Shigella Vaccines
Shigella
Shigella flexneri
Dysentery, Bacillary
Shigella dysenteriae
Bacterial Vaccines
Vaccines, Attenuated
Vaccines
Shigella boydii
Vaccines, Inactivated
Viral Vaccines
Vaccines, Synthetic
Vaccines, DNA
AIDS Vaccines
Vaccines, Conjugate
Vaccines, Subunit
Vaccination
Malaria Vaccines
Papillomavirus Vaccines
Isolation and characterization of a Shigella flexneri invasin complex subunit vaccine. (1/33)
The invasiveness and virulence of Shigella spp. are largely due to the expression of plasmid-encoded virulence factors, among which are the invasion plasmid antigens (Ipa proteins). After infection, the host immune response is directed primarily against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the virulence proteins (IpaB, IpaC, and IpaD). Recent observations have indicated that the Ipa proteins (IpaB, IpaC, and possibly IpaD) form a multiprotein complex capable of inducing the phagocytic event which internalizes the bacterium. We have isolated a complex of invasins and LPS from water-extractable antigens of virulent shigellae by ion-exchange chromatography. Western blot analysis of the complex indicates that all of the major virulence antigens of Shigella, including IpaB, IpaC, and IpaD, and LPS are components of this macromolecular complex. Mice or guinea pigs immunized intranasally with purified invasin complex (invaplex), without any additional adjuvant, mounted a significant immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibody response against the Shigella virulence antigens and LPS. The virulence-specific response was very similar to that previously noted in primates infected with shigellae. Guinea pigs (keratoconjunctivitis model) or mice (lethal lung model) immunized intranasally on days 0, 14, and 28 and challenged 3 weeks later with virulent shigellae were protected from disease (P<0.01 for both animal models). (+info)Safety and immunogenicity of improved Shigella O-specific polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines in adults in Israel. (2/33)
Data suggest that the O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP) domain of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Shigella species is both an essential virulence factor and a protective antigen and that a critical level of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) to this antigen will confer immunity to shigellosis. Because covalent attachment of polysaccharides to proteins increases their immunogenicity, especially in infants and in young children, the O-SP of Shigella species were bound to medically useful proteins, and the safety and immunogenicity of the resultant conjugates were confirmed in adults and 4- to 7-year-old children. Succinylation of the carrier protein improved the immunogenicity of Shigella conjugates in mice and increased their yield. Based on these results, a clinical trial of O-SP conjugates of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri 2a bound to succinylated mutant Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (rEPAsucc) or native or succinylated Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin mutant (CRM9 or CRM9succ) was conducted in healthy adults. The conjugates were safe and immunogenic. S. sonnei-CRM9, S. sonnei-CRM9succ, and S. sonnei-rEPAsucc elicited significant rises of geometric mean (GM) IgG anti-LPS within 1 week of injection (P < 0.001). At 26 weeks, the GM anti-LPS levels elicited by these three conjugates were similar and higher than their prevaccination levels (P < 0.0001). GM IgG anti-LPS levels elicited by S. flexneri 2a-rEPAsucc were significantly higher than those elicited by S. flexneri 2a-rCRM9succ at all intervals after injection. At 26 weeks, the levels of IgG anti-LPS in vaccinees were higher than their prevaccination levels (P < 0.0001). The serum antibody responses were specific, as there was no significant rise of anti-LPS to the heterologous O-SP in any vaccinee. Both conjugates elicited statistically significant rises of serum antibodies to the injected carrier protein. At 6 months, these five Shigella conjugates elicited higher fold rises than similar conjugates (D. N. Taylor et al., Infect. Immun. 61:3678-3687, 1993). Based on these data, we chose S. sonnei-CRM9 and S. flexneri 2a-rEPAsucc for evaluation in children. (+info)Safety and immunogenicity of a proteosome-Shigella flexneri 2a lipopolysaccharide vaccine administered intranasally to healthy adults. (3/33)
We studied the safety and immunogenicity of a Shigella flexneri 2a vaccine comprising native S. flexneri 2a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) complexed to meningococcal outer membrane proteins-proteosomes-in normal, healthy adults. A two-dose series of immunizations was given by intranasal spray, and doses of 0.1, 0.4, 1.0, and 1.5 mg (based on protein) were studied in a dose-escalating design. The vaccine was generally well tolerated. The most common reactions included rhinorrhea and nasal stuffiness, which were clearly dose related (P < or = 0.05). These reactions were self-limited and generally mild. The vaccine elicited S. flexneri 2a LPS-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, and IgM antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) in a dose-responsive manner. At doses of 1.0 or 1.5 mg, highly significant (P < 0.001) increases in ASCs of all antibody isotypes occurred and 95% of subjects had an ASC response in at least one antibody isotype. Dose-related serum antibody responses were observed, with geometric mean two- to fivefold rises in specific serum IgA and IgG titers and two- to threefold rises in IgM in the 1.0- and 1.5-mg-dose groups (P < 0.0001 for each isotype). Elevated serum antibody levels persisted through day 70. Increases in fecal IgG and IgA and also in urinary IgA specific for S. flexneri 2a LPS were demonstrated. These were most consistent and approached statistical significance (P = 0.02 to 0.12 for various measures) on day 70 after the first dose. The magnitude of immune responses to intranasally administered proteosome-S. flexneri 2a LPS vaccine is similar to those reported for live vaccine candidates associated with protective efficacy in human challenge models, and further evaluation of this product is warranted. (+info)Phase I evaluation of delta virG Shigella sonnei live, attenuated, oral vaccine strain WRSS1 in healthy adults. (4/33)
We conducted a phase I trial with healthy adults to evaluate WRSS1, a live, oral Delta virG Shigella sonnei vaccine candidate. In a double-blind, randomized, dose-escalating fashion, inpatient volunteers received a single dose of either placebo (n = 7) or vaccine (n = 27) at 3 x 10(3) CFU (group 1), 3 x 10(4) CFU (group 2), 3 x 10(5) CFU (group 3), or 3 x 10(6) CFU (group 4). The vaccine was generally well tolerated, although a low-grade fever or mild diarrhea occurred in six (22%) of the vaccine recipients. WRSS1 was recovered from the stools of 50 to 100% of the vaccinees in each group. The geometric mean peak anti-lipopolysaccharide responses in groups 1 to 4, respectively, were 99, 39, 278, and 233 for immunoglobulin (IgA) antibody-secreting cell counts; 401, 201, 533, and 284 for serum reciprocal IgG titers; and 25, 3, 489, and 1,092 for fecal IgA reciprocal titers. Postvaccination increases in gamma interferon production in response to Shigella antigens occurred in some volunteers. We conclude that WRSS1 vaccine is remarkably immunogenic in doses ranging from 10(3) to 10(6) CFU but elicits clinical reactions that must be assessed in further volunteer trials. (+info)Construction, characterization, and animal testing of WRSd1, a Shigella dysenteriae 1 vaccine. (5/33)
WRSd1 is a Shigella dysenteriae 1 vaccine containing deletions of the virG(icsA) gene required for intercellular spreading and a 20-kb chromosomal region encompassing the Shiga toxin genes (stxAB). WRSd1 was constructed from S. dysenteriae 1 strain 1617 that was originally isolated during the 1968 to 1969 epidemic of Shiga dysentery in Guatemala. The virG(icsA) deletion was constructed from a streptomycin-resistant (Str(r)) mutant of 1617 by a filter mating procedures using a virG(icsA) deletion derivative, pDeltavirG2. A colony that was invasive for HeLa cells and negative for the virG(icsA) gene by Southern blotting was grown anaerobically on plates containing chlorate for selection of resistant colonies that had lost the entire Shiga toxin gene. A virG(icsA) stxAB Str(r) mutant selected from the chlorate plates was designated WRSd1. This candidate vaccine was evaluated for safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy using the guinea pig keratoconjunctivitis model. WRSd1 was Sereny negative, and two applications of this strain to the cornea elicited a significant protective immune response against the S. dysenteriae 1 O antigen. Vaccination with WRSd1 conferred protection against challenge with each of three virulent S. dysenteriae 1 strains. Since a vaccine protecting against multiple Shigella species is required for most areas where Shigella is endemic, protection studies using a combination vaccine of Shigella sonnei vaccine strain WRSS1, Shigella flexneri 2a vaccine strain SC602, and WRSd1 were also performed. Guinea pigs vaccinated with a mixture of equal amounts of the three vaccine strains were protected against challenge with each of the homologous virulent strains. Unlike WRSS1 and SC602, however, the level of protection afforded by WRSd1 in a combination vaccine was lower than the protection elicited by a pure culture. A current Good Manufacturing Practice product of WRSd1 given intragastrically to rhesus monkeys proved safe and immunogenic. (+info)Molecular cloning and characterization of genes for Shigella sonnei form I O polysaccharide: proposed biosynthetic pathway and stable expression in a live salmonella vaccine vector. (6/33)
