Signal transduction. Medical search

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A broad category of carrier proteins that play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They generally contain several modular domains, each of which having its own binding activity, and act by forming complexes with other intracellular-signaling molecules. Signal-transducing adaptor proteins lack enzyme activity, however their activity can be modulated by other signal-transducing enzymes

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Regulatory proteins that act as molecular switches. They control a wide range of biological processes including: receptor signaling, intracellular signal transduction pathways, and protein synthesis. Their activity is regulated by factors that control their ability to bind to and hydrolyze GTP to GDP. EC 3.6.1.-.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A subclass of phospholipases that hydrolyze the phosphoester bond found in the third position of GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS. Although the singular term phospholipase C specifically refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (EC 3.1.4.3), it is commonly used in the literature to refer to broad variety of enzymes that specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

A CALMODULIN-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on CALCIUM. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including VIMENTIN; SYNAPSINS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS; and the MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277)

An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

A proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase which mediates signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Activation of the enzyme by phosphorylation leads to its translocation into the nucleus where it acts upon specific transcription factors. p40 MAPK and p41 MAPK are isoforms.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

Small, monomeric GTP-binding proteins encoded by ras genes (GENES, RAS). The protooncogene-derived protein, PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS), plays a role in normal cellular growth, differentiation and development. The oncogene-derived protein (ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS)) can play a role in aberrant cellular regulation during neoplastic cell transformation (CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC). This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily.

A ubiquitously expressed raf kinase subclass that plays an important role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. The c-raf Kinases are MAP kinase kinase kinases that have specificity for MAP KINASE KINASE 1 and MAP KINASE KINASE 2.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Protein analogs and derivatives of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein that emit light (FLUORESCENCE) when excited with ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They are used in REPORTER GENES in doing GENETIC TECHNIQUES. Numerous mutants have been made to emit other colors or be sensitive to pH.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.

The largest family of cell surface receptors involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. They share a common structure and signal through HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

A 44-kDa extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase that may play a role the initiation and regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. It phosphorylates a number of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.

A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

An enzyme group that specifically dephosphorylates phosphotyrosyl residues in selected proteins. Together with PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE, it regulates tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in cellular signal transduction and may play a role in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.

A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERLEUKIN-6 family members. STAT3 is constitutively activated in a variety of TUMORS and is a major downstream transducer for the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.

A PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE family that was originally identified by homology to the Rous sarcoma virus ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC). They interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Oncogenic forms of src-family kinases can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by virally encoded src (v-src) genes.

Regions of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE similarity in the SRC-FAMILY TYROSINE KINASES that fold into specific functional tertiary structures. The SH1 domain is a CATALYTIC DOMAIN. SH2 and SH3 domains are protein interaction domains. SH2 usually binds PHOSPHOTYROSINE-containing proteins and SH3 interacts with CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS.

The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient.

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

A genus of the family PARVOVIRIDAE, subfamily PARVOVIRINAE, which are dependent on a coinfection with helper adenoviruses or herpesviruses for their efficient replication. The type species is Adeno-associated virus 2.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

Computer-assisted processing of electric, ultrasonic, or electronic signals to interpret function and activity.

Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.

Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.

Short, predominantly basic amino acid sequences identified as nuclear import signals for some proteins. These sequences are believed to interact with specific receptors at the NUCLEAR PORE.

The conversion of absorbed light energy into molecular signals.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

A subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases that activate TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1 via the phosphorylation of C-JUN PROTEINS. They are components of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate CELL PROLIFERATION; APOPTOSIS; and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to the hexahydroxy alcohol, myo-inositol. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid, myo-inositol, and 2 moles of fatty acids.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that regulates a variety of cellular processes including CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; APOPTOSIS; and cellular responses to INFLAMMATION. The P38 MAP kinases are regulated by CYTOKINE RECEPTORS and can be activated in response to bacterial pathogens.

Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

A Janus kinase subtype that is involved in signaling from GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTORS; PROLACTIN RECEPTORS; and a variety of CYTOKINE RECEPTORS such as ERYTHROPOIETIN RECEPTORS and INTERLEUKIN RECEPTORS. Dysregulation of Janus kinase 2 due to GENETIC TRANSLOCATIONS have been associated with a variety of MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.

The introduction of functional (usually cloned) GENES into cells. A variety of techniques and naturally occurring processes are used for the gene transfer such as cell hybridization, LIPOSOMES or microcell-mediated gene transfer, ELECTROPORATION, chromosome-mediated gene transfer, TRANSFECTION, and GENETIC TRANSDUCTION. Gene transfer may result in genetically transformed cells and individual organisms.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

One of the virulence factors produced by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS. It is a multimeric protein composed of five subunits S1 - S5. S1 contains mono ADPribose transferase activity.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

CELL LINE derived from the ovary of the Chinese hamster, Cricetulus griseus (CRICETULUS). The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells.

Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.

Proteins which are involved in the phenomenon of light emission in living systems. Included are the "enzymatic" and "non-enzymatic" types of system with or without the presence of oxygen or co-factors.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that is widely expressed and plays a role in regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and post mitotic functions in differentiated cells. The extracellular signal regulated MAP kinases are regulated by a broad variety of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS and can be activated by certain CARCINOGENS.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A Janus kinase subtype that is involved in signaling from a broad variety of CYTOKINE RECEPTORS.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

Eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. It occurs spontaneously or through interaction with viruses, oncogenes, radiation, or drugs/chemicals.

A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERFERONS. Stat1 interacts with P53 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN and regulates expression of GENES involved in growth control and APOPTOSIS.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

A genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of non-oncogenic retroviruses that produce multi-organ diseases characterized by long incubation periods and persistent infection. Lentiviruses are unique in that they contain open reading frames (ORFs) between the pol and env genes and in the 3' env region. Five serogroups are recognized, reflecting the mammalian hosts with which they are associated. HIV-1 is the type species.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

A family of intercellular signaling proteins that play and important role in regulating the development of many TISSUES and organs. Their name derives from the observation of a hedgehog-like appearance in DROSOPHILA embryos with genetic mutations that block their action.

Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.

A cell surface receptor involved in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. It is specific for EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR and EGF-related peptides including TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; AMPHIREGULIN; and HEPARIN-BINDING EGF-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR. The binding of ligand to the receptor causes activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and rapid internalization of the receptor-ligand complex into the cell.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

A phosphoinositide phospholipase C subtype that is primarily regulated by PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES. It is structurally related to PHOSPHOLIPASE C DELTA with the addition of SRC HOMOLOGY DOMAINS and pleckstrin homology domains located between two halves of the CATALYTIC DOMAIN.

A set of BACTERIAL ADHESINS and TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL produced by BORDETELLA organisms that determine the pathogenesis of BORDETELLA INFECTIONS, such as WHOOPING COUGH. They include filamentous hemagglutinin; FIMBRIAE PROTEINS; pertactin; PERTUSSIS TOXIN; ADENYLATE CYCLASE TOXIN; dermonecrotic toxin; tracheal cytotoxin; Bordetella LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; and tracheal colonization factor.

GTP-BINDING PROTEINS that contain three non-identical subunits. They are found associated with members of the seven transmembrane domain superfamily of G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS. Upon activation the GTP-BINDING PROTEIN ALPHA SUBUNIT of the complex dissociates leaving a dimer of a GTP-BINDING PROTEIN BETA SUBUNIT bound to a GTP-BINDING PROTEIN GAMMA SUBUNIT.

A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A group of enzymes removing the SERINE- or THREONINE-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes which have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Techniques and strategies which include the use of coding sequences and other conventional or radical means to transform or modify cells for the purpose of treating or reversing disease conditions.

An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of CYCLIC AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1.

A CELL LINE derived from human T-CELL LEUKEMIA and used to determine the mechanism of differential susceptibility to anti-cancer drugs and radiation.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A class of cellular receptors that have an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE activity.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Detergent-insoluble CELL MEMBRANE components. They are enriched in SPHINGOLIPIDS and CHOLESTEROL and clustered with glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins.

IMMUNOGLOBULINS on the surface of B-LYMPHOCYTES. Their MESSENGER RNA contains an EXON with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type I transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Phosphoric acid esters of inositol. They include mono- and polyphosphoric acid esters, with the exception of inositol hexaphosphate which is PHYTIC ACID.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

This enzyme is a lymphoid-specific src family tyrosine kinase that is critical for T-cell development and activation. Lck is associated with the cytoplasmic domains of CD4, CD8 and the beta-chain of the IL-2 receptor, and is thought to be involved in the earliest steps of TCR-mediated T-cell activation.

A family of non-enveloped viruses infecting mammals (MASTADENOVIRUS) and birds (AVIADENOVIRUS) or both (ATADENOVIRUS). Infections may be asymptomatic or result in a variety of diseases.

A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to a variety of CYTOKINES. Stat5 activation is associated with transcription of CELL CYCLE regulators such as CYCLIN KINASE INHIBITOR P21 and anti-apoptotic genes such as BCL-2 GENES. Stat5 is constitutively activated in many patients with acute MYELOID LEUKEMIA.

Cellular proteins encoded by the H-ras, K-ras and N-ras genes. The proteins have GTPase activity and are involved in signal transduction as monomeric GTP-binding proteins. Elevated levels of p21 c-ras have been associated with neoplasia. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.6.1.47.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

Chemical substances, excreted by an organism into the environment, that elicit behavioral or physiological responses from other organisms of the same species. Perception of these chemical signals may be olfactory or by contact.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

A signal transducing adaptor protein that links extracellular signals to the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM. Grb2 associates with activated EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR and PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTORS via its SH2 DOMAIN. It also binds to and translocates the SON OF SEVENLESS PROTEINS through its SH3 DOMAINS to activate PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN P21(RAS).

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

A multiprotein complex composed of the products of c-jun and c-fos proto-oncogenes. These proteins must dimerize in order to bind to the AP-1 recognition site, also known as the TPA-responsive element (TRE). AP-1 controls both basal and inducible transcription of several genes.

Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.

A family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein alpha subunits that were originally identified by their ability to inhibit ADENYLYL CYCLASES. Members of this family can couple to beta and gamma G-protein subunits that activate POTASSIUM CHANNELS. The Gi-Go part of the name is also spelled Gi/Go.

A family of signal transducing adaptor proteins that control the METABOLISM of NITROGEN. They are primarily found in prokaryotes.

Cell surface molecules on cells of the immune system that specifically bind surface molecules or messenger molecules and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Although these receptors were first identified in the immune system, many have important functions elsewhere.

