment and assembly of proteins into signaling complexes at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. (nih.gov)
In December 1969 and early January 1970, Rodbell was working with a laboratory team that studied the effect of the hormone glucagon on a rat liver membrane receptor--the cellular discriminator that receives outside signals. (nih.gov)
Intersection of the complement and immune systems: a signal transduction complex of the B lymphocyte-containing complement receptor type 2 and CD19. (rupress.org)
Our lab is studying the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), focusing on the role of CGRP in physiology and pathophysiology, and on the biochemical mechanism of signal transduction at the CGRP receptor. (rochester.edu)
CGRP receptor complex: Trimer of CLR, RAMP1 and RCP required for generation of cAMP signaling. (rochester.edu)
For example, extracellular hormones by themselves have no meaning to a cell until they bind their cognate cellular receptor and stimulate an intracellular signal. (rochester.edu)
This process, known as signal transduction, involves a change in the three-dimensional structure of the receptor, which results in activation of intracellular signaling mechanisms. (rochester.edu)
Such intracellular signals are known as second messengers, and can take the form of chemicals produced in response to receptor activation such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cGMP, inositol tris phosphate (IP3), or as altered ion concentrations (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride) as a result of ion channel activation, or as activation of kinases or phosphatases, or changes in gene expression. (rochester.edu)
IP3 signaling is initiated by its binding to cognate receptors, such as B-cell antigen receptor ( BCR ) in B-cells, TCR/CD3 complex in T-cells, PDGFR in mesenchymal cells, and GPCRs. (bio-rad.com)
The Membrane Immunoglobulin subunits bind antigens and cause receptor aggregation, while CD79A /CD79B subunits transduce signals to the cell interior. (bio-rad.com)
T cell receptor ( TCR-CD3 complex ) transduces signals to the protein kinase ZAP70 , which further phosphorylates transmembrane adaptor LAT [ 6 ]. (bio-rad.com)
Models of signal transduction through the B-cell antigen receptor. (bio-rad.com)
Estradiol receptor signal transduction: 3-D video animations explaining its mechanism of action. (pharmacologycorner.com)

The present study demonstrates that CR2 associates with a complex of membrane proteins that may mediate signal transduction by ligated CR2. (rupress.org)
Herein, we have investigated whether IL-13 can mediate signaling through IL-13Rα2 in human glioma cell lines. (nih.gov)

Our research addresses the nature of the molecular determinants which underlie important protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions that are critical for proper localization of signaling molecules. (nih.gov)
Most signaling proteins have a modular structure in which each module confers interaction with binding modules of other molecules. (nih.gov)
It is also the aim of this laboratory to design methods for the screening of small molecules that would interrupt protein-inositide interactions and could be used as specific inhibitors of inositide-regulated signaling steps. (nih.gov)
Communication between cells is often mediated by secreted signaling molecules that bind cell surface receptors and modulate the activity of specific intracellular effectors. (indexindex.com)
The Wnt family of secreted glycoproteins is one group of signaling molecules that has been shown to control a variety of developmental processes including cell fate specification, cell proliferation, cell polarity and cell migration. (indexindex.com)
The host responds to the presence of dividing bacteria by releasing numerous extra- and intra-cellular signaling molecules. (nih.gov)

Other work in the Section has been focused on the role of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4-kinase enzymes in cellular signaling, following the isolation and molecular cloning of two of these proteins from bovine adrenal and brain in this laboartory. (nih.gov)
The SH-2 containing proteins further transmit the signal often via non-RTK or serine/threonine protein kinases. (yellowcouch.org)
The activity state of these proteins determines the fate of the cell and aberrant expression and activities of these functional classes of enzymes result in abnormal signal transmission. (yellowcouch.org)

Perturbed signalling transduction provokes dysregulation of processes involved in angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell migration and cell cycle control and can therefore lead to malignant phenotype. (yellowcouch.org)
As such, protein kinases have merged as key regulators of all aspects of neoplasia, including proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis, hence making cancer fundamentally a disease of aberrant protein kinase activity and signal transmission. (yellowcouch.org)

