Guinea Pigs
Guinea
Papua New Guinea
New Guinea
Swine
Ileum
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency
Muscle, Smooth
Trachea
Equatorial Guinea
Species Specificity
Muscle Contraction
Histamine
Lung
Hypersensitivity, Delayed
Disease Models, Animal
Sus scrofa
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Myenteric Plexus
Bronchoconstriction
Rabbits
Perilymph
Cochlea
Roseolovirus
Myocardium
Papillary Muscles
Action Potentials
Skin Tests
Calcium
Liver
Random Allocation
Hemorrhagic Fever, American
Immune Sera
Aerosols
Immunization
Weaning
Pyrilamine
gamma-Globulins
Ascorbic Acid
Propaganda
Books
Encyclopedias as Topic
Leasing, Property
Food Contamination
I must clarify that the term "Guinea Pigs" is not typically used in medical definitions. However, in colloquial or informal language, it may refer to people who are used as the first to try out a new medical treatment or drug. This is known as being a "test subject" or "in a clinical trial."
In the field of scientific research, particularly in studies involving animals, guinea pigs are small rodents that are often used as experimental subjects due to their size, cost-effectiveness, and ease of handling. They are not actually pigs from Guinea, despite their name's origins being unclear. However, they do not exactly fit the description of being used in human medical experiments.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Guinea" is not a medical term. It is a geographical term referring to a region on the west coast of Africa, as well as the country of Equatorial Guinea and its neighboring countries. Additionally, "Guinea" can also refer to a unit of currency in Liberia.
If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Papua New Guinea" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, made up of the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands. If you have any questions about medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "New Guinea" is not a medical term. It is the second largest island in the world, located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, northeast of Australia. The island is divided politically between the independent nation of Papua New Guinea to the east and the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua to the west.
If you have any medical questions or terms that you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!
"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
The ileum is the third and final segment of the small intestine, located between the jejunum and the cecum (the beginning of the large intestine). It plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption, particularly for vitamin B12 and bile salts. The ileum is characterized by its thin, lined walls and the presence of Peyer's patches, which are part of the immune system and help surveil for pathogens.
Ascorbic acid deficiency is a condition that occurs when a person does not consume or absorb adequate amounts of ascorbic acid, also known as Vitamin C. This essential nutrient plays a crucial role in the production of collagen, a protein that helps to support blood vessel, tendon, ligament, and bone health. It is also involved in the absorption of iron and the synthesis of certain neurotransmitters.
Ascorbic acid deficiency can lead to a number of symptoms and complications. In its early stages, it may cause fatigue, weakness, and joint pain. As the deficiency progresses, it can lead to more serious conditions such as scurvy, a potentially life-threatening disease characterized by anemia, gum disease, skin hemorrhages, and poor wound healing.
Scurvy is now rare in developed countries where access to fresh fruits and vegetables, which are rich sources of vitamin C, is readily available. However, it can still occur in individuals who follow restrictive diets or have malabsorption disorders that prevent them from properly absorbing the nutrient. In these cases, supplementation with ascorbic acid may be necessary to prevent deficiency and its associated complications.
Smooth muscle, also known as involuntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and functions without conscious effort. These muscles are found in the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach, intestines, bladder, and blood vessels, as well as in the eyes, skin, and other areas of the body.
Smooth muscle fibers are shorter and narrower than skeletal muscle fibers and do not have striations or sarcomeres, which give skeletal muscle its striped appearance. Smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system through the release of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine, which bind to receptors on the smooth muscle cells and cause them to contract or relax.
Smooth muscle plays an important role in many physiological processes, including digestion, circulation, respiration, and elimination. It can also contribute to various medical conditions, such as hypertension, gastrointestinal disorders, and genitourinary dysfunction, when it becomes overactive or underactive.
Swine diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious conditions that affect pigs. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors. Some common swine diseases include:
1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): a viral disease that causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory problems in piglets and grower pigs.
2. Classical Swine Fever (CSF): also known as hog cholera, is a highly contagious viral disease that affects pigs of all ages.
3. Porcine Circovirus Disease (PCVD): a group of diseases caused by porcine circoviruses, including Porcine CircoVirus Associated Disease (PCVAD) and Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS).
4. Swine Influenza: a respiratory disease caused by type A influenza viruses that can infect pigs and humans.
5. Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes pneumonia in pigs.
6. Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes severe pneumonia in pigs.
7. Salmonella: a group of bacteria that can cause food poisoning in humans and a variety of diseases in pigs, including septicemia, meningitis, and abortion.
8. Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae: a bacterial disease that causes dysentery in pigs.
9. Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae: a bacterial disease that causes erysipelas in pigs.
10. External and internal parasites, such as lice, mites, worms, and flukes, can also cause diseases in swine.
Prevention and control of swine diseases rely on good biosecurity practices, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, and management practices. Regular veterinary check-ups and monitoring are essential to detect and treat diseases early.
The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is a tube-like structure in the respiratory system that connects the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi (the two branches leading to each lung). It is composed of several incomplete rings of cartilage and smooth muscle, which provide support and flexibility. The trachea plays a crucial role in directing incoming air to the lungs during inspiration and outgoing air to the larynx during expiration.
Equatorial Guinea is a country located in Central Africa, straddling the equator. It is not a medical term but a geographical and political designation. The country is composed of two main parts: RÃo Muni, which is the mainland and makes up about 10% of the country's total area, and Bioko, a tropical island in the Bight of Bonny, along with several smaller islands including Annobón, Corisco, and Elobey.
The capital city, Malabo, is located on Bioko Island. The official languages are Spanish and French, with Portuguese also recognized as an official language due to its membership in the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP).
Equatorial Guinea has a population of approximately 1.4 million people and is one of the smallest countries in Africa by land area. It gained independence from Spain in 1968, and since then, it has faced numerous challenges related to political instability, human rights abuses, and socio-economic development.
In terms of medical aspects, Equatorial Guinea faces various health issues, such as high infant mortality rates, malaria, HIV/AIDS, and other infectious diseases. The country also struggles with providing adequate healthcare services to its population due to limited resources, infrastructure, and healthcare personnel.
Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.
For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.
Muscle contraction is the physiological process in which muscle fibers shorten and generate force, leading to movement or stability of a body part. This process involves the sliding filament theory where thick and thin filaments within the sarcomeres (the functional units of muscles) slide past each other, facilitated by the interaction between myosin heads and actin filaments. The energy required for this action is provided by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Muscle contractions can be voluntary or involuntary, and they play a crucial role in various bodily functions such as locomotion, circulation, respiration, and posture maintenance.
Histamine is defined as a biogenic amine that is widely distributed throughout the body and is involved in various physiological functions. It is derived primarily from the amino acid histidine by the action of histidine decarboxylase. Histamine is stored in granules (along with heparin and proteases) within mast cells and basophils, and is released upon stimulation or degranulation of these cells.
