Shiga Toxin
Shiga Toxin 2
Shiga Toxin 1
Shiga Toxins
A class of toxins that inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the interaction of ribosomal RNA; (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) with PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTORS. They include SHIGA TOXIN which is produced by SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE and a variety of shiga-like toxins that are produced by pathologic strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI such as ESCHERICHIA COLI O157.
Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli
Shigella dysenteriae
Escherichia coli O157
A verocytotoxin-producing serogroup belonging to the O subfamily of Escherichia coli which has been shown to cause severe food-borne disease. A strain from this serogroup, serotype H7, which produces SHIGA TOXINS, has been linked to human disease outbreaks resulting from contamination of foods by E. coli O157 from bovine origin.
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
Bacterial Toxins
Cholera Toxin
An ENTEROTOXIN from VIBRIO CHOLERAE. It consists of two major protomers, the heavy (H) or A subunit and the B protomer which consists of 5 light (L) or B subunits. The catalytic A subunit is proteolytically cleaved into fragments A1 and A2. The A1 fragment is a MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE. The B protomer binds cholera toxin to intestinal epithelial cells, and facilitates the uptake of the A1 fragment. The A1 catalyzed transfer of ADP-RIBOSE to the alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G PROTEINS activates the production of CYCLIC AMP. Increased levels of cyclic AMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells.
T-2 Toxin
Cytotoxins
Substances that are toxic to cells; they may be involved in immunity or may be contained in venoms. These are distinguished from CYTOSTATIC AGENTS in degree of effect. Some of them are used as CYTOTOXIC ANTIBIOTICS. The mechanism of action of many of these are as ALKYLATING AGENTS or MITOSIS MODULATORS.
Trihexosylceramides
Glycosphingolipids which contain as their polar head group a trisaccharide (galactose-galactose-glucose) moiety bound in glycosidic linkage to the hydroxyl group of ceramide. Their accumulation in tissue, due to a defect in ceramide trihexosidase, is the cause of angiokeratoma corporis diffusum (FABRY DISEASE).
Globosides
Glycosphingolipids containing N-acetylglucosamine (paragloboside) or N-acetylgalactosamine (globoside). Globoside is the P antigen on erythrocytes and paragloboside is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of erythrocyte blood group ABH and P 1 glycosphingolipid antigens. The accumulation of globoside in tissue, due to a defect in hexosaminidases A and B, is the cause of Sandhoff disease.
Ricin
Prophages
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Vero Cells
Ribosome Inactivating Proteins
N-Glycosidases that remove adenines from RIBOSOMAL RNA, depurinating the conserved alpha-sarcin loop of 28S RIBOSOMAL RNA. They often consist of a toxic A subunit and a binding lectin B subunit. They may be considered as PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS. They are found in many PLANTS and have cytotoxic and antiviral activity.
Tetanus Toxin
Protein synthesized by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI as a single chain of ~150 kDa with 35% sequence identity to BOTULINUM TOXIN that is cleaved to a light and a heavy chain that are linked by a single disulfide bond. Tetanolysin is the hemolytic and tetanospasmin is the neurotoxic principle. The toxin causes disruption of the inhibitory mechanisms of the CNS, thus permitting uncontrolled nervous activity, leading to fatal CONVULSIONS.
Antitoxins
Feces
Adhesins, Bacterial
Cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion (BACTERIAL ADHESION) to other cells or to inanimate surfaces. Most fimbriae (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) of gram-negative bacteria function as adhesins, but in many cases it is a minor subunit protein at the tip of the fimbriae that is the actual adhesin. In gram-positive bacteria, a protein or polysaccharide surface layer serves as the specific adhesin. What is sometimes called polymeric adhesin (BIOFILMS) is distinct from protein adhesin.
Virulence Factors
Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)
Diarrhea
Escherichia coli Vaccines
Serotyping
Botulinum Toxins, Type A
Marine Toxins
Dysentery, Bacillary
DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).
Cercopithecus aethiops
Virulence
Enterotoxins
Shigella
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Butyric Acid
Toxoids
Hemolysin Proteins
Edema Disease of Swine
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Cattle Diseases
Food Microbiology
Golgi Apparatus
A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
Cattle
Glycolipids
HeLa Cells
RNA, Ribosomal, 28S
Adenylate Cyclase Toxin
Foodborne Diseases
Acute illnesses, usually affecting the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, brought on by consuming contaminated food or beverages. Most of these diseases are infectious, caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, or parasites that can be foodborne. Sometimes the diseases are caused by harmful toxins from the microbes or other chemicals present in the food. Especially in the latter case, the condition is often called food poisoning.
