Water Microbiology
Waste Disposal, Fluid
Sanitary Engineering
Water Purification
Any of several processes in which undesirable impurities in water are removed or neutralized; for example, chlorination, filtration, primary treatment, ion exchange, and distillation. It includes treatment of WASTE WATER to provide potable and hygienic water in a controlled or closed environment as well as provision of public drinking water supplies.
Enterovirus
Refuse Disposal
Poliovirus
A species of ENTEROVIRUS which is the causal agent of POLIOMYELITIS in humans. Three serotypes (strains) exist. Transmission is by the fecal-oral route, pharyngeal secretions, or mechanical vector (flies). Vaccines with both inactivated and live attenuated virus have proven effective in immunizing against the infection.
Environmental Monitoring
Water Pollutants, Chemical
Biodegradation, Environmental
Rivers
Fertilizers
Feces
Water Pollutants
Bacteria
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
Filtration
Waste Management
Industrial Waste
Enterobacteriaceae
A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.
Robotics
Firefighters
Tosylarginine Methyl Ester
Rescue Work
Biofilms
Encrustations, formed from microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi, plankton, or protozoa) embedding in extracellular polymers, that adhere to surfaces such as teeth (DENTAL DEPOSITS); PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; and catheters. Biofilms are prevented from forming by treating surfaces with DENTIFRICES; DISINFECTANTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; and antifouling agents.
Dermatology
Human Characteristics
Folklore
Substance Abuse Detection
Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Electronic Mail
Messages between computer users via COMPUTER COMMUNICATION NETWORKS. This feature duplicates most of the features of paper mail, such as forwarding, multiple copies, and attachments of images and other file types, but with a speed advantage. The term also refers to an individual message sent in this way.
Editorial Policies
Authorship
Postal Service
Internet
Water
Water Quality
Blogging
Ross River virus
Social Media
Immobilization patterns and dynamics of acetate-utilizing methanogens immobilized in sterile granular sludge in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. (1/1860)
Sterile granular sludge was inoculated with either Methanosarcina mazeii S-6, Methanosaeta concilii GP-6, or both species in acetate-fed upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors to investigate the immobilization patterns and dynamics of aceticlastic methanogens in granular sludge. After several months of reactor operation, the methanogens were immobilized, either separately or together. The fastest immobilization was observed in the reactor containing M. mazeii S-6. The highest effluent concentration of acetate was observed in the reactor with only M. mazeii S-6 immobilized, while the lowest effluent concentration of acetate was observed in the reactor where both types of methanogens were immobilized together. No changes were observed in the kinetic parameters (Ks and mumax) of immobilized M. concilii GP-6 or M. mazeii S-6 compared with suspended cultures, indicating that immobilization does not affect the growth kinetics of these methanogens. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using polyclonal antibodies against either M. concilii GP-6 or M. mazeii S-6 showed significant variations in the two methanogenic populations in the different reactors. Polyclonal antibodies were further used to study the spatial distribution of the two methanogens. M. concilii GP-6 was immobilized only on existing support material without any specific pattern. M. mazeii S-6, however, showed a different immobilization pattern: large clumps were formed when the concentration of acetate was high, but where the acetate concentration was low this strain was immobilized on support material as single cells or small clumps. The data clearly show that the two aceticlastic methanogens immobilize differently in UASB systems, depending on the conditions found throughout the UASB reactor. (+info)Anaerobic degradation of phthalate isomers by methanogenic consortia. (2/1860)
Three methanogenic enrichment cultures, grown on ortho-phthalate, iso-phthalate, or terephthalate were obtained from digested sewage sludge or methanogenic granular sludge. Cultures grown on one of the phthalate isomers were not capable of degrading the other phthalate isomers. All three cultures had the ability to degrade benzoate. Maximum specific growth rates (microseconds max) and biomass yields (YXtotS) of the mixed cultures were determined by using both the phthalate isomers and benzoate as substrates. Comparable values for these parameters were found for all three cultures. Values for microseconds max and YXtotS were higher for growth on benzoate compared to the phthalate isomers. Based on measured and estimated values for the microbial yield of the methanogens in the mixed culture, specific yields for the phthalate and benzoate fermenting organisms were calculated. A kinetic model, involving three microbial species, was developed to predict intermediate acetate and hydrogen accumulation and the final production of methane. Values for the ratio of the concentrations of methanogenic organisms, versus the phthalate isomer and benzoate fermenting organisms, and apparent half-saturation constants (KS) for the methanogens were calculated. By using this combination of measured and estimated parameter values, a reasonable description of intermediate accumulation and methane formation was obtained, with the initial concentration of phthalate fermenting organisms being the only variable. The energetic efficiency for growth of the fermenting organisms on the phthalate isomers was calculated to be significantly smaller than for growth on benzoate. (+info)Identification of a novel group of bacteria in sludge from a deteriorated biological phosphorus removal reactor. (3/1860)
The microbial diversity of a deteriorated biological phosphorus removal reactor was investigated by methods not requiring direct cultivation. The reactor was fed with media containing acetate and high levels of phosphate (P/C weight ratio, 8:100) but failed to completely remove phosphate in the effluent and showed very limited biological phosphorus removal activity. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified 16S ribosomal DNA was used to investigate the bacterial diversity. Up to 11 DGGE bands representing at least 11 different sequence types were observed; DNA from the 6 most dominant of these bands was further isolated and sequenced. Comparative phylogenetic analysis of the partial 16S rRNA sequences suggested that one sequence type was affiliated with the alpha subclass of the Proteobacteria, one was associated with the Legionella group of the gamma subclass of the Proteobacteria, and the remaining four formed a novel group of the gamma subclass of the Proteobacteria with no close relationship to any previously described species. The novel group represented approximately 75% of the PCR-amplified DNA, based on the DGGE band intensities. Two oligonucleotide rRNA probes for this novel group were designed and used in a whole-cell hybridization analysis to investigate the abundance of this novel group in situ. The bacteria were coccoid and 3 to 4 microm in diameter and represented approximately 35% of the total population, suggesting a relatively close agreement with the results obtained by the PCR-based DGGE method. Further, based on electron microscopy and standard staining microscopic analysis, this novel group was able to accumulate granule inclusions, possibly consisting of polyhydroxyalkanoate, inside the cells. (+info)Fluorescence in situ hybridization using 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotides reveals localization of methanogens and selected uncultured bacteria in mesophilic and thermophilic sludge granules. (4/1860)
16S rRNA-targeted in situ hybridization combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to elucidate the spatial distribution of microbes within two types of methanogenic granular sludge, mesophilic (35 degrees C) and thermophilic (55 degrees C), in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors fed with sucrose-, acetate-, and propionate-based artificial wastewater. The spatial organization of the microbes was visualized in thin sections of the granules by using fluorescent oligonucleotide probes specific to several phylogenetic groups of microbes. In situ hybridization with archaeal- and bacterial-domain probes within granule sections clearly showed that both mesophilic and thermophilic granules had layered structures and that the outer layer harbored mainly bacterial cells while the inner layer consisted mainly of archaeal cells. Methanosaeta-, Methanobacterium-, Methanospirillum-, and Methanosarcina-like cells were detected with oligonucleotide probes specific for the different groups of methanogens, and they were found to be localized inside the granules, in both types of which dominant methanogens were members of the genus Methanosaeta. For specific detection of bacteria which were previously detected by whole-microbial-community 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA)-cloning analysis (Y. Sekiguchi, Y. Kamagata, K. Syutsubo, A. Ohashi, H. Harada, and K. Nakamura, Microbiology 144:2655-2665, 1998) we designed probes specific for clonal 16S rDNAs related to unidentified green nonsulfur bacteria and clones related to Syntrophobacter species. The probe designed for the cluster closely related to Syntrophobacter species hybridized with coccoid cells in the inner layer of the mesophilic granule sections. The probe for the unidentified bacteria which were clustered with the green nonsulfur bacteria detected filamentous cells in the outermost layer of the thermophilic sludge granule sections. These results revealed the spatial organizations of methanogens and uncultivated bacteria and their in situ morphologies and metabolic functions in both mesophilic and thermophilic granular sludges. (+info)Combination of fluorescent in situ hybridization and microautoradiography-a new tool for structure-function analyses in microbial ecology. (5/1860)
