Specialized devices used in ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY to repair bone fractures.
The use of internal devices (metal plates, nails, rods, etc.) to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment.
Operative immobilization or ankylosis of two or more vertebrae by fusion of the vertebral bodies with a short bone graft or often with diskectomy or laminectomy. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p236; Dorland, 28th ed)
Internal devices used in osteosynthesis to hold the position of the fracture in proper alignment. By applying the principles of biomedical engineering, the surgeon uses metal plates, nails, rods, etc., for the correction of skeletal defects.
Implantable fracture fixation devices attached to bone fragments with screws to bridge the fracture gap and shield the fracture site from stress as bone heals. (UMDNS, 1999)
A group of twelve VERTEBRAE connected to the ribs that support the upper trunk region.
In anatomy, 'axis' is a term used to describe a real or imaginary line around which something rotates or along which it aligns, such as the second cervical vertebra, also known as the axis bone, which provides the pivot point for the rotation of the head.
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The first seven VERTEBRAE of the SPINAL COLUMN, which correspond to the VERTEBRAE of the NECK.
Production of an image when x-rays strike a fluorescent screen.
Rods of bone, metal, or other material used for fixation of the fragments or ends of fractured bones.
'Spinal diseases' is a broad term referring to various medical conditions that affect the structural integrity, function, or health of the spinal column, including degenerative disorders, infections, inflammatory processes, traumatic injuries, neoplasms, and congenital abnormalities.
Surgical procedures conducted with the aid of computers. This is most frequently used in orthopedic and laparoscopic surgery for implant placement and instrument guidance. Image-guided surgery interactively combines prior CT scans or MRI images with real-time video.
VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.
Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, its articulations, and associated structures.
Five fused VERTEBRAE forming a triangle-shaped structure at the back of the PELVIS. It articulates superiorly with the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, inferiorly with the COCCYX, and anteriorly with the ILIUM of the PELVIS. The sacrum strengthens and stabilizes the PELVIS.
Devices which are used in the treatment of orthopedic injuries and diseases.
The first cervical vertebra.
A dead body, usually a human body.
The joint involving the CERVICAL ATLAS and axis bones.
Intraoperative computer-assisted 3D navigation and guidance system generally used in neurosurgery for tracking surgical tools and localize them with respect to the patient's 3D anatomy. The pre-operative diagnostic scan is used as a reference and is transferred onto the operative field during surgery.
The use of nails that are inserted into bone cavities in order to keep fractured bones together.
Broken bones in the vertebral column.
The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes BONY CALLUS formation and normal replacement of bone tissue.
Steel wires, often threaded through the skin, soft tissues, and bone, used to fix broken bones. Kirschner wires or apparatus also includes the application of traction to the healing bones through the wires.
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
The toothlike process on the upper surface of the axis, which articulates with the CERVICAL ATLAS above.
The spinal or vertebral column.
Lack of stability of a joint or joint prosthesis. Factors involved are intra-articular disease and integrity of extra-articular structures such as joint capsule, ligaments, and muscles.
Fractures of the femur.
A tibial fracture is a medical term that describes a break or crack in the shinbone, one of the two bones in the lower leg, which can occur anywhere along its length due to various traumatic injuries or stresses.
A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts; atomic number, 22; atomic weight, 47.90; symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A fracture in which union fails to occur, the ends of the bone becoming rounded and eburnated, and a false joint occurs. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Natural teeth or teeth roots used as anchorage for a fixed or removable denture or other prosthesis (such as an implant) serving the same purpose.
Failure of equipment to perform to standard. The failure may be due to defects or improper use.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Forward displacement of a superior vertebral body over the vertebral body below.
"Dislocation is a traumatic injury wherein the normal articulation between two bones at a joint is disrupted, resulting in the complete separation of the bone ends and associated soft tissues from their usual position."
Breaks in bones.
Polymerized methyl methacrylate monomers which are used as sheets, moulding, extrusion powders, surface coating resins, emulsion polymers, fibers, inks, and films (From International Labor Organization, 1983). This material is also used in tooth implants, bone cements, and hard corneal contact lenses.
Surgical insertion of a prosthesis.
The use of metallic devices inserted into or through bone to hold a fracture in a set position and alignment while it heals.
The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.
The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SUTURES; TISSUE ADHESIVES; etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility.
Implants constructed of materials designed to be absorbed by the body without producing an immune response. They are usually composed of plastics and are frequently used in orthopedics and orthodontics.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).
