Sensitivity and specificity. Medical search

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.

A graphic means for assessing the ability of a screening test to discriminate between healthy and diseased persons; may also be used in other studies, e.g., distinguishing stimuli responses as to a faint stimuli or nonstimuli.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. They may be for laboratory or personal use.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Positive test results in subjects who do not possess the attribute for which the test is conducted. The labeling of healthy persons as diseased when screening in the detection of disease. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

A technique using antibodies for identifying or quantifying a substance. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance.

Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

Negative test results in subjects who possess the attribute for which the test is conducted. The labeling of diseased persons as healthy when screening in the detection of disease. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

An acquired disorder characterized by recurrent symptoms, referable to multiple organ systems, occurring in response to demonstrable exposure to many chemically unrelated compounds at doses below those established in the general population to cause harmful effects. (Cullen MR. The worker with multiple chemical sensitivities: an overview. Occup Med 1987;2(4):655-61)

The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Techniques used in studying bacteria.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Diagnostic procedures involving immunoglobulin reactions.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY techniques used in the diagnosis of disease.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.

The properties of a pathogen that makes it capable of infecting one or more specific hosts. The pathogen can include PARASITES as well as VIRUSES; BACTERIA; FUNGI; or PLANTS.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.

Organized periodic procedures performed on large groups of people for the purpose of detecting disease.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from DRUG TOLERANCE which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

The failure by the observer to measure or identify a phenomenon accurately, which results in an error. Sources for this may be due to the observer's missing an abnormality, or to faulty technique resulting in incorrect test measurement, or to misinterpretation of the data. Two varieties are inter-observer variation (the amount observers vary from one another when reporting on the same material) and intra-observer variation (the amount one observer varies between observations when reporting more than once on the same material).

The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.

Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

Techniques used to carry out clinical investigative procedures in the diagnosis and therapy of disease.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Resistance or diminished response of a neoplasm to an antineoplastic agent in humans, animals, or cell or tissue cultures.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

The study of the structure, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of viruses, and VIRUS DISEASES.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Glucose in blood.

A test to determine the ability of an individual to maintain HOMEOSTASIS of BLOOD GLUCOSE. It includes measuring blood glucose levels in a fasting state, and at prescribed intervals before and after oral glucose intake (75 or 100 g) or intravenous infusion (0.5 g/kg).

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

A basis of value established for the measure of quantity, weight, extent or quality, e.g. weight standards, standard solutions, methods, techniques, and procedures used in diagnosis and therapy.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.

The study of parasites and PARASITIC DISEASES.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

Maintenance of a constant blood glucose level by perfusion or infusion with glucose or insulin. It is used for the study of metabolic rates (e.g., in glucose, lipid, amino acid metabolism) at constant glucose concentration.

A statistical means of summarizing information from a series of measurements on one individual. It is frequently used in clinical pharmacology where the AUC from serum levels can be interpreted as the total uptake of whatever has been administered. As a plot of the concentration of a drug against time, after a single dose of medicine, producing a standard shape curve, it is a means of comparing the bioavailability of the same drug made by different companies. (From Winslade, Dictionary of Clinical Research, 1992)

A species of gram-positive, aerobic bacteria that produces TUBERCULOSIS in humans, other primates, CATTLE; DOGS; and some other animals which have contact with humans. Growth tends to be in serpentine, cordlike masses in which the bacilli show a parallel orientation.

Compounds that are used in medicine as sources of radiation for radiotherapy and for diagnostic purposes. They have numerous uses in research and industry. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1161)

Laboratory techniques that involve the in-vitro synthesis of many copies of DNA or RNA from one original template.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Procedures for collecting, preserving, and transporting of specimens sufficiently stable to provide accurate and precise results suitable for clinical interpretation.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Any of a variety of procedures which use biomolecular probes to measure the presence or concentration of biological molecules, biological structures, microorganisms, etc., by translating a biochemical interaction at the probe surface into a quantifiable physical signal.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

A collection of cloned peptides, or chemically synthesized peptides, frequently consisting of all possible combinations of amino acids making up an n-amino acid peptide.

Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Incorrect diagnoses after clinical examination or technical diagnostic procedures.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Diagnostic procedures, such as laboratory tests and x-rays, routinely performed on all individuals or specified categories of individuals in a specified situation, e.g., patients being admitted to the hospital. These include routine tests administered to neonates.

Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.

Immunologic techniques involved in diagnosis.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

Narrow pieces of material impregnated or covered with a substance used to produce a chemical reaction. The strips are used in detecting, measuring, producing, etc., other substances. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Classic quantitative assay for detection of antigen-antibody reactions using a radioactively labeled substance (radioligand) either directly or indirectly to measure the binding of the unlabeled substance to a specific antibody or other receptor system. Non-immunogenic substances (e.g., haptens) can be measured if coupled to larger carrier proteins (e.g., bovine gamma-globulin or human serum albumin) capable of inducing antibody formation.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Substances used to allow enhanced visualization of tissues.

A response by the BARORECEPTORS to increased BLOOD PRESSURE. Increased pressure stretches BLOOD VESSELS which activates the baroreceptors in the vessel walls. The net response of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM is a reduction of central sympathetic outflow. This reduces blood pressure both by decreasing peripheral VASCULAR RESISTANCE and by lowering CARDIAC OUTPUT. Because the baroreceptors are tonically active, the baroreflex can compensate rapidly for both increases and decreases in blood pressure.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.

The use of instrumentation and techniques for visualizing material and details that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. It is usually done by enlarging images, transmitted by light or electron beams, with optical or magnetic lenses that magnify the entire image field. With scanning microscopy, images are generated by collecting output from the specimen in a point-by-point fashion, on a magnified scale, as it is scanned by a narrow beam of light or electrons, a laser, a conductive probe, or a topographical probe.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

The total area or space visible in a person's peripheral vision with the eye looking straightforward.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Method of measuring and mapping the scope of vision, from central to peripheral of each eye.

Sensitive tests to measure certain antigens, antibodies, or viruses, using their ability to agglutinate certain erythrocytes. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.

An imaging technique using compounds labelled with short-lived positron-emitting radionuclides (such as carbon-11, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15 and fluorine-18) to measure cell metabolism. It has been useful in study of soft tissues such as CANCER; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; and brain. SINGLE-PHOTON EMISSION-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY is closely related to positron emission tomography, but uses isotopes with longer half-lives and resolution is lower.

The marking of biological material with a dye or other reagent for the purpose of identifying and quantitating components of tissues, cells or their extracts.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

Laboratory and other services provided to patients at the bedside. These include diagnostic and laboratory testing using automated information entry.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

The adjustment of the eye to variations in the intensity of light. Light adaptation is the adjustment of the eye when the light threshold is increased; DARK ADAPTATION when the light is greatly reduced. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

Passive agglutination tests in which antigen is adsorbed onto latex particles which then clump in the presence of antibody specific for the adsorbed antigen. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Tests that are dependent on the clumping of cells, microorganisms, or particles when mixed with specific antiserum. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition.

Analysis of gabapentin in serum and plasma by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for therapeutic drug monitoring. (1/50409)

A simple method for the determination of gabapentin (Neurontin) is described. The method uses solid-phase extraction by disk column and derivatization followed by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis. The single-step derivatization with MTBSTFA produces a t-BDMS derivative of both the carboxylic and amine moieties of the molecule. Each step of the procedure was optimized to assure reliable performance of the method. The assay limit of detection was 0.1 microg/mL with a linear range from 1.0 to 35 microg/mL. Within-run (n = 3) and between-run (n = 40) coefficients of variation were less than 8.2 and 15.9%, respectively. The method has proven reliable in routine production for more than a year, producing clean chromatography with unique ion fragments, consistent ion mass ratios, and no interferences. Statistical analysis of the gabapentin concentrations measured in 1020 random specimens over a 2-month period showed a mean concentration of 6.07 microg/mL with a standard deviation of 5.28. (+info)

Solid-phase microextraction for cannabinoids analysis in hair and its possible application to other drugs. (2/50409)

This paper describes the application of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to cannabis testing in hair. Fifty milligrams of hair was washed with petroleum ether, hydrolyzed with NaOH, neutralized, deuterated internal standard was added and directly submitted to SPME. The SPME was analyzed by GC-MS. The limit of detection was 0.1 ng/mg for cannabinol (CBN) and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 0.2 ng/mg for cannabidiol (CBD). THC was detected in a range spanning from 0.1 to 0.7 ng/mg. CBD concentrations ranged from 0.7 to 14.1 ng/mg, and CBN concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 ng/mg. The effectiveness of different decontamination procedures was also studied on passively contaminated hair. The proposed method is also suitable for the analysis of methadone in hair; cocaine and cocaethylene can be detected in hair with SPME extraction after enzymatic hydrolysis. (+info)

Highly sensitive quantitation of methamphetamine by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay using a new europium chelate as a label. (3/50409)

A simple and highly sensitive time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay of methamphetamine (MA) using a new fluorescent europium chelate (BHHCT-Eu3+) as a label is described. Two variations of competitive immunoassay were attempted. In the first (one-step) assay, microtiter plates coated with anti-MA were used, and the new label was bound to a conjugate of bovine serum albumin and N-(4-aminobutyl)-MA (MA-BSA). In the second (two-step) assay, instead of the labeled MA-BSA, biotinylated MA-BSA and BHHCT-Eu3+-labeled streptavidin-BSA were used. The lowest measurable concentrations of MA for the one-step and the two-step methods were 1 ng/mL (25 pg/assay) and 1 pg/mL (25 fg/assay), respectively. These were 10 to 1000 times superior to the detection limits of MA in any other immunoassay. Intra-assay coefficient of variation was approximately 2-8% at eight different concentrations (n = 4). Analysis of 34 urine samples with the new method and conventional gas chromatography showed a good correlation (r = 0.954). The high detectability of the present assay also enabled segmental hair analysis with a few centimeters of a hair. (+info)

Semiautomated preparation of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in human urine using a Zymate XP laboratory robot with quantitative determination by gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. (4/50409)

