The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.
Paired respiratory organs of fishes and some amphibians that are analogous to lungs. They are richly supplied with blood vessels by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged directly with the environment.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
A family of marine mollusks in the class BIVALVIA, commonly known as oysters. They have a rough irregular shell closed by a single adductor muscle.
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
Water containing no significant amounts of salts, such as water from RIVERS and LAKES.
The study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of organisms which inhabit the OCEANS AND SEAS.
DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Degree of saltiness, which is largely the OSMOLAR CONCENTRATION of SODIUM CHLORIDE plus any other SALTS present. It is an ecological factor of considerable importance, influencing the types of organisms that live in an ENVIRONMENT.
A genus of VIBRIONACEAE, made up of short, slightly curved, motile, gram-negative rods. Various species produce cholera and other gastrointestinal disorders as well as abortion in sheep and cattle.
A great expanse of continuous bodies of salt water which together cover more than 70 percent of the earth's surface. Seas may be partially or entirely enclosed by land, and are smaller than the five oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic).
Adaptation to a new environment or to a change in the old.
A group of the proteobacteria comprised of facultatively anaerobic and fermentative gram-negative bacteria.
The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.
A family in the order Rhodobacterales, class ALPHAPROTEOBACTERIA.
Family of small, surface-dwelling fish that inhabit fresh and brackish waters, and coastal marine areas.
A class in the phylum MOLLUSCA comprised of mussels; clams; OYSTERS; COCKLES; and SCALLOPS. They are characterized by a bilaterally symmetrical hinged shell and a muscular foot used for burrowing and anchoring.
A family of bacteria in the order Sphingobacteriales, class Sphingobacteria. They are gram-negative rods, mostly saprophytic in terrestrial and aquatic habitats.
A class in the phylum CNIDARIA, comprised mostly of corals and anemones. All members occur only as polyps; the medusa stage is completely absent.
Anguilla is not a term with a widely accepted medical definition; however, it is the scientific name for the freshwater eel species, and if used in a medical context, it may refer to a rare condition called Anguillula nephria, which is an intestinal infection caused by a roundworm.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Pacific Ocean" is a geographical term referring to the largest ocean in the world, covering an area of about 63,800,000 square miles (165,200,000 square kilometers), and it is not a medical term.
Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
Common name for an order (Anguilliformes) of voracious, elongate, snakelike teleost fishes.
The balance of fluid in the BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS; total BODY WATER; BLOOD VOLUME; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; INTRACELLULAR SPACE, maintained by processes in the body that regulate the intake and excretion of WATER and ELECTROLYTES, particularly SODIUM and POTASSIUM.
A class in the phylum PROTEOBACTERIA comprised mostly of two major phenotypes: purple non-sulfur bacteria and aerobic bacteriochlorophyll-containing bacteria.
A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.
A commercially important species of SALMON in the family SALMONIDAE, order SALMONIFORMES, which occurs in the North Atlantic.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Cultivation of natural faunal resources of water. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).
The processes by which organisms utilize organic substances as their nutrient sources. Contrasts with AUTOTROPHIC PROCESSES which make use of simple inorganic substances as the nutrient supply source. Heterotrophs can be either chemoheterotrophs (or chemoorganotrophs) which also require organic substances such as glucose for their primary metabolic energy requirements, or photoheterotrophs (or photoorganotrophs) which derive their primary energy requirements from light. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (AUTOTROPHY; heterotrophy; chemotrophy; or PHOTOTROPHY) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrients and energy requirements.
The continent lying around the South Pole and the southern waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. It includes the Falkland Islands Dependencies. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p55)
A freshwater fish used as an experimental organism and for food. This genus of the family Cichlidae (CICHLIDS) inhabits Central and South America (one species extends north into Texas), West Indies, Africa, Madagascar, Syria, and coastal India.
*Medically unexceptional, the Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental body of water that separates Southern Europe from Northern Africa and the Middle East, infamous for historical epidemics like plague, which have significantly shaped human health history.*
Community of tiny aquatic PLANTS and ANIMALS, and photosynthetic BACTERIA, that are either free-floating or suspended in the water, with little or no power of locomotion. They are divided into PHYTOPLANKTON and ZOOPLANKTON.
Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Aquatic invertebrates belonging to the phylum MOLLUSCA or the subphylum CRUSTACEA, and used as food.
Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.
Genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the RNA which is incorporated into RIBOSOMES. Prokaryotic rRNA genes are usually found in OPERONS dispersed throughout the GENOME, whereas eukaryotic rRNA genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
Adverse effect upon bodies of water (LAKES; RIVERS; seas; groundwater etc.) caused by CHEMICAL WATER POLLUTANTS.
Contamination of bodies of water (such as LAKES; RIVERS; SEAS; and GROUNDWATER.)
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
Flagellate EUKARYOTES, found mainly in the oceans. They are characterized by the presence of transverse and longitudinal flagella which propel the organisms in a rotating manner through the water. Dinoflagellida were formerly members of the class Phytomastigophorea under the old five kingdom paradigm.
A genus of oysters in the family OSTREIDAE, class BIVALVIA.
A species of bacteria found in the marine environment, sea foods, and the feces of patients with acute enteritis.
A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.
Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.
Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in PLANTS; ANIMALS or micro-organisms.
Former kingdom, located on Korea Peninsula between Sea of Japan and Yellow Sea on east coast of Asia. In 1948, the kingdom ceased and two independent countries were formed, divided by the 38th parallel.
A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A superorder of CEPHALOPODS comprised of squid, cuttlefish, and their relatives. Their distinguishing feature is the modification of their fourth pair of arms into tentacles, resulting in 10 limbs.
Marine ridges composed of living CORALS, coral skeletons, calcareous algae, and other organisms, mixed with minerals and organic matter. They are found most commonly in tropical waters and support other animal and plant life.
A family of marine, gram-negative PROTEOBACTERIA including the genera ALTEROMONAS; Colwellia; Idiomarina; MARINOBACTER; MORITELLA; PSEUDOALTEROMONAS; and SHEWANELLA.
Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants.
Infections with bacteria of the genus VIBRIO.
Process by which unwanted microbial, plant or animal materials or organisms accumulate on man-made surfaces.
An area of water mostly surrounded by land, usually smaller than a gulf, and affording access to the sea.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
An infraorder of chiefly marine, largely carnivorous CRUSTACEA, in the order DECAPODA, including the genera Cancer, Uca, and Callinectes.
Proteins obtained from species of fish (FISHES).
One of the three domains of life (the others being BACTERIA and ARCHAEA), also called Eukarya. These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. They comprise almost all multicellular and many unicellular organisms, and are traditionally divided into groups (sometimes called kingdoms) including ANIMALS; PLANTS; FUNGI; and various algae and other taxa that were previously part of the old kingdom Protista.
Chemical compounds which pollute the water of rivers, streams, lakes, the sea, reservoirs, or other bodies of water.
Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Pollutants, present in water or bodies of water, which exhibit radioactivity.
A species of halophilic bacteria in the genus VIBRIO, which lives in warm SEAWATER. It can cause infections in those who eat raw contaminated seafood or have open wounds exposed to seawater.
Common name for two families of FLATFISHES belonging to the order Pleuronectiformes: left-eye flounders (Bothidae) and right-eye flounders (Pleuronectidae). The latter is more commonly used in research.
Hydrocarbon rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.
A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria in the family FLAVOBACTERIACEAE. Tenacibaculum adheres to surfaces of marine organisms and is pathogenic to fish.
The phylum of sponges which are sessile, suspension-feeding, multicellular animals that utilize flagellated cells called choanocytes to circulate water. Most are hermaphroditic. They are probably an early evolutionary side branch that gave rise to no other group of animals. Except for about 150 freshwater species, sponges are marine animals. They are a source of ALKALOIDS; STEROLS; and other complex molecules useful in medicine and biological research.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Svalbard" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition; it is a geographical location, an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean, north of Norway.
Refuse liquid or waste matter carried off by sewers.
A phylum of bacteria comprised of three classes: Bacteroides, Flavobacteria, and Sphingobacteria.
A genus of GRAM-NEGATIVE AEROBIC BACTERIA of marine origin. Many species were formerly classified under ALTEROMONAS.
A phylum of the kingdom Metazoa. Mollusca have soft, unsegmented bodies with an anterior head, a dorsal visceral mass, and a ventral foot. Most are encased in a protective calcareous shell. It includes the classes GASTROPODA; BIVALVIA; CEPHALOPODA; Aplacophora; Scaphopoda; Polyplacophora; and Monoplacophora.
A process of separating particulate matter from a fluid, such as air or a liquid, by passing the fluid carrier through a medium that will not pass the particulates. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A genus of marine mussels in the family MYTILIDAE, class BIVALVIA. The species MYTILUS EDULIS is the highly edible common mussel.
Free-floating minute organisms that are photosynthetic. The term is non-taxonomic and refers to a lifestyle (energy utilization and motility), rather than a particular type of organism. Most, but not all, are unicellular algae. Important groups include DIATOMS; DINOFLAGELLATES; CYANOBACTERIA; CHLOROPHYTA; HAPTOPHYTA; CRYPTOMONADS; and silicoflagellates.
Sulfur compounds in which the sulfur atom is attached to three organic radicals and an electronegative element or radical.
A group of substances similar to VITAMIN K 1 which contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinione and an isoprenoid side chain of varying number of isoprene units. In vitamin K 2, each isoprene unit contains a double bond. They are produced by bacteria including the normal intestinal flora.
The inanimate matter of Earth, the structures and properties of this matter, and the processes that affect it.
Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.
Fish of the genera ONCORHYNCHUS and Salmo in the family SALMONIDAE. They are anadromous game fish, frequenting the coastal waters of both the North Atlantic and Pacific. They are known for their gameness as a sport fish and for the quality of their flesh as a table fish. (Webster, 3d ed).
A phylum of small sessile aquatic animals living as small tufted colonies. Some appear like hydroids or corals, but their internal structure is more advanced. Most bryozoans are matlike, forming thin encrustations on rocks, shells, or kelp. (Storer & Stebbins, General Zoology, 6th ed, p443)
Process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by the physiologic deposit of calcium salts.
Small oviparous fishes in the family Cyprinodontidae, usually striped or barred black. They are much used in mosquito control.
Organisms that live in water.
A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.
An enzyme that catalyzes the active transport system of sodium and potassium ions across the cell wall. Sodium and potassium ions are closely coupled with membrane ATPase which undergoes phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, thereby providing energy for transport of these ions against concentration gradients.
Common name for the order Pleuronectiformes. A very distinctive group in that during development they become asymmetrical, i.e., one eye migrates to lie adjacent to the other. They swim on the eyeless side. FLOUNDER, sole, and turbot, along with several others, are included in this order.
Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.
An order of mostly marine CRUSTACEA containing more than 5500 species in over 100 families. Like ISOPODA, the other large order in the superorder Peracarida, members are shrimp-like in appearance, have sessile compound eyes, and no carapace. But unlike Isopoda, they possess thoracic gills and their bodies are laterally compressed.
A genus of gram-negative gliding bacteria found in SOIL; HUMUS; and FRESHWATER and marine habitats.
The ability of organisms to sense and adapt to high concentrations of salt in their growth environment.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Somewhat flattened, globular echinoderms, having thin, brittle shells of calcareous plates. They are useful models for studying FERTILIZATION and EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT.
Substances or organisms which pollute the water or bodies of water. Use for water pollutants in general or those for which there is no specific heading.
Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.
The science that deals with the ocean and its phenomena. (Webster, 3d ed)
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Various fish of the family SALMONIDAE, usually smaller than salmon. They are mostly restricted to cool clear freshwater. Some are anadromous. They are highly regarded for their handsome colors, rich well-flavored flesh, and gameness as an angling fish. The genera Salvelinus, Salmo, and ONCORHYNCHUS have been introduced virtually throughout the world.
The Arctic Ocean and the lands in it and adjacent to it. It includes Point Barrow, Alaska, most of the Franklin District in Canada, two thirds of Greenland, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Lapland, Novaya Zemlya, and Northern Siberia. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p66)
A class of marine annelids including sandworms, tube worms, clamworms, and fire worms. It includes also the genus Myxicola infundibulum.
Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.
Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Hot springs on the ocean floor. They are commonly found near volcanically active places such as mid-oceanic ridges.
A primitive form of digestive gland found in marine ARTHROPODS, that contains cells similar to those found in the mammalian liver (HEPATOCYTES), and the PANCREAS.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Atlantic Ocean" is a geographical term referring to one of the world's five oceans, covering approximately 20% of the Earth's surface and separating the continents of Europe and Africa to the east from those of North and South America to the west. It doesn't have a direct medical definition, as it is not a medical term.
Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.
A body of water covering approximately one-fifth of the total ocean area of the earth, extending amidst Africa in the west, Australia in the east, Asia in the north, and Antarctica in the south. Including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, it constitutes the third largest ocean after the ATLANTIC OCEAN and the PACIFIC OCEAN. (New Encyclopaedia Britannica Micropaedia, 15th ed, 1990, p289)
The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.
The hard rigid covering of animals including MOLLUSCS; TURTLES; INSECTS; and crustaceans.
Plants of the division Rhodophyta, commonly known as red algae, in which the red pigment (PHYCOERYTHRIN) predominates. However, if this pigment is destroyed, the algae can appear purple, brown, green, or yellow. Two important substances found in the cell walls of red algae are AGAR and CARRAGEENAN. Some rhodophyta are notable SEAWEED (macroalgae).
The capital is Seoul. The country, established September 9, 1948, is located on the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. Its northern border is shared with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
Spectrophotometric techniques by which the absorption or emmision spectra of radiation from atoms are produced and analyzed.
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that occurs in the natural environment (soil, water, and plant surfaces) or as an opportunistic human pathogen.
The flow of water in enviromental bodies of water such as rivers, oceans, water supplies, aquariums, etc. It includes currents, tides, and waves.
A genus of SEA URCHINS in the family Arbaciidae. They have only one spheridium (stalked body) per ambulacral area (contains tube feet); most sea urchins have several spheridia per area.
A genus of gram-negative, straight or curved rods which are motile by means of a single, polar flagellum. Members of this genus are found in coastal waters and the open ocean. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon atoms, forming the basis of classes such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons, which play a vital role in energy production and chemical synthesis.
The common name for the phylum of microscopic unicellular STRAMENOPILES. Most are aquatic, being found in fresh, brackish, and salt water. Diatoms are noted for the symmetry and sculpturing of their siliceous cell walls. They account for 40% of PHYTOPLANKTON, but not all diatoms are planktonic.

Marine vibrios associated with superficial septic lesions. (1/4531)

Three cases are reported in which a marine vibrio, Vibrio alginolyticus, was isolated from superficial septic lesions. All cases had been exposed to sea-water. The possible significane of these findings and the need for further investigations are discussed.  (+info)

Growth characteristics of Heterosigma akashiwo virus and its possible use as a microbiological agent for red tide control. (2/4531)

The growth characteristics of Heterosigma akashiwo virus clone 01 (HaV01) were examined by performing a one-step growth experiment. The virus had a latent period of 30 to 33 h and a burst size of 7.7 x 10(2) lysis-causing units in an infected cell. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the virus particles formed on the peripheries of viroplasms, as observed in a natural H. akashiwo cell. Inoculation of HaV01 into a mixed algal culture containing four phytoplankton species, H. akashiwo H93616, Chattonella antiqua (a member of the family Raphidophyceae), Heterocapsa triquetra (a member of the family Dinophyceae), and Ditylum brightwellii (a member of the family Bacillariophyceae), resulted in selective growth inhibition of H. akashiwo. Inoculation of HaV01 and H. akashiwo H93616 into a natural seawater sample produced similar results. However, a natural H. akashiwo red tide sample did not exhibit any conspicuous sensitivity to HaV01, presumably because of the great diversity of the host species with respect to virus infection. The growth characteristics of the lytic virus infecting the noxious harmful algal bloom-causing alga were considered, and the possibility of using this virus as a microbiological agent against H. akashiwo red tides is discussed.  (+info)

Effects of salinity and temperature on long-term survival of the eel pathogen Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 (serovar E). (3/4531)

Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 (serovar E) is a primary eel pathogen. In this study, we performed long-term survival experiments to investigate whether the aquatic ecosystem can be a reservoir for this bacterium. We have used microcosms containing water of different salinities (ranging from 0.3 to 3.8%) maintained at three temperatures (12, 25, and 30 degrees C). Temperature and salinity significantly affected long-term survival: (i) the optimal salinity for survival was 1.5%; (ii) lower salinities reduced survival, although they were nonlethal; and (ii) the optimal temperature for survival was dependent on the salinity (25 degrees C for microcosms at 0.3 and 0.5% and 12 degrees C for microcosms at 1.5 to 3.8%). In the absence of salts, culturability dropped to zero in a few days, without evidence of cellular lysis. Under optimal conditions of salinity and temperature, the bacterium was able to survive in the free-living form for at least 3 years. The presence of a capsule on the bacterial cell seemed to confer an advantage, since the long-term survival rate of opaque variants was significantly higher than that of translucent ones. Long-term-starved cells maintained their infectivity for eels (as determined by both intraperitoneal and immersion challenges) and mice. Examination under the microscope showed that (i) the capsule was maintained, (ii) the cell size decreased, (iii) the rod shape changed to coccuslike along the time of starvation, and (iv) membrane vesicles and extracellular material were occasionally produced. In conclusion, V. vulnificus biotype 2 follows a survival strategy similar to that of biotype 1 of this species in response to starvation conditions in water. Moreover, the aquatic ecosystem is one of its reservoirs.  (+info)