A new microscopic method for simultaneously determining in situ the identities, activities, and specific substrate uptake profiles of individual bacterial cells within complex microbial communities was developed by combining fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) performed with rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes and microautoradiography. This method was evaluated by using defined artificial mixtures of Escherichia coli and Herpetosiphon aurantiacus under aerobic incubation conditions with added [3H]glucose. Subsequently, we were able to demonstrate the potential of this method by visualizing the uptake of organic and inorganic radiolabeled substrates ([14C]acetate, [14C]butyrate, [14C]bicarbonate, and 33Pi) in probe-defined populations from complex activated sludge microbial communities by using aerobic incubation conditions and anaerobic incubation conditions (with and without nitrate). For both defined cell mixtures and activated sludge, the method proved to be useful for simultaneous identification and analysis of the uptake of labeled substrates under the different experimental conditions used. Optimal results were obtained when fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides were applied prior to the microautoradiographic developing procedure. For single-cell resolution of FISH and microautoradiographic signals within activated sludge flocs, cryosectioned sample material was examined with a confocal laser scanning microscope. The combination of in situ rRNA hybridization techniques, cryosectioning, microautoradiography, and confocal laser scanning microscopy provides a unique opportunity for obtaining cultivation-independent insights into the structure and function of bacterial communities. (+info)Water pollution and human health in China. (6/1860)
China's extraordinary economic growth, industrialization, and urbanization, coupled with inadequate investment in basic water supply and treatment infrastructure, have resulted in widespread water pollution. In China today approximately 700 million people--over half the population--consume drinking water contaminated with levels of animal and human excreta that exceed maximum permissible levels by as much as 86% in rural areas and 28% in urban areas. By the year 2000, the volume of wastewater produced could double from 1990 levels to almost 78 billion tons. These are alarming trends with potentially serious consequences for human health. This paper reviews and analyzes recent Chinese reports on public health and water resources to shed light on what recent trends imply for China's environmental risk transition. This paper has two major conclusions. First, the critical deficits in basic water supply and sewage treatment infrastructure have increased the risk of exposure to infectious and parasitic disease and to a growing volume of industrial chemicals, heavy metals, and algal toxins. Second, the lack of coordination between environmental and public health objectives, a complex and fragmented system to manage water resources, and the general treatment of water as a common property resource mean that the water quality and quantity problems observed as well as the health threats identified are likely to become more acute. (+info)Detection of small numbers of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli cells in environmental water, sewage, and food samples by a seminested PCR assay. (7/1860)
A rapid and sensitive assay was developed for detection of small numbers of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli cells in environmental water, sewage, and food samples. Water and sewage samples were filtered, and the filters were enriched overnight in a nonselective medium. The enrichment cultures were prepared for PCR by a rapid and simple procedure consisting of centrifugation, proteinase K treatment, and boiling. A seminested PCR based on specific amplification of the intergenic sequence between the two Campylobacter flagellin genes, flaA and flaB, was performed, and the PCR products were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. The assay allowed us to detect 3 to 15 CFU of C. jejuni per 100 ml in water samples containing a background flora consisting of up to 8, 700 heterotrophic organisms per ml and 10,000 CFU of coliform bacteria per 100 ml. Dilution of the enriched cultures 1:10 with sterile broth prior to the PCR was sometimes necessary to obtain positive results. The assay was also conducted with food samples analyzed with or without overnight enrichment. As few as +info)PCR detection of genes encoding nitrite reductase in denitrifying bacteria. (8/1860)
Using consensus regions in gene sequences encoding the two forms of nitrite reductase (Nir), a key enzyme in the denitrification pathway, we designed two sets of PCR primers to amplify cd1- and Cu-nir. The primers were evaluated by screening defined denitrifying strains, denitrifying isolates from wastewater treatment plants, and extracts from activated sludge. Sequence relationships of nir genes were also established. The cd1 primers were designed to amplify a 778 to 799-bp region of cd1-nir in the six published sequences. Likewise, the Cu primers amplified a 473-bp region in seven of the eight published Cu-nir sequences. Together, the two sets of PCR primers amplified nir genes in nine species within four genera, as well as in four of the seven sludge isolates. The primers did not amplify genes of nondenitrifying strains. The Cu primers amplified the expected fragment in all 13 sludge samples, but cd1-nir fragments were only obtained in five samples. PCR products of the expected sizes were verified as nir genes after hybridization to DNA probes, except in one case. The sequenced nir fragments were related to other nir sequences, demonstrating that the primers amplified the correct gene. The selected primer sites for Cu-nir were conserved, while broad-range primers targeting conserved regions of cd1-nir seem to be difficult to find. We also report on the existence of Cu-nir in Paracoccus denitrificans Pd1222. (+info)
Sewage Treatment Plant Manufacturers, Suppliers, Exporters
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Definitions of Terms Used in Sewage and Sewage Disposal Practice
Metagenomics of urban sewage identifies an extensively shared antibiotic resistome in China | Microbiome | Full Text
Catalytic Wet Oxidation of Sewage Sludge by Soluble Metallic Salts | Bentham Science
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Ohio water district to sell treated sewage water for fracking
Israeli settlers open the sewage water on the Palestinian fields in Husan Village
5.5kw high pressure centrifugal sewage pump
Method of Deep Sewage Treatment without Sludge Discharge and Device Therefor - Patent application
Managing Urban Sewage - An Introductory Guide for Decision-makers
Leaching of ashes from co-combustion of sewage sludge and wood-Part I: Recovery of phosphorus
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Demand A Stop To Sewage On Our Beaches • Surfers Against Sewage
Performance Assessment of Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plants Based on Seasonal Variability of Microbial Communities via...
Is there more than the sewage plant? University freshmens conceptions of the urban water cycle
Sewage Infrastructure Construction in Argentina to 2020: Market Databook: ken Research
New Progress to Reduce Sewage Pollution in the Bay | San Francisco Baykeeper
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High variety of known and new RNA and DNA viruses of diverse origins in untreated sewage. - Experimental Medicine Division
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SPTC addresses improper sewage disposal - Ambergris Caye Belize Message Board
Analysis of steroid hormones as endocrine disruptors in sewage, seawater and mussels using GC-MS techniques - Memorial...
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Regina sewage plant upgrade wont get environmental assessment - Saskatchewan - CBC News
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Mornington Peninsula
Gunnamatta Sewage Outlet[edit]. A sewerage outlet near Boag Rock, a couple of kilometres up the coast from Gunnamatta Surf ...
British Rail Mark 3
Sewage discharge[edit]. Legally in the UK, train operators are allowed to discharge up to 25 litres of untreated waste at a ... "End 'disgusting' train toilet sewage - Lady Kramer". BBC News. 13 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.. ... "Rail bosses face EU inquiry over sewage on tracks". The Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 13 November 2013.. (subscription ... staff at Nottingham abandoned local clean-up and then track maintenance procedures due to an excessive build-up of sewage waste ...
Majuro
Water and sewage[edit]. The Majuro Water and Sewer Company obtains water from a catchment basin on the International Airport ...
Organic fertilizer
Treated sewage sludge[edit]. Main article: Biosolids. Sewage sludge, also known as biosolids, is effuent that has been treated ... With concerns about human borne pathogens coupled with a growing preference for flush toilets and centralized sewage treatment ...
Compost
Human excreta and sewage sludge[edit]. Further information: Reuse of excreta. Human excreta can also be added as an input to ... Vermicomposting can also be applied for treatment of sewage sludge.[20] Composting toilets[edit]. Main article: Composting ... Standards for the use or disposal of sewage sludge". U.S. Government Printing Office. 1998. Retrieved 30 March 2009.. ... It can be either composted directly, like in composting toilets, or indirectly (as sewage sludge), after it has undergone ...
Devourment
Conceived in Sewage (2011-present)[edit]. Devourment began writing new material in 2011, and travelled to St. Petersburg, ... titled Conceived in Sewage, was recorded with Erik Rutan, and was released on February 19, 2013.[27] ... "Album: Devourment - Conceived In Sewage". Thrash Hits. Retrieved July 6, 2017 ...
Compost
Standards for the use or disposal of sewage sludge". U.S. Government Printing Office. 1998. Retrieved 30 March 2009.. ... Human waste and sewage sludge[edit]. Further information: Reuse of human waste ... Vermicomposting can also be applied for treatment of sewage sludge.[citation needed] ... It can be either composted directly, as in composting toilets, or indirectly (as sewage sludge), after it has undergone ...
Talk:Cocaine/Archive 1
Government Tests Sewage to Estimate Cocaine Usage. From the Washington Post, March 27, 2006: If government studies are a ... is probing the mysteries of Fairfax's sewage for a clearer picture. ...
Strathclyde
The Region was responsible for education (from nursery to colleges); social work; police; fire; sewage; strategic planning; ...
Invitation Homes
Mold; sewage; water leakage; nail poking out, infestation of vermin such as spiders, cockroaches, and ants; broken appliances ... Conlin, Michelle (July 27, 2018). "Spiders, sewage and a flurry of fees - the other side of renting a house from Wall Street". ...
Free-living Amoebozoa infection
have been found in soil; fresh, brackish, and sea water; sewage; swimming pools; contact lens equipment; medicinal pools; ...
List of Come Outside episodes
1 September 1997) Buses; A letter; Boxes; Sewage; Cleaning; Rubbish; Water. (24 November 1997) Crisps; Eggs; A carton drink; ...
Jeddah
SewageEdit. Prior to the construction of a waste treatment plant, Jeddah's wastewater was disposed of by either discharge into ... This has been responsible for a large number of sewage tankers. In late 2011, a storm drainage system was built in the south ... The city is challenged by pollution, weak sewage systems, a weak storm drain system that led to massive floodings, heavy ... As a result, some untreated sewage is discharged directly into the sea and the entire northern part of the city remains ...
