Signal Transduction
Transduction, Genetic
Protein Sorting Signals
Molecular Sequence Data
Phosphorylation
Amino Acid Sequence
Cells, Cultured
Base Sequence
Enzyme Activation
Mutation
Models, Biological
Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
Transfection
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
Tyrosine
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
RNA, Messenger
Transcription Factors
DNA-Binding Proteins
Calcium
Membrane Proteins
Protein Structure, Tertiary
Protein Kinase C
Protein Kinases
Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases
Gene Expression Regulation
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
Genetic Vectors
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Enzyme Inhibitors
Protein Binding
GTP-Binding Proteins
Transcription, Genetic
Proteins
Cell Membrane
Tumor Cells, Cultured
Receptors, Cell Surface
Type C Phospholipases
Gene Expression
Blotting, Western
Cloning, Molecular
Cell Division
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases
MAP Kinase Signaling System
Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Proto-Oncogene Proteins
Cyclic AMP
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
Binding Sites
Carrier Proteins
Apoptosis
Phosphotyrosine
Trans-Activators
3T3 Cells
COS Cells
Cell Differentiation
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Second Messenger Systems
DNA, Complementary
Cytoplasm
Ligands
Cell Nucleus
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Protein Transport
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Arabidopsis
ras Proteins
Phenotype
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Escherichia coli
NF-kappa B
Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
Gene Expression Profiling
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases
Sequence Alignment
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
Isoenzymes
Calcium Signaling
STAT3 Transcription Factor
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Plant Proteins
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Plasmids
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate
src-Family Kinases
src Homology Domains
Chemotaxis
Genes, Reporter
Models, Molecular
Dependovirus
Precipitin Tests
Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
Arabidopsis Proteins
Nuclear Localization Signals
T-Lymphocytes
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Cricetinae
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
Immunoblotting
Peptides
Mice, Knockout
DNA
Phosphatidylinositols
p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
Transcriptional Activation
Antigens, CD
Janus Kinase 2
Gene Transfer Techniques
Nuclear Proteins
Pertussis Toxin
Mutagenesis
CHO Cells
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
Luminescent Proteins
Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases
HeLa Cells
Neurons
Janus Kinase 1
Fibroblasts
Cell Line, Transformed
STAT1 Transcription Factor
Amino Acid Motifs
Lentivirus
Microscopy, Fluorescence
Cell Survival
Drosophila
Drosophila Proteins
Hedgehog Proteins
Two-Hybrid System Techniques
Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor
Repressor Proteins
Phospholipase C gamma
Virulence Factors, Bordetella
Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins
Epidermal Growth Factor
Structure-Activity Relationship
Phosphoprotein Phosphatases
DNA Primers
Blotting, Northern
Genetic Therapy
Adenylate Cyclase
Jurkat Cells
Up-Regulation
Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
Dimerization
Protein Conformation
Membrane Microdomains
Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell
Retroviridae
Cell Movement
Immunohistochemistry
Inositol Phosphates
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)
Adenoviridae
STAT5 Transcription Factor
Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)
Flow Cytometry
Biological Transport
Pheromones
Cell Cycle
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Plant Growth Regulators
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
Colforsin
Mice, Transgenic
Cercopithecus aethiops
Microscopy, Confocal
Lymphocyte Activation
GRB2 Adaptor Protein
Down-Regulation
Actins
Cytosol
Transcription Factor AP-1
Cytoskeletal Proteins
GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go
PII Nitrogen Regulatory Proteins
Receptors, Immunologic
Inducible NO synthase: role in cellular signalling. (1/128527)
The discovery of endothelium-derived relaxing factor and its identification as nitric oxide (NO) was one of the most exciting discoveries of biomedical research in the 1980s. Besides its potent vasodilatory effects, NO was found under certain circumstances to be responsible for the killing of microorganisms and tumour cells by activated macrophages and to act as a novel, unconventional type of neurotransmitter. In 1992, Science picked NO as the 'Molecule of the Year', and over the past years NO has become established as a universal intercellular messenger that acutely affects important signalling pathways and, on a more long-term scale, modulates gene expression in target cells. These actions will form the focus of the present review. (+info)The surface ectoderm is essential for nephric duct formation in intermediate mesoderm. (2/128527)
The nephric duct is the first epithelial tubule to differentiate from intermediate mesoderm that is essential for all further urogenital development. In this study we identify the domain of intermediate mesoderm that gives rise to the nephric duct and demonstrate that the surface ectoderm is required for its differentiation. Removal of the surface ectoderm resulted in decreased levels of Sim-1 and Pax-2 mRNA expression in mesenchymal nephric duct progenitors, and caused inhibition of nephric duct formation and subsequent kidney development. The surface ectoderm expresses BMP-4 and we show that it is required for the maintenance of high-level BMP-4 expression in lateral plate mesoderm. Addition of a BMP-4-coated bead to embryos lacking the surface ectoderm restored normal levels of Sim-1 and Pax-2 mRNA expression in nephric duct progenitors, nephric duct formation and the initiation of nephrogenesis. Thus, BMP-4 signaling can substitute for the surface ectoderm in supporting nephric duct morphogenesis. Collectively, these data suggest that inductive interactions between the surface ectoderm, lateral mesoderm and intermediate mesoderm are essential for nephric duct formation and the initiation of urogenital development. (+info)Retinoids are produced by glia in the lateral ganglionic eminence and regulate striatal neuron differentiation. (3/128527)