Isolation of Vibrio vulnificus serovar E from aquatic habitats in Taiwan. (4/4531)

The existence of strains of Vibrio vulnificus serovar E that are avirulent for eels is reported in this work. These isolates were recovered from water and oysters and differed from eel virulent strains in (i) fermentation and utilization of mannitol, (ii) ribotyping after HindIII digestion, and (iii) susceptibility to eel serum. Lipopolysaccharide of these strains lacked the highest molecular weight immunoreactive bands, which are probably involved in serum resistance.  (+info)

Prochlorococcus, a marine photosynthetic prokaryote of global significance. (5/4531)

The minute photosynthetic prokaryote Prochlorococcus, which was discovered about 10 years ago, has proven exceptional from several standpoints. Its tiny size (0.5 to 0.7 microm in diameter) makes it the smallest known photosynthetic organism. Its ubiquity within the 40 degrees S to 40 degrees N latitudinal band of oceans and its occurrence at high density from the surface down to depths of 200 m make it presumably the most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth. Prochlorococcus typically divides once a day in the subsurface layer of oligotrophic areas, where it dominates the photosynthetic biomass. It also possesses a remarkable pigment complement which includes divinyl derivatives of chlorophyll a (Chl a) and Chl b, the so-called Chl a2 and Chl b2, and, in some strains, small amounts of a new type of phycoerythrin. Phylogenetically, Prochlorococcus has also proven fascinating. Recent studies suggest that it evolved from an ancestral cyanobacterium by reducing its cell and genome sizes and by recruiting a protein originally synthesized under conditions of iron depletion to build a reduced antenna system as a replacement for large phycobilisomes. Environmental constraints clearly played a predominant role in Prochlorococcus evolution. Its tiny size is an advantage for its adaptation to nutrient-deprived environments. Furthermore, genetically distinct ecotypes, with different antenna systems and ecophysiological characteristics, are present at depth and in surface waters. This vertical species variation has allowed Prochlorococcus to adapt to the natural light gradient occurring in the upper layer of oceans. The present review critically assesses the basic knowledge acquired about Prochlorococcus both in the ocean and in the laboratory.  (+info)

Different prevalences of Renibacterium salmoninarum detected by ELISA in Alaskan chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha spawned from freshwater and seawater. (6/4531)

Soluble antigen of Renibacterium salmoninarum (Rs) was detected by a polyclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at significantly higher prevalences in adult chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha that matured in freshwater than in the same cohort of fish spawned after maturation in seawater. The cumulative results were consistent during 4 yr of comparison at the Little Port Walter Hatchery on Baranof Island, Alaska, USA. Possible causes for this difference are discussed. Maturation of chinook salmon broodstock in seawater has become a practical strategy at this hatchery to reduce the prevalence of Rs-positive parent fish and the numbers of culled eggs.  (+info)

Presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in sand from bathing beaches. (7/4531)

The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. in sand from non-EEC standard and EEC standard designated beaches in different locations in the UK and to assess if potentially pathogenic strains were present. Campylobacter spp. were detected in 82/182 (45%) of sand samples and Salmonella spp. in 10/182 (6%). Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 46/92 (50%) of samples from non-EEC standard beaches and 36/90 (40%) from EEC standard beaches. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was greater in wet sand from both types of beaches but, surprisingly, more than 30% of samples from dry sand also contained these organisms. The major pathogenic species C. jejuni and C. coli were more prevalent in sand from non-EEC standard beaches. In contrast, C. lari and urease positive thermophilic campylobacters, which are associated with seagulls and other migratory birds, were more prevalent in sand from EEC standard beaches. Campylobacter isolates were further characterized by biotyping and serotyping, which confirmed that strains known to be of types associated with human infections were frequently found in sand on bathing beaches.  (+info)

Combined microautoradiography-16S rRNA probe technique for determination of radioisotope uptake by specific microbial cell types in situ. (8/4531)

We propose a novel method for studying the function of specific microbial groups in situ. Since natural microbial communities are dynamic both in composition and in activities, we argue that the microbial "black box" should not be regarded as homogeneous. Our technique breaks down this black box with group-specific fluorescent 16S rRNA probes and simultaneously determines 3H-substrate uptake by each of the subgroups present via microautoradiography (MAR). Total direct counting, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and MAR are combined on a single slide to determine (i) the percentages of different subgroups in a community, (ii) the percentage of total cells in a community that take up a radioactively labeled substance, and (iii) the distribution of uptake within each subgroup. The method was verified with pure cultures. In addition, in situ uptake by members of the alpha subdivision of the class Proteobacteria (alpha-Proteobacteria) and of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group obtained off the California coast and labeled with fluorescent oligonucleotide probes for these subgroups showed that not only do these organisms account for a large portion of the picoplankton community in the sample examined ( approximately 60% of the universal probe-labeled cells and approximately 50% of the total direct counts), but they also are significant in the uptake of dissolved amino acids in situ. Nearly 90% of the total cells and 80% of the cells belonging to the alpha-Proteobacteria and Cytophaga-Flavobacterium groups were detectable as active organisms in amino acid uptake tests. We suggest a name for our triple-labeling technique, substrate-tracking autoradiographic fluorescent in situ hybridization (STARFISH), which should aid in the "dissection" of microbial communities by type and function.  (+info)

Seawater is not a medical term, but it is a type of water that covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface. Medically, seawater can be relevant in certain contexts, such as in discussions of marine biology, environmental health, or water safety. Seawater has a high salt content, with an average salinity of around 3.5%, which is much higher than that of freshwater. This makes it unsuitable for drinking or irrigation without desalination.

Exposure to seawater can also have medical implications, such as in cases of immersion injuries, marine envenomations, or waterborne illnesses. However, there is no single medical definition of seawater.

Gills are specialized respiratory organs found in many aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, and some mollusks. They are typically thin, feathery structures that increase the surface area for gas exchange between the water and the animal's bloodstream. Gills extract oxygen from water while simultaneously expelling carbon dioxide.

In fish, gills are located in the gill chamber, which is covered by opercula or protective bony flaps. Water enters through the mouth, flows over the gills, and exits through the opercular openings. The movement of water over the gills allows for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the gill filaments and lamellae, which are the thin plates where gas exchange occurs.

Gills contain a rich supply of blood vessels, allowing for efficient transport of oxygen to the body's tissues and removal of carbon dioxide. The counter-current flow of water and blood in the gills ensures that the concentration gradient between the water and the blood is maximized, enhancing the efficiency of gas exchange.

Water microbiology is not a formal medical term, but rather a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms found in water. It involves the identification, enumeration, and characterization of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microscopic organisms present in water sources such as lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater.

In a medical context, water microbiology is relevant to public health because it helps to assess the safety of water supplies for human consumption and recreational activities. It also plays a critical role in understanding and preventing waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that can lead to illnesses such as diarrhea, skin infections, and respiratory problems.

Water microbiologists use various techniques to study water microorganisms, including culturing, microscopy, genetic analysis, and biochemical tests. They also investigate the ecology of these organisms, their interactions with other species, and their response to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.

Overall, water microbiology is a vital field that helps ensure the safety of our water resources and protects public health.

Ostreidae is a family of marine bivalve mollusks, commonly known as oysters. These are characterized by a laterally compressed, asymmetrical shell with a rough, scaly or barnacle-encrusted exterior and a smooth, often highly colored interior. The shells are held together by a hinge ligament and the animals use a powerful adductor muscle to close the shell.

Oysters are filter feeders, using their gills to extract plankton and organic particles from the water. They are important ecologically, as they help to filter and clean the water in which they live. Some species are also economically important as a source of food for humans, with the meat being eaten both raw and cooked in various dishes.

It's worth noting that Ostreidae is just one family within the larger grouping of oysters, known as the superfamily Ostreoidea. Other families within this superfamily include the pearl oysters (Pteriidae) and the saddle oysters (Anomiidae).

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are complex structures inside cells where protein synthesis occurs. The "16S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of the rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its size and shape. In particular, 16S rRNA is a component of the smaller subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (found in bacteria and archaea), and is often used as a molecular marker for identifying and classifying these organisms due to its relative stability and conservation among species. The sequence of 16S rRNA can be compared across different species to determine their evolutionary relationships and taxonomic positions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Fresh Water" is not a medical term. It is a term used to describe water that contains low concentrations of dissolved salts and other dissolved minerals. It is distinguished from saline water, which includes saltwater found in the ocean and brackish water found in estuaries. Fresh water is essential for many biological processes and is the primary source of water for human consumption, agriculture, and industrial use.

I apologize for the confusion, but "Marine Biology" is not a medical term. Instead, it is a branch of biology that deals with the study of marine organisms, their behaviors, and their interactions with the marine environment. Marine biologists investigate various aspects of marine life, such as the ecology, physiology, and genetics of marine plants, animals, and microorganisms. They also study the impact of human activities on marine ecosystems and work towards conservation efforts to protect these environments.

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) refers to the specific regions of DNA in a cell that contain the genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Ribosomes are complex structures composed of proteins and rRNA, which play a crucial role in protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins.

In humans, there are four types of rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S, and 5S. These rRNAs are encoded by multiple copies of rDNA genes that are organized in clusters on specific chromosomes. In humans, the majority of rDNA genes are located on the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22.

Each cluster of rDNA genes contains both transcribed and non-transcribed spacer regions. The transcribed regions contain the genes for the four types of rRNA, while the non-transcribed spacers contain regulatory elements that control the transcription of the rRNA genes.

The number of rDNA copies varies between species and even within individuals of the same species. The copy number can also change during development and in response to environmental factors. Variations in rDNA copy number have been associated with various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Salinity is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in general terms, salinity refers to the level of salt or sodium content in a substance, usually measured in parts per thousand (ppt). In a medical context, salinity might be discussed in relation to things like the body's fluid balance or the composition of certain bodily fluids, such as sweat or tears.

It is worth noting that in some cases, high salinity levels can have negative effects on health. For example, consuming water with very high salt content can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, which can be dangerous. Similarly, exposure to high-salinity environments (such as seawater) can cause skin irritation and other problems in some people. However, these are not direct medical definitions of salinity.

"Vibrio" is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, curved-rod bacteria that are commonly found in marine and freshwater environments. Some species of Vibrio can cause diseases in humans, the most notable being Vibrio cholerae, which is the causative agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal illness. Other pathogenic species include Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which can cause gastrointestinal or wound infections. These bacteria are often transmitted through contaminated food or water and can lead to serious health complications, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oceans and Seas" are not medical terms. Generally speaking, an ocean is a large body of saltwater that covers a majority of the Earth's surface, and a sea is a smaller body of saltwater that may be partially enclosed by land. However, if you have any questions related to marine biology or environmental science, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Acclimatization is the process by which an individual organism adjusts to a change in its environment, enabling it to maintain its normal physiological functions and thus survive and reproduce. In the context of medicine, acclimatization often refers to the body's adaptation to changes in temperature, altitude, or other environmental factors that can affect health.

For example, when a person moves from a low-altitude area to a high-altitude area, their body may undergo several physiological changes to adapt to the reduced availability of oxygen at higher altitudes. These changes may include increased breathing rate and depth, increased heart rate, and altered blood chemistry, among others. This process of acclimatization can take several days or even weeks, depending on the individual and the degree of environmental change.

Similarly, when a person moves from a cold climate to a hot climate, their body may adjust by increasing its sweat production and reducing its heat production, in order to maintain a stable body temperature. This process of acclimatization can help prevent heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

Overall, acclimatization is an important physiological process that allows organisms to adapt to changing environments and maintain their health and well-being.

Gammaproteobacteria is a class of proteobacteria, a group of Gram-negative bacteria. This class includes several important pathogens that can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants. Some examples of Gammaproteobacteria include Escherichia coli (a common cause of food poisoning), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections), Vibrio cholerae (the causative agent of cholera), and Yersinia pestis (the bacterium that causes plague).

Gammaproteobacteria are characterized by their single flagellum, which is used for motility, and their outer membrane, which contains lipopolysaccharides that can elicit an immune response in host organisms. They are found in a wide range of environments, including soil, water, and the guts of animals. Some species are capable of fixing nitrogen, making them important contributors to nutrient cycling in ecosystems.

It's worth noting that while Gammaproteobacteria includes many pathogenic species, the majority of proteobacteria are not harmful and play important roles in various ecological systems.

Base composition in genetics refers to the relative proportion of the four nucleotide bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine) in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine, so the base composition is often expressed in terms of the ratio of adenine + thymine (A-T) to guanine + cytosine (G-C). This ratio can vary between species and even between different regions of the same genome. The base composition can provide important clues about the function, evolution, and structure of genetic material.

Rhodobacteraceae is a family of purple nonsulfur bacteria within the class Alphaproteobacteria. These bacteria are gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic or aerobic, and can perform photosynthesis under appropriate conditions. They are widely distributed in various environments such as freshwater, marine, and terrestrial habitats. Some members of this family are capable of nitrogen fixation, denitrification, and sulfur oxidation. They play important roles in biogeochemical cycles and have potential applications in wastewater treatment and bioenergy production.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Fundulidae" is not a medical term. It is actually a family of fish that belongs to the order Cyprinodontiformes. Fundulidae includes killifishes, which are small, often colorful fish found in fresh and brackish waters of North and Central America.

Bivalvia is a class of mollusks, also known as "pelecypods," that have a laterally compressed body and two shells or valves. These valves are hinged together on one side and can be opened and closed to allow the animal to feed or withdraw into its shell for protection.

Bivalves include clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, and numerous other species. They are characterized by their simple body structure, which consists of a muscular foot used for burrowing or anchoring, a soft mantle that secretes the shell, and gills that serve both as respiratory organs and feeding structures.

Bivalves play an important role in aquatic ecosystems as filter feeders, helping to maintain water quality by removing particles and organic matter from the water column. They are also commercially important as a source of food for humans and other animals, and their shells have been used historically for various purposes such as tools, jewelry, and building materials.

Flavobacteriaceae is a family of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria within the phylum Bacteroidetes. These bacteria are typically found in aquatic environments and can also be isolated from soil, plants, and animals, including humans. They are known for their ability to produce yellow-pigmented colonies, which give them their name (flavo- meaning "yellow" in Latin). Flavobacteriaceae are metabolically diverse, with some species capable of breaking down complex organic matter and others that can cause disease in animals and plants. In humans, certain species within this family have been associated with opportunistic infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Anthozoa is a major class of marine animals, which are exclusively aquatic and almost entirely restricted to shallow waters. They are classified within the phylum Cnidaria, which also includes corals, jellyfish, sea anemones, and hydroids. Anthozoans are characterized by their lack of medusa stage in their life cycle, as they exist solely as polyps.

This class is divided into two main subclasses: Hexacorallia (also known as Zoantharia) and Octocorallia (also known as Alcyonaria). The primary differences between these subclasses lie in the structure of their polyps and the composition of their skeletons.

1. Hexacorallia: These are commonly referred to as 'stony' or 'hard' corals, due to their calcium carbonate-based skeletons. They have a simple polyp structure with six-fold symmetry (hence the name Hexacorallia), featuring 6 tentacles around the mouth opening. Examples of Hexacorallia include reef-building corals, sea fans, and black corals.
2. Octocorallia: These are also called 'soft' corals or 'leather' corals because they lack a calcium carbonate skeleton. Instead, their supporting structures consist of proteins and other organic compounds. Octocorallia polyps exhibit eight-fold symmetry (hence the name Octocorallia), with eight tentacles around the mouth opening. Examples of Octocorallia include sea fans, sea whips, and blue corals.

Anthozoa species are primarily found in tropical and subtropical oceans, but some can be found in colder, deeper waters as well. They play a crucial role in marine ecosystems by providing habitats and shelter for various other marine organisms, particularly on coral reefs. Additionally, they contribute to the formation of limestone deposits through their calcium carbonate-based skeletons.

"Anguilla" is a term that refers to a type of fish, rather than something related to medicine or human health. It is a species of eel that belongs to the Anguillidae family. Therefore, there is no medical definition for "Anguilla."

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Pacific Ocean" is a geographical term referring to the largest single body of saltwater on Earth, extending from the Arctic in the north to the Antarctic in the south. It covers an area of about 63,800,000 square miles (165,200,000 square kilometers).

If you're looking for a medical term or definition, I'd be happy to help with that as well. Could you please provide more context?

Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found in rocks and in the shells of many marine animals. As a mineral, it is known as calcite or aragonite.

In the medical field, calcium carbonate is often used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It is also commonly used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of heartburn, acid reflux, and indigestion.

Calcium carbonate works by reacting with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to form water, carbon dioxide, and calcium chloride. This reaction helps to raise the pH level in the stomach and neutralize excess acid.

It is important to note that excessive use of calcium carbonate can lead to hypercalcemia, a condition characterized by high levels of calcium in the blood, which can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, confusion, and muscle weakness. Therefore, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.

Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.

"Eels" is not a term that has a medical definition. It refers to a type of long, snake-like fish that belong to the order Anguilliformes. There are several species of eels found in fresh and saltwater environments around the world. While there may be some references to "eels" in a medical context, such as in the name of certain medical conditions or procedures, these would be specific and unrelated to the fish themselves.

Water-electrolyte balance refers to the regulation of water and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate) in the body to maintain homeostasis. This is crucial for various bodily functions such as nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, fluid balance, and pH regulation. The body maintains this balance through mechanisms that control water intake, excretion, and electrolyte concentration in various body fluids like blood and extracellular fluid. Disruptions in water-electrolyte balance can lead to dehydration or overhydration, and imbalances in electrolytes can cause conditions such as hyponatremia (low sodium levels) or hyperkalemia (high potassium levels).

