A lactose-fermenting bacterium causing dysentery.
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production. Its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY).
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).
A bacterium which is one of the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY) and sometimes of infantile gastroenteritis.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is extremely pathogenic and causes severe dysentery. Infection with this organism often leads to ulceration of the intestinal epithelium.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY) caused by species of SHIGELLA.
One of the SHIGELLA species that produces bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY).
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in fish and other aquatic animals and in a variety of mammals, including man. Its organisms probably do not belong to the normal intestinal flora of man and can cause diarrhea.
Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.
Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.
A plant species of the genus OCIMUM, family LAMIACEAE. It is a condiment with carminative properties.
The lipopolysaccharide-protein somatic antigens, usually from gram-negative bacteria, important in the serological classification of enteric bacilli. The O-specific chains determine the specificity of the O antigens of a given serotype. O antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.
Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of TRIMETHOPRIM.
Bacteriocins elaborated by strains of Escherichia coli and related species. They are proteins or protein-lipopolysaccharide complexes lethal to other strains of the same species.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility.
Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).
Esters formed between the aldehydic carbon of sugars and the terminal phosphate of adenosine diphosphate.
Acute illnesses, usually affecting the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, brought on by consuming contaminated food or beverages. Most of these diseases are infectious, caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, or parasites that can be foodborne. Sometimes the diseases are caused by harmful toxins from the microbes or other chemicals present in the food. Especially in the latter case, the condition is often called food poisoning.
'Health resorts' are establishments, often located in scenic or climatically favorable areas, that offer a range of services and facilities aimed at promoting, maintaining, or restoring the health and well-being of individuals, typically through a combination of medical treatments, therapeutic interventions, healthy lifestyle practices, and relaxation techniques.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
A mitosporic fungal genus including one species which forms a toxin in moldy hay that may cause a serious illness in horses.
A mitosporic fungal genus and an anamorphic form of Arthroderma. Various species attack the skin, nails, and hair.
A mitosporic Loculoascomycetes fungal genus including some economically important plant parasites. Teleomorphs include Mycosphaerella and Venturia.
Fungal infection of keratinized tissues such as hair, skin and nails. The main causative fungi include MICROSPORUM; TRICHOPHYTON; and EPIDERMOPHYTON.
A mitosporic Loculoascomycetes fungal genus including several plant pathogens and at least one species which produces a highly phytotoxic antibiotic. Its teleomorph is Lewia.
Usually 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes, produced by Fusaria, Stachybotrys, Trichoderma and other fungi, and some higher plants. They may contaminate food or feed grains, induce emesis and hemorrhage in lungs and brain, and damage bone marrow due to protein and DNA synthesis inhibition.
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.

Outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infection associated with eating fresh parsley--United States and Canada, July-August 1998. (1/308)

In August 1998, the Minnesota Department of Health reported to CDC two restaurant-associated outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infections. Isolates from both outbreaks had two closely related pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns that differed only by a single band. Epidemiologic investigations implicated chopped, uncooked, curly parsley as the common vehicle for these outbreaks. Through inquiries to health departments and public health laboratories, six similar outbreaks were identified during July-August (in California [two], Massachusetts, and Florida in the United States and in Ontario and Alberta in Canada). Isolates from five of these outbreaks had the same PFGE pattern identified in the two outbreaks in Minnesota. This report describes the epidemiologic, traceback, environmental, and laboratory investigations, which implicated parsley imported from a farm in Mexico as the source of these outbreaks.  (+info)

Safety and immunogenicity of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri 2a O-specific polysaccharide conjugates in children. (2/308)

O-specific polysaccharide conjugates of shigellae were safe and immunogenic in young adults, and a Shigella sonnei conjugate conferred protection [1-3]. Shigellosis is primarily a disease of children; therefore, the safety and immunogenicity of S. sonnei and Shigella flexneri 2a conjugates were studied in 4- to 7-year-old children. Local and systemic reactions were minimal. The first injection of both conjugates elicited significant rises in geometric mean levels of serum IgG only to the homologous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (S. sonnei, 0.32-8.25 ELISA units [EU]; S. flexneri 2a, 1.15-20.5 EU; P<.0001). Revaccination at 6 weeks induced a booster response to S. flexneri 2a LPS (20.5-30.5 EU, P=.003). Six months later, the geometric mean levels of IgG anti-LPS for both groups were higher than the prevaccination levels (P<.0001). Similar, but lesser, rises were observed for IgM and IgA anti-LPS. The investigational Shigella conjugates were safe and immunogenic in children and merit evaluation of their efficacy.  (+info)

Enterobacterial common antigen: isolation from Shigella sonnei, purification and immunochemical characterization. (3/308)

In the studies presented the effective procedure of isolation and purification of enterobacterial common antigen from Shigella sonnei has been elaborated. The method is based on sonification of bacterial suspension in the presence of lysozyme and EDTA and subsequent extraction of the pellet with boiling water. The crude extract of common antigen was purified by fractionation with ethanol and chromatography on silica gel and Sephadex LH-20. The comparison of several extraction procedures of enterobacterial common antigen from Shigella sonnei proved that the method described above is most effective. The purified enterobacterial common antigen preparation obtained preserved full biological activity: antigenicity (precipitation and activity in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), immunogenicity in rabbits, ability to coat erythrocytes (passive hemagglutination) and inhibitory activity in passive hemagglutination. The pure enterobacterial common antigen was identified to 90% as a polymer of N-acetyl-D-mannosaminuronic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (2:1, molar ratio), O-acetylated and containing 3.2% fatty acids (C16:0 and C18:1, not oleic). It contains 5.3% nitrogen, less than 4% protein, less than 0.5% phosphorus and less than 1.6% neutral sugar; glycerol and RNA were not found in the preparation.  (+info)

Comparative value of colonic biopsy and intraluminal fluid culture for diagnosis of bacterial acute colitis in immunocompetent patients. Infectious Colitis Study Group. (4/308)

We compared the yield of intraluminal fluid culture to that of biopsy specimens obtained during colonoscopy for the diagnosis of bacterial colitis in 93 immunocompetent patients with a recent episode of diarrhea and macroscopic lesions of colitis. Stool culture findings were also available for 68 patients. At least one bacterial pathogen was isolated from the biopsy specimen, intraluminal fluid, or stool from 48 patients (51.6%). Salmonella species, Clostridium difficile, Klebsiella oxytoca, Shigella species, and Campylobacter species were recovered from 16 (17.2%), 15 (16.1%), 8 (8.6%), 7 (7.5%), and 4 (4.3%) of the patients, respectively. One Shigella species and one K. oxytoca strain were isolated from biopsy specimens but not from intraluminal fluid, and intraluminal fluid was the only positive specimen in 12 cases (yielding 1 Salmonella species, 2 Shigella species, 2 K. oxytoca, and 7 C. difficile isolates). In nine cases out of 10, toxin B was detected only in intraluminal fluid. A correlation of 91.2% was observed between stool and intraluminal fluid cultures for Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter species isolations. Culture of biopsy specimens adds little to the diagnosis of infectious colitis, and stools and intraluminal fluids appear to have comparable value.  (+info)

Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. (5/308)

Few studies provide data on the global morbidity and mortality caused by infection with Shigella spp.; such estimates are needed, however, to plan strategies of prevention and treatment. Here we report the results of a review of the literature published between 1966 and 1997 on Shigella infection. The data obtained permit calculation of the number of cases of Shigella infection and the associated mortality occurring worldwide each year, by age, and (as a proxy for disease severity) by clinical category, i.e. mild cases remaining at home, moderate cases requiring outpatient care, and severe cases demanding hospitalization. A sensitivity analysis was performed to estimate the high and low range of morbid and fatal cases in each category. Finally, the frequency distribution of Shigella infection, by serogroup and serotype and by region of the world, was determined. The annual number of Shigella episodes throughout the world was estimated to be 164.7 million, of which 163.2 million were in developing countries (with 1.1 million deaths) and 1.5 million in industrialized countries. A total of 69% of all episodes and 61% of all deaths attributable to shigellosis involved children under 5 years of age. The median percentages of isolates of S. flexneri, S. sonnei, S. boydii, and S. dysenteriae were, respectively, 60%, 15%, 6%, and 6% (30% of S. dysenteriae cases were type 1) in developing countries; and 16%, 77%, 2%, and 1% in industrialized countries. In developing countries, the predominant serotype of S. flexneri is 2a, followed by 1b, 3a, 4a, and 6. In industrialized countries, most isolates are S. flexneri 2a or other unspecified type 2 strains. Shigellosis, which continues to have an important global impact, cannot be adequately controlled with the existing prevention and treatment measures. Innovative strategies, including development of vaccines against the most common serotypes, could provide substantial benefits.  (+info)

