Self Efficacy
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Questionnaires
Activities of Daily Living
Treatment Outcome
Cross-Sectional Studies
Self Care
Encyclopedias as Topic
Terminology as Topic
Small Molecule Libraries
MedlinePlus
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Drug Design
Barriers to guideline adherence. Based on a presentation by Michael Cabana, MD. (1/1832)
Successful implementation of the Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-VI) should improve quality of care by decreasing inappropriate variation and by disseminating new advances to everyday practice. A key component of this process is physician adherence to JNC-VI guidelines. However several reports in the literature show a discrepancy between hypertension guidelines and actual practice. The factors that influence physician behavior change and optimal use of practice guidelines are poorly understood. A combined model that uses the Awareness-to-Adherence Model and Social Cognitive Theory identifies five sequential steps that lead to adherence to a guideline--awareness, agreement, self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, and presence of a cueing mechanism. Barriers to implementation may occur at any of these steps and can be identified with this model. Programs can then be designed to overcome specific barriers. By conceptualizing the underlying issues in physician adherence, the combined model should be useful to guideline developers, practice directors, and health services researchers. (+info)Comparison of stage-matched and unmatched interventions to promote exercise behaviour in the primary care setting. (2/1832)
This study examined the effectiveness of stages of change-based counselling for exercise delivered by nurses in four primary care centres. Two-hundred and ninety-four subjects enrolled, recruited from patients attending 30-min health checks. The average age of participants was 42.4 years (SD = 15.1) and 77% were female. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing stage of exercise adoption, self-efficacy and exercise levels. Each centre was assigned to either one of three experimental conditions or to a control condition. Participants were counselled accordingly, receiving either stage-oriented exercise materials with counselling (stage plus counselling), stage-oriented materials without counselling (stage no counselling), non-staged materials with counselling (counselling only) or the current level of advice (control). Sixty-one percent (n = 180) returned follow-up questionnaires. When baseline differences in self-efficacy, age and gender were controlled for, there was no significant group or interaction effect for stage. There was a significant time effect (F = 3.55, P = 0.031). Post hoc analyses showed that significant differences were between baseline and 2 (t = -3.02, P = 0.003) and 6 months (t = -2.67, P = 0.009). No changes in self-efficacy and exercise levels were observed. Stage-based interventions were not superior to the other interventions. All single-contact interventions, while having no impact on exercise behaviour and self-efficacy, did enhance motivation to change. (+info)'Instilling the strength to fight the pain and get on with life': learning to become an arthritis self-manager through an adult education programme. (3/1832)
The aim of this study was to determine whether the Arthritis Self-Management Programme (ASMP) is effective in promoting perceived control and self-management ability when delivered in an adult education setting. The study was a pre-test-post-test design based on a sample of 89 people attending an ASMP. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaires prior to the intervention and after the intervention, 4 months from baseline. The sample comprised 80% women, with a mean age of 57 years and a mean disease duration of 13 years. Most participants had either osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis. After 4 months, participants demonstrated significant increases in arthritis self-efficacy (P < 0.0005), cognitive symptom management (P < 0.0005), communication with doctors (P = 0.018), exercise (P = 0.003) and relaxation (P < 0.00005). In addition, significant decreases were found in terms of pain (P = 0.034) and visits to other health professionals (P = 0.004). The first evaluation of the ASMP, delivered within the context of adult education, suggests that this form of community health education programme can offer substantial benefits for participants, particularly in terms of perceived ability to control various aspects of arthritis and in greater utilization of cognitive-behavioral techniques. (+info)Comparing smoking and smoking cessation process in the Republic of Karelia, Russia and North Karelia, Finland. (4/1832)
STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to assess and validate self reported smoking prevalence and to assess smoking cessation related process variables in the Republic of Karelia, Russia and in North Karelia, Finland. DESIGN: Comparative population surveys of random population samples from both areas in spring 1992. The study included a self administered questionnaire, physical measurements and laboratory tests. The validity of self reported smoking prevalence was assessed by serum cotinine analyses. SETTING: The district of Pitkaranta in the Republic of Karelia, Russia and province of North Karelia, Finland. PARTICIPANTS: The study population was a 25 to 64 year old population in both areas. A stratified random sample of 1000 people in Pitkaranta and 2000 people in North Karelia was drawn from the population registers. In Pitkaranta 380 men and 455 women, and in North Karelia 673 men and 803 women, participated in the survey. RESULTS: The self reported prevalence rates of daily smoking in Pitkaranta were 65% among men and 10% among women. In North Karelia the respective rates were 29% and 13%. Women in Pitkaranta greatly underreported their smoking status, which was assessed by comparing the self reported data to the serum cotinine measurements. The smoking prevalence among women in Pitkaranta would rise from 10% to 21% if all participants with high cotinine values would be regarded as smokers. Compared with smokers in North Karelia, a higher percentage of smokers in Pitkaranta expressed their wish to quit and believed that they would succeed. However, on average they had fewer previous smoking cessation attempts than smokers in North Karelia. In addition, the health personnel in North Karelia were more active in advising smokers to quit. CONCLUSIONS: High smoking prevalence among men in Pitkaranta obviously contributes much to the high premature death rate in the Republic of Karelia. There is considerable underreporting of smoking in Pitkaranta, especially among women, which is probably attributable to the cultural unacceptability of female smoking in Russia. The common wish to quit, few previous cessation attempts and much lower rates of ex smokers, together with less smoking cessation counselling from health personnel, need to be considered in tailoring antismoking interventions in the area. (+info)A pragmatic intervention to promote condom use by female sex workers in Thailand. (5/1832)