The gene region for biosynthesis of Shigella sonnei form I O polysaccharide (O-Ps) and flanking sequences, totaling >18 kb, was characterized by deletion analysis to define a minimal construct for development of Salmonella-based live vaccine vector strains. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) expression and DNA sequence studies of plasmid deletion derivatives indicated form I O-Ps expression from a 12.3-kb region containing a putative promoter and 10 contiguous open reading frames (ORFs), one of which is the transposase of IS630. A detailed biosynthetic pathway, consistent with the predicted functions of eight of the nine essential ORFs and the form I O-Ps structure, is proposed. Further sequencing identified partial IS elements (i.e., IS91 and IS630) and wzz upstream of the form I coding region and a fragment of aqpZ and additional full or partial IS elements (i.e., IS629, IS91, and IS911) downstream of this region. The stability of plasmid-based form I O-Ps expression was greater from low-copy vectors than from high-copy vectors and was enhanced by deletion of the downstream IS91 from plasmid inserts. Both core-linked (i.e., LPS) and non-core-linked (i.e., capsule-like) surface expression of form I O-Ps were detected by Western blotting and silver staining of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-separated Shigella and Escherichia coli extracts. However, salmonellae, which have a core that is chemically dissimilar to that of shigellae, expressed only non-core-linked surface-associated form I O-Ps. Finally, attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi live vaccine vector candidates, containing minimal-sized form I operon constructs, elicited immune protection in mice against virulent S. sonnei challenge, thereby supporting the promise of live, oral vaccines for the prevention of shigellosis. (+info)Two studies evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of a live, attenuated Shigella flexneri 2a vaccine (SC602) and excretion of vaccine organisms in North American volunteers. (7/33)
We report the first community-based evaluation of Shigella flexneri 2a strain SC602, a live, oral vaccine strain attenuated by deletion of the icsA (virG) plasmid virulence gene, given at 10(4) CFU. The primary objectives of this trial were to determine the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine and to determine the duration of colonization. Four of 34 volunteers experienced transient fevers, and three reported diarrhea during the first 3 days of the study. Half of the volunteers mounted a positive serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) response to S. flexneri lipopolysaccharide. All but one of the volunteers excreted the vaccine in their stools for 1 to 33 days, and this excretion was often intermittent. Data from the community-based study were supplemented with an inpatient trial in which three volunteers received 10(3) and nine received 10(4) CFU. All volunteers who received 10(3) CFU excreted SC602 and had an IgA antibody-secreting cell response. Two of these had a serum IgA response. Six of the nine volunteers who received 10(4) CFU excreted SC602. One vaccinee had a transient fever and two met the definition of diarrhea. Six volunteers that received 10(4) CFU had an antibody-secreting cell response, and four had a serum IgA response. SC602 has now been tested at 10(4) CFU in a total of 58 volunteers. The cumulative results of these clinical trials, reported here and previously (Coster et al., Infect. Immun. 67:3437-3443, 1999), have demonstrated that SC602 is a substantially attenuated candidate vaccine that can evoke protection against the most severe symptoms of shigellosis in a stringent human challenge model of disease. (+info)Deletion in the Shigella enterotoxin genes further attenuates Shigella flexneri 2a bearing guanine auxotrophy in a phase 1 trial of CVD 1204 and CVD 1208. (8/33)
BACKGROUND: We created a live, attenuated, oral Shigella vaccine by constructing a lineage of guanine auxotrophs and conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to ascertain (1) the attenuation profile of Delta guaBA Shigella flexneri 2a, which harbors deletions in the guanine nucleotide synthesis pathway (CVD 1204); (2) additional attenuation conferred by deletions in set and sen genes encoding Shigella enterotoxins (ShETs) 1 and 2, respectively (CVD 1208); and (3) the relative immunogenicity of these constructs. METHODS: Inpatient volunteers received a single oral dose of CVD 1204, CVD 1208 (10(7), 10(8), or 10(9) cfu), or placebo. Clinical, immunologic, and microbiologic responses were evaluated. RESULTS: Reactogenicity occurred in 8 of 23 recipients of CVD 1204, characterized by diarrhea (30%), fever (22%), and/or dysentery (17%), but in only 1 (5%) of 21 recipients of CVD 1208 (brief fever) (P=.02, Fisher's exact test). Antilipopolysaccharide responses, as measured by antibody-secreting cell, serum, or fecal antibody levels, occurred in 67%, 71%, and 100% of recipients of CVD 1204 and in 86%, 43%, and 100% of recipients of CVD 1208 at doses of 10(7), 10(8), and 10(9) cfu, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that 1 or both ShETs are virulence determinants in humans; their inactivation, in combination with Delta guaBA, leads to a well-tolerated and immunogenic Shigella vaccine candidate. (+info)Shigella vaccines are immunizations that are developed to protect against Shigella infection, which is caused by the bacterium Shigella spp. These vaccines aim to stimulate the immune system to produce an immune response (the production of antibodies and activation of immune cells) that will provide protection against future Shigella infections.
There are currently no licensed Shigella vaccines available for use, although several candidate vaccines are in various stages of development and clinical trials. These vaccines typically contain inactivated or attenuated (weakened) forms of the bacteria, or specific components of the bacteria that can stimulate an immune response.
Shigella infection can cause a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, and tenesmus (the strong, frequent urge to have a bowel movement). In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as dehydration, seizures, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), which is a serious condition that can cause kidney failure. Shigella infection is most commonly transmitted through contaminated food or water, or direct contact with an infected person's feces.
Shigella is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are primarily responsible for causing shigellosis, also known as bacillary dysentery. These pathogens are highly infectious and can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in humans through the consumption of contaminated food or water, or direct contact with an infected person's feces.
There are four main species of Shigella: S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei. Each species has distinct serotypes that differ in their epidemiology, clinical presentation, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. The severity of shigellosis can range from mild diarrhea to severe dysentery with abdominal cramps, fever, and tenesmus (the strong, frequent urge to defecate). In some cases, Shigella infections may lead to complications such as bacteremia, seizures, or hemolytic uremic syndrome.
Preventive measures include maintaining good personal hygiene, proper food handling and preparation, access to clean water, and adequate sanitation facilities. Antibiotic treatment is generally recommended for severe cases of shigellosis, but the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains has become a growing concern in recent years.
Shigella flexneri is a species of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is one of the four species of the genus Shigella, which are the causative agents of shigellosis, also known as bacillary dysentery.
Shigella flexneri is responsible for causing a significant proportion of shigellosis cases worldwide, particularly in developing countries with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. The bacteria can be transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water, and can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and tenesmus (the urgent need to defecate).
The infection can lead to inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the intestines, resulting in the destruction of the epithelial cells and the formation of ulcers. In severe cases, Shigella flexneri can invade the bloodstream and cause systemic infections, which can be life-threatening for young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
The diagnosis of Shigella flexneri infection typically involves the detection of the bacteria in stool samples using culture methods or molecular techniques such as PCR. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, although resistance to multiple drugs has been reported in some strains. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, safe food handling, and access to clean water.
Bacillary dysentery is a type of dysentery caused by the bacterium Shigella. It is characterized by the inflammation of the intestines, particularly the colon, resulting in diarrhea that may contain blood and mucus. The infection is typically spread through contaminated food or water, or close contact with an infected person. Symptoms usually appear within 1-4 days after exposure and can include abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, and tenesmus (the strong, frequent urge to have a bowel movement). In severe cases, bacillary dysentery can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and other complications. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria, as well as fluid replacement to prevent dehydration.
