A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.
DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.
The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.
The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).
Genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the RNA which is incorporated into RIBOSOMES. Prokaryotic rRNA genes are usually found in OPERONS dispersed throughout the GENOME, whereas eukaryotic rRNA genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units.
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.
Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.
Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.
A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.
The intergenic DNA segments that are between the ribosomal RNA genes (internal transcribed spacers) and between the tandemly repeated units of rDNA (external transcribed spacers and nontranscribed spacers).
Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.
The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.
A method (first developed by E.M. Southern) for detection of DNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.
A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).
The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.
The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.
Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis of an RNA SEQUENCE.
A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.
Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.
The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.
The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.
The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.
Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.
The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.
Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.
A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.
Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.
Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.
Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.
Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
A form of GENE LIBRARY containing the complete DNA sequences present in the genome of a given organism. It contrasts with a cDNA library which contains only sequences utilized in protein coding (lacking introns).
DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.
A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.
Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Proteins found in any species of virus.
A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.
The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.
Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.
The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.
An order of gram-positive, primarily aerobic BACTERIA that tend to form branching filaments.
Direct nucleotide sequencing of gene fragments from multiple housekeeping genes for the purpose of phylogenetic analysis, organism identification, and typing of species, strain, serovar, or other distinguishable phylogenetic level.
Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.
Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.
The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.
A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.
A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.
A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
A class in the phylum PROTEOBACTERIA comprised mostly of two major phenotypes: purple non-sulfur bacteria and aerobic bacteriochlorophyll-containing bacteria.
The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.
A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)
The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.
Constituent of 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes containing about 3200 nucleotides. 23S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.
The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.
Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.
The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.
Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.
Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.
Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.
The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.
Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
A genus of bacteria that form a nonfragmented aerial mycelium. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. This genus is responsible for producing a majority of the ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS of practical value.
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 5.8S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
Former kingdom, located on Korea Peninsula between Sea of Japan and Yellow Sea on east coast of Asia. In 1948, the kingdom ceased and two independent countries were formed, divided by the 38th parallel.
Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.
The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.
Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.
Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.
A group of the proteobacteria comprised of facultatively anaerobic and fermentative gram-negative bacteria.
A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.
A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in PLANTS; ANIMALS or micro-organisms.
A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.
The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.
A group of adenine ribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each adenine ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
Diseases of plants.
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
The sequential location of genes on a chromosome.
Analysis of PEPTIDES that are generated from the digestion or fragmentation of a protein or mixture of PROTEINS, by ELECTROPHORESIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; or MASS SPECTROMETRY. The resulting peptide fingerprints are analyzed for a variety of purposes including the identification of the proteins in a sample, GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS, patterns of gene expression, and patterns diagnostic for diseases.
Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.
Constituent of the 40S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 18S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.
Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.
Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.
Procedures for identifying types and strains of fungi.
A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.
Proteins that form the CAPSID of VIRUSES.
A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.
The ultimate exclusion of nonsense sequences or intervening sequences (introns) before the final RNA transcript is sent to the cytoplasm.
A process whereby multiple RNA transcripts are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of other possible sets of EXONS during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form a mature RNA. The alternative forms of mature MESSENGER RNA produce PROTEIN ISOFORMS in which one part of the isoforms is common while the other parts are different.
Plasmids containing at least one cos (cohesive-end site) of PHAGE LAMBDA. They are used as cloning vehicles.
Hydrocarbon rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.
A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)
Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.
Proteins found in any species of fungus.
Variation in a population's DNA sequence that is detected by determining alterations in the conformation of denatured DNA fragments. Denatured DNA fragments are allowed to renature under conditions that prevent the formation of double-stranded DNA and allow secondary structure to form in single stranded fragments. These fragments are then run through polyacrylamide gels to detect variations in the secondary structure that is manifested as an alteration in migration through the gels.
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
Water containing no significant amounts of salts, such as water from RIVERS and LAKES.
Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.
Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).
A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, nonsporeforming, nonmotile rods. Organisms of this genus had originally been classified as members of the BACTEROIDES genus but overwhelming biochemical and chemical findings in 1990 indicated the need to separate them from other Bacteroides species, and hence, this new genus was established.
The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.
The three possible sequences of CODONS by which GENETIC TRANSLATION may occur from one nucleotide sequence. A segment of mRNA 5'AUCCGA3' could be translated as 5'AUC.. or 5'UCC.. or 5'CCG.., depending on the location of the START CODON.
A genus of BACILLACEAE that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic.
A type of mutation in which a number of NUCLEOTIDES deleted from or inserted into a protein coding sequence is not divisible by three, thereby causing an alteration in the READING FRAMES of the entire coding sequence downstream of the mutation. These mutations may be induced by certain types of MUTAGENS or may occur spontaneously.
A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of genes.
Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.
Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.
Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.
The outer protein protective shell of a virus, which protects the viral nucleic acid.
The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples.
Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.
The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.
Genes bearing close resemblance to known genes at different loci, but rendered non-functional by additions or deletions in structure that prevent normal transcription or translation. When lacking introns and containing a poly-A segment near the downstream end (as a result of reverse copying from processed nuclear RNA into double-stranded DNA), they are called processed genes.
A genus of asporogenous bacteria that is widely distributed in nature. Its organisms appear as straight to slightly curved rods and are known to be human and animal parasites and pathogens.
The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.
Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.
Any member of the group of ENDOPEPTIDASES containing at the active site a serine residue involved in catalysis.
DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, a REPLICATION ORIGIN, for successful replication, propagation to and maintenance as an extra chromosome in bacteria. In addition, they can carry large amounts (about 200 kilobases) of other sequence for a variety of bioengineering purposes.
Any of the DNA in between gene-coding DNA, including untranslated regions, 5' and 3' flanking regions, INTRONS, non-functional pseudogenes, and non-functional repetitive sequences. This DNA may or may not encode regulatory functions.
Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.
Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.
Habitat of hot water naturally heated by underlying geologic processes. Surface hot springs have been used for BALNEOLOGY. Underwater hot springs are called HYDROTHERMAL VENTS.
Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of protozoa.
The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.
A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.
Refuse liquid or waste matter carried off by sewers.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of archaea.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.
Amino acid sequences found in transported proteins that selectively guide the distribution of the proteins to specific cellular compartments.
A genus of gram-positive, microaerophilic, rod-shaped bacteria occurring widely in nature. Its species are also part of the many normal flora of the mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina of many mammals, including humans. Pathogenicity from this genus is rare.
The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

Structural characterization of the N-linked oligosaccharides in bile salt-stimulated lipase originated from human breast milk. (1/3405)

The detailed structures of N- glycans derived from bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL) found in human milk were determined by combining exoglycosidase digestion with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The N- glycan structures were conclusively determined in terms of complexity and degree of fucosylation. Ion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, together with mass-spectral analysis of the esterified N- glycans, indicated the presence of monosialylated structures. The molecular mass profile of esterified N- glycans present in BSSL further permitted the more detailed studies through collision-induced dissociation (CID) and sequential exoglycosidase cleavages. The N- glycan structures were elucidated to be complex/dibranched, fucosylated/complex/dibranched, monosialylated/complex/dibranched, and monosialylated/fucosylated/dibranched entities.  (+info)

Alternative splicing of transcripts encoding the alpha- and beta-subunits of mouse glucosidase II in T lymphocytes. (2/3405)

Glucosidase II is a processing enzyme of the endoplasmic reticulum that functions to hydrolyze two glucose residues in immature N -linked oligosaccharides attached to newly synthesized polypeptides. We previously reported the cDNA cloning of the alpha- and beta-subunits of mouse glucosidase II from T cells following copurification of these proteins with the highly glycosylated transmembrane protein-tyrosine phosphatase CD45. Subsequent examination of additional cDNA clones, coupled with partial genomic DNA sequencing, has revealed that both subunits are encoded by gene products that undergo alternative splicing in T lymphocytes. The catalytic alpha-subunit possesses two variably expressed segments, box Alpha1, consisting of 22 amino acids located proximal to the amino-terminus, and box Alpha2, composed of 9 amino acids situated between the amino-terminus and the putative catalytic site in the central region of the molecule. Box Beta1, a variably expressed 7 amino acid segment in the beta-subunit of glucosidase II, is located immediately downstream of an acidic stretch near the carboxyl-terminus. Screening of reverse transcribed RNA by polymerase chain reaction confirms the variable inclusion of each of these segments in transcripts obtained from a panel of T-lymphocyte cell lines. Thus, distinct isoforms of glucosidase II exist that may perform specialized functions.  (+info)

A novel human SRB/MED-containing cofactor complex, SMCC, involved in transcription regulation. (3/3405)

A novel human complex that can either repress activator-dependent transcription mediated by PC4, or, at limiting TFIIH, act synergistically with PC4 to enhance activator-dependent transcription has been purified. This complex contains homologs of a subset of yeast mediator/holoenzyme components (including SRB7, SRB10, SRB11, MED6, and RGR1), homologs of other yeast transcriptional regulatory factors (SOH1 and NUT2), and, significantly, some components (TRAP220, TRAP170/hRGR1, and TRAP100) of a human thyroid hormone receptor-associated coactivator complex. The complex shows direct activator interactions but, unlike yeast mediator, can act independently of the RNA polymerase II CTD. These findings demonstrate both positive and negative functional capabilities for the human complex, emphasize novel (CTD-independent) regulatory mechanisms, and link the complex to other human coactivator complexes.  (+info)

Structure of cag pathogenicity island in Japanese Helicobacter pylori isolates. (4/3405)

BACKGROUND: cag pathogenicity island (PAI) is reported to be a major virulence factor of Helicobacter pylori. AIM: To characterise cagA and the cag PAI in Japanese H pylori strains. METHODS: H pylori isolates from Japanese patients were evaluated for CagA by immunoblot, for cagA transcription by northern blot, and for cagA and 13 other cag PAI genes by Southern blot. cagA negative strains from Western countries were also studied. Induction of interleukin-8 secretion from gastric epithelial cells was also investigated. RESULTS: All Japanese strains retained cagA. Fifty nine of 63 (94%) strains had all the cag PAI genes. In the remaining four, cag PAI was partially deleted, lacking cagA transcripts and not producing CagA protein. Details of the PAI of these strains were checked; three lacked cagB to cagQ (cagI) and continuously cagS to cag13 (cagII), and the remaining one lacked cagB to cag8. Western cagA negative strains completely lacked cag PAI including cagA. Nucleotide sequence analysis in one strain in which the cag PAI was partially deleted showed that the partial deletion contained 25 kb of cag PAI and the cagA promoter. Interleukin-8 induction was lower with the cag PAI partial deletion strains than with the intact ones. All Japanese cag PAI deleted strains were derived from patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia, whereas 41 of 59 (70%) CagA-producing strains were from patients with peptic ulcers or gastric cancer (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Most Japanese H pylori strains had the intact cag PAI. However, some lacked most of the cag PAI in spite of the presence of cagA. Thus the presence of the cagA gene is not an invariable marker of cag PAI related virulence in Japanese strains.  (+info)

Biased JH usage in plasma cell immunoglobulin gene sequences from colonic mucosa in ulcerative colitis but not in Crohn's disease. (5/3405)

BACKGROUND: Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory disease of the colonic and rectal mucosa. Autoantibodies have been observed in ulcerative colitis which may have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Evidence also suggests that there is an hereditary predisposition towards the disease, although no individual genes have been identified. AIMS: This is a pilot study of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes (IgH) in ulcerative colitis to determine whether they have any particular genetic characteristics which may lead to a better understanding of the disease aetiology. SUBJECTS: Colonic or rectal tissue was obtained from five children with ulcerative colitis. Tissue was also obtained from five children with Crohn's disease and five children who did not have inflammatory bowel disease as controls. METHODS: B cells and IgD+ B cells were identified by immunohistochemistry on frozen sections. Areas of lamina propria containing plasma cells, and areas of IgD+ B cells were microdissected. The immunoglobulin genes were PCR amplified, cloned, and sequenced. Sequences were analysed for content of somatic mutations and composition of heavy chain. RESULTS: An increase in the use of JH6 and DXP'1, and a decrease in the use of JH4, gene segments in immunoglobulin genes from lamina propria plasma cells, and from virgin IgD+ B cells, was found in patients with ulcerative colitis. These biases were not present in the control groups. CONCLUSIONS: There is a fundamental difference in the immunoglobulin genes from patients with ulcerative colitis. Whether this is caused by a difference in content of immunoglobulin gene segments in the germline or a difference in the recombination mechanism is not known.  (+info)

The origin and evolution of green algal and plant actins. (6/3405)

The Viridiplantae are subdivided into two groups: the Chlorophyta, which includes the Chlorophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Ulvophyceae, and Prasinophyceae; and the Streptophyta, which includes the Charophyceae and all land plants. Within the Streptophyta, the actin genes of the angiosperms diverge nearly simultaneously from each other before the separation of monocots and dicots. Previous evolutionary analyses have provided limited insights into the gene duplications that have produced these complex gene families. We address the origin and diversification of land plant actin genes by studying the phylogeny of actins within the green algae, ferns, and fern allies. Partial genomic sequences or cDNAs encoding actin were characterized from Cosmarium botrytis (Zygnematales), Selaginella apoda (Selaginellales), Anemia phyllitidis (Polypodiales), and Psilotum triquetrum (Psilotales). Selaginella contains at least two actin genes. One sequence (Ac2) diverges within a group of fern sequences that also includes the Psilotum Ac1 actin gene and one gymnosperm sequence (Cycas revoluta Cyc3). This clade is positioned outside of the angiosperm actin gene radiation. The second Selaginella sequence (Ac1) is the sister to all remaining land plant actin sequences, although the internal branches in this portion of the tree are very short. Use of complete actin-coding regions in phylogenetic analyses provides support for the separation of angiosperm actins into two classes. N-terminal "signature" sequence analyses support these groupings. One class (VEG) includes actin genes that are often expressed in vegetative structures. The second class (REP) includes actin genes that trace their ancestry within the vegetative actins and contains members that are largely expressed in reproductive structures. Analysis of intron positions within actin genes shows that sequences from both Selaginella and Cosmarium contain the conserved 20-3, 152-1, and 356-3 introns found in many members of the Streptophyta. In addition, the Cosmarium actin gene contains a novel intron at position 76-1.  (+info)

Cell-specific peptide binding by human neutrophils. (7/3405)

Analysis of peptide binding to human neutrophils (PMN) using phage display techniques has revealed cell-specific motifs reactive with the PMN surface. Phage libraries displaying either linear 9-mer or cyclic 10-mer and 6-mer peptides were incubated with normal human neutrophils followed by elution of bound phage with low pH (pH 2.2) and non-ionic detergent. Three rounds of selection generated several related peptide sequences that bound with high avidity to PMN. Using the linear 9-mer library, PMN-binding phage expressed peptides with the motif (G/A)PNLTGRW. The binding of phage bearing this motif was highly specific since no binding was observed on lymphocytes, fibroblasts, epithelial, or endothelial cells. Functional assays revealed that phage bearing the sequence FGPNLTGRW induced a pertussis toxin-sensitive increase in PMN cytosolic calcium analogous to that observed with Galphai coupled receptors. Other prominent motifs identified included phage bearing the consensus DLXTSK(M/L)X(V/I/L), where X represents a non-conserved position. Phage with this motif bound exclusively to a sub population of human PMN that comprised approximately 50% of the total and did not elicit a calcium response. The binding of such phage to PMN was prevented by co-incubation with competing peptides displaying identical or similar sequences (IC50 range from 0.6 micromol/L to 50 micromol/L for DLXTSK and GPNLTG, respectively). We speculate that these techniques will be useful in identifying functional cell-specific binding motifs and contribute to the development of new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies in human disease.  (+info)

Isolation and characterization of a human homologue of the latrophilin gene from a region of 1p31.1 implicated in breast cancer. (8/3405)

We have identified a region of chromosome 1p31.1 that shows high frequency loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in human breast cancer. This region forms part of a 7 Mb YAC/BAC contig. In order to identify candidate sequences, mutation of which might contribute to the development of disease, we have carried out mapping studies of ESTs localized to 1p31.1. This analysis, coupled with library screening and a modified 5' RACE-PCR strategy, resulted in the identification and characterization of a novel gene (LPHH1) which is located adjacent to the smallest region of overlapping loss (SRO) seen in tumours. The 4209 bp open reading frame of the 7 kb LPHH1 transcript encodes a peptide which shows approximately 65% identity to rat latrophilin, a G-coupled, seven span transmembrane protein, which binds alpha-latrotoxin. In the human sequence, whilst conservation of the transmembrane domain is high, the intra- and extracellular domains show two regions of variable structure, which are presumably generated by alternative splicing. Surprisingly, while expression of the rat gene is tightly restricted to neurological and perhaps some endocrine cells, the human sequence appears to be expressed very widely in all normal tissues tested. Northern and RT-PCR analysis of a panel of tumour cell lines showed that LPHH1 expression was variable, apparently elevated in some lines and absent or markedly reduced in others. Furthermore, characterization of the range of transcripts encoded in a breast tumour cell line, compared to normal breast, suggested that gene product variability was higher in the tumour.  (+info)

Some common effects of chromosomal deletions include:

1. Genetic disorders: Chromosomal deletions can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, which is caused by a deletion of a portion of chromosome 21. Other examples include Prader-Willi syndrome (deletion of chromosome 15), and Williams syndrome (deletion of chromosome 7).
2. Birth defects: Chromosomal deletions can increase the risk of birth defects, such as heart defects, cleft palate, and limb abnormalities.
3. Developmental delays: Children with chromosomal deletions may experience developmental delays, learning disabilities, and intellectual disability.
4. Increased cancer risk: Some chromosomal deletions can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and breast cancer.
5. Reproductive problems: Chromosomal deletions can lead to reproductive problems, such as infertility or recurrent miscarriage.

Chromosomal deletions can be diagnosed through a variety of techniques, including karyotyping (examination of the chromosomes), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and microarray analysis. Treatment options for chromosomal deletions depend on the specific effects of the deletion and may include medication, surgery, or other forms of therapy.

Some common poultry diseases include:

1. Avian influenza (bird flu): A highly contagious viral disease that affects birds and can be transmitted to humans.
2. Newcastle disease: A viral disease that causes respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms in birds.
3. Infectious bronchitis: A viral disease that causes respiratory symptoms in birds.
4. Marek's disease: A viral disease that affects the nervous system of birds.
5. Coccidiosis: A parasitic disease caused by the Eimeria protozoa, which can cause diarrhea and weight loss in birds.
6. Chicken anemia virus: A viral disease that causes anemia and weakened immune systems in chickens.
7. Fowl pox: A viral disease that causes skin lesions and other symptoms in birds.
8. Avian encephalomyelitis (AE): A viral disease that affects the brain and spinal cord of birds, causing neurological symptoms such as paralysis and death.
9. Mycoplasmosis: A bacterial disease caused by the Mycoplasma bacteria, which can cause respiratory and other symptoms in birds.
10. Aspergillosis: A fungal disease that affects the respiratory system of birds, causing symptoms such as coughing and difficulty breathing.

