Shigella flexneri
Shigella
Dysentery, Bacillary
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella boydii
Shigella Vaccines
O Antigens
The lipopolysaccharide-protein somatic antigens, usually from gram-negative bacteria, important in the serological classification of enteric bacilli. The O-specific chains determine the specificity of the O antigens of a given serotype. O antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Virulence
Congo Red
Plasmids
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Virulence Factors
Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)
Serotyping
HeLa Cells
Bacterial Vaccines
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins
Rhamnose
Diarrhea
Feces
Dysentery
Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.
Plesiomonas
Lipopolysaccharides
Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Succinic Anhydrides
Salmonella
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility.
The virulence plasmid-encoded impCAB operon enhances survival and induced mutagenesis in Shigella flexneri after exposure to UV radiation. (1/922)
Upon exposure to UV radiation, Shigella flexneri SA100 displayed survival and mutation frequencies comparable to those of Escherichia coli AB1157, which contains a functional UmuDC error-prone DNA repair system. Survival of SA100 after UV irradiation was associated with the presence of the 220-kb virulence plasmid, pVP. This plasmid encodes homologues of ImpA and ImpB, which comprise an error-prone DNA repair system encoded on plasmid TP110 that was initially identified in Salmonella typhimurium, and ImpC, encoded upstream of ImpA and ImpB. Although the impB gene was present in representatives of all four species of Shigella, not all isolates tested contained the gene. Shigella isolates that lacked impB were more sensitive to UV radiation than isolates that contained impB. The nucleotide sequence of a 2.4-kb DNA fragment containing the imp operon from S. flexneri SA100 pVP was 96% identical to the imp operon from the plasmid TP110. An SA100 derivative with a mutation in the impB gene had reduced survival following UV irradiation and less UV-induced mutagenesis relative to the parental strain. We also found that S. flexneri contained a chromosomally encoded umuDC operon; however, the umuDC promoter was not induced by exposure to UV radiation. This suggests that the imp operon but not the umuDC operon contributes to survival and induced mutagenesis in S. flexneri following exposure to UV radiation. (+info)Interleukin-8 controls bacterial transepithelial translocation at the cost of epithelial destruction in experimental shigellosis. (2/922)
In shigellosis, the network of cellular interactions mediated by a balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines or chemokines is clearly tipped toward acute destructive inflammation of intestinal tissues by the bacterial invader. This work has addressed the role played by interleukin-8 (IL-8) in a rabbit model of intestinal invasion by Shigella flexneri. IL-8, which is largely produced by the epithelial cells themselves, appears to be a major mediator of the recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) to the subepithelial area and transmigration of these cells through the epithelial lining. Neutralization of IL-8 function by monoclonal antibody WS-4 caused a decrease in the amount of PMNs streaming through the lamina propria and the epithelium, thus significantly attenuating the severity of epithelial lesions in areas of bacterial invasion. These findings are in agreement with our previous work (31). In contrast to the PMNs, the bacteria displayed increased transepithelial translocation, as well as overgrowth in the lamina propria and increased passage into the mesenteric blood. By mediating eradication of bacteria at their epithelial entry site, although at the cost of severe epithelial destruction, IL-8 therefore appears to be a key chemokine in the control of bacterial translocation. (+info)The mxi-Spa type III secretory pathway of Shigella flexneri requires an outer membrane lipoprotein, MxiM, for invasin translocation. (3/922)
Invasion of epithelial cells by Shigella flexneri is mediated by a set of translocated bacterial invasins, the Ipa proteins, and its dedicated type III secretion system, called Mxi-Spa. We show here that mxiM, part of the mxi-spa locus in the S. flexneri virulence plasmid, encodes an indispensable type III secretion apparatus component, required for both Ipa translocation and tissue culture cell invasion. We demonstrated that mature MxiM, first identified as a putative lipoprotein, is lipidated in vivo. Consistent with features of known lipoproteins, MxiM (i) can be labeled with [3H]palmitate and [2-3H]glycerol, (ii) is associated with the cell envelope, (iii) is secreted independently of the type III pathway, and (iv) requires an intact lipoprotein modification and processing site for full activity. The lipidated form of MxiM was detected primarily in the outer membrane, where it establishes a peripheral association with the inner leaflet. Through analysis of subcellular Ipa distribution in a mxiM null mutant background, MxiM was found to be required for the assembly and/or function of outer, but not inner, membrane regions of Mxi-Spa. This function probably requires interactions with other Mxi-Spa subunits within the periplasmic space. We discuss implications of these findings with respect to the function of MxiM and the structure of Mxi-Spa as a whole. (+info)Adaptive immune response to Shigella flexneri 2a cydC in immunocompetent mice and mice lacking immunoglobulin A. (4/922)
Shigella flexneri cydC, which is deficient in cytochrome bd, was rapidly cleared from the lungs of intranasally inoculated mice and was Sereny negative, yet it induced 93% protection against challenge with wild-type S. flexneri. Mice that lack immunoglobulin A (IgA) were fully protected, suggesting that IgA may not be required for adaptive immunity in this model system. (+info)Rupture of the intestinal epithelial barrier and mucosal invasion by Shigella flexneri. (5/922)
Invasion of the intestinal barrier by Shigella flexneri involves complex interactions with epithelial and phagocytic cells. Major perturbation of the signals that maintain epithelial integrity permits mucosal invasion, leading to tissue destruction. Expression of this invasive phenotype depends on the secretion of Ipa proteins (invasins), which can trigger entry of the pathogen into epithelial cells by causing massive rearrangement of the host cell cytoskeleton and cause macrophage apoptotic death by direct interaction of IpaB with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-converting enzyme. This results in the killing of defense cells and in the release of IL-1beta. In vivo, bacteria translocate through the epithelial barrier, essentially via M cells of the follicle-associated epithelium in the colonic and rectal mucosa. Apoptotic death of macrophages in subepithelial tissues allows bacterial survival and triggers inflammation, which destabilizes epithelial structures and facilitates further bacterial entry. Once they are intracellular, bacteria multiply within the cytoplasm and move from cell to cell by an actin-dependent process. (+info)Enteropathogenic E. coli, Salmonella, and Shigella: masters of host cell cytoskeletal exploitation. (6/922)