Removal of an implanted therapeutic or prosthetic device.
Procedures that avoid use of open, invasive surgery in favor of closed or local surgery. These generally involve use of laparoscopic devices and remote-control manipulation of instruments with indirect observation of the surgical field through an endoscope or similar device.
Part of the back and base of the CRANIUM that encloses the FORAMEN MAGNUM.
The distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. Range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. Joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES.
Infection with larvae of the blow fly Cochliomyia hominivorax (Callitroga americanum), a common cause of disease in livestock in the southern and southwestern U.S.A.
The grafting of bone from a donor site to a recipient site.
Methods of creating machines and devices.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot.
Stainless steel. A steel containing Ni, Cr, or both. It does not tarnish on exposure and is used in corrosive environments. (Grant & Hack's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The point of articulation between the OCCIPITAL BONE and the CERVICAL ATLAS.
A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Bones that constitute each half of the pelvic girdle in VERTEBRATES, formed by fusion of the ILIUM; ISCHIUM; and PUBIC BONE.
Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste.
The growth action of bone tissue as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants).
Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.
Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Injuries involving the vertebral column.
The surgical fixation of a joint by a procedure designed to accomplish fusion of the joint surfaces by promoting the proliferation of bone cells. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The evaluation of incidents involving the loss of function of a device. These evaluations are used for a variety of purposes such as to determine the failure rates, the causes of failures, costs of failures, and the reliability and maintainability of devices.
The plan and delineation of prostheses in general or a specific prosthesis.
A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient due to disease progression or recurrence, or as followup to failed previous surgery.
Holding a DENTAL PROSTHESIS in place by its design, or by the use of additional devices or adhesives.
A bone on the ventral side of the shoulder girdle, which in humans is commonly called the collar bone.
The surgical cutting of a bone. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Attachment of orthodontic devices and materials to the MOUTH area for support and to provide a counterforce to orthodontic forces.
Biocompatible materials placed into (endosseous) or onto (subperiosteal) the jawbone to support a crown, bridge, or artificial tooth, or to stabilize a diseased tooth.
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by an exaggerated convexity of the vertebral column. The forward bending of the thoracic region usually is more than 40 degrees. This deformity sometimes is called round back or hunchback.
A prosthesis that gains its support, stability, and retention from a substructure that is implanted under the soft tissues of the basal seat of the device and is in contact with bone. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
The cavity within the SPINAL COLUMN through which the SPINAL CORD passes.
The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.
The process of generating three-dimensional images by electronic, photographic, or other methods. For example, three-dimensional images can be generated by assembling multiple tomographic images with the aid of a computer, while photographic 3-D images (HOLOGRAPHY) can be made by exposing film to the interference pattern created when two laser light sources shine on an object.
Three-dimensional representation to show anatomic structures. Models may be used in place of intact animals or organisms for teaching, practice, and study.
The eight bones of the wrist: SCAPHOID BONE; LUNATE BONE; TRIQUETRUM BONE; PISIFORM BONE; TRAPEZIUM BONE; TRAPEZOID BONE; CAPITATE BONE; and HAMATE BONE.
The constant checking on the state or condition of a patient during the course of a surgical operation (e.g., checking of vital signs).
The immovable joint formed by the lateral surfaces of the SACRUM and ILIUM.
A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.
Malfunction of implantation shunts, valves, etc., and prosthesis loosening, migration, and breaking.
Union of the fragments of a fractured bone in a faulty or abnormal position. If two bones parallel to one another unite by osseous tissue, the result is a crossunion. (From Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 4th ed)
A surgical procedure that entails removing all (laminectomy) or part (laminotomy) of selected vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the SPINAL CORD and/or SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Vertebral lamina is the thin flattened posterior wall of vertebral arch that forms the vertebral foramen through which pass the spinal cord and nerve roots.
General or unspecified injuries to the neck. It includes injuries to the skin, muscles, and other soft tissues of the neck.
The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.
Artificial substitutes for body parts, and materials inserted into tissue for functional, cosmetic, or therapeutic purposes. Prostheses can be functional, as in the case of artificial arms and legs, or cosmetic, as in the case of an artificial eye. Implants, all surgically inserted or grafted into the body, tend to be used therapeutically. IMPLANTS, EXPERIMENTAL is available for those used experimentally.
The bone of the lower leg lateral to and smaller than the tibia. In proportion to its length, it is the most slender of the long bones.