A rapid and sensitive semiautomated method was developed for quantitation of the chlorpyrifos metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) in human urine. A Zymark Zymate XP laboratory robotics system was used to mix urine samples, transfer aliquots, add the stable-isotope-labeled TCP internal standard (13C2- or 13C2,15N-), and liberate conjugates of TCP from urine via acid hydrolysis. Samples were manually extracted into toluene, derivatized, and analyzed by gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Determination of the metabolic TCP was performed by selected ion monitoring of the dichloropyridinol fragment ions: m/z 161 for TCP and m/z 165 for 13C2-TCP or m/z 168 for 13C2,15N-TCP. Interday precision and accuracy were demonstrated over 3 years of analyses using the 13C2-TCP internal standard, with an average recovery from fortified urine samples of 93+/-12% (N = 54, concentration range 1-140 ng/mL). The method was found to be linear over the range of 0.5 to 200 ng/mL, and the limit of detection for TCP in urine was estimated to be 0.2 ng/mL with a limit of quantitation of 1 ng/mL. The effect of solids distribution on the concentration of TCP in the thawed urine samples was examined, and the results indicated that homogeneous distribution is critical for quantitation. The precision and accuracy of the automated method with respect to the transfer of homgeneous urine aliquots and delivery of internal standard yielded equivalent or improved results over the manual techniques. Overall, this method is more simple than existing methodologies, and it yields results with improved precision, accuracy, and sensitivity over previously developed methods. (+info)

Identification and quantification of cocaine N-oxide: a thermally labile metabolite of cocaine. (5/50409)

In this article, we report the identification and quantitation of cocaine N-oxide (CNO), a thermally labile oxidative metabolite, from both animal and human samples. The concentration of CNO is similar to the concentrations of cocaine in the samples analyzed. The technique used for the determination of CNO in this study is liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, which is necessary because CNO is converted to cocaine upon heating. This includes simple heating of aqueous solutions to temperatures in excess of 100 degrees C and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), in which CNO is converted to cocaine in the injection port. The thermal conversion of CNO to cocaine is estimated to cause an over-reporting of cocaine levels by 10-20% when using GC-MS. (+info)

Hybrid capture II, a new sensitive test for human papillomavirus detection. Comparison with hybrid capture I and PCR results in cervical lesions. (6/50409)

AIM: To test a new assay for the detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA, hybrid capture II (HC II), compared with the previous commercialized hybrid capture I (HC I) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results on cervical scrapes from fresh cone excision biopsy samples. METHODS: The three methods were used on cervical scrapes from 42 fresh cone excision biopsy samples. There were nine metaplastic and inflammatory lesions, five low grade lesions, and 28 high grade lesions. PCR was performed using the general primers GP5+/GP6+. The viral load of high risk HPV DNA was estimated by the ratio of relative light units to positive control values in the samples. RESULTS: The sensitivity of HC I for the detection of high grade lesions was 71.4%, while it was 92.8% for HC II and 96.4% for the PCR. Considering only the absence of detectable cervical in situ neoplasia, the specificity was 88.9% for HC I, 66.7% for HC II, and 66.7% for PCR. With HC II, for a ratio of cervical sample to normal control of > 200, the sensitivity for the detection of high grade lesion was only 34.6% with a specificity of 66.7%. CONCLUSIONS: HPV detection with the HC II assay is more sensitive than the previous HC I and represents a more convenient and easier test than PCR for routine use. Nevertheless the viral load estimated with this test cannot be a reliable predictive indicator of high grade lesions. (+info)

Comparative efficacy of positron emission tomography with FDG and computed tomographic scanning in preoperative staging of non-small cell lung cancer. (7/50409)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of positron emission tomography with 2-fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (PET-FDG) in the preoperative staging (N and M staging) of patients with lung cancer. The authors wanted to compare the efficacy of PET scanning with currently used computed tomography (CT) scanning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Results of whole-body PET-FDG imaging and CT scans were compared with histologic findings for the presence or absence of lymph node disease or metastatic sites. Sampling of mediastinal lymph nodes was performed using mediastinoscopy or thoracotomy. RESULTS: PET-FDG imaging was significantly more sensitive, specific, and accurate for detecting N disease than CT. PET changed N staging in 35% and M staging in 11% of patients. CT scans helped in accurate anatomic localization of 6/57 PET lymph node abnormalities. CONCLUSION: PET-FDG is a reliable method for preoperative staging of patients with lung cancer and would help to optimize management of these patients. Accurate lymph node staging of lung cancer may be ideally performed by simultaneous review of PET and CT scans. (+info)

Screening for congenital heart malformation in child health centres. (8/50409)

BACKGROUND: Although screening for congenital heart malformations is part of the child health care programme in several countries, there are very few published evaluations of these activities. This report is concerned with the evaluation of this screening at the Dutch Child Health Centres (CHC). METHODS: All consecutive patients, aged between 32 days and 4 years, presented at the Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam throughout a period of 2 years, with a congenital heart malformation were included in this study. Paediatric cardiologists established whether or not these patients were diagnosed after haemodynamic complications had already developed (diagnosed 'too late'). Parents and CHC-physicians were interviewed in order to establish the screening and detection history. Test properties were established for all patients with a congenital heart malformation (n = 290), intended effects of screening were established in patients with clinically significant malformations (n = 82). RESULTS: The sensitivity of the actual screening programme was 0.57 (95% CI : 0.51-0.62), the specificity 0.985 (95% CI : 0.981-0.990) and the predictive value of a positive test result 0.13 (95% CI: 0.10-0.19). Sensitivity in a subpopulation of patients adequately screened was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.74-0.96). Adequately screened patients were less likely to be diagnosed 'too late' than inadequately screened patients (odds ratio [OR] = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.04-1.05). The actual risk of being diagnosed 'too late' in the study-population (48%) was only slightly less than the estimated risk for patients not exposed to CHC-screening (58%, 95% CI: 43%-72%). Adequately screened patients however were at considerably less risk (17%, 95% CI: 4%-48%). CONCLUSION: Screening for congenital heart malformations in CHC contributes to the timely detection of these disorders. The actual yield, however, is far from optimal, and the screening programme should be improved. (+info)

Specificity and sensitivity[edit]. Individual differences[edit]. Further information: Cold sensitivity. The thermal sensitivity ... Existing literature provides consistent evidence that sensitivity to hot and cold surfaces usually declines with age. There is ... This investigation explored the sexes thermal sensitivity to the indoor environment in non-air-conditioned residential ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_comfort

Clinical sensitivity and specificity[edit]. Fecal Immunochemical Testing (FIT) can identify as little as 0.3 ml of daily blood ... Further discussion of sensitivity and specificity issues that relate particularly to the guaiac method is found in the stool ... The number of fecal samples submitted for FIT may affect the clinical sensitivity and specificity of the methodology.[8] High ... The sensitivity of a single stool guaiac test to pick up bleeding has been quoted at 10 to 30%, but if a standard three tests ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_occult_blood

... thus providing ultimately the best specificity for medical purposes.[12] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarkers

It has sensitivity = 92% and specificity = 92%.. *Full classification tree: Uses 6 criteria. It has sensitivity = 97% and ... specificity = 96%.[75]. *Discoid rash (red, scaly patches on skin that cause scarring); sensitivity = 18%; specificity = 99%.[ ... Neurologic disorder: Seizures or psychosis; sensitivity = 20%; specificity = 98%.[75]. Other than the ACR criteria, people with ... Antinuclear antibody test positive; sensitivity = 99%; specificity = 49%.[75]. *Immunologic disorder: Positive anti-Smith, anti ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus

sensitivity 64%. *specificity 92%. *positive predictive value (at prevalence of 23%) 79% ... In several studies, specificity has been 83% for chronic mesenteric ischemia and 90% or higher for acute colonic ischemia, with ... Case series report prevalence of clinical findings and provide the best available, yet biased, estimate of the sensitivity of ... a sensitivity of 71%-92%. This device must be placed using endoscopy, however.[18][19][20] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenteric_ischemia

... specificity = 96%. Discoid rash (red, scaly patches on skin that cause scarring); sensitivity = 18%; specificity = 99%. ... sensitivity = 56%; specificity = 86% (pleural is more sensitive; cardiac is more specific). Oral ulcers (includes oral or ... sensitivity = 86%; specificity = 37%. Photosensitivity (exposure to ultraviolet light causes rash, or other symptoms of SLE ... flareups); sensitivity = 43%; specificity = 96%. Blood-hematologic disorder-hemolytic anemia (low red blood cell count), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupus

... grades 2 and 3 according to Pap smear with a sensitivity and specificity of 92% each.[53] Whether cervical MF-EIT is going to ... factors affecting sensitivity and specificity". European Radiology. 7: 281-288. doi:10.1007/PL00006909. PMID 9370560.. ... which was reported to improve sensitivity and specificity when used as an adjunct to screening mammography. A report to the ... The low specificity of mammography [46] and of MRI [47] result in a relatively high rate of false positive screenings, with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_impedance_tomography

"Sensitivity and Specificity". www.med.emory.edu. "B12 Deficiency and Dizziness". www.dizziness-and-balance.com. Gomes, Ana P.; ... It has lower specificity as 20-25% of patients over the age of 70 have elevated levels of MMA, but 25-33% of them do not have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylmalonic_acid

... thus providing ultimately the best specificity for medical purposes.[2] ... sensitivity. *specificity. *robustness. *accuracy. *reproducibility. Protocol standardization This optimizes the validated ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarkers

Percent Sensitivity and Specificity of Various Criteria for Typical Reiter's Syndrome. Method of diagnosis. Sensitivity. ... the American College of Rheumatology has published sensitivity and specificity guidelines.[16] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_arthritis

... reader1/reader2 sensitivity: 86%/100%; specificity: 90%/70%) and axial (reader1/reader2 sensitivity: 86%/93%; specificity: 90%/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder

... while the Awaji criteria had a sensitivity of 81.1%; both sets of criteria had a specificity of about 98%.[83] The El Escorial ... Their sensitivity is particularly poor in the early stages of ALS. The Awaji criteria have better sensitivity than the El ... A 2012 meta-analysis found that the El Escorial Revised criteria had a sensitivity of 62.2%, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Gehrig's_disease

... specificity of 94%.[4] Several investigators have found the sensitivity being consistently higher than 90% though specificity ... "Revised estimates of diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity in suspected biliary tract disease". Arch Intern Med. 154 (22 ... Cholescintigraphy for acute cholecystitis has sensitivity of 97%, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholescintigraphy

At least 3 out of 6 criteria yields sensitivity and specificity of 90.5 and 97.8%: ... At least 3 out of 5 criteria yields sensitivity and specificity of 95 and 91%: ... At least 3 out of 10 criteria yields sensitivity and specificity of 82 and 87%: ... At least 2 out of 4 criteria yields sensitivity and specificity of 88 and 92%. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_vasculitis

The blood test has relatively poor sensitivity and specificity for ovarian cancer.[8]:175-207[32] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRCA_mutation

The following table illustrates the sensitivity and specificity of ENA antibodies at detecting SLE with the ELISA technique. In ... assay sensitivity and disease sensitivity. Assay sensitivity is the ability to recognize when an antibody is present, while ... Sensitivity and specificity of these tests depends on the type of assay employed, and will therefore vary by lab. ... specificity, sensitivity and comparison of methods". Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 112 (1): 152-158. doi:10.1046/j.1365 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractable_nuclear_antigen

The absence of the inferior labial (100% sensitivity; 99.4% specificity) and lingual frenulum (71.4% sensitivity; 100% ... specificity) was found to be associated with classical and hypermobility types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Traumatic lesions on ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenulum_of_tongue

The algorithms used can be adjusted to balance between sensitivity and specificity to limit the number of false alarms and ... However, this directly trades sensitivity for specificity. Use centralized alarms. In this approach, alarms don't fire at the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alarm_fatigue

However both tests lack sensitivity and specificity. The Widal test is losing its value as it is labor-intensive and time- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhidot

... even this method suffers from poor sensitivity, specificity, and inter-operator agreement.[10] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_pyrophosphate_deposition_disease

The sensitivity and specificity measurements are around 90%. The ultrasound equipment must be of sufficiently high quality in ... displaying data Rapid technical advancements in transmission tomography made possible the very good specificity and sensitivity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonography_of_chronic_venous_insufficiency_of_the_legs

The sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 75%. For patients at similar risk to those in this study, this leads to a positive ... Allen GC, Larach MG, Kunselman AR (March 1998). "The sensitivity and specificity of the caffeine-halothane contracture test: a ... the sensitivity is 97% and the specificity 78%. Negative biopsies are not definitive, so any patient who is suspected of MH by ... Muscle from these mice also shows increased K+ -induced depolarization and an increased caffeine sensitivity. The earliest ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant_hyperthermia

Thijs C, Leffers P (January 1989). "Sensitivity and specificity of Rinne tuning fork test". BMJ. 298 (6668): 255. doi:10.1136/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinne_test

They have a sensitivity and specificity approaching 100%. However, they tend to be more expensive and require more complex ... Because of its sensitivity, PCR can also often detect asymptomatic carriers and may remain positive even days after an ... The sensitivity of DFA testing depends on an adequate specimen. Molecular assays, such as nucleic acid amplification tests ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus

"What are the sensitivity and specificity of serologic tests for celiac disease? Do sensitivity and specificity vary in ... type can detect coeliac disease with a sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 99%, respectively. Serology for anti- ... transglutaminase antibodies (anti-tTG) was initially reported to have a higher sensitivity (99%) and specificity (>90%). ... Its sensitivity correlates with the degree of histological lesions. People who present minor damage of the small intestine may ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeliac_disease

... we must be cognizant of its sensitivity and specificity. The screening test has sensitivity P ( + , V ) {\displaystyle \mathbb ... The base rate is assumed to be 0.01%. With these base rates and the hypothetical values of sensitivity and specificity, we may ... The sensitivity and specificity can be analyzed using concepts from the standard theory of statistical hypothesis testing: ... Suppose that we have developed a test with sensitivity and specificity of 99%, which is likely to be higher than most real- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurimetrics

The sensitivity=84%-89% and specificity=71%-80%. They also found significant correlation between the PWT, all 3 widths, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_Walk_Test

less than 5% sensitivity Some ANAs appear in several types of disease, resulting in lower specificity of the test. For example ... Sensitivity[edit]. The following table lists the sensitivity of different types of ANAs for different diseases. ... Sensitivity (%) SLE. Drug-induced LE. Diffuse systemic sclerosis. Limited systemic scleroderma. Sjögren syndrome. Inflammatory ... They are a very specific marker for the disease, with some studies quoting nearly 100%.[7] Data on sensitivity ranges from 25 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-nuclear_antibody

It reacts positively against melanocytic tumors but not other tumors, thus demonstrating specificity and sensitivity. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant_melanoma

Chest X-ray is known to be unreliable in diagnosing diaphragmatic rupture; it has low sensitivity and specificity for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragmatic_rupture

... specificity is gained by coupling targeted proteins to an "E3 ubiquitin ligase". Each E3 ubiquitin ligase binds to a particular ... and a decrease in sensitivity to or the availability of critical secreted growth factors which are necessary to maintain muscle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_atrophy

... and detector-sensitivity correction (for both inherent detector sensitivity and changes in sensitivity due to angle of ... indirectly by competition studies between unlabeled drug and radiolabeled compounds known apriori to bind with specificity to ... 3D techniques have better sensitivity (because more coincidences are detected and used) and therefore less noise, but are more ... and preliminary assessment of sensitivity to aging effects on dopamine D-2/D-3 receptors". Synapse. 46 (3): 170-88. doi:10.1002 ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PET_scan

The test measures free circulating cortisol and has both a sensitivity and specificity of 95-98%.[7][9] This test is especially ... The BIPSS has a sensitivity and specificity of 94% for Cushing's disease but it is usually used as a last resort due to its ... The sensitivity of the CRH test for detecting Cushing's disease is 93% when plasma levels are measured after fifteen and thirty ... The UFC test has a specificity of 81% and thus has a high rate of false-positives that are due to pseudo-Cushing states, sleep ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushing's_disease

However, the sensitivity of the DRE for injuries of the spinal cord, pelvis, and bowel is poor, and false positive and negative ... The DRE has a 50% specificity for benign prostatic hypoplasia.[1] Vigorous examination of the prostate in suspected acute ... is not an adequate screen due to low sensitivity for advanced tumor and colorectal cancer.[20] Screening for colon cancer this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectal_examination

... sensitivity and 90% specificity for the presence of the infection. Other laboratory findings in Lassa fever include ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lassa_fever

... sensitivity and 100% specificity. The sensitivity of the Ishihara test varies by the number of plates allowed to pass, which ... Sensitivity also may be influenced by test administration (strength of lighting, time allowed to answer) and testing errors ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishihara_Test

A particularly telling case of this effect is host specificity in pathogenic ascomycetes and specifically, in venturia, the ... Some forms of albinism are also known to have symptoms that manifest themselves through rapid-eye movement, light sensitivity, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropic

They offer the specificity required to separate similar compounds from each other, such as separating polymers in plastic waste ... Two major drawbacks for some applications were moisture sensitivity and acidity or basicity. In 1992, Wilkes and Zawarotko ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_liquid

Two or more positive criteria have a sensitivity of 88.2% and a specificity of 92.0% of describing GPA.[13][18] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis

Molina-Infante J, Santolaria S, Sanders DS, Fernández-Bañares F (May 2015). "Systematic review: noncoeliac gluten sensitivity ... specificity of the threat, and (4) motivated direction. Fear is short lived, present focused, geared towards a specific threat ... non-celiac gluten sensitivity, inflammatory bowel disease),[73][74][75] heart diseases, blood diseases (anemia),[7] cerebral ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety

Estimation of dose based on target sensitivity[edit]. Different cancer types have different radiation sensitivity. However, ... The specificity of this technique is to modify three parameters during the treatment. VMAT delivers radiation by rotating ... An example of this problem is seen in radiation of the prostate gland, where the sensitivity of the adjacent rectum limited the ... predicting the sensitivity based on genomic or proteomic analyses of biopsy samples has proved difficult.[40][41] An ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_therapy

Using antibodies and gold particles this approach can quantify proteins in serum with high sensitivity and specificity.[43] ... Le Ru, Eric C.; Meyer, Matthias; Etchegoin, Pablo G. (2006). "Proof of Single-Molecule Sensitivity in Surface Enhanced Raman ... SERS combined with plasmonic sensing can be used for high-sensitivity and quantitative detection of biomolecular interaction,[ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_enhanced_Raman_spectroscopy

... rapid diagnostic tests have a sensitivity of 50-75% and specificity of 90-95% when compared with viral culture.[30] ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza

T-cell sensitivity to antigen could be increased via avidity-based mechanism. The antigen sensitivity is higher in antigen- ... TCRs have very high degree of antigen specificity, despite of fact that the affinity to the peptide/MHC ligand is in the ... Each recombined TCR possess unique antigen specificity, determined by the structure of the antigen-binding site formed by the α ... Extracellularly, the TCR co-receptor defines the specificity of the TCR to MHC class I or II molecule, and increases binding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell_receptor

Although sensitivity levels vary by country, the most common food allergies are allergies to milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, ... A CAP-RAST has greater specificity than RAST; it can show the amount of IgE present to each allergen.[48] Researchers have been ... One of the most common food allergies is a sensitivity to peanuts, a member of the bean family. Peanut allergies may be severe ... Some children who are allergic to cow's milk protein also show a cross-sensitivity to soy-based products.[34] Some infant ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_allergy

High accuracy, precision, sensitivity and specificity of proposed method are fully acceptable for clinical practice and for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-invasive_intracranial_pressure_measurement_methods

... and they are designed to offer the best sensitivity and specificity possible, respect the presence of a condition, with the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis_

Specificity and sensitivity. *Likelihood-ratios. *Pre/post-test probability. Trial/test types. *In vitro ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicability

In instances where resistance occurs more gradually, a shift in sensitivity in the pathogen to the fungicide can be seen. Such ... The pathogen had five ABC-type transporters with overlapping substrate specificities that together work to pump toxic chemicals ... where resistance to one chemical class of fungicides leads to an increase in sensitivity to a different chemical class of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungicide

Ultrasonography or a CT scan can establish the diagnosis, although CT scan provides the greatest sensitivity and specificity.[2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spigelian_hernia

Related concerns include achieving appropriate levels of statistical power and sensitivity.. Correctly designed experiments ... Specificity and sensitivity. *Likelihood-ratios. *Pre/post-test probability. Trial/test types. *In vitro ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_of_Experiments