In order to identify molecular mechanisms involved in striatal development, we employed a subtraction cloning strategy to enrich for genes expressed in the lateral versus the medial ganglionic eminence. Using this approach, the homeobox gene Meis2 was found highly expressed in the lateral ganglionic eminence and developing striatum. Since Meis2 has recently been shown to be upregulated by retinoic acid in P19 EC cells (Oulad-Abdelghani, M., Chazaud, C., Bouillet, P., Sapin, V., Chambon, P. and Dolle, P. (1997) Dev. Dyn. 210, 173-183), we examined a potential role for retinoids in striatal development. Our results demonstrate that the lateral ganglionic eminence, unlike its medial counterpart or the adjacent cerebral cortex, is a localized source of retinoids. Interestingly, glia (likely radial glia) in the lateral ganglionic eminence appear to be a major source of retinoids. Thus, as lateral ganglionic eminence cells migrate along radial glial fibers into the developing striatum, retinoids from these glial cells could exert an effect on striatal neuron differentiation. Indeed, the treatment of lateral ganglionic eminence cells with retinoic acid or agonists for the retinoic acid receptors or retinoid X receptors, specifically enhances their striatal neuron characteristics. These findings, therefore, strongly support the notion that local retinoid signalling within the lateral ganglionic eminence regulates striatal neuron differentiation. (+info)Membrane-tethered Drosophila Armadillo cannot transduce Wingless signal on its own. (4/128527)
Drosophila Armadillo and its vertebrate homolog beta-catenin are key effectors of Wingless/Wnt signaling. In the current model, Wingless/Wnt signal stabilizes Armadillo/beta-catenin, which then accumulates in nuclei and binds TCF/LEF family proteins, forming bipartite transcription factors which activate transcription of Wingless/Wnt responsive genes. This model was recently challenged. Overexpression in Xenopus of membrane-tethered beta-catenin or its paralog plakoglobin activates Wnt signaling, suggesting that nuclear localization of Armadillo/beta-catenin is not essential for signaling. Tethered plakoglobin or beta-catenin might signal on their own or might act indirectly by elevating levels of endogenous beta-catenin. We tested these hypotheses in Drosophila by removing endogenous Armadillo. We generated a series of mutant Armadillo proteins with altered intracellular localizations, and expressed these in wild-type and armadillo mutant backgrounds. We found that membrane-tethered Armadillo cannot signal on its own; however it can function in adherens junctions. We also created mutant forms of Armadillo carrying heterologous nuclear localization or nuclear export signals. Although these signals alter the subcellular localization of Arm when overexpressed in Xenopus, in Drosophila they have little effect on localization and only subtle effects on signaling. This supports a model in which Armadillo's nuclear localization is key for signaling, but in which Armadillo intracellular localization is controlled by the availability and affinity of its binding partners. (+info)Regulation of body length and male tail ray pattern formation of Caenorhabditis elegans by a member of TGF-beta family. (5/128527)
We have identified a new member of the TGF-beta superfamily, CET-1, from Caenorhabditis elegans, which is expressed in the ventral nerve cord and other neurons. cet-1 null mutants have shortened bodies and male tail abnormal phenotype resembling sma mutants, suggesting cet-1, sma-2, sma-3 and sma-4 share a common pathway. Overexpression experiments demonstrated that cet-1 function requires wild-type sma genes. Interestingly, CET-1 appears to affect body length in a dose-dependent manner. Heterozygotes for cet-1 displayed body lengths ranging between null mutant and wild type, and overexpression of CET-1 in wild-type worms elongated body length close to lon mutants. In male sensory ray patterning, lack of cet-1 function results in ray fusions. Epistasis analysis revealed that mab-21 lies downstream and is negatively regulated by the cet-1/sma pathway in the male tail. Our results show that cet-1 controls diverse biological processes during C. elegans development probably through different target genes. (+info)Cancer genetics: tumor suppressor meets oncogene. (6/128527)
The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor protein is inactivated by mutations in the majority of colorectal cancers. A recent study has revealed that alterations in the APC signaling pathway can result in the transcriptional activation of the c-MYC gene. (+info)The hematopoietic-specific adaptor protein gads functions in T-cell signaling via interactions with the SLP-76 and LAT adaptors. (7/128527)
BACKGROUND: The adaptor protein Gads is a Grb2-related protein originally identified on the basis of its interaction with the tyrosine-phosphorylated form of the docking protein Shc. Gads protein expression is restricted to hematopoietic tissues and cell lines. Gads contains a Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, which has previously been shown to have a similar binding specificity to that of Grb2. Gads also possesses two SH3 domains, but these have a distinct binding specificity to those of Grb2, as Gads does not bind to known Grb2 SH3 domain targets. Here, we investigated whether Gads is involved in T-cell signaling. RESULTS: We found that Gads is highly expressed in T cells and that the SLP-76 adaptor protein is a major Gads-associated protein in vivo. The constitutive interaction between Gads and SLP-76 was mediated by the carboxy-terminal SH3 domain of Gads and a 20 amino-acid proline-rich region in SLP-76. Gads also coimmunoprecipitated the tyrosine-phosphorylated form of the linker for activated T cells (LAT) adaptor protein following cross-linking of the T-cell receptor; this interaction was mediated by the Gads SH2 domain. Overexpression of Gads and SLP-76 resulted in a synergistic augmentation of T-cell signaling, as measured by activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), and this cooperation required a functional Gads SH2 domain. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that Gads plays an important role in T-cell signaling via its association with SLP-76 and LAT. Gads may promote cross-talk between the LAT and SLP-76 signaling complexes, thereby coupling membrane-proximal events to downstream signaling pathways. (+info)Sonic hedgehog signaling by the patched-smoothened receptor complex. (8/128527)