P Blood-Group System
trans-Golgi Network
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
Strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI characterized by attaching-and-effacing histopathology. These strains of bacteria intimately adhere to the epithelial cell membrane and show effacement of microvilli. In developed countries they are associated with INFANTILE DIARRHEA and infantile GASTROENTERITIS and, in contrast to ETEC strains, do not produce ENDOTOXINS.
Lethal Dose 50
Glycosphingolipids
Lipids containing at least one monosaccharide residue and either a sphingoid or a ceramide (CERAMIDES). They are subdivided into NEUTRAL GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS comprising monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylsphingoids and monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylceramides; and ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS which comprises sialosylglycosylsphingolipids (GANGLIOSIDES); SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS (formerly known as sulfatides), glycuronoglycosphingolipids, and phospho- and phosphonoglycosphingolipids. (From IUPAC's webpage)
Endosomes
Amino Acid Sequence
Lysogeny
The phenomenon by which a temperate phage incorporates itself into the DNA of a bacterial host, establishing a kind of symbiotic relation between PROPHAGE and bacterium which results in the perpetuation of the prophage in all the descendants of the bacterium. Upon induction (VIRUS ACTIVATION) by various agents, such as ultraviolet radiation, the phage is released, which then becomes virulent and lyses the bacterium.
Disease Outbreaks
Transcytosis
Rabbits
Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field
Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. They are usually ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS or toxins. Mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the A site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
Brefeldin A
Protein Subunits
Receptors, Cell Surface
Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.
Protein Transport
Intestines
Neutralization Tests
The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).
Base Sequence
Siphoviridae
Immunochromatography
Biological Transport
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Endocytosis
Intestinal Mucosa
Serum Amyloid P-Component
Cell Survival
Meat
O Antigens
The lipopolysaccharide-protein somatic antigens, usually from gram-negative bacteria, important in the serological classification of enteric bacilli. The O-specific chains determine the specificity of the O antigens of a given serotype. O antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Butyrates
Scorpion Venoms
Clostridium difficile
Pinocytosis
Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate
Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone
Bacterial Adhesion
Ileum
Neutral Glycosphingolipids
Clathrin
The main structural coat protein of COATED VESICLES which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Each molecule of clathrin consists of three light chains (CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAINS) and three heavy chains (CLATHRIN HEAVY CHAINS) that form a structure called a triskelion. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins.
Vascular ultrastructure and DNA fragmentation in swine infected with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. (1/321)
Shiga toxins (Stx) produced by Escherichia coli cause systemic vascular damage that manifests as edema disease in swine and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. In vitro, Stx inhibit protein synthesis and, depending on circumstances, induce necrosis, apoptosis, or both. The mechanism of in vivo Stx-mediated vascular damage is not known. The ability of Stx to cause apoptosis of vasculature in vivo was studied in pigs with edema disease that was produced by oral inoculation with Stx-producing E. coli. Arterioles of ileum and brain were evaluated by terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay for DNA fragmentation in myocytes (10 infected pigs, 5 control pigs) and by transmission electron microscopy for ultrastructural changes characteristic of apoptosis (17 infected pigs, 8 control pigs). In comparison with controls, increased numbers of TUNEL-positive arterioles were detected in 6/10 (60%) subclinically affected pigs 14-15 days after inoculation. Ultrastructurally, lesions in myocytes consisted of lysis (necrosis), with cytoplasmic debris and nuclear fragments contained between intact basement membranes. Endothelial cell changes ranged from acute swelling to necrosis and detachment from basement membrane. Subclinically affected pigs (n = 14) tended to have changes predominantly in myocytes, whereas pigs with clinical illness (n = 3) more commonly had changes in endothelial cells. The arteriolar lesions and clinical signs of edema disease are attributed to the effects of Stx on vasculature. Therefore, our findings suggest that the Stx-induced arteriolar lesions seen in this study were primarily necrotic, not apoptotic. We suspect that necrosis was the principal cause of the DNA fragmentation detected. (+info)Toxin gene expression by shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: the role of antibiotics and the bacterial SOS response. (2/321)