Bone screws are medical devices used in orthopedic and trauma surgery to affix bone fracture fragments or to attach bones to other bones or to metal implants such as plates, rods, or artificial joints. They are typically made of stainless steel or titanium alloys and have a threaded shaft that allows for purchase in the bone when tightened. The head of the screw may have a hexagonal or star-shaped design to allow for precise tightening with a screwdriver. Bone screws come in various shapes, sizes, and designs, including fully threaded, partially threaded, cannulated (hollow), and headless types, depending on their intended use and location in the body.

Fracture fixation, internal, is a surgical procedure where a fractured bone is fixed using metal devices such as plates, screws, or rods that are implanted inside the body. This technique helps to maintain the alignment and stability of the broken bone while it heals. The implants may be temporarily or permanently left inside the body, depending on the nature and severity of the fracture. Internal fixation allows for early mobilization and rehabilitation, which can result in a faster recovery and improved functional outcome.

Spinal fusion is a surgical procedure where two or more vertebrae in the spine are fused together to create a solid bone. The purpose of this procedure is to restrict movement between the fused vertebrae, which can help reduce pain and stabilize the spine. This is typically done using bone grafts or bone graft substitutes, along with hardware such as rods, screws, or cages to hold the vertebrae in place while they heal together. The procedure may be recommended for various spinal conditions, including degenerative disc disease, spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, scoliosis, or fractures.

Internal fixators are medical devices that are implanted into the body through surgery to stabilize and hold broken or fractured bones in the correct position while they heal. These devices can be made from various materials, such as metal (stainless steel or titanium) or bioabsorbable materials. Internal fixators can take many forms, including plates, screws, rods, nails, wires, or cages, depending on the type and location of the fracture.

The main goal of using internal fixators is to promote bone healing by maintaining accurate reduction and alignment of the fractured bones, allowing for early mobilization and rehabilitation. This can help reduce the risk of complications such as malunion, nonunion, or deformity. Internal fixators are typically removed once the bone has healed, although some bioabsorbable devices may not require a second surgery for removal.

It is important to note that while internal fixators provide stability and support for fractured bones, they do not replace the need for proper immobilization, protection, or rehabilitation during the healing process. Close follow-up with an orthopedic surgeon is essential to ensure appropriate healing and address any potential complications.

Bone plates are medical devices used in orthopedic surgery to stabilize and hold together fractured or broken bones during the healing process. They are typically made of surgical-grade stainless steel, titanium, or other biocompatible materials. The plate is shaped to fit the contour of the bone and is held in place with screws that are inserted through the plate and into the bone on either side of the fracture. This provides stability and alignment to the broken bones, allowing them to heal properly. Bone plates can be used to treat a variety of fractures, including those that are complex or unstable. After healing is complete, the bone plate may be left in place or removed, depending on the individual's needs and the surgeon's recommendation.

The thoracic vertebrae are the 12 vertebrae in the thoracic region of the spine, which is the portion between the cervical and lumbar regions. These vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12, with T1 being closest to the skull and T12 connecting to the lumbar region.

The main function of the thoracic vertebrae is to provide stability and support for the chest region, including protection for the vital organs within, such as the heart and lungs. Each thoracic vertebra has costal facets on its sides, which articulate with the heads of the ribs, forming the costovertebral joints. This connection between the spine and the ribcage allows for a range of movements while maintaining stability.

The thoracic vertebrae have a unique structure compared to other regions of the spine. They are characterized by having long, narrow bodies, small bony processes, and prominent spinous processes that point downwards. This particular shape and orientation of the thoracic vertebrae contribute to their role in limiting excessive spinal movement and providing overall trunk stability.