Prevalence of Shigella enterotoxins 1 and 2 among Shigella strains isolated from patients with traveler's diarrhea. (6/308)

Shigella spp. are known primarily as a cause of bacillary dysentery. However, in an initial phase, numerous patients exhibit watery diarrhea that may or may not be followed by dysentery. New virulence factors associated with the species of Shigella have recently been described. These are enterotoxins 1 and 2 of Shigella (ShET-1 and ShET-2, respectively). The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of ShET-1 and ShET-2 in species of Shigella isolated from patients with traveler's diarrhea. During the period from 1993 to 1998, stool samples from 500 travelers with diarrhea were cultured for the isolation of Shigella spp. and other enteropathogens. The detection of ShET-1 and ShET-2 was performed by a PCR technique with specific primers. Among a total of 51 strains of Shigella isolated during this period (22 S. flexneri, 26 S. sonnei, and 3 S. dysenteriae strains), at least one enterotoxin was detected in 31 (60.78%) strains; 2 (9.09%; both of which were S. flexneri strains) produced only ShET-1, while 21 (41.17%; 3 S. flexneri, 15 S. sonnei, and 3 S. dysenteriae strains) produced ShET-2. Furthermore, 8 (15.69%) of 22 S. flexneri strains presented both enterotoxins. Our results show that the prevalence of ShET-2 was high in all the Shigella species studied and confirm that ShET-1 is detected only in S. flexneri.  (+info)

HIV infection as a risk factor for shigellosis. (7/308)

We investigated cases of shigellosis in San Francisco and Alameda Counties identified during 1996 by active laboratory surveillance to assess the role of HIV infection as a risk factor for shigellosis. Dramatically elevated rates of shigellosis in HIV-infected persons implicate HIV infection as an important risk factor for shigellosis in San Francisco.  (+info)

Emergence of antimicrobial-resistant shigellosis in Oregon. (8/308)

Ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) are currently considered acceptable empirical therapy for shigellosis in developed countries. However, there are few recently reported studies on antimicrobial resistance among shigellae isolated in the United States. We examined the epidemiology of shigellosis and the antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella species isolated in Oregon from July 1995 through June 1998. Of 430 isolates, 410 were identified to the species level: Shigella sonnei accounted for 55% of isolates, and Shigella flexneri, for 40%. The overall annual incidence of shigellosis was 4.4 cases per 100,000 population. Children aged <5 years (annual incidence, 19.6 cases per 100,000 population) and Hispanics (annual incidence, 28.4 cases per 100,000 population) were at highest risk. Of 369 isolates tested, 59% were resistant to TMP-SMZ, 63% were resistant to ampicillin, 1% were resistant to cefixime, and 0.3% were resistant to nalidixic acid; none of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Thirteen percent of the isolates had multidrug resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline. Infections due to multidrug-resistant shigellae are endemic in Oregon. Neither ampicillin nor TMP-SMZ should be considered appropriate empirical therapy for shigellosis any longer; when antibiotics are indicated, a quinolone or cefixime should be used.  (+info)

"Shigella sonnei" is a medically recognized term that refers to a specific species of bacteria that can cause human illness. It's one of the four main species in the genus Shigella, and it's responsible for a significant portion of shigellosis cases worldwide.

Shigella sonnei is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, non-spore forming, rod-shaped bacterium that can be transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water. Once ingested, it can invade and infect the epithelial cells of the colon, leading to inflammation and diarrhea, which can range from mild to severe.

The infection caused by Shigella sonnei is known as shigellosis, and its symptoms may include abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, and watery or bloody diarrhea. In some cases, it can lead to more serious complications such as dehydration, seizures, or hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a type of kidney failure.

It's worth noting that Shigella sonnei is particularly concerning because it has developed resistance to multiple antibiotics, making treatment more challenging in some cases. Proper hygiene practices, such as handwashing and safe food handling, are crucial in preventing the spread of this bacterium.

Shigella is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are primarily responsible for causing shigellosis, also known as bacillary dysentery. These pathogens are highly infectious and can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in humans through the consumption of contaminated food or water, or direct contact with an infected person's feces.

There are four main species of Shigella: S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei. Each species has distinct serotypes that differ in their epidemiology, clinical presentation, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. The severity of shigellosis can range from mild diarrhea to severe dysentery with abdominal cramps, fever, and tenesmus (the strong, frequent urge to defecate). In some cases, Shigella infections may lead to complications such as bacteremia, seizures, or hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Preventive measures include maintaining good personal hygiene, proper food handling and preparation, access to clean water, and adequate sanitation facilities. Antibiotic treatment is generally recommended for severe cases of shigellosis, but the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains has become a growing concern in recent years.

Bacillary dysentery is a type of dysentery caused by the bacterium Shigella. It is characterized by the inflammation of the intestines, particularly the colon, resulting in diarrhea that may contain blood and mucus. The infection is typically spread through contaminated food or water, or close contact with an infected person. Symptoms usually appear within 1-4 days after exposure and can include abdominal cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting, and tenesmus (the strong, frequent urge to have a bowel movement). In severe cases, bacillary dysentery can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and other complications. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria, as well as fluid replacement to prevent dehydration.

Shigella flexneri is a species of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is one of the four species of the genus Shigella, which are the causative agents of shigellosis, also known as bacillary dysentery.

Shigella flexneri is responsible for causing a significant proportion of shigellosis cases worldwide, particularly in developing countries with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. The bacteria can be transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water, and can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and tenesmus (the urgent need to defecate).

The infection can lead to inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the intestines, resulting in the destruction of the epithelial cells and the formation of ulcers. In severe cases, Shigella flexneri can invade the bloodstream and cause systemic infections, which can be life-threatening for young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.

The diagnosis of Shigella flexneri infection typically involves the detection of the bacteria in stool samples using culture methods or molecular techniques such as PCR. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, although resistance to multiple drugs has been reported in some strains. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, safe food handling, and access to clean water.

"Shigella dysenteriae" is a specific species of bacteria that can cause severe forms of dysentery, a type of diarrheal disease. The infection caused by this bacterium is known as shigellosis. Shigella dysenteriae is highly infectious and can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected person or through contaminated food or water.

The bacteria produce toxins that can cause inflammation and damage to the lining of the intestine, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea (often containing blood and mucus), abdominal cramps, fever, and tenesmus (the urgent need to have a bowel movement). In severe cases, shigellosis can lead to complications such as dehydration, seizures, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), a serious condition that can cause kidney failure.

Shigella dysenteriae is a public health concern, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices. Prevention measures include good hand hygiene, safe food handling practices, and access to clean water. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, fluids, and electrolyte replacement to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Shigella vaccines are immunizations that are developed to protect against Shigella infection, which is caused by the bacterium Shigella spp. These vaccines aim to stimulate the immune system to produce an immune response (the production of antibodies and activation of immune cells) that will provide protection against future Shigella infections.

There are currently no licensed Shigella vaccines available for use, although several candidate vaccines are in various stages of development and clinical trials. These vaccines typically contain inactivated or attenuated (weakened) forms of the bacteria, or specific components of the bacteria that can stimulate an immune response.

Shigella infection can cause a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, and tenesmus (the strong, frequent urge to have a bowel movement). In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as dehydration, seizures, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), which is a serious condition that can cause kidney failure. Shigella infection is most commonly transmitted through contaminated food or water, or direct contact with an infected person's feces.

Shigella boydii is a subgroup or species of the genus Shigella, which are gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that can cause gastrointestinal illness in humans. The illness caused by S. boydii, as well as other Shigella species, is known as shigellosis or bacillary dysentery.

S. boydii is further divided into several subgroups or serotypes based on their surface antigens. This bacterium is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often via contaminated food or water, and can cause symptoms such as diarrhea (often with blood and mucus), abdominal cramps, fever, and vomiting.