Bacterial pathogens have evolved numerous strategies to exploit their host's cellular processes so that they can survive and persist. Often, a bacterium must adhere very tightly to the cells and mediate its effects extracellularly, or it must find a way to invade the host's cells and survive intracellularly. In either case, the pathogen hijacks the host's cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton provides a flexible framework for the cell and is involved in mediating numerous cellular functions, from cell shape and structure to programmed cell death. Altering the host cytoskeleton is crucial for mediating pathogen adherence, invasion, and intracellular locomotion. We highlight recent advances in the pathogenesis of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Shigella flexneri. Each illustrates how bacterial pathogens can exert dramatic effects on the host cytoskeleton. (+info)Safety and immunogenicity of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri 2a O-specific polysaccharide conjugates in children. (7/922)
O-specific polysaccharide conjugates of shigellae were safe and immunogenic in young adults, and a Shigella sonnei conjugate conferred protection [1-3]. Shigellosis is primarily a disease of children; therefore, the safety and immunogenicity of S. sonnei and Shigella flexneri 2a conjugates were studied in 4- to 7-year-old children. Local and systemic reactions were minimal. The first injection of both conjugates elicited significant rises in geometric mean levels of serum IgG only to the homologous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (S. sonnei, 0.32-8.25 ELISA units [EU]; S. flexneri 2a, 1.15-20.5 EU; P<.0001). Revaccination at 6 weeks induced a booster response to S. flexneri 2a LPS (20.5-30.5 EU, P=.003). Six months later, the geometric mean levels of IgG anti-LPS for both groups were higher than the prevaccination levels (P<.0001). Similar, but lesser, rises were observed for IgM and IgA anti-LPS. The investigational Shigella conjugates were safe and immunogenic in children and merit evaluation of their efficacy. (+info)A comparative study of the actin-based motilities of the pathogenic bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri and Rickettsia conorii. (8/922)
Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri, and Rickettsia conorii are three bacterial pathogens that are able to polymerize actin into 'comet tail' structures and move within the cytosol of infected cells. The actin-based motilities of L. monocytogenes and S. flexneri are known to require the bacterial proteins ActA and IcsA, respectively, and several mammalian cytoskeleton proteins including the Arp2/3 complex and VASP (vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein) for L. monocytogenes and vinculin and N-WASP (the neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein) for S. flexneri. In contrast, little is known about the motility of R. conorii. In the present study, we have analysed the actin-based motility of this bacterium in comparison to that of L. monocytogenes and S. flexneri. Rickettsia moved at least three times more slowly than Listeria and Shigella in both infected cells and Xenopus laevis egg extracts. Decoration of actin with the S1 subfragment of myosin in infected cells showed that the comet tails of Rickettsia have a structure strikingly different from those of L. monocytogenes or S. flexneri. In Listeria and Shigella tails, actin filaments form a branching network while Rickettsia tails display longer and not cross-linked actin filaments. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that the two host proteins, VASP and (&agr;)-actinin colocalized with actin in the tails of Rickettsia but neither the Arp2/3 complex which we detected in the Shigella actin tails, nor N-WASP, were detected in Rickettsia actin tails. Taken together, these results suggest that R. conorii may use a different mechanism of actin polymerization. (+info) Dysentery, Bacillary is a type of dysentery caused by the bacterium Shigella. It is characterized by inflammation of the intestine and diarrhea with blood and mucus. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, and tenesmus (painful straining during defecation). The infection is usually spread through contaminated food or water or person-to-person contact.
The diagnosis of bacillary dysentery is based on a combination of clinical findings and laboratory tests, such as fecal cultures or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, which can shorten the duration of diarrhea and reduce the risk of complications. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage dehydration and other complications.
Prevention measures include maintaining good hygiene practices, such as washing hands after using the bathroom or before handling food, and avoiding contaminated water or food. Vaccines are also available for some types of Shigella infections.
Keratoconjunctivitis refers to a condition where there is inflammation of both the cornea and conjunctiva, which are two structures in the eye that work together to maintain vision. The condition can be caused by various factors such as bacterial or viral infections, allergies, or exposure to chemicals.
Symptoms of keratoconjunctivitis may include redness and discharge in both eyes, itching or burning sensations in the eyes, blurred vision, and sensitivity to light. Treatment options for keratoconjunctivitis depend on the underlying cause, but may include antibiotic eye drops, anti-inflammatory medication, or topical creams or ointments.
In severe cases, keratoconjunctivitis can lead to complications such as corneal ulcers, glaucoma, or vision loss if left untreated. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of keratoconjunctivitis.
Diarrhea is a condition where an individual experiences frequent, loose, and watery bowel movements. It can be caused by a variety of factors, such as bacterial or viral infections, food poisoning, allergies, and certain medications. Diarrhea can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances if not properly treated.
There are several types of diarrhea, including:
1. Acute diarrhea: This type of diarrhea is short-term and usually resolves on its own within a few days. It can be caused by a viral or bacterial infection, food poisoning, or medication side effects.
2. Chronic diarrhea: This type of diarrhea persists for more than 4 weeks and can be caused by a variety of conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or celiac disease.
3. Diarrhea-predominant IBS: This type of diarrhea is characterized by frequent, loose stools and abdominal pain or discomfort. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including stress, hormonal changes, and certain foods.
4. Infectious diarrhea: This type of diarrhea is caused by a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection and can be spread through contaminated food and water, close contact with an infected person, or by consuming contaminated food.
