Shigella. Medical search

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production. Its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY).

A bacterium which is one of the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY) and sometimes of infantile gastroenteritis.

A lactose-fermenting bacterium causing dysentery.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is extremely pathogenic and causes severe dysentery. Infection with this organism often leads to ulceration of the intestinal epithelium.

DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).

One of the SHIGELLA species that produces bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY).

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY) caused by species of SHIGELLA.

Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.

The lipopolysaccharide-protein somatic antigens, usually from gram-negative bacteria, important in the serological classification of enteric bacilli. The O-specific chains determine the specificity of the O antigens of a given serotype. O antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility.

An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

A class of toxins that inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the interaction of ribosomal RNA; (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) with PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTORS. They include SHIGA TOXIN which is produced by SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE and a variety of shiga-like toxins that are produced by pathologic strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI such as ESCHERICHIA COLI O157.

Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.

Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)

Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms occur in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. The species are either nonpathogenic or opportunistic pathogens.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in fish and other aquatic animals and in a variety of mammals, including man. Its organisms probably do not belong to the normal intestinal flora of man and can cause diarrhea.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of TRIMETHOPRIM.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.

Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).

A method where a culturing surface inoculated with microbe is exposed to small disks containing known amounts of a chemical agent resulting in a zone of inhibition (usually in millimeters) of growth of the microbe corresponding to the susceptibility of the strain to the agent.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.

A synthetic 1,8-naphthyridine antimicrobial agent with a limited bacteriocidal spectrum. It is an inhibitor of the A subunit of bacterial DNA GYRASE.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

A toxin produced by SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE. It is the prototype of class of toxins that inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the interaction of ribosomal RNA; (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) with PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTORS.

It is a form of protection provided by law. In the United States this protection is granted to authors of original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. This protection is available to both published and unpublished works. (from Circular of the United States Copyright Office, 6/30/2008)

Protective measures against unauthorized access to or interference with computer operating systems, telecommunications, or data structures, especially the modification, deletion, destruction, or release of data in computers. It includes methods of forestalling interference by computer viruses or so-called computer hackers aiming to compromise stored data.

The privacy of information and its protection against unauthorized disclosure.

The state of being free from intrusion or disturbance in one's private life or affairs. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, 1993)

Tyrosine phosphorylation is required for actin-based motility of vaccinia but not Listeria or Shigella. (1/669)

Studies of the actin-based motility of pathogens have provided important insights into the events occurring at the leading edge of motile cells [1] [2] [3]. To date, several actin-cytoskeleton-associated proteins have been implicated in the motility of Listeria or Shigella: vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), vinculin and the actin-related protein complex of Arp2 and Arp3 [4] [5] [6] [7]. To further investigate the underlying mechanism of actin-tail assembly, we examined the localization of components of the actin cytoskeleton including Arp3, VASP, vinculin and zyxin during vaccinia, Listeria and Shigella infections. The most striking difference between the systems was that a phosphotyrosine signal was observed only at the site of vaccinia actin-tail assembly. Micro-injection experiments demonstrated that a phosphotyrosine protein plays an important role in vaccinia actin-tail formation. In addition, we observed a phosphotyrosine signal on clathrin-coated vesicles that have associated actin-tail-like structures and on endogenous vesicles in Xenopus egg extracts which are able to nucleate actin tails [8] [9]. Our observations indicate that a host phosphotyrosine protein is required for the nucleation of actin filaments by vaccinia and suggest that this phosphoprotein might be associated with cellular membranes that can nucleate actin. (+info)

Interactions between vaccinia virus IEV membrane proteins and their roles in IEV assembly and actin tail formation. (2/669)

The intracellular enveloped form of vaccinia virus (IEV) induces the formation of actin tails that are strikingly similar to those seen in Listeria and Shigella infections. In contrast to the case for Listeria and Shigella, the vaccinia virus protein(s) responsible for directly initiating actin tail formation remains obscure. However, previous studies with recombinant vaccinia virus strains have suggested that the IEV-specific proteins A33R, A34R, A36R, B5R, and F13L play an undefined role in actin tail formation. In this study we have sought to understand how these proteins, all of which are predicted to have small cytoplasmic domains, are involved in IEV assembly and actin tail formation. Our data reveal that while deletion of A34R, B5R, or F13L resulted in a severe reduction in IEV particle assembly, IEVs formed by the DeltaB5R and DeltaF13L deletion strains, but not DeltaA34R, were still able to induce actin tails. The DeltaA36R deletion strain produced normal amounts of IEV particles, although these were unable to induce actin tails. Using several different approaches, we demonstrated that A36R is a type Ib membrane protein with a large, 195-amino-acid cytoplasmic domain exposed on the surface of IEV particles. Finally, coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that A36R interacts with A33R and A34R but not with B5R and that B5R forms a complex with A34R but not with A33R or A36R. Using extracts from DeltaA34R- and DeltaA36R-infected cells, we found that the interaction of A36R with A33R and that of A34R with B5R are independent of A34R and A36R, respectively. We conclude from our observations that multiple interactions between IEV membrane proteins exist which have important implications for IEV assembly and actin tail formation. Furthermore, these data suggest that while A34R is involved in IEV assembly and organization, A36R is critical for actin tail formation. (+info)

Host cell death due to enteropathogenic Escherichia coli has features of apoptosis. (3/669)

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a cause of prolonged watery diarrhea in children in developing countries. The ability of EPEC to kill host cells was investigated in vitro in assays using two human cultured cell lines, HeLa (cervical) and T84 (colonic). EPEC killed epithelial cells as assessed by permeability to the vital dyes trypan blue and propidium iodide. In addition, EPEC triggered changes in the host cell, suggesting apoptosis as the mode of death; such changes included early expression of phosphatidylserine on the host cell surface and internucleosomal cleavage of host cell DNA. Genistein, an inhibitor of tyrosine kinases, and wortmannin, an inhibitor of host phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, markedly increased EPEC-induced cell death and enhanced the features of apoptosis. EPEC-induced cell death was contact dependent and required adherence of live bacteria to the host cell. A quantitative assay for EPEC-induced cell death was developed by using the propidium iodide uptake method adapted to a fluorescence plate reader. With EPEC, the rate and extent of host cell death were less that what has been reported for Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia, three other genera of enteric bacteria known to cause apoptosis. However, rapid apoptosis of the host cell may not favor the pathogenic strategy of EPEC, a mucosa-adhering, noninvasive pathogen. (+info)

Safety and immunogenicity of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri 2a O-specific polysaccharide conjugates in children. (4/669)

O-specific polysaccharide conjugates of shigellae were safe and immunogenic in young adults, and a Shigella sonnei conjugate conferred protection [1-3]. Shigellosis is primarily a disease of children; therefore, the safety and immunogenicity of S. sonnei and Shigella flexneri 2a conjugates were studied in 4- to 7-year-old children. Local and systemic reactions were minimal. The first injection of both conjugates elicited significant rises in geometric mean levels of serum IgG only to the homologous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (S. sonnei, 0.32-8.25 ELISA units [EU]; S. flexneri 2a, 1.15-20.5 EU; P<.0001). Revaccination at 6 weeks induced a booster response to S. flexneri 2a LPS (20.5-30.5 EU, P=.003). Six months later, the geometric mean levels of IgG anti-LPS for both groups were higher than the prevaccination levels (P<.0001). Similar, but lesser, rises were observed for IgM and IgA anti-LPS. The investigational Shigella conjugates were safe and immunogenic in children and merit evaluation of their efficacy. (+info)

IpaC induces actin polymerization and filopodia formation during Shigella entry into epithelial cells. (5/669)

Shigella proteins that are targeted to host cells by a type III secretion apparatus are essential for reorganization of the cytoskeleton during cell invasion. We have developed a semi-permeabilized cell assay that tests the effects of bacterial proteins on the actin cytoskeleton. The Shigella IpaC protein was found to induce the formation of filopodial and lamellipodial extensions in these semi-permeabilized cells. Microinjection of IpaC into cells, or cellular expression of IpaC also led to the formation of filopodial structures. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the C-terminus of IpaC inhibited the IpaC-induced extensions, whereas an anti-N-terminal IpaC mAb stimulated extensive lamellae formation. Shigella induced foci of actin polymerization in the permeabilized cells and these were inhibited by anti-C-terminal IpaC mAbs. Consistent with a role for IpaC in Shigella-induced cytoskeletal rearrangements during entry, stable transfectants expressing IpaC challenged with Shigella showed increased bacterial internalization. IpaC-induced extensions were inhibited by a dominant-interfering form of Cdc42 or the Cdc42-binding domain of WASP, whereas a dominant-interfering form of Rac resulted in inhibition of lamellae formation. We conclude that IpaC leads to activation of Cdc42 which in turn, causes activation of Rac, both GTPases being required for Shigella entry. (+info)

Shigellosis and Escherichia coli diarrhea: relative importance of invasive and toxigenic mechanisms. (6/669)

Shigellae and dysentery-like Escherichia coli must invade the epithelium of the colon to cause disease which can present as dysentery, diarrhea, or both. This paper addresses the possible role of a Shigella dysenteriae-like (Shiga-like) toxin in the pathogenesis of shigellosis and E. coli diarrheal diseases. The possibility for such a role is suggested by the following observations: 1) diarrhea, considered to be a result of secretion of water by the small bowel, is frequently observed in shigellosis, a large bowel disease. 2) Even though shigellae do not invade the jejunum of monkeys fed Shigella flexneri, jejunal secretion is seen in animals with diarrhea. 3) The Shiga toxin of S. dysenteriae has enterotoxic activity and other serotypes of shigellae produce Shiga-like toxins. 4) E. coli 015 RDEC-1 causes a diarrheal disease and frequently death in young rabbits. This organism neither produces E. coli enterotoxins nor is it invasive, but it may produce low levels of a Shiga-like toxin. (+info)

Interaction of Shiga toxins with human brain microvascular endothelial cells: cytokines as sensitizing agents. (7/669)

Neurologic abnormalities are among the most serious extraintestinal complications of infection with Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing bacteria. Histopathologic examination of tissues from patients with extraintestinal sequelae suggested that Stxs damage endothelial cells. It is shown here that human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) are relatively resistant to purified Stxs (50% cytotoxic doses [CD50s] >/=10 microgram/mL). Pretreatment of HBMECs with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, n-butyric acid, or a cAMP analogue resulted in a 103- to 104-fold decrease in CD50 values and a 2- to 4-fold increase in fluoresceinated Stx binding to HBMECs. Treatment of HBMECs with lipopolysaccharides did not significantly alter cytotoxicity or toxin binding. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta treatment was associated with the increased HBMEC expression of the toxin-binding glycolipid globotriaosylceramide. HBMECs did not produce IL-1beta and produced only trace amounts of TNF-alpha when stimulated with purified Stx1 in vitro. (+info)

Typing and characterization of mechanisms of resistance of Shigella spp. isolated from feces of children under 5 years of age from Ifakara, Tanzania. (8/669)