Once released into the tissues and circulation, histamine exerts a wide range of pharmacological actions through its interaction with four types of G protein-coupled receptors (H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors). Histamine's effects are diverse and include modulation of immune responses, contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle, increased vascular permeability, stimulation of gastric acid secretion, and regulation of neurotransmission.
Histamine is also a potent mediator of allergic reactions and inflammation, causing symptoms such as itching, sneezing, runny nose, and wheezing. Antihistamines are commonly used to block the actions of histamine at H1 receptors, providing relief from these symptoms.
A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.
Delayed hypersensitivity, also known as type IV hypersensitivity, is a type of immune response that takes place several hours to days after exposure to an antigen. It is characterized by the activation of T cells (a type of white blood cell) and the release of various chemical mediators, leading to inflammation and tissue damage. This reaction is typically associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, such as contact dermatitis, granulomatous disorders (e.g. tuberculosis), and certain autoimmune diseases.
The reaction process involves the following steps:
1. Sensitization: The first time an individual is exposed to an antigen, T cells are activated and become sensitized to it. This process can take several days.
2. Memory: Some of the activated T cells differentiate into memory T cells, which remain in the body and are ready to respond quickly if the same antigen is encountered again.
3. Effector phase: Upon subsequent exposure to the antigen, the memory T cells become activated and release cytokines, which recruit other immune cells (e.g. macrophages) to the site of inflammation. These cells cause tissue damage through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis, degranulation, and the release of reactive oxygen species.
4. Chronic inflammation: The ongoing immune response can lead to chronic inflammation, which may result in tissue destruction and fibrosis (scarring).
Examples of conditions associated with delayed hypersensitivity include:
* Contact dermatitis (e.g. poison ivy, nickel allergy)
* Tuberculosis
* Leprosy
* Sarcoidosis
* Rheumatoid arthritis
* Type 1 diabetes mellitus
* Multiple sclerosis
* Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g. Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)
Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.
The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.
Examples of animal disease models include:
1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.
Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.
'Sus scrofa' is the scientific name for the wild boar, a species of suid that is native to much of Eurasia and North Africa. It is not a medical term or concept. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those instead!
A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.
The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.
The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.
In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.
The myenteric plexus, also known as Auerbach's plexus, is a component of the enteric nervous system located in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. It is a network of nerve cells (neurons) and supporting cells (neuroglia) that lies between the inner circular layer and outer longitudinal muscle layers of the digestive system's muscularis externa.
The myenteric plexus plays a crucial role in controlling gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and blood flow, primarily through its intrinsic nerve circuits called reflex arcs. These reflex arcs regulate peristalsis (the coordinated muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract) and segmentation (localized contractions that mix and churn the contents within a specific region of the gut).
Additionally, the myenteric plexus receives input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, allowing for central nervous system regulation of gastrointestinal functions. Dysfunction in the myenteric plexus has been implicated in various gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, achalasia, and intestinal pseudo-obstruction.
Bronchoconstriction is a medical term that refers to the narrowing of the airways in the lungs (the bronchi and bronchioles) due to the contraction of the smooth muscles surrounding them. This constriction can cause difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath, which are common symptoms of asthma and other respiratory conditions.
Bronchoconstriction can be triggered by a variety of factors, including allergens, irritants, cold air, exercise, and emotional stress. In some cases, it may also be caused by certain medications, such as beta-blockers or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Treatment for bronchoconstriction typically involves the use of bronchodilators, which are medications that help to relax the smooth muscles around the airways and widen them, making it easier to breathe.
I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Rabbits" is a common name used to refer to the Lagomorpha species, particularly members of the family Leporidae. They are small mammals known for their long ears, strong legs, and quick reproduction.
However, if you're referring to "rabbits" in a medical context, there is a term called "rabbit syndrome," which is a rare movement disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements of the fingers, resembling those of a rabbit chewing. It is also known as "finger-chewing chorea." This condition is usually associated with certain medications, particularly antipsychotics, and typically resolves when the medication is stopped or adjusted.
Perilymph is a type of fluid found in the inner ear, more specifically within the bony labyrinth of the inner ear. It fills the space between the membranous labyrinth and the bony labyrinth in the cochlea and vestibular system. Perilymph is similar in composition to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and contains sodium, chloride, and protein ions. Its main function is to protect the inner ear from damage, maintain hydrostatic pressure, and facilitate the transmission of sound waves to the hair cells in the cochlea for hearing.
The cochlea is a part of the inner ear that is responsible for hearing. It is a spiral-shaped structure that looks like a snail shell and is filled with fluid. The cochlea contains hair cells, which are specialized sensory cells that convert sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.
The cochlea has three main parts: the vestibular canal, the tympanic canal, and the cochlear duct. Sound waves enter the inner ear and cause the fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn causes the hair cells to bend. This bending motion stimulates the hair cells to generate electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.
The brain then interprets these signals as sound, allowing us to hear and understand speech, music, and other sounds in our environment. Damage to the hair cells or other structures in the cochlea can lead to hearing loss or deafness.
Roseolovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae. The genus contains three species: Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A), Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B), and Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7). These viruses are closely related and cause similar diseases, most notably exanthema subitum or roseola in infants and young children.
The primary infection with HHV-6A and HHV-6B typically occurs during the first two years of life and is usually asymptomatic or associated with mild symptoms such as fever and rash (roseola). After the primary infection, the virus becomes latent in the host's immune cells and may reactivate later in life, causing various clinical manifestations, including febrile illnesses, seizures, and central nervous system disorders.
HHV-7 is also a common infectious agent in humans, primarily causing exanthema subitum or roseola in children. It can also establish latency and reactivate, although its association with specific diseases is less clear than that of HHV-6A and HHV-6B.
Overall, Roseolovirus species are important human pathogens, particularly during early childhood, and may contribute to various clinical manifestations throughout life.
In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.
For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.
Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.
Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.
The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart wall, composed of specialized cardiac muscle cells that are responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It forms the thickest part of the heart wall and is divided into two sections: the left ventricle, which pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, and the right ventricle, which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
The myocardium contains several types of cells, including cardiac muscle fibers, connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels. The muscle fibers are arranged in a highly organized pattern that allows them to contract in a coordinated manner, generating the force necessary to pump blood through the heart and circulatory system.
Damage to the myocardium can occur due to various factors such as ischemia (reduced blood flow), infection, inflammation, or genetic disorders. This damage can lead to several cardiac conditions, including heart failure, arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy.
Papillary muscles are specialized muscle structures located in the heart, specifically in the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). They are attached to the tricuspid and mitral valves' leaflets via tendinous cords, also known as chordae tendineae. The main function of papillary muscles is to prevent the backflow of blood during contraction by providing tension to the valve leaflets through these tendinous cords.
There are two sets of papillary muscles in the heart:
1. Anterior and posterior papillary muscles in the left ventricle, which are attached to the mitral (bicuspid) valve.
2. Three smaller papillary muscles in the right ventricle, which are attached to the tricuspid valve.
These muscle structures play a crucial role in maintaining proper blood flow through the heart and ensuring efficient cardiac function.