Indeed, most ROS, including free radicals and peroxides, are produced at low level by normal aerobic metabolism and play an important role in the redox-dependent regulation of many signaling processes. (unisi.it)
This project uses functional screening and proteomics to understand how signal transduction regulates metabolism. (edu.au)

This is the home of the Balla Lab: Section on Molecular Signal Transduction . (nih.gov)
Martin Rodbell applied the phrase to molecular biology in November 1969 after conversations with Oscar Hechter, the steroid biochemist whose theories about hormone signaling influenced Earl W. Sutherland's 'second messenger' concept in the 1950s. (nih.gov)
In this review, we will present a synopsis of current research with particular attention paid to molecular mechanism of Wnt signal transduction and how the mis-regulation of Wnt signaling leads to cancer. (indexindex.com)

Transmembrane mucins also engage in signal transduction, through extracellular domain-mediated ligand binding or by interacting with receptors for growth and differentiation factors. (nih.gov)
One of the central questions in biology today is how a cell converts an extracellular signal to an intracellular chemical signal that the cell can interpret. (rochester.edu)

To highlight the important topics in this evolving field the Journal of Signal Transduction presents a special issue on the involvement of ROS in physiological and pathological signal transduction processes from prokaryotes to low and high eukaryotes. (unisi.it)
Furthermore, this special issue highlights the importance of gaining a greater understanding of the physiological and pathological role of ROS in the perspective of defining new therapeutic strategies based on redox regulation of signal transduction processes. (unisi.it)

Coverage of the field includes genomics, proteomics, medicinal chemistry and the relevant diseases involved in signaling e.g. cancer, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. (benthamscience.com)

Reactive oxygen species: friends and foes of signal transduction. (unisi.it)

This study will investigate the response of immune cells (neutrophils, monocytes) to various signals in the test tube to determine how they sense the signals in the body and what substances they produce in response to them. (nih.gov)

The overall goal of the Signal Transduction Laboratory is to define the mechanisms that cells, tissues and organisms use to respond to physiological and environmental stimuli. (nih.gov)

The concept of signal transduction therapy has got into the front line of modern drug research, and a multidisciplinary approach is being used to identify and treat signaling disorders. (benthamscience.com)
The journal publishes timely in-depth/mini reviews, research article and drug clinical trial studies in the field of signal transduction therapy. (benthamscience.com)
Thematic issues are also published to cover selected areas of signal transduction therapy. (benthamscience.com)

In addition, mis-regulation of Wnt signaling can cause developmental defects and is implicated in the genesis of several human cancers. (indexindex.com)

A combination of research tools to follow inositide dynamics and those that alter the function(s) of the distinct PI 4-kinases will help to define the role of these enzymes at specific signaling steps within the cell. (nih.gov)

This Section studies the spatial and temporal organization of intracellular signals that are initiated by stimulation of cell surface receptors by hormones and neurotransmitters. (nih.gov)
Signal transduction' describes how individual cells receive, process, and ultimately transmit information derived from external 'signals,' such as hormones, drugs, or even light. (nih.gov)

In the language of signal transduction, the G-protein was the crucial link between the discriminator and the amplifier that transmitted information throughout the membrane. (nih.gov)
Therefore, CR2 associates directly with CD19 to become a ligand-binding subunit of a pre-existing signal transduction complex of the B cell that may be representative of a family of membrane protein complexes. (rupress.org)

ELK1 forms an important link in the MAP kinase pathway to transduce signals from the cell surface to the nucleus to activate genetic machinery necessary for the maintenance of synaptic plasticity [ 13 ]. (bio-rad.com)

The Signal Transduction Laboratory seeks to achieve this goal through cutting edge basic research and training of junior scientists in aspects of environmental health related science that are critical to the mission of NIEHS. (nih.gov)