In medical terms, "axis" is used to describe a line or lines along which a structure or body part can move or around which it is oriented. It is often used in anatomical context to refer to specific axes of movement or alignment for various parts of the body. For example:

* The axial skeleton, also known as the upright skeleton, includes the skull, vertebral column, and chest cage.
* In neurology, the term "axis" is used to describe the second cervical vertebra (C2), which is also called the axis because it serves as a pivot point for head movement.
* The term "longitudinal axis" is used to describe an imaginary line that runs from the head to the foot, passing through the center of the body.
* In imaging studies such as X-rays or MRIs, the term "axis" may be used to describe a specific orientation or alignment for the image.

Overall, the term "axis" is used in medicine to describe lines or planes that serve as reference points for movement, alignment, or orientation of various body structures and parts.

Scoliosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, which most often occurs in the thoracic or lumbar regions. The curvature can be "C" or "S" shaped and may also include rotation of the vertebrae. Mild scoliosis doesn't typically cause problems, but severe cases can interfere with breathing and other bodily functions.

The exact cause of most scoliosis is unknown, but it may be related to genetic factors. It often develops in the pre-teen or teenage years, particularly in girls, and is more commonly found in individuals with certain neuromuscular disorders such as cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy.

Treatment for scoliosis depends on the severity of the curve, its location, and the age and expected growth of the individual. Mild cases may only require regular monitoring to ensure the curve doesn't worsen. More severe cases may require bracing or surgery to correct the curvature and prevent it from getting worse.

The cervical vertebrae are the seven vertebrae that make up the upper part of the spine, also known as the neck region. They are labeled C1 to C7, with C1 being closest to the skull and C7 connecting to the thoracic vertebrae in the chest region. The cervical vertebrae have unique structures to allow for a wide range of motion in the neck while also protecting the spinal cord and providing attachment points for muscles and ligaments.

Fluoroscopy is a type of medical imaging that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the internal structures of the body. A continuous X-ray beam is passed through the body part being examined, and the resulting fluoroscopic images are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the medical professional to view the structure and movement of the internal organs and bones in real time.

Fluoroscopy is often used to guide minimally invasive procedures such as catheterization, stent placement, or joint injections. It can also be used to diagnose and monitor a variety of medical conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal injuries, and cardiovascular diseases.

It is important to note that fluoroscopy involves exposure to ionizing radiation, and the risks associated with this exposure should be carefully weighed against the benefits of the procedure. Medical professionals are trained to use the lowest possible dose of radiation necessary to obtain the desired diagnostic information.

I believe you are referring to "bone pins" or "bone nails" rather than "bone nails." These terms are used in the medical field to describe surgical implants made of metal or biocompatible materials that are used to stabilize and hold together fractured bones during the healing process. They can also be used in spinal fusion surgery to provide stability and promote bone growth between vertebrae.

Bone pins or nails typically have a threaded or smooth shaft, with a small diameter that allows them to be inserted into the medullary canal of long bones such as the femur or tibia. They may also have a head or eyelet on one end that allows for attachment to external fixation devices or other surgical instruments.

The use of bone pins and nails has revolutionized orthopedic surgery, allowing for faster healing times, improved stability, and better functional outcomes for patients with fractures or spinal deformities.

Spinal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the spinal column, which is made up of vertebrae (bones), intervertebral discs, facet joints, nerves, ligaments, and muscles. These diseases can cause pain, discomfort, stiffness, numbness, weakness, or even paralysis, depending on the severity and location of the condition. Here are some examples of spinal diseases:

1. Degenerative disc disease: This is a condition where the intervertebral discs lose their elasticity and height, leading to stiffness, pain, and decreased mobility.
2. Herniated disc: This occurs when the inner material of the intervertebral disc bulges or herniates out through a tear in the outer layer, causing pressure on the spinal nerves and resulting in pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected area.
3. Spinal stenosis: This is a narrowing of the spinal canal or the neural foramen (the openings where the spinal nerves exit the spinal column), which can cause pressure on the spinal cord or nerves and result in pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness.
4. Scoliosis: This is a curvature of the spine that can occur in children or adults, leading to an abnormal posture, back pain, and decreased lung function.
5. Osteoarthritis: This is a degenerative joint disease that affects the facet joints in the spine, causing pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility.
6. Ankylosing spondylitis: This is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the spine and sacroiliac joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and fusion of the vertebrae.
7. Spinal tumors: These are abnormal growths that can occur in the spinal column, which can be benign or malignant, causing pain, neurological symptoms, or even paralysis.
8. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections can affect the spine, leading to pain, fever, and other systemic symptoms.
9. Trauma: Fractures, dislocations, or sprains of the spine can occur due to accidents, falls, or sports injuries, causing pain, neurological deficits, or even paralysis.

Computer-assisted surgery (CAS) refers to the use of computer systems and technologies to assist and enhance surgical procedures. These systems can include a variety of tools such as imaging software, robotic systems, and navigation devices that help surgeons plan, guide, and perform surgeries with greater precision and accuracy.

In CAS, preoperative images such as CT scans or MRI images are used to create a three-dimensional model of the surgical site. This model can be used to plan the surgery, identify potential challenges, and determine the optimal approach. During the surgery, the surgeon can use the computer system to navigate and guide instruments with real-time feedback, allowing for more precise movements and reduced risk of complications.

Robotic systems can also be used in CAS to perform minimally invasive procedures with smaller incisions and faster recovery times. The surgeon controls the robotic arms from a console, allowing for greater range of motion and accuracy than traditional hand-held instruments.

Overall, computer-assisted surgery provides a number of benefits over traditional surgical techniques, including improved precision, reduced risk of complications, and faster recovery times for patients.

The lumbar vertebrae are the five largest and strongest vertebrae in the human spine, located in the lower back region. They are responsible for bearing most of the body's weight and providing stability during movement. The lumbar vertebrae have a characteristic shape, with a large body in the front, which serves as the main weight-bearing structure, and a bony ring in the back, formed by the pedicles, laminae, and processes. This ring encloses and protects the spinal cord and nerves. The lumbar vertebrae are numbered L1 to L5, starting from the uppermost one. They allow for flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation movements of the trunk.

Orthopedic procedures are surgical or nonsurgical methods used to treat musculoskeletal conditions, including injuries, deformities, or diseases of the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. These procedures can range from simple splinting or casting to complex surgeries such as joint replacements, spinal fusions, or osteotomies (cutting and repositioning bones). The primary goal of orthopedic procedures is to restore function, reduce pain, and improve the quality of life for patients.

The sacrum is a triangular-shaped bone in the lower portion of the human vertebral column, located between the lumbar spine and the coccyx (tailbone). It forms through the fusion of several vertebrae during fetal development. The sacrum's base articulates with the fifth lumbar vertebra, while its apex connects with the coccyx.

The sacrum plays an essential role in supporting the spine and transmitting weight from the upper body to the pelvis and lower limbs. It also serves as an attachment site for various muscles and ligaments. The sacral region is often a focus in medical and chiropractic treatments due to its importance in spinal stability, posture, and overall health.

Orthopedic fixation devices are medical implants used in orthopedic surgery to provide stability and promote the healing of fractured or broken bones, as well as joints or spinal segments. These devices can be internal or external and include a variety of products such as:

1. Intramedullary nails: Long rods that are inserted into the center of a bone to stabilize fractures in long bones like the femur or tibia.
2. Plates and screws: Metal plates are attached to the surface of a bone with screws to hold the fragments together while they heal.
3. Screws: Used alone or in combination with other devices, they can be used to stabilize small fractures or to fix implants like total joint replacements.
4. Wires: Used to hold bone fragments together, often in conjunction with other devices.
5. External fixators: A external frame attached to the bones using pins or wires that is placed outside the skin to provide stability and alignment of fractured bones.
6. Spinal fixation devices: These include pedicle screws, rods, hooks, and plates used to stabilize spinal fractures or deformities.
7. Orthopedic staples: Small metal staples used to stabilize small bone fragments or for joint fusion.