Poultry diseases can have a significant impact on bird health and productivity, and can also be transmitted to humans in some cases. It is important for poultry farmers and owners to monitor their flocks closely and take steps to prevent the spread of disease, such as providing clean water and feed, maintaining good hygiene, and vaccinating birds against certain diseases.

Some common types of fish diseases include:

1. Bacterial infections: These are caused by bacteria such as Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, and Mycobacterium. Symptoms can include fin and tail rot, body slime, and ulcers.
2. Viral infections: These are caused by viruses such as viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) and infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN). Symptoms can include lethargy, loss of appetite, and rapid death.
3. Protozoan infections: These are caused by protozoa such as Cryptocaryon and Ichthyophonus. Symptoms can include flashing, rapid breathing, and white spots on the body.
4. Fungal infections: These are caused by fungi such as Saprolegnia and Achlya. Symptoms can include fuzzy growths on the body and fins, and sluggish behavior.
5. Parasitic infections: These are caused by parasites such as Ichthyophonus and Cryptocaryon. Symptoms can include flashing, rapid breathing, and white spots on the body.

Diagnosis of fish diseases is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and observation of the fish's behavior and environment. Treatment options vary depending on the type of disease and the severity of symptoms, and can include antibiotics, antifungals, and medicated baths. Prevention is key in managing fish diseases, and this includes maintaining good water quality, providing a balanced diet, and keeping the fish in a healthy environment.

Note: The information provided is a general overview of common fish diseases and their symptoms, and should not be considered as professional medical advice. If you suspect your fish has a disease, it is recommended that you consult with a veterinarian or a qualified aquarium expert for proper diagnosis and treatment.

The main symptoms of Caliciviridae infections are:

* Diarrhea
* Vomiting
* Fever
* Stomach cramps
* Nausea

These infections can be diagnosed through laboratory tests, such as viral culture or PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test. There is no specific treatment for Caliciviridae infections, but symptoms can be managed with fluids, rest, and over-the-counter medications to control fever and alleviate discomfort. Prevention includes practicing good hygiene, avoiding close contact with people who are sick, and following proper food handling and preparation techniques.

Word origin: Caliciviridae is derived from the Latin word "calix," meaning "cup" or "goblet," referring to the shape of the viruses' capsid (protein shell).

1. Parvovirus (Parvo): A highly contagious viral disease that affects dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and severe dehydration.
2. Distemper: A serious viral disease that can affect dogs of all ages and breeds, causing symptoms such as fever, coughing, and seizures.
3. Rabies: A deadly viral disease that affects dogs and other animals, transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, and causing symptoms such as aggression, confusion, and paralysis.
4. Heartworms: A common condition caused by a parasitic worm that infects the heart and lungs of dogs, leading to symptoms such as coughing, fatigue, and difficulty breathing.
5. Ticks and fleas: These external parasites can cause skin irritation, infection, and disease in dogs, including Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis.
6. Canine hip dysplasia (CHD): A genetic condition that affects the hip joint of dogs, causing symptoms such as arthritis, pain, and mobility issues.
7. Osteosarcoma: A type of bone cancer that affects dogs, often diagnosed in older dogs and causing symptoms such as lameness, swelling, and pain.
8. Allergies: Dog allergies can cause skin irritation, ear infections, and other health issues, and may be triggered by environmental factors or specific ingredients in their diet.
9. Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV): A life-threatening condition that occurs when a dog's stomach twists and fills with gas, causing symptoms such as vomiting, pain, and difficulty breathing.
10. Cruciate ligament injuries: Common in active dogs, these injuries can cause joint instability, pain, and mobility issues.

It is important to monitor your dog's health regularly and seek veterinary care if you notice any changes or abnormalities in their behavior, appetite, or physical condition.

A disease that affects pigs, including viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections, as well as genetic disorders and nutritional deficiencies. Some common swine diseases include:

1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): A highly contagious viral disease that can cause reproductive failure, respiratory problems, and death.
2. Swine Influenza: A viral infection similar to human influenza, which can cause fever, coughing, and pneumonia in pigs.
3. Erysipelas: A bacterial infection that causes high fever, loss of appetite, and skin lesions in pigs.
4. Actinobacillosis: A bacterial infection that can cause pneumonia, arthritis, and abscesses in pigs.
5. Parasitic infections: Such as gastrointestinal parasites like roundworms and tapeworms, which can cause diarrhea, anemia, and weight loss in pigs.
6. Scrapie: A degenerative neurological disorder that affects pigs and other animals, causing confusion, aggression, and eventually death.
7. Nutritional deficiencies: Such as a lack of vitamin E or selenium, which can cause a range of health problems in pigs, including muscular dystrophy and anemia.
8. Genetic disorders: Such as achondroplasia, a condition that causes dwarfism and deformities in pigs.
9. Environmental diseases: Such as heat stress, which can cause a range of health problems in pigs, including respiratory distress and death.

It's important to note that many swine diseases have similar symptoms, making accurate diagnosis by a veterinarian essential for effective treatment and control.

Gastroenteritis can be classified into different types based on the cause:

Viral gastroenteritis - This is the most common type of gastroenteritis and is caused by norovirus or rotavirus.

Bacterial gastroenteritis - This type is caused by bacteria such as salmonella, E. coli, or campylobacter.

Parasitic gastroenteritis - This is caused by parasites such as giardia or cryptosporidium.

Foodborne gastroenteritis - This type is caused by consuming contaminated food or water.

Gastroenteritis can be treated with antibiotics for bacterial infections, anti-diarrheal medications, and hydration therapy to prevent dehydration. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Prevention measures include proper hand washing, avoiding close contact with people who are sick, and avoiding contaminated food and water. Vaccines are also available for some types of gastroenteritis such as rotavirus.

Examples of Bird Diseases:

1. Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): A viral disease that affects birds and can be transmitted to humans, causing respiratory illness and other symptoms.
2. Psittacosis (Parrot Fever): A bacterial infection caused by Chlamydophila psittaci, which can infect a wide range of bird species and can be transmitted to humans.
3. Aspergillosis: A fungal infection that affects birds, particularly parrots and other Psittacines, causing respiratory problems and other symptoms.
4. Beak and Feather Disease: A viral disease that affects birds, particularly parrots and other Psittacines, causing feather loss and beak deformities.
5. West Nile Virus: A viral disease that can affect birds, as well as humans and other animals, causing a range of symptoms including fever, headache, and muscle weakness.
6. Chlamydophila psittaci: A bacterial infection that can infect birds, particularly parrots and other Psittacines, causing respiratory problems and other symptoms.
7. Mycobacteriosis: A bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium avium, which can affect a wide range of bird species, including parrots and other Psittacines.
8. Pacheco's Disease: A viral disease that affects birds, particularly parrots and other Psittacines, causing respiratory problems and other symptoms.
9. Polyomavirus: A viral disease that can affect birds, particularly parrots and other Psittacines, causing a range of symptoms including respiratory problems and feather loss.
10. Retinoblastoma: A type of cancer that affects the eyes of birds, particularly parrots and other Psittacines.

It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or treated with proper care and management, including providing a clean and spacious environment, offering a balanced diet, and ensuring access to fresh water and appropriate medical care.

Gram-negative bacterial infections can be difficult to treat because these bacteria are resistant to many antibiotics. In addition, some gram-negative bacteria produce enzymes called beta-lactamases, which break down the penicillin ring of many antibiotics, making them ineffective against the infection.

Some common types of gram-negative bacterial infections include:

* Pneumonia
* Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
* Bloodstream infections (sepsis)
* Meningitis
* Skin and soft tissue infections
* Respiratory infections, such as bronchitis and sinusitis

Examples of gram-negative bacteria that can cause infection include:

* Escherichia coli (E. coli)
* Klebsiella pneumoniae
* Pseudomonas aeruginosa
* Acinetobacter baumannii
* Proteus mirabilis

Gram-negative bacterial infections can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including blood cultures, urine cultures, and tissue samples. Treatment typically involves the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as carbapenems or cephalosporins, which are effective against many types of gram-negative bacteria. In some cases, the infection may require hospitalization and intensive care to manage complications such as sepsis or organ failure.

Prevention of gram-negative bacterial infections includes good hand hygiene, proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and appropriate use of antibiotics. In healthcare settings, infection control measures such as sterilization and disinfection of equipment, and isolation precautions for patients with known gram-negative bacterial infections can help prevent the spread of these infections.

Overall, gram-negative bacterial infections are a significant public health concern, and proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications and reduce the risk of transmission.

Types of Mycobacterium Infections:

1. Tuberculosis (TB): This is the most common Mycobacterium infection and is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body such as the brain, kidneys, and spine.
2. Leprosy: This is a chronic infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae, which primarily affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes. It is also known as Hansen's disease.
3. Buruli ulcer: This is a skin infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium ulcerans, which is found in wet environments such as rivers, lakes, and swamps.
4. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC): This is a group of bacteria that can cause a variety of diseases, including lung disease, disseminated disease, and cardiovascular disease.
5. Mycobacterium abscessus: This is a type of bacteria that can cause skin and soft tissue infections, as well as respiratory and disseminated diseases.

Symptoms of Mycobacterium Infections:

The symptoms of Mycobacterium infections can vary depending on the type of infection and the severity of the disease. Some common symptoms include:

* Coughing or difficulty breathing (in TB infections)
* Skin lesions or ulcers (in leprosy and Buruli ulcer)
* Fever, chills, and fatigue (in all types of Mycobacterium infections)
* Swollen lymph nodes (in all types of Mycobacterium infections)
* Joint pain or swelling (in some cases)
* Weight loss and loss of appetite (in severe cases)

Diagnosis of Mycobacterium Infections:

Diagnosing a Mycobacterium infection can be challenging, as the bacteria are slow-growing and require specialized culture techniques. Some common methods for diagnosing Mycobacterium infections include:

* Skin scrapings or biopsies (for leprosy and Buruli ulcer)
* Sputum or lung biopsy (for TB)
* Blood tests (for disseminated disease)
* Imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans (to evaluate the extent of the infection)

Treatment of Mycobacterium Infections:

The treatment of Mycobacterium infections depends on the type of infection and the severity of the disease. Some common treatments include:

* Antibiotics: For TB, the standard treatment is a combination of rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for at least 6 months. For leprosy, the standard treatment is a combination of rifampin, dapsone, and clofazimine for at least 12 months.
* Surgery: For Buruli ulcer, surgical debridement of the affected skin and tissue is often necessary.
* Supportive care: Patients with severe forms of the disease may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, fluid replacement, and wound care.

Prevention of Mycobacterium Infections:

Preventing the spread of Mycobacterium infections is crucial for controlling these diseases. Some common prevention measures include:

* Vaccination: For TB, vaccination with the BCG vaccine is recommended for infants and young children in high-risk areas.
* Screening: Screening for TB and leprosy is important for early detection and treatment of cases.
* Contact tracing: Identifying and testing individuals who have been in close contact with someone who has been diagnosed with TB or leprosy can help prevent the spread of the disease.
* Infection control measures: Healthcare workers should follow strict infection control measures when caring for patients with Mycobacterium infections to prevent transmission to others.
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick: Avoiding close contact with people who are sick with TB or leprosy can help prevent the spread of the disease.
* Covering mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing: Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing can help prevent the spread of TB bacteria.
* Properly disposing of contaminated materials: Properly disposing of contaminated materials, such as used tissues and surfaces soiled with respiratory secretions, can help prevent the spread of TB bacteria.

It is important to note that while these measures can help control the spread of Mycobacterium infections, they are not foolproof and should be combined with other prevention measures, such as early detection and treatment of cases, to effectively control these diseases.

Cattle diseases refer to any health issues that affect cattle, including bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections, as well as genetic disorders and environmental factors. These diseases can have a significant impact on the health and productivity of cattle, as well as the livelihoods of farmers and ranchers who rely on them for their livelihood.

Types of Cattle Diseases

There are many different types of cattle diseases, including:

1. Bacterial diseases, such as brucellosis, anthrax, and botulism.
2. Viral diseases, such as bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) and bluetongue.
3. Parasitic diseases, such as heartwater and gapeworm.
4. Genetic disorders, such as polledness and cleft palate.
5. Environmental factors, such as heat stress and nutritional deficiencies.

Symptoms of Cattle Diseases

The symptoms of cattle diseases can vary depending on the specific disease, but may include:

1. Fever and respiratory problems
2. Diarrhea and vomiting
3. Weight loss and depression
4. Swelling and pain in joints or limbs
5. Discharge from the eyes or nose
6. Coughing or difficulty breathing
7. Lameness or reluctance to move
8. Changes in behavior, such as aggression or lethargy

Diagnosis and Treatment of Cattle Diseases

Diagnosing cattle diseases can be challenging, as the symptoms may be similar for different conditions. However, veterinarians use a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and medical history to make a diagnosis. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and may include antibiotics, vaccines, anti-inflammatory drugs, and supportive care such as fluids and nutritional supplements.

Prevention of Cattle Diseases

Preventing cattle diseases is essential for maintaining the health and productivity of your herd. Some preventative measures include:

1. Proper nutrition and hydration
2. Regular vaccinations and parasite control
3. Sanitary living conditions and frequent cleaning
4. Monitoring for signs of illness and seeking prompt veterinary care if symptoms arise
5. Implementing biosecurity measures such as isolating sick animals and quarantining new animals before introduction to the herd.

It is important to work closely with a veterinarian to develop a comprehensive health plan for your cattle herd, as they can provide guidance on vaccination schedules, parasite control methods, and disease prevention strategies tailored to your specific needs.

Conclusion
Cattle diseases can have a significant impact on the productivity and profitability of your herd, as well as the overall health of your animals. It is essential to be aware of the common cattle diseases, their symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention methods to ensure the health and well-being of your herd.

By working closely with a veterinarian and implementing preventative measures such as proper nutrition and sanitary living conditions, you can help protect your cattle from disease and maintain a productive and profitable herd. Remember, prevention is key when it comes to managing cattle diseases.

https://www.medicinenet.com › Medical Dictionary › G

A genetic translocation is a change in the number or arrangement of the chromosomes in a cell. It occurs when a portion of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. This can result in a gain or loss of genetic material, which can have significant effects on the individual.

Genetic Translocation | Definition & Facts | Britannica
https://www.britannica.com › science › Genetic-tr...

Genetic translocation, also called chromosomal translocation, a type of chromosomal aberration in which a portion of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. This can result in a gain or loss of genetic material. Genetic translocations are often found in cancer cells and may play a role in the development and progression of cancer.

Translocation, Genetic | health Encyclopedia - UPMC
https://www.upmc.com › health-library › gene...

A genetic translocation is a change in the number or arrangement of the chromosomes in a cell. It occurs when a portion of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. This can result in a gain or loss of genetic material, which can have significant effects on the individual.

Genetic Translocation | Genetics Home Reference - NIH
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov › condition › ge...

A genetic translocation is a change in the number or arrangement of the chromosomes in a cell. It occurs when a portion of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. This can result in a gain or loss of genetic material, which can have significant effects on the individual.

In conclusion, Genetic Translocation is an abnormality in the number or arrangement of chromosomes in a cell. It occurs when a portion of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome, resulting in a gain or loss of genetic material that can have significant effects on the individual.

Astrovirirus infections can affect people of all ages, but they are most common in children under the age of 5 and older adults. Symptoms of astrovirirus infection typically begin within 24 to 48 hours after exposure and can last for several days. In some cases, astrovirirus infections can lead to more severe complications, such as dehydration, especially in young children and older adults.

There are no specific treatments for astrovirirus infections, but symptoms can be managed with supportive care, such as fluid replacement and over-the-counter medications to relieve fever and diarrhea. Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene, avoiding close contact with individuals who are sick, and ensuring proper food handling and preparation.

Astroviridae infections can be diagnosed through laboratory tests, such as a stool sample or a blood test, which can detect the presence of astrovirus antigens or genetic material. Treatment is primarily focused on managing symptoms and preventing complications, rather than targeting the virus itself.

Astroviridae infections are common and can be a significant cause of gastrointestinal illness in individuals of all ages. While they are generally self-limiting, they can lead to serious complications in certain populations, such as young children and older adults. Therefore, early diagnosis and supportive care are important to prevent dehydration and other complications.

The symptoms of rotavirus infection can range from mild to severe and may include:

* Diarrhea
* Vomiting
* Fever
* Abdominal pain
* Dehydration
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss

In severe cases, rotavirus infection can lead to complications such as:

* Dehydration
* Malnutrition
* Electrolyte imbalance
* Acute kidney injury
* Septicemia
* Death (rare)

The diagnosis of rotavirus infection is based on a combination of clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and medical imaging. Laboratory tests may include:

* Stool testing for the presence of rotavirus antigens or genetic material
* Blood testing for signs of dehydration or electrolyte imbalance

There is no specific treatment for rotavirus infection, but rather supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. This may include:

* Fluid replacement therapy to prevent dehydration
* Anti-diarrheal medications to slow down bowel movements
* Pain management with medication
* Rest and hydration

Prevention is key in managing rotavirus infections. Vaccines are available to protect against rotavirus infection, and good hygiene practices such as frequent handwashing and avoiding close contact with people who are sick can also help prevent the spread of the virus.

Overall, while rotavirus infections can be severe and potentially life-threatening, with proper supportive care and prevention measures, most children recover fully within a few days to a week.

1. Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV): This is a highly contagious virus that weakens the immune system, making cats more susceptible to other infections and cancer.
2. Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV): Similar to HIV in humans, this virus attacks the immune system and can lead to a range of secondary infections and diseases.
3. Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP): A viral disease that causes fluid accumulation in the abdomen and chest, leading to difficulty breathing and abdominal pain.
4. Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD): A group of conditions that affect the bladder and urethra, including urinary tract infections and kidney stones.
5. Feline Diabetes: Cats can develop diabetes, which can lead to a range of complications if left untreated, including urinary tract infections, kidney disease, and blindness.
6. Feline Hyperthyroidism: An overactive thyroid gland that can cause weight loss, anxiety, and heart problems if left untreated.
7. Feline Cancer: Cats can develop various types of cancer, including lymphoma, leukemia, and skin cancer.
8. Dental disease: Cats are prone to dental problems, such as tartar buildup, gum disease, and tooth resorption.
9. Obesity: A common problem in cats, obesity can lead to a range of health issues, including diabetes, arthritis, and heart disease.
10. Behavioral disorders: Cats can develop behavioral disorders such as anxiety, stress, and aggression, which can impact their quality of life and relationships with humans.

It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or managed with proper care, including regular veterinary check-ups, vaccinations, parasite control, a balanced diet, exercise, and mental stimulation. Additionally, early detection and treatment can significantly improve the outcome for cats with health issues.