Alphaproteobacteria is a class of proteobacteria, a group of gram-negative bacteria. This class includes a diverse range of bacterial species that can be found in various environments, such as soil, water, and the surfaces of plants and animals. Some notable members of Alphaproteobacteria include the nitrogen-fixing bacteria Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium, which form symbiotic relationships with the roots of leguminous plants, as well as the pathogenic bacteria Rickettsia, which are responsible for causing diseases such as typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

The Alphaproteobacteria class is further divided into several orders, including Rhizobiales, Rhodobacterales, and Caulobacterales. These orders contain a variety of bacterial species that have different characteristics and ecological roles. For example, members of the order Rhizobiales are known for their ability to fix nitrogen, while members of the order Rhodobacterales include photosynthetic bacteria that can use light as an energy source.

Overall, Alphaproteobacteria is a diverse and important group of bacteria that play various roles in the environment and in the health of plants and animals.

Sodium Chloride is defined as the inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. It is commonly known as table salt or halite, and it is used extensively in food seasoning and preservation due to its ability to enhance flavor and inhibit bacterial growth. In medicine, sodium chloride is used as a balanced electrolyte solution for rehydration and as a topical wound irrigant and antiseptic. It is also an essential component of the human body's fluid balance and nerve impulse transmission.

"Salmo salar" is the scientific name for the Atlantic salmon, which is a species of ray-finned fish belonging to the family Salmonidae. This anadromous fish is born in freshwater, migrates to the sea as a juvenile, then returns to freshwater to reproduce. The Atlantic salmon is highly valued for its nutritional content and is a popular choice for food worldwide. It's also an important species for recreational fishing and aquaculture.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

Aquaculture is the controlled cultivation and farming of aquatic organisms, such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants, in both freshwater and saltwater environments. It involves the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of these organisms under controlled conditions to produce food, feed, recreational resources, and other products for human use. Aquaculture can take place in a variety of systems, including ponds, raceways, tanks, and cages, and it is an important source of protein and livelihoods for many people around the world.

"Fish diseases" is a broad term that refers to various health conditions and infections affecting fish populations in aquaculture, ornamental fish tanks, or wild aquatic environments. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors such as water quality, temperature, and stress.

Some common examples of fish diseases include:

1. Bacterial diseases: Examples include furunculosis (caused by Aeromonas salmonicida), columnaris disease (caused by Flavobacterium columnare), and enteric septicemia of catfish (caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri).

2. Viral diseases: Examples include infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in salmonids, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), and koi herpesvirus (KHV).

3. Fungal diseases: Examples include saprolegniasis (caused by Saprolegnia spp.) and cotton wool disease (caused by Aphanomyces spp.).

4. Parasitic diseases: Examples include ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich), costia, trichodina, and various worm infestations such as anchor worms (Lernaea spp.) and tapeworms (Diphyllobothrium spp.).

5. Environmental diseases: These are caused by poor water quality, temperature stress, or other environmental factors that weaken the fish's immune system and make them more susceptible to infections. Examples include osmoregulatory disorders, ammonia toxicity, and low dissolved oxygen levels.

It is essential to diagnose and treat fish diseases promptly to prevent their spread among fish populations and maintain healthy aquatic ecosystems. Preventative measures such as proper sanitation, water quality management, biosecurity practices, and vaccination can help reduce the risk of fish diseases in both farmed and ornamental fish settings.

Heterotrophic processes refer to the metabolic activities carried out by organisms that cannot produce their own food and have to obtain energy by consuming other organisms or organic substances. These organisms include animals, fungi, and most bacteria. They obtain energy by breaking down complex organic molecules from their environment using enzymes, a process known as respiration or fermentation. The end products of this process are often carbon dioxide, water, and waste materials. This is in contrast to autotrophic processes, where organisms (like plants) synthesize their own food through photosynthesis.

The Antarctic regions typically refer to the geographical areas surrounding the continent of Antarctica, including the Southern Ocean and various subantarctic islands. These regions are known for their extreme cold, ice-covered landscapes, and unique wildlife adapted to survive in harsh conditions. The Antarctic region is also home to important scientific research stations focused on topics such as climate change, marine life, and space exploration. It's worth noting that the Antarctic Treaty System governs these regions, which prohibits military activity, mineral mining, nuclear testing, and nuclear waste disposal, and promotes scientific research and cooperation among nations.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tilapia" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to various species of freshwater fish that belong to the cichlid family. They are often farmed and consumed as a food source due to their mild flavor and high protein content. If you have any questions about a medical condition or term, I'd be happy to help with those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Mediterranean Sea" is a geographical term referring to the body of water located between Europe and Africa, and it is not a medical term. It is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar in the west and to the Red Sea through the Suez Canal in the east. The Mediterranean Sea is known for its unique climate and biodiversity. If you have any questions related to medical or health topics, I would be happy to try to help with those!

Plankton is not a medical term, but it is a term used in the field of marine biology. Plankton are tiny organisms that live in water and are unable to move independently against the current or tide. They include both plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton). Phytoplankton are photosynthetic and serve as the base of the ocean food chain, while zooplankton consume phytoplankton and in turn serve as a food source for larger animals. Plankton are important for understanding the health and productivity of aquatic ecosystems.

Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with a long aliphatic chain, which are important components of lipids and are widely distributed in living organisms. They can be classified based on the length of their carbon chain, saturation level (presence or absence of double bonds), and other structural features.

The two main types of fatty acids are:

1. Saturated fatty acids: These have no double bonds in their carbon chain and are typically solid at room temperature. Examples include palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0).
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: These contain one or more double bonds in their carbon chain and can be further classified into monounsaturated (one double bond) and polyunsaturated (two or more double bonds) fatty acids. Examples of unsaturated fatty acids include oleic acid (C18:1, monounsaturated), linoleic acid (C18:2, polyunsaturated), and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3, polyunsaturated).

Fatty acids play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as energy storage, membrane structure, and cell signaling. Some essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through dietary sources.

Medical definitions typically focus on the potential risks or reactions related to a substance, rather than providing a general definition. In the context of medicine, shellfish are often defined by the allergens they contain, rather than as a culinary category.

According to the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI), shellfish are divided into two categories: crustaceans and mollusks. Crustaceans include shrimp, crab, lobster, and crayfish. Mollusks include clams, mussels, oysters, scallops, octopus, and squid.

Shellfish allergies are one of the most common food allergies, and they can cause severe reactions, including anaphylaxis. Therefore, in a medical context, it's essential to be specific about which types of shellfish may pose a risk to an individual.

Bacterial typing techniques are methods used to identify and differentiate bacterial strains or isolates based on their unique characteristics. These techniques are essential in epidemiological studies, infection control, and research to understand the transmission dynamics, virulence, and antibiotic resistance patterns of bacterial pathogens.

There are various bacterial typing techniques available, including:

1. **Bacteriophage Typing:** This method involves using bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) to identify specific bacterial strains based on their susceptibility or resistance to particular phages.
2. **Serotyping:** It is a technique that differentiates bacterial strains based on the antigenic properties of their cell surface components, such as capsules, flagella, and somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antigens.
3. **Biochemical Testing:** This method uses biochemical reactions to identify specific metabolic pathways or enzymes present in bacterial strains, which can be used for differentiation. Commonly used tests include the catalase test, oxidase test, and various sugar fermentation tests.
4. **Molecular Typing Techniques:** These methods use genetic markers to identify and differentiate bacterial strains at the DNA level. Examples of molecular typing techniques include:
* **Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE):** This method uses restriction enzymes to digest bacterial DNA, followed by electrophoresis in an agarose gel under pulsed electrical fields. The resulting banding patterns are analyzed and compared to identify related strains.
* **Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST):** It involves sequencing specific housekeeping genes to generate unique sequence types that can be used for strain identification and phylogenetic analysis.
* **Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS):** This method sequences the entire genome of a bacterial strain, providing the most detailed information on genetic variation and relatedness between strains. WGS data can be analyzed using various bioinformatics tools to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), gene deletions or insertions, and other genetic changes that can be used for strain differentiation.

These molecular typing techniques provide higher resolution than traditional methods, allowing for more accurate identification and comparison of bacterial strains. They are particularly useful in epidemiological investigations to track the spread of pathogens and identify outbreaks.

rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is not a type of gene itself, but rather a crucial component that is transcribed from genes known as ribosomal DNA (rDNA). In cells, rRNA plays an essential role in protein synthesis by assembling with ribosomal proteins to form ribosomes. Ribosomes are complex structures where the translation of mRNA into proteins occurs. There are multiple types of rRNA molecules, including 5S, 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rRNAs in eukaryotic cells, each with specific functions during protein synthesis.

In summary, 'Genes, rRNA' would refer to the genetic regions (genes) that code for ribosomal RNA molecules, which are vital components of the protein synthesis machinery within cells.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geologic sediments" is not a term used in medical definitions. Geological sediments are deposits of material that accumulate over time, usually in layers, as a result of natural geological processes such as weathering, erosion, and deposition. These sediments can eventually become rock formations and provide important clues about the Earth's history, including information about past climates, environments, and life on Earth.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.

Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.

Chemical water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater) with harmful chemicals or substances that negatively impact water quality and pose a threat to human health, aquatic life, and the environment. These chemical pollutants can come from various sources, including industrial and agricultural activities, waste disposal, oil spills, and chemical accidents. Examples of chemical pollutants include heavy metals (such as mercury, lead, and cadmium), pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and other hazardous substances. These chemicals can have toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic effects on living organisms and can disrupt ecosystems, leading to decreased biodiversity and impaired ecological functions.

Water pollution is defined medically as the contamination of water sources by harmful or sufficient amounts of foreign substances (pathogens, chemicals, toxic compounds, etc.) which tend to interfere with its normal functioning and can have negative effects on human health. Such pollutants can find their way into water bodies through various means including industrial waste disposal, agricultural runoff, oil spills, sewage and wastewater discharges, and accidental chemical releases, among others.

Exposure to polluted water can lead to a range of health issues, from minor problems like skin irritation or stomach upset, to severe conditions such as neurological disorders, reproductive issues, cancer, and even death in extreme cases. It also poses significant risks to aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems and leading to the decline or extinction of various species. Therefore, maintaining clean and safe water supplies is critical for both human health and environmental preservation.

Temperature, in a medical context, is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment. It is usually measured using a thermometer and reported in degrees Celsius (°C), degrees Fahrenheit (°F), or kelvin (K). In the human body, normal core temperature ranges from about 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) when measured rectally, and can vary slightly depending on factors such as time of day, physical activity, and menstrual cycle. Elevated body temperature is a common sign of infection or inflammation, while abnormally low body temperature can indicate hypothermia or other medical conditions.

Dinoflagellida is a large group of mostly marine planktonic protists, many of which are bioluminescent. Some dinoflagellates are responsible for harmful algal blooms (HABs), also known as "red tides," which can produce toxins that affect marine life and human health.

Dinoflagellates are characterized by two flagella, or whip-like structures, that they use for movement. They have complex cell structures, including a unique structure called the nucleomorph, which is the remnant of a former endosymbiotic event where another eukaryotic cell was engulfed and became part of the dinoflagellate's cell.

Dinoflagellates are important contributors to the marine food chain, serving as both primary producers and consumers. Some species form symbiotic relationships with other marine organisms, such as corals, providing them with nutrients in exchange for protection and other benefits.

'Crassostrea' is a genus of marine bivalve mollusks that are commonly known as oysters. Members of this genus are characterized by their rough, calcified shells and their ability to filter water for food. They are often found in estuarine or intertidal habitats and are important both economically, as a source of food, and ecologically, as they provide habitat and feeding grounds for many other marine organisms.

Some examples of oyster species that belong to the genus Crassostrea include:

* The Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), which is found on the Atlantic coast of North America and is an important commercial and ecological species.
* The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), which is native to Asia but has been widely introduced around the world for aquaculture purposes. It is now one of the most commonly farmed oysters in the world.
* The European flat oyster (Crassostrea angulata), which is found in Europe and North Africa, and is an important commercial species.

It's worth noting that there are other genera of oysters as well, such as Ostrea, Saccostrea, Magallana, etc. Each genus has its own characteristics and some have different ecological roles than Crassostrea.

"Vibrio parahaemolyticus" is a species of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in brackish waters and marine environments. They can be found on the surface of shellfish such as oysters, shrimps, and crabs. These bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen.

"Vibrio parahaemolyticus" is a significant cause of foodborne illness, particularly in regions where the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood is common. The bacterium produces two types of heat-labile enterotoxins known as thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related hemolysin (TRH), which can cause watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and headache.

The illness caused by "Vibrio parahaemolyticus" is usually self-limiting and lasts for 2-5 days. However, in some cases, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems, the infection can be severe and may require hospitalization. Proper cooking and handling of seafood can help prevent "Vibrio parahaemolyticus" infections.

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. The term "fishes" is not typically used in a medical context. "Fish" or "fishes" refers to any aquatic organism belonging to the taxonomic class Actinopterygii (bony fish), Chondrichthyes (sharks and rays), or Agnatha (jawless fish).

However, if you are referring to a condition related to fish or consuming fish, there is a medical issue called scombroid fish poisoning. It's a foodborne illness caused by eating spoiled or improperly stored fish from the Scombridae family, which includes tuna, mackerel, and bonito, among others. The bacteria present in these fish can produce histamine, which can cause symptoms like skin flushing, headache, diarrhea, and itchy rash. But again, this is not related to the term "fishes" itself but rather a condition associated with consuming certain types of fish.

Aerobiosis is the process of living, growing, and functioning in the presence of oxygen. It refers to the metabolic processes that require oxygen to break down nutrients and produce energy in cells. This is in contrast to anaerobiosis, which is the ability to live and grow in the absence of oxygen.

In medical terms, aerobiosis is often used to describe the growth of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, that require oxygen to survive and multiply. These organisms are called aerobic organisms, and they play an important role in many biological processes, including decomposition and waste breakdown.

However, some microorganisms are unable to grow in the presence of oxygen and are instead restricted to environments where oxygen is absent or limited. These organisms are called anaerobic organisms, and their growth and metabolism are referred to as anaerobiosis.

Biological pigments are substances produced by living organisms that absorb certain wavelengths of light and reflect others, resulting in the perception of color. These pigments play crucial roles in various biological processes such as photosynthesis, vision, and protection against harmful radiation. Some examples of biological pigments include melanin, hemoglobin, chlorophyll, carotenoids, and flavonoids.

Melanin is a pigment responsible for the color of skin, hair, and eyes in animals, including humans. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that contains a porphyrin ring with an iron atom at its center, which gives blood its red color and facilitates oxygen transport. Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in plants, algae, and some bacteria that absorbs light during photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Carotenoids are orange, yellow, or red pigments found in fruits, vegetables, and some animals that protect against oxidative stress and help maintain membrane fluidity. Flavonoids are a class of plant pigments with antioxidant properties that have been linked to various health benefits.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Korea" is not a medical term. It refers to a region in East Asia that is divided into two distinct sovereign states: North Korea (officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea) and South Korea (officially the Republic of Korea).

If you're looking for medical terms, I'd be happy to help. Could you please provide more context?

An "ecosystem" is not a term that has a specific medical definition, as it is a concept that is more commonly used in the fields of ecology and environmental science. However, I can provide you with the general ecological definition of an ecosystem:

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment, including both biotic factors (plants, animals, microorganisms) and abiotic factors (climate, soil, water, and air). These interactions create a complex network of relationships that form the foundation of ecological processes, such as energy flow, nutrient cycling, and population dynamics.

While there is no direct medical definition for an ecosystem, understanding the principles of ecosystems can have important implications for human health. For example, healthy ecosystems can provide clean air and water, regulate climate, support food production, and offer opportunities for recreation and relaxation, all of which contribute to overall well-being. Conversely, degraded ecosystems can lead to increased exposure to environmental hazards, reduced access to natural resources, and heightened risks of infectious diseases. Therefore, maintaining the health and integrity of ecosystems is crucial for promoting human health and preventing disease.

Decapodiformes is a taxonomic order of marine cephalopods, which includes squids, octopuses, and cuttlefish. The name "Decapodiformes" comes from the Greek words "deca," meaning ten, and "podos," meaning foot, referring to the fact that these animals have ten limbs.

However, it is worth noting that within Decapodiformes, octopuses are an exception as they only have eight arms. The other members of this order, such as squids and cuttlefish, have ten appendages, which are used for locomotion, feeding, and sensory perception.

Decapodiformes species are known for their complex behaviors, sophisticated communication systems, and remarkable adaptations that enable them to thrive in a variety of marine habitats. They play important ecological roles as both predators and prey in the ocean food chain.

Coral reefs are complex, underwater ecosystems formed by the accumulation of calcium carbonate structures secreted by colonies of corals. They provide habitat and protection for a wide variety of marine organisms, including fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and other invertebrates.

Coral reefs are found in shallow, tropical waters around the world, and they are often referred to as the "rainforests of the sea" due to their incredible biodiversity. They are formed over thousands of years as corals grow and reproduce, gradually building up layers of calcium carbonate structures known as skeletons.

There are several different types of coral reefs, including fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and atolls. Fringing reefs are located close to the shore and are often found in areas with steep drop-offs. Barrier reefs are larger than fringing reefs and are separated from the shore by a lagoon or a body of water. Atolls are circular or ring-shaped reefs that surround a central lagoon.

Coral reefs provide many important ecosystem services, including coastal protection, nutrient cycling, and support for fisheries. However, they are facing numerous threats from human activities such as overfishing, pollution, and climate change, which can lead to coral bleaching and death. Conservation efforts are underway to protect and restore these valuable ecosystems.