Biodiesel
FOG from sewageEdit. So-called fats, oils and grease (FOG), recovered from sewage can also be turned into biodiesel.[153] ... Sewage Sludge - The sewage-to-biofuel field is attracting interest from major companies like Waste Management and startups like ... Algae, which can be grown using waste materials such as sewage[96] and without displacing land currently used for food ... "NZ firm makes bio-diesel from sewage in world first". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on June 2, 2006 ...
Wet wipe
a b Regan, Alex (4 March 2015). Wet wipes caused sewage flood in garden,Oxford Mail ... Effect on sewage systemsEdit. Water management companies ask people not to flush wet wipes down toilets, as their failure to ... alternatives such as gel wipe came on to the market to relieve pressure on sewage systems and marine life.[22][23] ... "Flushable" wipes blamed for clogging sewage lines, Seattle Times *^ "Oxford 'out-of-control fatberg' threatens homes". BBC ...
State of Palestine
... sewage treatment; water-borne diseases; soil degradation; and depletion and contamination of underground water resources. In ...
Upper Yoder Township Authority
The collected waste water is treated at the Dornick Point Sewage Treatment Plant on the Western edge of Johnstown city limits. ... The Upper Yoder Township Authority was formed under the terms of the Municipality Authorities Act of 1945, to provide a sewage ... as well as to the Johnstown Regional Sewage for treatment of waste. List of municipal authorities in Cambria County, ... "Sewage Information". Johnstown Redevelopment Authority. Retrieved 11 May 2012.. ...
Mountlake Terrace, Washington
Sewage from Mountlake Terrace is primarily sent to the City of Edmonds for treatment and discharge into Puget Sound, with ... "Sewage Division". City of Mountlake Terrace. Retrieved April 25, 2020. Salyer, Sharon (February 25, 2009). "Doctors back ... Mountlake Terrace is part of the Alderwood Water and Wastewater District, which provides tap water and sewage treatment ... sewage treatment, and a police department. The city government is based out of an interim city hall building at an office park ...
Arcology
... sewage treatment; etc. An arcology is designed to make it possible to supply those items for a large population. An arcology ...
Bolivar, South Australia
There is a dedicated pumped trunk sewer delivering the raw sewage from the former site to Bolivar. it is 17 km long with a ... "Sewage Treatment". SA Water. Retrieved 6 January 2018. "Bolivar wastewater treatment plant energy use case study" (PDF). Water ... Bolivar is the largest of three SA Water sewage treatment plants in metropolitan Adelaide. It produces recycled water which is ... Bolivar processes 60% of metropolitan Adelaide's raw sewage. The biogas produced in the treatment process is used to generate ...
Gaza Strip
In addition, Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water, electricity sewage communication networks and for its trade (Gisha 2007 ... Environmental problems include desertification; salination of fresh water; sewage treatment; water-borne diseases; soil ... the closure of sewage pumping operations, reduced access to clean water; a reduction in medical supplies and equipment; the ... bringing relief to the Palestinian coastal enclave where a lack of cheap fuel has contributed to the overflow of raw sewage, 21 ...
Keppel Hill Reservoir
"SEWAGE IMPROVEMENT". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2018. " ...
Wastewater-based epidemiology
"Sewage research". National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. 8 August 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020. Sharif, ... A 2013 study of archived wastewater samples from the Netherlands found viral RNA of Aichivirus A in Dutch sewage samples dating ... Cryanoski, D. (16 July 2018). "China expands surveillance of sewage to police illegal drug use". Nature. Retrieved 23 October ... Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) (or wastewater-based surveillance or sewage chemical-information mining) is a technique for ...
Pulicat Lake
These are: pollution from sewage, pesticides, agricultural chemicals and industrial effluents from Arani and Kalangi rivers ... pollution from domestic sewage is also being released to the lagoon. A petrochemical complex, power plant and a satellite port ... domestic sewage; effluents and wastes from numerous fish-processing units; oil spills from the mechanized boats. Release of ...
History of the Las Vegas Raiders
Boren, Cindy (October 16, 2016). "Sewage alert! Oakland Coliseum is flooding again". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 17, ... issues of which include sewage backups and flooding) and after missing out on Los Angeles to the Los Angeles Rams and Los ...
London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter
The substances on the reverse list include dredged material; sewage sludge; industrial fish processing waste; vessels and ...
Stranded asset
Presence of litter (non-biodegradable plastic waste, ...), untreated sewage, ... -i.e by on tourist locations impacts the ...
Geography of the State of Palestine
... while on the other hand large quantities of untreated sewage are being discharged into the river. The Dead Sea is the largest ... sewage treatment; water-borne diseases; soil degradation; and depletion and contamination of underground water resources. In ...
Water supply and sanitation in Israel
Israel treats 80% of its sewage (400 billion liters a year), and 100% of the sewage from the Tel Aviv metropolitan area is ... "Sewage Infrastructures." ""EMWIS: Local Water Supply, Sanitation and Sewage - Country Report Israel." November 2005, p. 16, ... Overall, only 2.7% of raw sewage flows into streams and none into the sea. As of 2010, Israel leads the world in the proportion ... To add to the efficiency of the Israeli system - the reclaimed sewage water may be mixed with reclaimed sea water (Plans are in ...
Biogenic sulfide corrosion
Conception of the sewage As H2S is formed only in anaerobic conditions. Slow flow and long retention time gives more time to ... Sewage pH. It must be included between 5.5 and 9 with an optimum at 7.5-8. Sulfate concentration. Nutrients concentration, ... As a portion of the hydrogen sulfide gas and oxygen gas from the air above the sewage dissolves into these stationary droplets ... For example, sewage flows more rapidly through steeper gradient sewers reducing time available for hydrogen sulfide generation ...
Sewage sludge
Read how EU rules promote the use of sewage sludge (resulting from waste water) in agriculture, and regulate its use to prevent ... Sewage sludge. Sewage sludge. EU rules promote the use of sewage sludge in agriculture, but regulate its use to prevent harmful ... Sewage sludge is a mud-like residue resulting from wastewater treatment. Sewage sludge contains heavy metals and pathogens such ... Report on organic contaminants in sewage sludge for agriculture use. *Report on the disposal and recycling routes for sewage ...
Sewage sludge - Wikipedia
Main article: Sewage sludge treatment. Sewage sludge treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater. Sewage ... Sewage sludge is the residual, semi-solid material that is produced as a by-product during sewage treatment of industrial or ... "Biosolids" is a term often used in conjunction with reuse of sewage solids after sewage sludge treatment. Biosolids can be ... the predicted sewage sludge growth rate was 10 million tons of sewage sludge per year.[70] This increase in the amount of ...
Surfers Against Sewage - Wikipedia
"Autumn Beach Clean Series Archives • Surfers Against Sewage". Surfers Against Sewage. Retrieved 2017-04-24.. ... "Killing Waves • Surfers Against Sewage". Surfers Against Sewage. 2013-01-22. Retrieved 2017-04-26.. ... "Protect Our Waves • Surfers Against Sewage". Surfers Against Sewage. Retrieved 2017-04-24.. ... "Mission statement and vision • Surfers Against Sewage". Surfers Against Sewage. Retrieved 2017-03-28.. .mw-parser-output cite. ...
ISDH: Diseases Involving Sewage
Sewage Tested for Signs of Cocaine
... Fairfax Participating In Federal Program To Assess Drug Use. By Bill Turque. Washington ... It also is premature, officials said, to conclude that levels of metabolized cocaine in sewage offer a more accurate index of ... The plant, which processes about 67 million gallons of sewage a day, takes in commercial and residential waste from about half ... After allowing for the difference between water from the Po and undiluted sewage, they said that the results were similar. ...
Sewage: Robots to the Rescue
Sewage Causes Beach Closures - latimes
... inland beaches in Long Beach will be closed until at least this evening following the accidental discharge of untreated sewage ... may have been contaminated when about 2,500 gallons of sewage seeped through a manhole cover onto a residential street and then ... inland beaches in Long Beach will be closed until at least this evening following the accidental discharge of untreated sewage ...
Sewage Treatment Plants - Scientific American
Sewage and Sewerage - Scientific American
What's In Your Sewage? | ScienceBlogs
Most of us are lucky enough not to have to worry about our sewage. We flush the toilet, it goes away somewhere, and we dont ... While most of sewage systems do a great job of making the water look clean and getting rid of bacteria and viruses, they often ... Most of us are lucky enough not to have to worry about our sewage. We flush the toilet, it goes away somewhere, and we dont ... Sewage-treatment plants in Southern California are failing to remove hormones and hormone-altering chemicals from water that ...
Sewage sludge - SourceWatch
Sewage sludge is the growing and continuous mountain of hazardous waste produced daily by city sewage plants. The sewage sludge ... About Sewage Sludge, SludgeNews.com, Accessed June 18, 2010. *↑ Sewage Sludge Standards Need New Scientific Basis, National ... EPA 2009 Toxic Sewage Sludge Survey. Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey results are described in two EPA reports published ... 6 Environmental Working Group 1998 Reports on Toxic Sewage Sludge. *7 Scientific Papers and Technical Reviews of Sewage Sludge ...
Malibu approves sewage treatment plant - LA Times
The project's roughly $40-million first phase, which is expected to be operating by June 2017, would provide sewage ... The projects roughly $40-million first phase, which is expected to be operating by June 2017, would provide sewage treatment ... Malibu approves the first phase of the project to provide sewage treatment for nearly 50 property owners ...