An overview is presented of a multifaceted intervention to promote consistent condom use by female commercial sex workers in Thailand, in the context of the government's 100% condom use policy for preventing spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The project is described with reference to a succession of stages including pre-programme needs assessment, intervention design, implementation and evaluation. The key elements of the intervention were video scenarios and discussions coordinated by health personnel, and video-depicted open-ended narratives aimed at helping sex workers to explore their personal and work-related dilemmas and concerns. A core objective was to enhance sex workers' self-esteem and perceived future with a view to strengthening their motivation to take preventive action against HIV infection. The intervention was evaluated using a combination of qualitative (process evaluation) and quantitative (outcome) methods. The outcome evaluation was undertaken using a pretest, post-test intervention and control group quasi-experimental design. There were significant increases in consistent condom use among the intervention groups but not among the controls. Pragmatic stability is advocated for the Thai sex industry and recommendations are offered for good quality HIV prevention activities. (+info)Hip protectors improve falls self-efficacy. (6/1832)
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of use of external hip protectors on subjects' fear of falling and falls self-efficacy (belief in their own ability to avoid falling). DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Aged-care health services in Sydney, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 131 women aged 75 years or older, who had two or more falls or one fall requiring hospital admission in the previous year and who live at home. Sixty-one subjects were in the intervention group and 70 in the control group. INTERVENTION: Use of external hip protectors and encouragement to use the protectors by an adherence nurse. MEASUREMENTS: At the time of enrolment into a wider study examining the effect of hip protectors on hip fractures, participants recruited at home completed an assessment of fear of falling and falls efficacy as measured by the Falls Efficacy Scale and the Modified Falls Efficacy Scale. At 4-month follow-up, these scales were readministered by an observer who was not aware of the allocation of the participant to intervention or control groups. RESULTS: Fear of falling and falls self-efficacy, as measured by the Falls Efficacy and Modified Falls Efficacy Scales, were similar at baseline in both groups. Fear of falling was present at follow-up in 43% of subjects using hip protectors and 57% of the control group (chi2 = 2.58, P = 0.11). Hip protector users had greater improvement in falls self-efficacy at follow-up as measured by the Falls Efficacy Scale (t = 2.44, P = 0.016) and the Modified Falls Efficacy Scale (t = 2.08, P = 0.039). CONCLUSION: Hip protectors improve falls self-efficacy. As users of hip protectors feel more confident that they can complete tasks safely, they may become more physically active and require less assistance with activities of daily living. (+info)Development and evaluation of the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire: a new health status measure for heart failure. (7/1832)
OBJECTIVES: To create a valid, sensitive, disease-specific health status measure for patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). BACKGROUND: Quantifying health status is becoming increasingly important for CHF. The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) is a new, self-administered, 23-item questionnaire that quantifies physical limitations, symptoms, self-efficacy, social interference and quality of life. METHODS: To establish the performance characteristics of the KCCQ, two distinct patient cohorts were recruited: 70 stable and 59 decompensated CHF patients with ejection fractions of <40. Upon entry into the study, patients were administered the KCCQ, the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire and the Short Form-36 (SF-36). Questionnaires were repeated three months later. RESULTS: Convergent validity of each KCCQ domain was documented by comparison with available criterion standards (r = 0.46 to 0.74; p < 0.001 for all). Among those with stable CHF who remained stable by predefined criteria (n = 39), minimal changes in KCCQ domains were detected over three months of observation (mean change = 0.8 to 4.0 points, p = NS for all). In contrast, large changes in score were observed among patients whose decompensated CHF improved three months later (n = 39; mean change = 15.4 to 40.4 points, p < 0.01 for all). The sensitivity of the KCCQwas substantially greater than that of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure and the SF-36 questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS: The KCCQis a valid, reliable and responsive health status measure for patients with CHF and may serve as a clinically meaningful outcome in cardiovascular research, patient management and quality assessment. (+info)Self-efficacy as a mediator between stressful life events and depressive symptoms. Differences based on history of prior depression. (8/1832)
BACKGROUND: Self-efficacy, a characteristic that is protective against depressive symptoms, may be undermined by stressful life events. AIMS: To estimate the effects of stressful life events on self-efficacy, and to examine self-efficacy as a mediator of the effect of stressful life events on symptoms of depression. METHOD: Using a sample of 2858 respondents from the longitudinal Americans' Changing Lives study, path analyses were used to evaluate interrelationships between self-efficacy, life events and symptoms of depression controlling for a variety of potentially confounding variables. Separate models were estimated for those with and without prior depression. RESULTS: For those with prior depression, dependent life events had a significant, negative impact on self-efficacy. For those without prior depression, life events had no effect on self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: For those with prior depression, self-efficacy mediates approximately 40% of the effect of dependent stressful life events on symptoms of depression. (+info)Self-efficacy is not a medical term per se, but it is widely used in medical and health-related contexts. It is a concept from social cognitive theory that refers to an individual's belief in their ability to successfully perform specific tasks or achieve certain goals, particularly in the face of challenges or adversity.