Symptoms of diarrhea may include:
* Frequent, loose, and watery stools
* Abdominal cramps and pain
* Bloating and gas
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fever and chills
* Headache
* Fatigue and weakness
Diagnosis of diarrhea is typically made through a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms. Treatment for diarrhea depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, anti-diarrheal medications, fluid replacement, and dietary changes. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat any complications.
Prevention of diarrhea includes:
* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and thoroughly, especially after using the bathroom or before preparing food
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Properly storing and cooking food to prevent contamination
* Drinking safe water and avoiding contaminated water sources
* Avoiding raw or undercooked meat, poultry, and seafood
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause diarrhea
Complications of diarrhea can include:
* Dehydration: Diarrhea can lead to a loss of fluids and electrolytes, which can cause dehydration. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
* Electrolyte imbalance: Diarrhea can also cause an imbalance of electrolytes in the body, which can lead to serious complications.
* Inflammation of the intestines: Prolonged diarrhea can cause inflammation of the intestines, which can lead to abdominal pain and other complications.
* Infections: Diarrhea can be a symptom of an infection, such as a bacterial or viral infection. If left untreated, these infections can lead to serious complications.
* Malnutrition: Prolonged diarrhea can lead to malnutrition and weight loss, which can have long-term effects on health and development.
Treatment of diarrhea will depend on the underlying cause, but may include:
* Fluid replacement: Drinking plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration and replace lost electrolytes.
* Anti-diarrheal medications: Over-the-counter or prescription medications to slow down bowel movements and reduce diarrhea.
* Antibiotics: If the diarrhea is caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection.
* Rest: Getting plenty of rest to allow the body to recover from the illness.
* Dietary changes: Avoiding certain foods or making dietary changes to help manage symptoms and prevent future episodes of diarrhea.
It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any of the following:
* Severe diarrhea that lasts for more than 3 days
* Diarrhea that is accompanied by fever, blood in the stool, or abdominal pain
* Diarrhea that is severe enough to cause dehydration or electrolyte imbalances
* Diarrhea that is not responding to treatment
Prevention of diarrhea includes:
* Good hand hygiene: Washing your hands frequently, especially after using the bathroom or before preparing food.
* Safe food handling: Cooking and storing food properly to prevent contamination.
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause diarrhea, such as rotavirus.
Overall, while diarrhea can be uncomfortable and disruptive, it is usually a minor illness that can be treated at home with over-the-counter medications and plenty of fluids. However, if you experience severe or persistent diarrhea, it is important to seek medical attention to rule out any underlying conditions that may require more formal treatment.
Dysentery is a serious bacterial or parasitic infection that affects the intestines and causes diarrhea, abdominal pain, and other symptoms. There are two main types of dysentery:
1. Bacterial dysentery: This type of dysentery is caused by bacteria such as Shigella or Salmonella and is typically spread through contaminated food or water. Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, and blood in the stool.
2. Amebic dysentery: This type of dysentery is caused by a parasite called Entamoeba histolytica and is typically spread through contaminated food or water. Symptoms include diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain, and blood in the stool.
Dysentery can be diagnosed through a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as stool samples or blood tests. Treatment typically involves antibiotics for bacterial dysentery and antiparasitic medication for amebic dysentery. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications such as dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
Prevention measures for dysentery include:
* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Avoiding contaminated food and water
* Properly storing and preparing food to prevent bacterial growth
* Avoiding risky behaviors such as anal sex, which can increase the risk of contracting amebic dysentery.
The prognosis for dysentery is generally good if treated promptly and effectively. However, if left untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and potentially life-threatening infections.
Shigella flexneri
"Shigella flexneri". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 623. Type strain of Shigella flexneri at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity ... Shigella flexneri is a species of Gram-negative bacteria in the genus Shigella that can cause diarrhea in humans. Several ... Bagamboula, C. F.; Uyttendaele, M.; Debevere, J. (2002). "Acid tolerance of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri". Journal of ... Shigella flexneri Z isolated from diarrheal patients in Bangladesh and a proposed serological scheme for Shigella flexneri". ...
Simon Flexner
Shigella flexneri at Who Named It? Griffen Jr, WO (2004). "Jacob: the other Flexner". Ann Surg. 239 (6): 808-817. doi:10.1097/ ... The bacteria species Shigella flexneri was named in recognition of Flexner. In addition, Flexner was the first to describe ...
Arturo Zychlinsky
Zychlinsky, Arturo; Prevost, Marie Christine; Sansonetti, Philippe J. (July 1992). "Shigella flexneri induces apoptosis in ...
Interspecies quorum sensing
Shigella flexneri use AI-2 to mediate virulence. The major virulence factor in Shigella is the plasmid vir B. The AI-2 ... Cell signaling Quorum sensing Day; Maurelli (2001). "Shigella flexneri LuxS Quorum-Sensing System Modulates virB expression but ... It is likely the high concentrations of AI-2 produced by normal gut flora effect the production of AI-2 in Shigella and its ...
Type three secretion system
In 2001 images of NCs from Shigella flexneri were digitally analyzed and averaged to obtain a first semi-3D structure of the NC ... The helical structure of NCs from Shigella flexneri was resolved at a resolution of 16 Å using X-ray fiber diffraction in 2003 ... One of the most researched T3SS effector is IpaB from Shigella flexneri. It serves a double role, both as a translocator, ... February 2001). "Structure and composition of the Shigella flexneri "needle complex", a part of its type III secreton". ...
Phosphopolyprenol glucosyltransferase
Jankowski W, Mankowski T, Chojnacki T (1974). "Formation of polyprenol monophosphate glucose in Shigella flexneri". Biochim. ...