"Shigella sonnei" is a medically recognized term that refers to a specific species of bacteria that can cause human illness. It's one of the four main species in the genus Shigella, and it's responsible for a significant portion of shigellosis cases worldwide.
Shigella sonnei is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, non-spore forming, rod-shaped bacterium that can be transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water. Once ingested, it can invade and infect the epithelial cells of the colon, leading to inflammation and diarrhea, which can range from mild to severe.
The infection caused by Shigella sonnei is known as shigellosis, and its symptoms may include abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, and watery or bloody diarrhea. In some cases, it can lead to more serious complications such as dehydration, seizures, or hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a type of kidney failure.
It's worth noting that Shigella sonnei is particularly concerning because it has developed resistance to multiple antibiotics, making treatment more challenging in some cases. Proper hygiene practices, such as handwashing and safe food handling, are crucial in preventing the spread of this bacterium.
"Shigella dysenteriae" is a specific species of bacteria that can cause severe forms of dysentery, a type of diarrheal disease. The infection caused by this bacterium is known as shigellosis. Shigella dysenteriae is highly infectious and can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected person or through contaminated food or water.
The bacteria produce toxins that can cause inflammation and damage to the lining of the intestine, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea (often containing blood and mucus), abdominal cramps, fever, and tenesmus (the urgent need to have a bowel movement). In severe cases, shigellosis can lead to complications such as dehydration, seizures, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), a serious condition that can cause kidney failure.
Shigella dysenteriae is a public health concern, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. Prevention measures include good hand hygiene, safe food handling practices, and access to clean water. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, fluids, and electrolyte replacement to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
Bacterial vaccines are types of vaccines that are created using bacteria or parts of bacteria as the immunogen, which is the substance that triggers an immune response in the body. The purpose of a bacterial vaccine is to stimulate the immune system to develop protection against specific bacterial infections.
There are several types of bacterial vaccines, including:
1. Inactivated or killed whole-cell vaccines: These vaccines contain entire bacteria that have been killed or inactivated through various methods, such as heat or chemicals. The bacteria can no longer cause disease, but they still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response.
2. Subunit, protein, or polysaccharide vaccines: These vaccines use specific components of the bacterium, such as proteins or polysaccharides, that are known to trigger an immune response. By using only these components, the vaccine can avoid using the entire bacterium, which may reduce the risk of adverse reactions.
3. Live attenuated vaccines: These vaccines contain live bacteria that have been weakened or attenuated so that they cannot cause disease but still retain the ability to stimulate an immune response. This type of vaccine can provide long-lasting immunity, but it may not be suitable for people with weakened immune systems.
Bacterial vaccines are essential tools in preventing and controlling bacterial infections, reducing the burden of diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumococcal disease, meningococcal disease, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease. They work by exposing the immune system to a harmless form of the bacteria or its components, which triggers the production of antibodies and memory cells that can recognize and fight off future infections with that same bacterium.
It's important to note that while vaccines are generally safe and effective, they may cause mild side effects such as pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site, fever, or fatigue. Serious side effects are rare but can occur, so it's essential to consult with a healthcare provider before receiving any vaccine.
Attenuated vaccines consist of live microorganisms that have been weakened (attenuated) through various laboratory processes so they do not cause disease in the majority of recipients but still stimulate an immune response. The purpose of attenuation is to reduce the virulence or replication capacity of the pathogen while keeping it alive, allowing it to retain its antigenic properties and induce a strong and protective immune response.
Examples of attenuated vaccines include:
1. Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV): This vaccine uses live but weakened polioviruses to protect against all three strains of the disease-causing poliovirus. The weakened viruses replicate in the intestine and induce an immune response, which provides both humoral (antibody) and cell-mediated immunity.
2. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine: This combination vaccine contains live attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella viruses. It is given to protect against these three diseases and prevent their spread in the population.
3. Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine: This vaccine uses a weakened form of the varicella-zoster virus, which causes chickenpox. By introducing this attenuated virus into the body, it stimulates an immune response that protects against future infection with the wild-type virus.
4. Yellow fever vaccine: This live attenuated vaccine is used to prevent yellow fever, a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. The vaccine contains a weakened form of the yellow fever virus that cannot cause the disease but still induces an immune response.
5. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine: This live attenuated vaccine is used to protect against tuberculosis (TB). It contains a weakened strain of Mycobacterium bovis, which does not cause TB in humans but stimulates an immune response that provides some protection against the disease.
Attenuated vaccines are generally effective at inducing long-lasting immunity and can provide robust protection against targeted diseases. However, they may pose a risk for individuals with weakened immune systems, as the attenuated viruses or bacteria could potentially cause illness in these individuals. Therefore, it is essential to consider an individual's health status before administering live attenuated vaccines.
A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. It typically contains an agent that resembles the disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and "remember" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it encounters in the future.
Vaccines can be prophylactic (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic (to fight disease that is already present). The administration of vaccines is called vaccination. Vaccinations are generally administered through needle injections, but can also be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.
The term "vaccine" comes from Edward Jenner's 1796 use of cowpox to create immunity to smallpox. The first successful vaccine was developed in 1796 by Edward Jenner, who showed that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox did not get smallpox. He reasoned that exposure to cowpox protected against smallpox and tested his theory by injecting a boy with pus from a cowpox sore and then exposing him to smallpox, which the boy did not contract. The word "vaccine" is derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox. He used it in 1798 during a conversation with a fellow physician and later in the title of his 1801 Inquiry.
Shigella boydii is a subgroup or species of the genus Shigella, which are gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that can cause gastrointestinal illness in humans. The illness caused by S. boydii, as well as other Shigella species, is known as shigellosis or bacillary dysentery.
S. boydii is further divided into several subgroups or serotypes based on their surface antigens. This bacterium is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water, and can cause symptoms such as diarrhea (often with blood and mucus), abdominal cramps, fever, and vomiting.
Shigellosis caused by S. boydii tends to be less common compared to other Shigella species like S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, and S. sonnei. However, the severity of the illness can vary widely, with some individuals experiencing mild symptoms while others may develop severe, life-threatening complications, particularly in young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems.
Inactivated vaccines, also known as killed or non-live vaccines, are created by using a version of the virus or bacteria that has been grown in a laboratory and then killed or inactivated with chemicals, heat, or radiation. This process renders the organism unable to cause disease, but still capable of stimulating an immune response when introduced into the body.
Inactivated vaccines are generally considered safer than live attenuated vaccines since they cannot revert back to a virulent form and cause illness. However, they may require multiple doses or booster shots to maintain immunity because the immune response generated by inactivated vaccines is not as robust as that produced by live vaccines. Examples of inactivated vaccines include those for hepatitis A, rabies, and influenza (inactivated flu vaccine).
A viral vaccine is a biological preparation that introduces your body to a specific virus in a way that helps your immune system build up protection against the virus without causing the illness. Viral vaccines can be made from weakened or inactivated forms of the virus, or parts of the virus such as proteins or sugars. Once introduced to the body, the immune system recognizes the virus as foreign and produces an immune response, including the production of antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide immunity against future infection with that specific virus.
Viral vaccines are important tools for preventing infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, rabies, rotavirus, chickenpox, shingles, and some types of cancer. Vaccination programs have led to the control or elimination of many infectious diseases that were once common.
It's important to note that viral vaccines are not effective against bacterial infections, and separate vaccines must be developed for each type of virus. Additionally, because viruses can mutate over time, it is necessary to update some viral vaccines periodically to ensure continued protection.
Synthetic vaccines are artificially produced, designed to stimulate an immune response and provide protection against specific diseases. Unlike traditional vaccines that are derived from weakened or killed pathogens, synthetic vaccines are created using synthetic components, such as synthesized viral proteins, DNA, or RNA. These components mimic the disease-causing agent and trigger an immune response without causing the actual disease. The use of synthetic vaccines offers advantages in terms of safety, consistency, and scalability in production, making them valuable tools for preventing infectious diseases.