Alteromonadaceae is a family of Gram-negative, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in marine environments. These bacteria are known for their ability to produce various enzymes and metabolites that can break down complex organic matter in the ocean. The cells of Alteromonadaceae bacteria are typically rod-shaped and motile, with a single polar flagellum. Some members of this family can also form cysts or other dormant stages to survive in harsh environments. Examples of genera within Alteromonadaceae include Alteromonas, Shewanella, and Colwellia.

Petroleum is not a medical term, but it is a term used in the field of geology and petrochemicals. It refers to a naturally occurring liquid found in rock formations, which is composed of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, organic compounds consisting primarily of carbon and hydrogen.

Petroleum is not typically associated with medical definitions; however, it's worth noting that petroleum and its derivatives are widely used in the production of various medical supplies, equipment, and pharmaceuticals. Some examples include plastic syringes, disposable gloves, catheters, lubricants for medical devices, and many active ingredients in medications.

In a broader sense, environmental or occupational exposure to petroleum and its byproducts could lead to health issues, but these are not typically covered under medical definitions of petroleum itself.

Vibrio infections are a group of bacterial illnesses caused by various species of the Vibrio genus, which are gram-negative, comma-shaped bacteria. These bacteria naturally inhabit warm marine and brackish waters and can be found in higher concentrations during warmer months. The most common types of Vibrio infections are:

1. Vibrio vulnificus: This species is responsible for causing severe wound infections and primary septicemia, often following the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood or exposure of open wounds to contaminated seawater. People with weakened immune systems, liver disease, or iron overload disorders are at higher risk of developing severe complications from Vibrio vulnificus infections.
2. Vibrio parahaemolyticus: This species is the leading cause of seafood-associated bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Infection typically occurs after consuming raw or undercooked shellfish, particularly oysters. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and headache.
3. Vibrio cholerae: This species is the causative agent of cholera, a severe diarrheal disease that can lead to rapid dehydration and even death if left untreated. Cholera is typically transmitted through contaminated food or water and is more common in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene practices.
4. Vibrio alginolyticus: This species can cause wound infections and ear infections (otitis externa) following exposure to contaminated seawater. It is less commonly associated with gastroenteritis than Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Prevention measures for Vibrio infections include cooking seafood thoroughly, avoiding cross-contamination of raw and cooked seafood, practicing good hygiene, and covering wounds when exposed to seawater. People with weakened immune systems should avoid consuming raw or undercooked seafood and take extra precautions when handling or swimming in seawater.

Biofouling is the accumulation of microorganisms, algae, plants, and animals on wet surfaces, such as the hulls of ships, pier pilings, and buoys. This growth can have negative impacts on the performance and efficiency of equipment and infrastructure, leading to increased maintenance costs and potential environmental damage. In the medical field, biofouling can also refer to the undesirable accumulation of microorganisms or biomolecules on medical devices, which can lead to infection or device failure.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Bays" is not a medical term or abbreviation in common use. It's possible that you may have heard this term used in a different context, such as in anatomy to describe a body of water (like a bay in geography), or it could be a typo. If you have more context or information about where you encountered this term, I'd be happy to help you further!

Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.

In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.

Brachyura is a term used in the classification of crustaceans, specifically referring to a group of decapods known as "true crabs." This infraorder includes a wide variety of crab species that are characterized by having a short and broad abdomen, which is typically tucked under the thorax and protected by the shell.

The term Brachyura comes from the Greek words "brachys," meaning short, and "oura," meaning tail. This refers to the reduced abdomen that distinguishes this group of crabs from other decapods such as shrimps, lobsters, and crayfish.

Brachyura species are found in a wide range of habitats, including freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environments. They can be found all over the world, with some species adapted to live in extreme conditions such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents or intertidal zones. Some well-known examples of Brachyura include the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), the European shore crab (Carcinus maenas), and the coconut crab (Birgus latro).

"Fish proteins" are not a recognized medical term or concept. However, fish is a source of protein that is often consumed in the human diet and has been studied in various medical and nutritional contexts. According to the USDA FoodData Central database, a 100-gram serving of cooked Atlantic salmon contains approximately 25 grams of protein.

Proteins from fish, like other animal proteins, are complete proteins, meaning they contain all nine essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through the diet. Fish proteins have been studied for their potential health benefits, including their role in muscle growth and repair, immune function, and cardiovascular health.

It's worth noting that some people may have allergies to fish or seafood, which can cause a range of symptoms from mild skin irritation to severe anaphylaxis. If you suspect you have a fish allergy, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and management.

Eukaryota is a domain that consists of organisms whose cells have a true nucleus and complex organelles. This domain includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists. The term "eukaryote" comes from the Greek words "eu," meaning true or good, and "karyon," meaning nut or kernel. In eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is housed within a membrane-bound nucleus, and the DNA is organized into chromosomes. This is in contrast to prokaryotic cells, which do not have a true nucleus and have their genetic material dispersed throughout the cytoplasm.

Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. They have many different organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, that perform specific functions to support the cell's metabolism and survival. Eukaryotic cells also have a cytoskeleton made up of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments, which provide structure and shape to the cell and allow for movement of organelles and other cellular components.

Eukaryotes are diverse and can be found in many different environments, ranging from single-celled organisms that live in water or soil to multicellular organisms that live on land or in aquatic habitats. Some eukaryotes are unicellular, meaning they consist of a single cell, while others are multicellular, meaning they consist of many cells that work together to form tissues and organs.

In summary, Eukaryota is a domain of organisms whose cells have a true nucleus and complex organelles. This domain includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists, and the eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.

Chemical water pollutants refer to harmful chemicals or substances that contaminate bodies of water, making them unsafe for human use and harmful to aquatic life. These pollutants can come from various sources, including industrial and agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and improper disposal of hazardous materials.

Examples of chemical water pollutants include heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, and cadmium), pesticides and herbicides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and petroleum products. These chemicals can have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, disrupt ecosystems, and pose risks to human health through exposure or consumption.

Regulations and standards are in place to monitor and limit the levels of chemical pollutants in water sources, with the aim of protecting public health and the environment.

Carbonates are a class of chemical compounds that consist of a metal or metalloid combined with carbonate ions (CO32-). These compounds form when carbon dioxide (CO2) reacts with a base, such as a metal hydroxide. The reaction produces water (H2O), carbonic acid (H2CO3), and the corresponding carbonate.

Carbonates are important in many biological and geological processes. In the body, for example, calcium carbonate is a major component of bones and teeth. It also plays a role in maintaining pH balance by reacting with excess acid in the stomach to form carbon dioxide and water.

In nature, carbonates are common minerals found in rocks such as limestone and dolomite. They can also be found in mineral waters and in the shells of marine organisms. Carbonate rocks play an important role in the global carbon cycle, as they can dissolve or precipitate depending on environmental conditions, which affects the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Radioactive water pollutants refer to contaminants in water sources that contain radioactive materials. These materials can include substances such as radium, uranium, and cesium, which emit ionizing radiation. This type of pollution can occur through various means, including the disposal of radioactive waste from nuclear power plants, hospitals, and research facilities; oil and gas drilling operations; and mining activities.

Exposure to radioactive water pollutants can have serious health consequences, as ionizing radiation has been linked to an increased risk of cancer, genetic mutations, and other harmful effects. Therefore, it is essential to regulate and monitor radioactive water pollution to protect public health and the environment.

"Vibrio vulnificus" is a gram-negative, comma-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in warm coastal waters. It can cause severe human illness in individuals who consume contaminated seafood or have open wounds that come into contact with seawater. The resulting infections can lead to septicemia and necrotizing fasciitis, which can be life-threatening if not promptly treated with antibiotics and medical attention.

People with weakened immune systems, liver disease, or iron overload disorders are at higher risk of developing severe illness from Vibrio vulnificus infections. It is important for individuals who fall into these high-risk categories to take precautions when handling raw seafood or swimming in warm coastal waters.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "flounder" is not a medical term. It is a common name used for several species of flatfish that are widely consumed as food. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, please don't hesitate to ask!

Quinones are a class of organic compounds that contain a fully conjugated diketone structure. This structure consists of two carbonyl groups (C=O) separated by a double bond (C=C). Quinones can be found in various biological systems and synthetic compounds. They play important roles in many biochemical processes, such as electron transport chains and redox reactions. Some quinones are also known for their antimicrobial and anticancer properties. However, some quinones can be toxic or mutagenic at high concentrations.

"Tenacibaculum" is a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in aquatic environments. They are known to cause diseases in various marine animals, including fish. The name "Tenacibaculum" comes from the Latin word "tenax," meaning "holding fast" or "persistent," which refers to their ability to adhere strongly to surfaces and form biofilms.

The bacteria in this genus are known to produce a variety of enzymes, such as proteases and hemolysins, that can damage host tissues and contribute to the development of disease. The most well-known species in this genus is Tenacibaculum maritimum, which is responsible for tenacibaculosis, a serious and often fatal disease affecting many species of farmed and wild fish worldwide.

In summary, "Tenacibaculum" is a genus of aquatic bacteria that can cause diseases in marine animals, particularly fish, due to their ability to adhere strongly to surfaces and produce tissue-damaging enzymes.

Porifera, also known as sponges, is a phylum of multicellular aquatic organisms characterized by having pores in their bodies. These pores allow water to circulate through the body, bringing in food and oxygen while expelling waste products. Sponges do not have true tissues or organs; instead, they are composed of specialized cells that perform specific functions. They are generally sessile (non-mobile) and live attached to rocks, coral reefs, or other underwater structures. Some species can be quite large, while others are microscopic in size. Sponges have a long fossil record dating back over 500 million years and play important roles in marine ecosystems as filter feeders and habitat providers for many other marine organisms.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Svalbard" is not a medical term. It is a geographical name referring to an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean, north of Norway. It is known for its cold climate and is home to unique wildlife adapted to polar conditions. If you have any medical terminology or concepts you'd like me to define or explain, I'd be happy to help!

Sewage is not typically considered a medical term, but it does have relevance to public health and medicine. Sewage is the wastewater that is produced by households and industries, which contains a variety of contaminants including human waste, chemicals, and other pollutants. It can contain various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which can cause diseases in humans if they come into contact with it or consume contaminated food or water. Therefore, the proper treatment and disposal of sewage is essential to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and protect public health.

Bacteroidetes is a large phylum of gram-negative, predominantly anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of animals, including humans. They play an important role in the breakdown and fermentation of complex carbohydrates in the gut, producing short-chain fatty acids as a byproduct. Some species of Bacteroidetes have also been identified as opportunistic pathogens and can cause infections in immunocompromised individuals or under certain conditions.

The medical relevance of Bacteroidetes lies in their role in maintaining gut homeostasis, modulating the immune system, and protecting against pathogenic bacteria. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, including changes in the abundance and diversity of Bacteroidetes, has been associated with various diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, understanding the ecology and function of Bacteroidetes is important for developing novel therapeutic strategies to target these conditions.

Pseudoalteromonas is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in marine environments. They are known to produce a variety of bioactive compounds with potential applications in biotechnology and medicine. The cells of Pseudoalteromonas species are typically motile and may form single or paired cells, as well as short chains. They can be pigmented and may produce various extracellular products such as exopolysaccharides, proteases, and pigments. Some species of Pseudoalteromonas have been reported to cause infections in humans, particularly in immunocompromised individuals, but they are not considered a major human pathogen.

Mollusca is not a medical term per se, but a major group of invertebrate animals that includes snails, clams, octopuses, and squids. However, medically, some mollusks can be relevant as they can act as vectors for various diseases, such as schistosomiasis (transmitted by freshwater snails) and fascioliasis (transmitted by aquatic snails). Therefore, a medical definition might describe Mollusca as a phylum of mostly marine invertebrates that can sometimes play a role in the transmission of certain infectious diseases.

Filtration in the medical context refers to a process used in various medical treatments and procedures, where a substance is passed through a filter with the purpose of removing impurities or unwanted components. The filter can be made up of different materials such as paper, cloth, or synthetic membranes, and it works by trapping particles or molecules based on their size, shape, or charge.

For example, filtration is commonly used in kidney dialysis to remove waste products and excess fluids from the blood. In this case, the patient's blood is pumped through a special filter called a dialyzer, which separates waste products and excess fluids from the blood based on size differences between these substances and the blood cells. The clean blood is then returned to the patient's body.

Filtration is also used in other medical applications such as water purification, air filtration, and tissue engineering. In each case, the goal is to remove unwanted components or impurities from a substance, making it safer or more effective for use in medical treatments and procedures.

"Mytilus" is not a medical term itself, but it is a genus of marine bivalve mollusks commonly known as mussels. While there are no direct medical applications or definitions associated with "Mytilus," it's worth noting that various species of mussels have been used in scientific research and can have implications for human health.

For instance, mussels can serve as bioindicators of environmental pollution and contamination since they filter water to feed and may accumulate pollutants such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) within their tissues. This information is valuable in monitoring the health of aquatic ecosystems and potential human exposure through seafood consumption.

Moreover, mussels produce byssal threads, which are strong, adhesive proteins used to attach themselves to surfaces. These proteins have been studied for their potential applications in biomaterials science, wound healing, and tissue engineering. However, these uses are still primarily within the realm of research and not yet widely adopted as medical treatments or interventions.

Phytoplankton are microscopic photosynthetic organisms that live in watery environments such as oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers. They are a diverse group of organisms, including bacteria, algae, and protozoa. Phytoplankton are a critical component of the marine food chain, serving as primary producers that convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and nutrients into organic matter through photosynthesis. This organic matter forms the base of the food chain and supports the growth and survival of many larger organisms, including zooplankton, fish, and other marine animals. Phytoplankton also play an important role in global carbon cycling and help to regulate Earth's climate by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and releasing oxygen.

Sulfonium compounds are organosulfur molecules that contain a central sulfur atom bonded to three alkyl or aryl groups and have the general formula (R-S-R'-R'')+X-, where R, R', and R'' are organic groups and X is an anion. These compounds are widely used in chemical synthesis as phase-transfer catalysts, alkylating agents, and in the production of detergents, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. Sulfonium compounds can also be found in some natural sources, such as certain antibiotics and marine toxins.

Vitamin K2, also known as menaquinone, is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in the blood clotting process and bone metabolism. It is one of the two main forms of Vitamin K (the other being Vitamin K1 or phylloquinone), and it is found in animal-based foods and fermented foods.

Vitamin K2 is a collective name for a group of vitamin K compounds characterized by the presence of a long-chain fatty acid attached to the molecule. The most common forms of Vitamin K2 are MK-4 and MK-7, which differ in the length of their side chains.

Vitamin K2 is absorbed more efficiently than Vitamin K1 and has a longer half-life, which means it stays in the body for a longer period. It is stored in various tissues, including bones, where it plays an essential role in maintaining bone health by assisting in the regulation of calcium deposition and helping to prevent the calcification of blood vessels and other soft tissues.

Deficiency in Vitamin K2 is rare but can lead to bleeding disorders and weakened bones. Food sources of Vitamin K2 include animal-based foods such as liver, egg yolks, and fermented dairy products like cheese and natto (a Japanese food made from fermented soybeans). Some studies suggest that supplementing with Vitamin K2 may have benefits for bone health, heart health, and cognitive function. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geological phenomena" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Geological phenomena refer to natural processes and features related to the earth's physical structure, composition, and the various changes it undergoes over time. This could include things like volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, rock formations, or the formation of fossil fuels. If you have a term that you would like me to provide a medical definition for, I'd be happy to help!

A "colony count" is a method used to estimate the number of viable microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, in a sample. In this technique, a known volume of the sample is spread onto the surface of a solid nutrient medium in a petri dish and then incubated under conditions that allow the microorganisms to grow and form visible colonies. Each colony that grows on the plate represents an individual cell (or small cluster of cells) from the original sample that was able to divide and grow under the given conditions. By counting the number of colonies that form, researchers can make a rough estimate of the concentration of microorganisms in the original sample.

The term "microbial" simply refers to microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Therefore, a "colony count, microbial" is a general term that encompasses the use of colony counting techniques to estimate the number of any type of microorganism in a sample.

Colony counts are used in various fields, including medical research, food safety testing, and environmental monitoring, to assess the levels of contamination or the effectiveness of disinfection procedures. However, it is important to note that colony counts may not always provide an accurate measure of the total number of microorganisms present in a sample, as some cells may be injured or unable to grow under the conditions used for counting. Additionally, some microorganisms may form clusters or chains that can appear as single colonies, leading to an overestimation of the true cell count.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Salmon" is not a medical term. It is a common name for various species of fish that belong to the family Salmonidae and are known for their distinctive pink or red flesh. They are an important source of food and are popular in many cuisines around the world. If you have any questions about medical terminology, I'd be happy to help with those instead!

Bryozoa, also known as moss animals, are a phylum of mostly marine aquatic invertebrates that form colonies of tiny, modular individuals called zooids. Each zooid is typically only a few millimeters long and has a set of ciliated tentacles used for feeding and gas exchange.

Bryozoans are filter feeders, using their tentacles to capture plankton and organic particles from the water. They can be found in a variety of habitats, including shallow coastal waters, deep sea environments, and freshwater systems.

The colonies formed by bryozoans can take many different forms, ranging from encrusting mats to branching or leafy structures. Some species produce mineralized skeletons made of calcium carbonate, while others have soft, flexible bodies.

Bryozoa is a relatively small phylum, with around 6,000 known species. While they are not well-known outside of scientific circles, bryozoans play important ecological roles in many aquatic ecosystems, providing habitat and shelter for other organisms and contributing to the formation of complex communities.