Bacterial effector protein
Clark, Christina S.; Maurelli, Anthony T. (May 2007). "Shigella flexneri Inhibits Staurosporine-Induced Apoptosis in Epithelial ... "The Tripartite Type III Secreton of Shigella flexneri Inserts Ipab and Ipac into Host Membranes". Journal of Cell Biology. 147 ... "Calpain Activation by the Shigella flexneri Effector VirA Regulates Key Steps in the Formation and Life of the Bacterium's ... By contrast, internalized Shigella avoids the endolysosome system by rapidly lysing its vacuole through the action of the T3SS ...
RyhB
Oglesby AG, Murphy ER, Iyer VR, Payne SM (December 2005). "Fur regulates acid resistance in Shigella flexneri via RyhB and ydeP ... Murphy ER, Payne SM (July 2007). "RyhB, an iron-responsive small RNA molecule, regulates Shigella dysenteriae virulence". ...
Chris Higgins (academic)
"DNA supercoiling and environmental regulation of virulence gene expression in Shigella flexneri". Nature. 344 (6268): 789-792. ...
Shigella sonnei
... is a species of Shigella. Together with Shigella flexneri, it is responsible for 90% of shigellosis cases. ... Shigella sonnei at MicrobeWiki Shigella sonnei in the NCBI Taxonomy Browser Type strain of Shigella sonnei at BacDive - the ... "General Information , Shigella - Shigellosis , CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2017-10-12. Mayo Clinic Staff. "Shigella Infection". Shigella ... Parte, A.C. "Shigella". LPSN. Shigella+sonnei at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ...
Profilin 1
... and intercellular spreading of Shigella flexneri". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (37): 28893-901. doi:10.1074/jbc.M003882200. PMID ...
VIPR1
... and intercellular spreading of Shigella flexneri". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (37): 28893-901. doi:10.1074/jbc. ...
Shigella
Three Shigella groups are the major disease-causing species: S. flexneri is the most frequently isolated species worldwide, and ... Some strains of Shigella produce toxins which contribute to disease during infection. S. flexneri strains produce ShET1 and ... ISBN 978-0-07-146031-6. Mounier, Joëlle; Vasselon, T; Hellio, R; Lesourd, M; Sansonetti, PJ (January 1992). "Shigella flexneri ... Shigella is implicated as one of the pathogenic causes of reactive arthritis worldwide. The genus Shigella is named after ...
WASL (gene)
"Activation of the CDC42 effector N-WASP by the Shigella flexneri IcsA protein promotes actin nucleation by Arp2/3 complex and ... "Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein is implicated in the actin-based motility of Shigella flexneri". The EMBO Journal. 17 ( ... and intercellular spreading of Shigella flexneri". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (37): 28893-901. doi:10.1074/jbc. ... and intercellular spreading of Shigella flexneri". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (37): 28893-901. doi:10.1074/jbc. ...
Bacillary dysentery
Shigella flexneri and Shigella dysenteriae. A study in China indicated that Shigella flexneri 2a was the most common serotype. ... The term is usually restricted to Shigella infections. Shigellosis is caused by one of several types of Shigella bacteria. ... There are several Shigella vaccine candidates in various stages of development that could reduce the incidence of dysentery in ... In addition, chronic arthritis secondary to S. flexneri infection, called reactive arthritis, may be caused by a bacterial ...
List of sequenced bacterial genomes
2003). "Complete genome sequence and comparative genomics of Shigella flexneri serotype 2a strain 2457T". Infection and ... 2002). "Genome sequence of Shigella flexneri 2a: insights into pathogenicity through comparison with genomes of Escherichia ... 2005). "Genome dynamics and diversity of Shigella species, the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery". Nucleic Acids Res. 33 ...
Glutamate decarboxylase
Shigella flexneri, and Escherichia coli". J Bacteriol. 177 (14): 4097-104. doi:10.1128/jb.177.14.4097-4104.1995. PMC 177142. ...
RnaG
... is a small regulatory non-coding RNA encoded by the virulence plasmid of Shigella flexneri, a Gram-negative pathogenic ... a plasmid locus of Shigella flexneri that governs bacterial intra- and intercellular spread through interaction with F-actin". ... "A novel antisense RNA regulates at transcriptional level the virulence gene icsA of Shigella flexneri". Nucleic Acids Research ... It is a first regulatory RNA characterised in S. flexneri. The RNA is 450 nucleotides long (which makes it one of the largest ...
RANBP9
Yao X, Wang HL, Shi ZX, Yan XY, Feng EL, Yang BL, Huang LY (2003). "Identification of RanBMP interacting with Shigella flexneri ...
Pathogenomics
These pseudogenes are observed in organisms such as Shigella flexneri, Salmonella enterica, and Yersinia pestis. Over time, the ... Until 2022, the most sequenced pathogens are Salmonella enterica and E. coli - Shigella. The sequencing technologies, the ...
Microfilament
Actoclampin motors also propel such intracellular pathogens as Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri, Vaccinia and ...
RydB RNA
Homologous RNA genes have been found in other species such as Shigella flexneri and Salmonella species. The molecular function ...
Felix Armin Randow
"GBPs Inhibit Motility of Shigella flexneri but Are Targeted for Degradation by the Bacterial Ubiquitin Ligase IpaH9.8". Cell ...
Haemolysin E
Hemolysin E (HlyE) is a novel pore-forming toxin of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Shigella flexneri. HlyE is ...
IS128 RNA
The IS128 RNA is a non-coding RNA found in bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri. The RNA is 209 nucleotides ...
Aspartate racemase
"SRL pathogenicity island contributes to the metabolism of D-aspartate via an aspartate racemase in Shigella flexneri YSH6000". ...
Protein-secreting ATPase
Schuch R, Maurelli AT (1999). "The Mxi-Spa Type III Secretory Pathway of Shigella flexneri Requires an Outer Membrane ...