Sewage Eating 'Poo-Gloos' Clean Wastewater
... sustainable way to clean up sewage just as effectively as multimillion-dollar treatment facilities. Designed by Kraig Johnson ... three-foot-tall structures are lined with bacterial biofilm that clean raw sewage. ... Sewage Eating Poo-Gloos Clean Wastewater. Bio-Domes being installed by crane in Jackpot, NV. ... The igloo-shaped devices, officially named Bio-Domes, offer an affordable, sustainable way to clean up sewage just as ...
MessageLabs: Filtering your email sewage | ZDNet
Drug-testing cities through their sewage.
Sewage water logging - Times of India
The Treatment of Sewage | The BMJ
Sewage Seeps into Colorado Lagoon - Redorbit
Approximately 1,200 gallons of raw sewage flowed through the storm system and into the lagoon at 400 Park Ave. The overflow may ... According to the Water Department a sewage line near Eighth Street and Pacific Coast Highway overflowed into the street and ... A sewage spill caused the closure of Colorado Lagoon on Saturday morning. ...
Ross Sewage - Details - MusicBrainz
Sewage Sludge Primer - SourceWatch
1) What is sewage sludge?. Sewage sludge is the necessarily hazardous by-product of the treating of wastewater. Wastewater ... 3 3) What is the "land application" of sewage sludge?. *4 4) What are some of the documented hazardous materials in sewage ... 3) What is the "land application" of sewage sludge?. EPA has promoted the "land application" of sewage sludge since 1993 as the ... A 2009 EPA study (Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey) concluded that all sewage sludge contains toxic and hazardous ...
Sewage investigation
Sewage Sludge
Sewage Sludge
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A Sewage Smell in a Basement | eHow
A sewage odor typically indicates sewage gas is leaking from your plumbing. (Image: Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images). A ... This gas typically includes hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, which are extremely toxic, requiring you to address sewage odors ... which must be filled with water to prevent sewage gas from coming up through the drain and entering the home. Every time water ...
Testing Sewage to Gauge Spread of Coronavirus
Researchers are measuring levels of the coronavirus in untreated sewage to see how much the infection is circulating among ... Similar efforts to analyze sewage for SARS-CoV-2 are happening around the globe. For example, researchers in Paris sampled ... Cite this: Testing Sewage to Gauge Spread of Coronavirus - Medscape - Apr 29, 2020. ... measuring levels of the coronavirus in untreated sewage to see how much the infection is circulating among people. ...
Tamiflu survives sewage treatment | EurekAlert! Science News
... is not removed or degraded during normal sewage treatment. Consequently, in countries where Tamiflu is used at a high frequency ... "That this substance is so difficult to break down means that it goes right through sewage treatment and out into surrounding ... The Swedish research group also revealed that the level of oseltamivir discharged through sewage outlets in certain countries ... These ducks often forage for food in water near sewage outlets. Here they can potentially encounter oseltamivir in ...
Sewage Pollution: A Case Study- Learn Chemistry
A laboratory investigation of sewage pollution based around a case study. Students analyse for various so-called biomarkers in ... A laboratory investigation of sewage pollution based around a case study. Students analyse for various so-called biomarkers in ... A laboratory investigation of sewage pollution based around a case study. Students analyse for various so-called biomarkers in ...
Mayor: Sewage lagoon embankment seeping, residents warned
SEWAGE-CONTAMINATED OYSTERS AND MUSSELS | The BMJ
Report Highlights Ontario Sewage Woes; Green Solutions
... that highlights innovative green solutions that could stop billions of litres of raw sewage from fouling the Great Lakes each ... which is antiquated infrastructure that carries sewage and stormwater runoff in a single pipe, frequently causing overflows of ... untreated sewage into local waterways during wet weather. , ... Report Highlights Ontario Sewage Woes; Green Solutions. Green ... Simply put, green infrastructure can help get the rain out of the drain and keep raw sewage out of our lakes and rivers." ...
OverflowsAmount of sewage sludgeGallons of untreated sewage2017Million gallons of sewageIncluding sewage sludgePartially treated sewageUpgrading sewage-treatmentSpillsSpillNational Sewage Sludge SurveyBiosolidsMillions of gallonsPlantsSewerCity's sewage sludgeSelected for sewage sludgeApplication of sewage sludgeStormwaterWastesWaterFlood of raw sewageTreatment plantAllowed untreated sewageSolidsFertilizerWaterwaysCoronavirusSoilOrganicDispose of sewageDischarge of sewageInfrastructureDischargesIndustrial wastewaterCompostDisposal SystemDomestic sewageMunicipal sewagePollutionPathogensLitres300,000 gallonsSystemsFlowsFertiliserWasteProcessesSystemSewerageSludge-treatedPollutantsPlant
Overflows12
- The Green Infrastructure Report reveals that at least 89 Ontario municipalities have combined sewer systems, which is antiquated infrastructure that carries sewage and stormwater runoff in a single pipe, frequently causing overflows of untreated sewage into local waterways during wet weather. (commondreams.org)
- In the absence of government reporting on CSOs, Ecojustice released in 2006 the Great Lakes Sewage Report Card , which revealed more than 90 billion litres of overflows each year from 20 cities alone. (commondreams.org)
- Simonaire explained to his fellow members of the Senate Education, Health & Environmental Affairs Committee that he introduced the bills out of frustration with regular reports of sewage overflows, sewer line ruptures and wastewater treatment plant malfunctions that he said resulted iln 'hundreds of millions of gallons going into our local water ways. (latimes.com)
- Sen. Ronald N. Young , a Frederick County Democrat, sympathized, saying from his experience as a local official years ago sewage overflows are caused by weather conditions beyond anyone's control. (latimes.com)
- Data available online at MDE show there were 1,775 sewage overflows reported last year, including 39 overflows of one million gallons or more. (latimes.com)
- Hudson River sewage overflows are the culprit, and a new study suggests that stopping water pollution is an untapped strategy to mitigate climate change. (wamc.org)
- The call comes after the group updated a report analyzing data on reported sewage overflows. (wamc.org)
- Simmons said this particular 23-year-old pipeline is used to hold extra sewage during overflows or maintenance. (sfgate.com)
- Officials have said a 2006 Tennessee environmental agency issued an order to the city of Gatlinburg related to sewage system effluent violations and collection system overflows but those situations were resolved and did not involve the treatment plant. (timesfreepress.com)
- Last year, the EPA says the utility had at least 27 overflows, dumping out more than 446,000 gallons of untreated sewage. (washingtontimes.com)
- Let's stop combined sewage overflows and stormwater pollution by encouraging the use of green infrastructure solutions at the individual, neighborhood, and city levels. (google.com)
- Combined sewage overflows, sanitary system overflows, failing wastewater treatment plants, and cracks in pipelines and holding tanks send billions of gallons of untreated sewage and polluted stormwater into the Hudson River and New York Harbor each year. (riverkeeper.org)
Amount of sewage sludge2
- The amount of sewage sludge produced is proportional to the amount and concentration of wastewater treated, and it also depends on the type of wastewater treatment process used. (wikipedia.org)
- A survey by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency showed the amount of sewage sludge generated in the United States increased from 8.5 metric tons in 1990 to more than 12 metric tons in 2000. (innovations-report.com)
Gallons of untreated sewage2
- About 200 gallons of untreated sewage spilled into the Arroyo Conejo, causing city officials to post warning signs Tuesday up to one mile downstream. (latimes.com)
- COLUMBIA, S.C. (AP) - Federal environmental regulators have cited the parent company of a South Carolina utility for spilling hundreds of thousands of gallons of untreated sewage. (washingtontimes.com)
20174
- The project's roughly $40-million first phase, which is expected to be operating by June 2017, would provide sewage treatment for nearly 50 property owners, including the city itself. (latimes.com)
- The Ordinance on the Reform of Sewage Sludge Utilisation of 27 September 2017 entered into force on 3 October 2017. (bmu.de)
- This March 16, 2017 photo shows the sewage pump room at the West Point Treatment Plant in Seattle. (yahoo.com)
- On 18 January 2017, the Federal Cabinet approved the Ordinance on the Reform of Sewage Sludge Utilisation (the new version of the Sewage Sludge Ordinance). (bmu.de)
Million gallons of sewage2
- The plant, which processes about 67 million gallons of sewage a day, takes in commercial and residential waste from about half the county, including Fairfax City, Vienna and Fort Belvoir. (washingtonpost.com)
- Each day, about 20 million gallons of sewage flows into the city of Tacoma's wastewater treatment plants. (organicconsumers.org)
Including sewage sludge1
- In 2018, a review on the implementation of EU waste legislation (including sewage sludge) was published. (europa.eu)
Partially treated sewage3
- One recent effort banned boats from dumping raw or partially treated sewage. (yahoo.com)
- As the weakening storm plodded agonizingly slow across the Carolinas on Saturday, emergency officials warned of even more catastrophic flooding, as the deluge killed at least 11, washed partially treated sewage into waterways and left entire communities under water. (insurancejournal.com)
- This law requires public notification of discharges of raw or partially treated sewage from publicly owned treatment plants and delivery systems. (riverkeeper.org)
Upgrading sewage-treatment1
- He expects the study to raise policy debates over upgrading sewage-treatment plants. (scienceblogs.com)
Spills11