I could not find a specific medical definition for "Vaccines, DNA." However, I can provide you with some information about DNA vaccines.
DNA vaccines are a type of vaccine that uses genetically engineered DNA to stimulate an immune response in the body. They work by introducing a small piece of DNA into the body that contains the genetic code for a specific antigen (a substance that triggers an immune response). The cells of the body then use this DNA to produce the antigen, which prompts the immune system to recognize and attack it.
DNA vaccines have several advantages over traditional vaccines. They are relatively easy to produce, can be stored at room temperature, and can be designed to protect against a wide range of diseases. Additionally, because they use DNA to stimulate an immune response, DNA vaccines do not require the growth and culture of viruses or bacteria, which can make them safer than traditional vaccines.
DNA vaccines are still in the experimental stages, and more research is needed to determine their safety and effectiveness. However, they have shown promise in animal studies and are being investigated as a potential tool for preventing a variety of infectious diseases, including influenza, HIV, and cancer.
Combined vaccines are defined in medical terms as vaccines that contain two or more antigens from different diseases, which are given to provide protection against multiple diseases at the same time. This approach reduces the number of injections required and simplifies the immunization schedule, especially during early childhood. Examples of combined vaccines include:
1. DTaP-Hib-IPV (e.g., Pentacel): A vaccine that combines diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease, and poliovirus components in one injection to protect against these five diseases.
2. MMRV (e.g., ProQuad): A vaccine that combines measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chickenpox) antigens in a single injection to provide immunity against all four diseases.
3. HepA-HepB (e.g., Twinrix): A vaccine that combines hepatitis A and hepatitis B antigens in one injection, providing protection against both types of hepatitis.
4. MenACWY-TT (e.g., MenQuadfi): A vaccine that combines four serogroups of meningococcal bacteria (A, C, W, Y) with tetanus toxoid as a carrier protein in one injection for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease caused by these serogroups.
5. PCV13-PPSV23 (e.g., Vaxneuvance): A vaccine that combines 13 pneumococcal serotypes with PPSV23, providing protection against a broader range of pneumococcal diseases in adults aged 18 years and older.
Combined vaccines have been thoroughly tested for safety and efficacy to ensure they provide a strong immune response and an acceptable safety profile. They are essential tools in preventing various infectious diseases and improving overall public health.
An AIDS vaccine is a type of preventive vaccine that aims to stimulate the immune system to produce an effective response against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The goal of an AIDS vaccine is to induce the production of immune cells and proteins that can recognize and eliminate HIV-infected cells, thereby preventing the establishment of a persistent infection.
Despite decades of research, there is still no licensed AIDS vaccine available. This is due in part to the unique challenges posed by HIV, which has a high mutation rate and can rapidly evolve to evade the immune system's defenses. However, several promising vaccine candidates are currently being tested in clinical trials around the world, and researchers continue to explore new approaches and strategies for developing an effective AIDS vaccine.
Conjugate vaccines are a type of vaccine that combines a part of a bacterium with a protein or other substance to boost the body's immune response to the bacteria. The bacterial component is usually a polysaccharide, which is a long chain of sugars that makes up part of the bacterial cell wall.
By itself, a polysaccharide is not very immunogenic, meaning it does not stimulate a strong immune response. However, when it is conjugated or linked to a protein or other carrier molecule, it becomes much more immunogenic and can elicit a stronger and longer-lasting immune response.
Conjugate vaccines are particularly effective in protecting against bacterial infections that affect young children, such as Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and pneumococcal disease. These vaccines have been instrumental in reducing the incidence of these diseases and their associated complications, such as meningitis and pneumonia.
Overall, conjugate vaccines work by mimicking a natural infection and stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies that can protect against future infections with the same bacterium. By combining a weakly immunogenic polysaccharide with a protein carrier, these vaccines can elicit a stronger and more effective immune response, providing long-lasting protection against bacterial infections.
A subunit vaccine is a type of vaccine that contains a specific piece or component of the microorganism (such as a protein, sugar, or part of the bacterial outer membrane), instead of containing the entire organism. This piece of the microorganism is known as an antigen, and it stimulates an immune response in the body, allowing the development of immunity against the targeted infection without introducing the risk of disease associated with live vaccines.
Subunit vaccines offer several advantages over other types of vaccines. They are generally safer because they do not contain live or weakened microorganisms, making them suitable for individuals with weakened immune systems or specific medical conditions that prevent them from receiving live vaccines. Additionally, subunit vaccines can be designed to focus on the most immunogenic components of a pathogen, potentially leading to stronger and more targeted immune responses.
Examples of subunit vaccines include the Hepatitis B vaccine, which contains a viral protein, and the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine, which uses pieces of the bacterial polysaccharide capsule. These vaccines have been crucial in preventing serious infectious diseases and reducing associated complications worldwide.
Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way to protect people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. It uses your body's natural defenses to build protection to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger.
A vaccination usually contains a small, harmless piece of a virus or bacteria (or toxins produced by these germs) that has been made inactive or weakened so it won't cause the disease itself. This piece of the germ is known as an antigen. When the vaccine is introduced into the body, the immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign and produces antibodies to fight it.
If a person then comes into contact with the actual disease-causing germ, their immune system will recognize it and immediately produce antibodies to destroy it. The person is therefore protected against that disease. This is known as active immunity.
Vaccinations are important for both individual and public health. They prevent the spread of contagious diseases and protect vulnerable members of the population, such as young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems who cannot be vaccinated or for whom vaccination is not effective.
Malaria vaccines are biological preparations that induce immunity against malaria parasites, thereby preventing or reducing the severity of malaria disease. They typically contain antigens (proteins or other molecules derived from the parasite) that stimulate an immune response in the recipient, enabling their body to recognize and neutralize the pathogen upon exposure.
The most advanced malaria vaccine candidate is RTS,S/AS01 (Mosquirix), which targets the Plasmodium falciparum parasite's circumsporozoite protein (CSP). This vaccine has shown partial protection in clinical trials, reducing the risk of severe malaria and hospitalization in young children by about 30% over four years. However, it does not provide complete immunity, and additional research is ongoing to develop more effective vaccines against malaria.
Papillomavirus vaccines are vaccines that have been developed to prevent infection by human papillomaviruses (HPV). HPV is a DNA virus that is capable of infecting the skin and mucous membranes. Certain types of HPV are known to cause cervical cancer, as well as other types of cancer such as anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers. Other types of HPV can cause genital warts.
There are currently two papillomavirus vaccines that have been approved for use in the United States: Gardasil and Cervarix. Both vaccines protect against the two most common cancer-causing types of HPV (types 16 and 18), which together cause about 70% of cervical cancers. Gardasil also protects against the two most common types of HPV that cause genital warts (types 6 and 11).
Papillomavirus vaccines are given as a series of three shots over a period of six months. They are most effective when given to people before they become sexually active, as this reduces the risk of exposure to HPV. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all boys and girls get vaccinated against HPV at age 11 or 12, but the vaccine can be given to people as young as age 9 and as old as age 26.
It is important to note that papillomavirus vaccines do not protect against all types of HPV, and they do not treat existing HPV infections or cervical cancer. They are intended to prevent new HPV infections and the cancers and other diseases that can be caused by HPV.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
Shigella sonnei
Shigella flexneri
DNA vaccine
European Vaccine Initiative
Dysentery
Travelers' diarrhea
Kiyoshi Shiga
Shigellosis
International Vaccine Institute
Edward Thomas Ryan
Gastroenteritis
Diarrhea
Pasteur Institute
Philippe Sansonetti
Shigella
Protollin
Alessio Fasano
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Hilleman Laboratories
Human challenge study
Naval Medical Research Unit South
Novartis
List of MeSH codes (D20)
Pipeline vaccine
Colostrum
Notifiable diseases in the United Kingdom
Bacillary dysentery
Stanley Falkow
AB5 toxin
Vero cell
GSK Grants LimmaTech Biologics License to Develop and Commercialize Shigella Vaccine | Business Wire
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Safety and immunogenicity of investigational Shigella conjugate vaccines in Israeli volunteers - Fingerprint - Johns...