Eighty-six strains of Shigella spp. were isolated during the dry season from stool samples of children under 5 years of age in Ifakara, Tanzania. The epidemiological relationship as well as the antimicrobial susceptibility and mechanisms of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole were investigated. Four different epidemiological tools, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP)-PCR, plasmid analysis, and antibiogram, were compared for typing Shigella strains. Seventy-eight (90%) strains were Shigella flexneri and were distributed into four groups, by either PFGE or REP-PCR, with 51, 17, 7, and 3 strains. The four strains of Shigella dysenteriae belonged to the same group, and the four strains of Shigella sonnei were distributed in two groups with three and one strain each. Plasmid analysis showed a high level of heterogeneity among strains belonging to the same PFGE group, while the antibiogram was less discriminative. REP-PCR provided an alternative, rapid, powerful genotyping method for Shigella spp. Overall, antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed a high level of resistance to ampicillin (81.8%), chloramphenicol (72.7%), tetracycline (96.9%), and co-trimoxazole (87.9%). Ampicillin resistance was related to an integron-borne OXA-1-type beta-lactamase in 85.1% of the cases and to a TEM-1-type beta-lactamase in the remaining 14.8%. Resistance to co-trimoxazole was due to the presence of a dhfr Ia gene in all groups except one of S. flexneri, where a dhfr VII gene was found within an integron. Chloramphenicol resistance was associated in every case with positive chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity. All strains were susceptible to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and cefoxitin. Therefore, these antimicrobial agents may be good alternatives for the treatment of diarrhea caused by Shigella in Tanzania. (+info)

... shigella; syphilis; tuberculosis; and Ureaplasma urealyticum. As with other sexual practices, people without sound knowledge ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_sex

Shigella spp., E. coli, B. proteus, S. epidermidis and Staph. aureus, Cl. welchii, B. cereus and faecal streptococci. These ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_spoilage

Shigella spp., and urinary tract infections that are caused by E. coli and Staphylococcus spp. Also the introduction of L. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_fermentum

Shigella). Organisms that ferment lactose display "nucleated colonies"-colonies with dark centers. This medium is important in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosin_methylene_blue

The most common triggers are intestinal infections (with Salmonella, Shigella or Campylobacter) and sexually transmitted ... Shigella spp., Yersinia spp., and Campylobacter spp. A bout of food poisoning or a gastrointestinal infection may also precede ... the disease (the last four genera of bacteria mentioned above are enteric bacteria). Shigella is the most common organism ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_arthritis

They cite in support of this argument research published in 1973 that found that treating Shigella with the anti-diarrhea drug ... are a common cause of bacterial diarrhea, but infections by Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and some strains of Escherichia coli ... Dysentery is a symptom of, among others, Shigella, Entamoeba histolytica, and Salmonella. Diarrheal disease may have a negative ... New vaccines against rotavirus, Shigella, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), and cholera are under development, as well ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea

Shigella sp., Enterobacter sp., and Streptococcus sp. The following represents minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceftibuten

Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp. are other common bacterial pathogens. Campylobacter, Yersinia, Aeromonas, and Plesiomonas spp ... Several vaccine candidates targeting ETEC or Shigella are in various stages of development. One 2007 review found that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelers'_diarrhea

Marler Clark, L. L. P. (2020-04-22). "Shigella Food Poisoning". Shigella Food Poisoning. Retrieved 2020-04-22. FDA warns ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gategroup

ShigActive™. Targets Shigella species. ShigActive™ has been shown to be efficacious in mice. In 2020, Intralytix was awarded a ... ShigaShield™. Targets Shigella strains responsible for the majority of foodborne disease, including S. flexneri, S. sonnei, and ... used to treat Shigella, received clearance by the FDA in 2017. As of May 2020, Intralytix has four FDA- and USDA-approved ... for managing infections caused by the bacterial pathogen Shigella. These Phase 1/2a studies are anticipated to begin in 2021. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intralytix

These species of bacteria are classified under the Shigella genus. Species of Shigella are further separated by serogroups that ... After the Shigella dysenteriae discovery, Kiyoshi Shiga worked with Paul Ehrlich in Europe on discovering chemotherapy methods ... After the discovery of Shigella, Shiga worked with Paul Ehrlich in Germany from 1901 to 1905. When he returned to Japan, he ... Kiyoshi Shiga initially called the bacteria Bacillus dysenteriae, but the name was later changed to Shigella dysenteriae as a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyoshi_Shiga

Phage-Typing of Shigella sonnei. Stockholm. OCLC 5140885 Lilleengen, K. 1948. Typing of Salmonella typhimurium by means of ... Polish; Morphology and Ultrastructure of Shigella and Klebsiella bacteriophages] OCLC 6943982 Champe, S. P. 1974. Phage. Dowden ... Morfologia i ultrastruktura bakteriofagów Shigella i Klebsiella. Polish Medical Publishers, Warsaw. [ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_monographs

It is particularly useful in isolating Salmonella and Shigella. Lysogeny broth MacConkey agar is a selective and differential ... Önöz agar allows more rapid bacteriological diagnosis, as Salmonella and Shigella colonies can be clearly and reliably ... Shigella, Proteus, etc.). R2A agar, a nonspecific medium, imitates water, so is used for water analysis. Tryptic (trypticase) ... are higher than those obtained with LEIFSON agar or Salmonella-Shigella agar. Phenylethyl alcohol agar selects for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar_plate

If diarrhea is present, cultures of stool should be examined for enteropathogens (i.e., Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_of_infections_after_exposure_to_ionizing_radiation

While some agents (such as Shigella) only occur in primates, others (such as Giardia) may occur in a wide variety of animals. ... Bacteria and protozoans that are amenable to treatment include Shigella Salmonella typhi, and Giardia species. In those with ... For example, vaccines against Shigella and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), which are two of the leading bacterial ... Shigella, and Campylobacter species. If food becomes contaminated with bacteria and remains at room temperature for a period of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroenteritis

Shigella sonnei • Staphylococcus aerogenes • Staphylococcus Aureus • Streptococcus agalactiae • Streptococcus faecalis • ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothiocyanite

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montezuma's_Revenge_

Some enterobacteria are important pathogens, e.g. Salmonella, or Shigella e.g. because they produce endotoxins. Endotoxins ... and Shigella. Other disease-causing bacteria in this family include Enterobacter and Citrobacter. Members of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterobacteria

Shigella dysenteriae/sonnei/flexneri/boydii *Shigellosis, Bacillary dysentery. *Proteus mirabilis/Proteus vulgaris ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_infectious_diseases

eds.). Shigella in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2. . (via NCBI ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal–oral_route

"Shigella Infections among Gay & Bisexual Men". Center For Disease Control. 23 April 2015. Archived from the original on 4 July ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection

The invasion of the cells can trigger a mild form of diarrhea or dysentery, often mistaken for dysentery caused by Shigella ... It is closely related to Shigella. After the E. coli strain penetrates through the epithelial wall, the endocytosis vacuole ... Rolland K, Lambert-Zechovsky N, Picard B, Denamur E (September 1998). "Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli strains are ... "Molecular evolutionary relationships of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli and Shigella spp". Infect. Immun. 72 (9): 5080-8. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteroinvasive_Escherichia_coli

He had developed the LB medium to optimize Shigella growth and plaque formation. LB media formulations have been an industry ... Luria, S. E.; Burrous, J. W. (1957). "Hybridization between Escherichia coli and Shigella". J. Bacteriol. 74 (4): 461-476. PMC ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysogeny_broth

Shigella flexneri at Who Named It? Griffen Jr, WO (2004). "Jacob: the other Flexner". Ann Surg. 239 (6): 808-817. doi:10.1097/ ... The bacteria species Shigella flexneri was named in recognition of Flexner. In addition, Flexner was the first to describe ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Flexner

In 1965, Taylor developed the XLD agar, which can be used to isolate Salmonella and Shigella bacterial species both from ... Taylor, Welton I. (1965). "Isolation of shigellae. I. Xylose lysine agars; new media for isolation of enteric pathogens". Am J ... which can be used to isolate Salmonella and Shigella bacteria. After obtaining his PhD at the University of Illinois at Urbana- ... notably Shigellae - one of the leading bacterial causes of diarrhea worldwide - and Enterobacteriaceae, obtaining several ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welton_Taylor

Shigella species: red colonies. Coliforms: yellow to orange colonies. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: pink, flat, rough colonies. This ... Taylor, Welton I. (1965). "Isolation of shigellae. I. Xylose lysine agars; new media for isolation of enteric pathogens". Am J ... Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar (XLD agar) is a selective growth medium used in the isolation of Salmonella and Shigella ... Most gut bacteria, including Salmonella, can ferment the sugar xylose to produce acid; Shigella colonies cannot do this and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XLD_agar

It is especially active against Shigella species., Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli, Branhamella catarrhalis, Haemophilus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleroxacin

"Hilleman Labs, NICED to develop Shigella Vaccine". indiatimes.com. Retrieved 18 April 2017.. ... organization to develop a vaccine against Shigella, a bacteria that causes dysentery. Currently, there is no approved vaccine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilleman_Laboratories

Shigella results in about 165 million cases of diarrhea and 1.1 million deaths a year with nearly all cases in the developing ... Shigella is thought to cause bleeding due to invasion rather than toxin, because even non-toxogenic strains can cause dysentery ... For example, Shigella is a longstanding World Health Organization (WHO) target for vaccine development, and sharp declines in ... Insufficient data exists, but Shigella is estimated to have caused the death of 34,000 children under the age of five in 2013, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery

Shigella are bacteria that can infect the digestive tract and cause a wide range of symptoms, from diarrhea, cramping, vomiting ... What Is a Shigella Infection?. An infection with Shigella (shih-GEL-uh) bacteria. is called shigellosis (shih-guh-LOW-sus). It ... Shigella can pass in a persons stool for about 4 weeks, even after the obvious symptoms of illness have gotten better. ... It doesnt take many Shigella bacteria to cause an infection, so the illness spreads easily in families and childcare centers. ...

https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/shigella.html

Shigella bacteria cause an infection called shigellosis. Most people with Shigella infection have diarrhea (sometimes bloody), ... Antibiotics can shorten the duration of illness (by about 2 days) and might help reduce the spread of Shigella to others. ...

https://www.cdc.gov/shigella/index.html

Shigella are bacteria that can infect the digestive tract and cause a wide range of symptoms, from diarrhea, cramping, vomiting ... Infecciones por Shigella. About Shigella. Shigella are bacteria that can infect the digestive tract and cause a wide range of ... Shigella can be passed in the persons stool for about 4 weeks even after the obvious symptoms of illness have resolved ( ... Shigella bacteria produce toxins that can attack the lining of the large intestine, causing swelling, ulcers on the intestinal ...