BACKGROUND: The Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins is involved in a number of developmental processes as well as in cancer. Genetic and biochemical data suggest that the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) receptor is composed of at least two proteins: the tumor suppressor protein Patched (Ptc) and the seven-transmembrane protein Smoothened (Smo). RESULTS: Using a biochemical assay for activation of the transcription factor Gli, a downstream component of the Hh pathway, we show here that Smo functions as the signaling component of the Shh receptor, and that this activity can be blocked by Ptc. The inhibition of Smo by Ptc can be relieved by the addition of Shh. Furthermore, oncogenic forms of Smo are insensitive to Ptc repression in this assay. Mapping of the Smo domains required for binding to Ptc and for signaling revealed that the Smo-Ptc interaction involves mainly the amino terminus of Smo, and that the third intracellular loop and the seventh transmembrane domain are required for signaling. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that Smo is the signaling component of a multicomponent Hh receptor complex and that Ptc is a ligand-regulated inhibitor of Smo. Different domains of Smo are involved in Ptc binding and activation of a Gli reporter construct. The latter requires the third intracellular loop and the seventh transmembrane domain of Smo, regions often involved in coupling to G proteins. No changes in the levels of cyclic AMP or calcium associated with such pathways could be detected following receptor activation, however. (+info)Explanation: Neoplastic cell transformation is a complex process that involves multiple steps and can occur as a result of genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. The process typically begins with a series of subtle changes in the DNA of individual cells, which can lead to the loss of normal cellular functions and the acquisition of abnormal growth and reproduction patterns.
Over time, these transformed cells can accumulate further mutations that allow them to survive and proliferate despite adverse conditions. As the transformed cells continue to divide and grow, they can eventually form a tumor, which is a mass of abnormal cells that can invade and damage surrounding tissues.
In some cases, cancer cells can also break away from the primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body, where they can establish new tumors. This process, known as metastasis, is a major cause of death in many types of cancer.
It's worth noting that not all transformed cells will become cancerous. Some forms of cellular transformation, such as those that occur during embryonic development or tissue regeneration, are normal and necessary for the proper functioning of the body. However, when these transformations occur in adult tissues, they can be a sign of cancer.
See also: Cancer, Tumor
Word count: 190
Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.
Types of Neoplasms
There are many different types of neoplasms, including:
1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.
Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms
The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:
1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.
Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms
The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:
1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms
The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.
The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:
1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
Prevention of Neoplasms
While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:
1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.
It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.
1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.
2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.
3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.
4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.
5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.
6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.
7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.
8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.
9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.
10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.
There are several key features of inflammation:
1. Increased blood flow: Blood vessels in the affected area dilate, allowing more blood to flow into the tissue and bringing with it immune cells, nutrients, and other signaling molecules.
2. Leukocyte migration: White blood cells, such as neutrophils and monocytes, migrate towards the site of inflammation in response to chemical signals.
3. Release of mediators: Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, are released by immune cells and other cells in the affected tissue. These molecules help to coordinate the immune response and attract more immune cells to the site of inflammation.
4. Activation of immune cells: Immune cells, such as macrophages and T cells, become activated and start to phagocytose (engulf) pathogens or damaged tissue.
5. Increased heat production: Inflammation can cause an increase in metabolic activity in the affected tissue, leading to increased heat production.
6. Redness and swelling: Increased blood flow and leakiness of blood vessels can cause redness and swelling in the affected area.
7. Pain: Inflammation can cause pain through the activation of nociceptors (pain-sensing neurons) and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators.
Inflammation can be acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is a short-term response to injury or infection, which helps to resolve the issue quickly. Chronic inflammation is a long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases such as arthritis, asthma, and cancer.
There are several types of inflammation, including:
1. Acute inflammation: A short-term response to injury or infection.
2. Chronic inflammation: A long-term response that can cause ongoing damage and diseases.
3. Autoimmune inflammation: An inappropriate immune response against the body's own tissues.
4. Allergic inflammation: An immune response to a harmless substance, such as pollen or dust mites.
5. Parasitic inflammation: An immune response to parasites, such as worms or fungi.
6. Bacterial inflammation: An immune response to bacteria.
7. Viral inflammation: An immune response to viruses.
8. Fungal inflammation: An immune response to fungi.
There are several ways to reduce inflammation, including:
1. Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).
2. Lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management, and getting enough sleep.
3. Alternative therapies, such as acupuncture, herbal supplements, and mind-body practices.
4. Addressing underlying conditions, such as hormonal imbalances, gut health issues, and chronic infections.
5. Using anti-inflammatory compounds found in certain foods, such as omega-3 fatty acids, turmeric, and ginger.
It's important to note that chronic inflammation can lead to a range of health problems, including:
1. Arthritis
2. Diabetes
3. Heart disease
4. Cancer
5. Alzheimer's disease
6. Parkinson's disease
7. Autoimmune disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.
Therefore, it's important to manage inflammation effectively to prevent these complications and improve overall health and well-being.