Physiologic calcification is the normal deposit of calcium salts in body tissues and organs. It is a natural process that occurs as part of the growth and development of the human body, as well as during the repair and remodeling of tissues.

Calcium is an essential mineral that plays a critical role in many bodily functions, including bone formation, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting. In order to maintain proper levels of calcium in the body, excess calcium that is not needed for these functions may be deposited in various tissues as a normal part of the aging process.

Physiologic calcification typically occurs in areas such as the walls of blood vessels, the lungs, and the heart valves. While these calcifications are generally harmless, they can sometimes lead to complications, particularly if they occur in large amounts or in sensitive areas. For example, calcification of the coronary arteries can increase the risk of heart disease, while calcification of the lung tissue can cause respiratory symptoms.

It is important to note that pathologic calcification, on the other hand, refers to the abnormal deposit of calcium salts in tissues and organs, which can be caused by various medical conditions such as chronic kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, and certain infections. Pathologic calcification is not a normal process and can lead to serious health complications if left untreated.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "killifishes" is not a term used in medical definitions. Killifishes are a type of small, freshwater or saltwater fish that belong to the family Cyprinodontidae. They are known for their bright colors and patterns, and are often kept as aquarium pets. If you have any questions about biology or animal species, I'd be happy to try to help answer them!

'Aquatic organisms' are living beings that inhabit bodies of water, such as oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and ponds. This group includes a wide variety of species, ranging from tiny microorganisms like plankton to large marine mammals like whales. Aquatic organisms can be divided into several categories based on their specific adaptations to their environment, including:

1. Plankton: small organisms that drift with the water currents and include both plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton).
2. Nekton: actively swimming aquatic organisms, such as fish, squid, and marine mammals.
3. Benthos: organisms that live on or in the bottom of bodies of water, including crustaceans, mollusks, worms, and some types of algae.
4. Neuston: organisms that live at the air-water interface, such as certain species of insects and small fish.

Aquatic organisms play a critical role in maintaining the health and balance of aquatic ecosystems, providing food and habitat for other species, and contributing to global nutrient cycling and climate regulation.

Cluster analysis is a statistical method used to group similar objects or data points together based on their characteristics or features. In medical and healthcare research, cluster analysis can be used to identify patterns or relationships within complex datasets, such as patient records or genetic information. This technique can help researchers to classify patients into distinct subgroups based on their symptoms, diagnoses, or other variables, which can inform more personalized treatment plans or public health interventions.

Cluster analysis involves several steps, including:

1. Data preparation: The researcher must first collect and clean the data, ensuring that it is complete and free from errors. This may involve removing outlier values or missing data points.
2. Distance measurement: Next, the researcher must determine how to measure the distance between each pair of data points. Common methods include Euclidean distance (the straight-line distance between two points) or Manhattan distance (the distance between two points along a grid).
3. Clustering algorithm: The researcher then applies a clustering algorithm, which groups similar data points together based on their distances from one another. Common algorithms include hierarchical clustering (which creates a tree-like structure of clusters) or k-means clustering (which assigns each data point to the nearest centroid).
4. Validation: Finally, the researcher must validate the results of the cluster analysis by evaluating the stability and robustness of the clusters. This may involve re-running the analysis with different distance measures or clustering algorithms, or comparing the results to external criteria.

Cluster analysis is a powerful tool for identifying patterns and relationships within complex datasets, but it requires careful consideration of the data preparation, distance measurement, and validation steps to ensure accurate and meaningful results.

Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase (also known as Na+/K+ ATPase) is a type of active transporter found in the cell membrane of many types of cells. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the electrochemical gradient and membrane potential of animal cells by pumping sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and potassium ions (K+) into the cell, using energy derived from ATP hydrolysis.

This transporter is composed of two main subunits: a catalytic α-subunit that contains the binding sites for Na+, K+, and ATP, and a regulatory β-subunit that helps in the proper targeting and functioning of the pump. The Na+/K+ ATPase plays a critical role in various physiological processes, including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and kidney function.

In summary, Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase is an essential membrane protein that uses energy from ATP to transport sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane, thereby maintaining ionic gradients and membrane potentials necessary for normal cellular function.

Flatfishes are a group of marine fish characterized by having both eyes on one side of their head, which is flattened laterally. This gives them a distinctive asymmetrical appearance. They belong to the order Pleuronectiformes and include various species such as halibut, flounder, sole, and plaice. Flatfishes start their life with eyes on both sides of their head, but during development, one eye migrates to the other side of the head, a process known as metamorphosis. They are bottom-dwelling predators that rely on their excellent camouflage abilities to ambush prey.

A larva is a distinct stage in the life cycle of various insects, mites, and other arthropods during which they undergo significant metamorphosis before becoming adults. In a medical context, larvae are known for their role in certain parasitic infections. Specifically, some helminth (parasitic worm) species use larval forms to infect human hosts. These invasions may lead to conditions such as cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, or gnathostomiasis, depending on the specific parasite involved and the location of the infection within the body.

The larval stage is characterized by its markedly different morphology and behavior compared to the adult form. Larvae often have a distinct appearance, featuring unsegmented bodies, simple sense organs, and undeveloped digestive systems. They are typically adapted for a specific mode of life, such as free-living or parasitic existence, and rely on external sources of nutrition for their development.

In the context of helminth infections, larvae may be transmitted to humans through various routes, including ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct skin contact with infective stages, or transmission via an intermediate host (such as a vector). Once inside the human body, these parasitic larvae can cause tissue damage and provoke immune responses, leading to the clinical manifestations of disease.

It is essential to distinguish between the medical definition of 'larva' and its broader usage in biology and zoology. In those fields, 'larva' refers to any juvenile form that undergoes metamorphosis before reaching adulthood, regardless of whether it is parasitic or not.

Amphipoda is an order of crustaceans characterized by a laterally compressed body and a distinctive jointed swimming leg, making them well-adapted for swimming in open water. They are commonly known as "sand fleas" or "beach fleas," although they are not actually fleas. Amphipods can be found in various aquatic habitats, including marine, freshwater, and brackish environments. Some species live on the seafloor, while others are planktonic or associate with other organisms. They vary greatly in size, ranging from less than a millimeter to over 30 centimeters in length.

The medical definition of 'Amphipoda' is not typically used since amphipods do not have direct relevance to human health or medicine. However, they can serve as bioindicators of environmental quality and may be involved in the transmission of certain diseases between aquatic organisms.

Cytophaga is a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are found in various environments such as soil, water, and decaying organic matter. They are known for their gliding motility and unique method of cell division, where the cells divide transversely into several disc-shaped protoplasts that then separate from each other.

Cytophaga species are capable of breaking down complex polysaccharides, such as cellulose and chitin, due to their ability to produce a variety of enzymes that can degrade these substances. They play an important role in the carbon cycle by helping to recycle organic matter in the environment.

While Cytophaga species are not typically associated with human diseases, they have been isolated from clinical specimens such as wounds, sputum, and feces. However, their exact role in human health and disease is not well understood.

Salt tolerance, in a medical context, refers to the body's ability to maintain normal physiological functions despite high levels of salt (sodium chloride) in the system. While our kidneys usually regulate sodium levels, certain medical conditions such as some forms of kidney disease or heart failure can impair this process, leading to an accumulation of sodium in the body. Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to better handle higher salt intakes, but generally, a high-salt diet is discouraged due to risks of hypertension and other health issues for most people.

Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.

For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.

I'm happy to help! However, it seems there might be a bit of confusion here. "Sea urchins" is a common name that refers to a type of marine invertebrate animal, typically characterized by their round, spiny shells. They belong to the class Echinoidea within the phylum Echinodermata.

Medically speaking, there isn't a specific definition for "sea urchins." However, if you come into contact with sea urchins while swimming or diving and accidentally step on them, their spines can puncture your skin and potentially cause an infection. In this case, medical attention may be necessary to remove the embedded spines and treat any resulting infection.

If you were referring to a specific medical term related to sea urchins, could you please clarify? I'm here to help!

Water pollutants refer to any substances or materials that contaminate water sources and make them unsafe or unsuitable for use. These pollutants can include a wide range of chemicals, microorganisms, and physical particles that can have harmful effects on human health, aquatic life, and the environment as a whole. Examples of water pollutants include heavy metals like lead and mercury, industrial chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins, agricultural runoff containing pesticides and fertilizers, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and microplastics. Exposure to water pollutants can cause a variety of health problems, ranging from minor irritations to serious illnesses or even death in extreme cases. Additionally, water pollution can have significant impacts on the environment, including harming or killing aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems, and reducing biodiversity.

Protozoan infections in animals refer to diseases caused by the invasion and colonization of one or more protozoan species in an animal host's body. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can exist as parasites and can be transmitted through various modes, such as direct contact with infected animals, contaminated food or water, vectors like insects, and fecal-oral route.

Examples of protozoan infections in animals include:

1. Coccidiosis: It is a common intestinal disease caused by several species of the genus Eimeria that affects various animals, including poultry, cattle, sheep, goats, and pets like cats and dogs. The parasites infect the epithelial cells lining the intestines, causing diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, and sometimes death in severe cases.
2. Toxoplasmosis: It is a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii that can infect various warm-blooded animals, including humans, livestock, and pets like cats. The parasite forms cysts in various tissues, such as muscles, brain, and eyes, causing mild to severe symptoms depending on the host's immune status.
3. Babesiosis: It is a tick-borne disease caused by several species of Babesia protozoa that affect various animals, including cattle, horses, dogs, and humans. The parasites infect red blood cells, causing anemia, fever, weakness, and sometimes death in severe cases.
4. Leishmaniasis: It is a vector-borne disease caused by several species of Leishmania protozoa that affect various animals, including dogs, cats, and humans. The parasites are transmitted through the bite of infected sandflies and can cause skin lesions, anemia, fever, weight loss, and sometimes death in severe cases.
5. Cryptosporidiosis: It is a waterborne disease caused by the protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum that affects various animals, including humans, livestock, and pets like dogs and cats. The parasites infect the epithelial cells lining the intestines, causing diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dehydration.

Prevention and control of these diseases rely on various measures, such as vaccination, chemoprophylaxis, vector control, and environmental management. Public awareness and education are also essential to prevent the transmission and spread of these diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oceanography" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Oceanography is the scientific study of the ocean. It involves understanding and describing the ocean's physical and chemical properties, organisms that live there, and the processes that occur within it and at its boundaries with the seafloor and atmosphere.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health sciences, I'd be happy to help!

Culture media is a substance that is used to support the growth of microorganisms or cells in an artificial environment, such as a petri dish or test tube. It typically contains nutrients and other factors that are necessary for the growth and survival of the organisms being cultured. There are many different types of culture media, each with its own specific formulation and intended use. Some common examples include blood agar, which is used to culture bacteria; Sabouraud dextrose agar, which is used to culture fungi; and Eagle's minimum essential medium, which is used to culture animal cells.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "trout" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Trout is a common name that refers to several species of freshwater fish belonging to the salmonid family. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

The Arctic region is not a medical term per se, but it is a geographical and environmental term that can have health-related implications. The Arctic is defined as the region surrounding the North Pole, encompassing the Arctic Ocean and parts of Canada, Greenland (Denmark), Russia, the United States (Alaska), Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland. It is characterized by its cold climate, permafrost, and unique ecosystems.

Exposure to the harsh Arctic environment can pose significant health risks, such as hypothermia, frostbite, and other cold-related injuries. Additionally, the Arctic region has been impacted by climate change, leading to changes in the distribution of wildlife, which can have implications for food security and infectious disease transmission.

Therefore, while not a medical term itself, understanding the Arctic regions and their unique environmental and health challenges is important in fields such as wilderness medicine, environmental health, and public health.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Polychaeta" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in zoology, specifically referring to a class of annelid worms commonly known as bristle worms or polychaetes. These are segmented worms that have pairs of fleshy protrusions called parapodia on most or all segments, which they use for locomotion. Some species live in marine environments, while others can be found in fresh water or even terrestrial habitats. If you have a medical term you would like me to define, I'd be happy to help!

Chlorides are simple inorganic ions consisting of a single chlorine atom bonded to a single charged hydrogen ion (H+). Chloride is the most abundant anion (negatively charged ion) in the extracellular fluid in the human body. The normal range for chloride concentration in the blood is typically between 96-106 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).

Chlorides play a crucial role in maintaining electrical neutrality, acid-base balance, and osmotic pressure in the body. They are also essential for various physiological processes such as nerve impulse transmission, maintenance of membrane potentials, and digestion (as hydrochloric acid in the stomach).

Chloride levels can be affected by several factors, including diet, hydration status, kidney function, and certain medical conditions. Increased or decreased chloride levels can indicate various disorders, such as dehydration, kidney disease, Addison's disease, or diabetes insipidus. Therefore, monitoring chloride levels is essential for assessing a person's overall health and diagnosing potential medical issues.

Bacterial RNA refers to the genetic material present in bacteria that is composed of ribonucleic acid (RNA). Unlike higher organisms, bacteria contain a single circular chromosome made up of DNA, along with smaller circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These bacterial genetic materials contain the information necessary for the growth and reproduction of the organism.

Bacterial RNA can be divided into three main categories: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). mRNA carries genetic information copied from DNA, which is then translated into proteins by the rRNA and tRNA molecules. rRNA is a structural component of the ribosome, where protein synthesis occurs, while tRNA acts as an adapter that brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

Bacterial RNA plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including gene expression, protein synthesis, and regulation of metabolic pathways. Understanding the structure and function of bacterial RNA is essential for developing new antibiotics and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "hydrothermal vents" is not typically used in medical definitions. Hydrothermal vents are a geological phenomenon found on the ocean floor, where heated water rich in minerals from the Earth's crust escapes into the ocean. They are of interest in various scientific fields, including geology, marine biology, and astrobiology, but they do not have a direct relevance to medical definitions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "hepatopancreas" is not a recognized term in human anatomy or pathology. It is commonly used to describe a combined exocrine organ in some invertebrates, like crustaceans, where it serves both digestive and metabolic functions. If you have any questions about human medical conditions, I'd be happy to help with those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Atlantic Ocean" is a geographical term referring to one of the five oceans on Earth. It doesn't have a medical definition. The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean, covering approximately 20% of the Earth's surface. It stretches from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, alternatively, to the Antarctica region) in the south, and is bounded by the Americas to the west and Europe and Africa to the east.

Locomotion, in a medical context, refers to the ability to move independently and change location. It involves the coordinated movement of the muscles, bones, and nervous system that enables an individual to move from one place to another. This can include walking, running, jumping, or using assistive devices such as wheelchairs or crutches. Locomotion is a fundamental aspect of human mobility and is often assessed in medical evaluations to determine overall health and functioning.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Indian Ocean" is not a medical concept or condition. It is a geographical term referring to the third largest of the world's five oceans, situated between southeastern Africa, the Southern Asian landmass, and Australia. It is bounded on the north by the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, on the west by eastern Africa, on the east by the Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, and Australia, and on the south by the Southern Ocean or Antarctica.

If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

Physiological adaptation refers to the changes or modifications that occur in an organism's biological functions or structures as a result of environmental pressures or changes. These adaptations enable the organism to survive and reproduce more successfully in its environment. They can be short-term, such as the constriction of blood vessels in response to cold temperatures, or long-term, such as the evolution of longer limbs in animals that live in open environments.

In the context of human physiology, examples of physiological adaptation include:

1. Acclimatization: The process by which the body adjusts to changes in environmental conditions, such as altitude or temperature. For example, when a person moves to a high-altitude location, their body may produce more red blood cells to compensate for the lower oxygen levels, leading to improved oxygen delivery to tissues.

2. Exercise adaptation: Regular physical activity can lead to various physiological adaptations, such as increased muscle strength and endurance, enhanced cardiovascular function, and improved insulin sensitivity.

3. Hormonal adaptation: The body can adjust hormone levels in response to changes in the environment or internal conditions. For instance, during prolonged fasting, the body releases stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline to help maintain energy levels and prevent muscle wasting.

4. Sensory adaptation: Our senses can adapt to different stimuli over time. For example, when we enter a dark room after being in bright sunlight, it takes some time for our eyes to adjust to the new light level. This process is known as dark adaptation.

5. Aging-related adaptations: As we age, various physiological changes occur that help us adapt to the changing environment and maintain homeostasis. These include changes in body composition, immune function, and cognitive abilities.

Animal shells are hard, protective outer coverings that are produced by certain types of animals, primarily mollusks and arthropods. In mollusks, these include creatures such as clams, oysters, and snails, while in arthropods, they can be found in animals like crabs, lobsters, and insects.

Mollusk shells are typically made of calcium carbonate and are secreted by the mantle tissue of the animal. They provide protection for the soft body of the mollusk and may also serve as a home for hermit crabs. Arthropod exoskeletons, on the other hand, are made up of chitin, a tough polysaccharide, and proteins. These exoskeletons provide support and protection for the animal's body and can be shed periodically as the animal grows.

Animal shells have been used by humans for various purposes throughout history, including tools, jewelry, and decorative arts. They also play an important role in many ecosystems, providing habitats and food sources for other organisms.