Shigellosis caused by S. boydii tends to be less common compared to other Shigella species like S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, and S. sonnei. However, the severity of the illness can vary widely, with some individuals experiencing mild symptoms while others may develop severe, life-threatening complications, particularly in young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems.

"Plesiomonas" is a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in aquatic environments. The most well-known species is Plesiomonas shigelloides, which is a potential human pathogen. It can cause gastroenteritis, with symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. The bacteria are often transmitted through the consumption of contaminated food or water. However, it's worth noting that Plesiomonas infections are relatively rare and are more commonly seen in tropical and subtropical regions.

Keratoconjunctivitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of both the cornea (the clear, outer layer at the front of the eye) and the conjunctiva (the mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the white part of the eye).

The condition can cause symptoms such as redness, pain, sensitivity to light, watery eyes, and a gritty or burning sensation in the eyes. Keratoconjunctivitis can be caused by various factors, including viral or bacterial infections, allergies, or environmental irritants like dust, smoke, or chemical fumes.

Treatment for keratoconjunctivitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may include medications such as antibiotics, antivirals, or anti-inflammatory agents to reduce inflammation and relieve symptoms. In some cases, artificial tears or lubricants may also be recommended to help keep the eyes moist and comfortable.

A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.

Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.

Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.

'Ocimum basilicum' is the scientific name for the herb commonly known as sweet basil. While it is not a medical term itself, basil has been used in various traditional medicinal practices for its supposed benefits. However, there is limited scientific evidence to support many of these claims. It is more widely recognized as a culinary herb and essential oil source.

"O antigens" are a type of antigen found on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The "O" in O antigens stands for "outer" membrane. These antigens are composed of complex carbohydrates and can vary between different strains of the same species of bacteria, which is why they are also referred to as the bacterial "O" somatic antigens.

The O antigens play a crucial role in the virulence and pathogenesis of many Gram-negative bacteria, as they help the bacteria evade the host's immune system by changing the structure of the O antigen, making it difficult for the host to mount an effective immune response against the bacterial infection.

The identification and classification of O antigens are important in epidemiology, clinical microbiology, and vaccine development, as they can be used to differentiate between different strains of bacteria and to develop vaccines that provide protection against specific bacterial infections.

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is a type of electrophoresis technique used in molecular biology to separate DNA molecules based on their size and conformation. In this method, the electric field is applied in varying directions, which allows for the separation of large DNA fragments that are difficult to separate using traditional gel electrophoresis methods.

The DNA sample is prepared by embedding it in a semi-solid matrix, such as agarose or polyacrylamide, and then subjected to an electric field that periodically changes direction. This causes the DNA molecules to reorient themselves in response to the changing electric field, which results in the separation of the DNA fragments based on their size and shape.

PFGE is a powerful tool for molecular biology research and has many applications, including the identification and characterization of bacterial pathogens, the analysis of genomic DNA, and the study of gene organization and regulation. It is also used in forensic science to analyze DNA evidence in criminal investigations.

Trimethoprim resistance refers to the ability of certain bacteria to survive and grow in the presence of trimethoprim, a synthetic antibiotic that inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis. This occurs due to genetic changes in the bacteria that make them resistant to the effects of trimethoprim. These genetic changes can include mutations in the target site of the drug or the acquisition of genes that encode for enzymes capable of modifying or degrading the antibiotic.

Trimethoprim resistance is often associated with resistance to sulfamethoxazole, another antibiotic that targets bacterial folate synthesis, as these two drugs are commonly used together in clinical practice. The development and spread of trimethoprim resistance can significantly limit the effectiveness of this antibiotic combination therapy and pose a challenge in the treatment of various bacterial infections.

Colicins are a type of protein produced by certain strains of bacteria, specifically Escherichia coli (E. coli). They have antibacterial properties and function by punching holes in the membranes of other bacterial cells, leading to their death. Colicins are plasmid-encoded bacteriocins, which means they are encoded on plasmids, small circular DNA molecules that can exist independently of the chromosomal DNA.

Colicins are produced by E. coli as a defense mechanism against other competing bacteria in their environment. They are released when the producing cell dies or undergoes programmed cell death (PCD), also known as bacterial suicide. Once released, colicins can bind to specific receptors on the surface of sensitive target cells and enter them through the membrane.

Once inside the target cell, colicins disrupt the cell's functions by interacting with essential proteins or nucleic acids. They can act in various ways, such as cleaving DNA, inhibiting protein synthesis, or creating pores in the membrane that allow for the leakage of essential molecules and ions, ultimately leading to the death of the target cell.

It is important to note that colicins are not harmful to humans or animals and have been studied as potential therapeutic agents against bacterial infections. However, their use as antibiotics has not yet been approved for clinical use due to various challenges, such as developing effective delivery systems and addressing concerns about promoting bacterial resistance.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is separate from the chromosomal DNA of a bacterium or other organism. Plasmids are typically not essential for the survival of the organism, but they can confer beneficial traits such as antibiotic resistance or the ability to degrade certain types of pollutants.

Plasmids are capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA and can be transferred between bacteria through a process called conjugation. They often contain genes that provide resistance to antibiotics, heavy metals, and other environmental stressors. Plasmids have also been engineered for use in molecular biology as cloning vectors, allowing scientists to replicate and manipulate specific DNA sequences.

Plasmids are important tools in genetic engineering and biotechnology because they can be easily manipulated and transferred between organisms. They have been used to produce vaccines, diagnostic tests, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for various applications, including agriculture, medicine, and industry.

Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.

Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.

Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria that are facultative anaerobes and are motile due to peritrichous flagella. They are non-spore forming and often have a single polar flagellum when grown in certain conditions. Salmonella species are important pathogens in humans and other animals, causing foodborne illnesses known as salmonellosis.

Salmonella can be found in the intestinal tracts of humans, birds, reptiles, and mammals. They can contaminate various foods, including meat, poultry, eggs, dairy products, and fresh produce. The bacteria can survive and multiply in a wide range of temperatures and environments, making them challenging to control completely.

Salmonella infection typically leads to gastroenteritis, characterized by symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and vomiting. In some cases, the infection may spread beyond the intestines, leading to more severe complications like bacteremia (bacterial infection of the blood) or focal infections in various organs.

There are two main species of Salmonella: S. enterica and S. bongori. S. enterica is further divided into six subspecies and numerous serovars, with over 2,500 distinct serotypes identified to date. Some well-known Salmonella serovars include S. Typhi (causes typhoid fever), S. Paratyphi A, B, and C (cause paratyphoid fever), and S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium (common causes of foodborne salmonellosis).

Microbial sensitivity tests, also known as antibiotic susceptibility tests (ASTs) or bacterial susceptibility tests, are laboratory procedures used to determine the effectiveness of various antimicrobial agents against specific microorganisms isolated from a patient's infection. These tests help healthcare providers identify which antibiotics will be most effective in treating an infection and which ones should be avoided due to resistance. The results of these tests can guide appropriate antibiotic therapy, minimize the potential for antibiotic resistance, improve clinical outcomes, and reduce unnecessary side effects or toxicity from ineffective antimicrobials.

There are several methods for performing microbial sensitivity tests, including:

1. Disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test): A standardized paper disk containing a predetermined amount of an antibiotic is placed on an agar plate that has been inoculated with the isolated microorganism. After incubation, the zone of inhibition around the disk is measured to determine the susceptibility or resistance of the organism to that particular antibiotic.
2. Broth dilution method: A series of tubes or wells containing decreasing concentrations of an antimicrobial agent are inoculated with a standardized microbial suspension. After incubation, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined by observing the lowest concentration of the antibiotic that prevents visible growth of the organism.
3. Automated systems: These use sophisticated technology to perform both disk diffusion and broth dilution methods automatically, providing rapid and accurate results for a wide range of microorganisms and antimicrobial agents.

The interpretation of microbial sensitivity test results should be done cautiously, considering factors such as the site of infection, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the antibiotic, potential toxicity, and local resistance patterns. Regular monitoring of susceptibility patterns and ongoing antimicrobial stewardship programs are essential to ensure optimal use of these tests and to minimize the development of antibiotic resistance.

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) sugars, also known as sugar nucleotides, are molecules that play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates, such as glycoproteins and glycolipids. These molecules consist of a sugar molecule, usually glucose or galactose, linked to a molecule of adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

The ADP portion of the molecule provides the energy needed for the transfer of the sugar moiety to other molecules during the process of glycosylation. The reaction is catalyzed by enzymes called glycosyltransferases, which transfer the sugar from the ADP-sugar donor to an acceptor molecule, such as a protein or lipid.