http://kidshealth.org/MultiCare/en/parents/shigella.html

The-Zebrafish-as-a-New-Model-for-the-In-Vivo-Study-of-Shigella-flexneri-Interaction-with-Phagocytes-ppat.1003588.s012.ogv 8.4 s ... The-Zebrafish-as-a-New-Model-for-the-In-Vivo-Study-of-Shigella-flexneri-Interaction-with-Phagocytes-ppat.1003588.s015.ogv 2.2 s ... The-Zebrafish-as-a-New-Model-for-the-In-Vivo-Study-of-Shigella-flexneri-Interaction-with-Phagocytes-ppat.1003588.s016.ogv 6.8 s ... The-Zebrafish-as-a-New-Model-for-the-In-Vivo-Study-of-Shigella-flexneri-Interaction-with-Phagocytes-ppat.1003588.s007.ogv 23 s ...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shigella

Drugs & Diseases , Pediatrics: General Medicine , Shigella Infection Q&A How is Shigella infection treated?. Updated: Apr 03, ... encoded search term (How is Shigella infection treated?) and How is Shigella infection treated? What to Read Next on Medscape. ... Shigellas ways of manipulating the host intestinal innate and adaptive immune system: a tool box for survival?. Immunol Cell ... Shigella phages isolated during a dysentery outbreak reveal uncommon structures and broad species diversity. J Virol. 2018 Feb ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/968773-116963/how-is-shigella-infection-treated

... FAQ (Spanish). Shigella Flyer. Shigella Cleaning Protocol. Questions. For questions contact the Epidemiology ... WHO CAN GET SHIGELLA?. Anyone can get Shigella, but those who are at the highest risk include:. *People with limited access to ... HOW IS SHIGELLA SPREAD?. Infected persons carry Shigella in their feces (poop) while they are sick and can spread the disease. ... Shigella Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) * WHAT IS SHIGELLOSIS?. Shigellosis is a diarrheal illness caused by the bacteria ...

http://longbeach.gov/health/diseases-and-condition/information-on/shigella/

Shigella is a type of bacteria that can cause severe diarrhea, most often in children. WebMD explains causes, symptoms, and ... CDC: "Shigella-Shigellosis.". UpToDate: "Shigella infection: Treatment and prevention in adults," "Shigella infection: Clinical ... This occurs to about 2% of people who get infected with shigella flexneri, a type of shigella bacteria. ... The Shigella bacteria pass through your stomach and then multiply in your small intestines. They then spread into your large ...

https://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/what-is-shigella

Shigella are bacteria that can infect the digestive tract and cause a wide range of symptoms, from diarrhea, cramping, vomiting ... Infecciones por Shigella (shigelosis). What Is a Shigella Infection?. An infection with Shigella (shih-GEL-uh) bacteria is ... Shigella can pass in a persons stool for about 4 weeks, even after the obvious symptoms of illness have gotten better. ... It doesnt take many Shigella bacteria to cause an infection, so the illness spreads easily in families and childcare centers. ...

https://www.kidshealth.org/Nemours/en/parents/shigella.html

Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli(EIEC) are gram-negative bacteria responsible for bacillary dysentery (shigellosis ... Farfan MJ, Toro CS, Barry EM, Nataro JP (2011) Shigella enterotoxin-2 is a type III effector that participates in Shigella- ... Parsot C (2009) Shigella type III secretion effectors: how, where, when, for what purposes? Curr Opin Microbiol 12:110-116. ... Salgado-Pabón W, Celli S, Arena ET et al (2013) Shigella impairs T lymphocyte dynamics in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110: ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F82_2018_104

Each of the Shigella genomes includes a virulence plasmid that encodes conserved primary virulence determinants. The Shigella ... H7-are better placed in Shigella (see Escherichia coli#Diversity for details). Shigella infection is typically by ingestion. ... Shigella species invade the host through the M-cells interspersed in the gut epithelia of the small intestine, as they do not ... Hence, Shigella cells may cause dysentery. In rare cases, young children may have seizures. Symptoms can take as long as a week ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella

Your basket is currently empty. i ,p>When browsing through different UniProt proteins, you can use the basket to save them, so that you can back to find or analyse them later.,p>,a href=/help/basket target=_top>More...,/a>,/p> ...

https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/42897

Shigella flexneri is a species of Gram-negative bacteria in the genus Shigella that can cause diarrhea in humans. Several ... "Shigella flexneri". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 623. Type strain of Shigella flexneri at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity ... Bagamboula, C. F.; Uyttendaele, M.; Debevere, J. (2002). "Acid tolerance of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri". Journal of ... Shigella are closely related to Escherichia coli, but can be differentiated from E.coli based on pathogenicity, physiology ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigella_flexneri

Salmonella and Shigella are the second and third most common causes of bacterial food-borne disease in the United States and ... Salmonella and Shigella are the second and third most common causes of bacterial food-borne disease in the United States and ... Salmonella and Shigella species Clin Lab Med. 1999 Sep;19(3):469-87, v. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10549421/?dopt=Abstract

... was isolated from epidemics in China during the 1950s. The Shigella pathogenicity island SHI-1 ... "The complete sequence and analysis of the large virulence plasmid pSS of Shigella sonnei.". Jiang Y., Yang F., Zhang X., Yang J ... Shigella was recognized as the etiologic agent for bacillary dysentery in the 1890s, and adopted as a genus in the 1950s and ... Shigella are highly invasive in the colon and the rectum, and are able to proliferate in the host cell cytoplasm, triggering an ...

https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000002529

Retrieved from "https://species.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shigella&oldid=6140255" ...

https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Shigella

Shigella flexneri is a gram-negative bacterium which causes the most communicable of bacterial dysenteries, shigellosis. ... Shigella flexneri infection: pathogenesis and vaccine development.. Jennison AV1, Verma NK. ... the host has been implicated in both the destruction of the colonic epithelium and in controlling and containing the Shigella ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14975529?dopt=Abstract

Shigella sonnei is one of the main species causing shigellosis worldwide. Here the authors analyse nearly 400 S. sonnei genome ... Shigella sonnei increasingly dominates the international epidemiological landscape of shigellosis. Treatment options for S. ... Upon host cell invasion, Shigella imports fatty acids from the host cytosol. Therefore, depletion in biotin may direct Shigella ... Table 1 Summary of sequences used to investigate the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella sonnei. Full size table. ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12823-0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=4f01fd76-ea4f-41df-a819-5d9991cefa98

Shigella boydii ATCC ® 9207™ Designation: AMC 43-G-58 TypeStrain=False Application: Emerging infectious disease research ...

https://www.atcc.org/en/Global/Products/E/2/C/2/9207.aspx

Shigella is a serious gut infection causing severe, prolonged diarrhoea and stomach cramps. It is transmitted by contact with ... Shigella is an infectious disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella, the most common of which in the UK are ... "Shigella can cause stomach pain and watery diarrhoea.". Shigella is transmitted by contact with very small amounts of human ... Shigella can be successfully treated with antibiotics. Treatment can also reduce the risk of passing the infection on. Shigella ...

http://www.aidsmap.com/Shigella/page/1044869/

NAME: Shigella spp. SYNONYM OR CROSS REFERENCE: Serogroup A: S. dysenteriae, serogroup B: S. flexneri, serogroup C: S. boydii, ... 5 - 15% of all diarrhea cases can be linked to Shigella spp. infection, where two-thirds of all cases and deaths occur in ... LABORATORY-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS: Shigella species have been recently identified to be the most frequently identified agent of ... CHARACTERISTICS: Shigella spp., of the Enterobacteriaceae family, are gram-negative rod-shaped pathogenic bacteria (1). They ...

https://www.msdsonline.com/resources/sds-resources/free-safety-data-sheet-index/shigella-spp/

All about Stomach Ache (Shigella). FACTS: A lot of stomach aches are caused by gas or acid in your stomach. But others are ... Shigella is one of the more common culprits! (It is particularly common in developing countries and is a major cause of ... Shigella is one of the more common culprits! (It is particularly common in developing countries and is a major cause of ... Shigella is extremely contagious. In fact, it is so contagious that if even 10 individual bacteria get into your system, you ...

https://www.giantmicrobes.com/uk/products/stomachache.html

... Article Translations: (Spanish). What Is a Shigella Infection?. An infection with Shigella ( ... Shigella can pass in a persons stool for about 4 weeks, even after the obvious symptoms of illness have gotten better. ... It doesnt take many Shigella bacteria to cause an infection, so the illness spreads easily in families and childcare centers. ... To see if your child has shigellosis, the doctor will take a stool sample to test for Shigella bacteria. ...

https://www.childrensmn.org/educationmaterials/parents/article/8431/shigella-infections-shigellosis/

... an intestinal disease caused by a family of bacteria known as shigella, that stemmed from the Subway restaurant. ...

http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-lawsuit-filed-over-shigella-outbreak-at-lombard-restaurant-20111017-story.html

Shigellas ways of manipulating the host intestinal innate and adaptive immune system: a tool box for survival?. Immunol Cell ... Drugs & Diseases , Pediatrics: General Medicine , Shigella Infection Q&A Which specialist consultations are beneficial to ... Shigella phages isolated during a dysentery outbreak reveal uncommon structures and broad species diversity. J Virol. 2018 Feb ... Live attenuated Shigella dysenteriae type 1 vaccine strains overexpressing shiga toxin B subunit. Infect Immun. 2011 Dec. 79(12 ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/968773-116965/which-specialist-consultations-are-beneficial-to-patients-with-shigella-infection

Shigella paradysenteriae Weldin Depositors. AMC - Walter Reed Army Medical Center Chain of custody. ATCC <-- AMC - Walter Reed ... To download a certificate of analysis for Shigella flexneri Castellani and Chalmers (9473), enter the lot number exactly as it ... To download a certificate of origin for Shigella flexneri Castellani and Chalmers (9473), enter the lot number exactly as it ... The certificate of origin for that lot of Shigella flexneri Castellani and Chalmers (9473) is not currently available online. ...

https://www.atcc.org/products/9473

Shigella - Staphylococcus Bacteria Cultures. 8 Items Shigella - Staphylococcus Bacteria Cultures is rated 3.6 out of 5 by 7. ...

https://www.carolina.com/bacteria/shigella-staphylococcus-bacteria-cultures/FAM_155470A.pr

The CDC has released a Health Alert Network health advisory warning clinicians about emerging Shigella strains that show ... CDC Issues Health Advisory on Shigella Strains Emerging With Possible Reduced Susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin April 20, 2017 04 ... The agency said Shigella isolates without a quinolone-resistance gene typically have a ciprofloxacin MIC of 0.015 μg/mL or less ... Shigella strains harboring PMQR genes were identified earlier this year following whole-genome sequencing of isolates from a ...

https://www.aafp.org/news/health-of-the-public/20170420shigellaadvisory.html

Retrieved from "https://species.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shigella_virus_PSf2&oldid=6003611" ...