In medical settings, self-efficacy can refer to a patient's confidence in their ability to manage their health condition, adhere to treatment plans, and engage in healthy behaviors. For example, a person with diabetes who has high self-efficacy may feel confident in their ability to monitor their blood sugar levels, follow a healthy diet, and exercise regularly, even if they encounter obstacles or setbacks.
Research has shown that self-efficacy is an important predictor of health outcomes, as individuals with higher self-efficacy are more likely to engage in positive health behaviors and experience better health outcomes than those with lower self-efficacy. Healthcare providers may seek to enhance patients' self-efficacy through education, counseling, and support to help them manage their health condition more effectively.
"Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices" (HKAP) is a term used in public health to refer to the knowledge, beliefs, assumptions, and behaviors that individuals possess or engage in that are related to health. Here's a brief definition of each component:
1. Health Knowledge: Refers to the factual information and understanding that individuals have about various health-related topics, such as anatomy, physiology, disease processes, and healthy behaviors.
2. Attitudes: Represent the positive or negative evaluations, feelings, or dispositions that people hold towards certain health issues, practices, or services. These attitudes can influence their willingness to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors.
3. Practices: Encompass the specific actions or habits that individuals engage in related to their health, such as dietary choices, exercise routines, hygiene practices, and use of healthcare services.
HKAP is a multidimensional concept that helps public health professionals understand and address various factors influencing individual and community health outcomes. By assessing and addressing knowledge gaps, negative attitudes, or unhealthy practices, interventions can be designed to promote positive behavior change and improve overall health status.
A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.
Activities of Daily Living (ADL) are routine self-care activities that individuals usually do every day without assistance. These activities are widely used as a measure to determine the functional status and independence of a person, particularly in the elderly or those with disabilities or chronic illnesses. The basic ADLs include:
1. Personal hygiene: Bathing, washing hands and face, brushing teeth, grooming, and using the toilet.
2. Dressing: Selecting appropriate clothes and dressing oneself.
3. Eating: Preparing and consuming food, either independently or with assistive devices.
4. Mobility: Moving in and out of bed, chairs, or wheelchairs, walking independently or using mobility aids.
5. Transferring: Moving from one place to another, such as getting in and out of a car, bath, or bed.
There are also more complex Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) that assess an individual's ability to manage their own life and live independently. These include managing finances, shopping for groceries, using the telephone, taking medications as prescribed, preparing meals, and housekeeping tasks.
Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.
A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.
In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.
Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.
Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.
Self care is a health practice that involves individuals taking responsibility for their own health and well-being by actively seeking out and participating in activities and behaviors that promote healthy living, prevent illness and disease, and manage existing medical conditions. Self care includes a wide range of activities such as:
* Following a healthy diet and exercise routine
* Getting adequate sleep and rest
* Managing stress through relaxation techniques or mindfulness practices
* Practicing good hygiene and grooming habits
* Seeking preventive care through regular check-ups and screenings
* Taking prescribed medications as directed by a healthcare provider
* Monitoring symptoms and seeking medical attention when necessary
Self care is an important part of overall health and wellness, and can help individuals maintain their physical, emotional, and mental health. It is also an essential component of chronic disease management, helping people with ongoing medical conditions to manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.
I am not a medical doctor, but I can provide you with some information on this topic. Self-concept is more commonly discussed in psychology than in medicine, but it still has relevance to understanding individual experiences and behaviors in health and illness.
Self-concept refers to an individual's perception, beliefs, and attitudes about themselves, encompassing various dimensions such as:
1. Physical self (how one perceives their physical appearance, abilities, and health)
2. Social self (how one perceives their relationships with others, social roles, and status)
3. Psychological or personal self (how one perceives their personality traits, values, and beliefs)
Self-concept can influence how people view their own health, cope with illness, and engage in health behaviors. For example, a positive self-concept may contribute to better adherence to treatment plans and healthier lifestyle choices, while negative self-concepts might lead to poorer health outcomes due to decreased motivation or self-efficacy.