Inducible NO synthase: role in cellular signalling. (1/128527)

The discovery of endothelium-derived relaxing factor and its identification as nitric oxide (NO) was one of the most exciting discoveries of biomedical research in the 1980s. Besides its potent vasodilatory effects, NO was found under certain circumstances to be responsible for the killing of microorganisms and tumour cells by activated macrophages and to act as a novel, unconventional type of neurotransmitter. In 1992, Science picked NO as the 'Molecule of the Year', and over the past years NO has become established as a universal intercellular messenger that acutely affects important signalling pathways and, on a more long-term scale, modulates gene expression in target cells. These actions will form the focus of the present review. (+info)

The surface ectoderm is essential for nephric duct formation in intermediate mesoderm. (2/128527)

The nephric duct is the first epithelial tubule to differentiate from intermediate mesoderm that is essential for all further urogenital development. In this study we identify the domain of intermediate mesoderm that gives rise to the nephric duct and demonstrate that the surface ectoderm is required for its differentiation. Removal of the surface ectoderm resulted in decreased levels of Sim-1 and Pax-2 mRNA expression in mesenchymal nephric duct progenitors, and caused inhibition of nephric duct formation and subsequent kidney development. The surface ectoderm expresses BMP-4 and we show that it is required for the maintenance of high-level BMP-4 expression in lateral plate mesoderm. Addition of a BMP-4-coated bead to embryos lacking the surface ectoderm restored normal levels of Sim-1 and Pax-2 mRNA expression in nephric duct progenitors, nephric duct formation and the initiation of nephrogenesis. Thus, BMP-4 signaling can substitute for the surface ectoderm in supporting nephric duct morphogenesis. Collectively, these data suggest that inductive interactions between the surface ectoderm, lateral mesoderm and intermediate mesoderm are essential for nephric duct formation and the initiation of urogenital development. (+info)

Retinoids are produced by glia in the lateral ganglionic eminence and regulate striatal neuron differentiation. (3/128527)

In order to identify molecular mechanisms involved in striatal development, we employed a subtraction cloning strategy to enrich for genes expressed in the lateral versus the medial ganglionic eminence. Using this approach, the homeobox gene Meis2 was found highly expressed in the lateral ganglionic eminence and developing striatum. Since Meis2 has recently been shown to be upregulated by retinoic acid in P19 EC cells (Oulad-Abdelghani, M., Chazaud, C., Bouillet, P., Sapin, V., Chambon, P. and Dolle, P. (1997) Dev. Dyn. 210, 173-183), we examined a potential role for retinoids in striatal development. Our results demonstrate that the lateral ganglionic eminence, unlike its medial counterpart or the adjacent cerebral cortex, is a localized source of retinoids. Interestingly, glia (likely radial glia) in the lateral ganglionic eminence appear to be a major source of retinoids. Thus, as lateral ganglionic eminence cells migrate along radial glial fibers into the developing striatum, retinoids from these glial cells could exert an effect on striatal neuron differentiation. Indeed, the treatment of lateral ganglionic eminence cells with retinoic acid or agonists for the retinoic acid receptors or retinoid X receptors, specifically enhances their striatal neuron characteristics. These findings, therefore, strongly support the notion that local retinoid signalling within the lateral ganglionic eminence regulates striatal neuron differentiation. (+info)

Membrane-tethered Drosophila Armadillo cannot transduce Wingless signal on its own. (4/128527)

Drosophila Armadillo and its vertebrate homolog beta-catenin are key effectors of Wingless/Wnt signaling. In the current model, Wingless/Wnt signal stabilizes Armadillo/beta-catenin, which then accumulates in nuclei and binds TCF/LEF family proteins, forming bipartite transcription factors which activate transcription of Wingless/Wnt responsive genes. This model was recently challenged. Overexpression in Xenopus of membrane-tethered beta-catenin or its paralog plakoglobin activates Wnt signaling, suggesting that nuclear localization of Armadillo/beta-catenin is not essential for signaling. Tethered plakoglobin or beta-catenin might signal on their own or might act indirectly by elevating levels of endogenous beta-catenin. We tested these hypotheses in Drosophila by removing endogenous Armadillo. We generated a series of mutant Armadillo proteins with altered intracellular localizations, and expressed these in wild-type and armadillo mutant backgrounds. We found that membrane-tethered Armadillo cannot signal on its own; however it can function in adherens junctions. We also created mutant forms of Armadillo carrying heterologous nuclear localization or nuclear export signals. Although these signals alter the subcellular localization of Arm when overexpressed in Xenopus, in Drosophila they have little effect on localization and only subtle effects on signaling. This supports a model in which Armadillo's nuclear localization is key for signaling, but in which Armadillo intracellular localization is controlled by the availability and affinity of its binding partners. (+info)

Regulation of body length and male tail ray pattern formation of Caenorhabditis elegans by a member of TGF-beta family. (5/128527)

We have identified a new member of the TGF-beta superfamily, CET-1, from Caenorhabditis elegans, which is expressed in the ventral nerve cord and other neurons. cet-1 null mutants have shortened bodies and male tail abnormal phenotype resembling sma mutants, suggesting cet-1, sma-2, sma-3 and sma-4 share a common pathway. Overexpression experiments demonstrated that cet-1 function requires wild-type sma genes. Interestingly, CET-1 appears to affect body length in a dose-dependent manner. Heterozygotes for cet-1 displayed body lengths ranging between null mutant and wild type, and overexpression of CET-1 in wild-type worms elongated body length close to lon mutants. In male sensory ray patterning, lack of cet-1 function results in ray fusions. Epistasis analysis revealed that mab-21 lies downstream and is negatively regulated by the cet-1/sma pathway in the male tail. Our results show that cet-1 controls diverse biological processes during C. elegans development probably through different target genes. (+info)

Cancer genetics: tumor suppressor meets oncogene. (6/128527)

The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor protein is inactivated by mutations in the majority of colorectal cancers. A recent study has revealed that alterations in the APC signaling pathway can result in the transcriptional activation of the c-MYC gene. (+info)

The hematopoietic-specific adaptor protein gads functions in T-cell signaling via interactions with the SLP-76 and LAT adaptors. (7/128527)

BACKGROUND: The adaptor protein Gads is a Grb2-related protein originally identified on the basis of its interaction with the tyrosine-phosphorylated form of the docking protein Shc. Gads protein expression is restricted to hematopoietic tissues and cell lines. Gads contains a Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, which has previously been shown to have a similar binding specificity to that of Grb2. Gads also possesses two SH3 domains, but these have a distinct binding specificity to those of Grb2, as Gads does not bind to known Grb2 SH3 domain targets. Here, we investigated whether Gads is involved in T-cell signaling. RESULTS: We found that Gads is highly expressed in T cells and that the SLP-76 adaptor protein is a major Gads-associated protein in vivo. The constitutive interaction between Gads and SLP-76 was mediated by the carboxy-terminal SH3 domain of Gads and a 20 amino-acid proline-rich region in SLP-76. Gads also coimmunoprecipitated the tyrosine-phosphorylated form of the linker for activated T cells (LAT) adaptor protein following cross-linking of the T-cell receptor; this interaction was mediated by the Gads SH2 domain. Overexpression of Gads and SLP-76 resulted in a synergistic augmentation of T-cell signaling, as measured by activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), and this cooperation required a functional Gads SH2 domain. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that Gads plays an important role in T-cell signaling via its association with SLP-76 and LAT. Gads may promote cross-talk between the LAT and SLP-76 signaling complexes, thereby coupling membrane-proximal events to downstream signaling pathways. (+info)

Sonic hedgehog signaling by the patched-smoothened receptor complex. (8/128527)

BACKGROUND: The Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins is involved in a number of developmental processes as well as in cancer. Genetic and biochemical data suggest that the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) receptor is composed of at least two proteins: the tumor suppressor protein Patched (Ptc) and the seven-transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo). RESULTS: Using a biochemical assay for activation of the transcription factor Gli, a downstream component of the Hh pathway, we show here that Smo functions as the signaling component of the Shh receptor, and that this activity can be blocked by Ptc. The inhibition of Smo by Ptc can be relieved by the addition of Shh. Furthermore, oncogenic forms of Smo are insensitive to Ptc repression in this assay. Mapping of the Smo domains required for binding to Ptc and for signaling revealed that the Smo-Ptc interaction involves mainly the amino terminus of Smo, and that the third intracellular loop and the seventh transmembrane domain are required for signaling. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that Smo is the signaling component of a multicomponent Hh receptor complex and that Ptc is a ligand-regulated inhibitor of Smo. Different domains of Smo are involved in Ptc binding and activation of a Gli reporter construct. The latter requires the third intracellular loop and the seventh transmembrane domain of Smo, regions often involved in coupling to G proteins. No changes in the levels of cyclic AMP or calcium associated with such pathways could be detected following receptor activation, however. (+info)

Signal transduction[edit]. As with all TAS2R proteins, TAS2R38 utilizes the G-protein gustducin as its primary method of signal ... signal transduction. • response to stimulus. • sensory perception of taste. • G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway. ... signal transducer activity. • bitter taste receptor activity. Cellular component. • membrane. • plasma membrane. • integral ... transduction. Both the α- and βγ-subunits are crucial to the transmission of the taste signal.[9] See: taste receptor. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R38

The signal transduction pathway is the mechanism by which the energy of a photon signals a mechanism in the cell that leads to ... The steps, or signal transduction pathway, in the vertebrate eye's rod and cone photoreceptors are then: *The rhodopsin or ... Photoreceptors signals color; they only signal the presence of light in the visual field. ... Early Notch signaling maintains progenitor cycling. Photoreceptor precursors come about through inhibition of Notch signaling ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell

Signal transduction[edit]. GHRH binding to GHRHR results in increased GH production mainly by the cAMP-dependent pathway,[5] ... a b c d e f g h i j k GeneGlobe -, GHRH Signaling[permanent dead link] Retrieved on May 31, 2009 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_hormone_releasing_factor

Signal transduction pathways[edit]. Skeletal muscle fiber-type phenotype in adult animals is regulated by several independent ... The Ras/MAPK signaling pathway links the motor neurons and signaling systems, coupling excitation and transcription regulation ... The EMG signals are much greater when a skeletal muscle is contracting verses relaxing. However, for smaller and deeper ... Exercise-Included Signaling Pathways in Skeletal Muscle That Determine Specialized Characteristics of slow twitch and fast ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_striated_muscle

Calmodulin is an example of a signal-transduction protein. It is a small protein that contains four EF-hand motifs, each of ... enzymes and signal transduction proteins, or infectious diseases.[7] Most metals in the human body are bound to proteins. For ... Calmodulin participates in an intracellular signaling system by acting as a diffusible second messenger to the initial stimuli. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloprotein

Ji TH, Ryu KS, Gilchrist R, Ji I (1997). "Interaction, signal generation, signal divergence, and signal transduction of LH/CG ... hormone-mediated signaling pathway. • cellular response to gonadotropin stimulus. • signal transduction. • primary ovarian ... Ryu KS, Gilchrist RL, Koo YB, Ji I, Ji TH (Apr 1998). "Gene, interaction, signal generation, signal divergence and signal ... Ligand binding and signal transduction[edit]. Upon binding of LH to the external part of the membrane spanning receptor, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone/choriogonadotropin_receptor

Cell biology and genomics RNA interference (RNAi) and small-RNA biology; DNA replication; RNA splicing; signal transduction; ... stem cell signaling; plant-environment interactions; using genetic insights to increase yield of staple crops, e.g., maize, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory

... signal transduction; general regulatory or receptor activity. Metabolism: Anabolic and catabolic processes; cell maintenance ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfamily_database

Signal Transduction. 5 (3): 142-151. doi:10.1002/sita.200400052. Laursen LV, Bjergbaek L, Murray JM, Andersen AH (2003). "RecQ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecQ_helicase

Weston CR, Lambright DG, Davis RJ (2002). "Signal transduction. MAP kinase signaling specificity". Science. 296 (5577): 2345-7 ... RAF kinases participate in the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signal transduction cascade, also referred to as the mitogen-activated protein ... Bonni A, Brunet A, West AE, Datta SR, Takasu MA, Greenberg ME (1999). "Cell survival promoted by the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway ... Chen YR, Tan TH (2000). "The c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway and apoptotic signaling (review)". Int. J. Oncol. 16 (4): 651-62. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_kinase

... signal transduction; notch signaling pathway PATH:ko04330 Cellular processes; cell growth and death; cell cycle PATH:ko04110 ... Class II HDACs (HDAC4, 5, 6, 7 9, and 10) are able to shuttle in and out of the nucleus, depending on different signals. HDAC6 ... PTEN is an important phosphatase involved in cell signaling via phosphoinositols and the AKT/PI3 kinase pathway. PTEN is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_deacetylase

Pouysségur J (2000). "Signal transduction. An arresting start for MAPK". Science. 290 (5496): 1515-8. doi:10.1126/science. ... MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular ... Kelkar N, Gupta S, Dickens M, Davis RJ (2000). "Interaction of a mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling module with the ... Freedman BD, Liu QH, Del Corno M, Collman RG (2003). "HIV-1 gp120 chemokine receptor-mediated signaling in human macrophages". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAPK10