There are different types of Breast Neoplasms such as:
1. Fibroadenomas: These are benign tumors that are made up of glandular and fibrous tissues. They are usually small and round, with a smooth surface, and can be moved easily under the skin.
2. Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in both breast tissue and milk ducts. They are usually benign and can disappear on their own or be drained surgically.
3. Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS): This is a precancerous condition where abnormal cells grow inside the milk ducts. If left untreated, it can progress to invasive breast cancer.
4. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): This is the most common type of breast cancer and starts in the milk ducts but grows out of them and invades surrounding tissue.
5. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): It originates in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and grows out of them, invading nearby tissue.
Breast Neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area, skin changes like redness or dimpling, change in size or shape of one or both breasts, discharge from the nipple, and changes in the texture or color of the skin.
Treatment options for Breast Neoplasms may include surgery such as lumpectomy, mastectomy, or breast-conserving surgery, radiation therapy which uses high-energy beams to kill cancer cells, chemotherapy using drugs to kill cancer cells, targeted therapy which uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical trials.
It is important to note that not all Breast Neoplasms are cancerous; some are benign (non-cancerous) tumors that do not spread or grow.
There are several risk factors for developing HCC, including:
* Cirrhosis, which can be caused by heavy alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis (such as hepatitis B and C), or fatty liver disease
* Family history of liver disease
* Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
* Diabetes
* Obesity
HCC can be challenging to diagnose, as the symptoms are non-specific and can be similar to those of other conditions. However, some common symptoms of HCC include:
* Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Weight loss
If HCC is suspected, a doctor may perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis, including:
* Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, to look for tumors in the liver
* Blood tests to check for liver function and detect certain substances that are produced by the liver
* Biopsy, which involves removing a small sample of tissue from the liver to examine under a microscope
Once HCC is diagnosed, treatment options will depend on several factors, including the stage and location of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and their personal preferences. Treatment options may include:
* Surgery to remove the tumor or parts of the liver
* Ablation, which involves destroying the cancer cells using heat or cold
* Chemoembolization, which involves injecting chemotherapy drugs into the hepatic artery to reach the cancer cells
* Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances to target specific molecules that are involved in the growth and spread of the cancer
Overall, the prognosis for HCC is poor, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20%. However, early detection and treatment can improve outcomes. It is important for individuals at high risk for HCC to be monitored regularly by a healthcare provider, and to seek medical attention if they experience any symptoms.
Neuroblastoma is caused by a genetic mutation that affects the development and growth of nerve cells. The cancerous cells are often sensitive to chemotherapy, but they can be difficult to remove surgically because they are deeply embedded in the nervous system.
There are several different types of neuroblastoma, including:
1. Infantile neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma occurs in children under the age of one and is often more aggressive than other types of the cancer.
2. Juvenile neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma occurs in children between the ages of one and five and tends to be less aggressive than infantile neuroblastoma.
3. Adult neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma occurs in adults and is rare.
4. Metastatic neuroblastoma: This type of neuroblastoma has spread to other parts of the body, such as the bones or liver.
Symptoms of neuroblastoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include:
* Abdominal pain
* Fever
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss
* Fatigue
* Bone pain
* Swelling in the abdomen or neck
* Constipation
* Increased heart rate
Diagnosis of neuroblastoma typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as CT scans and MRI scans, and biopsies to confirm the presence of cancerous cells. Treatment for neuroblastoma usually involves a combination of chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy. The prognosis for neuroblastoma varies depending on the type of cancer, the age of the child, and the stage of the disease. In general, the younger the child and the more aggressive the treatment, the better the prognosis.
Malignant prostatic neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can be aggressive and spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). The most common type of malignant prostatic neoplasm is adenocarcinoma of the prostate, which accounts for approximately 95% of all prostate cancers. Other types of malignant prostatic neoplasms include sarcomas and small cell carcinomas.
Prostatic neoplasms can be diagnosed through a variety of tests such as digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, imaging studies (ultrasound, CT scan or MRI), and biopsy. Treatment options for prostatic neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Treatment options can include active surveillance, surgery (robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy or open prostatectomy), radiation therapy (external beam radiation therapy or brachytherapy), and hormone therapy.
In summary, Prostatic Neoplasms are tumors that occur in the prostate gland, which can be benign or malignant. The most common types of malignant prostatic neoplasms are adenocarcinoma of the prostate, and other types include sarcomas and small cell carcinomas. Diagnosis is done through a variety of tests, and treatment options depend on the type, stage, and grade of the tumor, as well as the patient's age and overall health.
There are several types of melanoma, including:
1. Superficial spreading melanoma: This is the most common type of melanoma, accounting for about 70% of cases. It usually appears as a flat or slightly raised discolored patch on the skin.
2. Nodular melanoma: This type of melanoma is more aggressive and accounts for about 15% of cases. It typically appears as a raised bump on the skin, often with a darker color.
3. Acral lentiginous melanoma: This type of melanoma affects the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, or nail beds and accounts for about 5% of cases.