https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Shigella_virus_PSf2

Bioimage analysis of Shigella infection. Ellen T. Arena, Francois-Xavier Campbell-Valois, Jean-Yves Tinevez, Giulia Nigro, ... Bioimage analysis of Shigella infection. Ellen T. Arena, Francois-Xavier Campbell-Valois, Jean-Yves Tinevez, Giulia Nigro, ... 2009) Shigella type III secretion effectors: How, where, when, for what purposes? Curr Opin Microbiol 12(1):110-116. ... Bioimage analysis of Shigella infection reveals targeting of colonic crypts Message Subject (Your Name) has sent you a message ...

https://www.pnas.org/content/112/25/E3282?ijkey=fc55505463720a90e1f3dd8a254df15bd80706ce&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

To see if your child has shigellosis, the doctor will take a stool sample to test for Shigella bacteria. (kidshealth.org)
Shigella bacteria cause an infection called shigellosis. (cdc.gov)
To confirm the diagnosis of shigellosis, your doctor may take a stool sample to be tested for Shigella bacteria. (kidshealth.org)
Shigellosis is a diarrheal illness caused by the bacteria Shigella . (longbeach.gov)
Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) are gram-negative bacteria responsible for bacillary dysentery (shigellosis) in humans, which is characterized by invasion and inflammatory destruction of the human colonic epithelium. (springer.com)
Bhattacharya D, Bhattacharya H, Thamizhmani R et al (2014) Shigellosis in Bay of Bengal Islands, India: clinical and seasonal patterns, surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant Shigella strains isolated during a 6-year period from 2006 to 2011. (springer.com)
The causative agent of human shigellosis, Shigella causes disease in primates, but not in other mammals. (wikipedia.org)
After infection, Shigella cells multiply intracellularly and spread to neighboring epithelial cells, resulting in tissue destruction and characteristic pathology of shigellosis. (wikipedia.org)
Shigella is a Gram-negative, non-sporulating, facultative anaerobe bacterium that causes dysentery or shigellosis in man. (uniprot.org)
Shigella flexneri is a gram-negative bacterium which causes the most communicable of bacterial dysenteries, shigellosis. (nih.gov)
Shigella sonnei increasingly dominates the international epidemiological landscape of shigellosis. (nature.com)
Although the majority of Shigella infections are self-limiting, shigellosis can be severe if left unattended 6 . (nature.com)
An infection with Shigella (shih-GEL-uh) bacteria is called shigellosis (shih-guh-LOW-sus). (childrensmn.org)
The suit alleges that during a period from Feb. 23 to March 1, 2010, there were 328 cases of shigellosis infection, an intestinal disease caused by a family of bacteria known as shigella, that stemmed from the Subway restaurant. (chicagotribune.com)
Shigellosis is the infectious disease caused by Shigella. (mlive.com)
SACRAMENTO, Calif.) -- In a study that could have significant impact on how disease outbreaks are managed, researchers at UC Davis and the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) have sequenced and analyzed genomes from Shigella sonnei ( S. sonnei ) bacteria associated with major shigellosis outbreaks in California in 2014 and 2015. (eurekalert.org)
One of four Shigella species, S. sonnei is responsible for most shigellosis outbreaks and can cause abdominal pain, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal problems. (eurekalert.org)
Shigella species are bacteria that cause a foodborne illness called shigellosis. (osu.edu)
Shigella organisms are a group of gram-negative pathogens, which were initially recognized as the causal agents of shigellosis (also known as bacillary dysentery) in the 1890s. (kenyon.edu)
Decreasing Shigellosis-related Deaths without Shigella spp. (cdc.gov)
Enquanto se move através do sistema digestivo, o Shigella atravessa o intestino delgado e contamina subseqüentemente o grande intestino, causando a limitaçã0, a diarreia e a desidratação na doença chamada shigellosis. (news-medical.net)
Shigellosis is the name of the disease that Shigella causes. (marlerblog.com)
The disease caused by the ingestion of Shigella bacteria is referred to as shigellosis, which is associated with diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms. (prnewswire.co.uk)
About 250 million cases of shigellosis occur annually in low and middle-income countries, causing over 212,000 (Shigella morbidity & mortality) . (prnewswire.co.uk)
O Shigella é uma bactéria relvado-negativa que cause uma infecção chamada shigellosis. (news-medical.net)
Using this approach, we have eliminated clinical cases of shigellosis and have not have any further isolations of Shigella from this colony. (ingentaconnect.com)
Information regarding Shigella infection (shigellosis), an intestinal disease with the main sign being diarrhea, which is often bloody. (disabled-world.com)
Shigella infection or, 'shigellosis,' is an intestinal disease caused by a family of bacteria known as, 'shigella. (disabled-world.com)
Shigellosis, (Bacillary dysentery or Marlow Syndrome), is defined as a foodborne illness caused by infection by bacteria of the genus Shigella. (disabled-world.com)
Shigella sonnei or Shigellosis) in Lea, Chaves, and Eddy counties. (nmhealth.org)
Caused by Shigella sonnei bacteria, shigellosis results in watery or bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and malaise. (pharmacytimes.com)
Shigella is a type of bacteria that causes shigellosis, a diarrheal disease. (ca.gov)
Shigella transmission can occur through person-to-person contact, eating food contaminated by someone who has shigellosis, or swallowing contaminated recreational (e.g., lake or river) or drinking water. (ca.gov)
Shigellosis is an infection of the large and small intestines caused by bacteria called Shigella . (southernnevadahealthdistrict.org)
Shigella flexneri is a Gram-negative bacterium causing the diarrhoeal disease shigellosis in humans. (hindawi.com)
Shigella dysenteriae Bacteria, the pathogen that causes Shigellosis, platinum-palladium metal shadowed. (sciencephoto.com)
A Shigella infection, known as shigellosis, is an intestinal disease that results in diarrhoea, fever, and abdominal pain. (in-pharmatechnologist.com)
Shigella l tc nhn gy nn bnh shigellosis, l mt bnh rt nguy him ly lan rt nhanh trong cng ng t ngi sang ngi, qua ng thc phm c nc ung. (scribd.com)
Shigellosis is a highly contagious diarrheal disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella . (naccho.org)
Shigellosis might be increasing because of increasing populations in Shigella spp. (biomedsearch.com)
Shigellae belong to the Gram-negative group of bacteria and are the causative agent of shigellosis or bacillary dysentery. (edu.au)
shigellosis - bacillary dysentery caused by bacteria of the genus Shigella . (thefreedictionary.com)
A research team at Massachusetts General Hospital is hoping to create new treatments for shigellosis, a potentially fatal digestive disorder, by factoring in genetic changes that occur in Shigella bacteria during the journey through the human digestive system. (massgeneral.org)

What Is a Shigella Infection? (kidshealth.org)
It doesn't take many Shigella bacteria to cause an infection, so the illness spreads easily in families and childcare centers. (kidshealth.org)
Most people with Shigella infection have diarrhea (sometimes bloody), fever, and stomach cramps. (cdc.gov)
Call the doctor if your child has signs of a Shigella infection, including diarrhea with blood or mucus, accompanied by abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, or high fever. (kidshealth.org)
How is Shigella infection treated? (medscape.com)
Ingersoll MA, Zychlinsky A. ShiA abrogates the innate T-cell response to Shigella flexneri infection. (medscape.com)
Identification and management of Shigella infection in children with diarrhoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (medscape.com)
Caused by a group of bacteria called shigella, this infection can cause belly pain, fever, and watery or bloody diarrhea . (webmd.com)
You could have lingering effects after a shigella infection, though such cases are rare. (webmd.com)
Shigella infection is typically by ingestion. (wikipedia.org)
This inflammation results in the diarrhea and even dysentery that are the hallmarks of Shigella infection. (wikipedia.org)
Some strains of Shigella produce toxins which contribute to disease during infection. (wikipedia.org)
Shigella flexneri infection: pathogenesis and vaccine development. (nih.gov)
The inflammation produced by the host has been implicated in both the destruction of the colonic epithelium and in controlling and containing the Shigella infection. (nih.gov)
Shigella is a serious gut infection causing severe, prolonged diarrhoea and stomach cramps. (aidsmap.com)
Which specialist consultations are beneficial to patients with Shigella infection? (medscape.com)
Here, we have measured the progression of Shigella infection in a small animal model of the disease to better understand the mechanism of invasion of the colonic mucosa. (pnas.org)
These findingings show that immunity in malnourishrd children with shigella infection is impaired which may lead to more severe illness. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Young children with a Shigella infection, or with diarrhea of any cause, should not be in contact with uninfected children. (marlerblog.com)
Shigella Infection in Macaque Colonies: Case Report of an Eradica. (ingentaconnect.com)
Two guests evacuated from the hotel in Egypt where a British couple died last week say they have the bacterial infection shigella, the Telegraph can reveal. (flipboard.com)
The main sign of shigella infection is diarrhea, which is often times bloody. (disabled-world.com)
Children between the ages of two and four are most likely to experience a shigella infection. (disabled-world.com)
Signs and symptoms of shigella infection usually start a day or two after contact with shigella, yet might take up to a week to develop. (disabled-world.com)
A shigella infection occurs when a person accidentally swallows shigella bacteria. (disabled-world.com)
Examples of causes of a shigella infection include the following. (disabled-world.com)
Swallowing Contaminated Water: Water may become contaminated either from sewage, or from a person with shigella infection swimming in it. (disabled-world.com)
Touching Your Mouth: If you do not wash your hands well after changing the diaper of a child who has shigella infection, you might become infected as well. (disabled-world.com)
One of the risk factors for a shigella infection is simply being a toddler. (disabled-world.com)
Shigella infection is most common in children who are between the ages of two and four. (disabled-world.com)
People who live or travel to developing countries are more likely to contract shigella infection. (disabled-world.com)
A shigella infection usually clears up without complications, although it might take weeks or even months before your bowel habits return to usual. (disabled-world.com)
Seizures: Some children who run high fevers with a shigella infection experience seizures. (disabled-world.com)
NMDOH encourages individuals with symptoms to get tested if they are experiencing signs and symptoms of Shigella infection. (nmhealth.org)
The evaluation of a shigella infection begins with a history and physical exam. (freemd.com)
Tests are required to make the diagnosis of shigella infection. (freemd.com)
KOZHIKODE: The shigella infection reported in the Kozhikode corporation limits has been brought under control, said district medical officer Dr V Jayasree. (indiatimes.com)
Meanwhile, the community medicine department of Kozhikode Government Medical College has submitted a preliminary report stating that the source of shigella infection at Kottamparamba and nearby areas in Kozhikode corporation limits could be through contaminated water. (indiatimes.com)
It is suspected that the shigella infection could have been spread through water served to people who attended the funeral of a 11-year-old boy who had died last week following the disease. (indiatimes.com)
Most of the men with Shigella were also diagnosed with another sexually transmitted infection or HIV. (aidsmap.com)
Here, we investigated how neutrophil degranulation affects virulence and show that exposure of Shigella to granular proteins enhances infection of epithelial cells. (nih.gov)
Shigella infection cluster reported in L.A. (washingtonblade.com)
LOS ANGELES - An outbreak cluster of 15 cases of Shigella flexneri infection, transmitted when feces comes into contact with the mouth, has occurred and is being investigated by the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health and the California Department of Public Health, Outbreak News Today reports . (washingtonblade.com)
All of these cases of Shigella infection have occurred among men, disproportionately among gay/bisexual men, or men who have sex with men (MSM). (washingtonblade.com)
Because accidental ingestion of even a tiny amount of fecal matter that contains Shigella can cause infection, men having sex with other men is a known risk factor for Shigella. (washingtonblade.com)
Among the cases that have developed Shigella infection in Los Angeles County, there has been one death. (washingtonblade.com)
Walker said outbreaks of Shigella sonnei infection began in 2014 in San Diego County, yielding a two-year total of 426 cases. (modbee.com)
State officials alerted Stanislaus County, which confirmed its first Shigella sonnei infection in June 2015, Walker said. (modbee.com)
Shigella infection is common among school-aged children in Great Britain. (renalandurologynews.com)
Bacillary dysentery and acute gastroenteritis caused by infection of Shigella species are major public health burden in India and its neighboring countries. (pearltrees.com)
The toolkit was developed to help state and local health departments respond to suspected or confirmed cases clusters, or outbreaks of Shigella infection. (naccho.org)
The toolkit materials include information on data collection, responding to an outbreak of shigella infection, communications such as fact sheets palm cards. (naccho.org)
Outbreaks of Shigella infection can occur from environmental, food, water, or person-to- person exposure. (naccho.org)
Anyone can get sick from Shigella infection. (naccho.org)
In the UK, Shigella flexneri usually affects similar numbers of men and women and is linked with overseas travel, but 2013 data show an excess of more than 200 cases of the infection in men with no or unknown travel history, compared to women. (pinknews.co.uk)
Among gay and bisexual men, Shigella is usually passed on through the faecal-oral route during sex, either directly or via unwashed hands - only a tiny amount of bacteria can spread the infection. (pinknews.co.uk)
According to an official health advisory from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, clinicians should order a ____________________ to obtain isolates for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in suspected cases of Shigella infection. (mdedge.com)
In each year, 165 million cases of Shigella infection are accounted worldwide, of that, 163 million take place in developing countries and ultimately result in millions of death [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)