An action potential is a brief electrical signal that travels along the membrane of a nerve cell (neuron) or muscle cell. It is initiated by a rapid, localized change in the permeability of the cell membrane to specific ions, such as sodium and potassium, resulting in a rapid influx of sodium ions and a subsequent efflux of potassium ions. This ion movement causes a brief reversal of the electrical potential across the membrane, which is known as depolarization. The action potential then propagates along the cell membrane as a wave, allowing the electrical signal to be transmitted over long distances within the body. Action potentials play a crucial role in the communication and functioning of the nervous system and muscle tissue.
Skin tests are medical diagnostic procedures that involve the application of a small amount of a substance to the skin, usually through a scratch, prick, or injection, to determine if the body has an allergic reaction to it. The most common type of skin test is the patch test, which involves applying a patch containing a small amount of the suspected allergen to the skin and observing the area for signs of a reaction, such as redness, swelling, or itching, over a period of several days. Another type of skin test is the intradermal test, in which a small amount of the substance is injected just beneath the surface of the skin. Skin tests are used to help diagnose allergies, including those to pollen, mold, pets, and foods, as well as to identify sensitivities to medications, chemicals, and other substances.
In medical terms, the heart is a muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity that functions as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body. It's responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes. The human heart is divided into four chambers: two atria on the top and two ventricles on the bottom. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the rest of the body. The heart's rhythmic contractions and relaxations are regulated by a complex electrical conduction system.
Animal feed refers to any substance or mixture of substances, whether processed, unprocessed, or partially processed, which is intended to be used as food for animals, including fish, without further processing. It includes ingredients such as grains, hay, straw, oilseed meals, and by-products from the milling, processing, and manufacturing industries. Animal feed can be in the form of pellets, crumbles, mash, or other forms, and is used to provide nutrients such as energy, protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals to support the growth, reproduction, and maintenance of animals. It's important to note that animal feed must be safe, nutritious, and properly labeled to ensure the health and well-being of the animals that consume it.
Calcium is an essential mineral that is vital for various physiological processes in the human body. The medical definition of calcium is as follows:
Calcium (Ca2+) is a crucial cation and the most abundant mineral in the human body, with approximately 99% of it found in bones and teeth. It plays a vital role in maintaining structural integrity, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, hormonal secretion, blood coagulation, and enzyme activation.
Calcium homeostasis is tightly regulated through the interplay of several hormones, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D. Dietary calcium intake, absorption, and excretion are also critical factors in maintaining optimal calcium levels in the body.
Hypocalcemia refers to low serum calcium levels, while hypercalcemia indicates high serum calcium levels. Both conditions can have detrimental effects on various organ systems and require medical intervention to correct.
The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:
1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.
Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.
"Random allocation," also known as "random assignment" or "randomization," is a process used in clinical trials and other research studies to distribute participants into different intervention groups (such as experimental group vs. control group) in a way that minimizes selection bias and ensures the groups are comparable at the start of the study.
In random allocation, each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group, and the assignment is typically made using a computer-generated randomization schedule or other objective methods. This process helps to ensure that any differences between the groups are due to the intervention being tested rather than pre-existing differences in the participants' characteristics.
Hemorrhagic fever, American is a group of viral diseases that are transmitted to humans by infected ticks, mosquitoes or rodents. The most common types of American hemorrhagic fevers include:
1. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS): It is caused by Sin Nombre virus and is transmitted to humans through inhalation of aerosolized urine, droppings or saliva of infected rodents.
2. Colorado Tick Fever (CTF): It is caused by a Coltivirus and is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tick.
3. Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE): It is caused by an Alphavirus and is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito.
4. Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) and Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE): They are also caused by Alphaviruses and are transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito.
These diseases are called hemorrhagic fevers because they are characterized by bleeding disorders, high fever, muscle and joint pain, headache, and fatigue. In severe cases, they can lead to shock, organ failure, and death. There are no specific treatments for these diseases, but early detection and supportive care can improve outcomes. Prevention measures include avoiding contact with rodents, using insect repellent, and wearing protective clothing in areas where the diseases are common.
'Immune sera' refers to the serum fraction of blood that contains antibodies produced in response to an antigenic stimulus, such as a vaccine or an infection. These antibodies are proteins known as immunoglobulins, which are secreted by B cells (a type of white blood cell) and can recognize and bind to specific antigens. Immune sera can be collected from an immunized individual and used as a source of passive immunity to protect against infection or disease. It is often used in research and diagnostic settings to identify or measure the presence of specific antigens or antibodies.
Aerosols are defined in the medical field as suspensions of fine solid or liquid particles in a gas. In the context of public health and medicine, aerosols often refer to particles that can remain suspended in air for long periods of time and can be inhaled. They can contain various substances, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or chemicals, and can play a role in the transmission of respiratory infections or other health effects.
For example, when an infected person coughs or sneezes, they may produce respiratory droplets that can contain viruses like influenza or SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19). Some of these droplets can evaporate quickly and leave behind smaller particles called aerosols, which can remain suspended in the air for hours and potentially be inhaled by others. This is one way that respiratory viruses can spread between people in close proximity to each other.
Aerosols can also be generated through medical procedures such as bronchoscopy, suctioning, or nebulizer treatments, which can produce aerosols containing bacteria, viruses, or other particles that may pose an infection risk to healthcare workers or other patients. Therefore, appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) and airborne precautions are often necessary to reduce the risk of transmission in these settings.
Immunization is defined medically as the process where an individual is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically through the administration of a vaccine. The vaccine stimulates the body's own immune system to recognize and fight off the specific disease-causing organism, thereby preventing or reducing the severity of future infections with that organism.
Immunization can be achieved actively, where the person is given a vaccine to trigger an immune response, or passively, where antibodies are transferred to the person through immunoglobulin therapy. Immunizations are an important part of preventive healthcare and have been successful in controlling and eliminating many infectious diseases worldwide.
Weaning is the process of gradually introducing an infant or young child to a new source of nutrition, such as solid foods, while simultaneously decreasing their dependence on breast milk or formula. This process can begin when the child is developmentally ready, typically around 6 months of age, and involves offering them small amounts of pureed or mashed foods to start, then gradually introducing more textured and varied foods as they become comfortable with the new diet. The weaning process should be done slowly and under the guidance of a healthcare provider to ensure that the child's nutritional needs are being met and to avoid any potential digestive issues.
Pyrilamine is an antihistamine drug that is primarily used to relieve allergic symptoms such as sneezing, itching, watery eyes, and runny nose. It works by blocking the action of histamine, a substance naturally produced by the body during an allergic reaction. Pyrilamine may also be used to treat motion sickness and to help with tension headaches or migraines.
Pyrilamine is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and syrup, and it can be taken with or without food. Common side effects of pyrilamine include dizziness, dry mouth, and drowsiness. It is important to avoid activities that require mental alertness, such as driving or operating heavy machinery, until you know how pyrilamine affects you.