Tatham P, Gomperts BD, Kramer IM (2003). Signal transduction. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-289632-3. Wu H ... Once a T cell has been appropriately activated (i.e. has received signal one and signal two) it alters its cell surface ... T cell receptor signalling alone results in anergy. The signalling pathways downstream from co-stimulatory molecules usually ... The first signal is provided by binding of the T cell receptor to its cognate peptide presented on MHCII on an APC. MHCII is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell

Signal Transduction. 4: 29-35. doi:10.1002/sita.200400032. Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, ... 2007). "Interleukin-10 regulates transforming growth factor-beta signaling in cultured human bronchial epithelial cells". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLF10

B. D. Gomperts; Ijsbrand M. Kramer; Peter E. R. Tatham (1 July 2009). Signal transduction. Academic Press. pp. 378-. ISBN 978-0 ... structure of variable subgenes of Ig and the surface immunoglobulin determine the propensity of chronic or tonic BCR signalling ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_superfamily

Signal transduction. References[edit]. *^ a b Foley, P. (2007), "Succi nervorum: a brief history of neurochemistry", ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_chemistry

... termed signal transduction pathways, that regulate specific cellular functions. Each signal transduction occurs with a primary ... system The Insulin Signaling Pathway The Sonic hedgehog Signaling Pathway The Wnt signaling pathway The JAK-STAT signaling ... triggering intracellular cascades and in turn amplifying the initial signal. Two main signal transduction mechanisms have been ... several important enzymatic cascades and signal transduction cascades participate in metabolic pathways or signaling networks, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_cascade

... in transduction of signaling from the G protein-coupled receptor for a variety of signaling processes like hormonal signaling, ... "Signal-Transduction Pathways". Biochemistry. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 2007. Scheffzek, K. et al. "The Ras-RasGAP ... "Signal-Transduction Pathways". Biochemistry. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 2007. Nellore, Anoma et al. "Loss of Rap1GAP ... Gerhard Krauss (2008). Biochemistry of signal transduction and regulation. Wiley-VCH. pp. 235-. ISBN 978-3-527-31397-6. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTPase-activating_protein

Signal Transduction. 7 (2): 85-98. PMID 9392437. Satyal SH, Chen D, Fox SG, Kramer JM, Morimoto RI (Jul 1998). "Negative ... "Proteomic and functional evidence for a P2X7 receptor signalling complex". The EMBO Journal. 20 (22): 6347-58. doi:10.1093/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA4

Signal transduction Gomperts, BD.; Kramer, IM. Tatham, PER. (2002). Signal transduction. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-289631-9 ... Regulation of MHC class II signal transduction by the B cell coreceptors CD19 and CD22. Wang, J., Meihers, R., Xiong, Y., Lui, ... The term co-receptor is prominent in literature regarding signal transduction, the process by which external stimuli regulate ... They can also transmit signals through adaptor molecules through their cytoplasmic domain which bind to signalling motifs. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-receptor

Stryer, Lubert (1995). "Signal transduction cascades.". In: Biochemistry (Fourth ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid_metabolism

eds.). Signal Transduction Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. 284. Humana Press. pp. 67-77. doi:10.1385/1-59259-816-1:067 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_catabolism

Signal Transduction. 7 (2): 85-98. PMID 9392437. Miyata Y, Chambraud B, Radanyi C, Leclerc J, Lebeau MC, Renoir JM, Shirai R, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FKBP4

"Signal transduction of IL-6, leukemia-inhibitory factor, and oncostatin M: structural receptor requirements for signal ... The members of the IL-6 receptor family all complex with gp130 for signal transduction. For example, IL-6 binds to the IL-6 ... It is often referred to as the common gp130 subunit, and is important for signal transduction following cytokine engagement. As ... Kim H, Baumann H (1998). "Transmembrane domain of gp130 contributes to intracellular signal transduction in hepatic cells". J. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoprotein_130

Perrin RM, Young LS, Murthy UM, Harrison BR, Wang Y, Will JL, Masson PH (October 2005). "Gravity signal transduction in primary ... Scheel D, Wasternack C (2002). Plant signal transduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-963879-9. Xiong L, Zhu JK ... Clark GB, Thompson G, Roux SJ (January 2001). "Signal transduction mechanisms in plants: an overview". Current Science. 80 (2 ... Scheel D, Wastermack C (May 2002). Plant Signal Transduction. Oxford University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-19-963879-6. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_perception_(physiology)

Signal Transduction. 7 (4): 241-56. PMID 9633825. Tsujimoto H, Nishizuka S, Redpath JL, Stanbridge EJ (1999). "Differential ... PTPs are cell signaling molecules that play regulatory roles in a variety of cellular processes. This tyrosine phosphatase is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTP4A1

Signal Transduction. 7 (4): 241-56. PMID 9633825. Zeng Q, Si X, Horstmann H, et al. (2000). "Prenylation-dependent association ... 2001). "Role of PRL-3, a human muscle-specific tyrosine phosphatase, in angiotensin-II signaling". Biochem. Biophys. Res. ... PTPs are cell signaling molecules that play regulatory roles in a variety of cellular processes. This class of PTPs contain a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTP4A3

Signal Transduction. 7 (3): 143-50. PMID 9440501. Shetzline MA, Premont RT, Walker JK, Vigna SR, Caron MG (March 1998). "A role ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretin_receptor

Signal transduction[redigér , redigér wikikode]. [[1]] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21205/ ... PDF]AMPK Signaling: The Fuel Sensor and Regulator Pathway - Abcam docs.abcam.com/pdf/cardiovascular/ampk_signaling.pdf AMPK-α(1 ... AMPK Signaling (Homo sapiens) - WikiPathways www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP1403 May 9, 2014 - AMPK signaling pathway ... AMPK Signaling Pathway , CST Cell Signaling Technology www.cellsignal.com/contents/science-pathway.../ampk.../pathways-ampk ...

https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruger:Drlectin/sandkasse1

Post RM (1992). "Transduction of psychosocial stress into the neurobiology of recurrent affective disorder". Am J Psychiatry ... Electrical or chemical stimulation of the rat hippocampus causes strengthening of synaptic signals, a process known as long- ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitization

signal transduction. • chemical synaptic transmission. • regulation of membrane potential. • nervous system process. • synaptic ... Receptor/signaling modulators GABAA receptor positive modulators GABA metabolism/transport modulators ... gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway. • chloride transmembrane transport. • ion transport. • regulation of response to ... transmembrane signaling receptor activity. • inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity. • GABA-gated chloride ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABRA4

She serves as the Editorial Board Member of the Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, Tuberculosis,[23] Physiology ... Her research involves the investigation of the mechanism of signal transduction via cyclic nucleotides, phosphodiesterases and ... the Alliance for Cell Signalling[20] (1997-present), the TB Structural Genomics Consortium, the American Society for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhya_Srikant_Visweswariah

The transduction of sounds requires an oxygen supply that will be readily depleted due to the prolonged threshold shifts. ... Brondel, L.; Cabanac, M. (2007). "Alliesthesia in visual and auditory sensations from environmental signals". Physiology & ... metabolic energy is needed to maintain the relevant electrochemical gradients used in the transduction of sounds. The extra ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listener_fatigue

Because these regions are related to complexed signal transduction pathways mediated by cytokines, it has been proposed that ... a novel potent inhibitor of signal transduction and growth in vitro and in vivo in small cell lung cancer cells". Cancer ... Kovács KA, Steinmann M, Magistretti PJ, Halfon O, Cardinaux JR (Sep 2006). "C/EBPbeta couples dopamine signalling to substance ... and/or acetylcholine receptor signaling. NK1Rs are stimulated. In turn, a fairly complex reflex is triggered involving cranial ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_P

The signal transduction pathway is the mechanism by which the energy of a photon signals a mechanism in the cell that leads to ... The steps, or signal transduction pathway, in the vertebrate eye's rod and cone photoreceptors are then: *The rhodopsin or ... Photoreceptors do not signal color; they only signal the presence of light in the visual field. ... Early Notch signaling maintains progenitor cycling. Photoreceptor precursors come about through inhibition of Notch signaling ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell

"Overexpression of the prosystemin gene in transgenic tomato plants generates a systemic signal that constitutively induces ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_tomato

... signal transduction, apoptosis, cell polarity and transport, cell motility and adhesion.[8] ... thyroid-stimulating hormone signaling pathway. • negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process. • ventricular ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX8

Recent results indicate androgens inhibit the ability of some fat cells to store lipids by blocking a signal transduction ... Receptor/signaling modulators. Androgens and antiandrogens. Estrogen receptor modulators. Progesterone receptor modulators. ... Bennett NC, Gardiner RA, Hooper JD, Johnson DW, Gobe GC (2010). "Molecular cell biology of androgen receptor signalling". Int. ... Androgens have also been found to signal through membrane androgen receptors, which are distinct from the classical nuclear ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen

signal transduction. • steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway. • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase ... cell-cell signaling. • negative regulation of gene expression. • transcription, DNA-templated. • transcription initiation from ... paracrine signaling. • lung alveolus development. • regulation of epithelial cell proliferation. • progesterone receptor ... "Progesterone receptor transcription and non-transcription signaling mechanisms". Steroids. 68 (10-13): 761-70. doi:10.1016/ ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_receptor

Stavenga, D.G.; de Grip, W.J.; Pugh, E.N. (30 November 2000). Molecular Mechanisms in Visual Transduction. Elsevier. p. 269. ... An animal first venturing out onto land would have difficulty in locating such chemical signals if its sensory apparatus had ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapod

... and the generation of antibody-producing plasma cells and memory B cells deregulation of intracellular signal transduction ... Cambier, J. (2005). "Immunosenescence: a problem of lymphopoiesis, homeostasis, microenvironment, and signaling". Immunological ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosenescence

intracellular signal transduction. • protein processing. • protein maturation. • myeloid dendritic cell differentiation. • ... Wnt signaling pathway[edit]. Wnt signaling pathway has been shown to be involved in several critical steps in embryogenesis and ... Chan YM, Jan YN (August 1998). "Roles for proteolysis and trafficking in notch maturation and signal transduction". Cell. 94 (4 ... Notch signaling pathway[edit]. In Notch signaling, critical proteolytic reactions takes place during maturation and activation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSEN1

Margolskee RF (2002). "Molecular mechanisms of bitter and sweet taste transduction.". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (1): 1-4. DOI:10.1074/ ... Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, et al. (2006). "Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks ... different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways.". Cell 112 (3): 293-301. DOI:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00071-0. PMID ...

https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R19

This sensor use electrostatic transduction to measure the output signal. The reported sensitivity is improved to 69.6 Hz/T ... Instead of using piezoresistive transduction, their sensor relies on electrostatic transduction. They patterned several ... The mechanical structure is often driven to its resonance in order to obtain the maximum output signal. Piezoresistive and ... In addition, temperature rise will generate larger Johnson noise (affect the piezoresistive transduction) and increase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEMS_magnetic_field_sensor

signal transduction. • response to stimulus. • detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of smell. • G- ... and hormone receptors and are responsible for the recognition and G protein-mediated transduction of odorant signals. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR1C1

... was awarded the Feldberg Foundation Prize for his work on the role GTP-binding proteins played on signal transduction ... Prior to this publication, there were conflicting reports as to the role of Gaq in cell signalling via Rho; some said that it ... In 2010, Hall analysed a number of Rho signalling pathways, which regulate the formation of apical junctions in human bronchial ... In 2002, Alan Hall discerned the role of Gaq in Rho signalling pathways. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Hall

1995). "Independent human MAP-kinase signal transduction pathways defined by MEK and MKK isoforms". Science. 267 (5198): 682-5 ... The knockout studies in mice suggested the roles of this kinase in mediating survival signal in T cell development, as well as ... 1997). "Stress-signalling kinase Sek1 protects thymocytes from apoptosis mediated by CD95 and CD3". Nature. 385 (6614): 350-3. ... 1998). "Divergent effects of exercise on metabolic and mitogenic signaling pathways in human skeletal muscle". FASEB J. 12 (13 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAP2K4