Shigella dysenteriae ir gramnegatīvas nekustīgas nūjiņveidīgas baktērijas [1] . (wikipedia.org)
Shigella dysenteriae spēj izraisīt ilgstošas šigelozes epidēmijas [1] . (wikipedia.org)
Rezistence pret antibiotikām Shigella dysenteriae baktērijai parādās ātrāk nekā pārējiem Shigella pārstāvjiem. (wikipedia.org)
Pirmā serotipa Shigella dysenteriae producē šigatoksīnu ( ST ), atšķiroties no citām Shigella pārstāvjiem, kuri producē pseidošigatoksīnu ( SL-T ). Šigatoksīns un pseidošigatoksīns ir proteīntoksīni, kas sastāv no vienas enzimātiskās apakšvienības A un piecām receptorvienībām B, kuras ir radniecīgas ar receptoriem Gb3 ( globotriasyceramide ), kas savukārt novietojas uz kapilāru endotēlija membrānām [1] . (wikipedia.org)
Dr Shiga isolated the etiologic agent from patient stool samples: a bacillus, later called Shigella dysenteriae . (cdc.gov)
The cytotoxic activity of Shigella dysenteriae 1 was assayed by exposing HeLa cells in microtiter cultures to dilutions of toxin. (asm.org)
Infections caused by Shigella dysenteriae type 1 areparticularly severe. (avhandlingar.se)
Furthermore it describes two methods which have been used for theconformational predictionsThe Shigella dysenteriae type 2 Oantigenwas predicted to form a compact helicalstructure with three repeating pentasaccharide units per turn. (avhandlingar.se)
This thesis describes the synthesis of oligosaccharide derivatives corresponding to the repeating unit of the O-antigen from two different bacteria, Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and Salmonella thompson serogroup Ci, and fragments thereof. (avhandlingar.se)
L'espèce Shigella dysenteriae est responsable de la dysenterie bacillaire ou shigellose. (geocaching.com)
Different bacteria interact differently with FLA since Francisella tularensis, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella sonnei , and S. dysenteriae are able to grow inside A. castellanii . (hindawi.com)
Shigella dysenteriae - a species causing dysentery in humans and in monkeys. (thefreedictionary.com)

The annual summaries of these data are the national source of species and subtype information for Shigella . (cdc.gov)
Shigella species. (medscape.com)
Salmonella and Shigella species. (medscape.com)
Shigella phages isolated during a dysentery outbreak reveal uncommon structures and broad species diversity. (medscape.com)
Shigella species generally invade the epithelial lining of the colon, causing severe inflammation and death of the cells lining the colon. (wikipedia.org)
Shigella species invade the host through the M-cells interspersed in the gut epithelia of the small intestine, as they do not interact with the apical surface of epithelial cells, preferring the basolateral side. (wikipedia.org)
Shigella flexneri is a species of Gram-negative bacteria in the genus Shigella that can cause diarrhea in humans. (wikipedia.org)
Shigella was recognized as the etiologic agent for bacillary dysentery in the 1890's, and adopted as a genus in the 1950's and subgrouped into four species. (uniprot.org)
Shigella species, such as S. sonnei and S. flexneri, spread through eating contaminated food, causing food-borne illness. (giantmicrobes.com)
Most Shigella species cause mild symptoms like slight fever, chills, stomach cramps, and sometimes bloody stool that can last up to a week. (giantmicrobes.com)
The CDC said rising fluoroquinolone MIC values among Shigella isolates may be related to the emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistance (PMQR) genes in Shigella species in the United States. (aafp.org)
The toxin gene was most likely acquired by Shigella sonnei via genetic exchanges with E. coli and other Shigella species. (eurekalert.org)
The four difference species of Shigella vary greatly in the genomic structure. (kenyon.edu)
Shigella species are the leading bacterial cause of diarrheal death globally. (asm.org)
Shigella remains a significant cause of diarrheal disease with two species, S. flexneri and S. sonnei , causing the majority of infections. (asm.org)
The laboratory can also do special tests to tell which species of Shigella the person has and which antibiotics would be best to treat it. (marlerblog.com)
Although Shigella bacteria don't cause disease in animals, they are highly contagious in humans, and S flexneri is the most frequently isolated species in many countries (especially low- and middle-income countries), causing roughly 10% of all diarrheal episodes in children under the age of 5. (umn.edu)
Shigella species are commonly pathogenic to humans, causing severe gastroenteritis (bacillary dysentery). (wisc.edu)
Shigella is a species of enteric bacteria that causes disease in humans and other primates. (prnewswire.co.uk)
This study investigated the frequency of Escherichia coli, Shigella and Salmonella species in stool specimens from patients with diarrhoea presenting to health centres in Hamedan province, Islamic Republic of Iran. (who.int)
What is different is that we usually don't see this particular species (Shigella sonnei) causing hospitalization," Walker said, explaining why state health experts are watching the local outbreak. (modbee.com)
The species acquired a gene to produce toxin most likely through genetic exchanges with E. coli and other Shigella species, Chaturvedi said. (modbee.com)
Shigella boydii - a species found in feces of symptomatic individuals. (thefreedictionary.com)
Shigella sonnei - a species causing mild dysentery and also summer diarrhea in children. (thefreedictionary.com)
Shigella - a genus of nonmotile, aerobic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Enterobacteriaceae), all of whose species produce dysentery. (thefreedictionary.com)
Members of the genus Shigella are phenotypically similar to Escherichia coli and, with the exception of Shigella boydii serotype 13, would be considered the same species by DNA-DNA hybridization analysis and whole-genome sequence analysis. (asmscience.org)

Hence, Shigella cells may cause dysentery. (wikipedia.org)
the genus Shigella is named after Japanese physician Kiyoshi Shiga, who researched the cause of dysentery. (wikipedia.org)
In its human host, Shigella causes diarrhea and dysentery by infecting and spreading through the colonic epithelium, a process for which IcsA is a key virulence factor. (pnas.org)
BILTHOVEN, Netherlands , Nov. 16, 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- Intravacc , one of the leading translational research and development vaccine institutes with an extensive track record in developing viral and bacterial vaccines, today announced the results of a clinical study with an experimental vaccine against Shigella, intestinal bacteria that cause severe diarrhea and dysentery. (prnewswire.co.uk)
The joint Public Health England (PHE) and Terrence Higgins Trust (THT) campaign informs gay/bisexual men about the risks and symptoms of Shigella dysentery. (aidsmap.com)
Dysentery, though not exclusively caused by the Shigella bacteria, has long been an issue for combatants in war zones. (in-pharmatechnologist.com)
We used the TSP of bacteriophage Sf6 to establish two applications for detecting Shigella flexneri ( S. flexneri ), a highly contagious pathogen causing dysentery. (mdpi.com)
A new campaign to warn gay and bisexual men about the risk of Shigella dysentery has been launched by Public Health England following a sharp rise in cases. (pinknews.co.uk)
people are affected by bacillary dysentery, an acute inflammatory bowel disease, caused by Shigella bacteria. (uni-marburg.de)
As TGT plays a key role in pathogenicity of Shigella, the causative agent of bacterial dysentery, it has been established as a target for structure-based drug design. (uni-marburg.de)
The review examined both the effectiveness and the safety of antibiotics in treating Shigella dysentery. (www.gov.uk)
Christopher, P.R.H. Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery. (www.gov.uk)

U42434 Shigella boydii dGTP triphosphohydrolase (dgt) gene, complete cds. (atcc.org)
Of the various strains of shigella, S. sonnei is the cause of 78% of infections, and S. flexneri , and S. boydii combined are responsible for the rest of the remaining 22% of cases. (kenyon.edu)
Conjugation and hybridization studies indicated that the genes for the synthesis and transport of aerobactin are linked and are found on the chromosome of Shigella flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei. (asm.org)
ICD-9 code 004.2 for Shigella boydii is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range -INTESTINAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (001-009). (aapc.com)
Phylogenetic analysis suggests that it is very closely related to a group of E. coli strains known as Shigella boydii, Shigella flexerni and Shigella sonnei . (edu.au)
Biofield Treated Shigella Boydii Antibiogram of Biofield-Treated Shigella boydii: Global Burden of Infections Mahendra Kumar Trivedi1, Alice Branton1, Dahryn Trivedi1, Gopal Nayak1, Sambhu Charan Mondal2, Snehasis Jana2, * 1Trivedi Global Inc., Henderson, NV, USA 2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. (pearltrees.com)
S. boydii l Shigella c pht hin u tin n , v khng ph bin lm, ch yu gy bnh vng tiu lc a n, trong S. boydii tup 2 l S. boydii gy bnh ph bin nhng nc ang pht trin. (scribd.com)