Symptoms of nocardiosis can vary depending on the site of infection and severity of disease. Respiratory symptoms may include cough, fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Skin infections may cause swelling, redness, and warmth at the site of infection. Bone and joint infections can lead to pain, swelling, and limited mobility.

Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and radiographic imaging. Laboratory tests may include blood cultures, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and other techniques to detect the presence of Nocardia in body fluids or tissues. Imaging studies such as chest X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to evaluate the extent of disease.

Treatment of nocardiosis typically involves a combination of antibiotics and surgical debridement of infected tissues. The choice of antibiotics depends on the severity and location of infection, as well as the patient's age, health status, and other medical conditions. Surgical intervention may be necessary to drain abscesses, repair damaged tissues, or remove infected bone or joint segments.

Preventive measures for nocardiosis include avoiding exposure to risk factors such as soil or contaminated water, practicing good hygiene and infection control practices, and following proper sterilization techniques when handling instruments or equipment. Vaccination against Nocardia is not available, and there is currently no effective prophylactic therapy for nocardiosis.

Nocardiosis can be a challenging disease to diagnose and treat, particularly in cases of disseminated infection or those with underlying medical conditions. Prompt recognition and aggressive management are critical to improving patient outcomes.

1. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS): This is a severe respiratory disease caused by the hantavirus, which is found in the urine and saliva of infected rodents. Symptoms of HPS can include fever, headache, muscle pain, and difficulty breathing.
2. Leptospirosis: This is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Leptospira, which is found in the urine of infected rodents. Symptoms can include fever, headache, muscle pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes).
3. Rat-bite fever: This is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Streptobacillus moniliformis, which is found in the saliva of infected rodents. Symptoms can include fever, headache, muscle pain, and swollen lymph nodes.
4. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM): This is a viral infection caused by the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), which is found in the urine and saliva of infected rodents. Symptoms can include fever, headache, muscle pain, and meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord).
5. Tularemia: This is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis, which is found in the urine and saliva of infected rodents. Symptoms can include fever, headache, muscle pain, and swollen lymph nodes.

These are just a few examples of the many diseases that can be transmitted to humans through contact with rodents. It is important to take precautions when handling or removing rodents, as they can pose a serious health risk. If you suspect that you have been exposed to a rodent-borne disease, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible.

Some common types of monkey diseases include:

1. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV): A virus that affects nonhuman primates and is closely related to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). SIV can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or contaminated needles.
2. Ebola virus disease: A severe and often deadly illness caused by the Ebola virus, which is transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids.
3. Herpes B virus: A virus that can cause a range of illnesses in nonhuman primates, including respiratory infections, skin lesions, and neurological symptoms.
4. Tuberculosis: A bacterial infection that affects both humans and nonhuman primates, and is transmitted through the air when an infected animal or person coughs or sneezes.
5. Rabies: A viral infection that affects the central nervous system and can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals, usually through bites or scratches.
6. Yellow fever: A viral infection that is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito, and can cause fever, jaundice, and hemorrhagic symptoms.
7. Kyasanur Forest disease: A viral infection that is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tick, and can cause fever, headache, and hemorrhagic symptoms.
8. Monkeypox: A viral infection that is similar to smallpox and is transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or contaminated surfaces.
9. Meningitis: An inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, which can be caused by a range of bacterial and viral infections.
10. Encephalitis: An inflammation of the brain, which can be caused by a range of viral and bacterial infections.

It is important to note that many of these diseases are rare in humans and may not be commonly encountered in everyday practice. However, it is important for healthcare providers to be aware of these diseases and their potential transmission routes in order to provide appropriate care and prevention measures for patients.

Some common horse diseases include:

1. Equine Influenza (EI): A highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the equine influenza virus. It can cause fever, coughing, and nasal discharge.
2. Strangles: A bacterial infection of the lymph nodes, which can cause swelling of the neck and difficulty breathing.
3. West Nile Virus (WNV): A viral infection that can cause fever, weakness, and loss of coordination. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and can be fatal in some cases.
4. Tetanus: A bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani, which can cause muscle stiffness, spasms, and rigidity.
5. Rabies: A viral infection that affects the central nervous system and can be fatal if left untreated. It is transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, usually through a bite.
6. Cushing's Disease: A hormonal disorder caused by an overproduction of cortisol, which can cause weight gain, muscle wasting, and other health issues.
7. Laminitis: An inflammation of the laminae, the tissues that connect the hoof to the bone. It can be caused by obesity, overeating, or excessive exercise.
8. Navicular Syndrome: A condition that affects the navicular bone and surrounding tissue, causing pain and lameness in the foot.
9. Pneumonia: An inflammation of the lungs, which can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
10. Colic: A general term for abdominal pain, which can be caused by a variety of factors, including gas, impaction, or twisting of the intestines.

These are just a few examples of the many potential health issues that can affect horses. Regular veterinary care and proper management can help prevent many of these conditions, and early diagnosis and treatment can improve the chances of a successful outcome.

Examples of syndromes include:

1. Down syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 that affects intellectual and physical development.
2. Turner syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by a missing or partially deleted X chromosome that affects physical growth and development in females.
3. Marfan syndrome: A genetic disorder affecting the body's connective tissue, causing tall stature, long limbs, and cardiovascular problems.
4. Alzheimer's disease: A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, confusion, and changes in personality and behavior.
5. Parkinson's disease: A neurological disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with movement.
6. Klinefelter syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra X chromosome in males, leading to infertility and other physical characteristics.
7. Williams syndrome: A rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of genetic material on chromosome 7, characterized by cardiovascular problems, developmental delays, and a distinctive facial appearance.
8. Fragile X syndrome: The most common form of inherited intellectual disability, caused by an expansion of a specific gene on the X chromosome.
9. Prader-Willi syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by a defect in the hypothalamus, leading to problems with appetite regulation and obesity.
10. Sjogren's syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that affects the glands that produce tears and saliva, causing dry eyes and mouth.

Syndromes can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment for a syndrome depends on the underlying cause and the specific symptoms and signs presented by the patient.

There are several different types of tumor viruses, including:

1. Human papillomavirus (HPV): This virus is responsible for causing cervical cancer and other types of cancer, such as anal, vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancer.
2. Hepatitis B virus (HBV): This virus can cause liver cancer, known as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
3. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): This virus can increase the risk of developing certain types of cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma.
4. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): This virus has been linked to the development of Burkitt lymphoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma.
5. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV): This virus is responsible for causing Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare type of skin cancer.
6. Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1): This virus has been linked to the development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL).

Tumor virus infections can be diagnosed through a variety of methods, including blood tests, imaging studies, and biopsies. Treatment for these infections often involves antiviral medications, chemotherapy, and surgery. In some cases, tumors may also be removed through radiation therapy.

It's important to note that not all tumors or cancers are caused by viruses, and that many other factors, such as genetics and environmental exposures, can also play a role in the development of cancer. However, for those tumor virus infections that are caused by a specific virus, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.

Overall, tumor virus infections are a complex and diverse group of conditions, and further research is needed to better understand their causes and develop effective treatments.

Symptoms of Corynebacterium Infections: The symptoms of Corynebacterium infections vary depending on the location and severity of the infection. They may include:

* Skin rashes or lesions
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Fever
* Pain and tenderness in the affected area
* Difficulty moving the affected joints (in case of bacterial arthritis)
* Shortness of breath (in case of pneumonia)
* Fatigue, fever, and chills (in case of sepsis)

Causes and Risk Factors: Corynebacterium infections are caused by the bacteria of the Corynebacterium genus. The most common species that cause human infections are Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans, and Corynebacterium jeikeium. These bacteria can enter the body through various means, such as:

* Open wounds or cuts
* Infected burns
* Contaminated surgical sites
* Prosthetic joints or other implanted medical devices
* Weakened immune system (in HIV/AIDS patients)
* Chronic medical conditions (such as diabetes, cancer, or liver disease)

Diagnosis and Treatment: The diagnosis of Corynebacterium infections typically involves a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, which may be administered orally or intravenously, depending on the severity of the infection. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove infected tissue or debris.

Prevention: Preventing Corynebacterium infections involves maintaining good hygiene practices, such as washing hands regularly and thoroughly, especially after contact with someone who is infected or after touching animals or contaminated surfaces. In addition, individuals with weakened immune systems or chronic medical conditions should take extra precautions to avoid exposure to these bacteria.

In conclusion, Corynebacterium infections are a group of serious illnesses caused by the Corynebacterium genus of bacteria. These infections can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination and laboratory tests, and treated with antibiotics. Prevention involves maintaining good hygiene practices and taking extra precautions for individuals with weakened immune systems or chronic medical conditions.

There are several types of diarrhea, including:

1. Acute diarrhea: This type of diarrhea is short-term and usually resolves on its own within a few days. It can be caused by a viral or bacterial infection, food poisoning, or medication side effects.
2. Chronic diarrhea: This type of diarrhea persists for more than 4 weeks and can be caused by a variety of conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or celiac disease.
3. Diarrhea-predominant IBS: This type of diarrhea is characterized by frequent, loose stools and abdominal pain or discomfort. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including stress, hormonal changes, and certain foods.
4. Infectious diarrhea: This type of diarrhea is caused by a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection and can be spread through contaminated food and water, close contact with an infected person, or by consuming contaminated food.

Symptoms of diarrhea may include:

* Frequent, loose, and watery stools
* Abdominal cramps and pain
* Bloating and gas
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fever and chills
* Headache
* Fatigue and weakness

Diagnosis of diarrhea is typically made through a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms. Treatment for diarrhea depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, anti-diarrheal medications, fluid replacement, and dietary changes. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat any complications.

Prevention of diarrhea includes:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and thoroughly, especially after using the bathroom or before preparing food
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Properly storing and cooking food to prevent contamination
* Drinking safe water and avoiding contaminated water sources
* Avoiding raw or undercooked meat, poultry, and seafood
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause diarrhea

Complications of diarrhea can include:

* Dehydration: Diarrhea can lead to a loss of fluids and electrolytes, which can cause dehydration. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
* Electrolyte imbalance: Diarrhea can also cause an imbalance of electrolytes in the body, which can lead to serious complications.
* Inflammation of the intestines: Prolonged diarrhea can cause inflammation of the intestines, which can lead to abdominal pain and other complications.
* Infections: Diarrhea can be a symptom of an infection, such as a bacterial or viral infection. If left untreated, these infections can lead to serious complications.
* Malnutrition: Prolonged diarrhea can lead to malnutrition and weight loss, which can have long-term effects on health and development.

Treatment of diarrhea will depend on the underlying cause, but may include:

* Fluid replacement: Drinking plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration and replace lost electrolytes.
* Anti-diarrheal medications: Over-the-counter or prescription medications to slow down bowel movements and reduce diarrhea.
* Antibiotics: If the diarrhea is caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection.
* Rest: Getting plenty of rest to allow the body to recover from the illness.
* Dietary changes: Avoiding certain foods or making dietary changes to help manage symptoms and prevent future episodes of diarrhea.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any of the following:

* Severe diarrhea that lasts for more than 3 days
* Diarrhea that is accompanied by fever, blood in the stool, or abdominal pain
* Diarrhea that is severe enough to cause dehydration or electrolyte imbalances
* Diarrhea that is not responding to treatment

Prevention of diarrhea includes:

* Good hand hygiene: Washing your hands frequently, especially after using the bathroom or before preparing food.
* Safe food handling: Cooking and storing food properly to prevent contamination.
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause diarrhea, such as rotavirus.

Overall, while diarrhea can be uncomfortable and disruptive, it is usually a minor illness that can be treated at home with over-the-counter medications and plenty of fluids. However, if you experience severe or persistent diarrhea, it is important to seek medical attention to rule out any underlying conditions that may require more formal treatment.

The symptoms of relapsing fever can vary depending on the severity of the infection, but may include:

* Fever (which can be quite high, often exceeding 104°F)
* Headache
* Muscle pain
* Joint pain
* Swollen lymph nodes
* Sore throat
* Rash
* Weakness and fatigue

The infection is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as blood cultures or PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests.

Relapsing fever is treated with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or penicillin G. The infection can be cured with proper treatment, but without treatment, it can lead to complications such as meningitis, encephalitis, or death.

Prevention of relapsing fever includes avoiding tick bites, using protective clothing and insect repellents when outdoors in areas where the bacteria is found, and promptly seeking medical attention if symptoms develop.

Example sentences:

1. The rhabdoviridae infections in cattle can cause significant economic losses for farmers, as they can lead to reduced milk production and mortality rates.
2. Scientists are working on developing vaccines against rhabdoviridae infections in pigs, which could help reduce the risk of disease transmission to humans.

Sheep diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and environmental factors. Here are some common sheep diseases and their meanings:

1. Scrapie: A fatal neurological disorder that affects sheep and goats, caused by a prion.
2. Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP): A contagious respiratory disease caused by Mycobacterium ovipneumoniae.
3. Maedi-Visna: A slow-progressing pneumonia caused by a retrovirus, which can lead to OPP.
4. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals, including sheep and goats.
5. Bloat: A condition caused by gas accumulation in the rumen, which can lead to abdominal pain and death if not treated promptly.
6. Pneumonia: An inflammation of the lungs, often caused by bacteria or viruses.
7. Cryptosporidiosis: A diarrheal disease caused by Cryptosporidium parvum, which can be fatal in young lambs.
8. Babesiosis: A blood parasitic disease caused by Babesia oviparasites, which can lead to anemia and death if left untreated.
9. Fascioliasis: A liver fluke infection that can cause anemia, jaundice, and liver damage.
10. Anthrax: A serious bacterial disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, which can be fatal if left untreated.

Sheep diseases can have a significant impact on the health and productivity of flocks, as well as the economy of sheep farming. It is important for sheep farmers to be aware of these diseases and take appropriate measures to prevent and control them.

In birds, the virus can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous system disorders. It is transmitted through contact with infected birds or contaminated feces or water. Wild birds and domestic poultry are susceptible to influenza infection. The H5N1 subtype of the virus has caused widespread outbreaks in poultry and wild birds, leading to significant economic losses and public health concerns.

Prevention methods include vaccination, biosecurity measures, and surveillance programs. Vaccines are available for chickens, turkeys, ducks, and other domesticated birds, but the effectiveness of these vaccines can be limited in protecting against certain subtypes of the virus. Biosecurity measures such as sanitation, isolation, and disinfection can help prevent the spread of the disease in poultry flocks. Surveillance programs monitor the presence of the virus in wild and domestic bird populations to detect outbreaks early and prevent the spread of the disease.

The impact of avian influenza on human health is generally minimal, but it can be severe in certain cases. Direct transmission of the virus from birds to humans is rare, but it can occur through close contact with infected birds or contaminated surfaces. Indirect transmission may occur through the handling of contaminated poultry products. People with weakened immune systems, such as young children, the elderly, and those with chronic diseases, are at a higher risk of developing severe symptoms from avian influenza.

Overall, avian influenza is an important disease in birds that can have significant economic and public health implications. Prevention and control measures are essential to minimize the impact of the disease on both bird populations and human health.

Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that can cause a range of respiratory illnesses, from the common cold to severe diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Coronavirus infections are caused by one of the four subtypes of coronaviruses: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta.

The symptoms of coronavirus infections can range from mild to severe and may include:

* Fever
* Cough
* Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
* Chest tightness or discomfort
* Headache
* Sore throat
* Runny nose or stuffy nose
* Body aches or muscle pains
* Diarrhea
* Nausea or vomiting

In severe cases, coronavirus infections can lead to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and even death. The virus is primarily spread through close contact with an infected person, such as touching, shaking hands, or kissing. It can also be spread by touching contaminated surfaces and objects, such as door handles, light switches, and countertops.

There are several ways to diagnose coronavirus infections, including:

* Physical examination and medical history
* Chest X-ray or CT scan
* Blood tests
* Nucleic acid test (NAT)

Treatment for coronavirus infections is primarily focused on relieving symptoms and supporting the body's immune system. This may include:

* Antiviral medications
* Oxygen therapy
* Pain relief medication
* Rest and hydration

Prevention is key to avoiding coronavirus infections, and this includes:

* Washing hands frequently with soap and water
* Using alcohol-based hand sanitizers
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing
* Staying home when sick

There are also several vaccines currently being developed to protect against coronavirus infections, but these are not yet widely available. It is important to follow the guidance of public health authorities and take precautions to prevent the spread of the virus.

DNA virus infections can cause a wide range of diseases, from mild cold-like symptoms to life-threatening conditions such as cancer. Some common symptoms of DNA virus infections include fever, fatigue, muscle pain, and swollen lymph nodes. In severe cases, DNA virus infections can lead to organ failure, sepsis, and even death.

There are several ways that DNA viruses can be transmitted to humans, including:

1. Contact with an infected person or animal
2. Contaminated food or water
3. Insect or tick bites
4. Healthcare exposure
5. Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy or childbirth

Some of the most common DNA virus infections include:

1. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) - Causes cold sores and genital herpes.
2. Human papillomavirus (HPV) - Causes cervical cancer, as well as other types of cancer and genital warts.
3. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) - Causes liver cancer and liver disease.
4. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) - Causes infectious mononucleosis.
5. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - Causes AIDS.

Diagnosis of DNA virus infections typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) to detect the presence of viral antigens or genetic material.

Treatment for DNA virus infections varies depending on the specific virus and the severity of the infection. Some common treatments include:

1. Antiviral medications - Used to suppress the replication of the virus.
2. Immune modulators - Used to boost the body's immune system to fight the virus.
3. Vaccines - Used to prevent infection with certain viruses, such as HPV and HBV.
4. Supportive care - Used to manage symptoms such as pain, fever, and fatigue.
5. Lifestyle modifications - Such as avoiding exposure to the virus, practicing good hygiene, and getting plenty of rest.

The most common symptoms of enterovirus infections include:

* Diarrhea
* Vomiting
* Fever
* Abdominal pain
* Headache
* Fatigue

In some cases, enterovirus infections can lead to more severe complications, such as:

* Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD)
* Aseptic meningitis
* Encephalitis
* Myocarditis

Enteroviruses are highly contagious and can be spread through:

* Close contact with an infected person
* Contaminated food and water
* Insect vectors

There is no specific treatment for enterovirus infections, but symptoms can be managed with supportive care, such as hydration, rest, and pain relief. Antiviral medications may be used in severe cases.

Prevention measures include:

* Good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Properly preparing and storing food and water
* Avoiding sharing items that come into contact with the mouth, such as utensils and drinking glasses.

1. Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE): A viral disease that affects the joints and central nervous system of goats.
2. Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA): A bacterial infection that causes abscesses in the lymph nodes and other organs.
3. Contagious ecthyma (Orf): A viral disease that causes skin lesions and scarring.
4. Goat pox: A viral disease that causes fever, weakness, and skin lesions.
5. Pneumonia: A bacterial or viral infection of the lungs that can be caused by a variety of pathogens.
6. Scabies: A parasitic infestation that causes skin irritation and hair loss.
7. Tetanus: A neurological disorder caused by a bacterial toxin that affects muscle contractions.
8. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection that can cause fever, anemia, and other symptoms in goats.
9. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): Bacterial infections of the urinary system that can affect both male and female goats.
10. Vitamin deficiencies: Deficiencies in vitamins such as vitamin A, D, or E can cause a range of health problems in goats, including skin conditions, poor appetite, and weakness.

Goat diseases can be diagnosed through physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment depends on the specific disease and may involve antibiotics, antiviral medications, or supportive care such as fluid therapy and nutritional supplements. Prevention is key in managing goat diseases, and this includes maintaining good hygiene, providing clean water and a balanced diet, and vaccinating goats against common diseases.

Word origin:

Cryptosporidium (genus name) is derived from the Greek words "kruptos" (meaning hidden) and "sporos" (meaning seed), referring to the parasite's ability to hide within host cells. The specific species of Cryptosporidium that infect humans is known as C. parvum.

Example sentences:

1. The CDC has reported an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in a community with a contaminated water supply.
2. The patient was diagnosed with cryptosporidiosis after experiencing severe diarrhea and vomiting for several days.
3. The researchers are studying the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications against cryptosporidiosis in immunocompromised individuals.

When a chromosome breaks, it can lead to genetic instability and potentially contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer. Chromosome breakage can also result in the loss or gain of genetic material, which can further disrupt normal cellular function and increase the risk of disease.

There are several types of chromosome breakage, including:

1. Chromosomal aberrations: These occur when there is a change in the number or structure of the chromosomes, such as an extra copy of a chromosome (aneuploidy) or a break in a chromosome.
2. Genomic instability: This refers to the presence of errors in the genetic material that can lead to changes in the function of cells and tissues.
3. Chromosomal fragile sites: These are specific regions of the chromosomes that are more prone to breakage than other regions.
4. Telomere shortening: Telomeres are the protective caps at the ends of the chromosomes, and their shortening can lead to chromosome breakage and genetic instability.

Chromosome breakage can be detected through cytogenetic analysis, which involves staining the cells with dyes to visualize the chromosomes and look for any abnormalities. The detection of chromosome breakage can help diagnose certain diseases, such as cancer, and can also provide information about the risk of disease progression.

In summary, chromosome breakage is a type of genetic alteration that can occur as a result of various factors, including exposure to radiation or chemicals, errors during cell division, or aging. It can lead to genetic instability and increase the risk of diseases such as cancer. Detection of chromosome breakage through cytogenetic analysis can help diagnose certain diseases and provide information about the risk of disease progression.

Previous article'Etiology' Next article 'Esophageal Cancer'

The term "thrombasthenia" comes from the Greek words "thrombos," meaning clot, and "basis," meaning foundation. It was first used by the British physician Sir William Osler in the late 19th century to describe a group of rare bleeding disorders characterized by abnormal platelet function.

There are three main types of thrombasthenia:

1. Bernard-Soulier syndrome: This is the most common type of thrombasthenia and is caused by a defect in the gene that codes for the protein known as platelet membrane glycoprotein (PMG) IIb. People with this condition have large, fragile platelets that are prone to bleeding.
2. Glanzmann's thrombasthenia: This is a rare type of thrombasthenia caused by a defect in the gene that codes for the protein known as platelet membrane glycoprotein (PMG) IIIa. People with this condition have small, irregular platelets that are unable to form proper blood clots.
3. Gray platelet syndrome: This is a rare type of thrombasthenia caused by a defect in the gene that codes for the protein known as alpha-granule membrane protein (AGM). People with this condition have small, gray-colored platelets that are prone to bleeding.

Thrombasthenia can be diagnosed through blood tests that evaluate platelet function and genetic testing to identify the specific defect responsible for the disorder. Treatment typically involves avoiding medications that can exacerbate bleeding, using platelet transfusions to increase platelet numbers, and in some cases, undergoing surgery to repair or remove affected blood vessels.

Example sentences:

1. The outbreak of birnaviridae infections in the local wildlife population has been linked to the consumption of contaminated water sources.
2. The researchers are studying the effects of birnaviridae infections on the reproduction rates of infected birds.
3. The veterinarian suspects that the sudden death of several zoo animals may be due to birnaviridae infections.

1. Tuberculosis: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause tuberculosis, which is a chronic bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
2. Leprosy: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause leprosy, which is a chronic infectious disease that affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes.
3. Lung abscess: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause lung abscess, which is a collection of pus in the lungs that can be caused by bacterial infections.
4. Skin infections: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause skin infections, such as furuncles and carbuncles, which are boils that can be caused by bacterial infections.
5. Bone and joint infections: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause bone and joint infections, such as osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, which are infections of the bones and joints.
6. Endocarditis: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause endocarditis, which is an infection of the heart valves.
7. Meningitis: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause meningitis, which is an inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord.
8. Osteomyelitis: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause osteomyelitis, which is an infection of the bones.
9. Septic arthritis: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause septic arthritis, which is an infection of the joints.
10. Soft tissue infections: Actinomycetales bacteria can cause soft tissue infections, such as abscesses and cellulitis, which are infections of the skin and underlying tissues.

The symptoms of Actinomycetales infections vary depending on the location and severity of the infection, but may include fever, chills, joint pain, swelling, redness, and warmth over the affected area. In severe cases, Actinomycetales infections can lead to life-threatening complications such as sepsis and organ failure.

Actinomycetales bacteria are typically resistant to antibiotics, making treatment challenging. Surgical intervention is often necessary to remove infected tissue or repair damaged structures. In some cases, combination therapy with antibiotics and surgery may be required to effectively treat Actinomycetales infections.

Preventive measures for Actinomycetales infections include proper hand hygiene, sterilization of medical equipment, and avoiding close contact with individuals who are at risk of developing an Actinomycetales infection. Early detection and treatment of Actinomycetales infections are crucial to prevent serious complications and improve outcomes for patients.

Spirochaetales infections can cause a wide range of symptoms, including fever, headache, muscle aches, and rashes, and can affect various parts of the body, such as the skin, joints, and nervous system. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, and early treatment is important to prevent long-term complications and sequelae.

Some common types of Spirochaetales infections include:

* Lyme disease: A bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi that is transmitted through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis). It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and a characteristic skin rash, and if left untreated, it can progress to more serious complications such as joint inflammation and neurological problems.
* Syphilis: A sexually transmitted infection caused by Treponema pallidum that can cause symptoms such as a small, painless sore at the site of infection (called a chancre), swollen lymph nodes, and fever. If left untreated, it can progress to more serious complications such as blindness, deafness, and damage to the heart and brain.
* Relapsing fever: A bacterial infection caused by Borrelia recurrentis that is transmitted through the bite of an infected soft tick (Ornithodoros moous). It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscle aches, and can lead to complications such as inflammation of the heart and liver.
* Yaws: A bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue that is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. It can cause symptoms such as a painless sore at the site of infection, swollen lymph nodes, and fever. If left untreated, it can lead to complications such as joint inflammation and deformity.
* Leptospirosis: A bacterial infection caused by Leptospira interrogans that is transmitted through contact with contaminated water or soil. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscle aches, and can lead to complications such as inflammation of the kidneys and liver.
* Rickettsiosis: A bacterial infection caused by Rickettsia bacteria that is transmitted through the bite of an infected mite (Acari). It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscle aches, and can lead to complications such as inflammation of the heart and lungs.
* Q fever: A bacterial infection caused by Coxiella burnetii that is transmitted through contact with contaminated animal tissues or fluids. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscle aches, and can lead to complications such as inflammation of the heart and liver.
* Tularensis: A bacterial infection caused by Francisella tularensis that is transmitted through contact with contaminated soil or water. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and skin lesions, and can lead to complications such as inflammation of the lungs and liver.
* Yersiniosis: A bacterial infection caused by Yersinia enterocolitica that is transmitted through contaminated food or water. It can cause symptoms such as fever, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, and can lead to complications such as inflammation of the joints and liver.
* Listeriosis: A bacterial infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes that is transmitted through contaminated food. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and stiffness in the neck, and can lead to complications such as inflammation of the brain and spinal cord.
* Brucellosis: A bacterial infection caused by Brucella species that is transmitted through contact with contaminated animal tissues or fluids. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscle aches, and can lead to complications such as inflammation of the heart and liver.
* E. coli O157: A bacterial infection caused by Escherichia coli O157 that is transmitted through contaminated food or water. It can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps, and can lead to complications such as kidney failure and death.
* Campylobacteriosis: A bacterial infection caused by Campylobacter species that is transmitted through contaminated food or water. It can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain, and can lead to complications such as inflammation of the intestines and joints.
* Salmonellosis: A bacterial infection caused by Salmonella species that is transmitted through contaminated food or water. It can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps, and can lead to complications such as dehydration and death.
* Lyme disease: A bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi that is transmitted through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and joint pain, and can lead to complications such as arthritis and neurological problems.
* Rocky Mountain spotted fever: A bacterial infection caused by Rickettsia rickettsii that is transmitted through the bite of an infected tick or flea. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and rash, and can lead to complications such as kidney failure and death.
* Plague: A bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis that is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea or contact with contaminated tissue. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and swollen lymph nodes, and can lead to complications such as pneumonia and death.
* Tularaemia: A bacterial infection caused by Francisella tularensis that is transmitted through contact with contaminated soil or water. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and skin lesions, and can lead to complications such as pneumonia and death.
* Leptospirosis: A bacterial infection caused by Leptospira interrogans that is transmitted through contact with contaminated water or soil. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and joint pain, and can lead to complications such as kidney failure and death.
* Q fever: A bacterial infection caused by Coxiella burnetii that is transmitted through contact with contaminated animal tissue or birth products. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and fatigue, and can lead to complications such as pneumonia and heart valve disease.
* Typhus: A bacterial infection caused by Rickettsia prowazekii that is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea or louse. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and rash, and can lead to complications such as pneumonia and death.
* Plague: A bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis that is transmitted through contact with infected animals or people. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and swollen lymph nodes, and can lead to complications such as pneumonia and death.
* Melioidosis: A bacterial infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei that is transmitted through contact with contaminated soil or water. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and skin lesions, and can lead to complications such as pneumonia and death.
* Cholera: A bacterial infection caused by Vibrio cholerae that is transmitted through contact with contaminated food or water. It can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps, and can lead to complications such as dehydration and death.
* Typhoid fever: A bacterial infection caused by Salmonella Typhi that is transmitted through contact with contaminated food or water. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and abdominal pain, and can lead to complications such as intestinal perforation and death.
* Yellow fever: A viral infection caused by the yellow fever virus that is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscle pain, and can lead to complications such as hemorrhagic fever and death.
* Dengue fever: A viral infection caused by one of four distinct serotypes of the dengue virus that is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscle pain, and can lead to complications such as hemorrhagic fever and death.
* Malaria: A parasitic infection caused by Plasmodium species that is transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. It can cause symptoms such as fever, chills, and flu-like illness, and can lead to complications such as anemia, organ failure, and death.
* Cholera: A bacterial infection caused by Vibrio cholerae that is transmitted through contact with contaminated food or water. It can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration, and can lead to complications such as severe dehydration and death.
* Diphtheria: A bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that is transmitted through contact with an infected person or contaminated surfaces. It can cause symptoms such as fever, sore throat, and difficulty swallowing, and can lead to complications such as respiratory failure and death.
* Pertussis (whooping cough): A bacterial infection caused by Bordetella pertussis that is transmitted through contact with an infected person or contaminated surfaces. It can cause symptoms such as fever, cough, and difficulty breathing, and can lead to complications such as pneumonia and death.
* Plague: A bacterial infection caused by Yersinia pestis that is transmitted through contact with an infected animal or person. It can cause symptoms such as fever, chills, and swollen lymph nodes, and can lead to complications such as sepsis and death.
* Rabies: A viral infection caused by Lyssavirus that is transmitted through the bite of an infected animal. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and confusion, and can lead to complications such as encephalitis and death.
* Tetanus: A bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani that is transmitted through contact with contaminated soil or animal waste. It can cause symptoms such as muscle stiffness, spasms, and rigidity, and can lead to complications such as respiratory failure and death.
* Typhoid: A bacterial infection caused by Salmonella Typhi that is transmitted through contact with contaminated food or water. It can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and abdominal pain, and can lead to complications such as intestinal bleeding and death.

It's important to note that these diseases are preventable with proper precautions and medical care. It's essential to be aware of the risks of infectious diseases when traveling to developing countries and to take appropriate measures to protect yourself, such as getting vaccinated, practicing good hygiene, and avoiding contact with animals and people who may be infected.

Some common examples of gram-positive bacterial infections include:

1. Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections: These are infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, which is a type of gram-positive bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics.
2. Streptococcal infections: These are infections caused by streptococcus bacteria, such as strep throat and cellulitis.
3. Pneumococcal infections: These are infections caused by pneumococcus bacteria, such as pneumonia.
4. Enterococcal infections: These are infections caused by enterococcus bacteria, such as urinary tract infections and endocarditis.
5. Candidiasis: This is a type of fungal infection caused by candida, which is a type of gram-positive fungus.

Gram-positive bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin and ampicillin, but the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance has made the treatment of these infections more challenging. In some cases, gram-positive bacterial infections may require more aggressive treatment, such as combination therapy with multiple antibiotics or the use of antifungal medications.

Overall, gram-positive bacterial infections can be serious and potentially life-threatening, so it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

There are two main types of thalassemia: alpha-thalassemia and beta-thalassemia. Alpha-thalassemia is caused by abnormalities in the production of the alpha-globin chain, which is one of the two chains that make up hemoglobin. Beta-thalassemia is caused by abnormalities in the production of the beta-globin chain.

Thalassemia can cause a range of symptoms, including anemia, fatigue, pale skin, and shortness of breath. In severe cases, it can lead to life-threatening complications such as heart failure, liver failure, and bone deformities. Thalassemia is usually diagnosed through blood tests that measure the levels of hemoglobin and other proteins in the blood.

There is no cure for thalassemia, but treatment can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment may include blood transfusions, folic acid supplements, and medications to reduce the severity of anemia. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be recommended.

Preventive measures for thalassemia include genetic counseling and testing for individuals who are at risk of inheriting the disorder. Prenatal testing is also available for pregnant women who are carriers of the disorder. In addition, individuals with thalassemia should avoid marriage within their own family or community to reduce the risk of passing on the disorder to their children.

Overall, thalassemia is a serious and inherited blood disorder that can have significant health implications if left untreated. However, with proper treatment and management, individuals with thalassemia can lead fulfilling lives and minimize the risk of complications.

Inversions are classified based on their location along the chromosome:

* Interstitial inversion: A segment of DNA is reversed within a larger gene or group of genes.
* Pericentric inversion: A segment of DNA is reversed near the centromere, the region of the chromosome where the sister chromatids are most closely attached.

Chromosome inversions can be detected through cytogenetic analysis, which allows visualization of the chromosomes and their structure. They can also be identified using molecular genetic techniques such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH).

Chromosome inversions are relatively rare in the general population, but they have been associated with various developmental disorders and an increased risk of certain diseases. For example, individuals with an inversion on chromosome 8p have an increased risk of developing cancer, while those with an inversion on chromosome 9q have a higher risk of developing neurological disorders.

Inversions can be inherited from one or both parents, and they can also occur spontaneously as a result of errors during DNA replication or repair. In some cases, inversions may be associated with other genetic abnormalities, such as translocations or deletions.

Overall, chromosome inversions are an important aspect of human genetics and can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying developmental disorders and disease susceptibility.

1. Activation of oncogenes: Some viruses contain genes that code for proteins that can activate existing oncogenes in the host cell, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
2. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes: Other viruses may contain genes that inhibit the expression of tumor suppressor genes, allowing cells to grow and divide uncontrollably.
3. Insertional mutagenesis: Some viruses can insert their own DNA into the host cell's genome, leading to disruptions in normal cellular function and potentially causing cancer.
4. Epigenetic changes: Viral infection can also cause epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation or histone modification, that can lead to the silencing of tumor suppressor genes and the activation of oncogenes.

Viral cell transformation is a key factor in the development of many types of cancer, including cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), and liver cancer caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). In addition, some viruses are specifically known to cause cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV).

Early detection and treatment of viral infections can help prevent the development of cancer. Vaccines are also available for some viruses that are known to cause cancer, such as HPV and hepatitis B. Additionally, antiviral therapy can be used to treat existing infections and may help reduce the risk of cancer development.

The most common types of mycoses include:

1. Ringworm: This is a common fungal infection that causes a ring-shaped rash on the skin. It can affect any part of the body, including the arms, legs, torso, and face.
2. Athlete's foot: This is a common fungal infection that affects the feet, causing itching, redness, and cracking of the skin.
3. Jock itch: This is a fungal infection that affects the groin area and inner thighs, causing itching, redness, and cracking of the skin.
4. Candidiasis: This is a fungal infection caused by Candida, a type of yeast. It can affect various parts of the body, including the mouth, throat, and vagina.
5. Aspergillosis: This is a serious fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, including the lungs, sinuses, and brain.

Symptoms of mycoses can vary depending on the type of infection and the severity of the infection. Common symptoms include itching, redness, swelling, and cracking of the skin. Treatment for mycoses usually involves antifungal medications, which can be applied topically or taken orally. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the infection.

Preventive measures for mycoses include practicing good hygiene, avoiding sharing personal items such as towels and clothing, and using antifungal medications as prescribed by a healthcare professional. Early diagnosis and treatment of mycoses can help prevent complications and reduce the risk of transmission to others.

The common types of reoviridae infections include:

1. Rotavirus infection: This is the most common cause of diarrhea in children under five years old worldwide. It can lead to dehydration, hospitalization, and even death in severe cases.
2. Calicivirus infection: This virus is responsible for norovirus, which is the leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in the United States and other countries. It can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach cramps.
3. Aichivirus infection: This virus was first identified in 2013 and has been linked to outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the United States and Europe. The symptoms of this infection are similar to those caused by norovirus.
4. Cysticercosis: This is a parasitic infection that occurs when the larvae of the pork tapeworm (Taenia solium) infect the human brain, eyes, or muscles. It can cause symptoms such as seizures, headaches, and vision problems.
5. Orbivirus infection: This virus is responsible for diseases such as bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic fever, which affects animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle. It can also be transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected midge insect.

Reoviridae infections are usually diagnosed based on symptoms, medical history, and laboratory tests such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) or ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Treatment of these infections depends on the specific type of virus and the severity of the symptoms.

Prevention measures for Reoviridae infections include good hygiene practices such as washing hands regularly, cooking food thoroughly, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick. Vaccines are also available for some types of Reoviridae infections, such as the rotavirus vaccine that is given to infants to protect against gastroenteritis.