- Lawmakers and representatives of Maryland's county and municipal governments sparred Tuesday over a pair of bills in Annapolis that would raise the fines for sewage spills which annually dump millions of gallons of untreated waste into local waters and the Chesapeake Bay. (latimes.com)
- Glassman said stiffer penalties and more publicity of sewage spills seemed only fair when the state is cracking down on septic systems and tightening regulations of farmers. (latimes.com)
- She and Leslie Knapp of the counties group contended that the state already is plenty aggressive about fining local governments for sewage spills. (latimes.com)
- According to a fiscal note prepared by the Department of Legislative Services, MDE has become more aggressive since 2009 in fining local governments for sewage spills. (latimes.com)
- Sewage spills have become a chronic problem in Marin County, where much of the water infrastructure is three decades old or more, and in some cases, made of brittle, orange clay instead of modern materials such as plastic and rubber. (sfgate.com)
- In fact, so many spills have occurred in the county - two spills from another southern Marin County sewage agency last January dumped more than 3 million gallons of untreated and treated effluent, closing beaches and harming wildlife - that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in April ordered nine Marin County cities and sanitation districts, including Sausalito-Marin City Sanitary, to fix and upgrade decaying sewer pipes. (sfgate.com)
- In general, sewage spills happen when heavy rains flow into broken pipelines. (sfgate.com)
- Environmental groups have sued cities and sanitation agencies around the Bay Area for sewage spills they say violate the Clean Water Act. (sfgate.com)
- Precipitation absorbs gases and particulates from the atmosphere, dissolves and leaches materials from vegetation and soil, suspends matter from the land, washes spills and debris from urban streets and highways, and carries all these pollutants as wastes and may mix it with sewage. (wikipedia.org)
- Durango has documented 42 sewage spills since 2005 for a total spill of about 317,000 gallons of sewage, or about half the volume of an Olympic-sized swimming pool. (durangoherald.com)
- In addition to the sewage spills, there was a 3.25 million-gallon spill of potable water in January 2010. (durangoherald.com)
Spill8
- A sewage spill caused the closure of Colorado Lagoon on Saturday morning. (redorbit.com)
- City of Savannah crews responded to a minor sewage spill at East 65th and Abercorn streets on Monday. (savannahnow.com)
- I don't know of any jurisdiction that has intentional released a big sewage spill,' he said. (latimes.com)
- Cobb spokesman Ross Cavitt said the county has accepted responsibility for the spill, but can't be held liable for sewage incidents. (ajc.com)
- The sewage spill is a potential black eye for a region that prides itself on its environmental consciousness. (yahoo.com)
- The Victoria and Esquimault regions of British Columbia dump 130 million litres of raw sewage a day into the Juan de Fuca Strait, CBC News reported, and municipalities like Montreal and Toronto regularly spill sewage water into their nearby rivers and lakes when heavy rains overflow their sewage systems. (montrealgazette.com)
- Raw sewage from a Colorado prison complex has seeped into the Arkansas River and officials are still trying to determine the cause of the spill. (governing.com)
- Because there are no meters to monitor the flow of sewage, the city does not know if there s a spill until somebody actually notices the leak. (durangoherald.com)
National Sewage Sludge Survey2
- A 2009 EPA study ( Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey ) concluded that all sewage sludge contains toxic and hazardous materials, including large numbers of endocrine disruptors. (sourcewatch.org)
- Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey results are described in two EPA reports published in 2009. (sourcewatch.org)
Biosolids7
- Biosolids " is a term often used in conjunction with reuse of sewage solids after sewage sludge treatment . (wikipedia.org)
- In 2009 a major controversy erupted in San Francisco when the Center for Food Safety and the Organic Consumers Association called on the SFPUC to end its give-away of toxic sewage sludge as free "organic biosolids compost" to gardeners. (sourcewatch.org)
- The word Biosolids is a made-up euphemism for sewage sludge that has no scientific or legal basis. (sourcewatch.org)
- The Federation also established the "Biosolids Public Acceptance Task Force" whose purpose was to overcome the growing opposition to "land application" of sewage sludge. (sourcewatch.org)
- If you've never heard of sewage sludge - a term often used interchangeably with biosolids - you're in for a surprise, as this waste product, which is every bit as unappealing as it sounds, is applied to farmland, gardens, schoolyards, lawns and more across the U.S. The food you eat may very well have come from land treated with sewage sludge, which could have implications for human health and the environment. (mercola.com)
- In the U.S., 54% of sewage sludge biosolids are used for so-called "beneficial" purposes. (mercola.com)
- They [biosolids] are nutrient-rich organic materials resulting from the treatment of domestic sewage in a treatment facility. (mercola.com)
Millions of gallons4
- A sewer-line break will lead to the discharge of millions of gallons of raw sewage into the Hudson River. (crainsnewyork.com)
- The swim portion of the first New York City Ironman triathlon Saturday may be canceled due to a sewer-line break that will lead to the discharge of millions of gallons of raw sewage into the Hudson River. (crainsnewyork.com)
- The plant is still recovering from a massive equipment failure that crippled operations and caused millions of gallons of raw sewage and untreated runoff to pour into the United States' second largest estuary. (yahoo.com)
- SEATTLE (AP) - Millions of gallons of raw sewage and untreated runoff have poured into the United States' second-largest estuary since a massive sewage treatment plant experienced equipment failures that forced it to stop fully treating Seattle's waste. (yahoo.com)
Plants22
- EU rules on sewage sludge consider the nutrient needs of plants and ensure that the quality of soil, the surface and ground water is not impaired. (europa.eu)
- United States municipal wastewater treatment plants in 1997 produced about 7.7 million dry tons of sewage sludge, and about 6.8 million dry tons in 1998 according to EPA estimates. (wikipedia.org)
- Sewage-treatment plants in Southern California are failing to remove hormones and hormone-altering chemicals from water that gets flushed into coastal ocean waters, according to the results of a study released Saturday. (scienceblogs.com)
- Sewage-treatment plants only remove 50% to 70% of these chemicals," Bay said. (scienceblogs.com)
- Kidd said sewage plants could remove virtually all estrogen with more advanced forms of treatment. (scienceblogs.com)
- Sewage sludge is the growing and continuous mountain of hazardous waste produced daily by city sewage plants. (sourcewatch.org)
- To retrieve the precious water, the sewage is then 'treated,' that is, 'cleaned,' in what are called 'treatment plants. (sourcewatch.org)
- Wastewater brings to sewage treatment plants all the wastes sent into the sewers from drains and toilets: industrial wastes, hospital wastes, commercial wastes, "human waste," radioactive waste, stormwater runoff, and every other kind of hazardous, toxic, and biological waste material produced in a municipality and carried away from its source via the sewer. (sourcewatch.org)
- The Task Force received administrative and financial support from the division of the Environmental Protection Agency that finances the construction of sewage treatment plants. (sourcewatch.org)
- But representatives of the Maryland Association of Counties and the Maryland Municipal League , whose members operate sewage plants, opposed the increases, arguing that such penalties lead to higher taxes or fees for local taxpayers or reduced government services. (latimes.com)
- Sewage sludge (water containing material separated from waste water via sedimentation) occurs in municipal sewage treatment plants where waste water, in particular from private households and similar facilities, is purified. (bmu.de)
- The remaining volume is for example used as secondary fuel in power plants and cement works or stored on landfills, which leads to the loss of valuable constituents of the sewage sludge, in particular phosphorus. (bmu.de)
- Sewage plants clean up messes. (outsidethebeltway.com)
- From there, waves of rainwater and sewage overpower treatment plants or surge up out of manholes and into storm drains that feed into streams and bays, bringing bacteria, pathogens and industrial chemicals. (sfgate.com)
- Synerco offers comprehensive project services in power plants using fuels that include biomass, refuse-derived fuel (RDF), coal and sewage sludge. (europa.eu)
- Our sewage treatment plants are certified to meet IMO MEPC 227(64) guidelines, which will be applicable to new ships from 1 January 2016. (wartsila.com)
- By evaporating sewage, the small, lightweight ZLD unit eliminates the needs for large holding tanks (freeing up space and making the vehicle lighter), and in turn, reduces the load on sewage treatment plants. (businessinsider.com)
- Oxfam reports that following the damage to sewage plants, 25,000 cubic meters of raw sewage are spilling into the sea daily - increasing the likelihood of disease caused by poor sanitation. (theecologist.org)
- The organisation also fears that severe shortages of fuel - a problem at the best of times - will cause cause sewage pumps, sewage treatment plants and and water pumps to be switched off within days. (theecologist.org)
- The Iowa Department of Natural Resources says torrential rains in northwest Iowa overnight and this morning forced the wastewater treatment plants in several cities to released untreated sewage. (radioiowa.com)
- The operators of wastewater treatment plants and sewage sludge incineration plants must comply with these requirements starting in 2029 at the latest. (bmu.de)
- The current practice of soil-related sewage sludge utilisation will only be permitted for sewage sludge from treatment plants with a capacity of less than 100,000 p.e. starting in 2029. (bmu.de)
Sewer11