Like all medications, pyrilamine should be taken under the supervision of a healthcare provider, who can determine the appropriate dosage and monitor for any potential side effects or interactions with other drugs. It is essential to follow the instructions provided by your healthcare provider carefully and not exceed the recommended dose.
Ovalbumin is the major protein found in egg white, making up about 54-60% of its total protein content. It is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of around 45 kDa and has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Ovalbumin is a single polypeptide chain consisting of 385 amino acids, including four disulfide bridges that contribute to its structure.
Ovalbumin is often used in research as a model antigen for studying immune responses and allergies. In its native form, ovalbumin is not allergenic; however, when it is denatured or degraded into smaller peptides through cooking or digestion, it can become an allergen for some individuals.
In addition to being a food allergen, ovalbumin has been used in various medical and research applications, such as vaccine development, immunological studies, and protein structure-function analysis.
Electric stimulation, also known as electrical nerve stimulation or neuromuscular electrical stimulation, is a therapeutic treatment that uses low-voltage electrical currents to stimulate nerves and muscles. It is often used to help manage pain, promote healing, and improve muscle strength and mobility. The electrical impulses can be delivered through electrodes placed on the skin or directly implanted into the body.
In a medical context, electric stimulation may be used for various purposes such as:
1. Pain management: Electric stimulation can help to block pain signals from reaching the brain and promote the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced by the body.
2. Muscle rehabilitation: Electric stimulation can help to strengthen muscles that have become weak due to injury, illness, or surgery. It can also help to prevent muscle atrophy and improve range of motion.
3. Wound healing: Electric stimulation can promote tissue growth and help to speed up the healing process in wounds, ulcers, and other types of injuries.
4. Urinary incontinence: Electric stimulation can be used to strengthen the muscles that control urination and reduce symptoms of urinary incontinence.
5. Migraine prevention: Electric stimulation can be used as a preventive treatment for migraines by applying electrical impulses to specific nerves in the head and neck.
It is important to note that electric stimulation should only be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as improper use can cause harm or discomfort.
In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."
1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.
2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.
3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.
4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).
Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.
Gamma-globulins are a type of protein found in the blood serum, specifically a class of immunoglobulins (antibodies) known as IgG. They are the most abundant type of antibody and provide long-term defense against bacterial and viral infections. Gamma-globulins can also be referred to as "gamma globulin" or "gamma immune globulins."
These proteins are produced by B cells, a type of white blood cell, in response to an antigen (a foreign substance that triggers an immune response). IgG gamma-globulins have the ability to cross the placenta and provide passive immunity to the fetus. They can be measured through various medical tests such as serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) or immunoelectrophoresis, which are used to diagnose and monitor conditions related to immune system disorders, such as multiple myeloma or primary immunodeficiency diseases.
In addition, gamma-globulins can be administered therapeutically in the form of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) to provide passive immunity for patients with immunodeficiencies, autoimmune disorders, or infectious diseases.
An antigen is a substance (usually a protein) that is recognized as foreign by the immune system and stimulates an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies or activation of T-cells. Antigens can be derived from various sources, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and tumor cells. They can also come from non-living substances such as pollen, dust mites, or chemicals.
Antigens contain epitopes, which are specific regions on the antigen molecule that are recognized by the immune system. The immune system's response to an antigen depends on several factors, including the type of antigen, its size, and its location in the body.
In general, antigens can be classified into two main categories:
1. T-dependent antigens: These require the help of T-cells to stimulate an immune response. They are typically larger, more complex molecules that contain multiple epitopes capable of binding to both MHC class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells and T-cell receptors on CD4+ T-cells.
2. T-independent antigens: These do not require the help of T-cells to stimulate an immune response. They are usually smaller, simpler molecules that contain repetitive epitopes capable of cross-linking B-cell receptors and activating them directly.
Understanding antigens and their properties is crucial for developing vaccines, diagnostic tests, and immunotherapies.
Ascorbic acid is the chemical name for Vitamin C. It is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for human health. Ascorbic acid is required for the synthesis of collagen, a protein that plays a role in the structure of bones, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels. It also functions as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.
Ascorbic acid cannot be produced by the human body and must be obtained through diet or supplementation. Good food sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, strawberries, bell peppers, broccoli, and spinach.
In the medical field, ascorbic acid is used to treat or prevent vitamin C deficiency and related conditions, such as scurvy. It may also be used in the treatment of various other health conditions, including common cold, cancer, and cardiovascular disease, although its effectiveness for these uses is still a matter of scientific debate.
I am not a medical professional, but I can tell you that the term "propaganda" is not typically used as a medical definition. Propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of a population. It often presents a biased or misleading view of information in order to further an agenda or promote a particular point of view.
However, in the context of public health and medical communications, propaganda can refer to the dissemination of misinformation or manipulated information about health-related topics with the intention of shaping public opinion or behavior. This can be particularly problematic in the field of medicine, where accurate and unbiased information is critical for making informed decisions about healthcare and treatment options.
It's important to note that while propaganda can be used to promote positive messages and behaviors, such as encouraging people to get vaccinated or practice safe sex, it can also be used to spread misinformation and fear, leading to harmful consequences for individuals and communities.
I apologize for any confusion, but "books" is a general term that refers to bound sets of pages that are printed or written with text, illustrations, or signs, and are meant to be read, studied, or consulted. It does not have a specific medical definition. If you're looking for information about a specific medical term or concept, please let me know and I'd be happy to help!
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Leasing, Property" is not a medical term. Leasing refers to a contractual agreement where one party rents property owned by another party, and property typically relates to real estate or other tangible assets. It might be used in the context of medical facilities or equipment, but it's not a medical term per se. If you have any medical terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!
Food contamination is the presence of harmful microorganisms, chemicals, or foreign substances in food or water that can cause illness or injury to individuals who consume it. This can occur at any stage during production, processing, storage, or preparation of food, and can result from various sources such as:
1. Biological contamination: This includes the presence of harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can cause foodborne illnesses. Examples include Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria, and norovirus.
2. Chemical contamination: This involves the introduction of hazardous chemicals into food, which may occur due to poor handling practices, improper storage, or exposure to environmental pollutants. Common sources of chemical contamination include pesticides, cleaning solvents, heavy metals, and natural toxins produced by certain plants or fungi.
3. Physical contamination: This refers to the presence of foreign objects in food, such as glass, plastic, hair, or insects, which can pose a choking hazard or introduce harmful substances into the body.
Preventing food contamination is crucial for ensuring food safety and protecting public health. Proper hygiene practices, temperature control, separation of raw and cooked foods, and regular inspections are essential measures to minimize the risk of food contamination.
Government regulation in the context of medicine refers to the rules, guidelines, and laws established by government agencies to control, monitor, and standardize various aspects of healthcare. These regulations are designed to protect patients, promote public health, ensure quality of care, and regulate the healthcare industry. Examples of government regulation in medicine include:
1. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations for drug approval, medical device clearance, and food safety.
2. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) regulations for healthcare reimbursement, quality measures, and program eligibility.
3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations for workplace safety in healthcare settings.
4. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations to minimize environmental impacts from healthcare facilities and pharmaceutical manufacturing.
5. State medical boards' regulations for licensing, disciplining, and monitoring physicians and other healthcare professionals.
6. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) regulations for patient privacy and data security.
7. Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) regulations for laboratory testing quality and standards.
8. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulations to prevent deceptive or unfair trade practices in healthcare marketing and advertising.
9. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) guidelines for evidence-based practice and patient safety.
10. Public Health Service Act (PHSA) regulations related to infectious diseases, bioterrorism preparedness, and substance abuse treatment.
100,000,000 Guinea Pigs
Guinea pig
List of guinea pig breeds
Guinea pig maximisation test
Guinea Pig Club
Abyssinian guinea pig
Santa Catarina's guinea pig
Operation Transformation (TV series)
Baldwin guinea pig
Save the Newchurch Guinea Pigs
Angry Boys
The Longest Whale Song
British Cavy Council
Charlie and Lola
Totskoye nuclear exercise
P-Chlorocresol
Little Airplane Productions
Wonder Pets!
Niobe Thompson
L-gulonolactone oxidase
Blackbeard in popular culture
Biofilm prevention
El Abra
Elf Lyons
List of Wonder Pets! episodes
Levopropoxyphene
Linda Davidson
Heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Josh Selig
Amazon Echo
America's shame - the N-bomb guinea pigs - NZ Herald
Albums created by rubypig | Guinea Pig Cages
Happy Pets: More Guinea Pigs in Yummy Colors
human guinea pigs - NaturalNews.com
100,000,000 Guinea Pigs - Wikipedia
Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 1478 : Influence of organic phosphates on tuberculin sensitivity in B.C.G. infected guinea pigs:...
How to Groom a Guinea Pig for a Show | Pets on Mom.com
Guinea Pigs 101: Care and Management | HubPages
Guinea Pig Vector Images (over 1,500)
guinea pigs - Local Classifieds in Doncaster | Preloved
Small Pet Toys for Rabbits, Guinea Pigs & Hamsters | PetSmart
Guinea Pigs mo - APBC
What Flowers Can Guinea Pigs Eat? | The Big Zoo
Guinea Pigs vs. Rabbits - Difference and Comparison
Case Count Maps | Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis Infections Linked to Pet Guinea Pigs | March 2018 | Salmonella...
Guinea pig - Wikipedia
Guinea Pig Coloring
Guinea Pig 1 Women's Plus Size V-Neck T-Shirt Guinea Pig Plus Size T-Shirt | CafePress
Figure 1 - Lassa Virus Targeting of Anterior Uvea and Endothelium of Cornea and Conjunctiva in Eye of Guinea Pig Model - Volume...
We are the Guinea Pigs of the Biotechnology Corporations!
Pen and Sword Books: The Guinea Pig Club - ePub
Can Guinea Pigs Be Gay? - Why Guinea Pigs Show Homosexual Behavior?
Guinea Pig T-Shirt - Breed of Champions at Animal Den
Production of guinea pig vocalizations by electrical brain stimulation under anaesthesia
Bergen Open Research Archive: Electron microscopy of induced heterotopic bone formation in guinea pigs
Target Species: Guinea Pig Archives - Vector Laboratories
The Skripals are alive but the guinea pigs are dead - the strange case of the Salisbury poisoning - RT UK News
VITAKRAFT Vita Smart Complete Nutrition Premium Fortified Blend Timothy Hay Guinea Pig Food, 8-lb bag - Chewy.com
Bill Gates' Guinea Pigs | Seattle Weekly
Female guinea pigs7
- READY NOW 2x longhaired female guinea pigs, texel longhairs. (preloved.co.uk)
- And the same goes for the female guinea pigs. (concept360web.com)
- As they have social nature and would like to live with other female guinea pigs. (concept360web.com)
- Because in this season the female guinea pigs become busy with dominant guinea pigs. (concept360web.com)
- To stop or minimize their homosexual behavior let them live with female guinea pigs. (concept360web.com)
- But if you don't have female guinea pigs and you also want to stop their homosexual behavior then you can separate their living spaces. (concept360web.com)
- Although it occurs most often in pregnant female guinea pigs, ketosis can also develop in obese guinea pigs, male or female. (petmd.com)
Pig's9
- To prepare your guinea pig's coat for a show you will need to give him a bath. (mom.com)
- The bath will help bring a nice shine to the guinea pig's coat within a few days because you have stimulated the natural oils in his hair. (mom.com)
- Overgrown nails can poke into the pads on your guinea pig's feet and eventually cause infection. (mom.com)
- A guinea pig's diet is more complex than you may think. (hubpages.com)
- Guinea pig's teeth are constantly growing. (hubpages.com)
- Guinea pig's diets as we all know are pretty easy to understand. (thebigzoo.com)
- Varied textures and long strand fibers help maintain dental health and wear down your guinea pig's ever-growing teeth. (chewy.com)
- Ketosis, also known as pregnancy toxemia, often occurs when a guinea pig's body produces too many ketones, an otherwise normal byproduct of metabolism. (petmd.com)
- What is Smosh's guinea pig's name? (braingle.com)
Young guinea pigs2
- For example, if there are two young guinea pigs then they keep fighting for dominance. (concept360web.com)
- The aim of the present study is therefore to contribute to the improvement of the diet of guinea pigs, through the valuation of Dracaena arborea roots powder as a feed additive, on growth characteristics and some hematological parameters of young guinea pigs post-weaned. (scirp.org)
Cavia1
- The guinea pig or domestic guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), also known as the cavy or domestic cavy (/ˈkeɪvi/ KAY-vee), is a species of rodent belonging to the genus Cavia in the family Caviidae. (wikipedia.org)
Cavy6
- The Capricornia Cavy Club website recommends bathing your cavy a week before the show if he has short hair and up to two weeks before the show if he is among the breeds with coarse coats, which include the Abyssinian variety. (mom.com)
- Because the process can result in accidental injury to a cavy if not done properly, you should have a veterinarian perform trim nails prior to the show. (mom.com)
- Male cavys, in particular, secrete a scent and sticky substance from this dime-sized patch when they are courting a female cavy or fighting for dominance with another male pig. (mom.com)
- you can see why we guinea pig owners like to call to call ourselves the Cavy Slaves. (hubpages.com)
- Breeders tend to use the word cavy to describe the animal, while in scientific and laboratory contexts, it is far more commonly referred to by the common name guinea pig. (wikipedia.org)
- Some species of cavy identified in the 20th century, such as C. anolaimae and C. guianae, may be domestic guinea pigs that have become feral by reintroduction into the wild. (wikipedia.org)
Rabbits14
- However, there are plenty of differences between guinea pigs and rabbits. (thebigzoo.com)
- I've provided some important information on guinea pigs and rabbits to help you make a decision. (thebigzoo.com)
- One of the first differences you will notice when looking at guinea pigs and rabbits is their size. (thebigzoo.com)
- Rabbits are typically larger than guinea pigs, which means they need more space to live and run. (thebigzoo.com)