Newer PCR based tools have higher sensitivity and specificity. Emergence of PKDL has been reported in HIV affected individuals ... perhaps reflecting low sensitivity of diagnostic methods used in earlier entries. ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_leishmaniasis

... specificity but only a 67% sensitivity. As of 2017 some scientists hypothesized that changes in the gut flora might be an early ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Parkinson's_disease

Stefanova I.; Dorfman J. R.; Germain R. N. (2002). "Self-recognition promotes the foreign antigen sensitivity of naive T ... and production of large amounts of antibodies of varying specificities, some of which may be self-reactive (see below). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune

... may be screened for in animal discrimination and self-administration models which have high sensitivity albeit low specificity. ... "Reinforcing Effects of Stimulants in Humans: Sensitivity of Progressive-Ratio Schedules". Experimental and Clinical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulants

The hearing range of birds is from below 50 Hz (infrasound) to around 12 kHz, with maximum sensitivity between 1 and 5 kHz.[17] ... The specificity of bird calls has been used extensively for species identification. The calls of birds have been described ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_vocalization

Specificity. Download Sensitivity & Specificity and enjoy it on your iPhone, iPad and iPod touch. ... Read reviews, compare customer ratings, see screenshots and learn more about Sensitivity & ... This app gives the sensitivity and specificity of thousands of medical tests, with literature citations included.. Visit our ... webpage version at sensitivityspecificity.com. For example, imagine a patient comes in for a reported seizure. What lab tests ...

https://itunes.apple.com/sn/app/sensitivity-specificity/id552476047?mt=8

The sensitivity and specificity are proportions, so confidence intervals can be calculated for them using standard methods for ... Sensitivity and specificity are one approach to quantifying the diagnostic ability of the test. In clinical practice, however, ... Statistics Notes: Diagnostic tests 1: sensitivity and specificity BMJ 1994; 308 :1552 ... Statistics Notes: Diagnostic tests 1: sensitivity and specificity. BMJ 1994; 308 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.308.6943.1552 ...

https://www.bmj.com/content/308/6943/1552

... you should be able to compute sensitivity and specificity. Either using formulas such as a / (a + c) or for specificity, d / (b ... Sensitivity and Specificity. To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that supports ... You would be happy if you have a sensitivity above 80, 90% as well as a specificity in this range. We published this data a few ... If you want a high sensitivity or if you want a high specificity you can choose the cutoff which will provide you the highest ...

https://www.coursera.org/lecture/screening/sensitivity-and-specificity-xtPwD?authMode=login

modify the performance of your sensitivity and specificity and vice versa.. If you want a high sensitivity or if you want a ... the sensitivity or the specificity of the test will remain unchanged.. This is true with one exception what we call the ... Sensitivity and Specificity. To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser that supports ... And when I compute, calculate the sensitivity and the specificity,. This performance will be modified, as you can imagine and ...

https://www.coursera.org/lecture/screening/sensitivity-and-specificity-xtPwD

Double DIG-labeled detection probes and optimized reagents deliver superior sensitivity and specificity with one-day protocol ... Superior sensitivity and specificity. With optimized northern blot protocols and in situ hybridization protocols, our kits ... The superior sensitivity and specificity of our probes enables you to confidently detect low-abundance miRNAs. ... Double digoxygenin (DIG)-labeled detection probes combined with optimized reagents deliver superior sensitivity and specificity ...

https://www.qiagen.com/co/product-categories/discovery-and-translational-research/ish-and-northern-blotting/

Sensitivity and specificity values alone may be highly misleading. The worst-case sensitivity or specificity must be ... sensitivity or true positive rate (TPR). eqv. with hit rate, recall. T. P. R. =. T. P. /. P. =. T. P. /. (. T. P. +. F. N. ). ... specificity (SPC) or true negative rate. S. P. C. =. T. N. /. N. =. T. N. /. (. T. N. +. F. P. ). {\displaystyle {\mathit {SPC ... sensitivity. If 100 with no disease are tested and 96 return a negative result, then the test has 96% specificity. Sensitivity ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity

... specificity, and precision of the different commercially available troponin assays vary considerably. These differences are ... How does the sensitivity, specificity, and precision cardiac troponin assays vary?. Updated: Nov 20, 2018 ... The sensitivity, specificity, and precision of the different commercially available troponin assays vary considerably. These ... Novel high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I assay in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome. Heart. 2018 Nov 15. [ ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/811905-55924/how-does-the-sensitivity-specificity-and-precision-cardiac-troponin-assays-vary

Sensitivity of clinical diagnosis was 100% for tuberculosis and 81.8% for lung cancer; specificity was 67.5% for tuberculosis ... Avijgan, M. (‎2005)‎. Specificity and sensitivity of clinical diagnosis for chronic pneumonia. http://www.who.int/iris/handle/ ...

http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/117035

... Sensitivity and specificity are the probability of a correct test result in subjects with and without ... Sensitivity (true positive fraction, TPF) measures the ability of a test to detect the condition when it is present. It is the ... Specificity (true negative fraction, TNF) measures the ability of a test to detect the absence of the condition when it is not ...

https://analyse-it.com/docs/user-guide/diagnosticperformance/sensitivityspecificity

The balance of sensitivity and specificity. Glossary. sensitivity. When using a diagnostic test, the probability that a person ... Lower rates of specificity will produce more false positive results.. *Both the sensitivity and specificity of the HIV tests ... In general, sensitivity and specificity exist in a state of balance. Increased sensitivity (the ability to correctly identify ... Lower rates of sensitivity will produce more false negative results.. *The specificity of a test is the percentage of results ...

https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/sensitivity-and-specificity-hiv-tests

Specificity, Positive Predictive Value, and Negative Predictive Value. For any given test administered to a given population, ... Have a test that you are interested in determining its sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative ... Know that sensitivity and specificity are intrinsic properties of a given test, and do not depend on the given population, i.e ... To calculate the sensitivity, divide TP by (TP+FN). In the case above, that would be 95/(95+5)= 95%. The sensitivity tells us ...

https://www.wikihow.com/Calculate-Sensitivity,-Specificity,-Positive-Predictive-Value,-and-Negative-Predictive-Value

McKeithans kinetic proofreading model is often invoked to explain this sensitivity and specificity of the T cell. In this ... and suggest that it does not seem adequate to explain the observed degree of T cell sensitivity, specificity and robustness. ... and are able to discriminate between different ligands with high specificity. ... T cell sensitivity and specificity - kinetic proofreading revisited. Cliburn Chan 1, , Andrew J.T. George 1, and Jaroslav Stark ...

https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/dcdsb.2003.3.343

3. Sensitivity and specificity. How can we measure how good a pattern is at detecting a particular sequence feature? There are ... Specificity = TPos / (TPos + FPos) Warning: in the medical context (diagnosis), specificity is defined differently: there it is ... Sensitivity is the fraction of the true matches that actually are correctly predicted as matches by the pattern. If the pattern ... Specificity is the fraction of the sequences predicted as matches that really are true matches. If the pattern is too inclusive ...

http://avatar.se/lectures/molbioinfo2001/hmm-sensspec.html

Based on blood culture results, the tests overall sensitivity was 90%. Its specificity was 96% to 99% when blood culture was ... Based on blood culture results, the tests overall sensitivity was 90%. Its specificity was 96% to 99% when blood culture was ... "The T2Bacteria Panel had excellent sensitivity and specificity at detecting leading causes of bloodstream infection," Cornelius ... "The T2Bacteria Panel had excellent sensitivity and specificity at detecting leading causes of bloodstream infection," Cornelius ...

https://www.healio.com/infectious-disease/practice-management/news/online/%7B7488fb7e-59fc-4bf5-b0de-1e7017c171af%7D/t2bacteria-panel-demonstrates-excellent-sensitivity-specificity

... Kim Kristiansen,1 Pernille Lyngholm- ... Kim Kristiansen, Pernille Lyngholm-Kjaerby, and Claus Moe, "DoloTest in General Practice Study: Sensitivity and Specificity ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijfm/2012/472505/cta/

... ... were used to directly detect the viral protein Zika NS1 at clinically relevant levels of sensitivity. Specificity to Zika NS1 ...

http://www.prweb.com/releases/nanomedical_diagnostics/zika_virus_detection/prweb14684715.htm

The purpose of this study was to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests for gallstones and acute ... However, sensitivities and specificities are somewhat lower than commonly reported. They recommend estimates that are midway ... The purpose of this study was to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests for gallstones and acute ... Revised Estimates of Diagnostic Test Sensitivity and Specificity in Suspected Biliary Tract Disease. Published in: Archives of ...

https://www.rand.org/pubs/external_publications/EP19941102.html

However, there are limited published data on the sensitivity and specificity of self-administered questionnaires for ... However, there are limited published data on the sensitivity and specificity of self-administered questionnaires for ... The questionnaire demonstrated 100% sensitivity in identifying workers who required work restrictions, but had specificity of ... only 19%. Compared to physician evaluation, the questionnaire had modest sensitivity to the detection of chronic medical ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/20031384.html

Sensitivity. , specificity. , positive & negative predictive values. and efficiency. show the performance of the diagnostic ... Qualitative (Sensitivity / Specificity).. *Click True classification then select the dichotomous variable containing the true ... Qualitative (Sensitivity/Specificity) examines the performance of a diagnostic test and its ability to correctly identify non- ... Sensitivity TP (true positive), Specificity TN (true negative), FP (false positive) and FN (false negative) proportions and ...

https://analyse-it.com/docs/220/method_evaluation/sensitivity_-and-_specificity.htm

View source for Sensitivity and specificity/Bibliography. ← Sensitivity and specificity/Bibliography. Jump to: navigation, ...

http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?action=edit&preload=Template%3ASubpages_name&title=Sensitivity_and_specificity/Bibliography

Sensitivity and specificity of different methods for the isolation of Salmonella from pigs.. Bager F1, Petersen J. ... Of the conventional methods, enrichment in RV had a higher sensitivity and selectivity than SB and MKTB. Recovery of S. ... with a similar high sensitivity and specificity. ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1818506?dopt=Abstract

... *Download PDF Copy ... achieving 99-100 per cent specificity and 95-100 per cent sensitivity. ...

https://www.news-medical.net/news/20200725/Scientists-develop-COVID-19-test-to-detect-neutralising-antibodies-with-high-sensitivity-specificity.aspx