Understanding an individual's self-concept can help healthcare professionals tailor their communication style, recommendations, and interventions to better meet the patient's needs and preferences.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
"Terminology as a topic" in the context of medical education and practice refers to the study and use of specialized language and terms within the field of medicine. This includes understanding the meaning, origins, and appropriate usage of medical terminology in order to effectively communicate among healthcare professionals and with patients. It may also involve studying the evolution and cultural significance of medical terminology. The importance of "terminology as a topic" lies in promoting clear and accurate communication, which is essential for providing safe and effective patient care.
A Small Molecule Library is a collection of a large number of chemically synthesized, low molecular weight (typically under 900 daltons) compounds, which are used in drug discovery and development research. These libraries contain diverse structures and chemical properties, allowing researchers to screen them against specific targets, such as proteins or genes, to identify potential lead compounds that can be further optimized for therapeutic use. The use of small molecule libraries enables high-throughput screening, which is a rapid and efficient method to identify potential drug candidates.
Drug discovery is the process of identifying new chemical entities or biological agents that have the potential to be used as therapeutic or preventive treatments for diseases. This process involves several stages, including target identification, lead identification, hit-to-lead optimization, lead optimization, preclinical development, and clinical trials.
Target identification is the initial stage of drug discovery, where researchers identify a specific molecular target, such as a protein or gene, that plays a key role in the disease process. Lead identification involves screening large libraries of chemical compounds or natural products to find those that interact with the target molecule and have potential therapeutic activity.
Hit-to-lead optimization is the stage where researchers optimize the chemical structure of the lead compound to improve its potency, selectivity, and safety profile. Lead optimization involves further refinement of the compound's structure to create a preclinical development candidate. Preclinical development includes studies in vitro (in test tubes or petri dishes) and in vivo (in animals) to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of the drug candidate.
Clinical trials are conducted in human volunteers to assess the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of the drug candidate in treating the disease. If the drug is found to be safe and effective in clinical trials, it may be approved by regulatory agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in patients.
Overall, drug discovery is a complex and time-consuming process that requires significant resources, expertise, and collaboration between researchers, clinicians, and industry partners.
MedlinePlus is not a medical term, but rather a consumer health website that provides high-quality, accurate, and reliable health information, written in easy-to-understand language. It is produced by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, the world's largest medical library, and is widely recognized as a trusted source of health information.
MedlinePlus offers information on various health topics, including conditions, diseases, tests, treatments, and wellness. It also provides access to drug information, medical dictionary, and encyclopedia, as well as links to clinical trials, medical news, and patient organizations. The website is available in both English and Spanish and can be accessed for free.
Pharmaceutical preparations refer to the various forms of medicines that are produced by pharmaceutical companies, which are intended for therapeutic or prophylactic use. These preparations consist of an active ingredient (the drug) combined with excipients (inactive ingredients) in a specific formulation and dosage form.
The active ingredient is the substance that has a therapeutic effect on the body, while the excipients are added to improve the stability, palatability, bioavailability, or administration of the drug. Examples of pharmaceutical preparations include tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments, creams, and injections.
The production of pharmaceutical preparations involves a series of steps that ensure the quality, safety, and efficacy of the final product. These steps include the selection and testing of raw materials, formulation development, manufacturing, packaging, labeling, and storage. Each step is governed by strict regulations and guidelines to ensure that the final product meets the required standards for use in medical practice.
"Drug design" is the process of creating and developing a new medication or therapeutic agent to treat or prevent a specific disease or condition. It involves identifying potential targets within the body, such as proteins or enzymes that are involved in the disease process, and then designing small molecules or biologics that can interact with these targets to produce a desired effect.
The drug design process typically involves several stages, including:
1. Target identification: Researchers identify a specific molecular target that is involved in the disease process.
2. Lead identification: Using computational methods and high-throughput screening techniques, researchers identify small molecules or biologics that can interact with the target.
3. Lead optimization: Researchers modify the chemical structure of the lead compound to improve its ability to interact with the target, as well as its safety and pharmacokinetic properties.
4. Preclinical testing: The optimized lead compound is tested in vitro (in a test tube or petri dish) and in vivo (in animals) to evaluate its safety and efficacy.
5. Clinical trials: If the preclinical testing is successful, the drug moves on to clinical trials in humans to further evaluate its safety and efficacy.
The ultimate goal of drug design is to create a new medication that is safe, effective, and can be used to improve the lives of patients with a specific disease or condition.