4. Lentigo maligna melanoma: This type of melanoma usually affects the face and is more common in older adults.
The risk factors for developing melanoma include:
1. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure from the sun or tanning beds
2. Fair skin, light hair, and light eyes
3. A history of sunburns
4. Weakened immune system
5. Family history of melanoma
The symptoms of melanoma can vary depending on the type and location of the cancer. Common symptoms include:
1. Changes in the size, shape, or color of a mole
2. A new mole or growth on the skin
3. A spot or sore that bleeds or crusts over
4. Itching or pain on the skin
5. Redness or swelling around a mole
If melanoma is suspected, a biopsy will be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options for melanoma depend on the stage and location of the cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these. Early detection and treatment are key to successful outcomes in melanoma cases.
In conclusion, melanoma is a type of skin cancer that can be deadly if not detected early. It is important to practice sun safety, perform regular self-exams, and seek medical attention if any suspicious changes are noticed on the skin. By being aware of the risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options for melanoma, individuals can take steps to protect themselves from this potentially deadly disease.
There are several types of colonic neoplasms, including:
1. Adenomas: These are benign growths that are usually precursors to colorectal cancer.
2. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from the epithelial lining of the colon.
3. Sarcomas: These are rare malignant tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the colon.
4. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system that can affect the colon.
Colonic neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including bleeding, abdominal pain, and changes in bowel habits. They are often diagnosed through a combination of medical imaging tests (such as colonoscopy or CT scan) and biopsy. Treatment for colonic neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy.
Overall, colonic neoplasms are a common condition that can have serious consequences if left untreated. It is important for individuals to be aware of their risk factors and to undergo regular screening for colon cancer to help detect and treat any abnormal growths or tumors in the colon.
Medical Term: Cardiomegaly
Definition: An abnormal enlargement of the heart.
Symptoms: Difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling of legs and feet, chest pain, and palpitations.
Causes: Hypertension, cardiac valve disease, myocardial infarction (heart attack), congenital heart defects, and other conditions that affect the heart muscle or cardiovascular system.
Diagnosis: Physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), chest x-ray, echocardiography, and other diagnostic tests as necessary.
Treatment: Medications such as diuretics, vasodilators, and beta blockers, lifestyle changes such as exercise and diet modifications, surgery or other interventions in severe cases.
Note: Cardiomegaly is a serious medical condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications such as heart failure and death. If you suspect you or someone else may have cardiomegaly, seek medical attention immediately.
Liver neoplasms, also known as liver tumors or hepatic tumors, are abnormal growths of tissue in the liver. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant liver tumors can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or metastatic, meaning they spread to the liver from another part of the body.
There are several types of liver neoplasms, including:
1. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): This is the most common type of primary liver cancer and arises from the main cells of the liver (hepatocytes). HCC is often associated with cirrhosis and can be caused by viral hepatitis or alcohol abuse.
2. Cholangiocarcinoma: This type of cancer arises from the cells lining the bile ducts within the liver (cholangiocytes). Cholangiocarcinoma is rare and often diagnosed at an advanced stage.
3. Hemangiosarcoma: This is a rare type of cancer that originates in the blood vessels of the liver. It is most commonly seen in dogs but can also occur in humans.
4. Fibromas: These are benign tumors that arise from the connective tissue of the liver (fibrocytes). Fibromas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
5. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the glandular cells of the liver (hepatocytes). Adenomas are usually small and do not spread to other parts of the body.
The symptoms of liver neoplasms vary depending on their size, location, and whether they are benign or malignant. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound, and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells.
Treatment options for liver neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Surgery may be an option for some patients with small, localized tumors, while others may require chemotherapy or radiation therapy to shrink the tumor before surgery can be performed. In some cases, liver transplantation may be necessary.
Prognosis for liver neoplasms varies depending on the type and stage of the cancer. In general, early detection and treatment improve the prognosis, while advanced-stage disease is associated with a poorer prognosis.
The term "basophilic" refers to the staining properties of these abnormal cells, which have a distinctive appearance under a microscope. The disease is often referred to as "acute" because it progresses rapidly and can be fatal within weeks or months if left untreated.
There are two main subtypes of basophilic leukemia: acute and chronic. Acute basophilic leukemia is the more aggressive and common form of the disease, accounting for approximately 75% of all cases. It typically affects adults in their 40s and 50s and is characterized by a high white blood cell count, anemia, and splenomegaly (enlargement of the spleen).
Chronic basophilic leukemia, on the other hand, is a rarer form of the disease that progresses more slowly and typically affects adults in their 60s and 70s. It is characterized by a lower white blood cell count, splenomegaly, and an increased risk of developing myelodysplastic syndrome (a precancerous condition).
The exact cause of basophilic leukemia is not known, but it is believed to be linked to genetic mutations and exposure to certain chemicals or radiation. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy and/or bone marrow transplantation, and the prognosis varies depending on the subtype and overall health of the patient.
1. Activation of oncogenes: Some viruses contain genes that code for proteins that can activate existing oncogenes in the host cell, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
2. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes: Other viruses may contain genes that inhibit the expression of tumor suppressor genes, allowing cells to grow and divide uncontrollably.
3. Insertional mutagenesis: Some viruses can insert their own DNA into the host cell's genome, leading to disruptions in normal cellular function and potentially causing cancer.
4. Epigenetic changes: Viral infection can also cause epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation or histone modification, that can lead to the silencing of tumor suppressor genes and the activation of oncogenes.