Actin
Two basic forms are present in bacteria: Listeria monocytogenes, some species of Rickettsia, Shigella flexneri and other ... Shigella flexneri and Rickettsia conorii". Journal of Cell Science. 112 (11): 1697-1708. doi:10.1242/jcs.112.11.1697. PMID ... L. monocytogenes and S. flexneri both generate a tail in the form of a "comet tail" that gives them mobility. Each species ... with Listeria and Shigella found to be the fastest. Many experiments have demonstrated this mechanism in vitro. This indicates ...
Paracytophagy
The two main examples of paracytophagy are the modes of cell-cell transmission of Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella flexneri ... Certain intracellular pathogens such as the bacterial species Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella flexneri can manipulate host ... and is also commonly observed in Shigella flexneri. Paracytophagy allows these intracellular pathogens to spread directly from ... In the case of Shigella, which also moves using an actin comet tail, the bacterial factor recruits host cell WASPs in order to ...
IS102 RNA
The IS102 RNA is a non-coding RNA that is found in bacteria such as Shigella flexneri and Escherichia coli. The RNA is 208 ...
Congo red
Additionally, Congo red is used for the diagnostics of the Shigella flexneri serotype 2a, where the dye binds the bacterium's ... Furthermore, Congo red may also be used to induce expression of the type III secretion system of Shigella flexneri, bringing ...
Microfold cell
M cells are exploited by several pathogenic gram-negative bacteria including Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhimurium, and ...
Inferring horizontal gene transfer
The analysis of a group of four Escherichia coli and two Shigella flexneri strains revealed that the sequence stretches common ...
C0719 RNA
... nucleotides in length that is found between the yghK and glcB genes in the genomes of Escherichia coli and Shigella flexneri. ...
Katrina Ray
... in microbiology from the University of Manchester and a PhD from Imperial College London where she studied Shigella flexneri. ...
Rong Li
Activation of the CDC42 effector N-WASP by the Shigella flexneri IcsA protein promotes actin nucleation by Arp2/3 complex and ...
GlmY RNA
The GlmY RNA gene is present in Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Yersinia pestis and Salmonella species, where it is found ...
Serum amyloid A1
Shigella flexneri, Vibrio cholerae and P. aeruginosa. Exposure of these Gram-negative bacteria to SAA1 promotes uptake of the ...
Inflammasome
Shigella flexneri or Escherichia coli. Furthermore, secretion of IL-18 could be triggered by cytosolic LPS in epithelial cells ...
Othello Washington
"Effect of guinea pig or monkey colonic mucus on Shigella aggregation and invasion of HeLa cells by Shigella flexneri 1b and 2a ... Washington also was a contributing author on a 1986 study of Shigella pathogenesis. Falkow, Stanley (2020). And what's beyond ...
Nucleomodulin
Shigella flexneri, responsible for shigellosis, secretes the IpaH9.8 protein targeting a mRNA splicing protein that disrupts ... such as YopM from Yersinia pestis and IpaH9.8 from Shigella flexneri, can autonomously penetrate eukaryotic cells thanks to a ... Okuda, Jun; Toyotome, Takahito; Kataoka, Naoyuki; Ohno, Mutsuhito (July 2005). "Shigella effector IpaH9.8 binds to a splicing ... Toyotome, Takahito; Suzuki, Toshihiko; Kuwae, Asaomi; Nonaka, Takashi (2001-08-24). "Shigella Protein IpaH 9.8 Is Secreted from ...
Omptin
Found in the outer membrane of gram-negative enterobacteria such as Shigella flexneri, Yersinia pestis, Escherichia coli, and ...
Shigella flexneri Serotype 3 Infections Among Men Who Have Sex with Men --- Chicago, Illinois, 2003--2004
Outbreak of Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei enterocolitis in men who have sex with men, Quebec, 1999 to 2001. Can Commun ... S. flexneri causes approximately 18% of U.S. Shigella infections (1). The national incidence of S. flexneri infections ... The persistence of Shigella flexneri in the United States: increasing role of adult males. Am J Public Health 1988;78:1432--5. ... Shigella flexneri Serotype 3 Infections Among Men Who Have Sex with Men --- Chicago, Illinois, 2003--2004. ...
Multidrug resistance protein MdtK (Shigella flexneri) | Protein Target - PubChem
IpaB mediates macrophage apoptosis induced by Shigella flexneri - PubMed
Shigella can only cause damage if it escapes from the phagolysosome into the cytoplasm. The S. flexneri cytotoxic genes have ... Shigella flexneri kills macrophages through apoptosis, involving the induction of host cell DNA fragmentation and ... IpaB mediates macrophage apoptosis induced by Shigella flexneri A Zychlinsky 1 , B Kenny, R Ménard, M C Prévost, I B Holland, P ... IpaB mediates macrophage apoptosis induced by Shigella flexneri A Zychlinsky et al. Mol Microbiol. 1994 Feb. ...
RCSB PDB - 3C8H: Crystal structure of the enterobactin esterase FES from Shigella flexneri in the presence of 2,3-Di-hydroxy-N...
Crystal structure of the enterobactin esterase FES from Shigella flexneri in the presence of 2,3-Di-hydroxy-N-benzoyl-serine ... Shigella flexneri 2a str. 2457T. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: fes, S0503, SF0497. ... Crystal structure of the enterobactin esterase FES from Shigella flexneri in the presence of 2,3-Di-hydroxy-N-benzoyl-serine. * ... Siderophore Mediated Iron Acquisition: Structure and Specificity of Enterobactin Esterase from Shigella flexneri.. Kim, Y., ...
CARD4/Nod1 mediates NF-kappaB and JNK activation by invasive Shigella flexneri - Research - Institut Pasteur
Using invasive Shigella flexneri to deliver LPS into the cytosol, we examined how this factor, once intracellular, activates ... CARD4/Nod1 mediates NF-kappaB and JNK activation by invasive Shigella flexneri. ... Dominant-negative versions of CARD4 block activation of NF-kappaB and JNK by S. flexneri as well as microinjected LPS. Finally ... Biochemical studies reveal enhanced oligomerization of CARD4 upon S. flexneri infection, an event necessary for NF-kappaB ...