Sum of sensitivity and specificity). *(cur , prev). 21:48, 20 May 2010‎ Robert Badgett (Talk , contribs)‎ . . (17,893 bytes) (+ ... Sensitivity and specificity). *(cur , prev). 14:46, 13 May 2010‎ Robert Badgett (Talk , contribs)‎ . . (17,890 bytes) (+307)‎ ... Sum of sensitivity and specificity). *(cur , prev). 15:27, 1 April 2009‎ Robert Badgett (Talk , contribs)‎ . . (12,452 bytes) ... Sum of sensitivity and specificity: Added Youdens index). *(cur , prev). 13:07, 26 February 2009‎ Robert Badgett (Talk , ...

http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Sensitivity_and_specificity&action=history

... The basic nature of viral selectivity for certain species, ... Logically, it has been supposed that the specificity of viruses and of response to them is in some way related not only to the ... strange that the polyoma-tumor complex should be selected as a subject for studies dealing with sensitivity and specificity of ... the word itself lacks a certain amount of specificity, for before this agent was recognized it was established by investigators ...

https://chestofbooks.com/health/disease/cancer/Tumour-Viruses/Cell-Sensitivity-And-Specificity-Of-Response-To-Polyoma-Virus.html

See Table 1 and Figures 1 and 2 for a detailed display of reviewer sensitivity and specificity data. Overall sensitivity for ... Novice reviewers accurately identified disease (sensitivity) in % of CD subjects and accurately identified health (specificity ... Table 1: Sensitivity and specificity of disease identification using only iWellnessExam. data, by educational experience. ... C. Awad, S. Slotnick, S. Nath, and J. Sherman, "Sensitivity and specificity of the iVue iWellnessExam. ™. in detecting retinal ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/joph/2016/1964254/

Abnormal values of laryngoscopic reflux index (higher than 5 points) reflect a diagnostic sensitivity of 96% and specificity of ... To assess the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the laryngoscopic signs of reflux laryngitis. Material and methods. ... Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of laryngoscopic signs of reflux laryngitis by Rūta Pribuišienė 1,*, Virgilijus Uloza 1 ... "Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of laryngoscopic signs of reflux laryngitis." Medicina 44, no. 4: 280. ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1010-660X/44/4/280

Sensitivity and specificity of administrative mortality data for identifying prescription opioid-related deaths. Emilie ... Sensitivity and specificity of administrative mortality data for identifying prescription opioid-related deaths ... Sensitivity and specificity of administrative mortality data for identifying prescription opioid-related deaths ... Sensitivity and specificity of administrative mortality data for identifying prescription opioid-related deaths ...

https://www.cmaj.ca/content/188/4/E67

... which increases both the sensitivity and specificity of search results. Modelling a simple linear regression on the decoy hits ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0050651

What Is the Sensitivity and Specificity of Self-Report for Retinopathy Screening?. ... What Is the Sensitivity and Specificity of Self-Report for Retinopathy Screening? ... What Is the Sensitivity and Specificity of Self-Report for Retinopathy Screening? ... What Is the Sensitivity and Specificity of Self-Report for Retinopathy Screening? ...

https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/25/5/933.article-info

Sensitivity of Pap smear, LBC and HPV DNA was 75.80%, 76.47% and 89.89%, respectively. Specificity of Pap smear, LBC and HPV ... Evaluation of Sensitivity and Specificity of Pap Smear, LBC and HPV in Screening of Cervical Cancer. ... The present study was undertaken to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of conventional Pap smear, liquid-based cytology and ... However, this technique is not without limitations and the sensitivity and specificity of cervical cytology are relatively low ...

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40944-018-0221-x

The XLSTAT sensitivity and specificity feature allows computing, among others, the sensitivity, specificity, odds ratio, predictive values, and likelihood ratios associated with a test or a detection method. (xlstat.com)
This article outlines the method of critically evaluating the validity of articles about diagnostic and screening tests in psychiatry and discusses concepts of sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. (scribd.com)
Within the context of screening tests, it is important to avoid misconceptions about sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. (frontiersin.org)
Clarification is then provided about the definitions of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values and why researchers and clinicians can misunderstand and misrepresent them. (frontiersin.org)
The focus is on the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of those tests. (frontiersin.org)
Laboratory confirmation determined cases from noncases, and we calculated sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. (cdc.gov)
Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and areas under the receiver operating curves of this scoring with respect to both endpoints were calculated and compared to the 1987 criteria. (bmj.com)
The results were then used to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the Cyscope microscope in reference to gold standard light microscopy. (who.int)

But for practical reasons, tests with sensitivity and specificity values above 90% have high credibility, albeit usually no certainty, in differential diagnosis . (wikipedia.org)
For any test, there is usually a trade-off between the measures - for instance, in airport security since testing of passengers is for potential threats to safety, scanners may be set to trigger alarms on low-risk items like belt buckles and keys (low specificity), in order to increase the probability of identifying dangerous objects and minimize the risk of missing objects that do pose a threat (high sensitivity). (wikipedia.org)
Likewise, high specificity usually means that the test has lower sensitivity (more false negatives). (aidsmap.com)
Therefore, healthcare services use a two-part testing procedure: a test with high sensitivity (to detect as many HIV-positive individuals as possible, allowing some false positives but very few false negatives), followed by a confirmatory test with high specificity (to eliminate as many of the false positives as possible). (aidsmap.com)
T cells recognise foreign antigen presented by antigen presenting cells at extremely low concentrations, and are able to discriminate between different ligands with high specificity. (aimsciences.org)
The combination of RV enrichment and ELISA was as good as the conventional method involving RV enrichment, with a similar high sensitivity and specificity. (nih.gov)
A recently published article [ 1 ] on the specificity and sensitivity of disease identification utilizing the iVue iWellnessExam test revealed that the data provided were sufficient for a well-trained eye clinician to review and accurately detect disease in a very high percent of subjects with either retinal and/or optic nerve (ON) disease and to accurately confirm health in an extremely high percent of healthy controls. (hindawi.com)
CONCLUSION: FNAC in Thyroid has high sensitivity and specificity. (biomedsearch.com)
If it turns out that the specificity is high then any person the test classifies as positive is likely to be a true positive. (wikipedia.org)
On the other hand, if the sensitivity is high then any person the test classifies as negative is likely to be a true negative. (wikipedia.org)
A new prototype blood test for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease provides high specificity and sensitivity, and may have potential value in screening for this infection in prion-exposed populations, according to a feasibility study. (healio.com)
The pooled sensitivity of suicidal ideation for later suicide was 41% (95% CI 35-48) and the pooled specificity was 86% (95% CI 76-92), with high between-study heterogeneity. (cambridge.org)
The specificity remains high in all the methods. (scirp.org)
The CDC Technology Transfer Office (TTO) is seeking statements of capability or interest from parties interested in collaborative research to further develop, evaluate, or commercialize: Real-time PCR Detection of Streptococcus pneumonia with High Sensitivity and Specificity. (bioportfolio.com)
High-titer IgM antibodies against monosialo GM 1 occurred only in patients with various forms of pure motor neuropathy (100% specificity). (neurology.org)
For example, if there is a suspicion of AIDS it is appropriate to do ELISA test, which is with high sensitivity. (differencebetween.net)
But if the result is positive, Western blot test (which is with high specificity) has to be done. (differencebetween.net)
ELISA test is a high sensitivity test for detection of AIDS. (differencebetween.net)
Western blot test is a high specificity test for detection of AIDS. (differencebetween.net)
At high antigen coating concentration (0.5 µg/well), the only antigen fraction with poor sensitivity was SEA proteins. (ajtmh.org)
The clinical sensitivity of the ELISA employing crude S. japonicum SEA is so high, and the specificity so good, that the increased immunologic sensitivity of partially purified antigens had little effect on epidemiologic sensitivity. (ajtmh.org)
most clinical findings have poor sensitivity and moderate to high specificity. (annals.org)
The proposed biosensor has outstanding analytical advantages such as good stability, relatively high sensitivity, low cost and short analysis time. (rsc.org)
Using this system, we demonstrate that pMHC tetramers rapidly induce increases in LFA-1-dependent T cell adhesion to ICAM-1 that are both highly sensitive to Ag and display a high degree of Ag specificity. (jimmunol.org)
Western blot analyses showed that all anti-T. pallidum monoclonal antibodies exhibiting high sensitivities for the detection of T. pallidum cells were directed against an abundant, 47,000-dalton surface-exposed antigen of the organism (S. A. Jones, K. S. Marchitto, J. N. Miller, and M. V. Norgard, Abstr. (asm.org)
The high sensitivity and specificity exhibited by these anti-T. pallidum monoclonal antibodies make them excellent candidates for employment in new syphilis or other treponemal diagnostic tests designed to detect very low numbers of pathogenic treponemes in lesion exudates or other body fluids. (asm.org)
Conclusion- The specificity of a low ankle-brachial index to predict future cardiovascular outcomes is high, but its sensitivity is low. (ahajournals.org)
15,16 The validity of the ABI for detecting ≥50% stenosis in the leg arteries is high (90% sensitivity and 98% specificity). (ahajournals.org)
Fluorescence imaging of lymph nodes after systemic cetuximab-IRDye800CW administration demonstrated high sensitivity and was capable of identifying additional positive nodes on deep sectioning. (aacrjournals.org)
The focal ERG has the diagnostic ability with high sensitivity and specificity in detecting glaucomatous eyes at the early stage, especially when the combined criterion is used. (arvojournals.org)
Sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of conventional MR imaging in predicting glioma grade are not high. (ajnr.org)
The MCT in athletes with respiratory symptoms had a high specificity and sensitivity. (ersjournals.com)
The gold standard light microscopy technique has high sensitivity, but is a relatively time-consuming procedure especially during epidemics and in areas of high endemicity. (who.int)
A test with a high sensitivity value ( Sn ) that, when negative ( N ), helps to rule out a disease ( out ). (technologynetworks.com)
A test with a high specificity value ( Sp ) that, when positive ( P ) helps to rule in a disease ( in ). (technologynetworks.com)
Specific responses to spontaneous mentalizing were observed in key areas of the social brain with high sensitivity and independently from the variant low-level kinematics of the FHAs. (uzh.ch)
The investigators report high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of PE with a high degree of agreement between independent scan readers. (bmj.com)
There is a particular need for high purity (i.e., high specificity) techniques to isolate these cells, reducing the time and cost required for single-cell genetic analyses by decreasing the number of contaminating cells analyzed. (cornell.edu)