Some common types of streptococcal infections include:

1. Strep throat (pharyngitis): an infection of the throat and tonsils that can cause fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes.
2. Sinusitis: an infection of the sinuses (air-filled cavities in the skull) that can cause headache, facial pain, and nasal congestion.
3. Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause cough, fever, chills, and shortness of breath.
4. Cellulitis: an infection of the skin and underlying tissue that can cause redness, swelling, and warmth over the affected area.
5. Endocarditis: an infection of the heart valves, which can cause fever, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and abdomen.
6. Meningitis: an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord that can cause fever, headache, stiff neck, and confusion.
7. Septicemia (blood poisoning): an infection of the bloodstream that can cause fever, chills, rapid heart rate, and low blood pressure.

Streptococcal infections are usually treated with antibiotics, which can help clear the infection and prevent complications. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the infection.

Prevention measures for streptococcal infections include:

1. Good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently, especially after contact with someone who is sick.
2. Avoiding close contact with people who have streptococcal infections.
3. Keeping wounds and cuts clean and covered to prevent bacterial entry.
4. Practicing safe sex to prevent the spread of streptococcal infections through sexual contact.
5. Getting vaccinated against streptococcus pneumoniae, which can help prevent pneumonia and other infections caused by this bacterium.

It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you or someone else may have a streptococcal infection, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

1. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV): A retrovirus that affects nonhuman primates and is similar to HIV in humans. SIV can be transmitted through bites, sexual contact, or mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy or childbirth.
2. Ebola virus: A highly contagious and deadly viral disease that affects primates and humans. Ebola is transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood, sweat, and saliva.
3. Marburg virus: Another deadly viral disease that affects primates and humans, similar to Ebola. Marburg is also transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids.
4. Tuberculosis: A bacterial infection that affects the lungs and other organs, and can be transmitted to humans from infected nonhuman primates.
5. Malaria: A parasitic infection that affects humans and many species of nonhuman primates, including apes. Plasmodium parasites are transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes.
6. Herpes B virus: A viral infection that can cause a range of diseases in nonhuman primates, including respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms.
7. Yaws: A bacterial infection that affects humans and nonhuman primates, causing skin lesions and joint pain.
8. Leishmaniasis: A parasitic infection that affects humans and many species of nonhuman primates, including apes. Leishmaniasis is caused by a protozoan parasite transmitted through the bite of infected sandflies.
9. Trypanosomiasis: A parasitic infection also known as sleeping sickness, which affects humans and many species of nonhuman primates, including apes. Trypanosomiasis is caused by a protozoan parasite transmitted through the bite of infected tsetse flies.
10. Tuberculosis: A bacterial infection that affects humans and many species of nonhuman primates, including apes. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is transmitted through respiratory droplets or contact with infected individuals.

Distemper is a serious and highly contagious viral disease that affects dogs, particularly puppies. It is caused by the canine distemper virus (CDV) and can cause a wide range of symptoms, including fever, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and seizures.

The disease attacks the nervous system and can lead to permanent brain damage, paralysis, and even death. There is no cure for distemper, but supportive care such as intravenous fluids, antibiotics, and anti-seizure medications can help manage symptoms and improve the chances of survival.

Prevention is key, and vaccination against CDV is essential for all dogs, especially puppies. Good hygiene practices, such as avoiding contact with infected dogs and their secretions, can also help prevent the spread of the disease. Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial to increase the chances of survival for affected dogs.

In summary, distemper is a severe and potentially life-threatening viral disease that affects dogs, and prevention through vaccination and good hygiene practices is essential to protect against this disease.

Zoonoses (zoonosis) refers to infectious diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. These diseases are caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi, and can be spread through contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products.

Examples of Zoonoses

Some common examples of zoonoses include:

1. Rabies: a viral infection that can be transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected animal, typically dogs, bats, or raccoons.
2. Lyme disease: a bacterial infection caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, which is spread to humans through the bite of an infected blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis).
3. Toxoplasmosis: a parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which can be transmitted to humans through contact with contaminated cat feces or undercooked meat.
4. Leptospirosis: a bacterial infection caused by Leptospira interrogans, which is spread to humans through contact with contaminated water or soil.
5. Avian influenza (bird flu): a viral infection that can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected birds or contaminated surfaces.

Transmission of Zoonoses

Zoonoses can be transmitted to humans in a variety of ways, including:

1. Direct contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products.
2. Contact with contaminated soil, water, or other environmental sources.
3. Through vectors such as ticks, mosquitoes, and fleas.
4. By consuming contaminated food or water.
5. Through close contact with an infected person or animal.

Prevention of Zoonoses

Preventing the transmission of zoonoses requires a combination of personal protective measures, good hygiene practices, and careful handling of animals and animal products. Some strategies for preventing zoonoses include:

1. Washing hands frequently, especially after contact with animals or their waste.
2. Avoiding direct contact with wild animals and avoiding touching or feeding stray animals.
3. Cooking meat and eggs thoroughly to kill harmful bacteria.
4. Keeping pets up to date on vaccinations and preventative care.
5. Avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked meat, particularly poultry and pork.
6. Using insect repellents and wearing protective clothing when outdoors in areas where vectors are prevalent.
7. Implementing proper sanitation and hygiene practices in animal housing and husbandry.
8. Implementing strict biosecurity measures on farms and in animal facilities to prevent the spread of disease.
9. Providing education and training to individuals working with animals or in areas where zoonoses are prevalent.
10. Monitoring for and reporting cases of zoonotic disease to help track and control outbreaks.

Conclusion

Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans, posing a significant risk to human health and animal welfare. Understanding the causes, transmission, and prevention of zoonoses is essential for protecting both humans and animals from these diseases. By implementing appropriate measures such as avoiding contact with wild animals, cooking meat thoroughly, keeping pets up to date on vaccinations, and implementing proper sanitation and biosecurity practices, we can reduce the risk of zoonotic disease transmission and protect public health and animal welfare.

The symptoms of RP can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the specific genetic mutations causing it. Common symptoms include:

* Night blindness
* Difficulty seeing in low light environments
* Blind spots or missing areas in central vision
* Difficulty reading or recognizing faces
* Sensitivity to light
* Reduced peripheral vision
* Blurred vision

There is currently no cure for RP, and treatment options are limited. However, researchers are actively working to develop new therapies and technologies to slow the progression of the disease and improve the quality of life for individuals with RP. These include:

* Gene therapy: Using viral vectors to deliver healthy copies of the missing gene to the retina in an effort to restore normal vision.

* Stem cell therapy: Transplanting healthy stem cells into the retina to replace damaged or missing cells.

* Pharmacological interventions: Developing drugs that can slow down or reverse the progression of RP by targeting specific molecular pathways.

* Retinal implants: Implanting a retinal implant, such as a retinal prosthetic, to bypass damaged or non-functional photoreceptors and directly stimulate the visual pathway.

It's important to note that these therapies are still in the experimental stage and have not yet been proven effective in humans. Therefore, individuals with RP should consult with their healthcare provider about the best treatment options available.

In summary, Retinitis Pigmentosa is a genetic disorder that causes progressive vision loss, particularly during childhood or adolescence. While there is currently no cure for RP, researchers are actively working to develop new therapies to slow down or restore vision in those affected by the disease. These include gene therapy, stem cell therapy, pharmacological interventions, and retinal implants. It's important to consult with a healthcare provider for the best treatment options available.

FAQs:

1. What is Retinitis Pigmentosa?

Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is a genetic disorder that causes progressive vision loss, typically during childhood or adolescence.

2. What are the symptoms of Retinitis Pigmentosa?

Symptoms of RP can vary depending on the specific mutation causing the disease, but common symptoms include difficulty seeing at night, loss of peripheral vision, and difficulty adjusting to bright light.

3. Is there a cure for Retinitis Pigmentosa?

Currently, there is no cure for RP, but researchers are actively working on developing new therapies to slow down or restore vision in those affected by the disease.

4. What are some potential treatments for Retinitis Pigmentosa?

Some potential treatments for RP include gene therapy, stem cell therapy, pharmacological interventions, and retinal implants. It's important to consult with a healthcare provider for the best treatment options available.

5. Can Retinitis Pigmentosa be prevented?

RP is a genetic disorder, so it cannot be prevented in the classical sense. However, researchers are working on developing gene therapies that can prevent or slow down the progression of the disease.

6. How does Retinitis Pigmentosa affect daily life?

Living with RP can significantly impact daily life, especially as vision loss progresses. It's important to adapt and modify daily routines, such as using assistive devices like canes or guide dogs, and seeking support from family and friends.

7. What resources are available for those affected by Retinitis Pigmentosa?

There are a variety of resources available for those affected by RP, including support groups, advocacy organizations, and online communities. These resources can provide valuable information, support, and connections with others who understand the challenges of living with the disease.

Lyme disease is typically diagnosed based on a combination of physical symptoms, medical history, and laboratory tests. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, which can help to clear the infection and alleviate symptoms.

Prevention of Lyme disease involves protecting against tick bites by using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing when outdoors, and conducting regular tick checks. Early detection and treatment of Lyme disease can help to prevent long-term complications, such as joint inflammation and neurological problems.

In this definition, we have used technical terms such as 'bacterial infection', 'blacklegged tick', 'Borrelia burgdorferi', and 'antibiotics' to provide a more detailed understanding of the medical concept.

1. Norovirus: This virus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis (stomach flu) worldwide, affecting people of all ages. It can be transmitted through contaminated food or water, close contact with infected individuals, or touching surfaces that have been contaminated with the virus.
2. Rotavirus: This virus is the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in children under five years old, particularly in developing countries. It can be spread through close contact with an infected child, contaminated food and water, or fecal matter.
3. Aichi virus: This virus was first identified in Japan in 2011 and has since been associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks in several other countries. It is primarily transmitted through the consumption of contaminated shellfish.
4. Sapporo virus: This virus was discovered in Japan in 2013 and has been linked to a range of illnesses, including gastroenteritis and respiratory symptoms. It is believed to be transmitted through close contact with an infected individual or contaminated surfaces.
5. Edge Hill virus: This virus was identified in the UK in 2012 and has been associated with a range of illnesses, including gastroenteritis and respiratory symptoms. It is primarily transmitted through close contact with an infected individual or contaminated surfaces.

These are just a few examples of Picornaviridae infections that can affect humans and animals. The virus family includes many other members that can cause a range of diseases, highlighting the importance of public health measures to prevent and control outbreaks of viral illnesses.

Here are some common types of E. coli infections:

1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): E. coli is a leading cause of UTIs, which occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract and cause inflammation. Symptoms include frequent urination, burning during urination, and cloudy or strong-smelling urine.
2. Diarrheal infections: E. coli can cause diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever if consumed through contaminated food or water. In severe cases, this type of infection can lead to dehydration and even death, particularly in young children and the elderly.
3. Septicemia (bloodstream infections): If E. coli bacteria enter the bloodstream, they can cause septicemia, a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention. Symptoms include fever, chills, rapid heart rate, and low blood pressure.
4. Meningitis: In rare cases, E. coli infections can spread to the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, causing meningitis. This is a serious condition that requires prompt treatment with antibiotics and supportive care.
5. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS): E. coli infections can sometimes cause HUS, a condition where the bacteria destroy red blood cells, leading to anemia, kidney failure, and other complications. HUS is most common in young children and can be fatal if not treated promptly.

Preventing E. coli infections primarily involves practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly, especially after using the bathroom or before handling food. It's also essential to cook meat thoroughly, especially ground beef, to avoid cross-contamination with other foods. Avoiding unpasteurized dairy products and drinking contaminated water can also help prevent E. coli infections.

If you suspect an E. coli infection, seek medical attention immediately. Your healthcare provider may perform a urine test or a stool culture to confirm the diagnosis and determine the appropriate treatment. In mild cases, symptoms may resolve on their own within a few days, but antibiotics may be necessary for more severe infections. It's essential to stay hydrated and follow your healthcare provider's recommendations to ensure a full recovery.

The different types of familial amyloidosis include:

1. Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP): This is the most common type of familial amyloidosis and is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid fibers in the nerves, leading to progressive nerve damage and loss of sensation.
2. Familial amyloid cardiomyopathy (FAC): This type of amyloidosis affects the heart and is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid fibers in the heart muscle, leading to progressive heart failure.
3. Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP): This type of amyloidosis affects the nerves and is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid fibers in the nerves, leading to progressive nerve damage and loss of sensation.
4. Primary amyloidosis (AL): This is a type of amyloidosis that is not inherited and is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid fibers in various organs and tissues throughout the body.

The symptoms of familial amyloidosis can vary depending on the specific type and the organs affected. Common symptoms include:

* Nerve damage and loss of sensation
* Heart failure
* Weakness and fatigue
* Pain
* Nausea and vomiting
* Diarrhea
* Constipation
* Weight loss

The diagnosis of familial amyloidosis is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and genetic analysis. Laboratory tests may include:

* Blood tests to measure the level of amyloid fibers in the blood
* Urine tests to measure the level of amyloid fibers in the urine
* Imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to visualize the accumulation of amyloid fibers in the organs and tissues.

Treatment for familial amyloidosis is aimed at managing the symptoms and slowing the progression of the disease. Treatment options may include:

* Medications to manage pain, nausea, and vomiting
* Physical therapy to maintain muscle strength and mobility
* Dietary modifications to manage weight loss and malnutrition
* Heart failure medications to manage heart failure
* Kidney dialysis or transplantation to manage kidney failure
* Stem cell transplantation to slow the progression of the disease.

The prognosis for familial amyloidosis is generally poor, and the disease can be fatal within a few years after diagnosis. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, some people with familial amyloidosis may experience a better quality of life and longer survival time. It is important to note that there is currently no cure for familial amyloidosis, and research is ongoing to develop new and more effective treatments for the disease.

Explanation: Genetic predisposition to disease is influenced by multiple factors, including the presence of inherited genetic mutations or variations, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. The likelihood of developing a particular disease can be increased by inherited genetic mutations that affect the functioning of specific genes or biological pathways. For example, inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer.

The expression of genetic predisposition to disease can vary widely, and not all individuals with a genetic predisposition will develop the disease. Additionally, many factors can influence the likelihood of developing a particular disease, such as environmental exposures, lifestyle choices, and other health conditions.

Inheritance patterns: Genetic predisposition to disease can be inherited in an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or multifactorial pattern, depending on the specific disease and the genetic mutations involved. Autosomal dominant inheritance means that a single copy of the mutated gene is enough to cause the disease, while autosomal recessive inheritance requires two copies of the mutated gene. Multifactorial inheritance involves multiple genes and environmental factors contributing to the development of the disease.

Examples of diseases with a known genetic predisposition:

1. Huntington's disease: An autosomal dominant disorder caused by an expansion of a CAG repeat in the Huntingtin gene, leading to progressive neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.
2. Cystic fibrosis: An autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, leading to respiratory and digestive problems.
3. BRCA1/2-related breast and ovarian cancer: An inherited increased risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer due to mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.
4. Sickle cell anemia: An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a point mutation in the HBB gene, leading to defective hemoglobin production and red blood cell sickling.
5. Type 1 diabetes: An autoimmune disease caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including multiple genes in the HLA complex.

Understanding the genetic basis of disease can help with early detection, prevention, and treatment. For example, genetic testing can identify individuals who are at risk for certain diseases, allowing for earlier intervention and preventive measures. Additionally, understanding the genetic basis of a disease can inform the development of targeted therapies and personalized medicine."


The bacteria are naturally found in warm seawater and can enter the body through cuts or scrapes on the skin while swimming or playing near the water. People with weakened immune systems, such as those with liver cirrhosis, cancer, or HIV/AIDS, are at a higher risk of developing Vibrio infections.

Types of Vibrio Infections

There are several types of Vibrio bacteria that can cause infections, including:

Vibrio vulnificus: This type of bacteria is found in warm coastal waters and can infect people who have open wounds or weakened immune systems. Vibrio vulnificus infections can be severe and can lead to bloodstream infections, septicemia, and even death.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus: This type of bacteria is found in tropical and subtropical waters and can cause gastrointestinal illness, including diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever. In severe cases, Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections can lead to bloodstream infections and other serious complications.

Vibrio alginolyticus: This type of bacteria is found in warm coastal waters and can cause gastrointestinal illness, including diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Vibrio alginolyticus infections are generally less severe than those caused by other types of Vibrio bacteria.

Prevention and Treatment

Preventing Vibrio infections is essential for people who have weakened immune systems or who engage in activities that increase their risk of developing an infection, such as swimming in warm coastal waters. Prevention measures include:

Wound care: People with open wounds should avoid swimming in warm coastal waters until the wounds are fully healed.

Avoiding consumption of raw or undercooked seafood: Raw or undercooked seafood can be a source of Vibrio bacteria, so it's essential to cook seafood thoroughly before eating it.

Using proper first aid: If you experience an injury while swimming in warm coastal waters, clean the wound thoroughly and seek medical attention promptly.

Treatment for Vibrio infections depends on the severity of the infection and may include antibiotics, supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and oxygen therapy, and surgical intervention if necessary. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required.

Preventing and treating Vibrio infections is essential for people who engage in activities that increase their risk of developing an infection. By taking preventive measures and seeking prompt medical attention if symptoms develop, you can reduce the risk of serious complications from these infections.

Explanation: Neoplastic cell transformation is a complex process that involves multiple steps and can occur as a result of genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. The process typically begins with a series of subtle changes in the DNA of individual cells, which can lead to the loss of normal cellular functions and the acquisition of abnormal growth and reproduction patterns.

Over time, these transformed cells can accumulate further mutations that allow them to survive and proliferate despite adverse conditions. As the transformed cells continue to divide and grow, they can eventually form a tumor, which is a mass of abnormal cells that can invade and damage surrounding tissues.

In some cases, cancer cells can also break away from the primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other parts of the body, where they can establish new tumors. This process, known as metastasis, is a major cause of death in many types of cancer.

It's worth noting that not all transformed cells will become cancerous. Some forms of cellular transformation, such as those that occur during embryonic development or tissue regeneration, are normal and necessary for the proper functioning of the body. However, when these transformations occur in adult tissues, they can be a sign of cancer.