Signal transduction. *Stem cell marker. *Wikipedia:MeSH D12.776#MeSH D12.776.543.750 - receptors.2C cell surface ... Relaying sends the signal onward, amplification increases the effect of a single ligand, and integration allows the signal to ... In biochemistry and pharmacology, a receptor is a protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell.[1] When ... There are three main ways the action of the receptor can be classified: relay of signal, amplification, or integration.[2] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_

signal transduction. • Wnt signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway. • Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway ... 2000). "LDL-receptor-related proteins in Wnt signal transduction". Nature. 407 (6803): 530-5. doi:10.1038/35035117. PMID ... Wnt signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral axis specification. • canonical Wnt signaling pathway. • synapse assembly. • ... signal transducer activity. • Wnt-protein binding. • protein binding. • protein kinase binding. • ubiquitin protein ligase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FZD5

Signal transduction. Skauk't categeries: *Pages wi citations uisin unsupportit parameters. *Airticles conteenin Auncient Greek- ... Whan a hormone binds tae the receptor, it results in the activation o a seegnal transduction pathwey that teepically activates ...

https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone

"Plant Signaling & Behavior. 9 (2): e27793. doi:10.4161/psb.27793. PMC 4091236. PMID 24618927.. ... In somatosensory transduction, the afferent neurons transmit messages through synapses in the dorsal column nuclei, where ... Johansson RS, Westling G (1987). "Signals in tactile afferents from the fingers eliciting adaptive motor responses during ... The third-order neurons then send the signal to the somatosensory cortex. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanoreceptor

Signal transduction. *Simple aromatic rings. *Simplified molecular input line entry specification. *George Gaylord Simpson ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Multiple_names:_authors_list?from=Qa

... signal transduction alterations; and 4) inappropriate re-entry into the cell cycle.[8] Smith collaborated with and co-authored ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_A._Smith

DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest. • regulation of transcription ... regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator. • positive regulation of protein kinase activity ... 1994). «Identification of the nuclear and nucleolar localization signals of the protein p120. Interaction with translocation ... Interaction of nucleolar protein B23 with peptides related to nuclear localization signals.». Biochemistry. 34 (25): 8037-42. ...

https://pt.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPM1

The process is called signal transduction: The binding starts a chemical change on the inside of the membrane. ... Extracellular signalling molecules (usually hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, growth factors or cell recognition ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_

An oversimplification of its role is to state that it: checks to ensure odor signals arose from actual odors rather than villi ... because they both give the brain information about the chemical composition of objects through a process called transduction. ... The anterior olfactory nucleus distributes reciprocal signals between the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex.[23] The anterior ... and plays a role in transmitting positive signals to reward sensors (and is thus involved in addiction).[12][13][14] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_system

U3 is a sequence between PPT and R, which serves as a signal that the provirus can use in transcription. R is the terminal ... As a result, cells such as neurons are very resistant to infection and transduction by retroviruses. This gives rise to a ... Later it was found that a similar gene in cells is involved in cell signaling, which was most likely excised with the proviral ... L region is an untranslated leader region that gives the signal for packaging of the genome RNA. The 3' end includes 3 regions ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SsRNA-RT_virus

An example is KRAS, an oncogene that encodes a GTPase involved in several signal transduction pathways. Prognostic biomarkers ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarkers

... which publishes the latest discoveries and progress in both basic science and clinical research related to signal transduction ... Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy is an online-only, open access journal ... We are delighted to announce that Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy has been selected for coverage in Science Citation ...

https://www.nature.com/sigtrans/?error=cookies_not_supported&code=ae9f0257-fda5-4f37-86ad-593db292c256

Signal Transduction / Cancer / Inflammation, with University of Liège (ULg). Apply Today. ... Postdoctoral Position in Molecular Biology / Signal Transduction / Cancer / Inflammation. University of Liège (ULg). Liège, ... The Unit is currently studying poorly characterized candidates acting in oncogenic signaling pathways. Some of these projects ...

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Lipid rafts and signal transduction.. Simons K1, Toomre D.. Author information. 1. Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell ... Signal transduction is initiated by complex protein-protein interactions between ligands, receptors and kinases, to name only a ... This favours specific protein-protein interactions, resulting in the activation of signalling cascades. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11413487

Signal transduction in guard cells.. Assmann SM1.. Author information. 1. Harvard University, Department of Organismic and ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8280465?dopt=Abstract

Hoch JA, Silhavy TJ (1995) Two-component signal transduction. ASM Press, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar ... Wuichet K, Cantwell BJ, Zhulin IB (2010) Evolution and phyletic distribution of two-component signal transduction systems. Curr ... Manson M.D. (2018) Transmembrane Signal Transduction in Bacterial Chemosensing. In: Manson M. (eds) Bacterial Chemosensing. ... Creating chemical tools for studying chemosensory signal transduction; (7) Computerized analysis of chemotaxis. Every effort ...

https://link.springer.com/protocol/10.1007/978-1-4939-7577-8_2

Cellular signalling pathways are fundamental to the control and regulation of cell behavior. Understanding of biosignalling ... Păun A., Pérez-Jiménez M.J., Romero-Campero F.J. (2006) Modeling Signal Transduction Using P Systems. In: Hoogeboom H.J., Păun ... Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Epidermal Growth Factor Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signalling Cellular Signalling ... Cellular signalling pathways are fundamental to the control and regulation of cell behavior. Understanding of biosignalling ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/11963516_7

These systems typically consist of a receptor histidine kinase, which reacts to an extracellular signal by ph … ... Two-component signal transduction (TCST) systems are the principal means for coordinating responses to environmental changes in ... Evolution of two-component signal transduction Mol Biol Evol. 2000 Dec;17(12):1956-70. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev. ... Two-component signal transduction (TCST) systems are the principal means for coordinating responses to environmental changes in ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11110912/

K. Miyazono, S. Maeda, and T. Imamura, "BMP receptor signaling: transcriptional targets, regulation of signals, and signaling ... S. Itoh and P. ten Dijke, "Negative regulation of TGF-β receptor/Smad signal transduction," Current Opinion in Cell Biology, ... B. Schmierer and C. S. Hill, "TGFβ-SMAD signal transduction: molecular specificity and functional flexibility," Nature Reviews ... Regulation of TGF-β Signal Transduction. Bing Zhao and Ye-Guang Chen ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2014/874065/ref/

Multiple signaling pathways promote B lymphocyte stimulator-dependent B-cell growth and survival Robert T. Woodland, Casey J. ... The role of Akt in the signaling pathway of the glycoprotein Ib-IX-induced platelet activation Hong Yin, Aleksandra Stojanovic ... Thrombospondin-1 stimulates platelet aggregation by blocking the antithrombotic activity of nitric oxide/cGMP signaling Jeff S. ... Calmodulin-dependent kinase IV links Toll-like receptor 4 signaling with survival pathway of activated dendritic cells ...

http://www.bloodjournal.org/collection/signal-transduction?page=1&sso-checked=true

... Pathways in Development: Hedgehog Proteins and their Receptors. *Signal Transduction Pathways in ... Cell‐to‐Cell Signalling in Development: Wnt Signalling. Stefan Hoppler, Yukio Nakamura. Published online: April 2014. ... Two‐Component Signalling in Plants. Christian A Burr, Carly M Sacks, Joseph J Kieber. Published online: April 2014. ... Signalling from Endosomes and Exosomes. Adam Huckaby, Mark Dombrovski, Erin Maher, Waheeda Naimi, Matthew Perez, Rolf Skyberg, ...

http://www.els.net/WileyCDA/ElsTopics/L1-STB,L2-SIG.html?sort=DATE&sortDirection=DESC&page=1

Kinetic proofreading in T-cell receptor signal transduction. T W McKeithan. PNAS May 23, 1995 92 (11) 5042-5046; https://doi. ... The requirement for these modifications introduces a temporal lag between ligand binding and receptor signaling. A model for ... Through these mechanisms, ligands of different affinity potentially may elicit qualitatively different signals. ... after ligand binding but before transmitting a signal. ... Kinetic proofreading in T-cell receptor signal transduction. T ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/92/11/5042.long

Histidine kinases in signal transduction; 1 edition; First published in 2003; Subjects: Protein kinases, Cellular signal ... Histidine kinases in signal transduction edited by Masayori Inouye, Rinku Dutta. Published 2003 by Academic Press in Amsterdam ... Are you sure you want to remove Histidine kinases in signal transduction from your list? ... Histidine kinases in signal transduction ,url = https://archive.org/details/histidinekinases00inou ,lccn = 2002107358 , ...

https://openlibrary.org/works/OL16984441W/Histidine_kinases_in_signal_transduction

The concept of signal transduction therapy has got into the front line of modern drug research, and a multidisciplinary ... The aim of this journal is to publish timely in-depth reviews as well as original papers in the field of signal transduction ... Current Signal Transduction Therapy is an essential journal for all involved in drug design and discovery. ... Thematic issues will also be published to cover selected areas of signal transduction therapy. Coverage of the field will ...

https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/cst

... Julie Pajaud, Sandeep Kumar, Claudine Rauch, Fabrice Morel, and ... Furthermore, NF-κB with upstream participation of TNFα, signaling through TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) together with IL-6 and signal ... This interaction inhibits apoptosis signal regulated kinase 1 (ASK1)-mediated activation of JNK/SAPK signaling pathway induced ... and mediate the signal transduction from, members of the TNF receptor superfamily. For example, binding of TNFα on its ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijh/2012/137676/

ALK2 is a receptor serine/threonine kinase that is member of the ALK family and is upstream of signaling pathway involving the ... cell subsets from human whole blood samples for studying phosphorylated protein induction in MAP Kinase and JAK/STAT signaling ...

https://www.fishersci.com/us/en/products/I9C8KX5Y/signal-transduction-reagents-kits.html

Promega Corporation is a worldwide leader in applying biochemistry and molecular biology to the development of innovative, high-value products for the life sciences. The Promega mission statement is: To be the most responsive supplier of biological reagents and reagent systems used in research and applied technology applications worldwide.

https://www.promega.com/resources/events/deu/de-23rd-meeting-on-signal-transduction/

... Mannie Liscum LiscumM at missouri.edu Tue Jul 20 11:10:59 EST 1999 *Previous message: ... Post-Doctoral Position,br, Arabidopsis Signal Transduction,br, A post-doctoral position is available immediately in the ... function as molecular scaffolds to mediate the assembly/stability of signal transduction components in a variety of signal- ... however both NPH3 and RPT2 have been shown genetically to be required for early signal transduction during response to ...

http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/arab-gen/1999-July/007146.html

Signal transduction is any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another. Processes referred to ... Chapter 8. FLT3 Signal Transduction and Leukemia; pp. 191-204 (Shinichiro Takahashi, Tohoku Univ. Graduate School of Medicine, ... The delineation of the signal transduction pathways affected in these and other complex human diseases are likely to present ... as signal transduction often involve a sequence of biochemical reactions inside the cell, which are carried out by enzymes and ...

https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=4715

... Johan Ericsson ericsson at biovx1.biology.ucla.edu Wed Jun 10 18:07:09 ... Postdoc position - signal transduction & transcription Applications are invited for postdoctoral positions in a newly ... transcriptional regulation and signal transduction. Funding is available from the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and the ... the transcriptional regulation of metabolic pathways and the transcriptional mechanisms of growth factor signal transduction ( ...

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... and signal transduction pathway activation. Signal transduction transmits and amplifies signals of stimuli from extracellular ... The purpose of signal transduction is to regulate the cellular response to the molecular stimuli via changes in gene and ... QIAGEN provides a broad range of assay technologies for signal transduction research, enabling analysis of gene expression and ... mTOR Signaling. QIAGEN provides a broad range of assay technologies for mTOR signaling research that enables analysis of gene ...