Vaccines against Shigella and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: A summary of the 2016 VASE Conference<...
Shigella sonnei - Wikipedia
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Laurence Mulard - Glycoconjugates and use thereof as vaccines against Shigella flexneri serotype 3a and X - Research - Institut...
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Travelers' diarrhea - Wikipedia
Frontiers | Macrophage-Microbe Interactions: Lessons from the Zebrafish Model
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Nadim Ahamad
Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
Shigella Infection Differential Diagnoses
Shigella Infection (Shigellosis): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
Vaxcyte to Present at the 2023 Cantor Fitzgerald Global Healthcare Conference
CDC - Media Relations - MMWR - August 26, 2005
Recent Open Access Articles in Frontiers Journals Home
Acute Diarrhea in Adults and Children: A Global Perspective : Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
CDC Alert: Rise In Extensively Drug-Resistant Shigella Infections - Health News
志贺菌感染 - 症状、诊断和治疗 | BMJ Best Practice
Disease Outbreak Bulletins
Shigellosis12
- Currently, there are no vaccines to help prevent shigellosis, a disease which causes 600,000 deaths each year. (businesswire.com)
- Shigellosis is an infectious disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella(1). (pasteur.fr)
- The annual incident cases of shigellosis are estimated at ≈190 million in developing countries, where Shigella flexneri is the most common cause of shigellosis, and ≈1 million in industrialized countries, where S. sonnei predominates ( 4 - 7 ). (cdc.gov)
- Together with Shigella flexneri, it is responsible for 90% of shigellosis cases. (wikipedia.org)
- Group D" Shigella bacteria cause shigellosis. (wikipedia.org)
- Shigella+sonnei at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Shigellosis~clinical at eMedicine Carl Olaf Sonne at Who Named It? (wikipedia.org)
- Shigella infection, also called shigellosis, is a condition that affects your digestive system. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Shigellosis, or Shigella infection caused by Shigella bacteria, is a disease that affects your digestive system. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1. (who.int)
- Unfortunately, some Shigella bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics and using antibiotics to treat shigellosis can actually make the germs more resistant in the future. (il.us)
- There is no vaccine to prevent shigellosis. (bhsj.org)
- In preparation of vaccines trials to estimate protection against shigellosis and cholera we conducted a two-year community-based surveillance study in an impoverished area of North Jakarta which provided updated information on the disease burden in the area. (biomedcentral.com)
Salmonella11
- Salmonella and Shigella species. (medscape.com)
- ABSTRACT In this study, the serogroup and susceptibility patterns of Shigella and Salmonella spp. (who.int)
- Antibiograms of Shigella and Salmonella spp. (who.int)
- Shigella were susceptible to gentamicin (100%) and nalidixic acid (97.3%) and Shigella and Salmonella were 100.0% susceptible to norfloxacin. (who.int)
- Les antibiogrammes réalisés sur les espèces Shigella et Salmonella ont montré une résistance de 100 % à l'érythromycine et des taux de résistance élevés ( 75 %) à l'ampicilline, à la céfalotine, au chloramphénicol et à la tétracycline. (who.int)
- 100 %) et à l'acide nalidixique (97,3 %) et Shigella et Salmonella étaient sensibles à 100 % à la norfloxacine. (who.int)
- are readily transmitted via food, water, environmental contacts, pets and from Culture and identification of strains person to person, with morbidity rates in Frozen Shigella and Salmonella strains developing countries 3-to-6-fold higher were subcultured on MacConkey agar than in developed countries [ 1 ]. (who.int)
- Bacterial infections caused by Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhimurium and Burkholderia pseudomallei are currently difficult to prevent due to the lack of a licensed vaccine. (ku.edu)
- Before retiring in January 2020 and returning to Australia, he was the Institute Director of the GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health since its inception in 2007 working on vaccines for Typhi, Paratyphi A, Shigella, invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella and Group A streptococcus. (edu.au)
- Rotavirus is the most common diagnosis for young children with acute diarrhea, but other causes may include bacteria (Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter are most common), parasites (Giardia and Cryptosporidium are most common), localized infection elsewhere, antibiotic-associated adverse effects (such as those related to treatment for Clostridium difficile), and food poisoning. (online-family-doctor.com)
- norovirus, Salmonella , E. coli , Shigella , Listeria monocytogens and also prove to be an excellent source of disease outbreaks. (scialert.net)
Sonnei9
- The Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute (Gates MRI) and the Institut Pasteur have entered into an exclusive collaboration and license agreement to jointly develop a quadrivalent synthetic carbohydrate-based conjugate vaccine against Shigella flexneri serotypes 2a, 3a, and 6 and Shigella sonnei. (pasteur.fr)
- There are four different species and 47 antigenically distinct serotypes of Shigella, divided on the basis of differences in O antigen of their lipopolysaccharide which are S. dysenteriae (13 serotypes), S. flexneri (15 serotypes), S. boydii (18 serotypes), and S. sonnei (1 serotype). (biomedcentral.com)
- Whole-genome sequencing unveiled host and environment-related insights to Shigella sonnei transmission within cyclic epidemics during 2000-2012 in Israel. (cdc.gov)
- The Israeli reservoir contains isolates belonging to S. sonnei lineage III but of different origin, shows loss of tetracycline resistance genes, and little genetic variation within the O antigen: highly relevant for Shigella vaccine development. (cdc.gov)
- Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 281 Shigella sonnei isolated in Israel, 2000-2012. (cdc.gov)
- Shigella sonnei is a species of Shigella. (wikipedia.org)
- Shigella sonnei is named for the Danish bacteriologist Carl Olaf Sonne. (wikipedia.org)
- Shigella sonnei at Who Named It? (wikipedia.org)
- In the United States, most Shigella infections occur in young children and their care-takers and are due to a species called S. sonnei . (cdc.gov)
Bacteria16
- Most who are infected with Shigella develop diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps starting a day or two after they are exposed to the bacteria. (pasteur.fr)
- Some people who are infected may have no symptoms at all but may still pass the Shigella bacteria to others. (pasteur.fr)
- Note that the exterior of the Shigella bacteria is fimbriated, covered by numerous thin, hair-like projections, imparting a furry appearance. (medscape.com)
- There are various types in the Shigella bacteria group. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Shigella bacteria are usually found in the stool (feces, or poop) of people who are infected. (clevelandclinic.org)
- In some cases, people who are infected with the Shigella bacteria don't have symptoms but are still contagious. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Because only a few bacteria are needed to cause an infection, Shigella can be transmitted easily from person to person. (cdc.gov)
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have issued a serious public health alert regarding the rise of "extensively drug-resistant" Shigella infections, a bacterial strain that can spread antimicrobial resistance to other bacteria in the intestines. (coco66.com)
- His lab developed the first genetically modified cholera vaccine, made by removing the gene for cholera toxin from the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. (umaryland.edu)
- The spray also helps in combating other kinds of viruses and bacteria, including norovirus, hepatitis, and shigella, to name a few. (thewashingtonnote.com)
- The Shigella germ is actually a family of bacteria that can cause diarrhea in humans. (il.us)
- There are several kinds of Shigella bacteria but only two are common in the United States. (il.us)
- Determining that Shigella is the cause of the illness depends on laboratory tests that identify the bacteria in the stools of infected persons. (il.us)
- Appropriate treatment kills the Shigella bacteria that might be present in a patient's stools and shortens the illness. (il.us)
- The Shigella bacteria pass from one infected person to the next. (il.us)
- Sexual behaviors that expose patients to feces can transmit Shigella bacteria. (multco.us)
Infections21
- It is estimated that about 188 million infections are due to Shigella of which 62.3 million cases occur in children younger than 5 years. (businesswire.com)
- Gates MRI will have an exclusive license for manufacture and commercialization of the vaccine in 73 GAVI low-income countries, thereby furthering Gates MRI's mission of preventing or mitigating infections caused by Shigella. (pasteur.fr)
- These antigens were expressed and probed with acute and convalescent serum from microbiologically confirmed Shigella infections. (biomedcentral.com)