See also: Cancer, Tumor

Word count: 190

Analysis Sequence mining Alignment-free sequence analysis Fourier transform Least-squares spectral analysis List of sequence ... According to Michael Levitt, sequence analysis was born in the period from 1969-1977. In 1969 the analysis of sequences of ... Pair-wise sequence alignment only compares two sequences at a time and multiple sequence alignment compares many sequences. Two ... sequence analysis comprises techniques used to determine the sequence of a polymer formed of several monomers (see Sequence ...
Bowtie is a software package commonly used for sequence alignment and sequence analysis in bioinformatics. The source code for ... The Bowtie sequence aligner was originally developed by Ben Langmead et al. at the University of Maryland in 2009. The aligner ... Bowtie is promoted as "an ultrafast, memory-efficient short aligner for short DNA sequences." The speed increase of Bowtie is ... Bowtie is used as a sequence aligner by a number of other related bioinformatics algorithms, including TopHat, Cufflinks and ...
The process has been applied to DNA sequence analysis. The use of iterated maps for sequence analysis was first introduced by ... The pioneering approaches for sequence analysis were based on sequence alignment either global or local, pairwise or multiple ... In bioinformatics, alignment-free sequence analysis approaches to molecular sequence and structure data provide alternatives ... Sequence analysis Multiple sequence alignment Phylogenomics Bioinformatics Metagenomics Next-generation sequencing Population ...
Sequence Analysis and Qualitative Comparative Analysis as a Mixed-Method Design", Sequence Analysis and Related Approaches, ... analysis Sequence of ANOVA-like analyses Regression trees Representative sequences Multiple domains (multichannel analysis) ... An Attempt to Apply Network Analysis to Sequence Analysis", Advances in Sequence Analysis: Theory, Method, Applications, Life ... An Attempt to Apply Network Analysis to Sequence Analysis", Advances in Sequence Analysis: Theory, Method, Applications, Life ...
The methods for sequence analysis of synthetic polymers differ from the sequence analysis of biopolymers (e. g. DNA or proteins ... Other options besides traditional NMR spectroscopy for sequence analysis are listed here; these include Kerr-effect for ... for the sequence analysis of synthetic copolymers.⁠ NMR spectroscopy allows determination of the relative abundance of ... Structure analysis of the reaction products by IR and 1H and 13C NMR". Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition. 20 ...
... (sometimes called target amplicon sequencing) (TAS) is a next-generation DNA sequencing technique ... Next-gen sequencing use shorter reads 50-400 base pairs which allow for quicker sequencing of multiple specimens. Thus TAS ... "Targeted DNA Methylation Analysis by Next-generation Sequencing". Journal of Visualized Experiments. 96 (96): 52488. doi: ... "Targeted Amplicon Sequencing (TAS): A Scalable Next-Gen Approach to Multilocus, Multitaxa Phylogenetics". Genome Biology and ...
Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium. (September 2005). "Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with ... List of sequenced bacterial genomes List of sequenced archaeal genomes List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes List of sequenced ... International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium. (December 2004). "Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome ... November 2007). "Initial sequence and comparative analysis of the cat genome". Genome Research. 17 (11): 1675-89. doi:10.1101/ ...
Bioinformatics for DNA Sequence Analysis. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 537. Humana Press. pp. 23-38. doi:10.1007/978-1- ... Sequence homology is the biological homology between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences, defined in terms of shared ancestry in the ... Homologous sequence regions are also called conserved. This is not to be confused with conservation in amino acid sequences, ... Homologous sequences are orthologous if they are inferred to be descended from the same ancestral sequence separated by a ...
"Nucleotide sequence analysis of DNA. IX. Use of oligonucleotides of defined sequence as primers in DNA sequence analysis". ... Shotgun sequencing is a sequencing method designed for analysis of DNA sequences longer than 1000 base pairs, up to and ... Wu R, Tu CD, Padmanabhan R (1973). "Nucleotide sequence analysis of DNA. XII. The chemical synthesis and sequence analysis of a ... RNA sequencing was one of the earliest forms of nucleotide sequencing. The major landmark of RNA sequencing is the sequence of ...
Ludwig, W; Schleifer, KH (October 1994). "Bacterial phylogeny based on 16S and 23S rRNA sequence analysis". FEMS Microbiology ... Sequences may also recombine or be deleted due to chromosomal rearrangements. Conserved sequences are sequences which persist ... orthologous sequences), or within a genome (paralogous sequences), or between donor and receptor taxa (xenologous sequences). ... In coding sequences, the nucleic acid and amino acid sequence may be conserved to different extents, as the degeneracy of the ...
Linnebo, Øystein; Shapiro, Stewart (23 September 2020). "Choice sequences: a modal and classical analysis" (PDF). University of ... A distinction is made between lawless and lawlike sequences. A lawlike sequence is one that can be described completely-it is a ... For example, the natural numbers N {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} } can be thought of as a lawlike sequence: the sequence can be ... This axiom is the reason we require that arbitrarily long finite initial sequences of lawless choice sequences can be specified ...
Dye-primer sequencing facilitates reading in an optical system for faster and more economical analysis and automation. The ... Microfluidic Sanger sequencing is a lab-on-a-chip application for DNA sequencing, in which the Sanger sequencing steps (thermal ... A challenge of short-read sequence data is particularly an issue in sequencing new genomes (de novo) and in sequencing highly ... Second-generation sequencing Third-generation sequencing Shendure J, Ji H (October 2008). "Next-generation DNA sequencing". ...
"Survey sequencing and comparative analysis of the elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii) genome." PLoS biology 5.4 (2007): e101. ... Genome survey sequencing is a new way to map the genome sequences since it is not dependent on mRNA. Current genome sequencing ... The intactness can make tagged sequence easily to molecular analysis. The other advantage is that, many transposons can be ... "DNA sequencing How to determine the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule". Archived from the original on 2013-10-21. Retrieved ...
Digital genetic sequences may be stored in sequence databases, be analyzed (see Sequence analysis below), be digitally altered ... DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide sequence of a given DNA fragment. The sequence of the DNA of a ... In bioinformatics, a sequence entropy, also known as sequence complexity or information profile, is a numerical sequence ... 2004). Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis (2nd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: Cold Spring Harbor, NY. ...
This was combined with deep-sequencing in a developed method called ICE-seq. Computational methods for automated analysis of ... cDNA sequences obtained by rtPCR can therefore be compared to the corresponding genomic sequences; in sites where A residues ... 2008). "RNA cytosine methylation analysis by bisulphite sequencing". Nucleic Acids Research. 37 (2): e12. doi:10.1093/nar/ ... After antibody cleavage in the eluate pool, each of the three mixtures are sequenced on a next generation sequencing platform. ...
February 2011). "Sequence analysis of the genome of an oil-bearing tree, Jatropha curcas L". DNA Research. 18 (1): 65-76. doi: ... List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes List of sequenced animal genomes List of sequenced archaeal genomes List of sequenced ... July 2011). "Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato". Nature. 475 (7355): 189-95. doi:10.1038/nature10158. PMID ... May 2017). "Genome sequencing and population genomic analyses provide insights into the adaptive landscape of silver birch". ...
Bork P (April 2000). "Powers and pitfalls in sequence analysis: the 70% hurdle". Genome Research. 10 (4): 398-400. doi:10.1101/ ... Massively parallel sequencing is then used to determine the sequences of the flanking 16 base pairs[clarification needed]. Gene ... To identify mutants being lost, genomic sequences adjacent to the transposon ends are amplified by PCR and sequenced by MPS to ... Massively parallel sequencing allows simultaneous sequencing of transposon insertion sites in large mixtures of different ...
"An Analysis of Bond Title Sequences: Die Another Day". Retrieved 2013-08-14. "Blast From the Past: Tamahori on DIE ANOTHER DAY ... It is also the first gun barrel sequence in which the white dot segues to the film's pre-credit sequence, opening up to reveal ... This is the first gun barrel sequence in which Bond is not wearing a hat. Additional footage of this sequence was shot of Bond ... The text is wiped and the dot continues the sequence. The sequence is accompanied by a soundtrack of electronic noises and then ...
"End-sequence profiling: Sequence-based analysis of aberrant genomes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (13 ... End-sequence profiling (ESP) (sometimes "Paired-end mapping (PEM)") is a method based on sequence-tagged connectors developed ... From the BAC library, both ends of the inserted fragments are sequenced using a sequencing platform. Detection of variations is ... Approximately 100-200 tumors can be sequenced at a resolution greater than 150kb when compared to sequencing an entire genome. ...
A wikibook on next generation sequencing A free didactic directory for DNA sequencing analysis. Portal: Biology (Orphaned ... Strand-seq is using Illumina sequencing, and applications that require sequence information from different sequencing ... 2001). "Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome" (PDF). Nature. 409 (6822): 860-921. Bibcode:2001Natur.409..860L. ... Single-cell DNA template strand sequencing, or Strand-seq, is a technique for the selective sequencing of a daughter cell's ...
Depending on the purpose of the analysis, RNA-seq can be performed using different approaches: Ion Torrent sequencing: NGS ... Small RNA sequencing (Small RNA-Seq) is a type of RNA sequencing based on the use of NGS technologies that allows to isolate ... Illumina sequencing: it offers a good method for small RNA sequencing and it is the most widely used approach. After the ... according to the applications The final step regards analysis of data and storage: after obtaining the sequencing reads, UMI ...
The existence of Specker sequences has consequences for computable analysis. The fact that such sequences exist means that the ... Given an input k, compute r(2k+1). If k were to appear in the sequence (ai), this would cause the sequence (qi) to increase by ... In computability theory, a Specker sequence is a computable, monotonically increasing, bounded sequence of rational numbers ... no Specker sequence has a computable modulus of convergence. More generally, a Specker sequence is called a recursive ...
Kozak discovered the sequence through a detailed analysis of DNA genomic sequences. The Kozak sequence is not to be confused ... The Kozak consensus sequence is so common that the similarity of the sequence around the AUG codon to the Kozak Sequence is ... The SD sequence is located near the start codon which is in contrast to the Kozak sequence which actually contains the start ... Kozak, M (1984-01-25). "Compilation and analysis of sequences upstream from the translational start site in eukaryotic mRNAs". ...
However, further analysis must be performed to provide the biological or medical meaning of this sequence, such as how this ... Whole genome sequencing (WGS), also known as full genome sequencing, complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing, ... DNA microarray DNA profiling DNA sequencing Duplex sequencing Exome Sequencing Single cell sequencing Horizontal correlation ... Eukaryotic genomes are sequenced by several methods including Shotgun sequencing of short DNA fragments and sequencing of ...
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from PlanetMath, Real analysis, Sequences and series). ... be two sequences in S . {\displaystyle S.} The interleave sequence is defined to be the sequence x 0 , y 0 , x 1 , y 1 , … . {\ ... In mathematics, an interleave sequence is obtained by merging two sequences via an in shuffle. Let S {\displaystyle S} be a set ... The interleave sequence ( z i ) {\displaystyle (z_{i})} is convergent if and only if the sequences ( x i ) {\displaystyle (x_{i ...
Osipov, Vladimir (2016). "Wavelet Analysis on Symbolic Sequences and Two-Fold de Bruijn Sequences". Journal of Statistical ... f-fold n-ary de Bruijn sequence' is an extension of the notion n-ary de Bruijn sequence, such that the sequence of the length f ... OEIS sequence A166315 (Lexicographically smallest binary de Bruijn sequences) De Bruijn sequence CGI generator Applet generator ... the cyclic sequences 11100010 and 11101000 are two-fold binary de Bruijn sequences. The number of two-fold de Bruijn sequences ...
1995). "Sequence Analysis of the Genome of the Unicellular Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. I. Sequence ... 2003). "The genome sequence of Blochmannia floridanus: comparative analysis of reduced genomes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. ... 2003). "Complete genome sequence and analysis of Wolinella succinogenes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (20): 11690-5. ... 2001). "Analysis of the chromosome sequence of the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti strain 1021". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. ...
Parallelized Sequence Alignment for Next-Generation Sequencing Data Analysis". PLOS ONE. 9 (6): 1754-1760. Bibcode:2014PLoSO... ... Sequence type: protein or nucleotide *Sequence type: protein or nucleotide **Alignment type: local or global *Sequence type: ... 1998). Biological sequence analysis: probabilistic models of proteins and nucleic acids. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University ... This list of sequence alignment software is a compilation of software tools and web portals used in pairwise sequence alignment ...
Riccombeni A, Vidanes G, Proux-Wéra E, Wolfe KH, Butler G (2012). "Sequence and analysis of the genome of the pathogenic yeast ... List of sequenced animal genomes List of sequenced archaeal genomes List of sequenced bacterial genomes List of sequenced ... December 2005). "Sequencing of Aspergillus nidulans and comparative analysis with A. fumigatus and A. oryzae". Nature. 438 ( ... May 2008). "Genome sequencing and analysis of the biomass-degrading fungus Trichoderma reesei (syn. Hypocrea jecorina)". Nature ...
Sequence homology Sequence mining BLAST String searching algorithm Alignment-free sequence analysis UGENE Needleman-Wunsch ... Sequenced RNA, such as expressed sequence tags and full-length mRNAs, can be aligned to a sequenced genome to find where there ... long stretches of sequence) can be formed. Another use is SNP analysis, where sequences from different individuals are aligned ... constructs global multiple sequence alignments that attempt to align short conserved sequence motifs among the sequences in the ...
Integrating mechanistic studies with analyses of tumor tissue from patients treated in clinical trials, Mischel and colleagues ... Mischel and colleagues integrated whole genome sequencing, cytogenetics and structural modeling to accurately and globally ...
2002). "The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 20". Nature. 414 (6866): 865-71. Bibcode:2001Natur.414.. ... 2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ... 2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40-5. doi:10.1038/ ... 2006). "A probability-based approach for high-throughput protein phosphorylation analysis and site localization". Nat. ...
A typical entry lists information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship and reason for notability, ... professor of social and cultural analysis, Guillain-Barré syndrome. Peter Furneaux, 79, English football club chairman and ...
And each case seems to present a new low in terms of the depth and quality of analysis." She sees a common thread in these ... So they wanted to focus on genetic fragments containing paternally inherited sequences the mother did not share, but had ... Noonan concedes that the type of analysis described in Flook "may make sense in claims to" electromechanical inventions such as ... "has broken its analysis into pieces (contrary to Supreme Court's Diamond v. Diehr decision)." He also blames the Federal ...
"Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences and ovule and seed ... "Phylogenetics of seed plants: an analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL." Annals of the Missouri Botanical ... "Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences and ovule and seed ... but the first strong evidence of its polyphyly came in 1993 with the first maximum parsimony analysis of DNA sequences of the ...
Longer flowpaths are induced by geomorphic features, such as stream meander patterns, pool-riffle sequences, large woody debris ... Freeze, R. Allan; Witherspoon, P. A. (1967). "Theoretical analysis of regional groundwater flow: 2. Effect of water-table ... A classification scheme and statistical analysis using national-scale nitrate data". Journal of Hydrology. 369 (3): 392-402. ...
Transition state analyses have used isotopic effects and quantum calculations to reveal a completely dissociated dianionic ... Suttle DP, Bugg BY, Winkler JK, Kanalas JJ (Mar 1988). "Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence for the complete coding ... Nonetheless, crystallographic analyses and the lack of S. cerevisiae enzyme affinity to substrate analogues where the ...
In this case the output sequence is called an l-sequence (for "long sequence"). l-sequences have many excellent statistical ... This can be solved with a variant of Mahler and De Weger's lattice based analysis of N-adic numbers when N = 2 {\displaystyle N ... If L is the size of the smallest FCSR that outputs the sequence (called the N-adic complexity of the sequence), then all these ... They are the with-carry analog of m-sequences or maximum length sequences. There are efficient algorithms for FCSR synthesis. ...
Methods for Microbial Community Analysis in Indonesian Tempe Employing Amplified Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis". HAYATI ... DNA sequence and mechanism of transfer". Journal of Bacteriology. 182 (1): 81-90. doi:10.1128/jb.182.1.81-90.2000. PMC 94243. ... Microbiological and Molecular Biological Analysis Based on 16S rRNA Gene". Microbiology Indonesia. 2 (1): 17-21. doi:10.5454/mi ...
Target proteins or DNA sequences are immobilized to the wells of a microtiter plate. Many genetic sequences are expressed in a ... While pVI has been useful for the analysis of cDNA libraries, pIII and pVIII remain the most utilized coat proteins for phage ... were expressed both with and without the signal sequence. PelB (an amino acid signal sequence that targets the protein to the ... from which the phagemids can be collected and the relevant DNA sequence excised and sequenced to identify the relevant, ...
... the limit as n approaches infinity of the supremum of the sequence values after the nth position. If the sequence values are ... In mathematics, the Cauchy-Hadamard theorem is a result in complex analysis named after the French mathematicians Augustin ... Bottazzini, Umberto (1986), The Higher Calculus: A History of Real and Complex Analysis from Euler to Weierstrass, Springer- ... 55-56, ISBN 0-387-98592-1 Graduate Texts in Mathematics Shabat, B.V. (1992), Introduction to complex analysis Part II. ...
An analysis of DNA sequences indicate Geogenanthus is closely related to the genus Plowmanianthus followed by Cochliostema. ... A cladistic analysis of rbcL sequences and morphology. Systematic Botany, 28(2), 270-292. Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). ... A cladistic analysis of rbcL sequences and morphology. Systematic Botany, 28(2), 270-292. Wade, D. J., Evans, T. M., & Faden, R ... is placed as the sister to Dichoriscantieae and Siderasis in the cladogram from the combined morphology and sequence analysis, ...
PTGS-2 is a sequence homodimer. Each monomer of the enzyme has a peroxidase and a PTGS (COX) active site. The PTGS (COX) ... Xiao G, Tsai AL, Palmer G, Boyar WC, Marshall PJ, Kulmacz RJ (February 1997). "Analysis of hydroperoxide-induced tyrosyl ... Dong L, Vecchio AJ, Sharma NP, Jurban BJ, Malkowski MG, Smith WL (May 2011). "Human cyclooxygenase-2 is a sequence homodimer ...
The operator mapping v ∈ V {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} \in V} to a sequence of coefficients c k {\displaystyle c_{k}} is called ... Frames are used in error detection and correction and the design and analysis of filter banks and more generally in applied ... The adjoint operator T ∗ {\displaystyle \mathbf {T} ^{*}} of the analysis operator is called the synthesis operator of the ... Because of the various mathematical components surrounding frames, frame theory has roots in harmonic and functional analysis, ...
the voiceless sonorants [w̥, l̥, n̥, r̥] occur after [h] in the sequences /xw, xl, xn, xr/. The above system is largely similar ... Analyses and Reconstruction). 244 p., in German with English summary, London/Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-9812110-7-8. Fulk, R. D. ( ...
The authors' analysis of the strains showed that many carried blaNDM-1 on plasmids, which will allow the gene to be readily ... and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from ...
Use and analysis. Hershey, PA: IGI Global. den Hartog, F., Raschella, A., Bouhafs, F., Kempker, P., Boltjes, B., & ... TCP Increasing TCP's Initial Window TCP Congestion Avoidance Explained via a Sequence Diagram Sally Floyd: RED (Random Early ...
The cloning and sequencing of the Norwalk virus genome showed that these viruses have a genomic organization consistent with ... Nguyen GT, Phan K, Teng I, Pu J, Watanabe T (October 2017). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of ... August 2014). "Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Lancet ... Molecular evolutionary analyses of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase region in Norovirus genogroup II Front Microbiol Victoria M ...