Efficacy
Collective efficacy
Vaccine efficacy
Political efficacy
Luminous efficacy
Glycemic efficacy
Self-efficacy
Self-Efficacy (book)
Work self-efficacy
Animal efficacy rule
Technological self-efficacy
Efficacy of prayer
Drug Efficacy Study Implementation
Evidence and efficacy of homeopathy
Act on Securing Quality, Efficacy and Safety of Products Including Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices
Journalology
Virucide
Tubal ligation
Popularity
Douche
Brexpiprazole
Comparison of birth control methods
Progestogen-only pill
Combined oral contraceptive pill
Vasectomy
Contraceptive vaginal ring
Lactational amenorrhea
Strawberry cultivation in California
Family planning
Hormonal intrauterine device
Immunogenicity, Efficacy, and Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccines
Unraveling the Mechanisms Behind FMT Efficacy
Efficacy - Wikipedia
CERC Corner - How to Promote Action through Self-Efficacy
Silicone Breast Implant Safety and Efficacy: Overview, History of Breast Implants, Benefits
Paraoxonase-1 and clopidogrel efficacy | Nature Medicine
Vaccine Safety & Efficacy | American Medical Association
Efficacy of UNIX HIDS | SANS Institute
Efficacy | Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines | Guidelines Library | Infection Control | CDC
Magnesium for Tinnitus: Efficacy, Dosage, and More
Publication bias and the efficacy of antidepressants
Efficacy, safety, and cost of new anticancer drugs | The BMJ
Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine
Automatic text simplification: Efficacy in the foreign language classroom | ScienceDaily
government efficacy invisible chains | Institut Fraser
Efficacy | E-Gallery | University of Nebraska Medical Center
Exploring the efficacy of Lidocaine for neck pain
COVID vaccines: efficacy questions & delayed boosters | Interviews
Behavior OnLine - Efficacy of CBT for GAD
Email Validation Software increases digital marketing efficacy.
CERC Corner - How to Promote Action through Self-Efficacy
Whitening Efficacy of 3% Carbamide Peroxide Gel Activated by Lactoperoxidase
JCI - Tumor suppressor TET2 promotes cancer immunity and immunotherapy efficacy
Collective Efficacy
Safety before efficacy
Antibiotic greatly enhances efficacy of TMS | Psycho-Babble
Advancing Humanized NSGTM Mice for Immuno-Oncology Efficacy
Effectiveness11
- Estimates of vaccine efficacy (i.e., prevention of illness among vaccinated persons enrolled in controlled clinical trials) and vaccine effectiveness (i.e., prevention of illness in vaccinated populations) of influenza vaccines depend on many factors, including the age and immunocompetence of the vaccine recipient, the degree of similarity between the viruses in the vaccine and those in circulation, study design, diagnostic testing measures, and the outcome being measured. (cdc.gov)
- Studies of influenza vaccine efficacy and effectiveness have used a variety of outcome measures, including the prevention of ILI, medically attended acute respiratory illness (MAARI), LCI, P&I-associated hospitalizations or deaths, and prevention of seroconversion to circulating influenza virus strains. (cdc.gov)
- Efficacy or effectiveness estimates for more specific outcomes such as LCI typically are higher than for less specific outcomes such as MAARI because the causes of MAARI include infections with other pathogens that influenza vaccination would not be expected to prevent ( 105 ). (cdc.gov)
- For studies assessing laboratory-confirmed outcomes, estimates of vaccine efficacy and effectiveness also might be affected by the specificity of the diagnostic tests used. (cdc.gov)
- The word comes from the same roots as effectiveness, and it has often been used synonymously, although in pharmacology a distinction is now often made between efficacy and effectiveness. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Effectiveness refers to "how the drug works in a real-world situation", and is "often lower than efficacy because of interactions with other medications or health conditions of the patient, sufficient dose or duration of use not prescribed by the physician or followed by the patient, or use for an off-label condition that had not been tested. (wikipedia.org)
- Zania - Well first of all, we need to separate the vaccine effectiveness from efficacy data. (thenakedscientists.com)
- This report summarizes information regarding the efficacy, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of mammography screening. (cdc.gov)
- Effectiveness also may be lower than efficacy if clinicians inadvertently prescribe the drug inappropriately (eg, giving a fibrinolytic drug to a patient thought to have an ischemic stroke, but who had an unrecognized cerebral hemorrhage on CT scan). (msdmanuals.com)
- Thus, effectiveness tends to be lower than efficacy. (msdmanuals.com)
- Patient-oriented outcomes, rather than surrogate or intermediate outcomes, should be used to judge efficacy and effectiveness. (msdmanuals.com)
Self-efficacy18
- Self-efficacy is a person's belief in his or her ability to take an action. (cdc.gov)
- As risk communicators, it is our job to motivate self-efficacy, explain risks, and promote positive health behaviors. (cdc.gov)
- As health communicators, we can promote self-efficacy, make information available, and suggest actions that are doable in order to stop the spread of Zika. (cdc.gov)
- Through this quantitative educational approach, there is an attempt to depict and evaluate the Teaching Self-Efficacy of special educators. (scirp.org)