- Rabbits also tend to eat more than guinea pigs due to their larger size. (thebigzoo.com)
- Are rabbits friendlier than guinea pigs? (thebigzoo.com)
- Rabbits may be more open to human affection than guinea pigs. (thebigzoo.com)
- Can guinea pigs and rabbits live together? (thebigzoo.com)
- Do guinea pigs poop as much as rabbits? (thebigzoo.com)
- Guinea pigs and rabbits have similar bathroom habits. (thebigzoo.com)
- Rabbits may also be easier to litter-train than guinea pigs, which makes messes easier to clean up. (thebigzoo.com)
- Guinea pigs may cost less than rabbits upon initial purchase, but both animals have considerable costs for food, cages, and toys. (thebigzoo.com)
- Can rabbits kill guinea pigs? (thebigzoo.com)
- Are rabbits or guinea pigs better pets? (thebigzoo.com)
Login1
- Use Teacher Login to show answer keys or other teacher-only items. (exploringnature.org)
Salmonella5
- People can still get a Salmonella infection from guinea pigs, because these animals can carry the bacteria even when they look healthy and clean. (cdc.gov)
- CDC began investigating in December 2017 when CDC PulseNet identified a cluster of three Salmonella Enteritidis infections that whole genome sequencing showed were closely related genetically. (cdc.gov)
- The outbreak strain of Salmonella was identified in a sample collected from an ill person's pet guinea pig in Vermont. (cdc.gov)
- Whole genome sequencing showed that Salmonella bacteria isolated from sick people and the guinea pig were closely related genetically. (cdc.gov)
- This outbreak is a reminder that pet rodents such as guinea pigs, regardless of where they are purchased or adopted, can carry Salmonella bacteria even when they look healthy and clean. (cdc.gov)
19561
- 2005). King (1956), observing guinea pigs in a "semi-natural" environment, reported that the precocious pups were born in natural shelters on the ground. (bvsalud.org)
Experimental3
- Natural News) For many years, the American foster care system in partnership with Child Protective Services (CPS) has been kidnapping children and, in many cases, handing them off to government swamp agencies that use these little ones as human guinea pigs to test experimental drugs and vaccines without consent. (naturalnews.com)
- Common experimental animals (rats, guinea pigs, chinchillas, cats) are outbred?their genomes contain an admixture of many genes. (cdc.gov)
- Furthermore, some individuals referred to Africans as 'Bill Gates' guinea pigs,' implying that they were being used as experimental subjects. (who.int)
Multistate Outbreak1
- Epidemiologic and laboratory evidence indicates that contact with pet guinea pigs is the likely source of this multistate outbreak. (cdc.gov)
Veggies2
- Guinea pigs love veggies. (hubpages.com)
- Features a curated blend of timothy hay guinea pig pellets, fruits, veggies and seven nutrient-rich ancient grains. (chewy.com)
Sugars1
- Most fruits have very high sugars for guinea pigs and should be fed on a rare occasion for a very special treat. (hubpages.com)
Behavior15
- Why Guinea Pigs Show Homosexual Behavior? (concept360web.com)
- So if you keep two same-gender guinea pigs together then they might show homo-sexual behavior. (concept360web.com)
- However, not only guinea pigs but the numerous other animal species show homo-sexual behavior when the same genders live together. (concept360web.com)
- But why do guinea pigs show such kind of behavior? (concept360web.com)
- However, not only guinea pigs but the numerous other animals also show the same behavior under different situations. (concept360web.com)
- As they are not gay but they try to show this behavior under the following circumstances. (concept360web.com)
- This could be the main reason that guinea pigs show home-sexual behavior. (concept360web.com)
- And seclusion from them leads to this behavior in guinea male pigs. (concept360web.com)
- To show its power is also one of the main reasons because of which male guinea pigs show homo-sexual behavior. (concept360web.com)
- As numerous other species show the same behavior to show dominance. (concept360web.com)
- So you don't have to worry about the homosexual behavior of your guinea pigs. (concept360web.com)
- According to science, this could be the reason that guinea pigs showing gay behavior. (concept360web.com)
- But it is also realty that they never show homosexual behavior at their young age. (concept360web.com)
- As they only show this behavior when they have to declare that they are dominant and the boss of the territory. (concept360web.com)
- Moreover, they show this behavior during their mating season when they are unable to get a female guinea pig. (concept360web.com)
Pellets2
- Aside from hay and pellets, your guinea pigs will always need access to fresh water. (hubpages.com)
- This premium guinea pig food features ancient grains, alfalfa pellets and timothy hay, building the foundation of a high-fiber diet. (chewy.com)
Rodents2
- Guinea pig belongs to the species of rodents with chubby bodies and short legs. (concept360web.com)
- Pet rodents, including guinea pigs, are not recommended for families with children younger than 5 years, pregnant women, elderly adults, or people with weakened immune systems because these groups are at greater risk for serious illness. (cdc.gov)
Mice3
- Health studies worldwide have shown that Cry1Ac, the Bt toxin used in Bt Brinjal is a powerful immunogen and actively binds to the gut cells of mammals too as studies in mice show. (viacampesina.org)
- Recent work has shown that mice homozygous for Ahl are not only more sensitive to noise , but also are probably damaged in a different manner by noise than mice containing the wild-type gene. (cdc.gov)
- The results confirmed that 25 samples con- tained B. anthracis, of which 9 were virulent for mice and guinea pigs. (who.int)
Closely related1
- Despite their common name, guinea pigs are not native to Guinea, nor are they closely related biologically to pigs, and the origin of the name is still unclear. (wikipedia.org)
Isolate2
- We report here that, in the guinea pig model, a human isolate of novel H7N9 influenza virus, A/Anhui/1/2013 (An/13), is highly dissimilar to an H7N1 avian isolate and instead behaves similarly to a human seasonal strain in several respects. (edu.au)
- One isolate from a sick person and one isolate from a guinea pig contained genes for resistance to streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. (cdc.gov)
Bathe4
- How Often Should I Bathe My Guinea Pig? (omlet.co.uk)
- Many owners bathe their guinea pigs monthly in the summer, and every two months in the winter. (omlet.co.uk)
- If you need some advice and information on how to bathe your guinea pigs, we've created an advisory page full of tips and tricks, which gives you advice on both when to bathe them, and how. (omlet.co.uk)
- Thank you for showing me when I can bathe my guinea pig. (omlet.co.uk)
Affection1
- A guinea pig will usually return your affection, with a gurgle of contentment, a head butt or a loving nuzzle. (pethealthandcare.com)
Animals10
- It is important to remember that guinea pigs are prey animals. (hubpages.com)
- The animals were used so frequently as model organisms in the 19th and 20th centuries that the epithet guinea pig came into use to describe a human test subject. (wikipedia.org)
- The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped animals and often depicted the guinea pig in their art. (wikipedia.org)
- And the guinea pigs are one of such animals that are affected by their environment the most. (concept360web.com)