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... and short-lived signal transduction molecules can be a very difficult task. In Signal Transduction Immunohistochemistry: ... and short-lived signal transduction molecules can be a very difficult task. In Signal Transduction Immunohistochemistry: ... Signal Transduction Immunohistochemistry. Book Subtitle. Methods and Protocols. Editors. * Alexander E. Kalyuzhny ... Authoritative and practical, Signal Transduction Immunohistochemistry: Methods and Protocols serves as an ideal guide for ...

https://www.springer.com/us/book/9781617790232?utm_campaign=sl-buybox_bookPage_print&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=springerlink

Induction of host signal transduction pathways by Helicobacter pylori. Ellyn D. Segal, C. Lange, A. Covacci, L. S. Tompkins, S. ... Induction of host signal transduction pathways by Helicobacter pylori. Ellyn D. Segal, C. Lange, A. Covacci, L. S. Tompkins, S. ... Induction of host signal transduction pathways by Helicobacter pylori. Ellyn D. Segal, C. Lange, A. Covacci, L. S. Tompkins, ... Induction of host signal transduction pathways by Helicobacter pylori Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message from ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/94/14/7595

The various techniques used to study signal transduction as well as important experimental strategies employing these ... Oncogene products as signal transducers and the interaction of the known signaling pathways are also covered. ...

http://www.lsa.umich.edu/cg/cg_detail.aspx?content=2210PHYSIOL576001&termArray=f_18_2210

... this signal regulates cell-fate choices in embryos of the fruit fly Drosophila and vertebrates. Armadillo/beta-catenin is als … ... of the Drosophila segment polarity gene armadillo and its vertebrate homologue beta-catenin are components of the signal ... Cell adhesion and signal transduction: the Armadillo connection Trends Cell Biol. 1995 Jun;5(6):224-9. doi: 10.1016/s0962-8924( ... Drosophila segment polarity gene armadillo and its vertebrate homologue beta-catenin are components of the signal transduction ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14732126/?dopt=Abstract

... daemon at net.bio.net daemon at net.bio.net Mon May 11 11:12:00 EST 1998 * ... on the signal transduction processes coupling UV-A/blue light perception to the control of gene expression in Arabidopsis (see ... Life Sciences Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSISTANTSHIP IN PLANT SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION = ...

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... Aurora Scientific, Inc.. in Product Guide Lab Equipment Signal Transduction Reagents ... in Product Guide Lab Equipment Assay Kits Protein Purification Systems Signal Transduction Reagents Other Amphipols Cell ...

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... The Signal Transduction Program explores the molecular signals within and between cells that drive cancer ... The Signal Transduction Program has two major overarching themes: 1) Identifying and targeting signaling in cancer; and 2) ... In addition, the Signal Transduction Program is working to develop improved models of cancer. Program members include experts ... Extensive collaborations among Signal Transduction Program members and other CSHL Cancer Center Programs have combined novel ...

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Because of the complexity and the rapid pace of research developments in the field of signal transduction, there are few ... Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Science Signaling Message Body. (Your Name) thought you would like to see this page ... Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Science Signaling. ...

https://stke.sciencemag.org/content/2001/72/pe1

Learn more about the areas that The Division of Signal Transduction at BIDMC in Boston is conducting research. ... Division of Signal Transduction. Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. 330 Brookline Avenue. Boston, MA ... More Within Signal Transduction Signal Transduction * Cell Signaling * Signal Transduction and Cancer Metabolism ...

https://www.bidmc.org/research/research-by-department/medicine/signal-transduction

... intracellular signaling pathway, protein kinase cascade, signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade, signal ... intracellular signal transduction pathway, intracellular signaling cascade, intracellular signaling chain, ... intracellular signal transduction. GO ID. GO:0035556 Aspect. Biological Process. Description. The process in which a signal is ... passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and ...

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The JNK signal transduction pathway. (nih.gov)
Recent studies have led to progress towards understanding the physiological function of the JNK signaling pathway, including the analysis of the phenotype of knockout mice. (nih.gov)
An important role for JNK in the non-canonical Wnt-signaling pathway has been established. (nih.gov)
ALK2 is a receptor serine/threonine kinase that is member of the ALK family and is upstream of signaling pathway involving the SMAD proteins especially SMAD1/5/8. (fishersci.com)
QIAGEN provides a broad range of assay technologies for signal transduction research, enabling analysis of gene expression and regulation, epigenetic modification, genotyping, and signal transduction pathway activation. (qiagen.com)
Most processes of signal transduction involve ordered sequences of biochemical reactions inside the cell, which are carried out by enzymes , activated by second messengers , resulting in a signal transduction pathway . (bionity.com)
The changes elicited by ligand binding (or signal sensing) in a receptor give rise to a biochemical cascade, which is a chain of biochemical events known as a signaling pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Each component (or node) of a signaling pathway is classified according to the role it plays with respect to the initial stimulus. (wikipedia.org)
Dr Wehr and his team use molecular, biochemical and cell biology techniques and mouse models to investigate how molecular mechanisms are altered by schizophrenia candidate risk genes, i.e. they analyse the impact of selected schizophrenia risk genes on changes in signalling pathway activities and synaptic plasticity. (uni-muenchen.de)
In the second part, the signal transduction pathway, sometimes a lot of different proteins make one long chain that passes along the message . (everything2.com)
Another kind of signal transduction pathway. (everything2.com)
This often involves the activation of a signal transduction pathway utilizing multi-step enzyme cascades to convert the stimulus. (novusbio.com)
B ) Diagram of the TNF-NF-κB signaling pathway represented in biochemical form (left) and as a noisy communication channel (right). (sciencemag.org)
Applying this framework to analyze a four-dimensional compendium of single-cell responses to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ( Fig. 1C , see also SOM section 1), an inflammatory cytokine that initiates stochastic signaling at physiologic concentrations spanning about four orders of magnitude ( 15 - 21 ), shows that signaling via a network rather than a single pathway can abate the information lost to noise. (sciencemag.org)
As a consequence, the signal transduction pathway is initiated. (europa.eu)
The PathDetect in vivo signal transduction pathway trans-reportings. (bio-medicine.org)
Stratagenes PathDetect in vivo signal transduction pathway reporting systems are used to study activation of specific signaling pathways by uncharacterized gene products, extracellular stimuli, or drug candidates. (bio-medicine.org)
The PathDetect in vivo signal transduction pathway trans-reporting systems 1 are used to study the in vivo effects of new genes, growth factors, drug candidates, and extracellular stimuli on the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2,3 (JNK), mitogen-activated protein kinase 4,5 (MAPK), cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase 6 (PKA), and other signaling molecules that lead to the activation of these kinases. (bio-medicine.org)
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. (harvard.edu)
Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. (harvard.edu)
for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. (harvard.edu)
The Ras Signal Transduction Pathway in Development (R. Hamilton). (barnesandnoble.com)
Since many of the signal molecules in this pathway relay more than one of the upstream signals to downstream targets, it has been suggested that the transmission of signals involves a network, rather than a linear sequence in the activation of NF-κB. (eurekaselect.com)

In many transduction processes, an increasing number of enzymes and other molecules become engaged in the events that proceed from the initial stimulus. (novapublishers.com)
The aim is to identify the downstream targets (i.e. transcription factors, coactivators and corepressors) of these signaling pathways and to determine how these molecules regulate gene expression. (bio.net)
Unlike detecting constitutively expressed targets, immunohistochemical detection of labile, low abundance, and short-lived signal transduction molecules can be a very difficult task. (springer.com)
However, chemical processes and individual molecules are not the only factors influencing signal transmission. (fz-juelich.de)
The number of proteins and other molecules participating in the events involving signal transduction increases as the process emanates from the initial stimulus, resulting in a "signal cascade," beginning with a relatively small stimulus that elicits a large response. (bionity.com)
Most signal transduction involves the binding of extracellular signaling molecules (or ligands) to cell-surface receptors that face outward from the plasma membrane and trigger events inside the cell. (bionity.com)
Steroids represent another example of extracellular signaling molecules that may cross the plasma membrane due to their lipophilic or hydrophobic nature. (bionity.com)
Depending on the efficiency of the nodes, a signal can be amplified (a concept known as signal gain), so that one signaling molecule can generate a response involving hundreds to millions of molecules. (wikipedia.org)
The majority of signal transduction pathways involve the binding of signaling molecules, known as ligands, to receptors that trigger events inside the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Not all classifications of signaling molecules take into account the molecular nature of each class member. (wikipedia.org)
Specific GSLs, indeed, interface with specific protein domains that are found in signalling molecules and which act as GSL sensors to modify signalling responses. (mdpi.com)
The chains of molecules that relay intracellular signals are known as intracellular signal transduction pathways. (khanacademy.org)
They direct the recruitment, activation, and scaffolding of cytoplasmic signaling complexes via two multifunctional adaptor and transducer molecules, β-arrestins 1 and 2. (sciencemag.org)
Sometimes when the communication is local signaling, cells just have molecules stuck on their surface s that connect to each other, or they have tunnel s between them through which signaling molecules can move. (everything2.com)
These proteins do a lot of different things, but one of the things that they do is receive chemical signal molecules. (everything2.com)
The signal molecules fit right inside them like keys into locks or pieces into puzzles. (everything2.com)
After the receptor proteins get the signal molecules, they're usually changed. (everything2.com)
When they change shape, they affect other molecules inside the cell, and that's called transduction. (everything2.com)
Many of these signaling molecules can serve as potential pharmaceutical targets for the specific inhibition of NF-κB activation leading to interruption of disease processes. (eurekaselect.com)
Thus, the detailed elucidation of the upstream signaling molecules involved with NF-κB activation will be important to the development of pharmaceutical inhibitors that specifically inhibit the activation of NF-kB. (eurekaselect.com)
This series is intended to reflect our increasing understanding of the organization of signalling networks, which are no longer viewed merely as linear pathways but instead as complex webs in which scaffold-organized multiprotein complexes and subcellular localization of signalling molecules play key roles. (biologists.org)
Future articles in the series examine the importance of subcellular localization of signalling molecules such as Ca(2+), inositol phosphates and Ras, scaffold proteins such as STE5, KSR and AKAPs, and proteins such as p300/CBP and WASP that play central roles integrating signalling to produce biological output (see over). (biologists.org)