ADP-sugars are important in various biological processes, including cell recognition, signal transduction, and protein folding. Abnormalities in the metabolism of ADP-sugars have been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Foodborne diseases, also known as foodborne illnesses or food poisoning, are defined as disorders caused by the consumption of contaminated foods or beverages, which contain harmful bacteria, parasites, viruses, toxins, or chemicals. These agents can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and dehydration. The severity of the illness can vary from mild discomfort to severe life-threatening conditions, depending on the type of infectious agent and the individual's immune system and overall health status. Common examples of foodborne diseases include Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Listeria, Staphylococcus aureus, and Norovirus infections. Proper food handling, preparation, storage, and cooking can help prevent the occurrence of foodborne diseases.

Health resorts, also known as wellness retreats or spa towns, are places that offer a combination of medical treatments, therapies, and recreational activities to promote health, relaxation, and well-being. They are often located in areas with natural mineral springs, sea air, or other beneficial environmental factors.

Health resorts may provide various services such as:

1. Hydrotherapy: using water in the form of baths, showers, or wraps to promote relaxation and healing.
2. Balneotherapy: utilizing natural mineral waters for therapeutic purposes.
3. Massages and bodywork: providing different types of massages and manual therapies to relieve tension, improve circulation, and reduce stress.
4. Exercise programs: offering activities like yoga, Pilates, swimming, or hiking to enhance physical fitness and flexibility.
5. Nutritional counseling: providing guidance on healthy eating habits and personalized meal plans.
6. Mental health support: offering services like psychotherapy, mindfulness training, or stress management techniques.
7. Educational workshops: conducting seminars on topics related to health, wellness, and self-care.
8. Aesthetic treatments: providing beauty and skincare services such as facials, peels, or makeup consultations.

Health resorts can be an excellent option for individuals seeking a holistic approach to improving their physical, mental, and emotional well-being in a peaceful and supportive environment.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Stachybotrys is a genus of filamentous fungi (molds) that are known to produce potent mycotoxins, which can be harmful to humans and animals. The most well-known species is Stachybotrys chartarum, commonly referred to as "black mold" or "toxic black mold." This mold typically grows on materials with high cellulose content and a low nitrogen content, such as paper, straw, hay, wet drywall, and ceiling tiles. Exposure to the mycotoxins produced by Stachybotrys can cause various health issues, including respiratory symptoms, allergic reactions, and immune system responses. It is essential to address water damage and mold growth promptly to prevent the spread of Stachybotrys and other molds in indoor environments.

Trichophyton is a genus of fungi that are primarily responsible for causing various superficial and cutaneous infections in humans and animals. These infections, known as dermatophytoses or ringworm, typically involve the skin, hair, and nails. Some common examples of diseases caused by Trichophyton species include athlete's foot (T. rubrum), jock itch (T. mentagrophytes), and scalp ringworm (T. tonsurans).

The fungi in the Trichophyton genus are called keratinophilic, meaning they have a preference for keratin, a protein found in high concentrations in skin, hair, and nails. This characteristic allows them to thrive in these environments and cause infection. The specific species of Trichophyton involved in an infection will determine the clinical presentation and severity of the disease.

In summary, Trichophyton is a medical term referring to a group of fungi that can cause various skin, hair, and nail infections in humans and animals.

'Cladosporium' is a genus of fungi that are widely distributed in the environment, particularly in soil, decaying plant material, and indoor air. These fungi are known for their dark-pigmented spores, which can be found in various shapes and sizes depending on the species. They are important causes of allergies and respiratory symptoms in humans, as well as plant diseases. Some species of Cladosporium can also produce toxins that may cause health problems in susceptible individuals. It is important to note that medical definitions typically refer to specific diseases or conditions that affect human health, so 'Cladosporium' itself would not be considered a medical definition.

Tinea is a common fungal infection of the skin, also known as ringworm. It's called ringworm because of its characteristic red, circular, and often scaly rash with raised edges that can resemble a worm's shape. However, it has nothing to do with any kind of actual worm.

The fungi responsible for tinea infections belong to the genus Trichophyton, Microsporum, or Epidermophyton. These fungi thrive in warm, damp environments and can be contracted from infected people, animals, or contaminated soil. Common types of tinea infections include athlete's foot (tinea pedis), jock itch (tinea cruris), and ringworm of the scalp (tinea capitis).

Treatment for tinea typically involves antifungal medications, either topical or oral, depending on the location and severity of the infection. Proper hygiene and avoiding sharing personal items can help prevent the spread of this contagious condition.

'Alternaria' is a genus of widely distributed saprophytic fungi that are often found in soil, plant debris, and water. They produce darkly pigmented, septate hyphae and conidia (asexual spores) that are characterized by their distinctive beak-like projections.

Alternaria species can cause various types of plant diseases, including leaf spots, blights, and rots, which can result in significant crop losses. They also produce a variety of mycotoxins, which can have harmful effects on human and animal health.

In humans, Alternaria species can cause allergic reactions, such as hay fever and asthma, as well as skin and respiratory tract infections. Exposure to Alternaria spores is also a known risk factor for the development of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), a condition characterized by inflammation and scarring of the lungs.

It's important to note that medical definitions can vary depending on the context, so it may be helpful to consult a reliable medical or scientific source for more specific information about Alternaria and its potential health effects.

Trichothecenes are a group of chemically related toxic compounds called sesquiterpenoids produced by various species of fungi, particularly those in the genera Fusarium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, and Stachybotrys. These toxins can contaminate crops and cause a variety of adverse health effects in humans and animals that consume or come into contact with the contaminated material.

Trichothecenes can be classified into four types (A, B, C, and D) based on their chemical structure. Type A trichothecenes include T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol, while type B trichothecenes include deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol, and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol.

Exposure to trichothecenes can cause a range of symptoms, including skin irritation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and immune system suppression. In severe cases, exposure to high levels of these toxins can lead to neurological problems, hemorrhage, and even death.

It is important to note that trichothecenes are not typically considered infectious agents, but rather toxin-producing molds that can contaminate food and other materials. Proper handling, storage, and preparation of food can help reduce the risk of exposure to these toxins.

Fungi, in the context of medical definitions, are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. The study of fungi is known as mycology.

Fungi can exist as unicellular organisms or as multicellular filamentous structures called hyphae. They are heterotrophs, which means they obtain their nutrients by decomposing organic matter or by living as parasites on other organisms. Some fungi can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants, known as mycoses. These infections range from superficial, localized skin infections to systemic, life-threatening invasive diseases.

Examples of fungal infections include athlete's foot (tinea pedis), ringworm (dermatophytosis), candidiasis (yeast infection), histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Fungal infections can be challenging to treat due to the limited number of antifungal drugs available and the potential for drug resistance.