- Like several other animals, guinea pigs also want to be the boss of their territory. (concept360web.com)
- In fact there are several pet owners who have been unsuccessful in their endeavor of guinea pig potty training, and believe that it is not possible to train these animals. (pethealthandcare.com)
- Guinea pigs are usually gentle animals and should never be disciplined in a harsh way, even if they make mistakes repeatedly. (pethealthandcare.com)
- Alveolar macrophages recovered from control animals showed low levels of basal O2- production. (cdc.gov)
- Macrophages from endotoxin or bacterial extract treated animals showed significant increases in basal and PMA and zymosan stimulated O2- production. (cdc.gov)
- Animals and humans show differing susceptibility to noise damage even under very carefully controlled exposure conditions. (cdc.gov)
Angora1
- No stuffed animal collection can be complete without our Guinea Pig Angora. (animalden.com)
Genes1
- However, changes in certain genes also make the guinea pigs homosexual. (concept360web.com)
Tendency2
- Guinea pigs have the tendency to go where they eat and sleep, so place the litter box (or a newspaper) close by, within the cage. (pethealthandcare.com)
- The erosions can become numerous, showing a tendency to generalize. (medscape.com)
Bacteria2
- GM DNA fragments were shown to have been transferred to human gut bacteria in the only human clinical trial carried out so far through horizontal gene transfer. (viacampesina.org)
- English-short-hair-guinea-pigs were exposed to 0 or 10 micrograms per milliliter aerosols of endotoxin from Pantoea- agglomerans or a saline extract of the bacteria for 3 hours. (cdc.gov)
Colors1
- Roses are a beautiful garden flower that has an enticing scent and colors that send even an unknowing guinea pig running. (thebigzoo.com)
Toxic1
- According to the scientific study use of toxic metals like mercury enhances homosexual tendencies in guinea pigs. (concept360web.com)
Make4
- Before a show, it is your job to make sure this gland is clear of built-up grease by removing residue using a cotton ball and some eucalyptus oil, coconut oil or even Dawn dish washing liquid. (mom.com)
- Their docile nature, friendly responsiveness to handling and feeding, and the relative ease of caring for them have continued to make guinea pigs a popular choice of household pet. (wikipedia.org)
- It is important to make sure that as a pet, guinea pigs are taken care of properly. (pethealthandcare.com)
- To prevent ketosis, make sure your guinea pig eats a high quality food throughout pregnancy, while limiting the amount in order to prevent obesity. (petmd.com)
Experiment2
- Its central argument propounds that the American population is being used as guinea pigs in a giant experiment undertaken by the American producers of food stuffs and patent medicines and the like. (wikipedia.org)
- We are the guinea pigs in this experiment and the planets ecological system is the test site. (jesus-is-savior.com)
Pregnant3
- My guinea pig may be pregnant. (omlet.co.uk)
- Pregnancy toxemia most commonly affects guinea pigs that are pregnant with their first or second litters. (petmd.com)
- In addition, pregnant guinea pigs ketosis may lead to death of the fetuses while still in the uterus. (petmd.com)
Afraid2
- Why Is My Guinea Pig so Afraid? (hubpages.com)
- One of my pigs was afraid of clippers. (guineapigcages.com)
Food10
- It takes some patients, however, because if you don't have a tamed guinea pig like me, that comes running right away, they might not understand that you have food. (hubpages.com)
- Will rabbit food kill guinea pigs? (thebigzoo.com)
- Rabbit food may not kill your guinea pigs , but it will not provide the nutrition they need. (thebigzoo.com)
- Livestock breeds of the guinea pig play an important role in folk culture for many indigenous Andean peoples, especially as a food source. (wikipedia.org)
- Regionally known as cuy, the guinea pig was first domesticated as early as 5000 BC for food by tribes in the Andean region of South America (the present-day southern part of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia), some thousands of years after the domestication of the South American camelids. (wikipedia.org)
- Your adorable little friend deserves food that's both tasty and healthy and Versele-Laga Complete Guinea Pig Food delivers on both counts. (chewy.com)
- Versele-Laga Complete Guinea Pig Food is the delicious, natural way to keep your beloved pet healthy and happy. (chewy.com)
- In fact, guinea pig is monogastric with a strictly herbivorous diet, which makes better use of local food resources [2]. (scirp.org)
- Shop our range of guinea pig food bowls here. (thehayexperts.co.uk)
- We compared isolation whistles (IS) emitted by guinea pig pups separated from their mothers to the food-anticipation whistles (FA) emitted by the same adult individuals in response to a feeding routine. (bvsalud.org)
Timothy1
- There are many different types of timothy hay, for my guinea pigs they like the most a blend of the Western Timothy hay and the Orchard Grass. (hubpages.com)
Tissues1
- The pH of fusion of the hemagglutinin (HA) and the binding of virus to fixed guinea pig tissues were also examined. (edu.au)
Pets3
- Six new guinea pigs are joining the five that first debuted in Happy Pets a few days ago. (aol.com)
- Guinea pigs are easy-to-care-for pets who are occupying an increasing number of households in America. (mom.com)
- Guinea pigs are quite a popular choice as pets, mainly for children, mainly because of their gentle nature. (pethealthandcare.com)
Sensitivity2
- Using the response to intrademal tuberculin as a measure of allergic hypersensitivity in albino guinea pigs infected with B.C.G., it was found that a single s.c. injection of very small quantities of glucose-l-phosphate (0.01 mg/kg) or LSD-25 (0.00018 mg/kg) diminished the sensitivity to tuberculin. (erowid.org)
- The guinea pig displays an extreme sensitivity in systemic as well as passive cutaneous anaphylaxis models (Verdier et al. (cdc.gov)
Animal3
- However, not only guinea pigs but any other animal may start showing gay tendencies with the use of certain substances like mercury. (concept360web.com)
- Leaving a guinea pig alone or ignoring him, is like torturing the animal. (pethealthandcare.com)
- The animal enthusiast that you know will thank you with their new Guinea Pig plush for years to come. (animalden.com)
Vegetables2
- Check out my guide to get a complete list of fruits and vegetables that guinea pigs can and can't eat. (thebigzoo.com)
- This natural variety of vegetables and grains encourages instinctive foraging so your guinea pig can feel right at home. (chewy.com)
Legionnaires1
- Serum from 101 of 111 patients whose illness met the clinical criteria for Legionnaires disease showed diagnostic increases in antibody titers. (cdc.gov)
Results6
- Student test results in "conversion" schools (large high schools divided into smaller schools) have yet to show dramatic changes, graduation rates remain flat, teachers are split about the effectiveness of the changes, and students are generally lukewarm. (seattleweekly.com)
- The results at the 11th week of breeding showed that the highest intake (21.13 g/d) was obtained with the Da0.5 ration. (scirp.org)
- Your veterinarian will be able to determine a diagnosis of ketosis by the results of the blood tests, which will show the number of ketone bodies that are present in the blood. (petmd.com)
- The results showed that co-treatment of vitE and vitC protected guinea pigs from DM-induced biochemical and histopathological changes. (scialert.net)