Rhodophyta, also known as red algae, is a division of simple, multicellular and complex marine algae. These organisms are characterized by their red pigmentation due to the presence of phycobiliproteins, specifically R-phycoerythrin and phycocyanin. They lack flagella and centrioles at any stage of their life cycle. The cell walls of Rhodophyta contain cellulose and various sulphated polysaccharides. Some species have calcium carbonate deposits in their cell walls, which contribute to the formation of coral reefs. Reproduction in these organisms is typically alternation of generations with a dominant gametophyte generation. They are an important source of food for many marine animals and have commercial value as well, particularly for the production of agar, carrageenan, and other products used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Republic of Korea" is a geopolitical term referring to a country located in East Asia, also known as South Korea. It does not have a specific medical definition. The term refers to the political, social, and cultural aspects of the country, rather than medical conditions or health-related concepts. If you have any questions related to medical definitions or health, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

Atomic spectrophotometry is a type of analytical technique used to determine the concentration of specific atoms or ions in a sample by measuring the intensity of light absorbed or emitted at wavelengths characteristic of those atoms or ions. This technique involves the use of an atomic spectrometer, which uses a source of energy (such as a flame, plasma, or electrode) to excite the atoms or ions in the sample, causing them to emit light at specific wavelengths. The intensity of this emitted light is then measured and used to calculate the concentration of the element of interest.

Atomic spectrophotometry can be further divided into two main categories: atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and atomic emission spectrophotometry (AES). In AAS, the sample is atomized in a flame or graphite furnace and the light from a lamp that emits light at the same wavelength as one of the elements in the sample is passed through the atoms. The amount of light absorbed by the atoms is then measured and used to determine the concentration of the element. In AES, the sample is atomized and excited to emit its own light, which is then measured and analyzed to determine the concentration of the element.

Atomic spectrophotometry is widely used in various fields such as environmental monitoring, clinical chemistry, forensic science, and industrial quality control for the determination of trace elements in a variety of sample types including liquids, solids, and gases.

"Serratia" is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile bacilli that are commonly found in the environment, such as in water and soil. Some species, particularly "Serratia marcescens," can cause healthcare-associated infections, including pneumonia, urinary tract infections, wound infections, and bloodstream infections. These infections often occur in patients with compromised immune systems or who have been hospitalized for extended periods of time. Serratia species are resistant to multiple antibiotics, which can make treatment challenging.

I'm not aware of a medical definition for the term "water movements." It is possible that it could be used in a specific context within a certain medical specialty or procedure. However, I can provide some general information about how the term "water" is used in a medical context.

In medicine, "water" often refers to the fluid component of the body, which includes all the fluids inside and outside of cells. The movement of water within the body is regulated by various physiological processes, such as osmosis and hydrostatic pressure. Disorders that affect the regulation of water balance can lead to dehydration or overhydration, which can have serious consequences for health.

If you could provide more context or clarify what you mean by "water movements," I may be able to give a more specific answer.

"Arbacia" is a genus of sea urchins belonging to the family Arbaciidae. Sea urchins are marine animals with a hard, spiny shell and a soft body inside. The term "Arbacia" refers to a specific group of sea urchins that share certain characteristics, such as the shape and structure of their spines and teeth.

Here is a medical definition of "Arbacia":

"A genus of marine echinoids of the family Arbaciidae, characterized by a large test (shell) with a flat or concave base, long slender spines, and strong jaws. Some species are found in shallow waters, while others inhabit deeper ocean environments."

It's worth noting that "Arbacia" is not commonly used in medical contexts, but rather in biological and ecological ones. However, understanding the basic biology and classification of marine organisms can be useful for healthcare professionals who work with patients who are exposed to or affected by marine environments.

"Alteromonas" is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that are commonly found in marine environments. These bacteria are known for their ability to produce various enzymes and metabolites that allow them to adapt to and thrive in the diverse conditions found in the ocean. Some species of Alteromonas have been shown to have potential applications in bioremediation, as they are able to break down oil and other pollutants. They may also play a role in carbon cycling in the ocean, as they are capable of utilizing various organic compounds as a source of energy.

It's important to note that while Alteromonas species are generally not harmful to humans, some strains have been found to be opportunistic pathogens, causing infections in individuals with weakened immune systems. However, such cases are relatively rare.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "hydrocarbons" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. They are primarily used in industry as fuel, lubricants, and as raw materials for the production of plastics, fibers, and other chemicals.

However, in a broader scientific context, hydrocarbons can be relevant to medical discussions. For instance, in toxicology, exposure to certain types of hydrocarbons (like those found in gasoline or solvents) can lead to poisoning and related health issues. In environmental medicine, the pollution of air, water, and soil with hydrocarbons is a concern due to potential health effects.

But in general clinical medicine, 'hydrocarbons' wouldn't have a specific definition.

Diatoms are a major group of microscopic algae (single-celled organisms) that are widely distributed in both marine and freshwater environments. They are an important part of the aquatic food chain, serving as primary producers that convert sunlight and nutrients into organic matter through photosynthesis.

Diatoms have unique cell walls made of biogenic silica, which gives them a glass-like appearance. These cell walls often have intricate patterns and structures, making diatoms an important group in the study of nanotechnology and materials science. Additionally, diatomaceous earth, a sedimentary rock formed from fossilized diatom shells, has various industrial uses such as filtration, abrasives, and insecticides.

Diatoms are also significant in the Earth's carbon cycle, contributing to the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide through their photosynthetic activities. They play a crucial role in the ocean's biological pump, which helps regulate the global climate by transporting carbon from the surface ocean to the deep sea.