Through these mechanisms, ligands of different affinity potentially may elicit qualitatively different signals. (pnas.org)
The delineation of the signal transduction pathways affected in these and other complex human diseases are likely to present new avenues for therapeutic intervention and understanding of human disease mechanisms. (novapublishers.com)
The successful candidates will study the transcriptional regulation of metabolic pathways and the transcriptional mechanisms of growth factor signal transduction (Ericsson et al. (bio.net)
Current research is focused on identifying and targeting the signaling mechanisms and tumor-host interactions that drive cancer. (cshl.edu)
With the advent of computational biology, the analysis of signaling pathways and networks has become an essential tool to understand cellular functions and disease, including signaling rewiring mechanisms underlying responses to acquired drug resistance. (wikipedia.org)
Many other intercellular signal relay mechanisms exist in multicellular organisms, such as those that govern embryonic development. (wikipedia.org)
Integrating advances in the biochemistry, cell biology, physiology, and physics of phototransduction, Signal Transduction in the Retina presents the methodologies and experimental approaches that yield key information on the mechanisms underlying normal retinal physiology. (routledge.com)
Given the dominance and wealth of information on rhodopsin-based phototransduction, the book devotes substantial attention to this topic, but also evaluates a diversity of signaling mechanisms. (routledge.com)
Beginning with the molecular mechanisms of vertebrate phototransduction, this volume presents the structure of phototransduction cascade components at atomic resolution, as well as molecular interactions in multi-protein complexes and novel cell-based strategies for understanding signal shut-off and light adaptation. (routledge.com)
We are interested in unraveling the mechanisms by which transforming growth factor- β (TGF- β ) family members elicit their multifunctional cellular effects and how perturbation in their signal transduction pathways contribute to human diseases. (lumc.nl)
Stomatal guard cells, being an easy and versatile system to study the their cellular components, are considered as excellent models for studying the signal transduction mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
Screening the natural products, large combinatorial chemistry libraries and with the advent of computational biology including proteomics, genomics and the analysis of signaling pathways and networks has become an essential tool to understand cellular functions and disease mechanisms. (eurekaselect.com)
In this review, we describe detailed mechanisms of signal transduction pathways of Ang II involving small G proteins in VSMCs together with their functional significances in mediating vascular remodeling. (ahajournals.org)
The focus of this article is applied physiology of the inner ear, emphasizing the processes involved in transduction and the homeostatic mechanisms necessary for maintaining the inner ear in a functional state. (medscape.com)
This textbook provides a comprehensive view of signal transduction, covering both the fundamental mechanisms involved and their roles in key biological processes. (cshlpress.com)
On the other hand, in the Fas-mediated apoptosis of Jurkat (type II) cells, which is characterized by involvement of mitochondria and, thus, shares signal transduction mechanisms with apoptosis induced by other stimuli such as genotoxins, activation of the three caspases, cleavage of DFF45 (ICAD), and nuclear changes were blocked by reduction of intracellular ATP, whereas release of cytochrome c was not affected. (aacrjournals.org)
mechanisms regulating neuronal second messenger signaling in synaptic plasticity. (ucdenver.edu)
signaling and transcriptional mechanisms of muscle disease. (ucdenver.edu)
Understanding the signaling mechanisms that control apoptosis in cancer development and during the response of tumor cells to cancer therapeutics. (ucdenver.edu)
Such effects on signaling mechanisms probably account for the role of oxidative stress in inflammation, aging, and cancer. (foyles.co.uk)
Most chapters contain comparative analyses of the role of growth factors, as well as their signal transduction mechanisms in these different developing systems. (barnesandnoble.com)
We identify novel mechanisms ensuring specificity and robustness within stomatal Ca 2+ -signaling on a cellular, genetic, and biochemical level. (osti.gov)
Thus, a thorough understanding of cellular signal transduction and its underlying molecular mechanisms is crucial for the development of novel drugs targeting cellular communication pathways. (uni.lu)
Although detailed signal transduction mechanisms of neither cryptochromes nor phototropins are well understood, significant progress has been made in recent years. (plantcell.org)

15 members) encode novel proteins, however both NPH3 and RPT2 have been shown genetically to be required for early signal transduction during response to phototropic stimuli. (bio.net)
We hypothesize that this novel family of proteins function as molecular scaffolds to mediate the assembly/stability of signal transduction components in a variety of signal-response systems (i.e., not limited to phototropism). (bio.net)
Program members include experts who bring an in-depth understanding of different families of signaling proteins, integrated with investigators who have expertise in cutting-edge technologies and systems. (cshl.edu)
The present focus within our group is on 1) the identification of novel critical regulators of TGF- β family signaling pathways using functional genetic screens, 2) how TGF- β specificity and bioavailability is regulated via known (co-)receptors and ligand binding proteins and 3) chemical biology approaches to normalize deregulated TGF- β signalling. (lumc.nl)
Our group showed that different signal proteins were activated under acidic conditions compared with those observed in a typical medium of around pH 7.4 that has been used until now. (mdpi.com)
Genes encoding receptors, signal proteins including transcription factors, and cytokines including growth factors numbered 35, 32, and 17 among the 379 genes, respectively. (mdpi.com)
After 24 h culture at pH 6.7, expressions of 412 genes were repressed more than twofold compared with those in cells cultured at pH 7.5, and the 412 genes contained 35, 76, and 7 genes encoding receptors, signal proteins including transcription factors, and cytokines including growth factors, respectively. (mdpi.com)
5-8 Importantly, recent accumulating evidence highlighted the significance of these small G proteins as essential molecular switches that trigger many of the signal transduction and functions of Ang II. (ahajournals.org)
Taking a novel approach, it first lays out the basic principles of signal transduction, explaining how different receptors receive information and transmit it via signaling proteins, ions, and second messengers. (cshlpress.com)
The receiver and signalling domain may be present in distinct proteins that form a complex or may be fused in a single polypeptide chain. (mpg.de)
A notable feature of Growth Factors and Signal Transduction in Development is its glossary of genes and proteins referred to in this volume. (barnesandnoble.com)
Morgan Sheng's summary of the scaffold functions of PSD-95 in the post-synaptic density (see Cell Science at a Glance) underlines this complexity: PSD-95 is part of an extensive network of proteins that links together different classes of glutamate receptor and couples them to intracellular signalling pathways. (biologists.org)

We illustrate these cellular models simulating the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling cascade and the FAS-induced apoptosis using a deterministic strategy for the evolution of P systems. (springer.com)
Moghal, N., Sternberg, P.W.: Multiple positive and negative regulators of signaling by the EGFR receptor. (springer.com)
These systems typically consist of a receptor histidine kinase, which reacts to an extracellular signal by phosphorylating a cytoplasmic response regulator, causing a change in cellular behavior. (nih.gov)
L. Z. Xiao, N. Topley, T. Ito, and A. Phillips, "Interleukin-6 regulation of transforming growth factor (TGF)- β receptor compartmentalization and turnover enhances TGF- β 1 signaling," Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol. 280, no. 13, pp. 12239-12245, 2005. (hindawi.com)
The disintegrin and metalloproteinase ADAM12 contributes to TGF- β signaling through interaction with the type II receptor," Journal of Cell Biology , vol. 178, no. 2, pp. 201-208, 2007. (hindawi.com)
S. Hayes, A. Chawla, and S. Corvera, "TGF β receptor internalization into EEA1-enriched early endosomes: role in signaling to Smad2," Journal of Cell Biology , vol. 158, no. 7, pp. 1239-1249, 2002. (hindawi.com)
Like other cell-surface receptors with intrinsic or associated protein-tyrosine kinase activity, the T-cell receptor complex undergoes a number of modifications, including tyrosine phosphorylation steps, after ligand binding but before transmitting a signal. (pnas.org)
The requirement for these modifications introduces a temporal lag between ligand binding and receptor signaling. (pnas.org)
The process by which a signal, such as a hormone or a change in the concentration of an ion, is converted into a biochemical response by means of the activation of a receptor on the surface or interior of a cell. (yourdictionary.com)
The binding of a signaling molecule with a receptor causes a change in the conformation of the receptor, known as receptor activation. (wikipedia.org)
The regulation exerted by GSLs on signal transduction is orthogonal to the ligand-receptor axis, as it usually does not directly interfere with the ligand binding to receptors. (mdpi.com)
Learn how signals are relayed inside a cell starting from the cell membrane receptor. (khanacademy.org)
The transmission of extracellular signals to the interior of the cell is a function of plasma membrane receptors, of which the seven transmembrane receptor family is by far the largest and most versatile. (sciencemag.org)
One other kind of receptor is a ligand-gated ion-channel receptor, which is like a closed tunnel that opens when a signal molecule binds to it, letting ions from outside the cell go into the cell to make changes. (everything2.com)
Large populations of cells can accurately sense signaling inputs, such as the concentration of growth factors or other receptor ligands, but this task can be challenging for an individual cell affected by biochemical noise ( 1 - 3 ). (sciencemag.org)
One receptor that has been identified is novel and may represent a new class of molecule that interacts with low density lipoproteins and consequently initiates a signal transduction cascade. (europa.eu)
Although recent work has begun to illuminate the signal transduction pathways activated by MIF, the nature of its membrane receptor has not been known. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Through this receptor, Ang II activates a number of cytoplasmic signaling pathways. (ahajournals.org)
The involvement of ADAP in the regulation of receptor-mediated inside-out signaling leading to integrin activation is well characterized, especially in T cells and in platelets. (asm.org)
In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. (harvard.edu)
A principal means by which AGEs alter cellular properties is through interaction with their signal-transduction receptor RAGE. (ahajournals.org)
It has been discovered that many growth factors have the option of more than one receptor for signal transduction. (barnesandnoble.com)
T-Cell Signalling and Activation Through the Interleukin-2 Receptor Complex (N. Terada, et al. ). (barnesandnoble.com)
The Handbook of Receptor Classification and Signal Transduction contains over 100 entries covering such topics as Intracellular Signaling Enzymes and Receptors, Ion Channels, Non-Peptide Receptors, Synthesis and Metabolism, Peptide Receptors and Peptide Metabolism, Protein Kinase, Serine, Threonine, and Tyrosine Kinases, and Transporters. (sigmaaldrich.com)
First, a signalling molecule or ligand binds to the outside of the cell and activates a specific receptor on the cell membrane. (sciencephoto.com)
When the receptor is activated, a second messenger continues the signal inside the cell and elicits a physiological response. (sciencephoto.com)
On p. 1265, Graeme Milligan develops the theme by reviewing the evidence for regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor signalling through receptor oligomerization. (biologists.org)

This GRC will be held in conjunction with the "Photosensory Receptors and Signal Transduction (GRS)" Gordon Research Seminar (GRS). (grc.org)

Current Signal Transduction Therapy is an essential journal for all involved in drug design and discovery. (ingentaconnect.com)
This thematic issue of Current Signal Transduction Therapy aims at featuring the latest developments of cell signaling research and to encourage design and development of new drug treatments against cancer, inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases associated to abnormal signal transduction. (eurekaselect.com)

Cellular signalling pathways are fundamental to the control and regulation of cell behavior. (springer.com)
Early endosomal regulation of Smad-dependent signaling in endothelial cells," Journal of Biological Chemistry , vol. 277, no. 20, pp. 18046-18052, 2002. (hindawi.com)
We are seeking highly motivated scientists (Ph.D./M.D.) with strong backgrounds in molecular and cellular biology, gene expression, transcriptional regulation and signal transduction. (bio.net)
In 1993, the year in which the paper cited above was published, insight into the importance of growth factors and signal transduction pathways in cell cycle regulation was increasing rapidly, but metabolic and energetic aspects of cell proliferation had attracted relatively little attention. (waterstones.com)
set the foundation to use protoplasts to study gene regulation and signal transduction in plant cells. (plantphysiol.org)
In various intercellular signal systems, scientists today understand the composition and structure of the unique receptors on the target cells as well as the various ways in which the signals received by the cell are transduced and modified in the cell, sometimes in a complex chain of events, until the induction or regulation of the encoded response of the target cell. (openu.ac.il)
Developmental Regulation and Signal Transduction Pathways of Fibroblast Growth Factors and Their Receptors (K. Miller & A. Rizzino). (barnesandnoble.com)

The aim of this journal is to publish timely in-depth reviews as well as original papers in the field of signal transduction therapy. (ingentaconnect.com)
Because of the complexity and the rapid pace of research developments in the field of signal transduction, there are few textbooks devoted to this subject specifically. (sciencemag.org)
and in part to our need for another expert in the field of signal transduction among the Editors. (biologists.org)
Finally, we would like to emphasize our interest in primary articles relating to this topic and take this opportunity to encourage all those working in the field of signal transduction to submit their best articles to the journal. (biologists.org)

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about Science Signaling. (sciencemag.org)
Message Body (Your Name) thought you would like to see this page from the Science Signaling web site. (sciencemag.org)