- Results revealed no significant differences in the structure of the IS and FA whistles, but showed ontogenetic changes along the period. (bvsalud.org)
- The results showed that digoxin could markedly enhance the contractility of the right atrium . (bvsalud.org)
Human2
- In India too, Bt Cotton is known to cause human health problems, as a scientific study in Madhya Pradesh shows. (viacampesina.org)
- One important difference was seen between An/13 and both the H3N2 human and the H7N1 avian viruses: when inoculated intranasally at a high dose, only the An/13 virus led to productive infection of the lower respiratory tract of guinea pigs. (edu.au)
Diet1
- The present study was assigned to evaluate the Effect of Dracaena arborea roots powder in ratio n on growth performances and some hematological parameters in the guinea pig on diet supplemented with graded levels of incorporation. (scirp.org)
Breeds1
- From about 1200 to the Spanish conquest in 1532, the indigenous peoples used selective breeding to develop many varieties of domestic guinea pigs, which formed the basis for some of the modern domestic breeds. (wikipedia.org)
Infection1
- Lassa virus (LASV) localization in guinea pigs that died of or survived infection with LASV-Josiah in study of LASV targeting of anterior uvea and endothelium of cornea and conjunctiva in eye. (cdc.gov)
Males1
- That's why the seclusion of male guinea pigs from females or the females from males can lead to a change in their sexual relationship. (concept360web.com)
Characteristics1
- In guinea pigs, isolation-whistles present individual characteristics (Tokumaru, Ades & Monticelli, 2004) and can be used by mothers to recognize pups, especially in large clutches (Kober, Trillmich & Naguib, 2008). (bvsalud.org)
Important5
- This is especially important if your pig has very long hair. (mom.com)
- Fortified with essential vitamins and minerals to ensure complete nutrition-including vitamin C, which is very important in guinea pig diets. (chewy.com)
- Past history with the company shows that it suppresses important data related to health effects. (viacampesina.org)
- It is important to know your pet's litter preference, as some guinea pigs may prefer paper towels instead of hay or newspaper. (pethealthandcare.com)
- It remains puz- zling that the physiological effects (change in breathing patterns upon challenge with the hapten) of the potent respiratory-tract sensitizer TMA could be satisfactorily modeled in the guinea pig, while those of the free or conjugated MDI could not, in spite of the presence of MDI-induced allergic bronchial inflammation and anti-MDI antibodies, important fea- tures in occupational asthma. (cdc.gov)
Creatures2
- Guinea pigs are wonderful and curious little creatures. (hubpages.com)
- Guinea pigs are very social creatures and require their own kind to interact with. (hubpages.com)
Health2
- Coalition for GM-Free India, consisting of leading farmers' organizations, consumer organizations, organic farming groups, women's groups, environmental activists and members of the medical fraternity today met with the Union Minister for Health, Dr Anbumani Ramadoss, to impress upon him that India is not a guinea pig for Bt Brinjal. (viacampesina.org)
- The Surgeon General's recent report, The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke , showed that exposure to SHS increases the risk for developing heart disease by 25%--30% and lung cancer by 20%--30% ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
Vitamin2
- With added antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids plus vitamins A, E, and D3 to support a strong immune system, Vita Smart is also a great way to give your guinea pig vitamin C. (chewy.com)
- Therefore, the present study investigated the ameliorative properties of vitamin C (vitC) and E (vitE) on DM toxicity of guinea pigs. (scialert.net)
Illness2
- The affected guinea pig may die suddenly of ketosis without ever demonstrating signs of illness. (petmd.com)
- Legionella , a bacterium, was discovered after many months of extensive laboratory testing when a scientist inoculated guinea pigs with lung tissue from a patient and caused a febrile illness. (cdc.gov)
Dietary1
- Consult your veterinarian about any special dietary requirements your guinea pig may have during the recovery period, as well as any other recommendations that may be helpful in helping your guinea pig to recover quickly from the pregnancy toxemia. (petmd.com)
Habitat1
- Four of the seven people interviewed reported contact with a guinea pig or its habitat in the week before getting sick. (cdc.gov)
Foods1
- 100,000,000 Guinea Pigs: Dangers in Everyday Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics is a book written by Arthur Kallet and F. J. Schlink first released in 1933 by the Vanguard Press and manufactured in the United States of America. (wikipedia.org)
Nails2
- Guinea pigs need to have their nails trimmed to prevent them from growing in a curled pattern. (mom.com)
- Well, for one of my guineapigs I find it veyr hard to clip nails. (guineapigcages.com)
Chemicals1
- In several laboratories, these chem- icals have been evaluated in the guinea pig respiratory hypersensitivity model using either the free chemicals or their homologous protein conju- gates for elicitation of respiratory response. (cdc.gov)
Bought1
- All guinea pigs must be bought in pairs unless another pug is already owned. (preloved.co.uk)
Exposure1
- Previous studies have shown that the route of exposure appears to be different for Legionella longbeachae, which has been linked with the use of compost or potting soil. (cdc.gov)
Years3
- For at least 30 years, the plight of the Marshall Islands guinea pigs has been detailed in hundreds of articles and official reports, in books and films and news reports. (nzherald.co.nz)
- My guinea pigs have tended to live an average of five to seven years, which is common for cavies. (thebigzoo.com)
- As the following charts show, thousands more people have reportedly been killed in the past 44 days than in the conflict over the past 15 years . (abc.net.au)
Clinical2
- Natural News) The Centre territorial d'Information indépendante et d'Avis pharmaceutiques (CTIAP), a regional independent drug assessment center in France, has published a report showing that none of the four Wuhan coronavirus (Covid-19) "vaccinations" currently being administered are safe or effective because all of them received emergency use authorization (EUA) with insufficient clinical testing. (naturalnews.com)
- The research sample consisted of 231 apparently healthy respondents (not showing any clinical symptoms of diabetes) who were underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese in terms of their BMI, and the sample was selected through random sampling. (bvsalud.org)
Live1
- Because, where two or more than two male guinea pigs live they try to show their power to others. (concept360web.com)
High1
- An/13 was found to have a low 50% infectious dose, grow to high titers in the upper respiratory tract, and transmit efficiently among cocaged guinea pigs. (edu.au)
Include1
- Several studies have shown that the Subsequent chemical analysis confirmed psychostimulant effects induced by chew- that the fresh leaves contain a number of ing khat leaves include a moderate degree compounds, including phenylalkylamine of euphoria and mild excitement resulting compounds (alkaloids) such as nor- in promotion of social interaction and lo- pseudoephedrine (cathine) and alpha ami- quacity [8,11,12]. (who.int)