Norquay LD, Yang X, Sheppard P, Gregoire S, Dodd JG, Reith W, Cattini PA (2003). "RFX1 and NF-1 associate with P sequences of ... Apt D, Liu Y, Bernard HU (1994). "Cloning and functional analysis of spliced isoforms of human nuclear factor I-X: interference ... and JC virus promoter sequences: implications for viral tropism". J. Virol. 80 (21): 10506-10513. doi:10.1128/JVI.01355-06. PMC ...
... is a statistical tool used in data analysis either to detect periodicities within a time sequence or to reveal a correlation ( ... Superposed epoch analysis (SPE or SEA), also called Chree analysis after a paper by Charles Chree that employed the technique, ... To search for periodicities in a single time series, the data sequence can be broken into separate subsets of equal duration, ... The approach has been used in signal analysis in several fields, including geophysics (where it has been referred to as ...
From an analysis of the PANO1 protein, it was observed that the protein contains a low amount of lysine and a very low amount ... "SAPS < Sequence Statistics < EMBL-EBI". www.ebi.ac.uk. Retrieved 2021-08-01. "PSORT II Prediction". psort.hgc.jp. Retrieved ... A functional analysis of these types of genes revealed that they often have tissue-specific expression in tissues such as the ... The same analysis indicated that the protein does not contain any hydrophobic or transmembrane regions. PANO1 contains 2 cAMP ...
2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci ... 2002). "Complete mutation analysis panel of the 39 human HOX genes". Teratology. 65 (2): 50-62. doi:10.1002/tera.10009. PMID ...
Both the N-terminally attached myristic acid and the peptide sequences of the unique region are involved in the interaction. ... An immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis". J. Pathol. 180 (4): 383-8. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199612)180:4. 3.0.CO;2 ...
Furthermore, these sequences can be taken to be null sequences (i.e. converging to 0) in X A ′ ′ {\displaystyle X_{A^{\prime ... Hörmander, L. (1983). The analysis of linear partial differential operators I. Grundl. Math. Wissenschaft. Vol. 256. Springer. ... and concludes that it is perhaps the most important modern result of functional analysis. He goes on immediately to qualify ... as a strong verification of the suitability of the Schwartz theory of distributions to mathematical analysis more widely seen. ...
Doom to become the green shroud from the slime-sequence in Chex Quest or the removal of the red shroud from the death-sequence ... "meta-analysis [had demonstrated that] the overall effect size for both randomized and correlational studies was small for ... changes intended to reduce violence for non-violent FPSes include the alteration of the red shroud from the death-sequence in ... more violent over the years as advances in graphic capabilities allowed for more realistic enemies and death sequences. ...
In the adjacent diagram, examples of small Venn diagrams are transformed into Euler diagrams by sequences of transformations; ... "A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits", Transactions American Institute of Electrical Engineers vol 57, pp. 471- ...
Durbin, Richard (23 April 1998). Biological Sequence Analysis: Probabilistic Models of Proteins and Nucleic Acids. Cambridge ... An observation sequence is given by Y = ( Y 1 = y 1 , Y 2 = y 2 , … , Y T = y T ) {\displaystyle Y=(Y_{1}=y_{1},Y_{2}=y_{2},\ ... This is equivalent to the number of times state i is observed in the sequence from t = 1 to t = T − 1. b i ∗ ( v k ) = ∑ t = 1 ... Feature analysis is first undertaken on temporal and/or spectral features of the speech signal. This produces an observation ...
August 2016). "Whole genomic DNA sequencing and comparative genomic analysis of Arthrospira platensis: high genome plasticity ...
Therefore, it is possible to determine whether a knot is the unknot by testing all sequences of Pachner moves of this length, ... refined their analysis, showing that this algorithm can be useful (though not polynomial time), with its complexity being a low ... Similarly, any two triangulations of the same knot complement may be connected by a sequence of Pachner moves of length at most ... Therefore, a brute force search for all sequences of Reidemeister moves can detect unknottedness in exponential time. ...
Genetic analysis indicates that there has been an unbroken genetic continuity[clarification needed] of the inhabitants over the ... "Record of the Vistula ice lobe advances in the Late Weichselian glacial sequence in north-central Poland". Quaternary ...
This combination of spatial and sequencing information preserves the connections between genomic and environmental properties ... Photoselective sequencing is a new method for genomic and epigenomic profiling within specific regions of a biological specimen ... Photoselective sequencing harnesses microscopy to guide genomic analyses. Nature Methods volume 20, pages 647-648 (2023)Cite ... In situ genome sequencing resolves DNA sequence and structure in intact biological samples. Science 372, 6532 (2022). This ...
Association for Behavior Analysis International. The Association for Behavior Analysis International® (ABAI) is a nonprofit ... "Association for Behavior Analysis" and "Association for Behavior Analysis International" are registered trademarks of the ... Course Sequence Information. Pepperdine University. 51269 BCBA 5th Edition (BACB - Fifth Edition) 6100 Center Dr. , Los Angeles ... and supporting the growth and vitality of the science of behavior analysis through research, education, and practice.. ...
Sampling properties of DNA sequence data in phylogenetic analysis. Title. Sampling properties of DNA sequence data in ...
We previously demonstrated that a detailed analysis of p53 intragenic conservation correlates with somatic mutation hotspots. ... Detailed computational study of p53 and p16: using evolutionary sequence analysis and disease-associated mutations to predict ... These data validate our hypothesis that detailed evolutionary analyses help predict the consequences of missense amino-acid ... Increasing the number of sequences from three to seven significantly improved the predictive value of evolutionary computations ...
Over 2 billion sequence reads of 100 bp were generated and assembled de novo, into a complete transcriptome for B. braunii. The ... Metabolic pathway analysis confirmed the presence, and photoperiodic regulation of the MEP/DOXP Terpenoid Backbone synthesis ... mRNA was reverse-transcribed to cDNA and sequenced using a paired-end protocol on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. ... In non-hierarchical cluster analysis, contigs of the B. braunii transcriptome clustered under four distinct patterns of diel ...
02998: Whole-Exome and Transcriptome Sequencing of Canine Small Cell B Cell Lymphoma and Comparative Analysis to Diffuse Large ... Whole-Exome and Transcriptome Sequencing of Canine Small Cell B Cell Lymphoma and Comparative Analysis to Diffuse Large B Cell ...
Whole genome re-sequencing-based bulked segregant analysis (QTLseq method; n = 10 for each bulk) and non-parametric interval ... Whole genome re-sequencing based bulked segregant analysis (QTLseq method) and non-parametric interval mapping was used to ... 1999). Sequence and analysis of chromosome 4 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature 402, 769-777. doi: 10.1038/47134 ... Whole Genome Re-sequencing and Bulk Segregant Analysis Reveals Chromosomal Location for Papaya Ringspot Virus W Resistance in ...
Sequence, Splice Site and Population Frequency Distribution Analyses of the Polymorphic Human Tryptophan Hydroxylase Intron 7 ... Sequence, Splice Site and Population Frequency Distribution Analyses of the Polymorphic Human Tryptophan Hydroxylase Intron 7 ...
... to complete analytical reports to meet your project requirements and budgets in the exploration of DNA methylation analysis. ... Creative BioMart offers customized bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) service of high quality, from primer design ... and the PCR products are cloned and sequenced. The sequenced sequence is compared with the reference sequence to determine ... Bisulfite Sequencing PCR Service. Home > Services > DNA Methylation Analysis Service > Bisulfite Sequencing PCR Service ...
We introduce a number of new methods based on sequence analysis to test hypotheses on the de-standardization of family-life ... N2 - We introduce a number of new methods based on sequence analysis to test hypotheses on the de-standardization of family- ... AB - We introduce a number of new methods based on sequence analysis to test hypotheses on the de-standardization of family- ... abstract = "We introduce a number of new methods based on sequence analysis to test hypotheses on the de-standardization of ...
Genome sequencing and analysis of G. boninense, G. zonatum, G. miniatocinctum and G. tornatum towards understanding basal stem ... Nagappan, Jayanthi (2023) Genome sequencing and analysis of G. boninense, G. zonatum, G. miniatocinctum and G. tornatum towards ... This was performed using the four assembled Ganoderma genomes (454 sequencing technology). Species-specific simple sequence ... In the second objective, using the PacBio (Sequel platform) sequenced long read data, two draft genomes G. boninense the most ...
... has been determined by elucidation of the cDNA sequence encoding the protein kina ... Use of DNA sequence and mutant analyses and antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to examine the molecular basis of nonmuscle myosin ... Use of DNA sequence and mutant analyses and antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to examine the molecular basis of nonmuscle myosin ... Analysis of enzyme chimeras, random mutations, inverted sequences, and point mutations in the 1,082-1,101 region demonstrates ...
The cleavage site for the signal sequence was determined by N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis for Dex produced in E. coli ... The cleavage site for the signal sequence was determined by N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis for Dex produced in E. coli ... The cleavage site for the signal sequence was determined by N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis for Dex produced in E. coli ... The cleavage site for the signal sequence was determined by N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis for Dex produced in E. coli ...
Sequence tools retrieve sequence retrieve EnsEMBL seq fetch-sequences from UCSC sequences from bed/gff/vcf purge sequence ... dyad-analysis (spaced pairs) pattern assembly strings with positional biais position-analysis (words) local-word-analysis (word ... van Helden, J. (2003). Regulatory sequence analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 2003 Jul 1;31(13):3593-6. [Pubmed 12824373] [Full ... Stats Frequency distribution sequences convert sequences matrices convert matrix / logo background models create background ...
BaseSpace Sequence Hub compares the analysis metrics to your predefined thresholds and assigns a dataset or a analysis status ... Automatic Analysis QC uses the BaseSpace Sequence Hub API. For more information, see the developer documentation at developer. ... You can configure BaseSpace Sequence Hub to automatically apply a QC status to analyses as they complete. ... The Analysis Workflow must contain metric thresholds. See Create an Analysis Workflow. . ...
Analyses of partial nucleotide sequences of five domains of the CSDaV genomic RNA, including those encoding for the ... Overall, the nucleotide diversity (π) was low for CSDaV isolates, but the phylogenetic analyses revealed the predominance of ... Nucleotide Sequence Analysis. CSDaV reference sequences, identified as AY884005 (CSDaV) and DQ185573 (CSDaV strain p15) were ... Bootscan analyses with potential recombinant CSDaV isolates as the query sequences based on concatenated nucleotide sequences ...
"The Dundee Resource for Sequence Analysis and Structure Prediction",. abstract = "The Dundee Resource for Sequence Analysis and ... The Dundee Resource for Sequence Analysis and Structure Prediction. RELATED TO 36262A, B, C AND D. Barton, G. ... The Dundee Resource for Sequence Analysis and Structure Prediction. In: Protein Science. 2020 ; Vol. 29, No. 1. pp. 277-297. ... The Dundee Resource for Sequence Analysis and Structure Prediction. Protein Science. 2020 Jan;29(1):277-297. Epub 2019 Nov 11. ...
Analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTS) from the polar diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus. Thomas Mock, Andreas Krell, Gernot ... Analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTS) from the polar diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus. In: Journal of Phycology. 2006 ; Vol ... Analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTS) from the polar diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus. / Mock, Thomas; Krell, Andreas; ... abstract = "Analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was performed to gain insights into cold adaptation in the polar diatom ...
Bioinformatics: Sequence and genome analysis. / Unger, R.; Becker, Steven; Neer, Ada. Open University Press, 2010. 264 p.. ... Unger R, Becker S, Neer A. Bioinformatics: Sequence and genome analysis. Open University Press, 2010. 264 p. ... Unger, R., Becker, S., & Neer, A. (2010). Bioinformatics: Sequence and genome analysis. Open University Press. ... Unger, R, Becker, S & Neer, A 2010, Bioinformatics: Sequence and genome analysis. Open University Press. ...
Elisa Analysis Binding. Elisa Analysis Binding. Lab Reagents Binding Elisa Laboratories manufactures the elisa analysis binding ... The Elisa Analysis Binding reagent is RUO (Research Use Only) to test human serum or cell culture lab samples. To purchase ... This product is prepared from whole tissue homogenates and has undergone SDS-PAGE quality control analysis. The protein is ... This product is prepared from whole tissue homogenates and has undergone SDS-PAGE quality control analysis. The protein is ...
Whole Genome Sequencing analysis. Bacteria in this strain are within 82 allele differences of one another by cgMLST core genome ... Bacteria in the strain are within 82 allele differences of one another by core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). This ... Comparative analysis of extended-spectrum-β-Lactamase CTX-M-65-producing Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis isolates from ... PulseNet transitioned to using whole genome sequencing (WGS) as the standard subtyping method for Salmonella in July 2019. ...
Essential AWK Commands for Next Generation Sequence Analysis. *Post by: Sreenu Vattipally ... Here are the few essential awk command line scripts for next generation sequence analysis. ... Get reads matching a sequence pattern and convert them to FastA. awk NR%4==1{a=substr($0,2);}NR%4==2 && $1~/GAATTC/ {print "," ... Extraction of FASTA sequences from Oxford Nanopore fast5 files - a comparison of tools ...
... Auteurs. Kadam S, Deshpande C, Coulier F, ... The complete protein sequence of EF along with 16 aligned sequences were used to infer a phylogenetic tree. From this data the ... In the present paper we report the complete cDNA sequence of EF gene, in which the 5′ sequence has been obtained by RAcE-PCR. ... The cDNA sequence, obtained by RT-PCR, revealed that EF belonged to the non-pancreatic, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family. This ...
Performs virtual DNA cloning, analyses DNA for restriction enzymes, homing enzymes and primer sites, dam and dcm methylation ... pDRAW32 DNA analysis software by AcaClone software. pDRAW32 on Windows 7 RC pDRAW32 on OS-X with Wineskin. pDRAW32 on Ubuntu ...
Calculate and interactively explore amino acid sequence statistics; calculate sequence properties; find cleavage enzymes ... Explore a Protein Sequence Using the Sequence Viewer App. Use the Biological Sequence Viewer to investigate protein sequences. ... Perform in-depth analyses of amino acid sequences to get better understanding of sequence features and functions. You can ... Protein and Amino Acid Sequence Analysis. Calculate and interactively explore amino acid sequence statistics; calculate ...
... well download and explore the text data that will be used to train our Sequence model in PyTorch. ... Text Preprocessing for Sequence Model - PyTorch Sentiment Analysis Project. *Build Sequence Model - PyTorch Sentiment Analysis ... Train & Evaluate Sequence Model - PyTorch Sentiment Analysis Project. *NLP Intro for Text - Sentiment Analysis with Deep ... Text Preprocessing for Sequence Model - TensorFlow Sentiment Analysis Project. *Build and Train Sequence Model - TensorFlow ...
RNA sequencing transcriptome analysis using massively parallel next generation sequencing technology provides the capability to ... RNA sequencing transcriptome analysis using massively parallel next generation sequencing technology provides the capability to ... RNA sequencing analysis of the developing chicken retina. Scientific data. Christophe J Langouet-Astrie, Annamarie L Meinsen, ... RNA sequencing analysis of the developing chicken retina. Sci Data. 2016;3:160117doi: 10.1038/sdata.2016.117. ...
Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Data Analysis. Molecular biology has never been more high-throughput: advances in technology allow ... However, so called 3mRNA sequencing, such as that of the aforementioned Chromium platform, does not allow for analyses that ... Most analyses available for bulk RNA-Seq, such as differential expression and pathway analyses, are applicable for single-cell ... The former relies on cluster analysis and the latter on trajectory analysis, both of which are at the core of a typical ...
  • The informatics components of those centers have, accordingly, been able to develop a large number of tools to manage, process, analyze, and interpret the large nucleic acid sequence data sets produced to address a number of scientific questions, including identifying human variants underlying disease, and comparative and functional genomic analyses. (nih.gov)
  • According to its website, Microsynth offers a variety of services on the 454 Genome Sequencer FLX platform, including whole-genome sequencing, BAC sequencing, cDNA sequencing, amplicon sequencing, and metagenomics. (genomeweb.com)
  • mRNA was reverse-transcribed to cDNA and sequenced using a paired-end protocol on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. (bl.uk)
  • The first primary structure for a nonmuscle myosin light chain kinase (nmMLCK) has been determined by elucidation of the cDNA sequence encoding the protein kinase from chicken embryo fibroblasts, and insight into the molecular mechanism of calmodulin (CaM) recognition and activation has been obtained by the use of site-specific mutagenesis and suppressor mutant analysis. (rupress.org)
  • Treatment of chicken and mouse fibroblasts with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides based on the cDNA sequence results in an apparent decrease in MLCK levels, an altered morphology reminiscent of that seen in v-src-transformed cells, and a possible effect on cell proliferation. (rupress.org)
  • In addition to advice and consultation on experimental design, CCBR analysts help with the downstream processing, analysis, and interpretation of the biological data produced by a wide variety of large-scale -omics technologies including Next-generation sequencing (ExomeSeq, RNASeq, ChIPSeq, whole genome sequencing), and microarrays. (nih.gov)
  • When compared by phylogenetic analysis, the nucleotide sequences of FIPV and FECV M genes distributed into paraphyletic patterns rather than in monophyletic clusters (Figure, panel A). Thus, as we observed earlier for the 3c gene ( 10 ), M gene sequences generally clustered according to the cattery from where they originated, irrespective of their pathotype (e.g. (cdc.gov)
  • The program compares nucleotide or protein sequences to sequence databases and calculates the statistical significance of matches. (nih.gov)
  • Tool for aligning a query sequence (nucleotide or protein) to GenBank sequences included on microarray or SAGE platforms in the GEO database. (nih.gov)
  • This tool compares nucleotide or protein sequences to genomic sequence databases and calculates the statistical significance of matches using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) algorithm. (nih.gov)
  • The nucleotide sequence of the dex gene was determined by using subclones pYA993 and pYA3009 and UAB66 chromosomal DNA. (elsevier.com)
  • This volume introduces the basics of SA to guide practitioners and support instructors through the basic workflow of sequence analysis. (sagepub.com)
  • Galaxy is a scientific workflow, data integration, data analysis, and publishing platform that makes computational biology accessible to research scientists that do not have computer programming experience. (nih.gov)
  • This training will introduce ChIP sequencing data analysis followed by a tutorial showing ChIP-seq analysis workflow. (nih.gov)
  • Use an analysis workflow to automatically launch the same app configurations on different biosamples in the project. (illumina.com)
  • When you assign an analysis workflow using a biosample workflow file, the workflow status is listed as Pending. (illumina.com)
  • Analysis Workflows can be modified by their owners or members of the workgroup in which the workflow was created. (illumina.com)
  • In some cases, the phylogenetic relationships between members of this family, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, are not clear and a deep phylogenetic analysis using several housekeeping genes seemed appropriate. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Human genome database analysis provided an accurate map of deleted regions with positions of 138 known genes and revealed several smaller gene-rich areas representing putative targets for further mapping. (nih.gov)
  • The strategic approach presented here, which combines whole-organ histologic and genetic mapping with analysis of the rapidly emerging human genome sequence database, facilitates identification of genes potentially involved in early phases of bladder carcinogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • In this study, we developed a custom melanoma next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel which includes 123 amplicons in 30 genes covering driver and targetable mutations and alterations associated with treatment resistance. (edu.au)
  • Comparative genomic analysis of translation initiation mechanisms for genes lacking the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in prokaryotes. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, some genes lack SD sequences (non-SD genes ), and the fraction of non-SD genes in a genome varies depending on the prokaryotic species. (bvsalud.org)