Viral cell transformation is a key factor in the development of many types of cancer, including cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), and liver cancer caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). In addition, some viruses are specifically known to cause cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV).
Early detection and treatment of viral infections can help prevent the development of cancer. Vaccines are also available for some viruses that are known to cause cancer, such as HPV and hepatitis B. Additionally, antiviral therapy can be used to treat existing infections and may help reduce the risk of cancer development.
Signal transduction
Sugar signal transduction
Signal transduction inhibitor
Insulin signal transduction pathway
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy
Division of Signal Transduction Therapy
Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction
Transduction (physiology)
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Superfamily database
RecQ helicase
RAF kinase
Histone deacetylase
MAPK10
T cell
KLF10
Immunoglobulin superfamily
Biochemical cascade
GTPase-activating protein
Mineralocorticoid receptor
HSPA4
Co-receptor
Fatty acid metabolism
FKBP4
Glycoprotein 130
Plant perception (physiology)
PTP4A1
PTP4A3
Secretin receptor
WormBook
Paul Mischel
Phage display
Metabolism
PSMD7
OR6B1
NOX4
Elizabeth A. H. Hall
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
TAS2R43
Sodium-potassium pump
TIAF1
Artificial lateral line
Olfactory receptor neuron
OR8A1
Sandhya Srikant Visweswariah
Listener fatigue
Galectin-9
Axel Ullrich
OR7C2
Integrin alpha 2
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL3
LDL receptor
Sucrose-phosphate synthase
Sigma-1 receptor
Biophoton
Christopher Marshall (doctor)
OR7G2
GLI2
CD151
Metabotropic glutamate receptor
Signal Transduction Laboratory
Current Signal Transduction Therapy
| Bentham Science
Journal - Current Signal Transduction Therapy
| Bentham Science
Signal Transduction Pathways Regulating Hematopoietic Differentiation | Pharmacological Reviews
regulation of signal transduction by receptor internalization Antibodies | Invitrogen
...
NetPath - Signal Transduction Pathways
Who We Fund: Basic Cellular And Molecular Research - Signal Transduction
Phosphorylation of RhoA as a regulator of signal transduction
Tamás Balla Lab: Section on Molecular Signal Transduction | NICHD - Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health...
Signal Transduction archivos - Sociedad Mexicana de Bioquímica
Signal Transduction and the Discovery of G-Proteins, 1969-1980 | Martin Rodbell - Profiles in Science
Language: English / Format: Text / Subject: Guanosine Triphosphate / Genre: Laboratory notes / Story Section: Signal...
Cell surface-associated mucins in signal transduction.
Sensory Signal Transduction in the Vagal Primary Afferent Neurons
| Bentham Science
Intersection of the complement and immune systems: a signal transduction complex of the B lymphocyte-containing complement...
Interleukin-13 initiates signal transduction through IL-13Rα2 in human glioma cell lines via AP-1 pathway | NIH Research...
Role of relaxation time scale in noisy signal transduction - University Of Calcutta
Buy Biological Signal Transduction
Dickerson Lab - University of Rochester Medical Center
Volume 17 Issue 12, December 1999
Role of Neuromedins in Pain and Signal Transduction Pathways
Reactive oxygen species: friends and foes of signal transduction.
GO:0070298: negative regulation of phosphorelay signal transduction system details
Inhibitors of signal transduction protein kinases as targets for cancer therapy
Signal transduction - IP3 signaling Pathway Map - PrimePCR | Life Science | Bio-Rad
Signal Transduction Inhibitors Of Allergic Reactions | Technology Transfer
Signal transduction: Mating, channels and kidney cysts<...
Skeletal muscle signal transduction related to exercise, metabolic disease and human health
Pathways8
- The delineation of the signal transduction pathways affected in these and other complex human diseases is likely to present new avenues for therapeutic intervention and understanding of human disease mechanisms. (nih.gov)
- Several signal transduction pathways that occur in the human cell. (nih.gov)
- 'NetPath' is a manually curated resource of signal transduction pathways in humans. (netpath.org)
- The initial set of 10 cancer signaling pathways were developed in collaboration with the Computational Biology Center at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and with Gary Bader's lab at the University of Toronto for the ' Cancer Cell Map ' . (netpath.org)
- 2010) NetPath: A public resource of curated signal transduction pathways. (netpath.org)
- The cytoplasmic tail of MUC1 (MUC1CT), the best characterized of the transmembrane mucins, is involved in several signaling pathways, including those involving Ras, beta-catenin, p120 catenin, p53 and estrogen receptor alpha. (nih.gov)
- Here we demonstrate a role of NmU in pain, signal transduction pathways, the relationship between ion channel and nociception. (ukessays.com)
- Hence signal transduction pathways play a pivotal role in the regulation of fundamental cellular processes such as metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, survival, migration and angiogenesis. (yellowcouch.org)
Current Signal Transduction Therapy1
- Current Signal Transduction Therapy is an essential journal for all involved in drug design and discovery. (benthamscience.com)
Cascades4
- It is being increasingly recognized that cells impose temporal and spatial constraints on the various signaling cascades to ensure signal specificity. (nih.gov)
- Focus is directed on inhibitors against receptor tyrosine kinases and protein kinases participating in the signalling cascades. (yellowcouch.org)
- Production of secondary messengers is regulated by a variety of membrane receptors and downstream signaling cascades. (bio-rad.com)