- Results depict high scores in special educators' Self-Efficacy. (scirp.org)
- No differentiation to Self-Efficacy in relation to gender, experience and age, was identified, which coincides with the findings of recent studies. (scirp.org)
- Emmer & Hickman (1991) state that the examination of Teachers' Self-Efficacy should include the classroom, which is a place of strategic importance where self-efficacy is manifested and should of course be examined. (scirp.org)
- According to literature related with the measurement of special educators self-efficacy, an holistic non-targeted approach can be observed, with the use of general measurement instruments, which lack a specific framework and often obscure the concept of self-efficacy, isolating it from the situations, the context and the work related to it and presenting it as a generalized attribute of someone's personality (Pajares, 1997) . (scirp.org)
- Moreover, the examination of a special educator's self-efficacy via a measurement instrument should include the classroom, which is of strategic importance and where self-efficacy is manifested and should of course be studied (Emmer & Hickman, 1991) . (scirp.org)
- Among various theories developed regarding the exploration of beliefs concerning their evolution on a personal and professional level, the theory of self-efficacy constitutes a theory which has been studied in depth. (scirp.org)
- Self-efficacy as a concept is found in literature as "perceived self-efficacy", which is determined by the person's perceptions and beliefs about his/her self-efficacy. (scirp.org)
- The perception level of self-efficacy, however, is also an indicator of the outcome of future goals, a regulatory factor. (scirp.org)
- Specifically, individuals with an acute perception of self-efficacy, in case of failing to achieve a goal, will prevent emotions of failure and abandonment of effort and will persistently be led to the fulfillment of the goal and maybe a new even more demanding goal setting. (scirp.org)
- Low self-efficacy leads to a gradual undermining of a person's self-confidence, an easy abandonment of effort, a cultivation of insecurity and the upcoming degradation of goals. (scirp.org)
- Therefore, the perception of self-efficacy can predict the future actions of the person-educator and the course-accomplishment or not of goals which have been initially set (Bandura & Locke, 2003) . (scirp.org)
- Although literature is poor regarding the relation between emotional intelligence and the perception of self-efficacy, the current research date reveals that emotional intelligence is a key factor which contributes to the development of the perception of educators' self-efficacy (Chan, 2004) . (scirp.org)
- Rastegar & Memarpour, 2009) showcased the positive correlation between emotional intelligence and educators' self-efficacy in a sample of secondary education teachers. (scirp.org)
- Also in this episode: Arturo shares an article about cities and self-efficacy. (thesocietypages.org)
Safety16
- A great deal of safety research combined with decades of clinical experience has proven the efficacy and relative safety of silicone gel breast implants. (medscape.com)
- Efficacy, safety, and. (bmj.com)
- The results have spurred on Lilly and Alkermes to enter Phase III trials where, unusually, safety will take precedence over efficacy. (pharmtech.com)
- To further comment on the safety, tolerability and efficacy profile of linezolid in treating "difficult" tuberculosis (TB) cases, following the recent study by V illar et al . (ersjournals.com)
- Before pharmaceutical ingredients enter production, their safety and efficacy are tested in controlled laboratory conditions. (orion.fi)
- The efficacy and safety of a medicine are confirmed during the first studies involving humans. (orion.fi)
- Pharmaceutical companies and the authorities continue to monitor the safety, efficacy and quality of pharmaceutical products after a medicine has been brought to market. (orion.fi)
- We sought to investigate the efficacy and safety of manual hemostasis in the axillary artery. (hindawi.com)
- The announcement is a significant vote of confidence by the UAE's health authorities in the safety and efficacy of this vaccine. (gulfnews.com)
- The UAE is conducting Post Authorisation Safety Study (PASS) and Post Authorisation Efficacy Study (PAES) of its EUA program. (gulfnews.com)
- These ongoing studies show similar safety and efficacy profiles as the interim analysis. (gulfnews.com)
- Melinda Wharton, deputy director of the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, voted yes for efficacy but no for safety. (medscape.com)
- Committee chairman Robert Daum, MD, voted no on both efficacy and safety. (medscape.com)
- Benefit takes into account both the drug's ability to produce the desired result (efficacy) and the type and likelihood of adverse effects (safety). (msdmanuals.com)
- Details for: Research guidelines for evaluating the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines. (who.int)
- Sets out detailed guidelines for conducting scientific research on the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines. (who.int)
Tolerability1
- Dr David W. Goodman reviews the efficacy and tolerability of different classes of medications for the management of ADHD. (chadd.org)
Drug's2
- Intrinsic activity is a relative term for a drug's efficacy relative to a drug with the highest observed efficacy. (wikipedia.org)