... , or sea water, is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% ( ... Medical use of sea water in Nicaragua". Drinking Sea Water. ISBN 979-8666741658. "Medical use of sea water in Nicaragua". ... Brines generated by seawater desalination plants can have salinities up to 120 g/kg. The density of typical seawater brine of ... "Osmolarity of sea water". Tada, K.; Tada, M.; Maita, Y. (1998). "Dissolved free amino acids in coastal seawater using a ...
The seawater greenhouse evaporates 50 m3 of seawater and harvests 5 m3 of fresh water per hectare per day. The solar power ... The Seawater Greenhouse Ltd The seawater greenhouse concept was first researched and developed in 1991 by Charlie Paton's ... A simple seawater greenhouse consists of two evaporative coolers (evaporators), a condenser, fans, seawater and distilled water ... calculate how much energy to pump seawater to the middle of the Sahara or Gobi Desert for desalination in the SeaWater ...
... is also known as synthetic seawater and substitute ocean water. The tables below present an example of an ... Artificial seawater (abbreviated ASW) is a mixture of dissolved mineral salts (and sometimes vitamins) that simulates seawater ... Artificial seawater media, Goldman & McCarthy (1978) Modified Artificial Seawater Media (MASM), Culture Collection of Algae and ... artificial seawater has the advantage of reproducibility over natural seawater since it is a standardized formula. ...
... became very cold, fresh, and dense during this period, and the layer extended to depths of 2300m in the ... Labrador Sea Water spreads through the North Atlantic Ocean by three routes: northeast directly into the Irminger Sea, into the ... "Is Labrador Sea Water formed in the Irminger basin?" Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 50.1 (2003): 23-52 ... Labrador Sea Water is an intermediate water mass characterized by cold water, relatively low salinity compared to other ...
The pressure of seawater at a depth of 33 feet equals one atmosphere. The absolute pressure at 33 feet depth in sea water is ... The unit used in the US is the foot sea water (fsw), based on standard gravity and a sea-water density of 64 lb/ft3. According ... based on a fresh water density of 62.4 lb/ft3 and for fsw based on a sea water density of 64.0 lb/ft3. One standard metre sea ... The metre (or meter) sea water (msw) is a metric unit of pressure used in underwater diving. It is defined as one tenth of a ...
The RO technology of the plant produces 100 MLD of desalinated water from 273 MLD of sea water. The plant consists of 8,600 sea ... The sea water intake pipeline enters the well at the bottom. The HDPE pipeline is 1,600 mm in diameter. It was welded using ... The system is designed to work as a self-priming suction for sea water intake. The plant also has 5 additional intake lines of ... The pipeline empties the water into a sea water intake sump on the shore where 3 vertical turbine pumps of variable discharge ...
Perth Seawater Desalination Plant, Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO), Kwinana, Australia". Water-Technology. n.d. Web. 28 April ... The Perth Seawater Desalination Plant utilizes this strategy where 48 wind turbines produce 80MW on the Emu Downs Wind Farm to ... The Perth Seawater Desalination Plant (PSDP) was installed in late 2006 to produce up to 45 gigalitres of potable water per ... Another seawater desalination plant on the coast about 160 kilometres south of Perth is now operational. This plant is designed ...
A 1-km pipeline will be laid in the sea at a depth of 10 meters to draw seawater. A 750-meter-long pipeline will discharge the ... Minjur Seawater Desalination Plant Reverse osmosis plant Water management in Chennai Portals: India Water Lakshmi, K. (11 ... The process technology involves marine sea water intake system and pre-treatment system consisting of disc filters followed by ... Disc filters and ultra-filtration membranes that remove sediment and finer sand particles from the raw seawater were imported ...
Honolulu Seawater Air Conditioning was a project intended to use seawater air conditioning to deliver renewable cooling to ... Honolulu Seawater Air Conditioning is majority owned by eBay founder Pierre Omidyar's Ulupono Initiative. Seawater air ... A SWAC system basically consists of deep seawater intake and return pipelines, titanium heat exchangers, seawater and ... Sea water air conditioning (SWAC), also known as ocean water cooling, is an alternative cooling system that uses the deep cold ...
"southern-seawater-desalination-plant". Water Corporation. 27 June 2017. "First seawater flows into Binningup desalination plant ... "Southern Seawater Desalination Plant Proposal, Binningup. State Government Approval" (PDF). Department of Environment; Youth. ... List of desalination plants in Australia Reverse osmosis plant "Southern Seawater Desalination Project". Water Corporation. ... as well as the nearby regional city of Bunbury and is known as the Southern Seawater Desalination Project It was designed to ...
In a recent trial comparing three seawater and freshwater blends (i.e. 5%-10%-15% of seawater), some scientists found that ... or a mixture of fresh water and seawater. There are crops that can grow on seawater and demonstration farms have shown the ... As of 2021, seawater rice had been planted on 400,000 ha (990,000 acres) in soils with up to 4 grams of salt per kilogram, with ... Crop tolerance to seawater is the ability of an agricultural crop to withstand the high salinity induced by irrigation with ...
The Perth Seawater Desalination Plant, located in Naval Base, south of Perth, Western Australia, turns seawater from Cockburn ... Australia portal Environment portal List of desalination plants in Australia Reverse osmosis plant Seawater desalination in ... Australia Perth Seawater Desalination Plant, Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO), Kwinana, Australia WEBB, T. (23 November 2005). " ... measuring the seawater intake and brine outfall. Excess water from the plant is stored in the hills dams. In early 2008, the ...
The Swedish Baltic Sea Water Award was a regional award by the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs now discontinued. It had ... 1999 PURAC of Poland PURAC of Poland won the first Swedish Baltic Sea Water Award by building several new, advanced wastewater ... Russia Ecodefense received the award for its efforts to increase knowledge on and awareness of the Baltic Sea water environment ...
"Hundreds drink 'sweet seawater'". BBC News. 19 August 2006. "People taste "sweet" sea water in Mumbai". The Times of India. 19 ... "Hundreds drink 'sweet seawater'". BBC News. 19 August 2006. "Indian Scientists: 'Sweet' Seawater No Miracle; Tests Show ... This caused a mass hysteria among people who started coming in large numbers to drink the sea water. In the aftermath of the ... "Mahim seawater turns 'sweet'!". dna. 19 August 2006. "No miracle, water turns sweet during monsoon". The Indian Express. 20 ...
The Lymington Open Air Sea Water Baths (or "historic Roman Seawater Baths") is a lifeguarded open air lido in Lymington, ... Barbe Museum website Lymington Sea Water Baths Proposals for a multi-purpose Lymington Sea Water Centre (Use dmy dates from ... A seawater pool and smaller baths were on the same site in the 1780s. (There was a Roman camp near Lymington (Lentune, Lementon ... "We take a look at the Georgian market town's unique oasis, the historic open air sea water swimming baths". BBC. 6 August 2008 ...
... due to mixing its water with Red Sea water, or brines created from the process of desalinating Red Sea water which has a ... "Red Sea - Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program" (PDF). World Bank. August 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 ... "Red Sea water desalination project moving ahead , the Jordan Times". Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved ... World Bank Study 2012 Red Sea - Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program Dr M. Beyth Presentation of conduits The Red Sea and ...
... (Official site, in Japanese) "Seawater Pumped-Storage Power Plant". Japan ... World's first seawater pumped-storage power station: Okinawa Yanbaru Seawater Pumped Storage Power Station] (PDF). JSCE ... The Okinawa Yanbaru Seawater Pumped Storage Power Station (沖縄やんばる海水揚水発電所, Okinawa Yanbaru Kaisui Yōsui Hatsudensho) was an ... Ōmoto, Kazuhiro (October 1994). 現場を訪ねて: 沖縄海水揚水建設所: 自然にやさしく
In the 1880s there was a proposal to supply seawater to the town from a conduit between Lancing and London. The torch relays ... SEA.-WATER SUPPLY.,1880-12-11,The Cardigan Observer and General Advertiser for the Counties of Cardigan Carmarthen and Pembroke ...
"Sea Fan - Paragorgia arborea". SeaWater. Retrieved 4 September 2014. Weiler, Bradley A.; Verhoeven, Joost T. P.; Dufour, ...
As a result of the seawater exchange, the bay's salinity is 22 parts per thousand (ppt), which is lower than the seawater ... Anderson, Genny (October 8, 2008). "Seawater Composition". Marine Science. Retrieved 9 January 2010. "Topographic Maps". ...
Minimal seawater exchange with the Gulf of Mexico occurs at Cedar Bayou and Pass Cavallo. As a result of the seawater exchange ... Anderson, Genny (October 8, 2008). "Seawater Composition". Marine Science. Retrieved 9 January 2010. "Water Body Records for ... the bay's salinity is 13 parts per thousand (ppt), compared to the seawater average of 35 ppt. A wide variety of wildlife can ...
"Seawater Greenhouse Somaliland - Drought-proof agriculture". Seawater Greenhouse. Retrieved 13 March 2022. "Belmont Forum - ... on mineral extraction from seawater desalination brine and seawater greenhouse farming (Salt-Mine). PENHA also works with FAO ... PENHA is currently working in Berbera with Seawater Greenhouse UK and Aston University on an innovative solar-powered ...
"Nudibranch - Flabellina pedata". Seawater.no. Retrieved 2012-06-20. Nudibranchia.dk: Flabellina pedata. Archived 2015-01-15 at ...
As a result of the seawater exchange, the bay's salinity is 19 parts per thousand (ppt), which is lower than the seawater ... Anderson, Genny (October 8, 2008). "Seawater Composition". Marine Science. Retrieved 9 January 2010. "Mad Island Marsh-Oyster ...
Some ice in the sea is frozen seawater. Other ice comes from glaciers, which come from compacted snow, and is thus fresh water ... "Sea Water". Schuttenhelm, Rolf (13 September 2008). "Diomede Crossroads". Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. "Could a ... The process involves using boats to increase sea water aerosol particles in the clouds closest to Earth's surface in order to ... Other proposed geoengineering methods to recover arctic ice include pumping seawater on top of existing arctic sea ice, and ...
"Liocarcinus pusillus". Seawater.no. March 20, 2009. Archived from the original on July 18, 2009. Retrieved August 5, 2010. " ...
"Long Legged Spider Crab - Macropodia rostrata". Seawater.no. Retrieved May 18, 2012. "Marine Species Identification Portal : ...
"Galathea intermedia". Seawater.no. Archived from the original on 2007-12-22. M. J. de Kluijver; S. S. Ingalsuo. "Galathea ...
"Galathea strigosa". Seawater.no. Archived from the original on 2007-12-22. Photos of Galathea strigosa on Sealife Collection v ...
An influx of seawater can sometimes replace the vital seagrass with oyster beds. Laguna Madre is home to more finfish than ... Laguna Madre has a salinity of 36 parts per thousand (ppt), which is above the seawater average of 35 ppt. Because of the high ... The cut allows an influx of seawater into the Lower Laguna Madre to improve the fishing and shipping industry of Port Mansfield ... Anderson, Genny (October 8, 2008). "Seawater Composition". Marine Science. Retrieved January 9, 2010. Frank W. Judd, Richard C ...
Seawater, or sea water, is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the worlds oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% ( ... Medical use of sea water in Nicaragua". Drinking Sea Water. ISBN 979-8666741658. "Medical use of sea water in Nicaragua". ... Brines generated by seawater desalination plants can have salinities up to 120 g/kg. The density of typical seawater brine of ... "Osmolarity of sea water". Tada, K.; Tada, M.; Maita, Y. (1998). "Dissolved free amino acids in coastal seawater using a ...
Nuclear fuel made with uranium extracted from seawater would make nuclear power as renewable as solar, hydro and wind. ... Department of Energy laboratories have put removing uranium from seawater within economic reach. ... The hurdle is making it economic to extract uranium from seawater, because the amount of uranium in seawater is truly ... Its not just that the 4 billion tons of uranium in seawater now would fuel a thousand 1,000-MW nuclear power plants for a ...
Hydrothermal Circulation and Seawater Chemistry Chapman Travel Grants. The Chapman Conference conveners are seeking funding to ... Hydrothermal Circulation and Seawater Chemistry: Whats the chicken and whats the egg?. Agros, Cyprus , 15-19 May 2023 ...
Device smells seawater to discover, detect novel molecules American Chemical Society. Journal. ACS Central Science. DOI. ... A drop of seawater is like a spoonful of dilute soup: Its a complex broth of dissolved molecules from ocean-dwelling organisms ... Physical sciences/Earth sciences/Oceanography/Oceans/Seawater * /Physical sciences/Earth sciences/Oceanography/Marine ecology/ ... Device smells seawater to discover, detect novel molecules Peer-Reviewed Publication American Chemical Society ...
A Romani (Gypsy) victim of Nazi medical experiments to make seawater. potable. Dachau concentration camp, Germany, 1944. (NARA ...
Tag: Baltic Sea Water Talks. Baltic Sea Water Talks on Utö. Utö, one of the major islands of the Stockholm archipelago, ... Categories Categories: Conference, Events, Research, The Division, WaterCentre@KTHTags Tags: Baltic Sea Water Talks, Initiativ ... recently hosted the Baltic Sea Water Talks. David Nilsson, Associate Professor at our division and Director of the WaterCentre@ ...
Managing renewable water resources in Californias Pajaro Valley helps to minimize seawater intrusion and other adverse ... is a tool to help water managers better understand groundwater flow and seawater intrusion in the Los Angeles coastal plain ... is a tool to help water managers better understand groundwater flow and seawater intrusion in the Los Angeles coastal plain ... and other factors contribute to the encroachment of seawater into the states fresh groundwater supplies. This research aids ...
Worlds first wave-powered buoy turns seawater into drinking water. Lorraine Chow - November 5, 2016. ...
The surprising discovery of seawater sealed in what is ... Seawater surprise. The research team was trying to understand ... Ancient seawater pockets trapped in an iron pyrite framboid, shown here, offer a new source of clues to climate change in ... Tiniest ever ancient seawater pockets revealed. November 17, 2022. U.S. Department of Energy ... The surprising discovery of seawater sealed in what is now North America for 390 million years opens up a new avenue for ...
It depends on where the sea water is located; e.g., sea water at the mouth of the Amazon River (or at the mouth of most any ... It depends! On what you say? Well, as an example it depends on the temperature of the sea water. The colder the water the ... What happens if there is too much oxygen in seawater?. Oxygen in the water is called dissolved oxygen because quite simply it ... How much dissolved oxygen in a gallon of sea water?. Updated: 4/28/2022 ...
Chemist Sees Eventual Profit in Gold from Sea Water. Share this:. *Email. *Facebook ...
Researchers have known for years that seawater does not stimulate the growth of tomatoes, but scientists know little about its ... Watering tomatoes with diluted seawater can boost their content of disease-fighting antioxidants and may lead to healthier ... Watering Tomato Plants With Diluted Seawater Boosts Levels Of Antioxidants. Date:. April 29, 2008. Source:. American Chemical ... Researchers have known for years that seawater does not stimulate the growth of tomatoes, but scientists know little about its ...
VPR also biodegrades by 25% when submerged in seawater for 30 days. ... VPR also biodegrades by 25% when submerged in seawater for 30 days. As polyrotaxane breaks down, it becomes a food source for ...
New state rules a hurdle for Poseidon seawater desalination plans ... New state rules a hurdle for Poseidon seawater desalination ... But three years ago the State Water Resources Control Board decided seawater cooling up and down the state was killing too much ... Poseidon Water wants to build a large seawater desalination plant next to the AES power station in Huntington Beach, pictured ... At a recent state Coastal Commission hearing on a proposed seawater desalination plant in Huntington Beach, the debate was not ...
... scientists have discovered an vast aquifer brimming with seawater thats likely been locked down there for thousands of years. ... Then, "as the ice sheet readvanced, the presence of thick ice cut off ocean access to the bed, and the remnant seawater was ... Giant MRI of Antarctica reveals fossil seawater under ice sheet. News By Nicoletta Lanese ... Beneath a fast-flowing ice stream in West Antarctica, scientists have discovered a vast aquifer brimming with seawater thats ...
Stanford scientists map seawater threat to California Central Coast aquifers. Scientists use Earth-imaging technologies to ... Seawater is electrically conductive due to its high salt content, while freshwater is electrically resistive. ... But removing too much of that groundwater can change the fluid pressure of underground aquifers, drawing seawater into coastal ... of Calgary have transformed pulses of electrical current sent 1,000 feet underground into a picture of where seawater has ...
... - Mar 15, 2011 - Electro-Chemical Devices, Inc. ... Seawater cooling is employed at both thermal and nuclear power plants in coastal regions. The seawater flows over heat ... Seawater desalination plants also chlorinate and dechlorinate the water before processing. The chlorination of seawater ... In water desalination plants, seawater is treated by reverse osmosis (RO) to remove the salt. The intake seawater is treated ...
seawater. ml/litre sea water. mg/kg (ppm) in sea water. molecular weight. mmol/ kg. ... Dissolved gases in seawater The gases dissolved in sea water are in constant equilibrium with the atmosphere but their relative ... The chemical composition of seawater. By Dr J Floor Anthoni (2000, 2006) www.seafriends.org.nz/oceano/seawater.htm (best viewed ... Chemical elements in sea water do not exist on their own but are attracted to preferential ions of opposite charge: sulphur ...
New catalyst produces green hydrogen from seawater Researchers have designed a novel prototype device that is able to float on ... "We have designed a novel prototype device that is able to float on the ocean surface for hydrogen production from seawater." ... have developed a catalyst that can produce high-performance solar light-triggered hydrogen from seawater ... prototype equipped with the single-atom platinum catalysts for solar light-triggered hydrogen production directly from seawater ...
process; analyzing; seawater; comprises; providing; membrane; separating; sample; phase; analyte; transported; liquid; ... title = {Process for analyzing CO.sub.2 in seawater},. author = {Atwater, James E and Akse, James R and DeHart, Jeffrey},. ... Process for analyzing CO.sub.2 in seawater. United States: N. p., 1997. Web. ... Wed . "Process for analyzing CO.sub.2 in seawater". United States. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/871027. ...
"As you know, seawater is corrosive, so we used fiberglass-reinforced piping and titanium plates in our sea water exchanges. ... direction of the tide and ebb and flow as well as seawater temperatures and density of the seawater before it could devise a ... Googles seawater tunnel. "It was the intake system for the original mill building and is carved out of solid granite," Kava ... "We pump that seawater through cooling modules - which are direct water to water heat exchange modules - and then the water is ...
A single drop of seawater can teem with living creatures. Though this world is invisible to the naked eye, Spanish wildlife ... A single drop of seawater can teem with living creatures. Though this world is invisible to the naked eye, Spanish wildlife ... Angel FitorAnimalsAquaticsLinkAboutItMarine BiologyMarine LifePhotographyScienceSea CreaturesSeawater ... Photographer Angel Fitor Captures Life Inside a Drop of Seawater. Kelly Pau ...
Skiba, M. Development of Microfluidic Pre-concentration System for Metals in Seawater (University of Southampton, Southampton, ... Rérolle, V. M. C. et al. Development of a colorimetric microfluidic pH sensor for autonomous seawater measurements. Anal. Chim ... Yao, W. & Millero, F. J. Adsorption of phosphate on manganese dioxide in seawater. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 536-541 (1996). ... Lab-on-chip analyser for the in situ determination of dissolved manganese in seawater. *Felix Geißler. 1, ...
The system removes salt and other materials in seawater/groundwater... Ships from Korea. ... Seawater Desalination System Product usage & applicable Area - The system removes salt and other materials in seawater/ ... Seawater Desalination System Product usage & applicable Area - ... Main Item: Seawater Desalination System Business Type: ...
... Stainless steel components are cracking, ... Re: *** ANOTHER TEPCO FAIL*** Stainless steel piping cracking from boiling seawater!!!!. Next years headline.... TEPCO CEO ... Re: *** ANOTHER TEPCO FAIL*** Stainless steel piping cracking from boiling seawater!!!!. In normal operations they use fresh ... And, they should have started the request as soon as seawater injections started. They waited until the reactor vessel is ...
Now, researchers have found a new way that seawater might more easily become a new form of renewable fuel. ... However, the "seawater electrolyzer" that Logan and his team worked on takes care of that issue cheaply by using a special ... "I would hope to convince them that it might be cheaper and better to use seawater directly, you know, in a system like this." ... The problem? Seawater also has salt, which needs to be removed first and thats expensive to do. ...
Desalination plants which convert seawater into drinking water require pipelines made of a special kind of steel or titanium, ... Home » Surface science » News » Heat-conducting composites for seawater desalination Heat-conducting composites for seawater ... Composite pipes for seawater desalination. (Picture © Fraunhofer IFAM.). In the desalination process seawater is sprayed onto ... Pure water evaporates from the seawater, leaving a salty sludge behind.. The material the pipes are made of must conduct heat ...
Seawater makes up about 96% of all water on earth, making it a tempting resource to meet the worlds growing need for clean ... And scientists already have the technical ability to both desalinate seawater and split it to produce hydrogen, which is in ... Rens research group and others have previously reported a nickel-iron-(oxy)hydroxide compound as a catalyst to split seawater ... New Catalyst Moves Seawater Desalination, Hydrogen Production Closer to Commercialization. January 28, 2021. ...
Huge quantity of watermelons at a field of Dhulashar village in Kalapara upazila under Patuakhali district get damaged as saline water from the sea flooded the area during high tides at the time of full moon last week. Photo: STARWatermelon on over 1,500 hectares of land in different upazilas of the district have been damaged due to flooding by salty water from the Bay and
MIT scientists extract CO2 straight out of seawater to save the oceans. As the levels of carbon dioxide in the Earths ... MIT scientists extract CO2 straight out of seawater to save the oceans ...
  • Brines generated by seawater desalination plants can have salinities up to 120 g/kg. (wikipedia.org)
  • Seawater desalination plants also chlorinate and dechlorinate the water before processing. (thomasnet.com)
  • In water desalination plants, seawater is treated by reverse osmosis (RO) to remove the salt. (thomasnet.com)
  • However, the "seawater electrolyzer" that Logan and his team worked on takes care of that issue cheaply by using a special membrane and without requiring expensive desalination plants. (kpax.com)
  • That year, the Institute also released this white paper, which provides an overview on the proposed seawater desalination plants in the state. (pacinst.org)
  • At a recent state Coastal Commission hearing on a proposed seawater desalination plant in Huntington Beach, the debate was not about the merits of using the Pacific Ocean as a water source. (latimes.com)
  • Maps are provided, along with the locations and details about California's existing and proposed seawater desalination facilities. (pacinst.org)
  • Researchers have designed a novel prototype device that is able to float on the ocean surface to produce hydrogen from seawater. (edu.au)
  • Researchers at Swinburne University of Technology's Centre for Translational Atomaterials , in collaboration with Shaanxi Normal University, have developed a robust single-atom platinum catalyst that can produce high-performance solar light-triggered hydrogen from seawater. (edu.au)
  • Floating prototype equipped with the single-atom platinum catalysts for solar light-triggered hydrogen production directly from seawater. (edu.au)
  • Logan and university researchers recently created a device that removes salt from seawater in a cheaper way, allowing that water to then be used to create a renewable form of hydrogen fuel. (kpax.com)
  • And scientists already have the technical ability to both desalinate seawater and split it to produce hydrogen, which is in demand as a source of clean energy. (uh.edu)
  • A team of researchers led by Zhifeng Ren, director of the Texas Center for Superconductivity at UH, has reported an oxygen evolving catalyst that takes just minutes to grow at room temperature and is capable of efficiently producing both clean drinking water and hydrogen from seawater. (uh.edu)
  • Paired with a previously reported hydrogen evolution reaction catalyst, it can achieve industrially required current density for overall seawater splitting at low voltage. (uh.edu)
  • To boost the hydrogen economy, it is imperative to develop cost-effective and facile methodologies to synthesize NiFe-based (oxy)hydroxide catalysts for high-performance seawater electrolysis," they wrote. (uh.edu)
  • Of course, the seawater was converted into a liquid hydrocarbon "jet fuel" first, and the plane (pictured above) was a scale replica of a WWII-era fighter that even a Ken doll would find pretty cramped, but it was a pretty successful demonstration of a technology that researchers have been working on for decades now - turning the CO2 and hydrogen stored in the world's oceans into useful fuel. (vice.com)
  • Water molecules contain hydrogen - the H in H2O - and vast quantities of carbon dioxide are dissolved in seawater (an amount that's growing thanks to industrial CO2 emissions, and making the world's oceans increasingly acidic in the process). (vice.com)
  • The Navy experiments used electricity to split hydrogen from seawater as a gas, used an electrochemical system to recover CO2 gas from the same water, and reacted the two gases together to create hydrocarbon liquid. (vice.com)