Signal transduction transmits and amplifies signals of stimuli from extracellular sources to the nucleus. (qiagen.com)
Also, intracellular signaling cascades can be triggered through cell-substratum interactions, as in the case of integrins , which bind ligands found within the extracellular matrix . (bionity.com)
Signal transduction pathways may involve many different types of signals, including hormones, neurotransmitters , growth factors, cytokines , neurotrophins or extracellular matrix components. (novusbio.com)
Signaling networks are biochemical systems dedicated to processing information about the environment provided by extracellular stimuli. (sciencemag.org)
MIF binds to the extracellular domain of CD74, and CD74 is required for MIF-induced activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 MAP kinase cascade, cell proliferation, and PGE2 production. (sigmaaldrich.com)
A recombinant, soluble form of CD74 binds MIF with a dissociation constant of approximately 9 x 10-9 Kd, as defined by surface plasmon resonance (BIAcore analysis), and soluble CD74 inhibits MIF-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in defined cell systems. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Ras mediates its effect on cell proliferation mainly by activation of its effector Raf to initiate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/extracellular signal regulated kinase [ERK]) cascade. (ahajournals.org)
The physiological functions of the atypical mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase 3 (ERK3) remain poorly characterized. (asm.org)
A recombinant, soluble form of CD74 binds MIF with a dissociation constant of ∼9 × 10 −9 K d , as defined by surface plasmon resonance (BIAcore analysis), and soluble CD74 inhibits MIF-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in defined cell systems. (rupress.org)
MIF broadly counter-regulates the immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids ( 21 - 24 ), and at the subcellular level, it induces a sustained pattern of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2 MAP kinase activation ( 25 ) and maintains proinflammatory function by inhibiting p53-dependent apoptosis ( 10 , 26 ). (rupress.org)

Processes referred to as signal transduction often involve a sequence of biochemical reactions inside the cell, which are carried out by enzymes and linked through second messengers. (novapublishers.com)
Investigators study ion channels, second messengers, growth factor-signaling and the cell cycle. (ucdenver.edu)
There is now evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) can alter cell function by acting upon the intermediates, or second messengers, in signal transductions. (foyles.co.uk)
Signal travels from exterior to interior of cell via first and second messengers. (sciencephoto.com)

The various techniques used to study signal transduction as well as important experimental strategies employing these techniques will also be presented. (umich.edu)
Stratagene has continued to update the PathDetect trans-systems to study signal transduction events that converge at the transcription factors CHOP (activated by p38 MAPK), ATF2 and c-Fos. (bio-medicine.org)
Signal Transduction: A Systems Biology Approach" presents readers with an introduction to systems biology, while also providing details of approaches and methods in use today to study signal transduction from a systems biology perspective. (whsmith.co.uk)

A postdoctoral position is available in the Plant Molecular Science Group to work with Dr Gareth I. Jenkins and Dr Marc R. Knight (University of Oxford) on the signal transduction processes coupling UV-A/blue light perception to the control of gene expression in Arabidopsis (see Plant Cell 8, 1555-1567). (bio.net)
As can be seen from the graph to the right, it is not until the late 1980s/early 1990s that research papers directly addressing signal transduction processes began to appear in large numbers in the scientific literature. (bionity.com)
In the twenty-first century, we are just beginning to understand more clearly the enormous diversity and complexity of signaling processes in the retina. (routledge.com)
The book also compares the visual signaling processes of vertebrates and invertebrates. (routledge.com)
Signal transduction executed in the signal cascades is the common term used to define a divers biochemical mecha nisms that regulate processes in the nanonetworks. (actapress.com)
The signal cascades existing in the different type of cells (for selected processes) can be retrieved from the biochemical research available in the specialized databases. (actapress.com)
It then surveys the major signaling pathways that operate in cells, before examining in detail how these function in processes such as cell growth and division, cell movement, metabolism, development, reproduction, the nervous system, and immune function. (cshlpress.com)
It will also be a vital reference for all cell, molecular, and developmental biologists and pharmacologists, neurobiologists, and immunologists studying processes regulated by cell signaling. (cshlpress.com)
Here we discuss computational approaches for modeling protein signal transduction and metabolism as well as how the regulatory relationship between these two important cellular processes can be combined into hybrid models. (umich.edu)
Many MCGD faculty strive to understand how signal transduction regulates cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell survival, differentiation, fate determination, and cell movement. (yale.edu)
The study of these processes is known as signal transduction, or cellular signaling, which is one of the key areas of biomedical research, because of what it tells us about normal functions and the therapeutic opportunities that it identifies. (ucdenver.edu)

We are delighted to announce that Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy has been selected for coverage in Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) and Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition. (nature.com)

Signal transduction is initiated by complex protein-protein interactions between ligands, receptors and kinases, to name only a few. (nih.gov)
Are you sure you want to remove Histidine kinases in signal transduction from your list? (openlibrary.org)
Histidine kinases in signal transduction edited by Masayori Inouye, Rinku Dutta. (openlibrary.org)
Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response. (wikipedia.org)
The uncontrolled growth of tumor cells is caused by mutations in the genes encoding growth factors, their receptors, signal transducing enzymes (mostly kinases), and transcription factors. (uni.lu)
According to the University of Dundee, the MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, the Scottish Institute for Cell Signalling and the College of Life Sciences at Dundee together make up the world's largest centre for the study of kinases and the ubiquitin system, with some 200 scientific and support staff working in this area. (pharmatimes.com)

Just like people, cells can communicate when they're close together, which is called local signaling, or when they're far apart, which is done by hormones , but both kinds of communicating use chemical molecule s that the cell secretes and other cells receive. (everything2.com)
Either way, the receiving cell gets a signal molecule from the sending cell. (everything2.com)
In either step, the signal can be amplified, meaning that one signalling molecule can cause many responses. (sciencephoto.com)

University of Glasgow Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH ASSISTANTSHIP IN PLANT SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION =A315, 159-=A316, 927 p.a. (bio.net)

Ligands are termed first messengers, while receptors are the signal transducers, which then activate primary effectors. (wikipedia.org)

[1] Prior to 1977 articles can be found that use the term "signal transmission" or "sensory transduction" within their title or abstract. (bionity.com)
While performing this sensory transduction process, the inner ear analyzes a sound stimulus in terms of its frequency, intensity, and temporal properties, and it transmits this information to the CNS for further processing and interpretation. (medscape.com)

Two-component signal transduction (TCST) systems are the principal means for coordinating responses to environmental changes in bacteria as well as some plants, fungi, protozoa, and archaea. (nih.gov)
Responses of cells to environmental signals, toxins and stressors have profound implications for diverse aspects of human health and disease including development, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, asthma, heart, autoimmune diseases and cancer. (novapublishers.com)
When signaling pathways interact with one another they form networks, which allow cellular responses to be coordinated, often by combinatorial signaling events. (wikipedia.org)
Noise maps an input signal to a distribution of possible output responses, which can cause loss of information about the input. (sciencemag.org)
Here, the signals can be modified at any stage causing many responses. (omicsonline.org)

This favours specific protein-protein interactions, resulting in the activation of signalling cascades. (nih.gov)
The interaction of GH with GH receptors (GHR) on target cells promotes the association of the cellular tyrosine kinase JAK2 with the GHR, initiating tyrosine phosphorylation of GHR and JAK2, and activation of multiple signaling cascades. (biomedsearch.com)
GH-stimulated activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs), mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase (PI3K) cascades have been shown to regulate the transcription of GH-responsive genes. (biomedsearch.com)
Cross-talk among these signaling cascades in regulating specific genes suggests that GH signaling to the nucleus involves a GH-regulated signaling network. (biomedsearch.com)

Previous research from us and other laboratories have now firmly established the intracellular signaling cascade of TGF- β via serine/threonine kinase receptors and SMAD transcriptional effectors. (lumc.nl)

Bottlenecks likewise constrain information attained by networks signaling through multiple genes or cells. (sciencemag.org)
Since the functions of 78 genes are unknown, it can be argued that cells may have other genes for signaling under acidic conditions. (mdpi.com)
Still, many missing links exist in the plant transduction pathways from signals to target genes. (plantphysiol.org)
The eventual outcome is an alteration in cellular activity and changes in the program of genes expressed within the responding cells.Numerous diseases are caused by a dysfunctional cellular signal transduction. (uni.lu)

Multiple signaling pathways mediate the diverse effects of growth hormone (GH) on growth and metabolism. (biomedsearch.com)
Despite this, the concept seemed inescapable that the two seemingly distinct and unrelated determinants - signal transduction and metabolism - were integrally linked. (waterstones.com)
Many of the same signaling pathways are routinely dysregulated in cancer and a number of important oncogenic signaling pathways play important regulatory roles in central carbon metabolism. (umich.edu)
Unraveling the complex regulatory relationship between cancer metabolism and signaling requires the application of systems biology approaches. (umich.edu)
Wynn ML, Merajver SD, Schnell S (2012) Unraveling the Complex Regulatory Relationships Between Metabolism and Signal Transduction in Cancer. (umich.edu)

[2] [3] However, it is not until 1977 that papers start to appear with the specific term "signal transduction" within their abstract, and 1979 before this specific term appears within a paper title. (bionity.com)

The purpose of signal transduction is to regulate the cellular response to the molecular stimuli via changes in gene and protein expression. (qiagen.com)
In multicellular organisms, signal transduction pathways regulate cell communication in a wide variety of ways. (wikipedia.org)
Recent evidence, however, indicates another previously unappreciated strategy used by the receptors to regulate intracellular signaling pathways. (sciencemag.org)
In multicellular organisms, signal transduction pathways have evolved to regulate cell communication in a wide variety of ways. (eurekaselect.com)

Western blots offer a qualitative method for assessing protein expression and modification (phosphorylation, ubitquitination etc.) in response to alterations in cell signalling pathways. (horizondiscovery.com)
The role of signal transduction and other regulatory pathways (phosphorylation/dephosphorylation) is a major focus both because our knowledge of how transport is regulated is rudimentary and because some Na'-sensitive enzymes may modulate inositol-based signalling pathways. (europa.eu)
Moreover, we demonstrate an unexpected interdependence of the Ca 2+ -dependent and Ca 2+ -independent ABA-signaling branches and the in planta requirement of simultaneous phosphorylation at two key phosphorylation sites in SLAC1. (osti.gov)
The DSTT includes 15 research teams based at the University of Dundee, 13 of them within the MRC [Medical Research Council] Protein Phosphorylation Unit and the Scottish Institute for Cell Signalling (SCILLS) at the College of Life Sciences. (pharmatimes.com)

The Unit is currently studying poorly characterized candidates acting in oncogenic signaling pathways. (nature.com)

These effects of H. pylori attachment to cells suggests that alteration of host cell signal transduction might lead to chronic inflammation and perhaps may lead to the oncogenic transformation that are the hallmarks of symptomatic H. pylori infection. (pnas.org)
The Signal Transduction Program explores the molecular signals within and between cells that drive cancer. (cshl.edu)
How do these cells process incoming signals and how do they pass them on? (fz-juelich.de)
The Innate Immunity Signal Transduction in Human Leukocytes is a research study to determine the response of immune cells from the bloodstream. (nih.gov)
This study will investigate the response of immune cells to various signals in the test tube to determine how they sense the signals in the body and what substances they produce in response to them. (nih.gov)
Mostly, the cell makes the signaling chemical, then lets these chemicals out to diffuse through the fluid outside the cell to other cells nearby. (everything2.com)
Signal transduction is the process by which cells convert one type of stimulus into a new type of signal. (novusbio.com)
Many reviews on signaling components in guard cells have been highly focused on single signaling components and have appeared in different journals. (frontiersin.org)
The proposed Frontiers Topic on "Signal Transduction in Stomatal Guard Cells" would provide a compendium of reviews by experts, all in one place and would be an excellent source of information to those interested in guard cell function as well as signal transduction in plant cells. (frontiersin.org)
These results suggest that the signal pathways in acidic diseased areas are different, at least in part, from those examined with cells cultured at a pH of around 7.4. (mdpi.com)
These data provide a molecular basis for MIF's interaction with target cells and identify it as a natural ligand for CD74, which has been implicated previously in signaling and accessory functions for immune cell activation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Cells must respond to a wide variety of signals. (cshlpress.com)
In SKW6.4 (type I) cells characterized by rapid formation of the death-inducing signaling complex on Fas treatment, the activation of caspases 8, 9, and 3, cleavage of DFF45 (ICAD), and release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm were not affected by reduction of intracellular ATP, although chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation were inhibited. (aacrjournals.org)
These results suggested that the ATP-dependent step(s) of Fas-mediated apoptotic signal transduction in type I cells are only located downstream of caspase 3 activation, whereas the activation of caspase 9 by released cytochrome c is the most upstream ATP-dependent step in type II cells. (aacrjournals.org)
Cells receive external cues and signals from many different molecular sources, both nearby and far away. (yale.edu)
Study and manipulation of protein homeostasis and signaling pathways in live cells, optogenetic tools for controlling protein interactions, synthetic biology, cytosolic protein misfolding, yeast genetics/genomics. (ucdenver.edu)
Analogous to the mammalian tissue culture lines and transient gene expression assays that are indispensable for the rapid progress in discoveries of signal transduction pathways in multicellular organisms, protoplast transient expression systems using parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ), maize ( Zea mays ), carrot ( Daucus carota ), alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ), Arabidopsis, and tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ) suspension culture cells have been established. (plantphysiol.org)
The process by which cells receive, transduce and respond to signals is vitally important in all activities that characterize the term life. (openu.ac.il)
Plant guard cells, that form stomatal pores for gas exchange, provide a powerful system for in depth investigation of Ca 2+ -signaling specificity in plants. (osti.gov)
In intact guard cells, abscisic acid (ABA) enhances (primes) the Ca 2+ -sensitivity of downstream signaling events that result in activation of S-type anion channels during stomatal closure, providing a specificity mechanism in Ca 2+ -signaling. (osti.gov)