- Benefit takes into account both the drug's ability to produce the desired result (efficacy) and. (msdmanuals.com)
Potency2
- The combined influences of affinity and efficacy determine how effectively a drug will produce a biological effect, a property known as potency. (wikipedia.org)
- The goal of this module is to provide the individual viewer with the background knowledge on two fundamental concepts: 1) drug properties such as affinity, potency, and efficacy and 2) how drugs act on receptors (i.e. agonist vs antagonist action). (unmc.edu)
Aimed to assess1
- We, therefore, aimed to assess the efficacy of the mentioned formulation in the treatment of melasma. (nih.gov)
Person's1
- Factors such as the severity of a person's condition, as well as how much magnesium is prescribed can all influence supplementation efficacy. (healthline.com)
Vaccines3
- And for flu vaccinations, we accept vaccines from 20 to 60% efficacy every year. (thenakedscientists.com)
- Its authors stressed to reporters on Wednesday that both vaccines are highly effective against the Delta variant - even if the efficacy of the BioNTech/Pfizer jab decreases faster. (politico.eu)
- The protective efficacy of these inactivated vaccines was demonstrated in the 1950s. (cdc.gov)
Evaluate2
- The aim of this study was to evaluate the bleaching efficacy of a bleaching toothpaste containing 3% CP and 5% lactoperoxidase and to assess its possible side-effects on the oral soft tissues. (hindawi.com)
- Objective: To evaluate the comparative efficacy of approved biologics in achieving complete resolution of NP at week 24‒26. (lu.se)
Likelihood1
- Athlete doping confrontation efficacy and confrontation likelihood. (bvsalud.org)
Trials4
- Randomized controlled trials that measure LCI virus infections (by viral culture or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR]) as the outcome provide the best and most persuasive evidence of vaccine efficacy, but such data are not available for all populations. (cdc.gov)
- MOHAP in collaboration with the Department of Health Abu Dhabi (DOH) reviewed Sinopharm CNBG's interim analysis of the phase III trials, which shows the Beijing Institute of Biological Product's inactivated vaccine to have 86 per cent efficacy against COVID-19 infection. (gulfnews.com)
- Chemicals Regulation Directorate (CRD) recognised design and management of pesticide efficacy trials, with specialist tree tolerance testing and forestry test sites. (forestresearch.gov.uk)
- Our highly skilled, specialist staff have many years of experience designing and managing complex efficacy trials in forestry situations. (forestresearch.gov.uk)
Outcomes1
- Thus, surrogate outcomes are less desirable measures of efficacy than patient-oriented outcomes. (msdmanuals.com)
Adverse2
- Data are collected around the clock about suspected adverse events, insufficient efficacy, product faults, medication errors and interactions. (orion.fi)
- The researchers called for large-scale studies to explore antiviral efficacy dosing and adverse events. (newswise.com)
Cancer2
- Assessing novel therapeutics that function to modulate the interaction between the human immune system and cancer cells requires advanced preclinical efficacy testing platforms. (jax.org)
- This is why the genetic characteristics and transcriptome information of cancer cells are analyzed in order to predict the efficacy of anti-cancer drugs. (postech.ac.kr)
20223
- Yueting Zhuang On the Efficacy of Small Self-Supervised Contrastive Models without Distillation Signals Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 36 (2022) 2225-2234. (aaai.org)
- That came to a halt on Monday, 18 April 2022, when its shares fell by the maximum daily limit of 10%, over questions of Lianhua Qingwen's efficacy against COVID-19. (techarp.com)
- On 13 April 2022, Wang Sicong - a Chinese internet influencer, and son of Dalian Wanda Group chairman, Wang Jianlin, posted a video on Weibo questioning the efficacy of Lianhua Qingwen against COVID-19. (techarp.com)
Definition2
- The definition of efficacy has been object for discussion. (wikipedia.org)
- This document specifies the classification, basic vocabulary and definition of efficacy terms of commonly-used Chinese material medica (CMM), including but not limited to medicinal materials, herbal extracts, decoction pieces, prescription and health products. (iso.org)
Clinical trial3
- Specifically, efficacy refers to "whether a drug demonstrates a health benefit over a placebo or other intervention when tested in an ideal situation, such as a tightly controlled clinical trial. (wikipedia.org)
- ABSTRACT A prospective clinical trial was carried out to determine in vivo efficacy of sulfadoxine/py- rimethamine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children in New Halfa. (who.int)
- Thus, efficacy is measured under expert supervision in a group of patients most likely to have a response to a drug, such as in a controlled clinical trial. (msdmanuals.com)
Study7
- In a recent preprint study posted in Preprints with The Lancet , a team of researchers investigated the efficacy of lidocaine for the treatment of neck pain and assessed the need for additional research in this area. (news-medical.net)
- In another study, efficacy of a BiTE was assessed in NSG TM mice engrafted with hematological cancers known to express the intracellular tumor marker WT1, where an epitope of the tumor marker is expressed on the cell surface in the context of the MHC I molecule HLA-A2 (Dao et al. (jax.org)