... at MicrobeWiki Shigella sonnei in the NCBI Taxonomy Browser Type strain of Shigella sonnei at BacDive - the ... Shigella sonnei is a species of Shigella. Together with Shigella flexneri, it is responsible for 90% of shigellosis cases. ... Shigella sonnei at Who Named It? "Shigella sonnei". Microbewiki. Holt, Kathryn E; Baker, Stephen; Weill, François-Xavier; ... Parte, A.C. "Shigella". LPSN. Shigella+sonnei at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ...
Phage-Typing of Shigella sonnei. Stockholm. OCLC 5140885 Lilleengen, K. 1948. Typing of Salmonella typhimurium by means of ... Polish; Morphology and Ultrastructure of Shigella and Klebsiella bacteriophages] OCLC 6943982 Champe, S. P. 1974. Phage. Dowden ... Morfologia i ultrastruktura bakteriofagów Shigella i Klebsiella. Polish Medical Publishers, Warsaw. [ ...
Bagamboula, C. F.; Uyttendaele, M.; Debevere, J. (2002). "Acid tolerance of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri". Journal of ... Shigella flexneri is a species of Gram-negative bacteria in the genus Shigella that can cause diarrhea in humans. Several ... 1 and class 2 integrons and their relationships to antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of Shigella sonnei and Shigella ... which could play role in resistance to acidic stress and regulation of virulence was shown to exist only in Shigella. Shigella ...
"Characterization of a Shiga toxin-encoding temperate bacteriophage of Shigella sonnei". Infection and Immunity. 69 (12): 7588- ... between Shigella strains and Between Shigella and E. coli strains". Hihon Iji Shimpor (in Japanese). 1861: 34. Akiba T, Koyama ... "On the mechanism of the development of multiple-drug-resistant clones of Shigella". Japanese Journal of Microbiology. 4 (2): ... coli through horizontal gene transfer via transduction with Shigella species of bacteria. Strategies to combat certain ...
Shigella sonnei genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicate recent global dissemination from Europe. Nature Genetics, ...
Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri and Shigella dysenteriae. A study in China indicated that Shigella flexneri 2a was the most ... The term is usually restricted to Shigella infections. Shigellosis is caused by one of several types of Shigella bacteria. ... There are several Shigella vaccine candidates in various stages of development that could reduce the incidence of dysentery in ... 2005). "Genome dynamics and diversity of Shigella species, the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery". Nucleic Acids Res. 33 ...
... sonnei (group D) can be differentiated on the basis of biochemical metabolism assays. Three Shigella groups are the major ... Shigella is implicated as one of the pathogenic causes of reactive arthritis worldwide. The Shigella genus is named after ... Each of the Shigella genomes includes a virulence plasmid that encodes conserved primary virulence determinants. The Shigella ... Hence, Shigella cells may cause dysentery. In rare cases, young children may have seizures. Symptoms can take as long as a week ...
Some Plesiomonas strains share antigens with Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri and cross-reactions with Shigella antisera ... and Shigella dysenteriae 1". J Med Microbiol. 39 (3): 211-7. doi:10.1099/00222615-39-3-211. PMID 8366520. Herrington, D A; ... Plesiomonas can be distinguished from Shigella in diarrheal stools by an oxidase test: Plesiomonas is oxidase positive and ... shigelloides strains that share type-specific antigen with Shigella flexneri 6 and common group 1 antigen with Shigella ...
ShigaShield targets Shigella strains responsible for the majority of foodborne disease, including S. flexneri, S. sonnei, and S ... ShigActive targets Shigella species. ShigActive has been shown to be efficacious in mice. In 2020, Intralytix was awarded a ... 435); ShigaShield, used to treat Shigella, received clearance by the FDA in 2017 (GRN No. 000672); and CampyShield, which is ... "Intralytix Receives Multimillion-Dollar Clinical Trial Award from NIAID to Manage Shigella Infections in Humans" (Press release ...
... such as Salmonella enterica and most shigellas are unable to ferment lactose. Shigella sonnei can ferment lactose, but only ...
Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. For tibicos grains to grow, a certain water buffer capacity and/or ...
Shigella flexneri Shigella boydii Shigella dysenteriae and Shigella sonnei (serotype) The probability of being infected by any ... For instance, S. sonnei is the most common in the United States, while S. dysenteriae and S. boydii are rare there. Shigella is ... Shigella species are negative for motility and are generally not lactose fermenters, but S. sonnei can ferment lactose. They ... September 2016). "Travel- and Community-Based Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Shigella sonnei Lineage among International ...
Pathogens vary in minimum infectious dose; for example, Shigella sonnei has a low estimated minimum dose of < 500 colony- ... Shigella, Enterobacter, Vibrio cholerae, and Yersinia. For example, as of 1984 it was estimated that in the United States, ... Listeria monocytogenes Shigella spp. Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus Vibrio cholerae, including O1 and non-O1 Vibrio ...
Shigella will thus remain "E. coli in disguise". Similarly, the Bacillus species of the B. cereus-group (B. anthracis, B. ... The genus (S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, S. sonnei) have evolved from the common intestinal bacterium Escherichia ... The bacterial genus Shigella is the cause of bacillary dysentery, a potentially-severe infection that kills over a million ... E. coli itself can also cause serious dysentery, but differences in genetic makeup between E. coli and Shigella cause different ...
Furthermore, from the evolutionary point of view, the members of genus Shigella (dysenteriae, flexneri, boydii, sonnei) are ... Lan, R.; Reeves, P.R. (2002). "Escherichia coli in disguise: molecular origins of Shigella". Microbes Infect. 4 (11): 1125-1132 ...
Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli to name a few. Phage typing requires the use of a comprehensive ...
... was a Danish bacteriologist and parasitologist who discovered the Shigella sonnei strain of shigella bacterium. "Carl Olaf ...
Shigella sonnei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. The mechanism of bacterial killing by PGLYRP3 is based on induction of ...
Selenomonas sputigena Shigella sonnei Staphylococcus aerogenes Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus ...
... and Shigella sonnei - among other harmful fecal coliforms - are present in this wastewater, and transmit to humans when they ...
Shigella sonnei, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and ...
Shigella sonnei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria and is also active against Chlamydia trachomatis. Mouse and bovine PGLYRP1 ...
Shigella sonnei, Kluyvera species, Citrobacter species, and Raoultella ornithinolytica.[citation needed] The mechanism of ...
... enterica Salmonella Typhi Salmonella Typhimurium Serratia marcescens Shigella dysenteriae Shigella flexneri Shigella sonnei ...
Indeed, all Shigella species were placed within a single subspecies of E. coli in a phylogenomic study that included the type ... sonnei) should be classified as E. coli strains, a phenomenon termed taxa in disguise. Similarly, other strains of E. coli (e.g ... However, all these proposals need to face the fact that Shigella remains a widely used name in medicine and find ways to reduce ... In fact, from the more constructive point of view, the members of genus Shigella (S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S ...
Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Pine ...
Shigella dysenteriae MeSH B03.440.450.425.850.450 - Shigella flexneri MeSH B03.440.450.425.850.800 - Shigella sonnei MeSH ... Shigella dysenteriae MeSH B03.660.250.150.730.210 - Shigella flexneri MeSH B03.660.250.150.730.710 - Shigella sonnei MeSH ... Shigella MeSH B03.440.450.425.850.175 - Shigella boydii MeSH B03.440.450.425.850.350 - ... Shigella MeSH B03.660.250.150.730.050 - Shigella boydii MeSH B03.660.250.150.730.125 - ...
In the family Enterobacteriaceae of the class Gammaproteobacteria, the species in the genus Shigella (S. dysenteriae, S. ... flexneri, S. boydii, S. sonnei) from an evolutionary point of view are strains of the species Escherichia coli (polyphyletic), ... Lan, R; Reeves, PR (2002). "Escherichia coli in disguise: molecular origins of Shigella". Microbes and Infection / Institut ...
... morbus Crohn Escherichia coli NC101 Shigella Shigella flexneri Shigella dysenteriae Shigella boydii Shigella sonnei Portal: ...
Shigella sonnei at MicrobeWiki Shigella sonnei in the NCBI Taxonomy Browser Type strain of Shigella sonnei at BacDive - the ... Shigella sonnei is a species of Shigella. Together with Shigella flexneri, it is responsible for 90% of shigellosis cases. ... Shigella sonnei at Who Named It? "Shigella sonnei". Microbewiki. Holt, Kathryn E; Baker, Stephen; Weill, François-Xavier; ... Parte, A.C. "Shigella". LPSN. Shigella+sonnei at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ...
Shigella sonnei infections (n = 239*) suspected resistant to ciprofloxacin, by isolation date and patient international travel ... Ciprofloxacin-resistant Shigella sonnei is being repeatedly introduced into the United States via travelers from various ... Alternate Text: The figure above is a histogram showing Shigella sonnei infections (n = 239) suspected resistant to ... Importation and Domestic Transmission of Shigella sonnei Resistant to Ciprofloxacin - United States, May 2014-February 2015. ...
Gene target information for speD/Shigella sonnei. Find diseases associated with this biological target and compounds tested ...
CCUG26684 - Shigella sonnei, Deposit Date: 1990-05-10