- Sewage is the mix of water and whatever wastes from domestic and industrial life are flushed into the sewer. (sourcewatch.org)
- One of the most common causes for sewer odors in your basement is a dried-out drain trap, which must be filled with water to prevent sewage gas from coming up through the drain and entering the home. (ehow.com)
- There will be a controlled discharge of several million gallons of chlorinated raw sewage into the Hudson River at Sleepy Hollow overnight due to the sewer break in Tarrytown, N.Y., the Westchester County Department of Health said in a statement. (crainsnewyork.com)
- Sewage usually travels from a building's plumbing either into a sewer, which will carry it elsewhere, or into an onsite sewage facility (of which there are many kinds). (wikipedia.org)
- A system of sewer pipes (sewers) collects sewage and takes it for treatment or disposal. (wikipedia.org)
- We are going to rename it the John Oliver Memorial Sewer Plant," Boughton said in the video while standing in front of the sewage plant. (abcactionnews.com)
- A piping system to carry sewage wastes from a single building, which terminates with a connection to a public sewer, common sewer lateral, or sewage disposal system. (ecode360.com)
- A private sewer that collects the sewage discharge of more than one building sewer and conveys it to a public sewer. (ecode360.com)
- Every time it rains, the combined sewer systems of Washington D.C. and the City of Alexandria dump untreated sewage into the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers. (cleanwateraction.org)
- Although the District has begun projects designed to prevent raw sewage from entering local waterways and rivers, such as holding tunnels, Alexandria recently missed an opportunity to adopt a modern Long Term Control Plan (LTCP) for its own aging sewer system. (cleanwateraction.org)
- b) where a public sewer is not within reasonable distance from the boundary of the building lot, or if within reasonable distance, the authority having responsibility does not permit connection to it, a sewage disposal system constructed or installed in accordance with the Act and this regulation. (bclaws.ca)
City's sewage sludge2
- The contract would place the entire responsibility for handling the city's sewage sludge on S&L, an endeavor it has shared with another company, N-Viro, for the past few years. (toledoblade.com)
- It converts about 70 percent of the city's sewage sludge into fertilizer pellets. (nytimes.com)
Selected for sewage sludge1
- The soil-related use of sewage sludge in agriculture and landscaping takes place in accordance with the Sewage Sludge Ordinance, which, in addition to provisions laid down for fertilisers, specifies limit values for heavy metal and other pollutant loads in sewage sludge and in soils of plots selected for sewage sludge application. (bmu.de)
Application of sewage sludge4
- 3) What is the "land application" of sewage sludge? (sourcewatch.org)
- EPA has promoted the "land application" of sewage sludge since 1993 as the preferred method for municipal sludge disposal. (sourcewatch.org)
- The Sewage Sludge Ordinance of 1992 has been amended in order to return the valuable constituents of sewage sludge (phosphorus) to the economic cycle more intensively than has been done up to now with the soil-related application of sewage sludge and at the same time, to restrict conventional soil-related sewage sludge utilisation with a view to further reducing pollutant inputs into the soil. (bmu.de)
- The ordinance requires that sludge-treated soils be regularly analysed for pollutants and sets out pollutant limits that must not be exceeded in the application of sewage sludge, to ensure unimpaired use of the land. (bmu.de)
Stormwater1
- Sewage can get mixed with surface runoff in combined sewers unless stormwater is collected separately. (wikipedia.org)
Wastes4
- Sewage is made up of the wastewater from residences and institutions, carrying bodily wastes (primarily feces and urine), washing water, food preparation wastes, laundry wastes, and other waste products of normal living. (wikipedia.org)
- Sewage in cities also includes the liquid-carried wastes from stores and service establishments serving the immediate community, termed commercial wastes. (wikipedia.org)
- Bad sewage is when the metabolic wastes of our cells get stuck in our system and start backing up like a thick clogged drain and harden like crusted gristle on a pan. (infobarrel.com)
- The third method of exposing the liquid wastes to the action of the bacteria is used when the available area of the land is limited or if on account of the character of the soil too large an amount of drains would be necessary to handle the sewage to be purified. (iagenweb.org)
Water37
- Set up as a single-issue campaign group in 1990, Surfers Against Sewage led a nationwide campaign for improved water quality. (wikipedia.org)
- The following is a list of diseases caused by sewage or sewage contaminated water that can occur in the United States. (in.gov)
- Culex mosquitoes prefer to lay their eggs in heavily polluted water such as that contaminated by sewage. (in.gov)
- After allowing for the difference between water from the Po and undiluted sewage, they said that the results were similar. (washingtonpost.com)
- While most of sewage systems do a great job of making the water look clean and getting rid of bacteria and viruses, they often aren't designed to remove synthetic chemicals. With so many of us dependent on daily doses of pharmaceuticals, we're excreting lots of drugs (or their metabolites), and they're sticking around in treated wastewater. (scienceblogs.com)
- There is now a SourceWatch Portal on Toxic Sludge The sewage sludge industry promotes its product through front groups and stakeholders including Water Environment Federation , US Composting Council , BioCycle magazine, and others. (sourcewatch.org)
- The water is 'cleaned' in the degree to which the pollutants which had turned the water into sewage are removed by treatment-primary, secondary, or tertiary-and concentrated in the sludge. (sourcewatch.org)
- We must note that, though the aim of sewage treatment is to produce clean water, it is never to produce 'clean' sludge. (sourcewatch.org)
- For the last 20 days, The main road of 12th Cross in Renga Nagar in Srirangam remains unchanged with sewage water flowing on the road. (indiatimes.com)
- According to the Water Department a sewage line near Eighth Street and Pacific Coast Highway overflowed into the street and eventually reached the storm system. (redorbit.com)
- In 1991, the Water Environment Federation (an association of sewage treatment plant operators, municipal sewage authorities, and commercial sludge haulers) established a "Name Change Task Force" which held a national contest to invent a more appealing name for sewage sludge. (sourcewatch.org)
- These ducks often forage for food in water near sewage outlets. (eurekalert.org)
- Citation: Fick J, Lindberg RH, Tysklind M, Haemig PD, Waldenstro¨m J, et al (2007) Antiviral Oseltamivir Is not Removed or Degraded in Normal Sewage Water Treatment: Implications for Development of Resistance by Influenza A Virus. (eurekalert.org)
- Dr. Luiz Joao Abrahao, who heads Rio's gastroenterologists' association, said that Rio's sewage problem has resulted in endemic levels of water-borne illnesses across his city. (chicagotribune.com)
- Activated-sludge method , sewage-treatment process in which sludge , the accumulated, bacteria-rich deposits of settling tanks and basins, is seeded into incoming waste water and the mixture agitated for several hours in the presence of an ample air supply. (britannica.com)
- These stipulations and strict provisions based on water and chemicals legislation have led to municipal sewage sludge pollutant loads having decreased in the case of some heavy metals by more than 90 percent over the last 40 years. (bmu.de)
- From the Department of Damned-With-Faint-Praise, a group going by the regal-sounding name of the Presidential Memorial Commission of San Francisco is planning to ask voters here to change the name of a prize-winning water treatment plant on the shoreline to the George W. Bush Sewage Plant. (outsidethebeltway.com)
- A flood of raw sewage has closed a Cobb preschool, and the county water department is taking responsibility for the incident that left teachers without jobs and forced parents to find new child care. (ajc.com)
- He said the water system determined the sewage overflow was the result of a clog of grease and other debris "not caused by any deficiency in our system. (ajc.com)
- It's worth noting that while sewage sludge used to be disposed of primarily by burning it or releasing it into the ocean, this practice was banned over concerns that it would pollute the air and water. (mercola.com)
- Vessel-based sewage discharge delivers increased nutrients and pathogens into the water column. (gbrmpa.gov.au)
- Landowners and speculators subdivided land (including swampy and tidal areas) into lots, which often had poor access, no safe and sufficient water supply, and no hygienic disposal of waste water and sewage, either on site or through drainpipes. (teara.govt.nz)
- This tunnel with a length of over 4km will be used to transport sewage water collected from the houses in the area to the next treatment plant called Jagüel. (sika.com)
- The machine uses excess engine heat to break down sewage from boats, buses, recreational vehicles, trains and airplanes and convert that fluid into clean water vapor. (businessinsider.com)
- 1-SABATTUS - If Sabattus Sanitary/Water District officials have their way, sewage may soon be bound for Lewiston. (yahoo.com)
- The sewage treatment plant - Washington state's largest - is only partially treating dirty water that goes down Seattle toilets and washes off roofs and roads before discharging it into Puget Sound. (yahoo.com)
- Untreated sewage and storm water can be harmful to people and aquatic life because they release chemicals and disease-causing germs. (yahoo.com)
- A layer of toilet paper combined with raw sewage and salt water from the tidal surge during superstorm Sandy flooded their homes and coated the neighborhood. (newsday.com)
- Jeffrey Press, his wife and daughter evacuated their home before Sandy and returned to find sewage sludge, fuel and water in the 1,200-square-foot Cape-style house on Barnes Avenue. (newsday.com)