- The global epidemiology of Shigella is worsened by the emergence and spread of multi- and extensively drug resistant (MDR and XDR) variants, making infections increasingly difficult to treat [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Diarrheal disease and long-term sequelae caused by infections with the bacterial pathogens Shigella and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) pose a significant public health burden in low-income communities. (johnshopkins.edu)
- Bloodstream infections may occur from Shigella. (wikipedia.org)
- An unusual cluster of 39 Shigella infections caused by another species, S. flexneri , occurred in Chicago in 2003 and 2004. (cdc.gov)
- [0] The agency reported that 5% of Shigella infections reported in 2022 were caused by drug-resistant strains, up from 0% in 2015. (coco66.com)
- Azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ampicillin are all ineffective against XDR Shigella [6] According to the CDC, there are currently no data from clinical studies of treatment of XDR Shigella to inform recommendations for the optimal antimicrobial treatment of these infections. (coco66.com)
- Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. (bmj.com)
- Similarly, Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) vaccine has been shown to reduce antibiotic use, and some vaccines that prevent viruses-such as seasonal flu shots and measles-can help reduce inappropriate use of antibiotics, when people are misdiagnosed as having bacterial infections and treated. (scientificamerican.com)
- Dr. Kaper is an internationally recognized microbiologist who has pioneered the development of vaccines against bacterial infections affecting some of the world's most disadvantaged populations. (umaryland.edu)
- Of particular interest to parents is a study published in Arch Pediatr Adolesc= Medicine, Oct 1995, 149:1113, in which children at high risk for otitis media (ear infections) showed 32% fewer cases during t= he flu season when they received the flu vaccine. (faqs.org)
- 20 Note that influenza vaccine protects against influenza only, and not agains= t other respiratory infections. (faqs.org)
- How are Shigella infections diagnosed? (il.us)
- How are Shigella infections treated? (il.us)
- Shigella infections also may be acquired from eating contaminated food. (il.us)
- How can Shigella infections be diagnosed? (bhsj.org)
- How can Shigella infections be treated? (bhsj.org)
- Most Shigella infections are the result of the bacterium passing from stools or soiled fingers of one person to the mouth of another person. (bhsj.org)
- Until recently Multnomah County typically got about 20 Shigella case reports per year, compared to 95 locally acquired infections in 2018. (multco.us)
Infection20
- Over the last two decades, the Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit and the Chemistry of Biomolecules Unit at the Institut Pasteur have combined their expertise on Shigella pathogenesis and conjugate vaccines, respectively, to better understand the pathogenesis of Shigella infection and prevent this disease by implementing an innovative glycochemistry-based strategy toward a Shigella vaccine. (pasteur.fr)
- Shigella infection is a major public health problem in developing countries where sanitation is poor. (medscape.com)
- Natural disease epidemiology in humans and non-human primate infection studies show complete protection from re-infection with a homologous Shigella species. (biomedcentral.com)
- Most Shigella infection usually clears up without complications, but if left untreated or delay in diagnosis may lead to some serious complication such as dehydration (especially severe dehydration can lead to shock and death), seizure, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), toxic megacolon, and reactive arthritis. (wikipedia.org)
- How can controlled human infection models accelerate clinical development and policy pathways for vaccines against Shigella? (usuhs.edu)
- Dive into the research topics of 'How can controlled human infection models accelerate clinical development and policy pathways for vaccines against Shigella? (usuhs.edu)
- Ingersoll MA, Zychlinsky A. ShiA abrogates the innate T-cell response to Shigella flexneri infection. (medscape.com)
- Low risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome after early effective antimicrobial therapy for Shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection in Bangladesh. (medscape.com)
- Identification and management of Shigella infection in children with diarrhoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (medscape.com)
- What is Shigella infection? (clevelandclinic.org)
- Shigella infection, a type of food poisoning, may also be called bacillary dysentery. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Who does Shigella infection affect? (clevelandclinic.org)
- How common is Shigella infection? (clevelandclinic.org)
- What are the symptoms of Shigella infection? (clevelandclinic.org)
- Your provider may diagnose you with Shigella infection on the basis of your symptoms. (clevelandclinic.org)
- Although these findings suggest the infection may have been transmitted sexually, the risk factors for Shigella transmission among MSM are not well understood. (cdc.gov)
- Simple precautions like washing before and after sex and using barrier methods can reduce the risk for MSM and others of contracting a Shigella infection. (cdc.gov)
- The CDC recommends that healthcare professionals be vigilant about suspecting and reporting cases of XDR Shigella infection to their local or state health department and educating patients and communities at increased risk about prevention and transmission. (coco66.com)
- Reiter's syndrome is caused by a reaction to Shigella infection that happens only in people who are genetically predisposed to it. (il.us)
- Are there long term consequences to a Shigella infection? (bhsj.org)
Serotype5
- This work aimed to develop vaccine candidates against the Shigella flexneri ( S. flexneri ) 2b serotype using the BGCs approach. (biomedcentral.com)
- For the first time, ( S. flexneri ) 2b serotype BGCs vaccine was prepared by incubation with Triton X-100 (TX100) for only 12 h. (biomedcentral.com)
- Eveliqure's vaccine candidate, ShigETEC, is an orally administered vaccine that induces a serotype independent protection against Shigella and that also targets ETEC, offering a broad protection against both these pathogens. (viennabiocenter.org)
- The regular analysis of laboratory data allows countries to predict the circulating meningitis serotype and thus select the appropriate vaccine. (who.int)
- Serotype identification can help in devising strategies such as development of effective vaccine for controlling this problem. (aku.edu)
ETEC10
- The estimated effect of cholera, shigella, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and rotavirus vaccines was determined by applying the standard Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG) rules. (biomedcentral.com)
- We did not find sufficient evidence and a suitable outcome to project mortality reductions for cholera, ETEC and shigella in children under 5 years. (biomedcentral.com)
- But there is no substantial evidence of efficacy for ETEC and shigella vaccines, although several promising vaccine concepts are moving from the development and testing pipeline towards efficacy and Phase 3 trials. (biomedcentral.com)
- The 2016 VASE Conference aimed to accelerate communication and progress among those working in the enteric vaccine field to make Shigella and ETEC vaccines a reality as quickly as possible. (johnshopkins.edu)
- and the rationale for and status of combined Shigella-ETEC vaccine candidates. (johnshopkins.edu)
- Planning for the 2018 VASE Conference is underway and will likely provide an important platform for sharing the latest updates on Shigella and ETEC vaccine research efforts and maintaining the momentum for accelerating this work. (johnshopkins.edu)
- It is also expected that the VASE Conference will continue to provide a unique opportunity for those in the enteric vaccine field to share ideas, make connections, and create workable plans to make Shigella and ETEC vaccines a reality. (johnshopkins.edu)
- This topic was the subject of a workshop at the 2018 Vaccines Against Shigella and ETEC (VASE) conference, in the context of O-antigen-based Shigella vaccines. (usuhs.edu)
- This funding will be used to further support the Phase 1 program of Eveliqure's vaccine candidate to prevent diarrhoeal diseases caused by Shigella and Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), and follows previous private financing and the approx. (viennabiocenter.org)
- Two major pathogens are responsible for up to 50% of diarrhoeal diseases, Shigella and ETEC. (viennabiocenter.org)
Species11
- No natural food products harbor endogenous Shigella species, but a wide variety of foods may be contaminated. (medscape.com)
- A core genome analysis of Shigella species, pathogenic and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli , led to the selection of 234 predicted immunogenic Shigella antigens. (biomedcentral.com)
- These findings provide six novel immunogenic Shigella proteins that could serve as candidate vaccine antigens, species-specific carrier proteins, or targeted adjuvants. (biomedcentral.com)
- This challenge may be overcome by a vaccine that elicits either a broadly reactive immune response or numerous species-specific responses against the globally dominant Shigella species (i.e. (biomedcentral.com)
- Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri) is one of the four Shigella species and a non-lactose fermenter member of the Enterobacteriaceae family. (biomedcentral.com)
- Shigella species. (medscape.com)