"Shigella sonnei" by people in this website by year, and whether "Shigella sonnei" was a major or minor topic of these ... "Shigella sonnei" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Shigella sonnei" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Shigella sonnei". ...
Shigella sonnei S6513. Taxonomy ID: 1212564 (for references in articles please use NCBI:txid1212564). current name. Shigella ... 2630968682: Shigella sonnei S6513. organism-specific. Integrated Microbial Genomes. Notes:. Groups interested in participating ... cellular organisms; Bacteria; Pseudomonadota; Gammaproteobacteria; Enterobacterales; Enterobacteriaceae; Shigella; Shigella ...
"Shigella sonnei Outbreak among Homosexual Men, London" 12, no. 9 (2006). Morgan, Oliver et al. "Shigella sonnei Outbreak among ... Shigella Infections among gay and bisexual men Cite CITE. Title : Shigella Infections among gay and bisexual men Corporate ... Title : Shigella sonnei Outbreak among Homosexual Men, London Personal Author(s) : Morgan, Oliver;Crook, Paul;Cheasty, Tom; ... 2006). Shigella sonnei Outbreak among Homosexual Men, London. 12(9). Morgan, Oliver et al. " ...
We describe the first reported case of Shigella sonnei bacteraemia and intestinal coinfection with Clostridioides difficile in ... S. sonnei bacteraemia is an unusual entity that should be kept in mind because of the severity of its presentation and high ... The literature on S. sonnei bacteraemia in adult and paediatric populations is also reviewed. Case presentation. A 29-year-old ... sonnei were detected in the stools. Escherichia coli was identified in the blood by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ...
Escherichia coli are a reservoir for the transfer of XDR plasmids into epidemic fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella sonnei ... Escherichia coli are a reservoir for the transfer of XDR plasmids into epidemic fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella sonnei ...
The international spread of drug-resistant Shigella sonnei Researchers examined the international dissemination of the outbreak ...
Shigella sonnei * Entamoeba histolytica * Cryptosporidium Genitourinary infections, especially those due to Chlamydia ...
Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for genotyping of Shigella sonnei strains isolated from pediatric patients ...
Since 1983 the incidence of resistance to ampicillin in Shigella dysenteriae, Sh. flexneri, and Sh. boydii infections in ... sonnei, in 15% of cases. It is concluded that if it is necessary to commence treatment before the results of laboratory-based ... sonnei almost 50% of isolates were resistant to ampicillin or trimethoprim and 15% were resistant to both of these ... Increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance in shigellas from humans in England and Wales: recommendations for therapy Microb ...
Multidrug-Resistant Shigella sonnei Bacteremia among Persons Experiencing Homelessness, Va Multidrug-Resistant Shigella sonnei ... Bacteriemia; Disenteria Bacilar; Pessoas Mal Alojadas; Shigella; Humanos; Shigella sonnei/genética; Antibacterianos/ ... Canada; Shigella sonnei; antimicrobial resistance; bacteremia; bacteria; enteric infections; persons experiencing homelessness ... Increased invasive bloodstream infections caused by multidrug resistant Shigella sonnei were noted in Vancouver, British ...
In vitro antibacterial activity of honey against multidrug-resistant Shigella sonnei.Oct 31, 2020. ...
Here, we present a genomic framework and genotyping scheme for S. sonnei to efficiently identify genotype and resistance ... Applying this approach to analyse ,4,000 S. sonnei isolates sequenced in public health labs in three countries identified ... Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is increasingly utilised for S. sonnei outbreak investigation and surveillance, but comparison of ... sonnei clones and demonstrating the genomic framework can facilitate monitoring the spread of resistant clones, including those ...
Comparative Genomic and Phylogenetic Analysis of a Shiga Toxin Producing Shigella sonnei (STSS) Strain by: Domonkos Sváb, et al ... Geraniol as a novel antivirulence agent against bacillary dysentery-causing Shigella sonnei by: Zainulabedeen R. M. H. Mirza, ... Study of molecular-genetic properties of Shigella sonnei-2013 strain isolated during the outbreak in dysentery in the republic ... Molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone and/or cephalosporin resistance in Shigella sonnei isolates from yaks by: Zhen ...
Shigella sonnei. Enteric pathogen. Staphylococcus epidermidis. Commensal skin bacterium. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Soil ...
Recent Outbreaks of Multidrug-Resistant Shigella sonnei Infections. * Extremely drug-resistant (XDR) shigellosis: As of May 7, ... Avoid sex while ill with diarrhea and for a few weeks after recovering. Shigellae have been documented in stool for as long as ... Patients infected with Shigella can protect others through the following actions:. *All patients should: *Wash hands with soap ... Confirming clearance of shigellae from stool will allow more accurate counseling about the timelines appropriate for return to ...
... sonnei, S. flexneri, and S. boydii. It is estimated that about 188 million infections are due to Shigella of which 62.3 million ... GSK Grants LimmaTech Biologics License to Develop and Commercialize Shigella Vaccine * LimmaTech in-licenses Shigella ... Together, we can get ahead of Shigella." Shigellosis is a global health threat caused by any one of four Gram-negative Shigella ... We have been a part of the Shigella vaccine programs journey together with GSK and the Wellcome Trust and the agreement ...
Shigella sonnei: A0A0I1FWL8; Shigella flexneri: A0A8H8Z725; Escherichia coli: W8U089, A0A140NB58; Escherichia coli 53638: ... A0A0E1T3F1; Escherichia coli O9:H4: A0A7I6H729; Escherichia coli O78:H11: E3PNC5; Shigella sonnei: Q3Z288; Escherichia coli ...
Shigella flexneri 2a 2457T (-pINV, ΔtolR::aph, ΔmsbB::cat, Public Health England) and Shigella sonnei 53G (ΔtolR::aph, ΔmsbB:: ... Production of a Shigella sonnei Vaccine Based on Generalized Modules for Membrane Antigens (GMMA), 1790GAHB. PLoS ONE 2015, 10 ... Booster Vaccination with GVGH Shigella sonnei 1790GAHB GMMA Vaccine Compared to Single Vaccination in Unvaccinated Healthy ... Safety Profile and Immunologic Responses of a Novel Vaccine against Shigella sonnei Administered Intramuscularly, Intradermally ...
Emergence of extensively drug-resistant Shigella sonnei strain in France Shigellosis, a highly contagious diarrheal disease, is ... caused by Shigella bacteria circulating in industrializing countries but also in industrialized... ...
Emergence of extensively drug-resistant Shigella sonnei strain in France Shigellosis, a highly contagious diarrheal disease, is ... caused by Shigella bacteria circulating in industrializing countries but also in industrialized... ...
Categories: Shigella sonnei Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted 17 ...
H7 Shigella flexneri Legionella pneumophilia Shigella sonnei Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 ...
S. flexneri, S. sonnei, and S. boydii are other Shigella bacilli that cause dysentery. Other types of bacterial infections, ... The most severe bacillary infections are caused by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (formerly Shigella shigae), which is found ... Bacillary dysentery, or shigellosis, is caused by bacilli of the genus Shigella. Symptomatically, the disease ranges from a ...
Crowe L, Lau W, McLeod L, Anand CM, Ciebin B, LeBer C , ... Sato , H. (1999). Outbreaks of Shigella Sonnei Infection Associated ...
  • Together with Shigella flexneri, it is responsible for 90% of shigellosis cases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Kamble R . Case Study Bacteremia due to Shigella flexneri in an adult [Internet]. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • S. flexneri , S. sonnei , and S. boydii are other Shigella bacilli that cause dysentery. (britannica.com)
  • Ingersoll MA, Zychlinsky A. ShiA abrogates the innate T-cell response to Shigella flexneri infection. (medscape.com)
  • Shigella flexneri , or "group B" Shigella, causes almost all other cases. (medlineplus.gov)
  • An unusual cluster of 39 Shigella infections caused by another species, S. flexneri , occurred in Chicago in 2003 and 2004. (cdc.gov)
  • Shigella species, such as S. sonnei and S. flexneri, spread through eating contaminated food, causing food-borne illness. (giantmicrobes.com)
  • There are four different species and 47 antigenically distinct serotypes of Shigella, divided on the basis of differences in O antigen of their lipopolysaccharide which are S. dysenteriae (13 serotypes), S. flexneri (15 serotypes), S. boydii (18 serotypes), and S. sonnei (1 serotype). (biomedcentral.com)
  • S. flexneri and S. sonnei are more widespread than S. boydii and the particularly virulent S. dysenteriae . (msdmanuals.com)
  • Kathy Harben] Hi, I'm Kathy Harben and today I'm talking with Dr. Nancy Strockbine, Chief of the Escherichia and Shigella Reference Unit at CDC. (cdc.gov)
  • In comparison, the least pervasive microbes were Proteus vulgaris , Shigella sonnei , Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila . (scielo.br)
  • Em comparação, os micróbios menos difundidos foram Proteus vulgaris , Shigella sonnei, Escherichia coli e Aeromonas hydrophila . (scielo.br)
  • The estimated effect of cholera, shigella, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and rotavirus vaccines was determined by applying the standard Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG) rules. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Escherichia coli 6.8%, Shigella spp. (who.int)
  • Group D" Shigella bacteria cause shigellosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Shigella+sonnei at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Shigellosis~clinical at eMedicine Carl Olaf Sonne at Who Named It? (wikipedia.org)