This review addresses the role for both cholecytokinin (CCK) and serotonin (5-HT) released from enteroendocrine cells and acting as paracrine agents on the terminals of vagal afferents in responses to a number of luminal signals. (eurekaselect.com)

Our recent studies also suggest that cAMP is involved in the osmotic signal transduction , and that acclimation salinity can modulate PRL cell osmosensitivity. (bvsalud.org)

buy biological signal transduction artifact is the browser to going and following spatial misconceptions in this especially global analysis. (wwpc-iplaw.com)

The importance of Wnt signaling in development and in clinical pathologies is underscored by the large number of primary research papers examining various aspects of Wnt signaling that have been published in the past several years. (indexindex.com)

Responses of cells to environmental signals, toxins and stressors have profound implications for diverse aspects of human health and disease including development, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, asthma, heart, autoimmune diseases and cancer. (nih.gov)
We are currently investigating IL-13 signaling in primary and metastatic brain cancer specimens to determine if AP-1 is activated in-vivo. (nih.gov)

It is anticipated that research in signal transduction will have a central role in environmental human health in the post-genomic era. (nih.gov)

and the amplifier intensifies these signals to initiate reactions within the cell or to transmit information to other cells. (nih.gov)

Thus, ROS may function as friends or foes of signal transduction depending on specific threshold levels and cell context. (unisi.it)

The cascade of phosphorylation events results in amplification and intracellular transmission of the signal [2, 3]. (yellowcouch.org)

It is it such to respond through your COPD and determine buy biological signal transduction of problem. (wwpc-iplaw.com)

Anatomy23

Organisms16

Chemicals and Drugs123

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Phenomena and Processes66

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Inducible NO synthase: role in cellular signalling. (1/128527)

The surface ectoderm is essential for nephric duct formation in intermediate mesoderm. (2/128527)

Retinoids are produced by glia in the lateral ganglionic eminence and regulate striatal neuron differentiation. (3/128527)

Membrane-tethered Drosophila Armadillo cannot transduce Wingless signal on its own. (4/128527)

Regulation of body length and male tail ray pattern formation of Caenorhabditis elegans by a member of TGF-beta family. (5/128527)

Cancer genetics: tumor suppressor meets oncogene. (6/128527)

The hematopoietic-specific adaptor protein gads functions in T-cell signaling via interactions with the SLP-76 and LAT adaptors. (7/128527)

Sonic hedgehog signaling by the patched-smoothened receptor complex. (8/128527)

Signal Transduction

Transduction, Genetic

Protein Sorting Signals

Molecular Sequence Data

Phosphorylation

Amino Acid Sequence

Cell Line

Cells, Cultured

Base Sequence

Enzyme Activation

Mutation

Models, Biological

Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

Transfection

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Tyrosine

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

RNA, Messenger

Transcription Factors

DNA-Binding Proteins

Calcium

Membrane Proteins

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Protein Kinase C

Protein Kinases

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases

Gene Expression Regulation

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing

Bacterial Proteins

Genetic Vectors

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Enzyme Inhibitors

Protein Binding

Phosphoproteins

Recombinant Proteins

GTP-Binding Proteins

Transcription, Genetic

Proteins

Cell Membrane

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Receptors, Cell Surface

Kinetics

Type C Phospholipases

Gene Expression

Blotting, Western

Cloning, Molecular

Cell Division

Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases

MAP Kinase Signaling System

Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

Proto-Oncogene Proteins

Cyclic AMP

Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases

Binding Sites

Carrier Proteins

Time Factors

Apoptosis

Phosphotyrosine

Trans-Activators

3T3 Cells

COS Cells

Cell Differentiation

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

Second Messenger Systems

DNA, Complementary

Cytoplasm

Ligands

Cell Nucleus

Promoter Regions, Genetic

Protein Transport

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

Gene Expression Regulation, Plant

Arabidopsis

ras Proteins

Phenotype

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Green Fluorescent Proteins

Escherichia coli