- This model system can be leveraged for preclinical CAR-T efficacy studies by facilitating longer study duration and clearer results. (jax.org)
- The Jackson Laboratory In Vivo Services offers oncology efficacy testing services using CD34+ HSC and PBMC humanized NSG TM and NSG TM variant strains, in addition to providing study-ready humanized mice to propel your research and discovery. (jax.org)
- A post hoc analysis of a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled outpatient study investigated efficacy of lumateperone 42 mg in patients with bipolar I or bipolar II disorder and experiencing a major depressive episode (MDE) stratified by the presence of mixed features. (psychiatrist.com)
- But the mRNA shot's efficacy decreases more rapidly, dropping to 75 percent after 90 days, according to a preprint of the study conducted by Oxford University researchers, which has yet to be peer-reviewed. (politico.eu)
- This randomised, double-blind study was designed to assess the analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine as compared with fentanyl as an adjunct to local anaesthetic in thoracic epidural for upper abdominal surgeries. (bvsalud.org)
Results2
- Although the EDAO-AR and the CRI-A keep with each other some degree of association and theoretical overlap, the results indicated that the constructs of adaptive efficacy and coping focuses on different aspects of human activities. (bvsalud.org)
- Results In situ studies indicated greater efficacy of casein phosphopeptide - amorphous calcium phosphate in comparison with placebo. (bvsalud.org)
Scale2
Severity1
- So, assessing antiviral efficacy in terms of symptom duration and severity was limited. (newswise.com)
Colleagues1
- 2017). Dao and colleagues demonstrated efficacy of a BiTE directed against WT1 displayed by the tumor and CD3 on human T cells. (jax.org)
Pharmaceutical1
- The word efficacy is used in pharmacology and medicine to refer both to the maximum response achievable from a pharmaceutical drug in research settings, and to the capacity for sufficient therapeutic effect or beneficial change in clinical settings. (wikipedia.org)
Patients2
- Methods: A network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted to indirectly compare the efficacy of six biologics in achieving complete resolution of NP at week 24‒26 in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis and concomitant NP. (lu.se)
- Efficacy can be assessed accurately only in ideal conditions (ie, when patients are selected by proper criteria and strictly adhere to the dosing schedule). (msdmanuals.com)
Data1
- To advance these novel therapeutics, specialized preclinical models are crucial in testing efficacy and providing translationally-relevant data. (jax.org)
Health1
- In medicine, efficacy is the capacity for beneficial change (or therapeutic effect) of a given intervention (for example a drug, medical device, surgical procedure, or a public health intervention). (wikipedia.org)
Main1
- Our main goal was not only to unravel the different mechanisms of FMT efficacy but also to introduce some mindset shifts that are needed to bring FMT forward, mainly covering the gap that exists between basic scientists and clinicians," Gianluca Ianiro, MD, PhD, a senior researcher in digestive diseases who works with Porcari and is the review's lead author, told Medscape Medical News . (medscape.com)
Patient1
- Our findings also suggest TET activity as a biomarker for predicting the efficacy of and patient response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, and stimulation of TET activity as an adjuvant immunotherapy of solid tumors. (jci.org)
Measures2
- The only way in which absolute measures of efficacy have been obtained is by single ion channel analysis of ligand gated ion channels. (wikipedia.org)
- In this research, measures of adaptive efficacy and coping are compared with the aim of examining the extent to which they reflect similar aspects of the general functioning of individuals. (bvsalud.org)
Mice1
- Conversely, stimulating TET activity by systematic injection of its cofactor ascorbate/vitamin C increased chemokines and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, leading to enhanced antitumor immunity and anti-PD-L1 efficacy and extended lifespan of tumor-bearing mice. (jci.org)
Commonly2
- This network meta-analysis found that the antibiotics commonly used to treat lower UTI are similar in efficacy, with one exception: amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin) is significantly less effective than the others. (aafp.org)
- Poor organizational efficacy can be caused by several things, most commonly a lack of labor, a lack of knowledge, or a lack of senior executive buy-in and direction. (moz.com)
Show1
- John Hattie, Douglas Fisher, Nancy Frey and Shirley Clarke show how we can help kids develop as independent and inter-dependent learners through Collective Student Efficacy. (middleweb.com)
Lower2
- others that received a lower dose at the beginning of the trial showed up to 90-odd percent efficacy, which is all very good. (thenakedscientists.com)
- Efficacy is the capacity to produce an effect (eg, lower blood pressure). (msdmanuals.com)
Percent1
- Surgical masks came in second, with an efficacy of 66 percent. (tampabay.com)
Time1
- With other variables constant, and with one exception (iodophors), the more concentrated the disinfectant, the greater its efficacy and the shorter the time necessary to achieve microbial kill. (cdc.gov)