Toxin synthesis by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) appears to be coregulated through induction of the integrated bacteriophage that encodes the toxin gene. Phage production is linked to induction of the bacterial SOS response, a ubiquitous response to DNA damage. SOS-inducing antimicrobial agents, particularly the quinolones, trimethoprim, and furazolidone, were shown to induce toxin gene expression in studies of their effects on a reporter STEC strain carrying a chromosome-based stx2::lacZ transcriptional fusion. At antimicrobial levels above those required to inhibit bacterial replication, these agents are potent inducers (up to 140-fold) of the transcription of type 2 Shiga toxin genes (stx2); therefore, they should be avoided in treating patients with potential or confirmed STEC infections. Other agents (20 studied) and incubation conditions produced significant but less striking effects on stx2 transcription; positive and negative influences were observed. SOS-mediated induction of toxin synthesis also provides a mechanism that could exacerbate STEC infections and increase dissemination of stx genes. These features and the use of SOS-inducing antibiotics in clinical practice and animal husbandry may account for the recent emergence of STEC disease. (+info)Prevalence of non-O157:H7 shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in diarrheal stool samples from Nebraska. (3/321)
We determined the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in diarrheal stool samples from Nebraska by three methods: cefixime-tellurite sorbitol MacConkey (CT- SMAC) culture, enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) enzyme immunoassay, and stx1,2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fourteen (4.2%) of 335 specimens were positive by at least one method (CT-SMAC culture [6 of 14], EHEC enzyme immunoassay [13 of 14], stx1,2 PCR [14 of 14]). Six contained serogroup O157, while non-O157 were as prevalent as O157 serogroups. (+info)Detection and characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from seagulls. (4/321)
Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from a seagull in Japan were examined. A total of 50 faecal samples was collected on a harbour bank in Hokkaido, Japan, in July 1998. Two different STEC strains, whose serotypes were O136:H16 and O153:H-, were isolated from the same individual by PCR screening; both of them were confirmed by ELISA and Vero cell cytotoxicity assay to be producing active Stx2 and Stx1, respectively. They harboured large plasmids, but did not carry the haemolysin or eaeA genes of STEC O157:H7. Based on their plasmid profiles, antibiotic resistance patterns, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis (PFGE), and the stx genes sequences, the isolates were different. Phylogenic analysis of the deduced Stx amino acid sequences demonstrated that the Stx toxins of seagull-origin STEC were closely associated with those of the human-origin, but not those of other animal-origin STEC. In addition, Stx2phi-K7 phage purified from O136 STEC resembled Stx2phi-II from human-origin O157:H7, and was able to convert non-toxigenic E. coli to STEC. These results suggest that birds may be one of the important carriers in terms of the distribution of STEC. (+info)Entry of ricin and Shiga toxin into cells: molecular mechanisms and medical perspectives. (5/321)
A large number of plant and bacterial toxins with enzymatic activity on intracellular targets are now known. These toxins enter cells by first binding to cell surface receptors, then they are endocytosed and finally they become translocated into the cytosol from an intracellular compartment. In the case of the plant toxin ricin and the bacterial toxin Shiga toxin, this happens after retrograde transport through the Golgi apparatus and to the endoplasmic reticulum. The toxins are powerful tools to reveal new pathways in intracellular transport. Furthermore, knowledge about their action on cells can be used to combat infectious diseases where such toxins are involved, and a whole new field of research takes advantage of their ability to enter the cytosol for therapeutic purposes in connection with a variety of diseases. This review deals with the mechanisms of entry of ricin and Shiga toxin, and the attempts to use such toxins in medicine are discussed. (+info)Shiga toxin activates p38 MAP kinase through cellular Ca(2+) increase in Vero cells. (6/321)
We examined whether the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is involved in Shiga toxin (Stx)-induced Vero cell injury. Consonant with cell injury, Stx caused a transient extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) and a sustained p38 MAPK phosphorylation. p38 MAPK inhibitors (SB 203580 and PD 169316), but not an ERK1/2 kinase inhibitor (PD 98059), partially inhibited the Stx-induced cell death. BAPTA-AM, a Ca(2+) chelator, reduced both cell injury and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Antioxidants reduced Stx1-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation. These data indicate that Stx activates p38 MAPK through an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) and reactive oxygen species, and this signaling is involved in Stx-induced cell death. (+info)Rab11 regulates the compartmentalization of early endosomes required for efficient transport from early endosomes to the trans-golgi network. (7/321)