2023 ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code A03.1: Shigellosis due to Shigella flexneri
ICD 10 code for Shigellosis due to Shigella flexneri. Get free rules, notes, crosswalks, synonyms, history for ICD-10 code ... Shigellosis due to Shigella flexneri. 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Billable/Specific Code *A03.1 is a billable/ ... Infection due to group b shigella. ICD-10-CM A03.1 is grouped within Diagnostic Related Group(s) (MS-DRG v40.0): *371 Major ...
Extensively Drug-Resistant Shigella flexneri 2a, California, USA, 2022. | Emerg Infect Dis;29(7): 1473-1475, 2023 07. |...
Extensively Drug-Resistant Shigella flexneri 2a, California, USA, 2022. Extensively Drug-Resistant Shigella flexneri 2a, ... Disenteria Bacilar; Shigella; Masculino; Humanos; Shigella flexneri/genética; Antibacterianos/farmacologia; Antibacterianos/uso ... California; NGS; Shigella; United States; WGS; XDR; bacteria; extensively drug resistant; next-generation sequencing; whole- ... Shigella / Disenteria Bacilar Tipo de estudo: Estudo diagnóstico Limite: Humanos / Masculino País/Região como assunto: América ...
Shigella flexneri (EW-10) | The Antimicrobial Index Knowledgebase - TOKU-E
Atomic structure of bacteriophage Sf6 tail needle knob
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Structures of the Shigella flexneri type 3 secretion system protein MxiC reveal conformational variability amongst homologues. ...
Despite weak sequence homology between proteins of this family, the crystal structures of Shigella flexneri MxiC we present ... Interestingly, comparison of the Shigella and Yersinia structures reveals a significant structural change that results in ... Structures of the Shigella flexneri type 3 secretion system protein MxiC reveal conformational variability amongst homologues. ... Structures of the Shigella flexneri type 3 secretion system protein MxiC reveal conformational variability amongst homologues. ...
Transcytosis subversion by M cell-to-enterocyte spread promotes Shigella flexneri and Listeria monocytogenes intracellular...
We focused on the intracellular pathogen Shigella flexneri, classically reported to transcytose through M cells to initiate ... Our workflow was critical to reveal that S. flexneri develops a bimodal lifestyle within M cells leading to rapid transcytosis ... Pathogen motility Shigella flexneri Listeria monocytogenes Intracellular pathogens Caco-2 cells B cells Fluorescence microscopy ... We focused on the intracellular pathogen Shigella flexneri, classically reported to transcytose through M cells to initiate ...
Exit from dormancy in microbial organisms | Nature Reviews Microbiology
Fogarty awards $10M for early-career researchers to establish independent careers in global health - Fogarty International...
Entrez Direct Examples - Entrez Programming Utilities Help - NCBI Bookshelf
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A7ZKY5 | SWISS-MODEL Repository
Shigella sp: A0A355MLQ5; Shigella sonnei: A0A0I1QWV7; Shigella flexneri: P0A7I3, A0A380B0Q6; Shigella dysenteriae: A0A1S9KGF7; ... Shigella flexneri 2a: A0A822PBR9; Escherichia coli: B6I9S6; Escherichia coli O1:K1 / APEC: A1AAD8; Shigella flexneri serotype ... Shigella flexneri K-227: F5NTF6; Shigella dysenteriae 1617: E2XIA5; Escherichia coli MS 117-3: E9TIX6; Escherichia coli MS 84-1 ... Shigella boydii: A0A1S9J7C5; Escherichia coli: C4ZTQ2; Shigella flexneri serotype X: D2ADK0; Escherichia coli O7:K1: B7NUX7; ...
Biomarkers Search
All Purpose
Shigella flexneri serotype 1B Sanitizes: • Enterobacter aerogenes • Staphylococcus aureus Fungistatic: • Aspergillus niger ( ... Shigella flexneri serotype 1B Sanitizes: • Enterobacter aerogenes • Staphylococcus aureus Fungistatic: • Aspergillus niger ( ... Shigella flexneri serotype 1B Sanitizes: • Enterobacter aerogenes • Staphylococcus aureus Fungistatic: • Aspergillus niger ( ... Shigella flexneri serotype 1B Sanitizes: • Enterobacter aerogenes • Staphylococcus aureus Fungistatic: • Aspergillus niger ( ...
id|key id|primary name|gopher term class|icd9 code id|word synonyms|excluded from phr|excluded from cms|excluded from phr2...
Shigella Flexneri (Group B),i,20,,1,0,2,,, 3114,4161,Portocaval Shunt,s,,,0,0,0,,, 3115,25518,Hypertension Renal Dis Benign w/ ... No Shigella Spp,i,,,1,0,2,,, 661,2827,Gastrectomy Total,s,,,0,0,0,,, 662,8285,Hip Dislocation,r,9683,DISLOCATE;DISLOCATION; ... Shigella Dysenteriae (Group A),i,19,,1,0,2,,, 2515,5441,Citrobacter Amalonaticus,i,,,1,0,2,,, 2516,4776,Cardiac Myxoma,h,1872, ... Shigella Species,i,24,,1,0,2,,, 639,20149,Meningeal Carcinomatosis,n,,MENINGES;MENINGEAL,0,0,0,,, 640,20150, ...
Biomarkers Search
Genes | March 2020 - Browse Articles
Shigella flexneri is the principal cause of bacillary dysentery, contributing significantly to the global burden of diarrheal ... Shigella flexneri is the principal cause of bacillary dysentery, contributing significantly to the global burden of diarrheal ... Functional Annotation and Curation of Hypothetical Proteins Present in A Newly Emerged Serotype 1c of Shigella flexneri: ... The appearance and increase in the multi-drug resistance among Shigella strains, necessitates further genetic studies and ...