- The downstream signaling cascades involve several isoforms of phospholipases ( PLC-beta , PLC-gamma , PLC-epsilon ) which catalyze hydrolysis of PI(4,5)P2 (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate) into IP3 and DAG , Upon its release to cytoplasm, IP3 binds to IP3R (IP3 Receptor) on the surface of Endoplasmic Reticulum and mobilizes Ca(II) from internal stores [ 1 ]. (bio-rad.com)
Receptor13
- Transmission of extracellular signals to the cell interior is based on receptor-induced recruitment and assembly of proteins into signaling complexes at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. (nih.gov)
- In December 1969 and early January 1970, Rodbell was working with a laboratory team that studied the effect of the hormone glucagon on a rat liver membrane receptor--the cellular discriminator that receives outside signals. (nih.gov)
- Intersection of the complement and immune systems: a signal transduction complex of the B lymphocyte-containing complement receptor type 2 and CD19. (rupress.org)
- Our lab is studying the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), focusing on the role of CGRP in physiology and pathophysiology, and on the biochemical mechanism of signal transduction at the CGRP receptor. (rochester.edu)
- CGRP receptor complex: Trimer of CLR, RAMP1 and RCP required for generation of cAMP signaling. (rochester.edu)
- For example, extracellular hormones by themselves have no meaning to a cell until they bind their cognate cellular receptor and stimulate an intracellular signal. (rochester.edu)
- This process, known as signal transduction, involves a change in the three-dimensional structure of the receptor, which results in activation of intracellular signaling mechanisms. (rochester.edu)
- Such intracellular signals are known as second messengers, and can take the form of chemicals produced in response to receptor activation such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cGMP, inositol tris phosphate (IP3), or as altered ion concentrations (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride) as a result of ion channel activation, or as activation of kinases or phosphatases, or changes in gene expression. (rochester.edu)
- IP3 signaling is initiated by its binding to cognate receptors, such as B-cell antigen receptor ( BCR ) in B-cells, TCR/CD3 complex in T-cells, PDGFR in mesenchymal cells, and GPCRs. (bio-rad.com)
- The Membrane Immunoglobulin subunits bind antigens and cause receptor aggregation, while CD79A /CD79B subunits transduce signals to the cell interior. (bio-rad.com)
- T cell receptor ( TCR-CD3 complex ) transduces signals to the protein kinase ZAP70 , which further phosphorylates transmembrane adaptor LAT [ 6 ]. (bio-rad.com)
- Models of signal transduction through the B-cell antigen receptor. (bio-rad.com)
- Estradiol receptor signal transduction: 3-D video animations explaining its mechanism of action. (pharmacologycorner.com)
Mediate2
- The present study demonstrates that CR2 associates with a complex of membrane proteins that may mediate signal transduction by ligated CR2. (rupress.org)
- Herein, we have investigated whether IL-13 can mediate signaling through IL-13Rα2 in human glioma cell lines. (nih.gov)
Molecules6
- Our research addresses the nature of the molecular determinants which underlie important protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions that are critical for proper localization of signaling molecules. (nih.gov)
- Most signaling proteins have a modular structure in which each module confers interaction with binding modules of other molecules. (nih.gov)
- It is also the aim of this laboratory to design methods for the screening of small molecules that would interrupt protein-inositide interactions and could be used as specific inhibitors of inositide-regulated signaling steps. (nih.gov)
- Communication between cells is often mediated by secreted signaling molecules that bind cell surface receptors and modulate the activity of specific intracellular effectors. (indexindex.com)
- The Wnt family of secreted glycoproteins is one group of signaling molecules that has been shown to control a variety of developmental processes including cell fate specification, cell proliferation, cell polarity and cell migration. (indexindex.com)
- The host responds to the presence of dividing bacteria by releasing numerous extra- and intra-cellular signaling molecules. (nih.gov)
Proteins3
- Other work in the Section has been focused on the role of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4-kinase enzymes in cellular signaling, following the isolation and molecular cloning of two of these proteins from bovine adrenal and brain in this laboartory. (nih.gov)
- The SH-2 containing proteins further transmit the signal often via non-RTK or serine/threonine protein kinases. (yellowcouch.org)
- The activity state of these proteins determines the fate of the cell and aberrant expression and activities of these functional classes of enzymes result in abnormal signal transmission. (yellowcouch.org)
Angiogenesis2
- Perturbed signalling transduction provokes dysregulation of processes involved in angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell migration and cell cycle control and can therefore lead to malignant phenotype. (yellowcouch.org)
- As such, protein kinases have merged as key regulators of all aspects of neoplasia, including proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis, hence making cancer fundamentally a disease of aberrant protein kinase activity and signal transmission. (yellowcouch.org)
Metabolism2
- Indeed, most ROS, including free radicals and peroxides, are produced at low level by normal aerobic metabolism and play an important role in the redox-dependent regulation of many signaling processes. (unisi.it)
- This project uses functional screening and proteomics to understand how signal transduction regulates metabolism. (edu.au)
Molecular3
- This is the home of the Balla Lab: Section on Molecular Signal Transduction . (nih.gov)
- Martin Rodbell applied the phrase to molecular biology in November 1969 after conversations with Oscar Hechter, the steroid biochemist whose theories about hormone signaling influenced Earl W. Sutherland's 'second messenger' concept in the 1950s. (nih.gov)