Several GTPases of the Rab family, known to be regulators of membrane traffic between organelles, have been described and localized to various intracellular compartments. Rab11 has previously been reported to be associated with the pericentriolar recycling compartment, post-Golgi vesicles, and the trans-Golgi network (TGN). We compared the effect of overexpression of wild-type and mutant forms of Rab11 on the different intracellular transport steps in the endocytic/degradative and the biosynthetic/exocytic pathways in HeLa cells. We also studied transport from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus using the Shiga toxin B subunit (STxB) and TGN38 as reporter molecules. Overexpression of both Rab11 wild-type (Rab11wt) and mutants altered the localization of the transferrrin receptor (TfR), internalized Tf, the STxB, and TGN38. In cells overexpressing Rab11wt and in a GTPase-deficient Rab11 mutant (Rab11Q70L), these proteins were found in vesicles showing characteristics of sorting endosomes lacking cellubrevin (Cb). In contrast, they were redistributed into an extended tubular network, together with Cb, in cells overexpressing a dominant negative mutant of Rab11 (Rab11S25N). This tubularized compartment was not accessible to Tf internalized at temperatures <20 degrees C, suggesting that it is of recycling endosomal origin. Overexpression of Rab11wt, Rab11Q70L, and Rab11S25N also inhibited STxB and TGN38 transport from endosomes to the TGN. These results suggest that Rab11 influences endosome to TGN trafficking primarily by regulating membrane distribution inside the early endosomal pathway. (+info)Molecular and phenotypic characterization of potentially new Shigella dysenteriae serotype. (8/321)
From September 1997 to November 1998, the French National Center for Salmonella and Shigella received 22 Shigella isolates recovered from 22 different patients suffering from dysentery. None of these isolates reacted with any of the antisera used to identify established Shigella serotypes, but all of them agglutinated in the presence of antisera to a previously described potentially new Shigella dysenteriae serotype (represented by strain 96-204) primarily isolated from stool cultures of imported diarrheal cases in Japan. All French isolates, as well as strain 96-204, showed biochemical reactions typical of S. dysenteriae and gave positive results in a PCR assay for detection of the plasmid ipaH gene coding for invasiveness. No Shiga toxin gene was detected by PCR. These isolates were indistinguishable by molecular analysis of ribosomal DNA (ribotyping) and seemed to be related to S. dysenteriae serotypes 3 and 12. However, further characterization by restriction of the amplified O-antigen gene cluster clearly distinguished this new serotype from all other Shigella or Escherichia coli serotypes. (+info)
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Shigella dysenteriae
Herold S; Karch H; Schmidt H (2004). "Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages-genomes in motion". International Journal of Medical ... causes minor dysentery because of its Shiga toxin, but other species may also be dysentery agents. S. dysenteriae releases an ...
Trimethoprim
"Toxin Gene Expression by Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli: The Role of Antibiotics and the Bacterial SOS Response". Emerg ... Use in EHEC infections may lead to an increase in expression of Shiga toxin.[17] ...
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli
H4 strain which was lysogenized by a Shiga toxin encoding phage (typically associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia ... There are three toxins found in EAEC; plasmid encoded toxin (Pet), heat-stable toxin (EAST1), and Shigella enterotoxin 1 (ShET1 ... Nadia Boisen; Angela R. Melton-Celsa; Flemming Scheutz; Alison D. O'Brien; James P. Nataro (2015). "Shiga toxin 2a and ... Several toxins have been linked to EAEC virulence, including ShET1 (Shigella enterotoxin 1), Pet (plasmid‐encoded toxin), and ...
2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak
"Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC): Update on outbreak in the EU (27 July 2011, 11:00)". ECDC. 27 July 2011. Archived from ... Hughes JM, Wilson ME, Johnson KE, Thorpe CM, Sears CL (2006). "The Emerging Clinical Importance of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin- ... Fruth A, Prager R, Tietze E, Rabsch W, Fliger A (2015). "Molecular epidemiological view on Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia ... European Food Safety Authority (2011). "Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) O104:H4 2011 outbreaks in Europe: Taking stock". ...
Shigellosis
Gastroenteritis Shiga-like toxin Shiga toxin Traveler's diarrhea "General Information, Shigella - Shigellosis , CDC". www.cdc. ...
Ludger Johannes
His team has validated the B-subunit of Shiga toxin (STxB) as a "pilot" for the delivery of therapeutic compounds to precise ... "Shiga toxin induces tubular membrane invaginations for its uptake into cells". nature. Retrieved 2020-10-27. Forrester, Alison ... Shiga toxin induces tubular membrane invaginations for its uptake into cells. Nature 450: 670-675. Comments: Nat Rev Mol Cell ... Mechanism of Shiga toxin clustering on membranes. ACS Nano 11: 314-324 (& co-first authors, # authors from Johannes group, * ...
Escherichia coli O104:H4
E. coli O104 is a Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). The toxins cause illness and the associated symptoms by sticking to the ... H4 by an acute onset of diarrhea or bloody diarrhea together with the detection of the Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) or the Shiga gene ... can be tested in a laboratory for the presence of Shiga toxin. Testing methods used include direct detection of the toxin by ... "Shiga Toxin-producing E. Coli (STEC) O104:H4 2011 Outbreaks in Europe:." EFSA Journal. European Food Safety Authority, 3 Nov. ...
Romaine lettuce
The disease agent was Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157:H7. The most recent illness started on December 12, 2017; the PHA ... H7 Shiga toxins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (19): 10325-9. Bibcode: ... "Multistate Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infections Linked to Leafy Greens (Final Update)", ...
Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli
2017), "Chapter 3: Structure of Shiga toxins and other AB5 toxins", Shiga toxins: A Review of Structure, Mechanism, and ... "Shiga-like toxin" (SLT) or "verotoxin" is that they should all be referred to as (versions of) Shiga toxin, as the difference ... are strains of the bacterium Escherichia coli that produce either Shiga toxin or Shiga-like toxin (verotoxin). Only a minority ... "Quinolone antibiotics induce Shiga toxin-encoding bacteriophages, toxin production, and death in mice". The Journal of ...
Horizontal gene transfer
A prime example concerning the spread of exotoxins is the adaptive evolution of Shiga toxins in E. coli through horizontal gene ... ISBN 978-1-908230-10-2. Strauch E, Lurz R, Beutin L (December 2001). "Characterization of a Shiga toxin-encoding temperate ...
Escherichia coli O157:H7
... and nonproducing strains may become infected and produce shiga-like toxins after incubation with shiga toxin positive strains. ... Strains of E. coli that express Shiga and Shiga-like toxins gained that ability via infection with a prophage containing the ... such as the use of anti-induction strategies to prevent toxin production and the use of anti-Shiga toxin antibodies, have also ... Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a serotype of the bacterial species Escherichia coli and is one of the Shiga-like toxin-producing ...
Intralytix
EcoShield PX™. Targets E. coli O157:H7 and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Used to treat various foods including beef and ...
Kat Holt
Open-source genomic analysis of Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli O104:H4. The New England Journal of Medicine, 365(8):718-724. doi ...
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
... also called Shiga-like toxin). E. coli can produce stx1 and/or stx2 Shiga toxins, the latter being more dangerous. A ... A positive Shiga-toxin/EHEC test confirms a cause for STEC-HUS, and severe ADAMTS13 deficiency (i.e., ≤5% of normal ADAMTS13 ... These Shiga toxins bind GB3 receptors, globotriaosylceramide, which are present in renal tissue more than any other tissue and ... The Shiga-toxin-activated endothelial cells then become thrombogenic (clot-producing) by a mechanism that is not fully ...
Acinetobacter haemolyticus
Grotiuz G, Sirok A, Gadea P, Varela G, Schelotto F (October 2006). "Shiga toxin 2-producing Acinetobacter haemolyticus ...
Escherichia coli O121
Therefore, O121 is sometimes roughly classified as a type of "non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli " (non-O157 STEC). A U.S. ... Escherichia coli O157:H7 "Laboratory-Confirmed Non-O157 Shiga Toxin Producing E. Coli". Centers for Disease Control and ... Escherichia coli O121 is a pathogenic serotype of Escherichia coli, associated with Shiga toxin, intestinal bleeding, and ...
Schistocyte
HUS is caused by E. coli bloody diarrhea and specific strains of shiga toxin. The bacteria in HUS cause damage to the ...
Andrea Ammon
"Escherichia coli Harboring Shiga Toxin 2 Gene Variants: Frequency and Association with Clinical Symptoms". The Journal of ...
Shigella
Both Shiga toxin and verotoxin are associated with causing potentially fatal hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Shigella species invade ... S. dysenteriae strains produce Shiga toxin, which is hemolytic similar to the verotoxin produced by enterohemorrhagic E. coli. ... The genus is named after Kiyoshi Shiga, who first discovered it in 1897. The causative agent of human shigellosis, Shigella ... Some strains of Shigella produce toxins which contribute to disease during infection. S. flexneri strains produce ShET1 and ...
Open-source model
2011). "Open-Source Genomic Analysis of Shiga-Toxin-Producing E. coli O104:H4" (PDF). N Engl J Med. 365 (8): 718-24. doi: ...
P1PK blood group system
... which mediate Shiga toxin 1 but not Shiga toxin 2 cell entry". Journal of Biological Chemistry: 100299. doi:10.1016/j.jbc. ... Shiga Toxin Binds Human Platelets Via Globotriaoslyceramide (Pk antigen) and a Novel Platelet Glycosphingolipid. Infect Immun ... Pk antigen is a receptor for Shiga toxins produced by Shigella dysenteriae and some strains of Escherichia coli, which may ...
Mark Pallen
2011). "Open-source genomic analysis of Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli O104:H4" (PDF). N Engl J Med. 365 (8): 718-24. doi: ... 2013). "A culture-independent sequence-based metagenomics approach to the investigation of an outbreak of Shiga-toxigenic ...
Bacterial taxonomy
Confusingly, there are also E. coli strains that produce Shiga toxin known as STEC. Escherichia coli is a badly classified ...
Vibrio regulatory RNA of OmpA
Kolling GL, Matthews KR (May 1999). "Export of virulence genes and Shiga toxin by membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli O157:H7 ... Little is known about how these vesicles aid virulence but it has been speculated that they may contribute by secreting toxins ...