This volume is devoted primarily to methods used to study either the behavior of bacteria in response to their environment or methods used to study events that involve signaling pathways that are initiated by events at the cell membrane. (springer.com)
ISEs traditionally involve potentiometric signal transduction, i.e. the ion activity is related to the equilibrium potential of the sensor vs. the reference electrode. (abo.fi)

Several abiotic/environmental and biotic signals, such as plant hormones and elicitors or microbe associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) modulate stomatal function. (frontiersin.org)
Among the hormonal signals, the perception and action of the plant hormones, abscisic acid (ABA), is well characterized. (frontiersin.org)
These include hormones, growth factors, morphogens, and environmental stress, as well as signals from internal regulators and checkpoints. (cshlpress.com)
The signals usually take the form of chemicals, such as hormones or nutrients, but they may take another form, such as light, heat or sound. (sciencephoto.com)

Although it is now well known that some diseased areas, such as cancer nests, inflammation loci, and infarction areas, are acidified, little is known about cellular signal transduction, gene expression, and cellular functions under acidic conditions. (mdpi.com)
Interest in cellular signal transduction pathways has increased in recent years following identification of many cellular oncogenes encoded into the components of these pathways and the understanding that their malfunction plays a key role in the development of malignant tumors. (openu.ac.il)

Growth hormone signal transduction. (biomedsearch.com)
The role of hexokinase in plant sugar signal transduction and growth and development. (wikipedia.org)
Growth Factors and Signal Transduction in Development Edited by Marit Nilsen-Hamilton, Professor of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Iowa State University Animal development relies on the interaction of complex combinations of growth factors and their receptors. (barnesandnoble.com)
Growth Factors and Signal Transduction in Development thoroughly describes the interactions of several key growth factors, their receptors, and the subsequent signal transduction pathways they activate. (barnesandnoble.com)
The editor has organized this book to contrast different signaling pathways using specific growth factors as paradigms: FGF IGF-1 PDGF IL-2 EGF TGFß Leading experts in the field have contributed to the unique mix of both molecular and biochemical perspectives as well as more integrative and organismal treatments of the well-studied amphibian, nematode, and insect developing systems. (barnesandnoble.com)
The Insulin Family of Growth Factors and Signal Transduction During Development (C. Ward, et al. ). (barnesandnoble.com)
Growth Factors and Signal Transduction in Drosophila (E. Liebl & F. Hoffman). (barnesandnoble.com)
Describes the interactions of several key growth factors, their receptors, and the subsequent signal transduction pathways they activate. (barnesandnoble.com)
John has a background in developmental biology and has for many years been a leading figure in the field of growth factor and cytokine signalling. (biologists.org)

Signal transduction is any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another. (novapublishers.com)
The basis for signal transduction is the transformation of a certain stimulus into a biochemical signal. (wikipedia.org)
Signal transduction is defined as the response of a cell to the application of an external stimulus. (mpg.de)
Adaptation is defined as return of the signalling system to the pre-stimulus level while the stimulus persists. (mpg.de)

biochemistry) A series of chemical reactions within a cell which start when a transmembrane protein comes into contact with a chemical signal, resulting in a second messenger being triggered. (yourdictionary.com)
Course in Biochemistry and signal transduction or Instructor permission. (umich.edu)

Horizon offers both western blotting and cell-based ELISAs to analyze activation of signal transduction pathways and to measure changes in protein expression. (horizondiscovery.com)
These observations also confirm the existence of two pathways for Fas-mediated apoptotic signal transduction and suggest that the Apaf-1 (Ced-4 homologue) system for caspase 9 activation operates in an ATP-dependent manner in vivo . (aacrjournals.org)
Their activation is forwarded by a transducer protein that contains a signalling domain. (mpg.de)
During the past few years, considerable attention has been paid to the upstream signaling pathways that lead to the activation of NF-κB. (eurekaselect.com)
Fei Chen, Laurence M. Demers and Xianglin Shi, " Upstream Signal Transduction of NF-κB Activation", Current Drug Targets - Inflammation & Allergy (2002) 1: 137. (eurekaselect.com)

This mechanism regulates aspects of cell motility, chemotaxis, apoptosis, and likely other cellular functions through a rapidly expanding list of signaling pathways. (sciencemag.org)

The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. (yeastgenome.org)
Such signaling is mainly orchestrated in focal adhesions, regions where the integrin-bound actin cytoskeleton detects changes and transmits them downstream through YAP1. (wikipedia.org)

X.-H. Feng and R. Derynck, "Specificity and versatility in TGF- β signaling through smads," Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology , vol. 21, pp. 659-693, 2005. (hindawi.com)

TOR and RPS6 transmit light signals to enhance protein translation in deetiolating Arabidopsis seedlings. (harvard.edu)

Moreover, deregulation of microRNAs contributes to cancer development.Recent exciting examples of successful transpositions of basic signal transduction research into clinical applications include kinase inhibitors used in tumor therapy or microRNA inhibitors used in treatment of hepatitis C patients. (uni.lu)

Analyzing tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling revealed that individual TNF signaling pathways transduce information sufficient for accurate binary decisions, and an upstream bottleneck limits the information gained via multiple integrated pathways. (sciencemag.org)

Postdoc position - signal transduction & transcription Applications are invited for postdoctoral positions in a newly established research group at the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (LICR) in Uppsala, Sweden. (bio.net)

Each of us daily using immunohistochemical protocols to reveal targets either useful for research or diagnostic aims will surely wonder by which tricky techniques it is possible to overcome the preservation and unmasking of those labile antigens involved in signal transduction. (springer.com)
A complex network of signal transduction pathways within the cell ensures that these signals are relayed to the correct molecular targets and that the cell responds appropriately. (cshlpress.com)

The concept of signal transduction therapy has got into the front line of modern drug research, and a multidisciplinary approach is being used to identify and treat signaling disorders. (ingentaconnect.com)
Within this research project (PRECISE) we explore a new signal transduction method for solid-contact ion-selective electrodes (solid-contact ISEs). (abo.fi)
This is a fundamental limitation of potentiometric ISEs, which is addressed in this research project by exploring a new signal transduction principle. (abo.fi)
Six leading pharmaceutical companies have committed over £14 million in new funds to the Division of Signal Transduction Therapy (DSTT), a collaboration between industry and academia at Scotland's University of Dundee that pursues early-stage research in fields such as cancer, arthritis, lupus, hypertension and Parkinson's disease. (pharmatimes.com)

Coverage of the field will include genomics, proteomics, medicinal chemistry and the relevant diseases involved in signaling e.g. cancer, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. (ingentaconnect.com)
In addition, the Signal Transduction Program is working to develop improved models of cancer. (cshl.edu)
Extensive collaborations among Signal Transduction Program members and other CSHL Cancer Center Programs have combined novel model systems of cancer, RNA interference, CRISPR, and state-of-the-art molecular/cellular and biochemical/proteomics approaches. (cshl.edu)
This highly collaborative and innovative environment has led to breakthroughs in our understanding of the signaling networks and immune interactions that drive cancer. (cshl.edu)
JUNB governs a feed-forward network of TGFβ signaling that aggravates breast cancer invasion. (lumc.nl)
Abnormal signal transduction produces many diseases such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and Parkinson's disease. (eurekaselect.com)

The development of defined protoplast transient expression systems for high-throughput screening and systematic characterization of gene functions has greatly contributed to elucidating plant signal transduction pathways, in combination with genetic, genomic, and transgenic approaches. (plantphysiol.org)

In this paper we present P systems as a feasible computational modeling tool for cellular signalling pathways that takes into consideration the discrete character of the components of the system and the key role played by membranes in their functioning. (springer.com)
Although several model systems, including sporulation and chemotaxis, have been extensively studied, the evolutionary relationships between specific TCST systems are not well understood, and the ancestry of the signal transduction components is unclear. (nih.gov)
4 Determining the physiological role of receptors and other components of signal transduction systems. (europa.eu)

Anatomy23

Organisms16

Chemicals and Drugs123

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Phenomena and Processes66

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science4

Inducible NO synthase: role in cellular signalling. (1/128527)

The surface ectoderm is essential for nephric duct formation in intermediate mesoderm. (2/128527)

Retinoids are produced by glia in the lateral ganglionic eminence and regulate striatal neuron differentiation. (3/128527)

Membrane-tethered Drosophila Armadillo cannot transduce Wingless signal on its own. (4/128527)

Regulation of body length and male tail ray pattern formation of Caenorhabditis elegans by a member of TGF-beta family. (5/128527)

Cancer genetics: tumor suppressor meets oncogene. (6/128527)

The hematopoietic-specific adaptor protein gads functions in T-cell signaling via interactions with the SLP-76 and LAT adaptors. (7/128527)

Sonic hedgehog signaling by the patched-smoothened receptor complex. (8/128527)

Signal Transduction

Transduction, Genetic

Protein Sorting Signals

Molecular Sequence Data

Phosphorylation

Amino Acid Sequence

Cell Line

Cells, Cultured

Base Sequence

Enzyme Activation

Mutation

Models, Biological

Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

Transfection

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Tyrosine

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

RNA, Messenger

Transcription Factors

DNA-Binding Proteins

Calcium

Membrane Proteins

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Protein Kinase C

Protein Kinases

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases

Gene Expression Regulation

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing

Bacterial Proteins

Genetic Vectors

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Enzyme Inhibitors

Protein Binding

Phosphoproteins

Recombinant Proteins

GTP-Binding Proteins

Transcription, Genetic

Proteins

Cell Membrane

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Receptors, Cell Surface

Kinetics

Type C Phospholipases

Gene Expression

Blotting, Western

Cloning, Molecular

Cell Division

Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases

MAP Kinase Signaling System

Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

Proto-Oncogene Proteins

Cyclic AMP

Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases

Binding Sites

Carrier Proteins

Time Factors

Apoptosis

Phosphotyrosine

Trans-Activators

3T3 Cells

COS Cells

Cell Differentiation

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

Second Messenger Systems

DNA, Complementary

Cytoplasm

Ligands

Cell Nucleus

Promoter Regions, Genetic

Protein Transport

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

Gene Expression Regulation, Plant

Arabidopsis

ras Proteins

Phenotype

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Green Fluorescent Proteins

Escherichia coli