Double digoxygenin (DIG)-labeled detection probes combined with optimized reagents deliver superior sensitivity and specificity, while the fast, easy one-day protocol means you get your results more quickly. (qiagen.com)
Sensitivity (also called the true positive rate , the recall , or probability of detection [1] in some fields) measures the proportion of positives that are correctly identified as such (e.g. the percentage of sick people who are correctly identified as having the condition). (wikipedia.org)
Data on the sensitivity of tests are usually based on the detection of chronic (long-standing) HIV infection. (aidsmap.com)
Compared to physician evaluation, the questionnaire had modest sensitivity to the detection of chronic medical conditions. (cdc.gov)
Sensitivity and specificity of vibrometry for detection of carpal tunnel syndrome. (cdc.gov)
In the example of a medical test used to identify a condition, the sensitivity (sometimes also named the detection rate in a clinical setting) of the test is the proportion of people who test positive for the disease among those who have the disease. (wikipedia.org)
The sensitivity and specificity of 5-ALA - Protoporphyrin IX (Pp IX) as an intraoperative fluorescent detection agent and aid for resection of tumor tissue remaining in the walls of the resection cavity of primary and recurrent malignant brain tumors. (clinicaltrials.gov)
In a cohort of patients with hematuria, a urinary molecular assay (UroSEEK) had 83% sensitivity for bladder cancer detection, 95% sensitivity, and 93% specificity when it was combined with cytology, and 100% sensitivity for identifying patients with atypical cytology who went on to develop cancer. (urologytimes.com)
Although urinary cytology (C) is the most widely used noninvasive test for the detection and surveillance of bladder cancer (BC), it has poor sensitivity especially for low-grade tumors. (urotoday.com)
Sensitivity and specificity of PCR for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a blind comparison study among seven laboratories. (asm.org)
Murine anti-Treponema pallidum monoclonal antibodies were employed in studies on sensitivity and specificity of binding to examine their potential for use in the detection of low numbers of pathogenic treponemes present in various body fluids. (asm.org)
Sensitivity and complement of specificity of antigen ELISA detection of active neurocysticercosis in people with epilepsy.Receiver operator characteristic curve showing the relationship between sensitivity (true positive rate) and complement of specificity (false positive rate) for antigen ELISA for the detection of active neurocysticercosis in people with epilepsy. (nih.gov)
In Figure 3, the ROC curve shows the relationship between sensitivity and the complement of specificity for Ag-ELISA for the detection of active NCC in PWE. (nih.gov)
Researchers from the Federal Ministry of Health in Sudan attempted to test the sensitivity and specificity of a new diagnostic tool, the Cyscope fluorescence microscope, based on the use of Plasmodium nucleic acid-specific fluorescent dyes to facilitate detection of parasites even in low parasitaemia conditions due to contrast with the background. (who.int)

The present study demonstrated that median nerve ultrasonography cannot replace the gold standard test (nerve conduction velocity) for the diagnosis of CTS because of low overall sensitivity and specificity, although it might provide useful information in some patients. (dovepress.com)
Multiple components of the EVD case definition used in Guinea contributed to improved overall sensitivity and specificity. (cdc.gov)

[ 17 ] The advantage of ultrasensitive troponins is based on the premise that lower cutoff levels achieve higher sensitivity that will allow earlier diagnosis, often within 90 minutes of presentation. (medscape.com)
Warning: in the medical context (diagnosis), specificity is defined differently: there it is TNeg / (FPos + TNeg). (avatar.se)
Sensitivity and specificity of helical computed tomography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a systematic review. (nih.gov)
To determine the sensitivity and specificity of helical computed tomography (CT) for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism and to determine the safety of withholding anticoagulant therapy in patients who have clinically suspected pulmonary embolism and negative results on helical CT. (nih.gov)
Definitive large, prospective studies should be done to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and safety of helical CT for diagnosis of suspected pulmonary embolism. (nih.gov)
In contrast to the preliminary data published in November 2009, the endpoint sensitivity, the correct diagnosis that clear cell renal cell cancer is present, was reached with statistical significance (p value, p) (p? (drugs.com)
Adding seven additional criteria improved the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis. (thedoctorschannel.com)
The results of the study show that the implementation of an effective system for monitoring sensitivity and specificity is required before the PCR can be used reliably in the diagnosis of tuberculosis. (asm.org)
Sensitivity and specificity of monoclonal antibodies directed against antigenic determinants of Treponema pallidum Nichols in the diagnosis of syphilis. (asm.org)
A sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 84% were determined for the diagnosis of active NCC using antigen ELISA. (nih.gov)
Ross G, Bever F, Uddin Z, Hockman E. Troponin I sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. (jaoa.org)
Sensitivity for RA-diagnosis was 0.85, for DMARD-start 0.8, whereas the 1987 criteria's sensitivities were 0.65 and 0.55. (bmj.com)
to compare specificity and sensitivity of the metacholine challenge test (MCT) and exercise challenge test for the diagnosis of bronchial asthma in athletes. (ersjournals.com)
Low sensitivity of the exercise challenge test may result in inefficiency of this method for the diagnosis of bronchial asthma and exercise-induced bronchospasm in athletes. (ersjournals.com)

SnNouts and SpPins is a mnemonic to help you remember the difference between sensitivity and specificity. (technologynetworks.com)

Outcomes were sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios. (annals.org)
Data were combined using a random-effects model meta-analysis to determine the sensitivity, specificity, relative risks, and likelihood ratios of a low ankle-brachial index to predict future cardiovascular disease. (ahajournals.org)
Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios for detecting PE. (bmj.com)
The table shows the sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios for the 151 patients who had conclusive results on CT. (bmj.com)

Nevertheless, the odds ratios for the adverse cardiac event rates of death or MI at 30 days were similar for all 3 cutoffs, suggesting that the lower cutoffs detected more patients with cardiovascular risk without sacrificing specificity. (medscape.com)
The rCBV measurements and metabolite ratios both individually and in combination can increase the sensitivity and PPV when compared with conventional MR imaging alone in determining glioma grade. (ajnr.org)

We selected the algorithm with the highest sensitivity and a positive predictive value of more than 80% as the optimal algorithm for identifying prescription opioid-related deaths. (cmaj.ca)
The algorithm with the highest sensitivity (75%) in 2010 improved slightly in its predictive performance from 2003 to 2010. (cmaj.ca)
Anti-IgM asialo GM 1 antibodies had the highest sensitivity and specificity. (neurology.org)
Based on these data, C seems to yield the highest specificity and N the highest sensitivity for HG tumors. (urotoday.com)

TSX: AMF TORONTO, Oct. 17 /CNW/ - Amorfix Life Sciences, a company focused on treatments and diagnostics for brain wasting diseases, today announced the best sensitivity and specificity ever reported using its EP-vCJDTM Blood Screening Assay to test fresh blood plasma samples from anonymous UK blood donors. (newswire.ca)
The EP- vCJDTM Blood Screening Assay scored 100% sensitivity for all spiked samples down to a 1 in 100,000 dilution of 10% brain homogenate (1/1,000,000 dilution of vCJD brain). (newswire.ca)
What is the sensitivity and specificity of the Sherlock™ CRISPR SARS-CoV-2 assay? (idtdna.com)
PDF] Sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility of the Capilia TB-Neo assay. (semanticscholar.org)
The performance of the Capilia TB-Neo assay, a new-generation assay, was assessed by determining its sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and cross-reaction with contaminating organisms. (semanticscholar.org)

To assess the strength of the association between suicidal ideation and later suicide measured by odds ratio (OR), sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV). (cambridge.org)

The Binary Diagnostic Test procedures are used to calculate, analyze, and compare the sensitivity and the specificity of the diagnostic tests, along with various other summary measures. (ncss.com)
To compare the sensitivity and specificity of microscopy for AFB using ZN and fluorescent stains in direct and concentrated specimen with culture as gold standard. (scirp.org)
To determine the sensitivity and specificity of a dosing alert system for dosing errors and to compare the sensitivity of a proprietary system with and without institutional customization at a pediatric hospital. (pedinfo.org)

Its specificity was 96% to 99% when blood culture was used as the gold standard comparator, and 98% to 100% when a composite of clinical and microbiological criteria was used. (healio.com)
I think the challenge for this, and for all of these new rapid diagnostics coming out, is translating the nuts and bolts of sensitivity, specificity and clinical trial performance into algorithms that you can actually use and interpret for patients and drive care with them," Clancy said. (healio.com)
Clinical criteria for disease surveillance are a balancing act for satisfying 2 potentially conflicting needs: sensitivity and specificity. (cdc.gov)
In a study designed to analyze and improve the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the immunodeficiency disease-related scoring system in adult patients referred to immunology with clinical suspicion of a primary immunodeficiency, the unmodified score was useful in discriminating between those with and without primary immunodeficiency. (thedoctorschannel.com)
Consenting patients scheduled for curative resection were enrolled in a clinical trial to evaluate the safety and specificity of cetuximab-IRDye800CW. (aacrjournals.org)

The combination "C+N" seems to be the better approach to improve the sensitivity for HG tumors compared with single markers and other combinations. (urotoday.com)
Advances in dosing alert systems should aim to improve the sensitivity and positive predictive value of the system for dosing errors. (pedinfo.org)

The previous study was designed to measure the specificity and sensitivity of a well-trained optometric clinician, utilizing only data obtained on the iWellnessExam test, in the identification of retinal and optic nerve disease in a cohort of Confirmed Normal (CN) and Confirmed Disease (CD) subjects. (hindawi.com)
Two groups of patients were examined: a "Confirmed Normal" (CN) cohort for the specificity aspect of the study (126 subjects) and a "Confirmed Disease" (CD) cohort for the sensitivity aspect of the study (101 subjects). (hindawi.com)
The 2019 EULAR/ACR criteria have a sensitivity of 96.1% and a specificity of 93.4% when tested in the validation cohort. (the-rheumatologist.org)