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3
October 2017). "Shiga Toxins Induce Apoptosis and ER Stress in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells". Toxins. 9 (10): 319. ... Lee SY, Lee MS, Cherla RP, Tesh VL (March 2008). "Shiga toxin 1 induces apoptosis through the endoplasmic reticulum stress ...
Transcytosis
Shiga toxin secreted by enterohemorrhagic E. coli has been shown to be transcytosed into the intestinal lumen. From these ... "Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection stimulates Shiga toxin 1 macropinocytosis and transcytosis across intestinal ...
Macropinosome
Shiga toxin produced by enterohemorrhagic E. coli has been shown to enter target cells via macropinocytosis, causing ... "Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection stimulates Shiga toxin 1 macropinocytosis and transcytosis across intestinal ...
Aspergillus ochraceus
... was found to inhibit the growth of a Shiga toxin-producing bacteria called Escherichia coli (STEC) O157, ... "Spread and change in stress resistance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 on fungal colonies". Microbial ... Aspergillus ochraceus is a mold species in the genus Aspergillus known to produce the toxin ochratoxin A, one of the most ... Significant loss in nutritive value and hazardous effect on the food chain are caused due to the same OTA toxin contamination ...
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome
Stool samples from patients with diarrhea or other GI symptoms should be tested for STEC and the presence of Shiga-toxin. ... However, a positive identification of Shiga-toxin, which is required to diagnose STEC-HUS, does not rule out aHUS. Nevertheless ... and Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC-HUS). However, it is now understood that although ... Shiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: prognostic significance of genetic background". Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 1 (1 ...
Bacillary dysentery
Shiga toxin causes hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome by damaging endothelial cells in the microvasculature of ...
Toxin tiếng Việt
Shiga toxin · Verotoxin/shiga-like toxin (E. coli) · E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin/enterotoxin · Cholera toxin · Pertussis ... "toxin" tại Từ điển Y học Dorland *^ "toxin - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Truy cập ngày 13 tháng 12 ... type I (Superantigen) · type II (Pore forming toxins) · type III (AB toxin/AB5) ... Clostridium: tetani (Tetanospasmin) · perfringens (Alpha toxin, Enterotoxin) · difficile (A, B) · botulinum (Botox). khác: ...
Escherichia coli O157:H7
... and nonproducing strains may become infected and produce shiga-like toxins after incubation with shiga toxin positive strains. ... Strains of E. coli that express Shiga and Shiga-like toxins gained this ability due to infection with a prophage containing the ... Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a serotype of the bacterial species Escherichia coli and is one of the Shiga toxin-producing types ... H7 Shiga toxins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (19): 10325-9. doi: ...
AB5 toxin
AB5 Toxins Biochemistry Cholera toxin Pertussis toxin Shiga toxin Subtilase Le Nours, J.; Paton, A. W.; Byres, E.; Troy, S.; ... Cholera toxin, pertussis toxin, and shiga toxin all have their targets in the cytosol of the cell. After their B subunit binds ... Cholera toxin, shiga toxin, and SubAB toxin all have B subunits that are made up of five identical protein components, meaning ... After endocytosis, pertussis toxin's mechanism is the same as cholera toxin. The main receptor for the shiga toxin is ...
Magic bullet (medicine)
... with the help of Japanese microbiologist Kiyoshi Shiga, Ehrlich experimented with hundreds of dyes on mice infected with ... But Ehrlich's rationale was that the chemical structure called side chain forms antibodies that bind to toxins (such as ...
Neurotoksin Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas
Toksin Shiga · Verotoksin/Toksin serupa Shiga (E. coli) · Enterotoksin stabil haba E. coli · Enterotoksin labil haba · Toksin ... Simpson, L. L. (1986) "Molecular Pharmacology of Botulinum Toxin and Tetanus Toxin." Annual Review of Pharmacology and ... jenis I (Superantigen) · jenis II (Pore forming toxins) · jenis III (Toksin AB/AB5) ... "Botulinum Toxin as a Biological Weapon." The Journal of the Americal Medical Association, 285 ...
Botulinum toxin
Shiga toxin/Verotoxin. *E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin. *Cholera toxin/Heat-labile enterotoxin ... Microbial toxins. References[edit]. *^ a b c d e f g Montecucco C, Molgó J (June 2005). "Botulinal neurotoxins: revival of an ... Toxin production[edit]. Botulism toxins are produced by bacteria of the genus Clostridium, namely Clostridium botulinum, C. ... Botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum is the cause of botulism.[17] Humans most commonly ingest the toxin from ...