  • Because only about 2% of shigellae isolated in the United States are resistant to fluoroquinolones ( 4 ), ciprofloxacin is the first-line treatment for adults with shigellosis and is recommended as an empiric treatment for adult international travelers with diarrhea ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Shigella sonnei is the most common agent of shigellosis in high-income countries, and causes a significant disease burden in low- and middle-income countries. (ox.ac.uk)
  • CDC continues to receive new reports of infections with Shigella strains that are not susceptible to ciprofloxacin and/or azithromycin, the antimicrobial agents most commonly used to treat shigellosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Information about revisions to CDC's Shigella website on shigellosis prevention among MSM. (cdc.gov)
  • Shigellosis, a highly contagious diarrheal disease, is caused by Shigella bacteria circulating in industrializing countries but also in industrialized. (pasteur.fr)
  • Bacillary dysentery, or shigellosis , is caused by bacilli of the genus Shigella . (britannica.com)
  • Shigella sonnei , also called "group D" Shigella, is responsible for most cases of shigellosis in the United States. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Approximately 20% of the nearly 450,000 cases of shigellosis that occur annually in the U.S are foodborne-related, leading to Shigella outbreaks. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • Shigellosis is an acute infection of the intestine caused by the gram-negative Shigella species. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In contrast to FE109024, isolate pression of the stx gene in E. coli and in the lateral gene FE109046 lacked the Shigella /enteroinvasive E. coli - spe- transfer between the bacteria ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • It is caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Getting just a little bit of the Shigella bacteria into your mouth is enough to cause infection. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The Shigella bacteria involved were Shigella sonnei, which can be lethal. (yourlawyer.com)
  • Because only a few bacteria are needed to cause an infection, Shigella can be transmitted easily from person to person. (cdc.gov)
  • This adorable plush representation of Stomach Ache provides a hands-on-way to learn about biology and the Shigella bacteria that can cause this ailment. (giantmicrobes.com)
  • However, researchers have previously shown that using bacteriophages to trigger CRISPR can efficiently kill skin bacteria and might also help combat Shigella sonnei , a diarrheal infection common in the developing world. (technologyreview.com)
  • subgroup C for Shigella boydii and subgroup D for Shigella sonnei. (justia.com)
  • Researchers examined the international dissemination of the outbreak of extensively drug-resistant Shigella sonnei. (news-medical.net)
  • Shigella can cause large outbreaks, particularly in places where good hygiene practices are difficult to follow. (cdc.gov)
  • Outbreaks of Shigella Sonnei Infection Associated with Eating Fresh Parsley. (waldenu.edu)
  • Contamination of drinking water by Shigella is a problem that more often occurs in the developing world, but swimming pools and beaches in the U.S. can become contaminated by infected individuals and have been linked to Shigella outbreaks. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • Our Shigella lawyers have represented victims of notable Shigella outbreaks such as the 2003 Doubletree Hotel Shigella outbreak, the 2006 Filiberto's Shigella outbreak, and the 2010 Subway Shigella outbreak. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • Marler Clark, The Food Safety Law Firm , is the nation's leading law firm representing victims of Shigella outbreaks. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • The Shigella lawyers of Marler Clark have represented thousands of victims of Shigella and other foodborne illness outbreaks and have recovered over $850 million for clients. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • Our Shigella lawyers have litigated Shigella cases stemming from outbreaks traced to a variety of sources, such as tomatoes, airplane and restaurant food. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • Shigella sonnei is a species of Shigella. (wikipedia.org)
  • Shigella species (bacillary dysentery). (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Improvements in identifying Shigella species, expanding treatment options for multidrug resistant infections , and developing public health partnerships are needed. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nancy Strockbine] Shigella sonnei is one of four species of Shigella that are recognized for historical and medical reasons and are classified on the basis of biochemical and antigenic differences. (cdc.gov)
  • Shigella sonnei only has one antigenic variant we call a serotype, while the other Shigella species each have many serotypes which helps distinguish one strain from another within a species. (cdc.gov)
  • Because about 75 percent of Shigella infections in developing countries are caused by Shigella sonnei, the lack of antigenic variation within this species makes it difficult to discriminate between strains. (cdc.gov)
  • Shigella species. (medscape.com)
  • Salmonella and Shigella species. (medscape.com)
  • Shigella phages isolated during a dysentery outbreak reveal uncommon structures and broad species diversity. (medscape.com)
  • In the United States, most Shigella infections occur in young children and their care-takers and are due to a species called S. sonnei . (cdc.gov)
  • Most Shigella species cause mild symptoms like slight fever, chills, stomach cramps, and sometimes bloody stool that can last up to a week. (giantmicrobes.com)
  • Three of those five have confirmatory testing indicating Shigella sonnei, a species of Shigella. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • 2003) with no antibacterial activity observed with the aqueous extract tested against E. coli , S. aureus , S. typhi or Shigella species (Leelarasamee et al . (scialert.net)
  • Dissecting the molecular evolution of fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella sonnei. (cdc.gov)
  • Nancy Strockbine] A simple family lineage showing the decent of Shigella sonnei strains from a common group of strains was identified. (cdc.gov)
  • Nancy Strockbine] The structure of the family lineage discovered for Shigella sonnei increases our understanding of the evolution of this organism and provides a framework to study the emergence of new strains. (cdc.gov)
  • The multivalent vaccine candidate being developed is composed of antigens from the four most epidemiologically relevant Shigella bacterial strains and is being tested in an ongoing Phase I/II dose-finding and age-descending (adults-children-infants) double-blind study to evaluate its safety and immunogenicity in the 9-month-old infants target population. (businesswire.com)
  • Shigella sonnei with 113 strains studied, 57 unique patterns and 19 clusters detected were confirmed. (bvsalud.org)
  • Most Shigella infection usually clears up without complications, but if left untreated or delay in diagnosis may lead to some serious complication such as dehydration (especially severe dehydration can lead to shock and death), seizure, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), toxic megacolon, and reactive arthritis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Low risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome after early effective antimicrobial therapy for Shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection in Bangladesh. (medscape.com)
  • Identification and management of Shigella infection in children with diarrhoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (medscape.com)
  • Cultures of stool from eight persons with confirmed E. coli O157:H7 infection were negative for Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter. (cdc.gov)
  • Although these findings suggest the infection may have been transmitted sexually, the risk factors for Shigella transmission among MSM are not well understood. (cdc.gov)
  • Simple precautions like washing before and after sex and using barrier methods can reduce the risk for MSM and others of contracting a Shigella infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Symptoms among those who did not get tested are suggestive of a Shigella infection. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • Shigella infection occurs when the excrement (feces) of an infected individual is ingested by another person. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • If you or a family member became ill with a Shigella infection after consuming food and you're interested in pursuing a legal claim, contact the Marler Clark Shigella attorneys for a free case evaluation. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • We describe an S. sonnei isolate with the Genomic comparison of the 2 isolates was performed stx gene. (cdc.gov)
  • sonnei almost 50% of isolates were resistant to ampicillin or trimethoprim and 15% were resistant to both of these antimicrobials. (nih.gov)
  • 4,000 S. sonnei isolates sequenced in public health labs in three countries identified several common genotypes associated with increased rates of ciprofloxacin resistance and azithromycin resistance, confirming intercontinental spread of highly-resistant S. sonnei clones and demonstrating the genomic framework can facilitate monitoring the spread of resistant clones, including those that have recently emerged, at local and global scales. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone and/or cephalosporin resistance in Shigella sonnei isolates from yaks by: Zhen Zhu, et al. (uitm.edu.my)
  • To learn about the diversity within Shigella sonnei and the evolution of its members, the authors tested a large collection of isolates from different times and places with a sensitive typing method to detect repeated sequences throughout the genome. (cdc.gov)
  • Shigella sonnei causes a bacillary dys- regulator invE. (cdc.gov)