Shigella are bacteria that can infect the digestive tract and cause a wide range of symptoms, from diarrhea , cramping, vomiting, and nausea, to more serious complications and illnesses. (kidshealth.org)
Shigella bacteria produce toxins that can attack the lining of the large intestine, causing swelling, ulcers on the intestinal wall, and bloody diarrhea. (kidshealth.org)
Shigella is one of the leading bacterial causes of diarrhea worldwide, causing an estimated 80-165 million cases. (wikipedia.org)
5 - 15% of all diarrhea cases can be linked to Shigella spp. (msdsonline.com)
Most individuals who are infected with Shigella develop diarrhea, fever and stomach cramps starting a day or two after they are first exposed to the bacteria, according to the CDC. (mlive.com)
Shigella is a bacterium that can cause sudden and severe diarrhea (gastroenteritis) in humans. (marlerblog.com)
Most people who are infected with Shigella develop diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. (marlerblog.com)
Individuals who are infected with Shigella may develop diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps. (washingtonblade.com)
Shigella causes diarrhea, resulting in severe dehydration and malnutrition. (cjonline.com)
In research on the never-ending war between pathogen and host, scientists at the Pasteur Institute in Paris have discovered a novel defensive weapon, a cytoskeletal protein called septin, that humans cells deploy to cage the invading Shigella bacteria that cause potentially fatal human diarrhea, according to a presentation on Dec. 5, at the American Society for Cell Biology Annual Meeting in Denver. (phys.org)
Shigella causes about 500,000 cases of diarrhea in the United States annually. (massgeneral.org)

National Shigella surveillance data are collected through passive surveillance of laboratory-confirmed human Shigella infections. (cdc.gov)
State and territorial public health laboratories report Shigella infections electronically to CDC through a variety of mechanisms. (cdc.gov)
Proper handling, storage, and preparation of food can also help prevent Shigella infections. (kidshealth.org)
however, the majority of Shigella infections are associated with organisms belonging to S. flexneri and S. sonnei . (nature.com)
Many of the men being diagnosed with shigella also have other sexually transmitted infections such as LGV , syphilis and HIV. (aidsmap.com)
The agency's advisory offers background on its findings and outlines new recommendations for clinical diagnosis, management and reporting of Shigella infections. (aafp.org)
Shigella strains harboring PMQR genes were identified earlier this year following whole-genome sequencing of isolates from a multistate outbreak of multidrug-resistant S. flexneri infections that predominantly affected adult men -- many of whom identified as men who have sex with men, according to epidemiologic data collected by the CDC's Shigella program as part of the outbreak response. (aafp.org)
It is difficult to have an extremely accurate gauge of the actual number of cases that occur because 90-95% of shigella infections are typically asymptomatic so they may go unnoticed, and thus unreported. (kenyon.edu)
And fortunately, he noted, Shigella infections don't always require antibiotic therapy. (umn.edu)
Possible complications from Shigella infections include post-infectious arthritis, blood stream infections (although rare), seizures, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome ( HUS ), a life-threatening disease than can cause kidney damage. (nmhealth.org)
SACRAMENTO - T he California Department of Public Health (CDPH), in collaboration with the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health and several Southern California local public health agencies, are investigating a cluster of Shigella infections predominantly affecting men who have sex with men (MSM). (ca.gov)
Every year sees about 500,000 Shigella infections, resulting in 6,000 hospitalizations and 70 deaths in the United States. (modbee.com)
Thereby, most infections in developing countries are caused by Shigella flexneri ( S. flexneri ) strains, with serotype 2a as the most prominent [ 3 ]. (mdpi.com)
At least 116 people were culture confirmed with Shigella sonnei infections apparently contracted at a Chicago-area Subway restaurant in March of 2010. (marlerclark.com)
2011 the Marler Clark attorneys filed Shigella lawsuits on behalf of more than 70 clients who were became ill with Shigella infections after eating at Subway. (marlerclark.com)

Shigella is a genus of bacteria that is Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, non-spore-forming, nonmotile, rod-shaped and genetically closely related to E. coli. (wikipedia.org)
However, a recent genetic study argues that Shigella emerged from multiple independent origins of E.coli 35'000-270'000 years ago and may not constitute a genus. (uniprot.org)

Phylogenetic studies indicate Shigella is more appropriately treated as subgenus of Escherichia, and that certain strains generally considered E. coli-such as E. coli O157:H7-are better placed in Shigella (see Escherichia coli#Diversity for details). (wikipedia.org)
Shigella are closely related to Escherichia coli, but can be differentiated from E.coli based on pathogenicity, physiology (failure to ferment lactose or decarboxylate lysine) and serology. (wikipedia.org)
Distinct Metabolic Features of Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Shigella spp. (medworm.com)
Shigella is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, nonmotile, nonspore forming, and rod-shaped true bacteria closely related to Salmonella and Escherichia coli . (hindawi.com)

If it is possibly routine for the doctor heavy flagyl, shigella treat cipro does skip the missed professional and take your partial prolongation at the antibiotic-resistant wife. (dirtehookah.com)

Clinical diagnostic laboratories submit Shigella isolates to state and territorial public health laboratories, where they are confirmed, speciated, and subtyped. (cdc.gov)
Aggarwal P, Uppal B, Ghosh R et al (2016) Multi drug resistance and extended spectrum beta lactamases in clinical isolates of Shigella: a study from New Delhi, India. (springer.com)
Despite current Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria that categorize Shigella isolates with a ciprofloxacin MIC of ≤1 μg/mL as susceptible to ciprofloxacin, recent data from the CDC and state and local public health partners indicate these emerging strains frequently have a quinolone-resistant gene that can lead to clinically significant reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolone antibiotics. (aafp.org)
The agency said Shigella isolates without a quinolone-resistance gene typically have a ciprofloxacin MIC of 0.015 μg/mL or less. (aafp.org)
Fluoroquinolone resistance is of particular concern given that data from the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System indicate that many Shigella isolates with a quinolone-resistance gene also are resistant to many other commonly used treatment agents, such as azithromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and ampicillin,' the advisory noted. (aafp.org)
The prevalence of PMQR genes among all U.S. Shigella isolates is currently unknown. (aafp.org)
Among the 76 Shigella isolates serogroup B [‎Sh. (who.int)

Different EIEC and Shigella subgroups rose independently from commensal E. coli through patho-adaptive evolution that included loss of functional genes interfering with the virulence and/or with the intracellular lifestyle of the bacteria, as well as acquisition of genetic elements harboring virulence genes. (springer.com)
The Shigella chromosomes share most of their genes with those of E. coli K12 strain MG1655. (wikipedia.org)
Comparison of 20 E.coli/Shigella strains shows the core genome to be about 2000 genes while the pan-genome has over 18,000 genes. (uniprot.org)
The Shigella aerobactin genes share considerable homology with the E. coli ColV aerobactin genes. (asm.org)
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: Hemolytic uremic syndrome is a rare complication of shigella, more commonly caused by bacteria called, 'E. Coli,' which may lead to a low red blood cell count, low platelet count and acute kidney failure. (disabled-world.com)
This project will take a comparative genomics and phenomics approach to investigate the similarities and differences between the free-living E. coli strains and the Shigella strains. (edu.au)
Les Shigella sont des bactéries très proches d'Escherichia coli. (geocaching.com)
In the first part of this work, the pathogenicity factor genes ipaA, ipgB2, ospD1, spa15, and ipgE, which are required at different points of the Shigella invasion mechanism, were cloned into several plasmid vectors and expressed in E. coli. (uni-marburg.de)

Les shigelles, les bactéries du genre Shigella, sont des Enterobacteriaceae pathogènes strictes, rencontrées exclusivement chez l'être humain. (geocaching.com)

Fluoroquinolones are a safe, well tolerated, highly effective antimicrobial class with broad-spectrum activity and are highly efficacious for treating Shigella -associated diarrhoea. (nature.com)
Shigella can cause stomach pain and watery diarrhoea. (aidsmap.com)
A multicentre study of Shigella diarrhoea in six Asian countries: disease burden, clinical manifestations, and microbiology. (cdc.gov)
The output of this study has revealed that the Shigella is the third leading reason behind diarrhoea in children [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)

Each of the Shigella genomes includes a virulence plasmid that encodes conserved primary virulence determinants. (wikipedia.org)
The principal virulence determinant of Shigella is the type III secretion system encoded by a large virulence plasmid, which enables the pathogen to invade the colonic mucosa and kill resident macrophages, triggering inflammatory responses and causing damage to the intestinal epithelium 5 . (nature.com)
On the ColV plasmid and in the Shigella chromosome, the aerobactin genes are associated with a repetitive sequence which has been identified as IS1. (asm.org)
We have sequenced the large virulence plasmid pWR501 from Shigella flexneri serotype 5a, and it is available from Genbank with accession number AF348706 . (wisc.edu)
M. M. Venkatesan, M. B. Goldberg, D. J. Rose, E. J. Grotbeck, V. Burland and F. R. Blattner (2001) Complete DNA sequence and analysis of the large virulence plasmid of Shigella flexneri . (wisc.edu)
Shigella contains a 220-kb virulence plasmid that carries the genes that mediate its ability to invade and cause disease in humans. (renalandurologynews.com)

Salmonella and Shigella are the second and third most common causes of bacterial food-borne disease in the United States and are a major global health problem. (nih.gov)
The oligosaccharide mimics a part of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is abundantly present in the outer membrane of Shigella bacteria. (prnewswire.co.uk)
IcsB, one of the Shigella flexneri effectors, is secreted by means of the type III secretion system (TTSS) of cytoplasmic bacteria and located on the bacterial surface ( 12 ). (sciencemag.org)
Shigella is unique among Gram-negative enteric pathogens in that it accesses the cytoplasm of host cells and assembles actin into long tails, which propel bacterial spread through tissues. (usda.gov)
To understand why shigella flexneri rids human cells of GSDMB, the researchers placed GSDMB within synthetic mammalian and bacterial cell membranes. (utsouthwestern.edu)
Their research focuses on shigella and salmonella, two bacterial pathogens that infect the human digestive system and kill millions of children in underdeveloped countries where potable water and sanitation are lacking and antibiotics often are too expensive for people to buy. (cjonline.com)
By exposing Shigella to bile salts in the lab, Faherty has identified several strategies the bacteria employs for self-preservation, including the formation of a biofilm, which provides a protective niche for bacterial cells, and the activation of a molecular efflux pump to remove bile that makes it into the bacterial cell. (massgeneral.org)
Faherty explains that the same molecular pump Shigella uses to identify and remove bile from the bacterial cell is also used to identify and remove antibiotics. (massgeneral.org)