  • An alignment of the relevant part of the polypeptide sequence, comprising the presumed signature residues at positions 108, 120, 138, 163 and 199, is shown in the Figure, panel B, for all FIPV and FECV genomes sequenced in this study. (cdc.gov)
  • Performs a BLAST search for similar sequences from selected complete eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. (nih.gov)
  • In the second objective, using the PacBio (Sequel platform) sequenced long read data, two draft genomes G. boninense the most pathogenic species, and G. tornatum, a saprophyte were assembled. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • This was performed using the four assembled Ganoderma genomes (454 sequencing technology). (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Species-specific simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were mined from the four Ganoderma genomes based on BUSCO (Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs) and ortholog analysis. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • These features are more prominent in species' genomes that harbor large fractions of non-SD sequences, suggesting that a reduced stability around the initiation codon is important for efficient translation initiation in prokaryotes. (bvsalud.org)
  • The NHGRI continues, however, to be interested in improving mapping technologies, particularly for high-throughput genotyping, expansion of genetic maps to higher density, and construction of high resolution physical maps that can serve as sequencing substrates. (nih.gov)
  • A new generation of genome sequencing platforms that produce high throughput genome sequence data has now made it possible for laboratories outside of large sequencing centers to generate enormous amounts of sequence data in their experiments. (nih.gov)
  • CLC Bio will provide high-throughput sequencing customers of Swiss molecular biology service provider Microsynth with a license to its analysis software, the company said last week. (genomeweb.com)
  • Under the agreement, Microsynth, based in Balgach, Switzerland, will provide all customers receiving high-throughput sequencing data with a license to the Danish bioinformatics company's CLC Genomics Workbench software. (genomeweb.com)
  • The group has expertise in a broad range of bioinformatics topics with an emphasis on the analysis of the data generated via high throughput Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies. (nih.gov)
  • 9 ). Their conclusion was based on sequence analyses of parts of the viral genome including the matrix (M) gene, phylogenetic analysis of which revealed reciprocal monophyly of the sequences obtained from FIP cases versus those of asymptomatic FECV-infected animals. (cdc.gov)
  • however, the impact of recombination events in the phylogenetic analysis was minimized by concatenating the six loci, which agreed with the current taxonomic scheme for this family. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has been gradually applied to the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) due to its rapid and highly sensitive characteristics. (nih.gov)
  • Metagenomic shotgun sequencing is a powerful genomics method of identifying the microbiome, including bacteria, virus and fungi. (nih.gov)
  • The overall project objective is to receive the service on shotgun metagenomic sequencing and bioinformatic analyses on 200 samples from mouse uveitis models. (nih.gov)
  • The analysis of 20 mutant MLCKs indicates that the autoinhibitory and CaM recognition activities are centered in distinct but functionally coupled amino acid sequences (residues 1,068-1,080 and 1,082-1,101, respectively). (rupress.org)
  • Microsynth has been offering sequencing services on the 454 Genome Sequencer FLX platform since early 2008, and Sanger sequencing since 1992. (genomeweb.com)
  • The bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) is a sensitive approach for directly detecting and analyzing the methylation pattern of genomic DNA, and the techniques involved include bisulfite conversion , PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing. (creativebiomart.net)
  • The final report you obtained includes but not limited in PCR electropherogram, Sanger sequencing result, sequence alignment result, methylation histogram, and methylation dot plots. (creativebiomart.net)
  • The Association for Behavior Analysis International® (ABAI) is a nonprofit membership organization with the mission to contribute to the well-being of society by developing, enhancing, and supporting the growth and vitality of the science of behavior analysis through research, education, and practice. (abainternational.org)
  • while in Behavior Analysis, this issue is presented in a fragmented way and under different perspectives. (bvsalud.org)
  • The analysis showed that the body of literature produced by cognitive approaches is, in many aspects, in opposition to the one produced by Behavior Analysis. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition to the literature review of behavior analytic studies, we examine some conceptual differences between Behavior Analysis and cognitive approaches and provide explanations about these differences. (bvsalud.org)
  • 9 ). GenBank accession numbers for the FCoV M gene sequences determined in this study are HQ738691-HQ738733. (cdc.gov)
  • Contractor shall upload the data on its Metagenomics Cloud and perform bioinformatics analyses, visualize the data and make a report in downloadable files. (nih.gov)
  • COBALT is a protein multiple sequence alignment tool that finds a collection of pairwise constraints derived from conserved domain database, protein motif database, and sequence similarity, using RPS-BLAST, BLASTP, and PHI-BLAST. (nih.gov)
  • The MSA Viewer allows users to upload an alignment and set a master sequence, and to explore the data using features such as zooming and changing of coloration. (nih.gov)
  • Potential applications for such tools include determination of sequence quality, alignment, assembly, variant calling, interpretation of variants, or any other application for which there is existing or likely future demand by many investigators or clinicians who work with large amounts of data from contemporary sequencing instruments. (nih.gov)
  • By the end of this class, students will be able to: independently run basic ChIP-seq analysis for peak calling, run quality control on ChIP-seq data, map raw reads to a reference genome, generate alignment statistics and check mapping quality, call peaks using MACS, annotate peaks, and visualize the enriched regions. (nih.gov)
  • Finds regions of local similarity between biological sequences. (nih.gov)
  • We present the methods to evaluate the similarity measures between sequence of triangular fuzzy numbers for making contributions to fuzzy risk analysis. (hindawi.com)
  • After, we present the methods to measure the degree of similarity between sequence of triangular fuzzy numbers. (hindawi.com)
  • Measuring the similarity between sequences of fuzzy numbers is very important subject of fuzzy decision making [ 4 , 5 ] and fuzzy risk analysis [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In [ 7 ], a method for fuzzy risk analysis based on similarity measures of generalized fuzzy numbers is given. (hindawi.com)
  • However, these measures cannot determine the degree of similarity between sequences of fuzzy numbers. (hindawi.com)
  • By generalizing these methods from fuzzy numbers to sequence of triangular fuzzy numbers, we give the methods to evaluate the similarity measures of sequence of triangular fuzzy numbers. (hindawi.com)
  • Analysis of DNA sequence similarity within organisms causing New World leishmaniasis / by Jesús Alexis Mendoza León. (who.int)
  • Mapping and genome sequence analysis of chromosome 5 regions involved in bladder cancer progression. (nih.gov)
  • A compilation of data from the NIAID Influenza Genome Sequencing Project and GenBank. (nih.gov)
  • It provides tools for flu sequence analysis, annotation and submission to GenBank. (nih.gov)
  • Often, however, such laboratories face a serious challenge because they do not have access to readily usable software tools or the informatics expertise necessary to take best advantage of the new sequencing capabilities. (nih.gov)
  • NCBI's Remap tool allows users to project annotation data and convert locations of features from one genomic assembly to another or to RefSeqGene sequences through a base by base analysis. (nih.gov)
  • Targeted annotation and expression analysis revealed two predicted B. braunii circadian clock components, which were incorporated into a B. braunii circadian clock model. (bl.uk)
  • Automated annotation of gene expression image sequences via non-parametric factor analysis and conditional random fields. (duke.edu)
  • RESULTS: Using the annotation of gene expression patterns across stages of Drosophila embryonic development as an example, we demonstrate that our method achieves superior accuracy, gained by jointly annotating phenotype sequences, when compared with previous models that annotate each stage in isolation. (duke.edu)
  • Photoselective sequencing is a new method for genomic and epigenomic profiling within specific regions of a biological specimen that are chosen using light microscopy. (nature.com)
  • In situ genome sequencing resolves DNA sequence and structure in intact biological samples. (nature.com)
  • However, further reductions in sequencing costs and increases in throughput are needed, both to complete the human DNA sequence as inexpensively and accurately as possible, and to support the critical role that DNA sequencing will continue to play in biological research after the achievement of the goals of the HGP. (nih.gov)
  • This FOA is intended to fund the further development of existing computational software tools for use with contemporary DNA sequencing technology in order to make those tools sufficiently robust, reliable, well-documented, and well-supported that they can be readily adopted by any biological or biomedical research laboratory. (nih.gov)
  • Computational approaches for predicting the biological effect of p53 missense mutations : a comparison of three sequence analysis based methods. (nii.ac.jp)
  • The sequencing depth allows deeper analyses (to the species level) over our conventional 16S rDNA sequencing with NCI Microbiome Core, which usually identifies up to the genus level of bacteria only. (nih.gov)
  • Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) protocols have been developed for species circumscription for many taxa. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Therefore, the first objective of this study was to extract high quality genomic DNA for the four Ganoderma species required for PacBio sequencing. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Working in close collaboration with both the CCR sequencing facility and the Genomics Technology Laboratory at ATRF, the CCBR team provides integrated project management starting from experimental design, choice of technology, data generation, data analysis, visualization, and leading up to publication of scientific results. (nih.gov)
  • Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of an LFY homologous gene from Juglans regia L. (hep.com.cn)
  • Use of DNA sequence and mutant analyses and antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to examine the molecular basis of nonmuscle myosin light chain kinase autoinhibition, calmodulin recognition, and activity. (rupress.org)
  • CD-Search uses RPS-BLAST (Reverse Position-Specific BLAST) to compare a query sequence against position-specific score matrices that have been prepared from conserved domain alignments present in the Conserved Domain Database (CDD). (nih.gov)
  • Roche's GS Assembler, GS Mapper, and GS Amplicon Variant Analyzer are "excellent software," he added, but don't cover more downstream analyses. (genomeweb.com)
  • Contractor shall perform sample QC, library preparation and next-generation sequencing. (nih.gov)
  • According to Christof Wunderlin, head of next-generation sequencing at Microsynth, his firm considered several software vendors and chose CLC Bio because of the variety of analyses it enables and data formats it supports, user-friendliness, relatively low hardware requirement, and price. (genomeweb.com)
  • Bacteria in the strain are within 82 allele differences of one another by core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) . (cdc.gov)
  • Performs a BLAST search of the genomic sequences in the RefSeqGene /LRG set. (nih.gov)
  • When presenting Skinner's explanation of sequencing verbal behavior, we indicate that this explanation is based on speakers' repertoires, on the search for variables that control the verbal operants, and on the reinforcing practices of the verbal community. (bvsalud.org)
  • Analysis of enzyme chimeras, random mutations, inverted sequences, and point mutations in the 1,082-1,101 region demonstrates its functional importance for CaM recognition but not autoinhibition. (rupress.org)
  • nmMLCK is distinct from and larger than smooth muscle MLCK (smMLCK), although their extended DNA sequence identity is suggestive of a close genetic relationship not found with skeletal muscle MLCK. (rupress.org)
  • The deduced amino acid sequence of Dex revealed the presence of a signal peptide of 30 amino acids. (elsevier.com)
  • The cleavage site for the signal sequence was determined by N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis for Dex produced in E. coli (χ)2831(pYA902). (elsevier.com)
  • The C terminus consists of a serine- and threonine-rich region followed by the peptide LPKTGD, 3 charged amino acids, 19 amino acids with a strongly hydrophobic character, and a charged pentapeptide tail, which are proposed to correspond to the cell wall- spanning region, the LPXTGX consensus sequence, and the membrane-anchoring domains of surface-associated proteins of gram-positive cocci. (elsevier.com)
  • The transcriptome was comprehensively annotated using global and targeted protocols and differential expression and co-expression analyses were performed. (bl.uk)
  • abstract = "We introduce a number of new methods based on sequence analysis to test hypotheses on the de-standardization of family-life trajectories in early adulthood, using Fertility and Family Survey data on 19 countries. (vu.nl)
  • BLAST can be used to infer functional and evolutionary relationships between sequences as well as to help identify members of gene families. (nih.gov)
  • Given the progress to date, increased attention is now being paid to the functional analysis of genomic DNA sequence, including the identification and understanding of all coding sequences, regulatory and other functional elements in genomic DNA from both human and selected model organisms. (nih.gov)
  • While a few technologies for functional analysis on a genomic basis are being developed at present, additional approaches and technologies for genomic interpretation that can be applied efficiently and economically at the level of an entire genome will be required for comprehensive analyses. (nih.gov)
  • In prokaryotes, translation initiation is believed to occur through an interaction between the 3Î tail of a 16S rRNA and a corresponding Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence in the 5Î untranslated region (UTR) of an mRNA . (bvsalud.org)
  • The development and application of new technologies for acquisition, management, analysis, and dissemination of genomic data are still required. (nih.gov)
  • In light of this, the purpose of this paper was to present a review of behavior analytic explanations of the acquisition, maintenance, and generalization of sequencing verbal behavior repertoires while identifying how this analysis can provide alternative explanations to the findings from cognitive studies, especially the ones dedicated to storytelling behaviors. (bvsalud.org)
  • In non-hierarchical cluster analysis, contigs of the B. braunii transcriptome clustered under four distinct patterns of diel expression. (bl.uk)
  • Finally, deleted regions on chromosome 5 were integrated with the human genome contigs and sequence-based databases. (nih.gov)
  • With continuous developments in DNA sequencing technologies, PacBio single molecule-real time (SMRT) offers long reads with high accuracy to decipher many organisms. (nottingham.ac.uk)
  • Taking advantage of this new-found power to connect many types of computers across many types of computing platforms, I have recently developed a Web interface to give NIH researchers better access to what many regard as the industry standard for sequence-analysis software, Genetics Computer Group Inc.'s GCG Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package. (nih.gov)
  • In order to meet the needs of CCR researchers, the CCBR offers NGS sequence analysis pipelines that take advantage of the capabilities of parallel execution offered on the NIH Biowulf Linux cluster. (nih.gov)
  • The company uses Roche's software to provide primary data analysis, such as a draft assembly, for the 454 platform, but there comes a point when customers have to analyze the data on their own, Wunderlin said. (genomeweb.com)
  • customers only need to provide samples, and we will complete a full BSP experiment from primer design, bisulfite conversion, PCR amplification, cloning and sequencing to data analysis. (creativebiomart.net)
  • The company also offers Illumina sequencing services through a collaboration with Swiss service provider Fasteris, which is "especially interesting for hybrid approaches," Wunderlin said. (genomeweb.com)
  • NetNGlyc predicts N-Glycosylation sites in human proteins using artificial neural networks that examine the sequence context of Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr sequons. (biocatalogue.org)
  • For the investigation of DNA methylation patterns, bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) is a classical method for choice. (creativebiomart.net)
  • In particular, for the analysis of developmental gene expression patterns, it is biologically sensible when images across multiple time points are jointly accounted for, such that spatial and temporal dependencies are captured simultaneously. (duke.edu)
  • Wanda, SY & Curtiss, R 1994, ' Purification and characterization of Streptococcus sobrinus dextranase produced in recombinant Escherichia coli and sequence analysis of the dextranase gene ', Journal of bacteriology , vol. 176, no. 13, pp. 3839-3850. (elsevier.com)
  • Sequence analysis (SA) was developed to study social processes that unfold over time as sequences of events. (sagepub.com)
  • To describe studies referring to stimulus equivalence, we present two approaches for the study of verbal behavior sequencing. (bvsalud.org)
  • As a professional epigenetic research services provider, Creative BioMart offers customized BSP service of high quality, from primer design to complete analytical reports to meet your project requirements and budgets in the exploration of DNA methylation analysis. (creativebiomart.net)
  • After data are received and conditional dependencies are met, the analysis is launched and the status is listed as Running. (illumina.com)
  • In fact, during the past year, more than 650 intramural researchers have used the GCG sequence-analysis software running on the DCRT-maintained, UNIX-based Helix system. (nih.gov)
  • Within this sample collection, we observed complete sequence conservation at positions 108 and 199, virtually complete conservation (1 difference) at position 163. (cdc.gov)
  • In [ 3 ], Nanda has studied the spaces of bounded and convergent sequences of fuzzy numbers and shown that these spaces are complete metric spaces. (hindawi.com)
  • Over 2 billion sequence reads of 100 bp were generated and assembled de novo, into a complete transcriptome for B. braunii. (bl.uk)
  • Before delving into the details of GCG-Lite, let's briefly review the features of the complete GCG Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package. (nih.gov)
  • Hence, our data do not confirm the diagnostic potential of the M protein sequence nor do they support the suggested role of the membrane protein in FIP pathogenesis ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Analysis workflows are packaged templates of BaseSpace Sequence Hub Apps with predefined settings and QC thresholds to support automation of running analyses. (illumina.com)
  • In the 'pre-Web' world, a scientist had two main choices when it came to sequence analysis: local computing or central computing. (nih.gov)
  • PURPOSE The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), formerly the National Center for Human Genome Research, solicits applications for research projects to develop new technologies, and/or significantly improve existing technologies, that will facilitate and accelerate the genome mapping, sequencing and analysis goals of the Human Genome Project (HGP) in the most expeditious and economical manner. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, new approaches and technologies for both de novo sequencing and resequencing, as well as for optimization and integration of existing technologies, are still needed. (nih.gov)
  • Large sequencing centers, such as those supported by the NHGRI and similar efforts in the U.S. and abroad have faced similar software needs as they have converted their production efforts to the new sequencing technologies. (nih.gov)
  • Identifies the conserved domains present in a protein sequence. (nih.gov)
  • Applications for producing stand-alone tools or integrated suites of programs for data processing or analysis will be responsive to this FOA. (nih.gov)
  • Applications responsive to this FOA will describe the further development of software tools (algorithms or programs) that have already been shown to be useful in the sequencing setting, but which are not readily transferable to others. (nih.gov)
  • There is thus a need for robust, well-documented, and well-supported software tools for processing and analyzing the data that individual labs can now generate, and the demand for such software tools will only grow, with the increasing uptake of large-scale sequencing, and the development of new applications for sequence data. (nih.gov)
  • A brief tour of the Internet, starting at the Web page found at the uniform resource locator (URL) http://molbio.info.nih.gov/molbio/ leads to a wide array of sequence-analysis tools, including NIH's own GCG-Lite. (nih.gov)
  • After DNA samples are treated with bisulfite, primers are designed for PCR amplification of the target fragment, and the PCR products are cloned and sequenced. (creativebiomart.net)

No images available that match "sequence analysis"