Cardiotoxin III
Shiga toxin/Verotoxin. *E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin. *Cholera toxin/Heat-labile enterotoxin ... note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species ... Cardiotoxin III (CTX III, also known as cytotoxin 3) is a sixty amino-acid polypeptide toxin from the Taiwan Cobra Naja atra. ... Snake toxin-like (2 families) - Orientations of Proteins in Membranes (OPM) database". Retrieved 2008-12-13.. .mw-parser-output ...
Histrionicotoxins
Verotoxin/shiga-like toxin (E. coli). *E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin/enterotoxin ... note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species ... Histrionicotoxins are a group of related toxins found in the skin of poison frogs from the family Dendrobatidae, notably ...
Mutaflor
Shiga toxins, heat-stable and heat-labile toxins), no production of cytotoxins (CNF), no invasiveness, no pathogenic adhesion ...
Aflatoxin
Shiga toxin/Verotoxin. *E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin. *Cholera toxin/Heat-labile enterotoxin ... note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species ... Nevertheless, they appear much less capable of causing mutagenesis than the unmetabolized toxin.[19] ... and the possibility of concurrent exposure to other toxins. The main target organ in mammals is the liver, so aflatoxicosis ...
Septic shock
Type III, intracellular toxins or A/B toxins interfere with internal cell function and include shiga toxin, cholera toxin, and ... Recently, severe damage to liver ultrastructure has been noticed from treatment with cell-free toxins of Salmonella.[10] Unless ... Type I, cell surface-active toxins, disrupt cells without entering, and include superantigens and heat-stable enterotoxins. ... Type II, membrane-damaging toxins, destroy cell membranes in order to enter and include hemolysins and phospholipases. ...
California newt
Verotoxin/shiga-like toxin (E. coli). *E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin/enterotoxin ... Its adult length can range from 5 to 8 in (13 to 20 cm).[1] Its skin produces a potent toxin[citation needed]. ... note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species ... This evolutionary arms race has resulted in the newts producing levels of toxin far in excess of what is needed to kill any ...
Botulinum toxin
Verotoxin/shiga-like toxin (E. coli). *E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin/enterotoxin ... Microbial toxins. References[edit]. *^ a b c d e f g Montecucco C, Molgó J (June 2005). "Botulinal neurotoxins: revival of an ... Toxin production[edit]. Botulism toxins are produced by bacteria of the genus Clostridium, namely Clostridium botulinum, C. ... Botulinum toxin is used to treat a number of problems. Muscle spasticity[edit]. Botulinum toxin is used to treat a number of ...
Toxin
Verotoxin/shiga-like toxin (E. coli). *E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin/enterotoxin ... "toxin" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary *^ "toxin - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Retrieved 13 ... For other uses, see Toxin (disambiguation).. A toxin (from Ancient Greek: τοξικόν, translit. toxikon) is a poisonous substance ... 3 Environmental toxins *3.1 Finding information about toxins. *3.2 Computational resources for prediction of toxic peptides and ...
Heat-labile enterotoxin
Verotoxin/shiga-like toxin (E. coli). *E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin/enterotoxin ... Heat-labile enterotoxin is a type of labile toxin found in Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus. ... note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species ... It acts similarly to the cholera toxin by raising cAMP levels through ADP-ribosylation of the alpha-subunit of a Gs protein ...
Birtoxin
Verotoxin/shiga-like toxin (E. coli). *E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin/enterotoxin ... note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species ... Possani, L.D.; Becerrill, B.; Delepierre, M.; Tytgat Hammock, J. (1999). "Scorpion toxins specific for Na+-channels". European ... Gordon, D.; Savarin, P.; Gurevitz, M.; Zinn-Justin, S. (1998). "Functional anatomy of scorpion toxins affecting sodium channels ...
Toxin
Shiga toxin/Verotoxin. *E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin. *Cholera toxin/Heat-labile enterotoxin ... "toxin" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary *^ "toxin - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Retrieved 13 ... Environmental toxins[edit]. See also: Environmental toxicology. The term "environmental toxin" can sometimes explicitly include ... Toxins are often distinguished from other chemical agents by their method of production-the word toxin does not specify method ...
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
... also called Shiga-like toxin). E. coli can produce stx1 and/or stx2 Shiga toxins, the latter being more dangerous. A ... HUS was first defined as a syndrome in 1955.[2][3] The more common form of the disease, Shiga-like toxin-producing E. coli HUS ... A positive Shiga-toxin/EHEC test confirms a cause for STEC-HUS,[23][31] and severe ADAMTS13 deficiency (i.e., ≤5% of normal ... Certain Shiga toxin-secreting strains of Shigella dysenteriae can also cause HUS.[4] Approximately 5% of cases are classified ...