Esther Bullitt | Physiology & Biophysics
SHORT REPORT: HIGH INCIDENCE OF SHIGELLOSIS AMONG PERUVIAN SOLDIERS DEPLOYED IN THE AMAZON RIVER BASIN in: The American Journal...
... of the Shigella isolates were S. flexneri, of which 57 (69%) were serotype 2a. Seventy-six percent of Shigella isolates were ... Peruvian soldiers may be an excellent population in which to test the efficacy of S. flexneri vaccines in advanced development. ... Shigella spp. were the most common bacterial pathogen recovered from recruits experiencing diarrhea episodes. These bacteria ... of the Shigella isolates were S. flexneri, of which 57 (69%) were serotype 2a. Seventy-six percent of Shigella isolates were ...
Shigellosis Biology and Genetics | NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Recently, scientists have determined the complete genome sequences (genetic blueprint) for Shigella flexneri, as well as other ... Investigators are further defining the ways by which the toxins produced by Shigella result in the kidney damage leading to ... Scientists have identified genes that permit Shigella to obtain iron, an essential nutrient, from the human body. In addition, ...
Antimicrobial effectiveness of pine needle extract on foodborne illness bacteria | Request PDFSonnei7
- The majority of Shigella infections in the United States are caused by S. sonnei and affect young children and their caretakers. (cdc.gov)
- since the 1970s, outbreaks of shigellosis attributable to S . flexneri and more recently S . sonnei have been reported among MSM in major cities in North America ( 3-- 5 ) , Europe ( 6 ), and Australia ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
- Characterization of virulence plasmids and plasmid-associated outer membrane proteins in Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, and Escherichia coli. (nih.gov)
- There are four known Shigella species, and the vast majority of infections in the US are caused by Shigella sonnei and flexneri . (cdc.gov)
- Shigella sonnei , also called "group D" Shigella, is responsible for most cases of shigellosis in the United States. (medlineplus.gov)
- The purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to solicit research applications focused on advancing development of vaccine candidates against Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A, and two Shigella species, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei . (nih.gov)
- This FOA reflects priorities for further development of vaccines against select NIAID high priority Category B enteric bacteria responsible for a high burden of diarrheal disease globally, specifically - ETEC, Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei . (nih.gov)
Serotype4
- Atypical va- from S. flexneri serotype X variant (SFxv), which was rieties were prevalent mainly in developed regions, and 1 recently reported in China ( 8 ), because it reacted with variant has become the dominant Shigella spp. (cdc.gov)
- During 2003--2004, the Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) investigated an increase in reported Shigella flexneri serotype 3 infections among adult males. (cdc.gov)
- 18 years, with accompanying isolation of S. flexneri serotype 3 from stool culture. (cdc.gov)
- All invasive S. flexneri strains, irrespective of serotype, were found to harbor a large plasmid of approximately 140 megadaltons in size, although some strains carried additional plasmid species. (nih.gov)
Proteins2
- 3. Lactoferrin-binding proteins in Shigella flexneri. (nih.gov)
- The HLA-B27 antigen shares some amino acid homology with proteins from several gram-negative bacteria, including Yersinia enterocolitica , Shigella flexneri , and Chlamydia trachomatis , as well as from gram-negative bacteria found in the GI tract. (medscape.com)
Escherichia2
Salmonella7
- ABSTRACT In this study, the serogroup and susceptibility patterns of Shigella and Salmonella spp. (who.int)
- Antibiograms of Shigella and Salmonella spp. (who.int)
- Shigella were susceptible to gentamicin (100%) and nalidixic acid (97.3%) and Shigella and Salmonella were 100.0% susceptible to norfloxacin. (who.int)
- Dans cette étude, le sérogroupe et le profil de sensibilité de bactéries Shigella et de Salmonella spp. (who.int)
- Les antibiogrammes réalisés sur les espèces Shigella et Salmonella ont montré une résistance de 100 % à l'érythromycine et des taux de résistance élevés (≥ 75 %) à l'ampicilline, à la céfalotine, au chloramphénicol et à la tétracycline. (who.int)
- Shigella était sensible à la gentamicine (100 %) et à l'acide nalidixique (97,3 %) et Shigella et Salmonella étaient sensibles à 100 % à la norfloxacine. (who.int)
- Further, Salmonella and Shigella are listed at the Serious threat level in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) 2013 and 2019 reports on Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States , which cite urgent need to combat multi drug resistant (MDR) strains. (nih.gov)
Strains2
- Representative Shigella flexneri strains were studied to determine whether plasmids are involved in their virulence. (nih.gov)
- Shigella flexneri sensitive and resistant strains were used for checking antimicrobial activity of Asiatic acid by gentamicin protection assay. (bvsalud.org)
Intracellular4
- Asiatic acid inhibits intracellular Shigella flexneri growth by inducing antimicrobial peptide gene expression. (bvsalud.org)
- The aim of this study is to show how Asiatic acid , a plant-derived compound , inhibits the intracellular growth of Shigella flexneri . (bvsalud.org)
- Overall, Asiatic acid up-regulates antimicrobial peptide gene expression and inhibits intracellular S. flexneri growth . (bvsalud.org)
- We focused on the intracellular pathogen Shigella flexneri, classically reported to transcytose through M cells to initiate bacillary dysentery in humans, while eliciting poorly protective immune responses. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Bacterial2
- Shigella is the third most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- Invasive bacterial pathogens such as Shigella flexneri force their uptake into non-phagocytic host cells. (pasteur.fr)
Isolates4
- Health-care providers were asked to report all Shigella infections among Chicago residents to CDPH and to send Shigella isolates to the state public health laboratory for speciation. (cdc.gov)