- Shigella phages isolated during a dysentery outbreak reveal uncommon structures and broad species diversity. (medscape.com)
- To assess the frequency of serogroups and serotypes, as well as the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Shigella species isolated from known cases of diarrhoea and dysentery from Karachi, Pakistan. (aku.edu)
- Stool samples yielding growth of Shigella species, were further identified for serotypes by slide agglutination. (aku.edu)
- Out of 4688 stool samples received, 193 (4.1%) were positive for Shigella species. (aku.edu)
- Shigella flexneri was the most common Shigella species isolated and 73% to 95% of these isolates were resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol and tetracycline but remain susceptible to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone. (biomedcentral.com)
Effective Shigella vaccine1
- Global public health leaders have therefore placed a high priority on the development of an effective Shigella vaccine. (pasteur.fr)
Diarrhea6
- An estimated one hundred eighty-eight million cases of Shigella diarrhea or dysentery occur annually worldwide, with approximately 164,000 associated deaths occurring mostly in infants and young children. (pasteur.fr)
- Vaccines for rotavirus and cholera have the potential to reduce diarrhea morbidity and mortality burden. (biomedcentral.com)
- Collectively these four organisms account for a great number of cases of diarrhea across the world and vaccines targeting the most common strains of all these pathogens are currently being developed, improved and undergoing trials across the globe. (biomedcentral.com)
- [4] The oral cholera vaccine , while effective for cholera , is of questionable use for travelers' diarrhea . (wikipedia.org)
- Shigella is a stomach bug that can cause severe diarrhea, stomach cramps, and fever. (coco66.com)
- Most people who are infected with Shigella develop diarrhea, fever and stomach cramps a day or two after being exposed to the bacterium. (il.us)
Infectious diseases6
- As with many infectious diseases, Shigella is gaining resistance to commonly-used antibiotics, including third generation cephalosporins, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. (pasteur.fr)
- The Company is developing broad-spectrum conjugate and novel protein vaccines to prevent or treat bacterial infectious diseases. (klfy.com)
- The UMSOM Vaccine Treatment and Evaluation Unit (VTEU) is part of the Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Consortium (IDCRC) that investigated the mix-and-match boosters. (umaryland.edu)
- During a coronavirus pandemic with the continuous threat of more neglected infectious diseases spreading around the world, the forum convened a panel of country ambassadors and vaccine experts to promote partnership and equity in global health. (ivi.int)
- Ending the COVID-19 pandemic and ridding the world of other dangerous though 'neglected' infectious diseases will require countries to commit to vaccine diplomacy with the support and partnership of the scientific community, international organizations, and industry," said Dr. Jerome Kim. (ivi.int)
- In recent time, vegetables have also been identified as safe and economic expression system for producing the recombinant proteins including the vaccines against many infectious diseases like hepatitis B, malaria, rotavirus, HIV, Helicobacter pylori , pestedes petits ruminants etc. (scialert.net)
Pneumococcal conjuga2
- Vaxcyte's lead candidate, VAX-24, is a 24-valent, broad-spectrum, carrier-sparing pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) being developed for the prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease. (klfy.com)
- Take the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), for example, which prevents the most common forms of bacterial pneumonia. (scientificamerican.com)
Dysenteriae2
Oral cholera vaccine1
- Ltd in collaboration with Goteberg University, Sweden has engineered new oral cholera vaccine HL-OCV,consisting of formaldehyde-inactivated recombinant V.cholerae strain ,MS 1568 expressing both Ogawa and Inaba antigens. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Serotypes1
- Frequency of isolation of shigella serogroups/serotypes and their anti" by Afia Zafar, Nasim Sabir et al. (aku.edu)
Diarrheal5
- Shigella is the second leading cause of diarrheal disease mortality in children globally behind rotavirus and is also associated with poor growth and stunting, leading to a lifelong burden of morbidity. (pasteur.fr)
- Shigella is a major diarrheal pathogen for which there is presently no vaccine. (biomedcentral.com)
- In 2003, vaccines against rotavirus were poised to reach the global market, but surprisingly few people knew the virus' name, let alone that it was the leading cause of severe diarrheal disease. (defeatdd.org)
- The conversation with countries about rotavirus vaccine actually started with a conversation about diarrheal disease," Evan continues, "because that's what they were familiar with, and in many instances that's what they were struggling with. (defeatdd.org)
- Shigella are present in the diarrheal stools of infected persons while they are sick and for a week or two afterwards. (bhsj.org)
Strains3
- The multivalent vaccine candidate being developed is composed of antigens from the four most epidemiologically relevant Shigella bacterial strains and is being tested in an ongoing Phase I/II dose-finding and age-descending (adults-children-infants) double-blind study to evaluate its safety and immunogenicity in the 9-month-old infants target population. (businesswire.com)
- Know that there is resistance to many first-line antibiotics in local Shigella strains. (multco.us)
- A significant number of Shigella strains are resistant to first line antibiotics including fluoroquinolones, macrolides and/or third generation cephalosporins. (multco.us)
20233
- Based on the promising results of the monovalent version, we are looking forward to the data from the 4-valent form of the vaccine, which we expect in 2023. (businesswire.com)
- The results from the Phase I/II study with this multivalent vaccine are expected in 2023. (businesswire.com)
- SAN CARLOS, Calif., Sept. 19, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Vaxcyte, Inc. (Nasdaq: PCVX), a clinical-stage vaccine innovation company engineering high-fidelity vaccines to protect humankind from the consequences of bacterial diseases, today announced that Company management will participate in a fireside chat at the 2023 Cantor Fitzgerald Global Healthcare Conference in New York on Tuesday, September 26, 2023 at 11:40 a.m. (klfy.com)
Candidates7
- Oral Cholera Vaccines (OCV) are good candidates for the control of cholera particularly in endemic areas. (biomedcentral.com)
- Here, we aimed to identify novel immunogenic Shigella antigens that could serve as Shigella vaccine candidates, either alone, or when conjugated to Shigella O-antigen. (biomedcentral.com)
- CHIMs offer significant insight into disease pathogenesis, as well the potential to rapidly test clinical proof-of-concept of vaccine candidates. (usuhs.edu)
- Successful BGCs as vaccine candidates should preserve cell structural integrity while producing an efficient and safe immune response [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Here we present formulation and immunogenicity studies for the three type III secretion system (TTSS) needle proteins MxiHΔ5, PrgIΔ5 and BsaLΔ5 (each truncated by five residues at its C terminus) as potential candidates for vaccine development. (ku.edu)
- Candidates among children include si= milar groups to those for pneumococcal vaccine: sickle cell, chronic renal and metabolic disease, diabetes, chronic pulmona= ry disease, long-term aspirin therapy, and significant cardiac disease (Catalana). (faqs.org)
- To plan trials for the evaluation of vaccine candidates it is essential to understand the disease incidence in the study area. (biomedcentral.com)
Immunogenicity5
- A positive outcome for safety and immunogenicity will support the further development of the vaccine with pivotal efficacy trials in the target pediatric population as well as travelers and military personnel traveling to Shigella endemic countries. (businesswire.com)
- A variety of oral and parenteral vaccines have progressed into clinical development but have not yet demonstrated the requisite immunogenicity or level of protection in young children living in low- and middle-income countries. (pasteur.fr)
- Its safety and immunogenicity were compared to another vaccine produced using a previously used surfactant, namely Tween 80 (TW80). (biomedcentral.com)
- The results of the study will allow us to understand the safety and immunogenicity outcome of the HL-OCV compared to Shanchol vaccine. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- VIENNA, 24-Sep-2020 - /EPR HEALTHCARE NEWS/ - Eveliqure Biotechnologies GmbH , an Austrian biotechnology company, today announces the initiation of clinical testing for its ShigETEC vaccine candidate, with the dosing of the first subject in a Phase 1 safety and immunogenicity study in Europe. (eprhealthcarenews.com)
Antigens6
- Whole genome sequencing provides the ability to predict and derive novel antigens for use as vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
- Using a reverse vaccinology approach, where genomic analysis informed the Shigella immunome via an antigen microarray, we aimed to identify novel immunogenic Shigella antigens. (biomedcentral.com)
- Several Shigella antigens displayed IgG and IgA seroconversion, with no difference in sero-reactivity across by sex or age. (biomedcentral.com)