- Sewage treatment required by the state eliminates viruses, including COVID-19, according to the California Water Boards . (mercurynews.com)
- There is no other option but to shut down 30 kilometres of the sewage collector pipe and divert one-third of the city's waste water into the river over a week, as was done in 2003 and 2005 with the approval of Environment Canada, the city says. (montrealgazette.com)
- On Wednesday, TVA reported the city of Longueuil flushed 150 million litres of sewage water into the river last March as part of construction work, with the federal government's consent. (montrealgazette.com)
- Israel's armed forces have destroyed vital water and sewage infrastructure in their bombing campaign of the besieged territory, writes Mohammed Omer. (theecologist.org)
- You could argue that clean water and sewage disposal is one of the more important (things local government does), (that) public health trumps public safety, White said. (durangoherald.com)
- The ordinance also stipulates that sewage sludge application is to be limited and completely prohibited on land used to cultivate fruit and vegetables, permanent grassland and in certain water protection areas. (bmu.de)
- An agreement between two or more municipalities sharing a water drainage basin, which provides for cooperation and apportioning responsibility for conveyance and treatment of sewage in the water drainage basin. (ecode360.com)
- 577/75, it is the duty of the owner or occupier of every building to ensure that domestic sewage emanating from the building does not reach the surface of land or discharge into a surface body of fresh water. (bclaws.ca)
Flood of raw sewage1
- A flood of raw sewage that ran through a southeast Albuquerque neighborhood Wednesday morning was later was plugged by city crews. (koat.com)
Treatment plant13
- 5) Is there any process at the sewage treatment plant that detoxifies and/or removes hazardous materials from the sludge? (sourcewatch.org)
- Some creative San Francisco bar patrons want to rename a sewage treatment plant after the, um, sitting president. (outsidethebeltway.com)
- Actually, this sewage treatment plant represents the opposite of everything that Bush has stood for. (outsidethebeltway.com)
- A southern Marin County sanitation district under federal orders to replace aging infrastructure will have spilled 300,000 gallons of bacteria-laden sewage into San Francisco Bay by noon today after a rupture in a sewage treatment plant pipeline. (sfgate.com)
- The performance of Masterton's new sewage treatment plant, which is yet to be fully commissioned, came under fire at a Masterton District Council meeting this week with revelations almost all of the treated effluent in the past six months has been pumped into the Ruamahanga River. (nzherald.co.nz)
- wastewater treatment plant where a wall collapse killed two workers and the partial repair ended a direct flow of sewage into a Great Smoky Mountains National Park river, officials said Thursday. (timesfreepress.com)
- The Wärtsilä Super Trident sewage treatment plant is the cost-effective and safe answer to disposing of waste at sea, maintaining the quality of the world's oceans. (wartsila.com)
- According to district trustee Jeff Baril, the treatment plant was constructed in 1980 and upgrades have been made since, but it can no longer manage sewage treatment to the specifications required by the Department of Environmental Protection. (yahoo.com)
- Storm surges overwhelmed low-lying areas, knocked out power to most of Long Island and inundated the Bay Park Sewage Treatment Plant in East Rockaway , which serves about 40 percent of Nassau County customers. (newsday.com)
- Shown are digestor tanks at the Bay Park Sewage Treatment Plant in East Rockaway. (newsday.com)
- DANBURY, Conn. (AP) - A Connecticut town's officials are showing comedian John Oliver what they think about his expletive-filled rant about their city - they're naming the local sewage treatment plant after him. (abcactionnews.com)
- The Surry County Board of Supervisors Thursday narrowly approved a special permit that would allow a hotly debated sewage-treatment plant to be located behind the county's L.P. Jackson Middle School. (dailypress.com)
- The city regularly dumped raw sewage into the river as late as 1958, when Durango s first wastewater-treatment plant opened. (durangoherald.com)
Allowed untreated sewage1
- The restrictions had been put into place after a mechanical failure at Southern Water's sewage pumping station at Foreness Point allowed untreated sewage to be discharged off the coast. (itv.com)
Solids5
- Sewage is treated by removing solids before it is expelled. (news24.com)
- These separated processed solids - sewage sludge - contain numerous known and unknown hazardous materials. (mercola.com)
- The obligation to recover phosphorous applies when sewage sludge has a phosphorous content of 20 grams or more per kilogram of dry solids. (bmu.de)
- Sewage sludge with low phosphorus content (less than 20 grams of phosphorus per kilogram of dry solids) is exempt from the recovery obligation. (bmu.de)
- One of the main and most persistent problems that occur in sewage pumping installations is the presence of solids. (environmental-expert.com)
Fertilizer3
- [4] As of 2004, about 60% of all sewage sludge was applied to land as a soil amendment and fertilizer for growing crops. (wikipedia.org)
- While it's true that sewage sludge contains similar ingredients to synthetic fertilizer , such as nitrogen and phosphorus, it also contains countless other pollutants that are byproducts of modern-day life. (mercola.com)
- In a study conducted in Florida from 1997 to 2000 and published in the November/December 2002 issue of Agronomy Journal, scientists from the University of Florida's Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences compared the effects of different kinds of sewage sludge versus commonly used synthetic nitrogen fertilizer on the forage crop bahiagrass. (innovations-report.com)
Waterways4
- Britain's waterways are 'dumping grounds for sewage' according to WWF. (itv.com)
- We must stop using our precious waterways as dumping grounds for sewage and farm pollution. (itv.com)
- The City of Alexandria is dumping raw sewage into our waterways - and has been for more than 40 years. (cleanwateraction.org)
- Now, after over a century of neglect, it is undersized and outdated, and has led to raw sewage flowing into the city's waterways and flooding residents' basements . (cleanwateraction.org)
Coronavirus2
- Now, researchers in places as far-flung as Montana, Paris, and the Netherlands are using a proxy: measuring levels of the coronavirus in untreated sewage to see how much the infection is circulating among people. (medscape.com)
- How Sewage Could Reveal True Nature of Coronavirus Outbreak. (medscape.com)
Soil11
- EU rules promote the use of sewage sludge in agriculture, but regulate its use to prevent harmful effects on soil, vegetation, animals and people. (europa.eu)
- [2] In 2002, the National Research Council found that the " U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 's standards that govern using treated sewage sludge on soil are based on outdated science. (sourcewatch.org)
- Sewage and other sludge materials contain many nutrients that have been captured from a waste stream, as well as organic matter that would increase soil tilth. (mofga.org)
- Its value for soil improvement depends on the method used for treating the sewage. (britannica.com)
- EU wide sewage sludge recovery is carried out in accordance with Council Directive 86/278/EEC of 12 June 1986 on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture. (bmu.de)
- Soil-Concept has developed a range of innovative ways to deal with the problem of sewage sludge. (europa.eu)
- The new ordinance tightens the existing requirements for soil-related sewage sludge utilisation and extends its scope of application to include landscaping measures. (bmu.de)
- In addition, the ordinance opens the possibility for soil-related sewage sludge utilisation on the basis of voluntary quality control that supplements regulatory supervision. (bmu.de)
- The amendment will also significantly limit the conventional soil-related utilisation of sewage sludge with a view to further reducing pollutant inputs into the soil. (bmu.de)
- Adjei added, "While we did observe negligible traces of heavy metals in crops, groundwater, and soil regardless of how the crops were fertilized, this was not significant nor surprising given Florida's small industrial base and its successful efforts to prevent industrial sources of metals from contaminating sewage. (innovations-report.com)
- The area required depends upon the character of the soil and the amount of sewage to be purified. (iagenweb.org)
Organic4
- The organic matter of sewage is measured by determining its biological oxygen demand (BOD) or the chemical oxygen demand (COD). (wikipedia.org)
- Sewage also contains organic matter that can cause odor and attract flies. (wikipedia.org)
- The very same company that has contaminated "organic" school gardens in Los Angeles with sewage sludge. (organicconsumers.org)
- To put this all in perspective, using Meerburg's system, roughly 55 percent of the organic matter can be recovered from sewage, compared to 20 to 30 percent using current methods. (yahoo.com)
Dispose of sewage1
- The end result of ENERCOM was to be a new, safe, environmentally friendly and cost-effective way to dispose of sewage sludge while maximising energy output and reducing greenhouse gases. (europa.eu)
Discharge of sewage1
- We have completely stopped the discharge of sewage into the river," Nelson said. (timesfreepress.com)
Infrastructure3
- Simply put, green infrastructure can help get the rain out of the drain and keep raw sewage out of our lakes and rivers. (commondreams.org)
- In common English usage, and in American technical and professional English usage, "sewerage" refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage. (wikipedia.org)
- Controversy over Montreal's plan to dump 8 billion litres of untreated sewage waste into the St. Lawrence next week to carry out infrastructure work continues to swirl, and gain international attention. (montrealgazette.com)
Discharges2
- The Green Point outfall discharges sewage 1.7 km out to sea at a depth of 30 metres. (news24.com)