  • The US navy has managed to combine hydrogen and carbon dioxide from seawater to create a renewable fuel that allows ships to stay at sea for. (blueandgreentomorrow.com)
  • A drop of seawater is like a spoonful of dilute soup: It's a complex broth of dissolved molecules from ocean-dwelling organisms. (eurekalert.org)
  • A single drop of seawater can teem with living creatures. (coolhunting.com)
  • Historically, several salinity scales were used to approximate the absolute salinity of seawater. (wikipedia.org)
  • On average, the salinity of seawater is between 2-3.5% in coastal waters. (chinadialogue.net)
  • Nuclear fuel made with uranium extracted from seawater makes nuclear power completely renewable. (forbes.com)
  • Managing renewable water resources in California's Pajaro Valley helps to minimize seawater intrusion and other adverse conditions. (usgs.gov)
  • This infrastructure could be redeployed to enable a seawater pumped storage (SPS) facility, which could help facilitate California's transition to 100% renewable energy. (powermag.com)
  • For example, the sodium hydroxide used to extract the magnesium salt can be generated on-site using seawater and marine renewable energy. (scitechdaily.com)
  • They know how to turn seawater into fuel. (impactlab.com)
  • Coupling the new process with existing technologies could make it easier and cheaper to turn seawater into freshwater. (scitechdaily.com)
  • On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% (35 g/L, 35 ppt, 600 mM). (wikipedia.org)
  • Seawater makes up about 96% of all water on earth, making it a tempting resource to meet the world's growing need for clean drinking water and carbon-free energy. (uh.edu)
  • Pure water evaporates from the seawater, leaving a salty sludge behind. (materialstoday.com)
  • To accomplish this, they are installing the piping in a pilot seawater-desalination plant to test its thermal conductivity, see how much of a microorganism-based coating forms on the pipes, and how heavily the material corrodes in its salty surroundings. (materialstoday.com)
  • Not only could China improve its resilience to climate change, seawater rice could help bring 300 million mu (200,000 square kilometres) of land with salty, alkaline soil into production, according to Chinese media site Xinhua . (chinadialogue.net)
  • But less is understood about the extent of melting that is due to warm, salty seawater that seeps underneath "grounded" portions of ice sheets along land, as well as what happens when that mix intrudes deep under glacier interiors. (phys.org)
  • Fresh meltwater stays close to the temperature of the ice it came from, but salty seawater that intrudes under glaciers may also bring heat from the ocean, which researchers say has the potential to cause much higher rates of melting at the glacier bottom. (phys.org)
  • At typical salinity, it freezes at about −2 °C (28 °F). The coldest seawater still in the liquid state ever recorded was found in 2010, in a stream under an Antarctic glacier: the measured temperature was −2.6 °C (27.3 °F). Seawater pH is typically limited to a range between 7.5 and 8.4. (wikipedia.org)
  • The density of surface seawater ranges from about 1020 to 1029 kg/m3, depending on the temperature and salinity. (wikipedia.org)
  • At a temperature of 25 °C, the salinity of 35 g/kg and 1 atm pressure, the density of seawater is 1023.6 kg/m3. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unit measures pH from 0-14, temperature from 0-100°C, and Total Residual Oxidant of seawater from ±1,500 mV, and converts them into equivalent ppm chlorine value. (thomasnet.com)
  • It measures the pH, temperature and Total Residual Oxidant (TRO) of seawater and converts them into an equivalent ppm chlorine value, which is displayed to conform with existing conventions. (thomasnet.com)
  • The pH sensor measures from 0-14 pH, the TRO sensor measures from ±1500 mV and the temperature sensor measures from 0-100°C. The DCA-23 with its tri-parameter monitoring, is the ideal seawater chlorine analyzer for a wide range of applications. (thomasnet.com)
  • Seawater gradually raises the temperature of cold liquid natural gas changing it from a compressed fluid into a gas for distribution through the service pipelines. (thomasnet.com)
  • We pump that seawater through cooling modules - which are direct water to water heat exchange modules - and then the water is gravity fed from the cooling modules back out to a temporary building, which serves the purpose of mixing incoming seawater with outgoing return water, so when we return the water to the Gulf it is at a temperature more similar to the incoming water. (datacenterdynamics.com)
  • IT had to trawl back through 30 years of seawater temperature records, and employ a large amount of thermal modelling to ensure it could cater for the effects of the wind, direction of the tide and ebb and flow as well as seawater temperatures and density of the seawater before it could devise a solution that would work for a data center. (datacenterdynamics.com)
  • Seawater of average salinity 35 ppt freezes at -1.94°C (28.5°F). The salinity of the water is measured with a CTD instrument (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth). (gsu.edu)
  • Seawater has an average density of 1.027 gm/cm 3 , but this varies with temperature and salinity over a range of about 1.020 to 1.029. (gsu.edu)
  • The corrosion can take the form of pitting, crevice and intergranular corrosion, and, in high temperature seawater, stress corrosion cracking (SCC). (worldpumps.com)
  • This means that every kilogram (roughly one liter by volume) of seawater has approximately 35 grams (1.2 oz) of dissolved salts (predominantly sodium (Na+ ) and chloride (Cl− ) ions). (wikipedia.org)
  • Seawater contains more dissolved ions than all types of freshwater. (wikipedia.org)
  • For instance, although seawater contains about 2.8 times more bicarbonate than river water, the percentage of bicarbonate in seawater as a ratio of all dissolved ions is far lower than in river water. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bicarbonate ions constitute 48% of river water solutes but only 0.14% for seawater. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most abundant dissolved ions in seawater are sodium, chloride, magnesium, sulfate and calcium. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Los Angeles Coastal Plain Groundwater-flow Model (LACPGM) is a tool to help water managers better understand groundwater flow and seawater intrusion in the Los Angeles coastal plain basins. (usgs.gov)
  • Seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers is investigated under transient conditions and the results are compared to steady-state results. (taylorfrancis.com)
  • Using predictions based on mathematical and computational models, the study shows that seawater intrusion over flat or reverse-sloping impermeable beds may feasibly occur up to tens of kilometers upstream of a glacier's end or grounding line. (phys.org)
  • Simulations show that even just a few hundred meters of basal melt caused by seawater intrusion upstream of marine ice sheet grounding lines can cause projections of marine ice sheet volume loss to be 10 to 50 percent higher," Robel explains. (phys.org)
  • Robel adds that these results suggest that further observational, experimental, and numerical investigations are needed to determine the conditions under which seawater intrusion occurs-and whether it will indeed drive rapid marine ice sheet retreat and sea level rise in the future. (phys.org)
  • Alexander A. Robel et al, Layered seawater intrusion and melt under grounded ice, The Cryosphere (2022). (phys.org)
  • Where mixing occurs with freshwater runoff from river mouths, near melting glaciers or vast amounts of precipitation (e.g. monsoon), seawater can be substantially less saline. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the new study, Riccardo Izzo and colleagues grew cherry tomatoes in both freshwater and in a dilute solution of 12 percent seawater. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Researchers from Stanford and the University of Calgary have transformed pulses of electrical current sent 1,000 feet underground into a picture of where seawater has infiltrated freshwater aquifers along the Monterey Bay coastline. (stanford.edu)
  • Seawater is electrically conductive due to its high salt content, while freshwater is electrically resistive. (stanford.edu)
  • Gary Gill, deputy director of PNNL's Coastal Sciences Division who coordinated the marine testing, noted, "Understanding how the adsorbents perform under natural seawater conditions is critical to reliably assessing how well the uranium adsorbent materials work. (forbes.com)
  • But three years ago the State Water Resources Control Board decided seawater cooling up and down the state was killing too much marine life and directed most coastal power plants to switch to other cooling technologies. (latimes.com)
  • But removing too much of that groundwater can change the fluid pressure of underground aquifers, drawing seawater into coastal aquifers and corrupting water supplies. (stanford.edu)
  • Seawater cooling is employed at both thermal and nuclear power plants in coastal regions. (thomasnet.com)
  • All three transient scenarios indicate an advancement of seawater wedge compared to the steady-state results, which should be taken into consideration in coastal aquifer management plans. (taylorfrancis.com)
  • As a Coastal Sciences staff member, I just called a member of our Sequim chemistry team and requested a seawater sample," said Subban. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Hydrothermal Circulation and Seawater Chemistry: What's the chicken and what's the egg? (agu.org)
  • We discovered we can actually dig out information from these mineral features that could help inform geologic studies, such as the seawater chemistry from ancient times," said Sandra Taylor , first author of the study and a scientist at the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory . (scienceblog.com)
  • Seawater chemistry and climate. (bvsalud.org)
  • The researchers created a waterproof device that could be easily handled by an underwater diver and that could pump seawater through disks, which have a similar feel and thickness as make-up remover pads. (eurekalert.org)
  • The most obvious is that to do all of this you need a ton of energy in the first place, not just to run the process but to pump up all this seawater initially. (vice.com)
  • Stainless steels, which are the most widely used seawater pump material, are sensitive to crevice corrosion and require effective countermeasures against it. (worldpumps.com)
  • A new project to increase the oil produced at Khurais, Saudi Arabia, was the focus of a study to determine the optimal pipeline size and pump combination for a 90.4 mile (145.5 km) long, treated-seawater transfer line between Ain Dar and Khurais. (aft.com)
  • For example, aeroplysinin-1 was approximately 20 times more abundant in the extracts from seawater than within a yellow cave-sponge extract. (eurekalert.org)
  • It began by focusing on what was readily abundant: seawater, sun, and desert sand, and looking to what was needed: food, energy, and clean water. (impactlab.com)
  • The surprising discovery of seawater sealed in what is now North America for 390 million years opens up a new avenue for understanding how oceans change and adapt with the changing climate. (scienceblog.com)
  • The freezing point of seawater decreases as salt concentration increases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Salt deposits from trapped seawater [halite] are relatively rare in the rock record, so there are millions of years missing in the records and what we currently know is based on a few localities where there is halite found," Gregory said. (scienceblog.com)
  • Seawater has multiple process industry uses, including heat exchange systems at LNG terminals, oil/gas refineries, electric power plants and SWAC systems (salt water air conditioning) in commercial buildings. (thomasnet.com)
  • Seawater Desalination System Product usage & applicable Area - The system removes salt and other materials in seawater/groundwater so that it can provide drinking water to the cities having difficulties of getting water services. (ecplaza.net)
  • Seawater also has salt, which needs to be removed first and that's expensive to do. (kpax.com)
  • The seawater is to be obtained locally by drilling about 18 metres down into the underground where the salt-containing groundwater is located. (cphpost.dk)
  • The system has a patent on it method of removing salt and other harmful elements from seawater using the heat produced by a 1,000 kilowatt diesel generator. (chinadaily.com.cn)
  • In 2006, the Pacific Institute published "Desalination, With a Grain of Salt," a comprehensive overview of the advantages and disadvantages of seawater desalination to help meet California's water needs. (pacinst.org)
  • New method devised using a small electrical field that will remove the salt from seawater. (impactlab.com)
  • Chemists with the University of Texas and the University of Marburg have devised a method of using a small electrical field that will remove the salt from seawater. (impactlab.com)
  • Magnesium salt is extracted from Sequim seawater using a novel flow-based technique. (scitechdaily.com)
  • While table salt is the most easily obtained, seawater is a rich supply of other minerals, and researchers are investigating which ones may be extracted from the sea. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and the University of Washington (UW) have discovered a simple method to separate a pure magnesium salt, a feedstock for magnesium metal, from seawater. (scitechdaily.com)
  • The California Water Science center studies how excessive groundwater pumping, sea level rise, and other factors contribute to the encroachment of seawater into the state's fresh groundwater supplies. (usgs.gov)
  • As you know, seawater is corrosive, so we used fiberglass-reinforced piping and titanium plates in our sea water exchanges. (datacenterdynamics.com)
  • It is expected that seawater in the Middle East is more corrosive than seawater of any other areas of the world, but the corrosion resistance of varied materials in seawater in the Middle East have not been quantitatively compared with each other. (worldpumps.com)
  • Watering tomatoes with diluted seawater can boost their content of disease-fighting antioxidants and may lead to healthier salads, appetizers, and other tomato-based foods, scientists report. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Researchers have known for years that seawater does not stimulate the growth of tomatoes, but scientists know little about its effects on the nutritional content of the vegetables. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Beneath a fast-flowing ice stream in West Antarctica, scientists have discovered a vast aquifer brimming with seawater that's likely been locked down there for thousands of years. (livescience.com)
  • The density of typical seawater brine of 120 g/kg salinity at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure is 1088 kg/m3. (wikipedia.org)
  • Corrosion is the greatest problem encountered in stainless steel structures widely used in seawater pumps - even specialised brine pumps such as those used in desalination, oil & gas, chemical, thermal and nuclear power plants. (worldpumps.com)
  • Ren's research group and others have previously reported a nickel-iron-(oxy)hydroxide compound as a catalyst to split seawater, but producing the material required a lengthy process conducted at temperatures between 300 Celsius and 600 Celsius, or as high as 1,100 degrees Fahrenheit. (uh.edu)
  • In the mid-20th century, chemical companies successfully created magnesium feedstock from seawater by mixing it with sodium hydroxide, commonly known as lye. (scitechdaily.com)
  • In the laminar coflow method, the researchers flow seawater alongside a solution with hydroxide. (scitechdaily.com)
  • The magnesium-containing seawater quickly reacts to form a layer of solid magnesium hydroxide. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Seawater, or sea water, is water from a sea or ocean. (wikipedia.org)
  • The average density at the surface is 1.025 kg/L. Seawater is denser than both fresh water and pure water (density 1.0 kg/L at 4 °C (39 °F)) because the dissolved salts increase the mass by a larger proportion than the volume. (wikipedia.org)
  • The next step, they add, is to adapt the device for autonomous long-term seawater filtration and remote operation in deeper water. (eurekalert.org)
  • Poseidon Water wants to build a large seawater desalination plant next to the AES power station in Huntington Beach, pictured in the background. (latimes.com)
  • The commission staff wants Poseidon to build offshore, subsurface intakes just below the seafloor to draw water for the desalter, a technique the staff says would have minimal impact on plankton, fish eggs and larvae that are lethally entrained en masse by open ocean pipes. (latimes.com)
  • Irvine, CA - The new Model DCA-23 Seawater Dechlorination Analyzer from Electro-Chemical Devices (ECD) is a low maintenance measurement solution that requires no chemicals to monitor seawater chlorine levels accurately in a wide range of industrial process and municipal water treatment applications. (thomasnet.com)
  • The chlorination of seawater inhibits the growth of marine life on the various filters, screens and heat exchanger surfaces, but the seawater must be dechlorinated for environmental reasons before it is discharged back into the original water supply. (thomasnet.com)
  • Seawater has 35 grams of chlorides per liter, compared to fresh water which has chlorides in the parts per billion. (godlikeproductions.com)
  • In the desalination process seawater is sprayed onto pipes which are heated by pumping hot gas or hot water through them. (materialstoday.com)
  • The material the pipes are made of must conduct heat and resist corrosion, and for the water to evaporate properly the piping must also be easily coated with seawater. (materialstoday.com)
  • In the past, the idea of processing seawater for industries had been mooted when the city faced shortage of drinking water but the proposal is stuck in files. (daijiworld.com)
  • The pension fund PKA has teamed up with the capital region's water supplier HOFOR on a pilot project that will test the implementation of seawater in toilets in new housing in Copenhagen's Nordhavn district. (cphpost.dk)
  • The project aims to replace drinking water in toilets with the nearby seawater in 91 apartments that are currently being established at the Sandkaj waterfront development, which is scheduled to be completed in 2016. (cphpost.dk)
  • If we can replace clean drinking water with seawater, then it would be foolish not to do so, from a climate and resource perspective. (cphpost.dk)
  • Replacing toilet water with seawater would reduce the consumption of clean drinking water by 17 percent per person. (cphpost.dk)
  • The Sahara Forest Project in Qatar is putting together a number of different systems in a complex project intended to "produce food, fresh water and clean energy in deserts using seawater. (impactlab.com)
  • Past measurement from field expeditions and satellites have hinted that seawater may intrude subglacial meltwater channels," Wilson notes, "much like how the ocean may flow upstream and mix with river water in a typical estuary. (phys.org)
  • Ancient seawater pockets trapped in an iron pyrite framboid, shown here, offer a new source of clues to climate change in vanished oceans and our own. (scienceblog.com)
  • But the long-term strategic significance of seawater rice may not be its total yield but its adaptability to climate change. (chinadialogue.net)
  • Special ships that create clouds by spraying seawater into the air could be the most cost effective way of tackling climate change, new research has found. (impactlab.com)
  • The hurdle is making it economic to extract uranium from seawater, because the amount of uranium in seawater is truly inexhaustible. (forbes.com)
  • Researchers at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory exposed this special uranium-sorbing fiber developed at ORNL to Pseudomonas fluorescens and used the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory to create a 3-D X-ray microtomograph to determine microstructure and the effects of interactions with organisms and seawater. (forbes.com)
  • Specifically, this latest technology builds on work by researchers in Japan and uses polyethylene fibers coated with amidoxime to pull in and bind uranium dioxide from seawater (see figure above). (forbes.com)
  • Now, researchers in ACS Central Science report a proof-of-concept device that "sniffs" seawater, trapping dissolved compounds for analyses. (eurekalert.org)
  • Several metabolites, including brominated alkaloids and furanoterpenoids, captured from seawater were present in three sponge species that the researchers had examined in detail. (eurekalert.org)
  • Together with his team of researchers at the Qingdao Seawater Rice Research Centre, they have developed a new variety of "seawater" rice that is being trialled with promising results. (chinadialogue.net)
  • Subban and the team tested their new method using seawater from the PNNL-Sequim campus, allowing the researchers to take advantage of PNNL facilities across Washington State. (scitechdaily.com)
  • This marine testing shows that these new fibers had the capacity to hold 6 grams of uranium per kilogram of adsorbent in only about 50 days in natural seawater. (forbes.com)
  • fibers able to economically extract uranium from seawater. (forbes.com)
  • The paper shows warm seawater can intrude underneath glaciers, and if it causes melting at the glacier bottom, can cause predictions of future sea level rise to be up to two times higher than current estimates," Robel says. (phys.org)
  • New technological breakthroughs from DOE's Pacific Northwest (PNNL) and Oak Ridge (ORNL) national laboratories have made removing uranium from seawater within economic reach and the only question is - when will the source of uranium for our nuclear power plants change from mined ore to seawater extraction? (forbes.com)
  • It's not just that the 4 billion tons of uranium in seawater now would fuel a thousand 1,000-MW nuclear power plants for a 100,000 years. (forbes.com)
  • Nuclear power is one of the cleanest and most practical alternative energy sources available at the moment, and even if fuel spun from seawater costs more to produce, you're saving on the cost of getting that fuel to where it's needed and ensuring that your fleet can operate even in the event that its supply chain is disrupted. (vice.com)
  • Faced with global warming and potential oil shortages, the US navy is experimenting with making jet fuel from seawater. (impactlab.com)
  • Navy chemists have processed seawater into unsaturated short-chain hydrocarbons that with further refining could be made into kerosene-based jet fuel. (impactlab.com)
  • Results of search for 'su:{Seawater. (who.int)
  • The U.S. Navy hopes to power all non-nuclear powered ships through seawater. (impactlab.com)
  • Finally, we performed a study on the yield of persulfate oxidation for organic and inorganic nitrogen compounds typically present in seawater . (bvsalud.org)
  • However, there is no universally accepted reference pH-scale for seawater and the difference between measurements based on different reference scales may be up to 0.14 units. (wikipedia.org)
  • Removing magnesium is a necessary pre-treatment for seawater desalination. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Although the vast majority of seawater has a salinity of between 31 and 38 g/kg, that is 3.1-3.8%, seawater is not uniformly saline throughout the world. (wikipedia.org)
  • I would hope to convince them that it might be cheaper and better to use seawater directly, you know, in a system like this. (kpax.com)
  • Dissolved chlorides and other salts contained in a great quantity in seawater cause localized corrosion of stainless steels and other passive metals. (worldpumps.com)
  • Dechlorination Analyzer requires no chemicals to monitor seawater. (thomasnet.com)
  • The pH value of seawater is naturally as low as 7.8 in deep ocean waters as a result of degradation of organic matter in these waters. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bromine is found naturally in the earth's crust and in seawater in various chemical forms. (cdc.gov)
  • It's true that the concentration of CO2 in seawater is a lot higher than it is in the air, but that's still a really tiny amount. (vice.com)
  • During the re-gasification process at LNG terminals, large quantities of chlorine-treated seawater are used to heat the LNG heat exchangers. (thomasnet.com)
  • The intake seawater is treated with chlorine to kill algae and other organisms prior to the reverse osmosis process. (thomasnet.com)
  • To get a significant amount of gas, you're going to have to process a pretty huge volume of seawater, and then when you compress that gas into a liquid, it's going to shrink considerably. (vice.com)
  • This product has been supplied in seawater pump's casings, shafts, sleeves, and pipes for more than 20 years. (worldpumps.com)
  • The entire system was optimally designed to provide the required seawater flow of 2.14 million barrels per day (62,400 gpm) for initial operations prior to 2009 with the ability to be scaled up to the planned increased flow of 3.0 million barrels per day (87,500 gpm) 10 years later. (aft.com)
  • ANOTHER TEPCO FAIL*** Stainless steel piping cracking from boiling seawater! (godlikeproductions.com)
  • If you fail to protect your seawater pumps from corrosion, they will corrode and become damaged in a short time, resulting in shutdown or critical safety problems. (worldpumps.com)
  • Last week, some people at the US Naval Research Laboratory's Materials Science and Technology Division were able to successfully fly an aircraft fueled by nothing but seawater . (vice.com)
  • Determination of total dissolved nitrogen in seawater by isotope dilution gas chromatography mass spectrometry following digestion with persulfate and derivatization with aqueous triethyloxonium. (bvsalud.org)
  • Inside, we found cold packs and a bottle of chilled Sequim seawater. (scitechdaily.com)
  • Mercury, from natural sources or industrial pollution, can be found in small amounts in seawater. (cdc.gov)
  • Deep in the ocean, under high pressure, seawater can reach a density of 1050 kg/m3 or higher. (wikipedia.org)
  • The high electrical conductivity of seawater promotes macro-cell corrosion such as galvanic corrosion and differential- aeration-cell-corrosion, including differential-flow-rate-cell-corrosion. (worldpumps.com)
  • Interest in seawater desalination remains high in California. (pacinst.org)
  • This paper describes the optimization of a high-pressure seawater pipeline being constructed to increase oil production from an oil field in Khurais, Saudi Arabia. (aft.com)
  • A nice video of U extraction from seawater can be seen on the University of Tennessee Knoxville website . (forbes.com)
  • Google has offered a look inside the cooling system of one of its newest data centers, in Hamina, Finland, which uses seawater for cooling which runs through existing infrastructure built for an old paper mill. (datacenterdynamics.com)
  • Google made use of a quarter-mile long seawater tunnel that could fit a tractor through it that had already been constructed to deliver seawater to the old paper mill. (datacenterdynamics.com)