SAN JOSE - Shigella, the diarrheal disease that sickened dozens of people who ate at a downtown San Jose restaurant, is caused by a group of bacteria and is spread by eating or drinking something that has come into contact with stool of an infected person, according to Santa Clara health officials. (mercurynews.com)
Shigella are significant human diarrheal pathogens and are unlikely to persist in a vertebrate host for a significant period. (edu.au)
Using a novel screening technology, Alto and colleagues discovered that a protein toxin called IpaH7.8 from shigella flexneri , a bacterium that causes diarrheal disease, directly inhibits GSDMB. (utsouthwestern.edu)

In addition to the salmonella and shigella vaccines, the institute has another four or five vaccines in the works that KU will own entirely. (cjonline.com)

With temperatures rising and more patients participating in outdoor activities, including water sports and other water-related pursuits, it's important to heed a recent CDC Health Alert Network (HAN) health advisory (emergency.cdc.gov) warning clinicians about emerging Shigella strains that demonstrate possible reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. (aafp.org)
The CDC has released a Health Alert Network health advisory warning clinicians about emerging Shigella strains that show possible reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. (aafp.org)
In this study, the serogroup and susceptibility patterns of Shigella and Salmonella spp. (who.int)
In vitro susceptibility to 27 antimicrobials was studied in twenty four Shigella flexneri strains isolated from stools. (scielo.cl)

Currently there is no vaccine available against Shigella. (prnewswire.co.uk)
This experimental Shigella vaccine (SF2a-TT15), developed by Institut Pasteur, is a conjugate vaccine consisting of a synthetic oligosaccharide chemically linked to tetanus toxoid. (prnewswire.co.uk)
Enesi announced it will use its proprietary formulation to produce a solid dose Shigella vaccine alongside the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research. (in-pharmatechnologist.com)
Developing a Shigella vaccine in solid dose formulation is a high-priority for the US army, Enesi Pharma said in a statement. (in-pharmatechnologist.com)
William Picking said the shigella vaccine they and their colleagues are developing will be ready to enter Phase I clinical trials this year at a medical center in the Baltimore area. (cjonline.com)
subsidiary in Baltimore, Maryland, the new vaccine for Shigella flexneri demonstrated a favorable safety profile and induced significant systemic and mucosal immune responses in human volunteers. (thefreedictionary.com)
Vaccinomics Approach for Designing Potential Peptide Vaccine by Targeting Shigella spp. (hindawi.com)
In the present study, we have tried to impose the vaccinomics approach for designing a common peptide vaccine candidate against the immunogenic SigA of Shigella spp. (hindawi.com)

Infected persons carry Shigella in their feces (poop) while they are sick and can spread the disease. (longbeach.gov)
Shigella leaves the body through human feces. (webmd.com)
Shigella is a highly contagious bacteria that is spread person-to-person after it leaves the infected person via their feces and spreads by contaminated hands, food, surfaces or water. (mlive.com)
The source of Shigella bacteria is the excrement (feces) of an infected individual that is ultimately ingested by another person. (marlerblog.com)
While some people experience no symptoms after they have been infected with shigella, their feces might continue to be contagious for up to a few weeks. (disabled-world.com)
Shigella bacteria are found in the feces (stool) of an infected person. (southernnevadahealthdistrict.org)
People are infectious as long as the Shigella bacteria are present in the feces. (southernnevadahealthdistrict.org)
Most people have Shigella in their feces for one to two weeks. (southernnevadahealthdistrict.org)

Shigella bacteria can infect the intestinal tract after the ingestion of relatively few organisms. (marlerblog.com)
Shigella flexneri is an enteric pathogen that causes massive inflammation and destruction of the human intestinal epithelium. (nih.gov)

Vit Nam, s ca nhim Shigella rt cao, hn hn bnh gy ra bi Salmonella typhi v Vibrio choleraeri.Vit Nam c khong 435.000 ca nhim Shigella (khong 39.500 ca nhim hng nm). (scribd.com)

The effector proteins can alter the metabolism of the target cell, for instance leading to the lysis of vacuolar membranes or reorganization of actin polymerization to facilitate intracellular motility of Shigella bacteria inside the host cell. (wikipedia.org)
Shigella is an intracellular pathogen that invades the human host cell cytosol and exploits intracellular nutrients for growth, enabling the bacterium to create its own metabolic niche. (asm.org)
IcsA (VirG) is essential to Shigella intracellular motility and virulence. (pnas.org)
Rather, Shigella VirG, a protein required for intracellular actin-based motility, induced autophagy by binding to the autophagy protein, Atg5. (sciencemag.org)
mxiE regulates intracellular expression of factors secreted by the Shigella flexneri 2a type III secretion system. (thefreedictionary.com)
Invasive Shigella flexneri activates NF-kappa B through a lipopolysaccharide-dependent innate intracellular response and leads to IL-8 expression in epithelial cells. (thefreedictionary.com)

Bougneres L, Girardin SE, Weed SA et al (2004) Cortactin and Crk cooperate to trigger actin polymerization during Shigella invasion of epithelial cells. (springer.com)

Shigella can be passed in the person's stool for about 4 weeks even after the obvious symptoms of illness have resolved (although antibiotic treatment can reduce the excretion of Shigella bacteria in the stool). (kidshealth.org)
Bhattacharya D, Bhattacharya H, Sayi DS et al (2015) Changing patterns and widening of antibiotic resistance in Shigella spp. (springer.com)
Antibiotic treatment shortens symptomatic disease by 2 days and shortens the shedding of Shigella in the stools reducing person to person spread of the disease. (renalandurologynews.com)
Prolongation page deepak antibiotic cipro m. your cariprazine of medication to does cipro treat shigella levaquin lasting right ago is here renal, and generic also few from an many part of half-life. (dirtehookah.com)
To add to the challenge, there are new, antibiotic-resistant strains of Shigella emerging that are much more difficult to treat. (massgeneral.org)

This bacterium is gram-negative, non-spore forming Shigella from serogroup B. There are 6 serotypes within this serogroup. (wikipedia.org)
Shigella is named after a Japanese researcher named Shiga who discovered the bacterium in 1897. (giantmicrobes.com)
Shigella IcsA is localized to the old pole of the bacterium, where it mediates assembly of an actin tail inside infected mammalian cells. (pnas.org)
Unbeknownst to the couple, the sandwich was contaminated by Shigella sonnei, a potentially lethal bacterium. (foodsafetynews.com)

Shigella bacteria in a stool sample. (kenyon.edu)
A culture of an infected personís stool sample can identify the Shigella bacteria. (marlerblog.com)
At the ER, Mrs. Romero submitted a stool sample for testing, which ultimately tested positive for Shigella sonnei. (foodsafetynews.com)
Gay and bisexual men experiencing Shigella symptoms are urged to go to their GP or a clinic, mentioning Shigella and requesting a stool sample test. (aidsmap.com)

Shigella sonnei bacteria normally cause a less severe disease and are not known to produce Shiga toxin," said Dr. James Watt, Chief, Division of Communicable Disease Control at CDPH. (eurekalert.org)
In a news release Wednesday, Vishnu Chaturvedi, director of the state's microbial diseases lab, said Shigella sonnei bacteria normally cause more mild disease but started to produce the Shiga toxin. (modbee.com)

Pascale Cossart, Ph.D., and Serge Mostowy, Ph.D., reported that the septin cages not only targeted the pathogens for degradation by autophagy, the cell's internal garbage disposal system, but also prevented the Shigella bacteria from spreading to other cells by impeding the pathogens' access to actin, a different component of the cell skeleton. (phys.org)

Shigella sonnei (strain Ss046) was isolated from epidemics in China during the 1950's. (uniprot.org)
The Shigella pathogenicity island SHI-1 is absent from the strain Ss046 but SHI-2 is present but unlinked with the selC gene. (uniprot.org)
We have completed the genome sequence of Shigella flexneri serotype 2a strain 2457T, which has been the subject of extensive molecular pathogenesis and genetics research. (wisc.edu)
Shigella flexneri strain 2457T has been deposited with the American Type Culture Collection ( ATCC ) and is available as ATCC 700930, both as a culture and as purified DNA from this strain. (wisc.edu)
With how easily the Shigella spreads, it's easy for travelers to propagate a new outbreak with this strain," Dr. Bowen told Pharmacy Times . (pharmacytimes.com)
As of Aug. 25, 2016, 14 patients infected with an uncommon strain of Shigella have been identified. (ca.gov)
However, the 'free-living' strain appears to lack the virulence factors found in the Shigella strains. (edu.au)
According to the recent study, the Shigella strain associated with outbreaks in San Francisco contained genes that made it resistant to certain antibiotics. (modbee.com)

Shigella pathogens use a mixed acid fermentation pathway to metabolize substrates. (kenyon.edu)

Finding this gene raises concerns that illness due to Shigella sonnei could become more severe in the future," Watt said. (eurekalert.org)
Any quick afib famotidine of this medication may also be severe in shop all of the shigella treat cipro does drugs or approved for all of the thatthat discussed already. (dirtehookah.com)

Shigella bacteria have increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance both in the United States and globally. (naccho.org)
The resistance of Shigella flexneri to antimicrobial agents can be associated to the presence of integrons that may contain and express antimicrobial resistance gene cassettes. (scielo.cl)
To study antimicrobial resistance and the presence of integrons and antimicrobial gene cassettes in Shigella flexneri strains. (scielo.cl)

Under the low-power magnification of 10X on a digital Keyence scope, this photograph depicts the colonial growth displayed by gram-negative Shigella sonnei bacteria. (aafp.org)
Shigella is a nonmotile gram-negative bacillus that does not ferment lactose. (renalandurologynews.com)

Antibiotics can shorten the duration of illness (by about 2 days) and might help reduce the spread of Shigella to others. (cdc.gov)
Shigella can even be carried and spread by flies that have touched contaminated stool. (kidshealth.org)
The best way to prevent the spread of Shigella is by frequent and careful hand washing with soap, especially after they use the toilet and before they eat. (kidshealth.org)
FLINT, MI -- A team from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is expected begin an investigation this week into skyrocketing rates of Shigella in Genesee and Saginaw counties in an effort to find out what's behind the spread of the bacteria that causes gastrointestinal illness. (mlive.com)
In the meantime, the Health Department is promoting the importance of hand washing to prevent the spread of Shigella. (mlive.com)
Saginaw County health officials warned of rising rates of Shigella cases in June and urged resident to be diligent in washing hands to prevent spread of the disease. (mlive.com)
In rare cases, Shigella bacteria can also be spread through ponds and swimming pools without enough chlorine. (osu.edu)
Shigella is easily spread because of its low infectious dose. (prnewswire.co.uk)
Direct Person-To-Person Contact: Person-To-Person contact is the most common way shigella is spread. (disabled-world.com)
Infected persons can spread Shigella by not washing their hands after going to the bathroom and then handling food that other people will eat. (nmhealth.org)
How long is a person able to spread Shigella? (southernnevadahealthdistrict.org)
What can be done to prevent the spread of Shigella ? (southernnevadahealthdistrict.org)
To protect public health and prevent the future spread of Shigella, Public Health urges people to use a protective covering or avoid oral-anal contact during sex, Outbreak reports. (washingtonblade.com)
Because of the low innoculum required to cause disease, Shigella readily spread from person to person, while Salmonella and Campylobacter are primarily spread via contaminated foods or water. (renalandurologynews.com)
In custodial institutions, mentally challenged individuals commonly carry fecal flora on their hands and the spread of Shigella has been documented despite adequate washrooms and attempts at good personal hygiene. (renalandurologynews.com)