- In this review, we will present a synopsis of current research with particular attention paid to molecular mechanism of Wnt signal transduction and how the mis-regulation of Wnt signaling leads to cancer. (indexindex.com)
Extracellular2
- Transmembrane mucins also engage in signal transduction, through extracellular domain-mediated ligand binding or by interacting with receptors for growth and differentiation factors. (nih.gov)
- One of the central questions in biology today is how a cell converts an extracellular signal to an intracellular chemical signal that the cell can interpret. (rochester.edu)
Processes2
- To highlight the important topics in this evolving field the Journal of Signal Transduction presents a special issue on the involvement of ROS in physiological and pathological signal transduction processes from prokaryotes to low and high eukaryotes. (unisi.it)
- Furthermore, this special issue highlights the importance of gaining a greater understanding of the physiological and pathological role of ROS in the perspective of defining new therapeutic strategies based on redox regulation of signal transduction processes. (unisi.it)
Proteomics1
- Coverage of the field includes genomics, proteomics, medicinal chemistry and the relevant diseases involved in signaling e.g. cancer, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases. (benthamscience.com)
Species1
- Reactive oxygen species: friends and foes of signal transduction. (unisi.it)
Immune1
- This study will investigate the response of immune cells (neutrophils, monocytes) to various signals in the test tube to determine how they sense the signals in the body and what substances they produce in response to them. (nih.gov)
Mechanisms1
- The overall goal of the Signal Transduction Laboratory is to define the mechanisms that cells, tissues and organisms use to respond to physiological and environmental stimuli. (nih.gov)
Therapy3
- The concept of signal transduction therapy has got into the front line of modern drug research, and a multidisciplinary approach is being used to identify and treat signaling disorders. (benthamscience.com)
- The journal publishes timely in-depth/mini reviews, research article and drug clinical trial studies in the field of signal transduction therapy. (benthamscience.com)
- Thematic issues are also published to cover selected areas of signal transduction therapy. (benthamscience.com)
Regulation1
- In addition, mis-regulation of Wnt signaling can cause developmental defects and is implicated in the genesis of several human cancers. (indexindex.com)
Enzymes1
- A combination of research tools to follow inositide dynamics and those that alter the function(s) of the distinct PI 4-kinases will help to define the role of these enzymes at specific signaling steps within the cell. (nih.gov)
Hormones2
- This Section studies the spatial and temporal organization of intracellular signals that are initiated by stimulation of cell surface receptors by hormones and neurotransmitters. (nih.gov)
- Signal transduction' describes how individual cells receive, process, and ultimately transmit information derived from external 'signals,' such as hormones, drugs, or even light. (nih.gov)
Membrane2
- In the language of signal transduction, the G-protein was the crucial link between the discriminator and the amplifier that transmitted information throughout the membrane. (nih.gov)
- Therefore, CR2 associates directly with CD19 to become a ligand-binding subunit of a pre-existing signal transduction complex of the B cell that may be representative of a family of membrane protein complexes. (rupress.org)
Pathway1
- ELK1 forms an important link in the MAP kinase pathway to transduce signals from the cell surface to the nucleus to activate genetic machinery necessary for the maintenance of synaptic plasticity [ 13 ]. (bio-rad.com)
Laboratory1
- The Signal Transduction Laboratory seeks to achieve this goal through cutting edge basic research and training of junior scientists in aspects of environmental health related science that are critical to the mission of NIEHS. (nih.gov)
Luminal1
- This review addresses the role for both cholecytokinin (CCK) and serotonin (5-HT) released from enteroendocrine cells and acting as paracrine agents on the terminals of vagal afferents in responses to a number of luminal signals. (eurekaselect.com)
Modulate1
- Our recent studies also suggest that cAMP is involved in the osmotic signal transduction , and that acclimation salinity can modulate PRL cell osmosensitivity. (bvsalud.org)
Spatial1
- buy biological signal transduction artifact is the browser to going and following spatial misconceptions in this especially global analysis. (wwpc-iplaw.com)
Clinical1
- The importance of Wnt signaling in development and in clinical pathologies is underscored by the large number of primary research papers examining various aspects of Wnt signaling that have been published in the past several years. (indexindex.com)
Cancer2
- Responses of cells to environmental signals, toxins and stressors have profound implications for diverse aspects of human health and disease including development, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, asthma, heart, autoimmune diseases and cancer. (nih.gov)
- We are currently investigating IL-13 signaling in primary and metastatic brain cancer specimens to determine if AP-1 is activated in-vivo. (nih.gov)
Role1
- It is anticipated that research in signal transduction will have a central role in environmental human health in the post-genomic era. (nih.gov)
Transmit1
- and the amplifier intensifies these signals to initiate reactions within the cell or to transmit information to other cells. (nih.gov)
Specific1
- Thus, ROS may function as friends or foes of signal transduction depending on specific threshold levels and cell context. (unisi.it)
Transmission1
- The cascade of phosphorylation events results in amplification and intracellular transmission of the signal [2, 3]. (yellowcouch.org)
Determine1
- It is it such to respond through your COPD and determine buy biological signal transduction of problem. (wwpc-iplaw.com)