টক্সিন - উইকিপিডিয়া
Verotoxin/shiga-like toxin (E. coli). *E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin/enterotoxin ... ডোরল্যান্ডের চিকিৎসাশাস্ত্র অভিধানে "toxin" *↑ "toxin - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary"। সংগ্রহের তারিখ ... note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species ... The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases. *ToxSeek: Meta-search engine in toxicology and ...
Tetanospasmin
Verotoxin/shiga-like toxin (E. coli). *E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin/enterotoxin ... It is also called spasmogenic toxin, or TeNT. The LD50 of this toxin has been measured to be approximately 2.5-3 ng/kg,[2][3] ... making it second only to botulinum toxin (LD50 2 ng/kg)[4] as the deadliest toxin in the world. However, these tests are ... Tetanus toxin is an extremely potent neurotoxin produced by the vegetative cell of Clostridium tetani[1] in anaerobic ...
Median lethal dose
Shiga toxin (from dysentery) mice 2 ng/kg 0.000000002 [89]. Tetanospasmin (tetanus toxin) mice 2 ng/kg 0.000000002 [89]. ... Botulinum toxin (Botox) human, oral, injection, inhalation 1 ng/kg (estimated) 0.000000001 [90]. ... Nagai H (2003). "Recent Progress in Jellyfish Toxin Study". Journal of Health Science. 49 (5): 337-340. doi:10.1248/jhs.49.337 ... or LCt50 is a measure of the lethal dose of a toxin, radiation, or pathogen.[1] The value of LD50 for a substance is the dose ...
Cholera toxin
Shiga toxin/Verotoxin. *E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin. *Cholera toxin/Heat-labile enterotoxin ... Cholera toxin acts by the following mechanism: First, the B subunit ring of the cholera toxin binds to GM1 gangliosides on the ... the entire toxin complex is endocytosed by the cell and the cholera toxin A1 (CTA1) chain is released by the reduction of a ... Cholera toxin (also known as choleragen and sometimes abbreviated to CTX, Ctx or CT) is AB5 multimeric protein complex secreted ...
Globotriaosylceramide
The bacterial Shiga toxin can be used for targeted therapy of gastric cancer, because this tumor entity expresses the receptor ... Globotriaosylceramide is also one of the targets of Shiga toxin, which is responsible for pathogenicity of enterohemorrhagic ... Gastric adenocarcinomas express the glycosphingolipid Gb3/CD77: Targeting of gastric cancer cells with Shiga toxin B-subunit. ... of the Shiga toxin. For this purpose an unspecific chemotherapeutical is conjugated to the B-subunit to make it specific. In ...
鏈球菌溶血素 - 维基百科,自由的百科
Verotoxin/shiga-like toxin (E. coli)(英语:Shiga-like toxin). *E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin(英语:Heat-stable enterotoxin)/ ... Staphylococcus aureus alpha(英语:Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin)/beta(英语:Staphylococcus aureus beta toxin)/delta(英语: ... Androctonus australis hector insect toxin(英语:Androctonus australis hector insect toxin) ... Shiga toxin(英语:Shiga toxin). * ... Cholera toxin(英语:Cholera toxin). *Pertussis toxin(英语:Pertussis ...
Diarrhea
Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli, such as E coli o157:h7, are the most common cause of infectious bloody diarrhea in the ... The most common cause of this type of diarrhea is a cholera toxin that stimulates the secretion of anions, especially chloride ... Other infectious agents, such as parasites or bacterial toxins, may exacerbate symptoms.[21] In sanitary living conditions ... In the elderly, particularly those who have been treated with antibiotics for unrelated infections, a toxin produced by ...
Charybdotoxin
Verotoxin/shiga-like toxin (E. coli). *E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin/enterotoxin ... note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species ... Scorpions such as the deathstalker paralyze their prey by injecting a potent mix of peptide toxins.[4] Charybdotoxin, a 37 ... The Charybdotoxin family of scorpion toxins is a group of small peptides that has many family members, such as the pandinotoxin ...
Epätyypillinen hemolyyttis-ureeminen oireyhtymä
2006) Outcome of renal transplantation in patients with non-Shiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: prognostic ... 2012) Infections in pediatric postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome: factors associated with identifying shiga toxin- ... Shiga-toksiinipositiiviset ulostenäytteet ja todiste STEC-infektiosta seeruminäytteessä vahvistavat STEC-HUS-diagnoosin. [43] ... ADAMTS13-aktiivisuutta testaamalla voidaan vahvistaa, onko kyseessä TTP vai aHUS, ja Shiga-toksiinikokeella voidaan havaita ...
West Nile- Growth Factors, Growth Hormones, Purified Proteins, Dominant Negative Clones, Constitutively Active Clones- Lifeome
Phone: +01(619)302-0129. [email protected] ...