- the remaining two isolates were S. flexneri subtype 3b. (cdc.gov)
- Seven closely related PFGE patterns were identified among the 11 S. flexneri subtype 3a isolates subtyped by PFGE. (cdc.gov)
- Among the 76 Shigella isolates serogroup B (Sh. (who.int)
Bacteria4
- Recently, scientists have determined the complete genome sequences (genetic blueprint) for Shigella flexneri , as well as other major enteric bacteria. (nih.gov)
- It is caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. (medlineplus.gov)
- Getting just a little bit of the Shigella bacteria into your mouth is enough to cause infection. (medlineplus.gov)
- Bacteria que es uno de los agentes que producen DISENTERÍA BACILAR y en ocasiones gastroenteritis infantil. (bvsalud.org)
Infections5
- S. flexneri causes approximately 18% of U.S. Shigella infections ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- The national incidence of S. flexneri infections decreased 64% from 1989 to 2002 ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- Some grantees will look into issues unique to their regions, countries and communities: sickle cell disease in infants, the role of genetics in craniofacial and dental anomalies, treatment for Guillain-Barré syndrome, and causes of Shigella flexneri infections. (nih.gov)
- First, we'll share some background on Shigella infections, including transmission and populations at greatest risk. (cdc.gov)
- Next, we'll provide an overview of the national surveillance systems used to detect XDR Shigella infections. (cdc.gov)
Vaccine1
- The World Health Organization (WHO) published the ETEC vaccine Preferred Product Characteristics (PPC) in August 2021, and the Shigella vaccine PPC in November 2021. (nih.gov)
Clinical2
Organisms1
- The low inoculum required for Shigella infection (as few as 10--200 organisms) facilitates person-to-person transmission. (cdc.gov)
Resistance1
- A rapid rise in resistance to conventional antibiotics for Shigella spp. (bvsalud.org)
Navigation1
- fr]En cliquant sur « Accepter tous les cookies », vous acceptez le stockage de cookies sur votre appareil pour améliorer la navigation sur le site, analyser son utilisation et contribuer à nos efforts de marketing pour soutenir la recherche. (pasteur.fr)
Group2
- Samples were screened for the presence of Shigella agglutinate with monovalent anti-II type antisera and mon- ovalent anti-3,4 and anti-7,8 group antisera. (cdc.gov)
- Shigella dysenteriae, or "group A" Shigella is rare in the United States. (medlineplus.gov)
Data1
- These data directly demonstrate that this large S. flexneri plasmid encodes or regulates some function(s) required for epithelial cell penetration. (nih.gov)
Children1
- About 1 in 10 children (under age 15) with severe Shigella enteritis develop nervous system problems. (medlineplus.gov)
Public Health1
- and review what CDC is doing to learn more about extensively drug-resistant Shigella in the United States and how clinicians and public health officials can help through testing and reporting. (cdc.gov)
Year1
- An estimated 450,000 persons each year in the US are infected with Shigella , resulting in over 6,000 hospitalizations and over 3 million dollars in direct healthcare costs annually. (cdc.gov)
Cells1
- Our workflow was critical to reveal that S. flexneri develops a bimodal lifestyle within M cells leading to rapid transcytosis or delayed vacuolar rupture, followed by direct actin motility-based propagation to neighboring enterocytes. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Susceptibility3
- S. flexneri 2a was isolated from all three patients and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using semi-automated broth microdilution panels. (medscape.com)
- Azithromycin inhibited the isolates at a minimum concentration of 2 or 4 µ g/mL, which is similar to the azithromycin minimum inhibitory concentrations among Shigellae in the United States during 2005-2007 (no breakpoint for Shigella susceptibility to azithromycin has been established). (medscape.com)
- ABSTRACT In this study, the serogroup and susceptibility patterns of Shigella and Salmonella spp. (who.int)
Infections3
- Some grantees will look into issues unique to their regions, countries and communities: sickle cell disease in infants, the role of genetics in craniofacial and dental anomalies, treatment for Guillain-Barré syndrome, and causes of Shigella flexneri infections. (nih.gov)
- First, we'll share some background on Shigella infections, including transmission and populations at greatest risk. (cdc.gov)
- Next, we'll provide an overview of the national surveillance systems used to detect XDR Shigella infections. (cdc.gov)
Organism1
- Shigella flexneri is a facultative intracellular organism that causes bacillary dysentery. (nih.gov)
ETEC1
- The World Health Organization (WHO) published the ETEC vaccine Preferred Product Characteristics (PPC) in August 2021, and the Shigella vaccine PPC in November 2021. (nih.gov)
Diarrheal2
- On October 20, 2010, the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control and CDC began investigating a cluster of three diarrheal illnesses caused by multidrug-resistant Shigella flexneri 2a. (medscape.com)
- 5 years of sionally designated S. flexneri X variant (-:7,8, E1037), age die from diarrheal diseases ( 1 ), which is of par- indole-negative variety. (cdc.gov)
Invasion2
Severe1
- About 1 in 10 children (under age 15) with severe Shigella enteritis develop nervous system problems. (medlineplus.gov)
Clinical1
- Prolonged laboratory observations on clinical cases and carriers of Shigella flexneri III following an epidemic. (nih.gov)
Persons1
- An estimated 450,000 persons each year in the US are infected with Shigella , resulting in over 6,000 hospitalizations and over 3 million dollars in direct healthcare costs annually. (cdc.gov)
Study1
- Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if Shigella has the ability to inhibit apoptosis in epithelial cells. (nih.gov)
Result1
- Investigators are further defining the ways by which the toxins produced by Shigella result in the kidney damage leading to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a life-threatening condition. (nih.gov)
Human1
- Scientists have identified genes that permit Shigella to obtain iron, an essential nutrient, from the human body. (nih.gov)