Shigella outbreaks are more common in community wading pools, child care centers, jails, nursing homes and military barracks. (disabled-world.com)
Some Shigella outbreaks are linked to contaminated food at restaurants, tainted drinking water, or nursing home or child care facilities, but there are no patterns suggesting that has happened in Stanislaus County, Walker said. (modbee.com)
A genomic study by researchers at UC Davis and the state health department concluded the same cluster of Shigella sonnei struck in San Diego and the San Joaquin Valley, while a different cluster was tied to outbreaks in the Bay Area. (modbee.com)

To download a certificate of analysis for Shigella flexneri Castellani and Chalmers ( 9473 ), enter the lot number exactly as it appears on your product label or packing slip. (atcc.org)
The certificate of analysis for that lot of Shigella flexneri Castellani and Chalmers ( 9473 ) is not currently available online. (atcc.org)

Ashida H, Mimuro H, Sasakawa C (2015) Shigella manipulates host immune responses by delivering effector proteins with specific roles. (springer.com)
Shigella uses a type-III secretion system, which acts as a biological syringe to translocate toxic effector proteins to the target human cell. (wikipedia.org)
During this process, cationic granular proteins bind to the Shigella surface causing increased adhesion which ultimately leads to hyperinvasion. (nih.gov)

In the UK, most cases of shigella used to be associated with foreign travel. (aidsmap.com)
Genesee County Health Department employees said Tuesday that cases of Shigella have occurred across the county, but about one-half of cases have been reported from people living in Flint. (mlive.com)
Worldwide there are approximately 165 million cases of shigella annually, with 98% of those cases occurring in third world, developing nations. (kenyon.edu)
The majority of cases of shigella are reported in the summer months. (kenyon.edu)
DuPage County health officials have since confirmed 21 cases of Shigella poisoning linked to Subway food, and suspect more to follow. (foodsafetynews.com)
The New Mexico Department of Health ( NMDOH ) continues investigating an ongoing increase of cases of Shigella (a.k.a. (nmhealth.org)
Stanislaus County, which typically has 10 to 15 cases of Shigella each year, recorded 47 cases by mid-August of this year, prompting the Health Services Agency to warn the public. (modbee.com)
Cary James, head of health improvement at Terrence Higgins Trust, said: "Although on paper the number of documented cases of Shigella are quite small, the concern is that not all cases are being reported. (pinknews.co.uk)

van Pelt W , Esveld M I , van Duynhoven Y T H P , van Leeuwen W J . Outbreak of Shigella sonnei in the Netherlands. (eurosurveillance.org)

Using condoms for anal sex and latex gloves for fisting, as well as washing hands frequently, can help prevent transmission of shigella. (aidsmap.com)
Transmission of Shigella among MSM is often through sex, typically through oral or anal contact. (ca.gov)

The genome sequences of these Shigella strains are also available and this provides the opportunity to investigate what traits might contribute to the enhanced survival of these bacteria in the external environment. (edu.au)

When the lining of the intestines gets damaged during the sickness, shigella or other germs in your gut could infect your bloodstream. (webmd.com)
Shigella is a group of pathogenic bacteria that has evolved over millions of years specifically to infect humans. (massgeneral.org)
With the help of a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Faherty is also collaborating with researchers at MIT to develop new bacteriophages-custom-made viruses that could be designed to infect and kill Shigella --in the intestines without harming beneficial bacteria. (massgeneral.org)

Prolonged outbreak of multidrug-resistant Shigella sonnei harbouring blaCTX-M-27 in Victoria, Australia. (medworm.com)
Those resistant genes are similar to what's found in Shigella strains in Southeast Asia. (modbee.com)
4 ], an increasing number of resistant Shigella strains are found [ 5 ], with livestock farming as a potential source [ 6 ]. (mdpi.com)
Cephalosporin-resistant Shigella flexneri over 9 years (2001-09) in India. (thefreedictionary.com)

2017. https://www.tabers.com/tabersonline/view/Tabers-Dictionary/740655/all/Shigella. (tabers.com)

Anderson M, Sansonetti PJ, Marteyn BS (2016) Shigella diversity and changing landscape: insights for the twenty-first century. (springer.com)
Despite this cluster of cases, the total number of Shigella flexneri cases reported through August to Public Health in 2016 is similar to that for 2015. (washingtonblade.com)
Krista Dommer, a spokeswoman for San Joaquin County's public health agency, said that county has confirmed 65 Shigella cases in 2016, a third of last year's total. (modbee.com)

The investigators have previously shown that the Shigella outer membrane protein IcsA is sufficient for actin assembly and that IcsA is localized to a single pole of the bacillus. (usda.gov)

Due to increasing multidrug resistance pathogenic microbes, study was conducted with the use of unique biofield energy of Mr. Mahendra Kumar Trivedi's (known as The Trivedi Effect®) on Shigella sonnei. (pearltrees.com)

Although humans are the primary reservoir of Shigella spp. (mdpi.com)
Shigella have the ability to invade the colonic epithelium in humans, thereby causing an acute mucosal inflammation. (uni-marburg.de)

Aerobactin genes in Shigella spp. (asm.org)

The guinea pig model for Shigella flexneri invasion of the colonic mucosa was used to monitor the infectious process over time with GFP-expressing S. flexneri . (pnas.org)
The Shigella life cycle begins with penetration of colonic mucosa. (kenyon.edu)

Virulence of Shigella is temperature-regulated, as organisms are able to invade HeLa cells at 37°C, and cannot do so in vitro at 30°C (12). (msdsonline.com)
Shigella organisms are killed by heat used in cooking. (marlerblog.com)

Some others such as Shigella ( 8 , 9 ), Listeria monocytogenes ( 10 ), and Rickettsia conorii ( 11 ) can escape from phagosomes into the cytoplasm, multiply, and disseminate into neighboring cells by eliciting actin polymerization. (sciencemag.org)
Shigella requires actin to rocket around the host cell before punching into an adjacent cell, said the Pasteur researchers, who made their discovery in human cells grown in culture in the laboratory. (phys.org)

Anatomy2

Organisms10

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs17

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment4

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes8

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Information Science4

Health Care4

Geographicals1

Tyrosine phosphorylation is required for actin-based motility of vaccinia but not Listeria or Shigella. (1/669)

Interactions between vaccinia virus IEV membrane proteins and their roles in IEV assembly and actin tail formation. (2/669)

Host cell death due to enteropathogenic Escherichia coli has features of apoptosis. (3/669)

Safety and immunogenicity of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri 2a O-specific polysaccharide conjugates in children. (4/669)

IpaC induces actin polymerization and filopodia formation during Shigella entry into epithelial cells. (5/669)

Shigellosis and Escherichia coli diarrhea: relative importance of invasive and toxigenic mechanisms. (6/669)

Interaction of Shiga toxins with human brain microvascular endothelial cells: cytokines as sensitizing agents. (7/669)

Typing and characterization of mechanisms of resistance of Shigella spp. isolated from feces of children under 5 years of age from Ifakara, Tanzania. (8/669)

Shigella

Shigella flexneri

Shigella sonnei

Shigella dysenteriae

Dysentery, Bacillary

Shigella boydii

Shigella Vaccines

Keratoconjunctivitis

O Antigens

Bacterial Proteins

Salmonella

Diarrhea

Virulence

Escherichia coli

Feces

Shiga Toxins

Serotyping

Genes, Bacterial

Antigens, Bacterial

Congo Red

DNA, Bacterial

Plasmids

Enterobacteriaceae

Virulence Factors

Dysentery

Escherichia

Plesiomonas

Molecular Sequence Data

Trimethoprim Resistance

Anti-Bacterial Agents

HeLa Cells

Antibodies, Bacterial

Bacterial Toxins

Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests

Bacterial Vaccines

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

Ampicillin

Nalidixic Acid

Drug Resistance, Microbial

Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field

Bangladesh

Lipopolysaccharides

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins

Drug Resistance, Bacterial

Base Sequence

Shiga Toxin

Copyright

Computer Security

Confidentiality

Privacy

Tyrosine phosphorylation is required for actin-based motility of vaccinia but not Listeria or Shigella. (1/669)

Interactions between vaccinia virus IEV membrane proteins and their roles in IEV assembly and actin tail formation. (2/669)

Host cell death due to enteropathogenic Escherichia coli has features of apoptosis. (3/669)

Safety and immunogenicity of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri 2a O-specific polysaccharide conjugates in children. (4/669)

IpaC induces actin polymerization and filopodia formation during Shigella entry into epithelial cells. (5/669)

Shigellosis and Escherichia coli diarrhea: relative importance of invasive and toxigenic mechanisms. (6/669)

Interaction of Shiga toxins with human brain microvascular endothelial cells: cytokines as sensitizing agents. (7/669)

Typing and characterization of mechanisms of resistance of Shigella spp. isolated from feces of children under 5 years of age from Ifakara, Tanzania. (8/669)

Microbiology Society Journals | Shigella and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli strains are derived from distinct ancestral...

Identification of Shigella species and their antibiotic resistance patterns from dysenteric patients in Baradaran Rezaei...

Leicester Research Archive: A taxonomic study of the genus shigella with reference to the influence of R plasmids.

CDC Releases Shigella Prevention and Control Toolkit - NACCHO

Isolation and identification of Shigella spp. from human fecal samples collected from Pantnagar - Semantic Scholar

Draft genomes of Shigella strains used by the STOPENTERICS consortium | Gut Pathogens | Full Text

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | Studies on Rates of Recovery of Shigella from Domestic Flies and from...

Difference between revisions of Shigella - microbewiki

salmonella shigella agar

Shigella spp | MSDSonline

ASMscience | Shigella

trial data

Description: Structural and mutational characterisation of Shigella Pathogenicity Factors

Genome-wide association studies of Shigella spp. and Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli isolates demonstrate an absence of genetic...

Shigella

Digital [email protected] - Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP): The Regulation of the icsP promoter of Shigella...

Shigella Infection in Macaque Colonies: Case Report of an Eradica...: Ingenta Connect

Determination of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern and frequency of CTX-M TEM and SHV Β-Lactamase Encoding Genes among Shigella...

GN Broth - for the enrichment of Salmonella and Shigella from stool specimens

Hopeful Monsters: Nothing in Evolution Makes Sense Except in the Light of E. coli (and Shigella) - Mike the Mad...

Quantitative PCR for Detection of Shigella Improves Ascertainment of Shigella Burden in Children with Moderate-to-Severe...