- IgG sero-reactivity to key Shigella antigens was observed at birth, indicating transplacental antibody transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
- Vaxcyte is re-engineering the way highly complex vaccines are made through modern synthetic techniques, including advanced chemistry and the XpressCF™ cell-free protein synthesis platform, exclusively licensed from Sutro Biopharma, Inc. Unlike conventional cell-based approaches, the Company's system for producing difficult-to-make proteins and antigens is intended to accelerate its ability to efficiently create and deliver high-fidelity vaccines with enhanced immunological benefits. (klfy.com)
- 20 Adverse reactions include local tenderness, and, infrequently, fever, "most= often [affecting] people who have had no exposure to the influenza virus antigens in the vaccine (e.g. small children). (faqs.org)
Dysentery2
- An estimated 1 million deaths (60% in children under 5) and 165 million cases of dysentery annually were estimated to occur due to shigella [ 3 ], while more recent estimates place the shigella disease burden at about 90 million episodes and 108,000 deaths per year [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Shigella still accounts for a significant proportion of bacillary dysentery in many tropical and subtropical countries. (aku.edu)
Isolates1
- Draft Genome Sequences of Antimicrobial-Resistant Shigella Clinical Isolates from Pakistan. (cdc.gov)
Bacterial pathogens1
- In contrast, some bacterial pathogens (including Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella flexneri ) have mechanisms to escape from the phagosome and proliferate in the cytosol ( 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
Pathogens2
- Shigella organisms are a group of gram-negative, facultative intracellular pathogens. (medscape.com)
- There are currently no licensed vaccines against these pathogens, and the global health community has recently prioritized their development. (johnshopkins.edu)
Feces1
- Isolation of Shigella from feces or rectal swab specimen is diagnostic but lacks specificity. (medscape.com)
20181
- Following positive results from the proof-of-concept human challenge clinical trial with the monovalent Shigella vaccine, LimmaTech initiated the development of a multivalent Shigella vaccine in 2018 with a Wellcome Trust grant received by GSK for the new program. (businesswire.com)
Serogroup1
- Quadrivalent polysaccharide vaccine containing serogroup A,C,Y, and W135 is available from local distributors or by calling Connaught Laboratories at 1-800-VACCINE. (cdc.gov)
Epidemics1
- In the past, vaccines were assessed only on their direct ability to reduce mortality and morbidity, and to prevent epidemics, and on their value for money in doing so. (scientificamerican.com)
Quadrivalent1
- We are well-positioned to advance the Institut Pasteur's quadrivalent Shigella program, " said Penny M. Heaton, M.D., CEO of the Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute. (pasteur.fr)
Current vaccine1
- current vaccine companies can use to plan, new entrants can use to quickly bring themselves up to speed on the marketplace and steer clear of problem areas. (marketresearch.com)
Antigen1
- The primary strategy of developing an efficacious Shigella vaccine has been to elicit antibody responses targeting Shigella O-antigen [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Occur1
- Dehydration Seizures occur most often in children, although how Shigella causes this complications is unknown. (wikipedia.org)
Endemic4
- Prior to this position he had more than 25 years' experience working on the development of experimental malaria vaccines, field work in epidemiology and testing control programs for malaria in endemic countries including malaria elimination programs in China and The Philippines. (edu.au)
- However, the global demand for the vaccine far exceeds the present supply for both epidemic and also endemic settings3. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Although this vaccine is relatively affordable it may not be sufficiently cost effective for the Government of Bangladesh to implement it in our poor endemic settings. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- The experience gained during the surveillance will be useful for future vaccine trials as well as for the understanding of endemic disease rates in urban slums in the region. (biomedcentral.com)
Coli1
- PATH hosted the inaugural Vaccines Against Shigella and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VASE) Conference in Washington, DC in June 2016, bringing together experts from around the world for a highly collaborative forum to discuss progress in the development of new enteric vaccines. (johnshopkins.edu)
Rotavirus5
- Based on the evidence, we propose a 74% mortality reduction in rotavirus specific mortality, 52% reduction in cholera incidence due to their respective vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
- Evan spoke about the early days of the Rotavirus Vaccine Program recently as part of our Power of Vaccines special feature, which showcases the broad range of PATH's work in vaccines-including generating demand for new ones. (defeatdd.org)
- When the Rotavirus Vaccine Program started, one of my responsibilities was to go to countries that we thought might be early adopters of vaccine and talk with ministries of health about rotavirus," he says. (defeatdd.org)
- That portfolio included rotavirus vaccine. (defeatdd.org)
- Follow the trail of rotavirus vaccines as they demonstrate dramatic impact in Nicaragua. (defeatdd.org)
Cholera vaccines1
- Older generation injectable cholera vaccines have been abandoned since the 1970s owing to their limited efficacy and local side effects. (biomedcentral.com)
Diarrhoea1
- In line my research topic is to develop nanoparticles based SUB-UNIT ORAL VACCINE against diarrhoea for children. (iitk.ac.in)
Develop vaccine1
- The only prophylactic measure against such disease it to develop vaccine and prevent the disease from happening. (iitk.ac.in)
Illness1
- Even though it is now widely recognized as one of the most effective ways of reducing the spread of AMR, our use of vaccines is still aimed primarily at reducing deaths and illness caused by infectious disease. (scientificamerican.com)
Typhoid2
- This is a vaccine that protects against typhoid, which is one of the biggest drivers of drug resistance. (scientificamerican.com)
- Pakistan, for example, has been battling with an outbreak of extensively drug-resistant typhoid for the last two years (it resists five of the six recommended antibiotics-which has already been linked to cases among travelers returning to the U.S. The new typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) will help. (scientificamerican.com)
Efficacy2
- The application of CHIMs to identify a correlate of protection that may reduce the sample size of, or obviate the need for clinical efficacy studies to achieve licensure is of considerable interest to vaccine developers and public health stakeholders. (usuhs.edu)
- 20 An intranasal flu vaccine has shown efficacy in trials and may be available= within a year. (faqs.org)
Subunit1
- Many trials have been conducted over the years to create safe and effective Shigella vaccines, ranging from killed, live attenuated, and subunit vaccines [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Candidate vaccine1
- LimmaTech will give this candidate vaccine the greatest chance of success, while GSK continues to use its expertise to progress another vaccine in clinical development using a GSK proprietary vaccine platform technology called GMMA. (businesswire.com)
Disease4
- With the pathogen developing resistance to the antibiotics used to treat it, there is an urgent need for a vaccine to prevent the disease. (businesswire.com)
- However, the preponderance of the Shigella disease burden is in children aged under 5 years residing in low-middle income countries (LMICs). (biomedcentral.com)
- With the historic success of vaccines in virtually eliminating diseases such as small pox and polio, and with their obvious benefit of preventing disease before it occurs, vaccines are a 9 billion dollar industry and new vaccines continue to be developed. (marketresearch.com)
- With no medicines, treatment or vaccine for this newly developed disease, it is becoming difficult to fight it. (thewashingtonnote.com)
Drug-resistant2
- This illustration depicts a three-dimensional (3D), computer-generated image of a number of rod-shaped, drug-resistant, Shigella sp. (medscape.com)
- Risk groups overlap with those for the ongoing syphilis outbreak, an increase in sexually transmitted drug-resistant Shigella and efforts to prevent a local outbreak of Hepatitis A via vaccination. (multco.us)
Antibiotic1
- Today, research suggests that universal coverage of this vaccine could prevent 11.4 million days of antibiotic use per year worldwide in children under five. (scientificamerican.com)
Immunization1
- Reye has occurred after immunization with live viral vaccines. (medscape.com)
Institut Pasteur1
- As a pediatrician, it is heartening to be able to accelerate the development of Institut Pasteur vaccines that may substantially benefit the most vulnerable children in low- and middle-income settings. (pasteur.fr)
Immune response1
- The newly published study found that for adults who previously received a full regimen of any COVID-19 vaccine granted EUA or approved by the FDA, an additional booster dose of any of these vaccines was safe and prompted an immune response. (umaryland.edu)