  • Geraniol as a novel antivirulence agent against bacillary dysentery-causing Shigella sonnei by: Zainulabedeen R. M. H. Mirza, et al. (uitm.edu.my)
  • The most severe bacillary infections are caused by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (formerly Shigella shigae ), which is found chiefly in tropical and subtropical regions. (britannica.com)
  • Kostroff, B.: Comparison of xylose lysine deoxycholate agar and MacConkey Agar for the isolation of Salmonella and Shigella from clininal specimens. (mikrobiyoloji.org)
  • coli, Shigella and Salmo- in association with diarrhoeal disease [10]. (who.int)
  • We discovered that neither the aqueous extract nor AND were bacteriostatic or bactericidal against Salmonella typhimurium , E. coli , Shigella sonnei , S. aureus , P. aeruginosa , S. pneumoniae , S. pyogenes , L. pneumophila or B. pertussis but the two ethanolic extracts of AP were bacteriostatic against L. pneumophila and B. pertussis . (scialert.net)
  • The genus Shigella is distributed worldwide and is the typical cause of inflammatory dysentery, responsible for 5 to 10% of diarrheal illness in many areas. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Travel- and Community-Based Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Shigella sonnei Lineage among International Orthodox Jewish Communities by: Kate S. Baker, et al. (uitm.edu.my)
  • Increased invasive bloodstream infections caused by multidrug resistant Shigella sonnei were noted in Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada , during 2021-2023. (bvsalud.org)
  • Shigella causes an estimated 500,000 cases of diarrhea in the United States annually ( 1 ) and is transmitted easily from person to person and through contaminated food and recreational water. (cdc.gov)
  • Although diarrhea caused by S. sonnei typically resolves without treatment, patients with mild illness often are treated with antimicrobial medications because they can reduce the duration of symptoms and shedding of shigellae in feces ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Shigella is a bacterium that can cause sudden and severe diarrhea (gastroenteritis) in humans. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • Comparative Genomic and Phylogenetic Analysis of a Shiga Toxin Producing Shigella sonnei (STSS) Strain by: Domonkos Sváb, et al. (uitm.edu.my)
  • Bacteriologists have tried many methods over the years to tell one strain of Shigella sonnei from another, without a great deal of success. (cdc.gov)
  • Diarrhoeal diseases are among the most by Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylo- common causes of death in the world [1,2] bacter [3,7,8], while in developed coun- with a greater medical and economic burden tries Campylobacter is more prevalent in developing countries. (who.int)
  • Shigella sonnei, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter spp. (bvsalud.org)
  • We did not find sufficient evidence and a suitable outcome to project mortality reductions for cholera, ETEC and shigella in children under 5 years. (biomedcentral.com)
  • But there is no substantial evidence of efficacy for ETEC and shigella vaccines, although several promising vaccine concepts are moving from the development and testing pipeline towards efficacy and Phase 3 trials. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, resistance to the oral antimicrobial medications ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is common among shigellae in the United States, and resistance to fluorquinolones is increasing among shigellae globally ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • based on the PCR-positive stx gene) was detected from 2 sonnei Isolate Carrying Shiga the same sample. (cdc.gov)
  • S. sonnei is the most common isolate in the US. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Infants and toddlers, the elderly, and people living with chronic health conditions are all susceptible to the most severe symptoms of S. sonnei disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • I've been talking with Dr. Nancy Strockbine about a paper, Global Distribution of Shigella sonnei Clones , which appears in the October 2011 issue of CDC's journal, Emerging Infectious Diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Because Shigella are relatively resistant to gastric acid, ingestion of as few as 10 to 100 organisms can cause disease. (msdmanuals.com)
  • LimmaTech Bio has remained committed to developing our Shigella vaccine candidate and this agreement with GSK has its roots in our successful ongoing partnerships with them. (businesswire.com)
  • We have been a part of the Shigella vaccine program's journey together with GSK and the Wellcome Trust and the agreement recognizes and validates our in-house expertise in vaccine development as well as our capabilities to move the program forward rapidly," said Patricia Martin, PhD, Managing Director and Vice President of Clinical and Regulatory Affairs at LimmaTech Bio . (businesswire.com)
  • LimmaTech Bio signed a research collaboration agreement with GSK to develop novel bioconjugate antigen-based vaccines including a monovalent Shigella vaccine in cooperation with the Wellcome Trust. (businesswire.com)
  • Following positive results from the proof-of-concept human challenge clinical trial with the monovalent Shigella vaccine, LimmaTech initiated the development of a multivalent Shigella vaccine in 2018 with a Wellcome Trust grant received by GSK for the new program. (businesswire.com)
  • A positive outcome for safety and immunogenicity will support the further development of the vaccine with pivotal efficacy trials in the target pediatric population as well as travelers and military personnel traveling to Shigella endemic countries. (businesswire.com)
  • Partnering with the team at LimmaTech Bio to further the development of this Shigella vaccine candidate is a great example of how we can do that. (businesswire.com)
  • Global population structure and genotyping framework for genomic surveillance of the major dysentery pathogen, Shigella sonnei. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here, we present a genomic framework and genotyping scheme for S. sonnei to efficiently identify genotype and resistance determinants from WGS data. (ox.ac.uk)
  • An estimated 1 million deaths (60% in children under 5) and 165 million cases of dysentery annually were estimated to occur due to shigella [ 3 ], while more recent estimates place the shigella disease burden at about 90 million episodes and 108,000 deaths per year [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RÉSUMÉ La présente étude a été réalisée sur 1600 écouvillonnages rectaux effectués chez des enfants de moins de 5 ans admis au centre de santé d'Islamshahr, province de Téhéran (République islamique d'Iran) en 1998-1999. (who.int)
  • Shigella, Providencia, Pseudomonas kolonileri de besiyeri ile aynı renkte ve yarı saydamdır ancak bunlarda siyah merkez oluÅŸmaz. (mikrobiyoloji.org)
  • Dehydration Seizures occur most often in children, although how Shigella causes this complications is unknown. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bloodstream infections may occur from Shigella. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is estimated that about 188 million infections are due to Shigella of which 62.3 million cases occur in children younger than 5 years. (businesswire.com)
  • Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is increasingly utilised for S. sonnei outbreak investigation and surveillance, but comparison of data between studies and labs is challenging. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Shigella is an important source of bacte- rial diarrhoea in developing countries [6-8]. (who.int)
  • Raian, D.: Comparative evaluation of deoxycholate citrate medium and xylose lysine deoxycholate medium in the isolation of shigellae. (mikrobiyoloji.org)
  • Since 1983 the incidence of resistance to ampicillin in Shigella dysenteriae, Sh. (nih.gov)
  • In December 2014, PulseNet, the national molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease, detected a multistate cluster of Shigella sonnei infections with an uncommon pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern. (cdc.gov)
  • We describe the first reported case of Shigella sonnei bacteraemia and intestinal coinfection with Clostridioides difficile in a cystic fibrosis patient. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Shigella lives nearly exclusively in people's intestinal tracts where it can invade the cells lining the large intestine and cause serious disease. (cdc.gov)
  • About 1 in 10 children (under age 15) with severe Shigella enteritis develop nervous system problems. (medlineplus.gov)
  • To reduce the risk of sexual transmission of Shigella, sex partners should thoroughly wash their hands and body before and after sex and use barrier methods such as condoms and dental dams. (cdc.gov)
  • Shigella is named after a Japanese researcher named Shiga who discovered the bacterium in 1897. (giantmicrobes.com)
  • the asso- FE109046 also agglutinated by S. sonnei polyvalent antise- ciation with HUS especially has been reported for subtypes rum but was negative for S. sonnei phase I antiserum and Stx2a and Stx2c ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The Marler Clark Shigella lawyers have unmatched experience representing victims of Shigella and other foodborne illnesses. (foodpoisonjournal.com)
  • People who take diuretics ("water pills") may need to stop taking these medicines if they have acute Shigella enteritis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Between May 24, 2014 and February 28, 2015, PulseNet detected 157 cases of illness caused by S. sonnei with closely related pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns in 32 U.S. states and Puerto Rico. (cdc.gov)
  • sonnei, in 15% of cases. (nih.gov)
  • S. sonnei bacteraemia is an unusual entity that should be kept in mind because of the severity of its presentation and high mortality. (microbiologyresearch.org)