Specificity data were obtained by evaluating patients within the Primary Care clinic at the University Eye Center (UEC) at SUNY State College of Optometry who were determined to be both without retinal and without ON disorder (CN subjects). (hindawi.com)
Sensitivity data were obtained by evaluating patients within the Ocular Disease and Special Testing Service at the UEC with known central retinal and/or optic nerve disorders (CD subjects). (hindawi.com)
Abnormal values of laryngoscopic reflux index (higher than 5 points) reflect a diagnostic sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 97% differentiating patients with reflux laryngitis from healthy persons. (mdpi.com)
Sensitivity refers to the test's ability to correctly detect ill patients who do have the condition. (wikipedia.org)
To assess the possible effects of cross-reacting species on the test's specificity, the researchers also evaluated blood samples from patients with a range of non-prion neurodegenerative diseases (n=352). (healio.com)
Studies of suicidal ideation expressed by current and former psychiatric patients had a significantly higher pooled sensitivity (46% v. 22%) and lower pooled specificity (81% v. 96%) than studies conducted in non-psychiatric settings. (cambridge.org)
The sensitivity of a laboratory test shows how often the test is positive in patients who suffer from a particular disease (disease positivity). (differencebetween.net)
The sensitivity of a test is calculated based on research of patients with 100% proven disease, so the false positive results are not included in the calculation. (differencebetween.net)
The specificity of a laboratory test shows how often the test is negative in patients who do not suffer from the disease for which the test was created (negativity in the absence of a disease). (differencebetween.net)
Sensitivity: the ability of a test to correctly identify patients with a disease. (bmj.com)
Specificity for all preparations, assessed by reactivity with sera from patients with other trematode infections and with cestode and nematode infections, was excellent. (ajtmh.org)
25 [micro]mol/day after penicillamine challenge was found to be useful in confirming symptomatic WD patients with active liver disease (sensitivity 92%) but unreliable for excluding WD in asymptomatic siblings (sensitivity 46%) (15). (thefreelibrary.com)
Objectives The aim of this study was to assess sensitivity and specificity of 99m Tc-pertechnetate hand perfusion scintigraphy in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon (RP). (bmj.com)
The dosing alert system had a low sensitivity and positive predictive value for dosing errors, but might have prevented dosing errors from reaching patients. (pedinfo.org)
A response from the author of the article "Is the sensitivity of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test lower than that of T-SPOT.TB in patients with miliary tuberculosis? (ebscohost.com)

Sensitivity is the proportion of true positives that are correctly identified by the test. (bmj.com)
Specificity is the proportion of true negatives that are correctly identified by the test. (bmj.com)
Specificity (also called the true negative rate ) measures the proportion of negatives that are correctly identified as such (e.g. the percentage of healthy people who are correctly identified as not having the condition). (wikipedia.org)
The sensitivity of an HIV test is defined as the proportion of people with HIV who will receive a positive result. (aidsmap.com)
The specificity of an HIV test is the proportion of people without HIV who will have a negative result. (aidsmap.com)
Sensitivity represents the proportion of tru. (citizendium.org)
Stated differently, the sensitivity of a diagnostic test is the proportion of those that have the condition for which the diagnostic test is positive, and the specificity of a diagnostic test is the proportion of those that do not have the condition for which the diagnostic test is negative. (ncss.com)
Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures of the performance of a binary classification test that are widely used: Sensitivity (True Positive rate) measures the proportion of positives that are correctly identified (i.e. the proportion of those who have some condition (affected) who are correctly identified as having the condition). (wikipedia.org)
Specificity (True Negative rate) measures the proportion of negatives that are correctly identified (i.e. the proportion of those who do not have the condition (unaffected) who are correctly identified as not having the condition). (wikipedia.org)
Specificity is also referred to as selectivity or true negative rate, and it is the percentage, or proportion, of the true negatives out of all the samples that do not have the condition (true negatives and false positives). (wikipedia.org)
Sensitivity (equivalent to the True Positive Rate): Proportion of positive cases that are well detected by the test. (xlstat.com)
Specificity (also called True Negative Rate): proportion of negative cases that are well detected by the test. (xlstat.com)
False Positive Rate (FPR): Proportion of negative cases that the test detects as positive (FPR = 1-Specificity). (xlstat.com)
Sensitivity refers to the proportion of the times that a test yields true positives. (social-media-university-global.org)
Specificity refers to the proportion of the time that a test yields true negatives. (social-media-university-global.org)
The sensitivity of a test is also called the true positive rate (TPR) and is the proportion of samples that are genuinely positive that give a positive result using the test in question. (technologynetworks.com)
The specificity of a test, also referred to as the true negative rate (TNR) , is the proportion of samples that test negative using the test in question that are genuinely negative. (technologynetworks.com)

This study was conducted to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) in thyroid diseases. (biomedsearch.com)

The purpose of this study was to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests for gallstones and acute cholecystitis. (rand.org)
This article describes the sensitivity and specificity of troponin I when compared to creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and electrocardiography (ECG) for diagnosing acute myocardial infarction (AMI). (jaoa.org)

We therefore tested these materials for their specificity, sensitivity and cost effectiveness in the ELISA. (ajtmh.org)
Epidemiologic sensitivity in the ELISA was tested on limited but well characterized populations. (ajtmh.org)
This is not true for the S. mansoni ELISA where crude antigens had inferior sensitivity and specificity. (ajtmh.org)
Further investigation of the specificity and sensitivity of ELISA for rubella antibody screening. (bmj.com)

Blinded assessments of the fluorescence data were compared to histopathology to calculate sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), and positive predictive value (PPV). (aacrjournals.org)

How does the sensitivity, specificity, and precision cardiac troponin assays vary? (medscape.com)
The sensitivity, specificity, and precision of the different commercially available troponin assays vary considerably. (medscape.com)
Accordingly, these investigations suggest that higher sensitivity or ultrasensitive troponin assays are necessary. (medscape.com)

Previously, we demonstrated by multiple techniques that the major serologic antigens in Schistosoma japonicum soluble egg antigen (SEA) are glycoproteins, and that the glycoproteins with highest specificity and sensitivity are hydrophobes. (ajtmh.org)
Differences in epidemiologic sensitivity were most pronounced when wells were coated at an antigen concentration (0.1 µg/well) where crude SEA began to fail. (ajtmh.org)
Toxocara larval antigen (TL) induced larger reactions in Toxocara -infected animals than did the other antigens, suggesting a superior sensitivity for this antigen. (ajtmh.org)
Differences in binding properties of the various monoclonal antibodies were most likely a reflection of differential binding affinities or their specificities for different epitopes on the 47,000-dalton surface antigen. (asm.org)

A discussion of the relationship between sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive test values and negative predictive test values in diagnostic testing in health. (ebscohost.com)

The sensitivity of a test is the percentage of results that will be correctly positive when HIV is actually present. (aidsmap.com)
The specificity of a test is the percentage of results that will be correctly negative when HIV is not present. (aidsmap.com)
Increased sensitivity (the ability to correctly identify people who have HIV) usually comes at the expense of reduced specificity (meaning more false positives). (aidsmap.com)
Sensitivity is the fraction of the true matches that actually are correctly predicted as matches by the pattern. (avatar.se)
Qualitative (Sensitivity/Specificity) examines the performance of a diagnostic test and it's ability to correctly identify non-normal (abnormal/diseased) cases. (analyse-it.com)
In that setting: True positive: Sick people correctly identified as sick False positive: Healthy people incorrectly identified as sick True negative: Healthy people correctly identified as healthy False negative: Sick people incorrectly identified as healthy After getting the numbers of true positives, false positives, true negatives, and false negatives, the sensitivity and specificity for the test can be calculated. (wikipedia.org)
Test with 100% sensitivity correctly identifies every person who has the disease. (differencebetween.net)
Test with 100% specificity correctly identifies every person who does not have the disease. (differencebetween.net)
A test that has an 80% specificity can correctly identify 80% of people in a group that do not have a disease, but it will misidentify 20% of people. (bmj.com)
Specificity: the ability of a test to correctly identify people without the disease. (bmj.com)

The receiver operating characteristic curve showed sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 60% when using cutoff values of 0.40 for blood flow and sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 73% when using cutoff values of 0.40 for blood pool. (bmj.com)

Of the conventional methods, enrichment in RV had a higher sensitivity and selectivity than SB and MKTB. (nih.gov)

Because most medical tests do not have sensitivity and specificity values above 99%, "rarely" does not equate to certainty . (wikipedia.org)
however, such values have not been fully characterized in terms of sensitivity and specificity. (thefreelibrary.com)
By using samples of known disease status, values such as sensitivity and specificity can be calculated that allow you to evaluate just that. (technologynetworks.com)
What do sensitivity values tell you? (technologynetworks.com)
How do I calculate sensitivity and specificity values? (technologynetworks.com)

While the study's main objective was the assay's specificity, the researchers also confirmed the test's sensitivity in detecting vCJD-infected blood. (healio.com)

Antibodies developed by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) were used to directly detect the viral protein Zika NS1 at clinically relevant levels of sensitivity. (prweb.com)
The levels of sensitivity also ranged widely among the different participants. (asm.org)

New page: The '''sensitivity and specificity''' of diagnostic tests are defined as 'measures for assessing the results of diagnostic and screening tests. (citizendium.org)
What Is the Sensitivity and Specificity of Self-Report for Retinopathy Screening? (diabetesjournals.org)
For all testing, both diagnostic and screening, there is a trade-off between sensitivity and specificity. (wikipedia.org)

Similarly for specificity, it will be given that the subject do not have the disease, this is the 983 plus 63,650 participants, and knowing that you look at people who test negative, and you make the calculation. (coursera.org)
They fix that and no matter how the prevalence of the disease, how many rats you will have really diseased in the population of rats or not, the sensitivity or the specificity of the test will remain unchanged. (coursera.org)
The T2Bacteria Panel had excellent sensitivity and specificity at detecting leading causes of bloodstream infection," Cornelius (Neil) J. Clancy, MD, assistant professor of medicine and director of the mycology program at the University of Pittsburgh, told Infectious Disease News . (healio.com)
the sensitivity and specificity may depend on the spectrum of disease in. (ebscohost.com)
A test with 100% specificity is used for confirmation of the disease because the positive results are always true. (differencebetween.net)
Ideally when there is suspicion for a certain disease a test with 100% sensitivity has to be used. (differencebetween.net)
Specificity is "disease focused. (labce.com)
Diagnostic accuracy of serum ceruloplasmin in Wilson disease: determination of sensitivity and specificity by ROC curve analysis among ATP7B-genotyped subjects. (thefreelibrary.com)
The closer the sensitivity is to 100%, the more likely a positive result actually means that the patient has a disease. (social-media-university-global.org)
The closer the specificity is to 100%, the more likely a negative result means that the patient is truly disease-free. (social-media-university-global.org)
The sensitivity of a diagnostic test is expressed as the probability (as a percentage) that a sample tests positive given that the patient has the disease. (technologynetworks.com)
The specificity of a test is expressed as the probability (as a percentage) that a test returns a negative result given that the that patient does not have the disease. (technologynetworks.com)