- Sewage discharges must comply with regulations administered by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Queensland coastal waters requirements. (gbrmpa.gov.au)
Industrial wastewater2
- However, wastewater that result from industrial processes such as the production or manufacture of goods are classed as industrial wastewater, not as sewage and is usually collected and treated or pre-treated separately. (wikipedia.org)
- An air diffuser or membrane diffuser is an aeration device typically in the shape of a disc, tube or plate, which is used to transfer air and with that oxygen into the sewage or industrial wastewater. (wikipedia.org)
Compost1
- Last week, I wrote to Monterey Bay Aquarium, informing them that Kellogg Garden Products sells compost made with sewage sludge, with the slogan "Quality organics since 1925" on the label. (organicconsumers.org)
Disposal System2
- Kentucky Homeowner's Manual for Onsite Sewage Disposal System - Click here for the manual. (louisvilleky.gov)
- 2) This regulation applies to every sewage disposal system except a system to which the Waste Management Act or its regulation applies. (bclaws.ca)
Domestic sewage1
- "treatment capacity" means the quantity of domestic sewage in litres that can be satisfactorily processed in 24 hours on a sustained basis with due consideration given to the interval during which the sewage is generated. (bclaws.ca)
Municipal sewage1
- In 2016, only about a third of the total of circa 1.8 million tonnes of municipal sewage sludge (dry weight) was used for fertilisation purposes in agriculture and landscaping. (bmu.de)
Pollution6
- More recently, Surfers Against Sewage have turned their attention to battling the new sewage - plastic pollution . (wikipedia.org)
- A laboratory investigation of sewage pollution based around a case study. (rsc.org)
- A student guide for the sewage pollution case study. (rsc.org)
- The purpose of this chapter is to encourage owners, operators and users of sewage disposal systems to institute pollution prevention programs and practice pollution prevention to the extent possible. (ecode360.com)
- Still, one of the major sources of pollution in the Hudson continues to be dumped in the river at alarming rates - sewage. (riverkeeper.org)
- In 2012 Riverkeeper lead the charge to pass the New York State Sewage Pollution Right to Know Law. (riverkeeper.org)
Pathogens3
- Sewage sludge contains heavy metals and pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. (europa.eu)
- [8] Pathogens could easily remain undetected in untreated sewage sludge. (wikipedia.org)
- [9] Pathogens are not a significant health issue if sewage sludge is properly treated and site-specific management practices are followed. (wikipedia.org)
Litres2
- TORONTO - An investigative report was released today by Ecojustice (formerly Sierra Legal Defence Fund) that highlights innovative green solutions that could stop billions of litres of raw sewage from fouling the Great Lakes each year. (commondreams.org)
- Montreal Mayor Denis Coderre wants to take a big dump in the Saint Lawrence River… eight billion litres of untreated sewage, October 18, 2015," reads the Facebook page of environmental activist and subject of the movie bearing her name, Erin Brockovich" in a post published Tuesday night. (montrealgazette.com)
300,000 gallons1
- About 300,000 gallons of raw sewage leaked into the Animas River in July 2011. (durangoherald.com)
Systems9
- Designed by Kraig Johnson of Wastewater Compliance Systems , the six-foot-wide, five-foot-tall structures are lined with bacterial biofilm that cleans raw sewage. (inhabitat.com)
- Scientists are drug-testing whole cities through their sewage systems. (slate.com)
- FOUR TAMPA BAY area cities could be required to spend millions of dollars to upgrade sewage treatment systems under legislation passed Thursday by the Senate. (orlandosentinel.com)
- DER officials say many sewage systems in the Tampa Bay area are able to meet the advanced requirements, but Dunedin, Tarpon Springs, Clearwater and Bradenton probably would have to upgrade to meet them. (orlandosentinel.com)
- But if you have 50,000 people in a community, you may be able to determine the prevalence by testing the wastewater," said Sunny Jiang, a microbiologist leading a pilot project at UC Irvine to identify COVID-19 in sewage systems. (mercurynews.com)
- In reviewing the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) management of sewage sludge disposal systems in the Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York-New Jersey areas, a potentially hazardous situation was identified. (gao.gov)
- The following Environmental Fees set by the Louisville Metro Board of Health for the installation and maintenance of on-site sewage systems will be effective: October 1, 2000. (louisvilleky.gov)
- Onsite Regulation - Click here for Kentucky requirements for onsite sewage systems. (louisvilleky.gov)
- NOMADIC™'s AGBR® mobile sewage treatment systems utilize fixed activated sludge treatment (FAST®) to provide a complete and versatile sewage treatment systems. (environmental-expert.com)
Flows1
- Whenever a lot is used for a multiple-family dwelling or for commercial, institutional or industrial purposes, the lot shall be deemed to have been subdivided into an equivalent number of single-family residential lots as determined by estimated sewage flows. (ecode360.com)
Fertiliser2
- The Sewage Sludge Ordinance of 15 April 1992 has been in effect to date and supplements provisions of the Fertiliser Ordinance ( Düngemittelverordnung - DüMV). (bmu.de)
- The Coalition Agreement for the 18th legislative period calls for sewage sludge to be used for the recovery of phosphorus and other nutrients and for the end of its use as a fertiliser. (bmu.de)
Waste9
- Every waste produced in our society that can be got rid of down toilets and drains and that can also be got out of the sewage by a given treatment process will be in the sludge. (sourcewatch.org)
- The permit was as a result of a shift in national government regulation rather than changes to the City's waste management, Sonnenberg has explained ("Sewage nothing new", People's Post, 16 June). (news24.com)
- Since 1 June 2005, landfilling of sewage sludge is only allowed after pre-treatment in an incineration plant or after mechanical-biological waste treatment. (bmu.de)
- The purpose of this €5.2 million project, with funding from the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7), was to develop a process in which multiple energy products would be created from sewage sludge and green waste. (europa.eu)
- It used to be you could sit outside and chat with your neighbors,'' said Teresa Torres, who has lived 28 years in the neighborhood, now a hub of waste transfer stations and sewage treatment. (nytimes.com)
- The objective was to use waste energy to eliminate sewage. (businessinsider.com)
- He says the sewage is usually extremely dilute, and while it still has all the organisms of regular sewage, it's diluted as far as its waste strength. (radioiowa.com)
- Sewage sludge has the potential to boost production for certain crops while addressing the increase in the amount of waste and the growing scarcity of landfills, according to scientists at the University of Florida. (innovations-report.com)
- Sewage sludge is a dangerous solid waste product that is spread on farm fields - and CELDF has assisted the first communities in the U.S. to ban it. (celdf.org)
Processes1
- The process itself is based on an upgrade of existing sewage treatment processes called the " contact-stabilization process . (yahoo.com)
System8
- Approximately 1,200 gallons of raw sewage flowed through the storm system and into the lagoon at 400 Park Ave. The overflow may have been due to a grease plug in the line. (redorbit.com)
- Namon Nassef, inventor of the Zero Liquid Discharge Sewage Elimination System. (businessinsider.com)
- Officials are considering the idea, after learning they would need to spend $12 million to upgrade the sewage treatment system. (yahoo.com)
- There are several examples of using sewage as an alert system for viral outbreaks, the best known being Israel's poliovirus epidemic of 2013. (mercurynews.com)
- But it's robust system for testing sewage resulted in an early detection of the poliovirus and "allowed rapid mobilization of a vaccine campaign" before any paralysis occurred in the population, according to a study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . (mercurynews.com)
- The sewage system is also a target, with Israeli warplanes targeting sewage treatment stations in West Gaza City early on Saturday. (theecologist.org)
- The team has previously tracked norovirus through the sewage system. (bbc.co.uk)
- Utilizing the latest in BioBarrier Membrane Biological Reactor (MBR) technology, NOMADIC has designed a mobile sewage treatment system that produces high quality effluent safe for discharge into groundwater, or for secondary uses. (environmental-expert.com)
Sewerage1
- In general American English usage, the terms "sewage" and "sewerage" mean the same thing. (wikipedia.org)
Sludge-treated1
- It's not only legal but routine to grow food on sewage sludge-treated land, even though the sludge, by definition, can contain any number of toxic chemicals that may not be removed via treatment. (mercola.com)
Pollutants2
- Sewage also contains environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants. (wikipedia.org)
- The ordinance regulates pollutants in the use of sewage sludge for fertilising agricultural soils. (bmu.de)
Plant7
- Desiccation cracks in dried sludge, the hard final remains from a sewage plant . (wikipedia.org)
- Officials have said the plant typically treats about 2 million gallons of wastewater daily and sewage was sent straight into the river for about 34 hours while the plant was shut down. (timesfreepress.com)
- The tank is used as means of temporary storage before the sewage can be dumped at a municipal plant. (businessinsider.com)
- Early estimates are sewage could be shipped to Lewiston for treatment at roughly half the cost of upgrading the plant. (yahoo.com)
- They note that raw sewage has not flowed from the plant since Feb. 16. (yahoo.com)
- Linda Peters, who lives near the plant, said she runs in the area twice a week and can still smell the sewage. (yahoo.com)
- Red tide and other marine algae blooms caused by sewage outfalls are on the rise ["Sewage plant improved," News, Aug. 1]. (newsday.com)