Fine needle aspiration cytology: sensitivity and specificity in thyroid lesions. (biomedsearch.com)
However, this technique is not without limitations and the sensitivity and specificity of cervical cytology are relatively low. (springer.com)
The present study was undertaken to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of conventional Pap smear, liquid-based cytology and HPV DNA in our setting. (springer.com)

The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the specificity, sensitivity, and area under curve (AUC) of the lactulose/mannitol ratio, lactulose/creatinine ratio, and lactulose recovery and their diagnostic value for intestinal permeability assessment within the absorption lactulose/mannitol (L/M) test. (springer.com)

See box 1 for definitions of common terms used when describing sensitivity and specificity. (bmj.com)
Although the 2012 SLICC criteria addressed some of the shortcomings of the previous ACR criteria (e.g., the addition of mucocutaneous and neuropsychiatric manifestations, hypocomplementemia and anti-nuclear antibody [ANA] tests) and offered more refined criteria definitions, their specificity was lower than the 1997 ACR criteria. (the-rheumatologist.org)

Either using formulas such as a / (a + c) or for specificity, d / (b + d). (coursera.org)

Specificity of three of the methods was equal at 0.96 but of ZN stained concentrated sputum smears was 0.97. (scirp.org)
Sensitivity of total fluorescent stains was 0.85 (Specificity 0.96) and sensitivity of total ZN stained smears was 0.80 (Specificity 0.96). (scirp.org)

The UK authorities have put forward a 99.9% specificity as an acceptable performance for a vCJD test on blood donor samples and these first results suggest we can meet or exceed this requirement. (newswire.ca)

The superior sensitivity and specificity of our probes enables you to confidently detect low-abundance miRNAs. (qiagen.com)

Therefore, when evaluating diagnostic tests, it is important to calculate the sensitivity and specificity for that test to determine its effectiveness. (technologynetworks.com)

Result: There are cons and pros of aiming sensitivity, negative predictive value and specificity and positive predictive value. (ebscohost.com)
We assessed the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of a proposed symptom index and of symptoms included in the consensus recommendation. (ebscohost.com)
The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value. (ebscohost.com)
0.5 mL), the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the prediction of SVI were assessed. (urotoday.com)
We calculated a specificity of 89.91%, sensitivity of 71.92%, a positive predictive value of 74.46% and a negative predictive value of 88.42% for the neonatal red reflex. (arvojournals.org)
Specificity of the customized system for dosing errors was 96.2% (CI 96.0% to 96.3%) with a positive predictive value of 8.0% (CI 6.8% to 9.3). (pedinfo.org)
Are sensitivity and specificity the same as the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV)? (technologynetworks.com)

To assess the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the laryngoscopic signs of reflux laryngitis. (mdpi.com)
Sensitivity and Specificity analysis is used to assess the performance of a test. (xlstat.com)
A random effects meta-analysis was used to assess the pooled OR, sensitivity, specificity and PPV of suicidal ideation for later suicide among groups of people from psychiatric and non-psychiatric settings. (cambridge.org)

Sensitivity and specificity are one approach to quantifying the diagnostic ability of the test. (bmj.com)

Lower rates of sensitivity will produce more false negative results. (aidsmap.com)
A test with this specificity would give correct results to 99% of HIV-negative people, but 'false positive' results to 1% of them. (aidsmap.com)
A sub-optimal test, with only 94% specificity, would give a negative result to 94% of people who don't have HIV, but 'false positive' results to 6% of them. (aidsmap.com)
Test with 100% sensitivity does not show false negative results. (differencebetween.net)
All the negative results in a test with 100% sensitivity will be true negative results. (differencebetween.net)
A test with 100% specificity does not have false positive results. (differencebetween.net)
For such sera, the relative specificity and sensitivity of the test might yield misleading results. (asm.org)
Results For invasive breast cancer the sensitivities were 98% (95% CI 93% to 99%) for Umbria, 96% (95% CI 91% to 99%) for NA and 100% (95% CI 97% to 100%) for FVG. (bmj.com)

The most common measures of diagnostic test accuracy are sensitivity (true positive rate) and specificity (true negative rate). (ncss.com)
This can be done by comparing summary measures of diagnostic accuracy such as sensitivity or specificity using a statistical test. (ncss.com)
R] How to add accuracy, sensitivity, specificity to logistic regression output? (ethz.ch)
We often think of sensitivity and specificity as being ways to indicate the accuracy of the test or measure. (bmj.com)

Another way to understand in the context of medical tests is that sensitivity is the extent to which true positives are not missed/overlooked (so false negatives are few) and specificity is the extent to which positives really represent the condition of interest and not some other condition being mistaken for it (so false positives are few). (wikipedia.org)
Sensitivity therefore quantifies the avoiding of false negatives , and specificity does the same for false positives . (wikipedia.org)
Specificity to Zika NS1 was demonstrated with no sensor response to Japanese Encephalitis NS1, a closely-related infection that potentially produces false positives. (prweb.com)
In a diagnostic test, sensitivity is a measure of how well a test can identify true positives. (wikipedia.org)
Another test that only detects 60 % of the positive samples in the panel would be deemed to have lower sensitivity as it is missing positives and giving higher a false negative rate (FNR) . (technologynetworks.com)

This confirmed but did not refine prior sensitivity estimates, according to the researchers, who also said that these findings "rigorously validated" the specificity of the prototype vCJD test. (healio.com)

No study met all of the predefined criteria for adequately evaluating sensitivity and specificity. (nih.gov)
Sensitivity and specificity were the defined endpoints of the study. (drugs.com)
To rule out that the superiority of REDECTANE® resulted from the poor performance of CT, the endpoints of REDECTANE® were also compared to an arbitrary value of 75% for specificity and sensitivity as defined in the study protocol. (drugs.com)
The purpose of this study was to determine the relative sensitivity and specificity of 10-2 visual fields (10-2 VFs), multifocal electroretinography (mfERG), and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in detecting hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. (dovepress.com)
The purpose of this study is to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the focal PhNR to detect glaucomatous eyes with different degrees of visual field defects. (arvojournals.org)

Sensitivity (true positive fraction, TPF) measures the ability of a test to detect the condition when it is present. (analyse-it.com)
Specificity is the fraction of the sequences predicted as matches that really are true matches. (avatar.se)
Sensitivity can also be referred to as the recall, hit rate, or true positive rate. (wikipedia.org)
In a test, specificity is a measure of how well a test can identify true negatives. (wikipedia.org)

This app gives the sensitivity and specificity of thousands of medical tests, with literature citations included. (apple.com)
Many HIV tests have 99% sensitivity. (aidsmap.com)
Many HIV tests have 99% specificity. (aidsmap.com)
Focuses the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests. (ebscohost.com)
Diagnostic Tests (Sensitivity, Specificity etc. (statsdirect.com)
The specificity and sensitivity of adult and larval somatic antigens, and perienteric fluid of Toxocara canis and Ascaris suum were investigated by using intradermal skin tests in guinea pigs. (ajtmh.org)
Although most participants did include control tests to check the sensitivity and specificity of the PCR, the sequence of operations from sample pretreatment to purification of DNA from bacteria was not always monitored adequately. (asm.org)

Anatomy15

Organisms14

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs61

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment85

Psychiatry and Psychology5

Phenomena and Processes75

Disciplines and Occupations6

Information Science12

Named Groups1

Health Care20

Analysis of gabapentin in serum and plasma by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for therapeutic drug monitoring. (1/50409)

Solid-phase microextraction for cannabinoids analysis in hair and its possible application to other drugs. (2/50409)

Highly sensitive quantitation of methamphetamine by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay using a new europium chelate as a label. (3/50409)

Semiautomated preparation of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol in human urine using a Zymate XP laboratory robot with quantitative determination by gas chromatography-negative-ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. (4/50409)

Identification and quantification of cocaine N-oxide: a thermally labile metabolite of cocaine. (5/50409)

Hybrid capture II, a new sensitive test for human papillomavirus detection. Comparison with hybrid capture I and PCR results in cervical lesions. (6/50409)

Comparative efficacy of positron emission tomography with FDG and computed tomographic scanning in preoperative staging of non-small cell lung cancer. (7/50409)

Screening for congenital heart malformation in child health centres. (8/50409)

Sensitivity and Specificity

Substrate Specificity

Molecular Sequence Data

Antibody Specificity

Amino Acid Sequence

Species Specificity

Reproducibility of Results

Predictive Value of Tests

ROC Curve

Base Sequence

Kinetics

Contrast Sensitivity

Binding Sites

Mutation

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Reagent Kits, Diagnostic

Time Factors

Protein Binding

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Models, Molecular

False Positive Reactions

Escherichia coli

Recombinant Proteins

Cell Line

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Immunoassay

Evaluation Studies as Topic

Algorithms

False Negative Reactions

DNA Primers

Organ Specificity

Sequence Alignment

DNA

Insulin Resistance

Structure-Activity Relationship

Prospective Studies

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Cloning, Molecular

Bacterial Proteins

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Peptides

Multiple Chemical Sensitivity

Sensory Thresholds

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Epitopes

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Bacteriological Techniques

Protein Conformation

Cross Reactions

Insulin

Models, Biological

Serologic Tests

Cattle

Temperature

Cells, Cultured

Biological Markers

Molecular Diagnostic Techniques

Rabbits

Immunoglobulin G

RNA, Messenger

Signal Transduction

Cell Line, Tumor

Calcium

DNA-Binding Proteins

Immunoenzyme Techniques

Host Specificity

Phenotype

DNA, Bacterial

Crystallography, X-Ray

Amino Acid Substitution

Mass Screening

Transfection

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Transcription Factors

Binding, Competitive

Hydrolysis

Microbial Sensitivity Tests