The choice of orthopedic fixation device depends on the location and severity of the injury or condition being treated. The primary goal of these devices is to provide stability, promote healing, and restore function.

The Cervical Atlas, also known as C1 or the atlas vertebra, is the uppermost and most superior of the seven cervical vertebrae in the human spine. It plays a crucial role in supporting and facilitating the movement of the head, as it articulates with both the occipital bone (forming the joint called the atlanto-occipital joint) and the axis (or C2) vertebra (forming the atlantoaxial joint). The unique structure of the cervical atlas lacks a body, instead having an anterior and posterior arch with two lateral masses that form the facet joints for articulation with the axis. This arrangement allows for a wide range of motion in the neck, including flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation.

A cadaver is a deceased body that is used for medical research or education. In the field of medicine, cadavers are often used in anatomy lessons, surgical training, and other forms of medical research. The use of cadavers allows medical professionals to gain a deeper understanding of the human body and its various systems without causing harm to living subjects. Cadavers may be donated to medical schools or obtained through other means, such as through consent of the deceased or their next of kin. It is important to handle and treat cadavers with respect and dignity, as they were once living individuals who deserve to be treated with care even in death.

The atlanto-axial joint is the joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae, also known as C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis). It consists of two separate joints: the median atlanto-axial joint, which is a pivot joint that allows for rotation of the head, and the paired lateral atlanto-axial joints, which are plane joints that allow for limited gliding movements.

The atlanto-axial joint is surrounded by several ligaments that provide stability and limit excessive movement. The transverse ligament, located on the anterior aspect of the joint, is particularly important as it prevents excessive movement of the atlas on the axis and helps to protect the spinal cord.

Abnormalities or injuries to the atlanto-axial joint can result in instability and potentially serious neurological complications.

Neuronavigation is a surgical technique that uses imaging technology, such as MRI or CT scans, to create a 3D map of the patient's brain in real-time during surgery. This allows surgeons to accurately locate and navigate to specific areas of the brain with greater precision and less invasiveness, improving surgical outcomes and reducing the risk of complications.

The neuronavigation system typically consists of a computer workstation, tracking systems, and instruments that are equipped with sensors. The system is able to track the position and orientation of these instruments relative to the patient's brain, allowing the surgeon to visualize the location of the instruments on the 3D map in real-time.

Neuronavigation has become an essential tool in many neurosurgical procedures, including tumor resection, functional neurosurgery, and deep brain stimulation. It enables surgeons to perform more complex surgeries with increased safety and efficacy, ultimately improving the quality of care for patients undergoing these procedures.

Intramedullary fracture fixation is a surgical technique used to stabilize and align bone fractures. In this procedure, a metal rod or nail is inserted into the marrow cavity (intramedullary canal) of the affected bone, spanning the length of the fracture. The rod is then secured to the bone using screws or other fixation devices on either side of the fracture. This provides stability and helps maintain proper alignment during the healing process.

The benefits of intramedullary fixation include:

1. Load sharing: The intramedullary rod shares some of the load bearing capacity with the bone, which can help reduce stress on the healing bone.
2. Minimal soft tissue dissection: Since the implant is inserted through the medullary canal, there is less disruption to the surrounding muscles, tendons, and ligaments compared to other fixation methods.
3. Biomechanical stability: Intramedullary fixation provides rotational and bending stiffness, which helps maintain proper alignment of the fracture fragments during healing.
4. Early mobilization: Patients with intramedullary fixation can often begin weight bearing and rehabilitation exercises earlier than those with other types of fixation, leading to faster recovery times.

Common indications for intramedullary fracture fixation include long bone fractures in the femur, tibia, humerus, and fibula, as well as certain pelvic and spinal fractures. However, the choice of fixation method depends on various factors such as patient age, fracture pattern, location, and associated injuries.

A spinal fracture, also known as a vertebral compression fracture, is a break in one or more bones (vertebrae) of the spine. This type of fracture often occurs due to weakened bones caused by osteoporosis, but it can also result from trauma such as a car accident or a fall.

In a spinal fracture, the front part of the vertebra collapses, causing the height of the vertebra to decrease, while the back part of the vertebra remains intact. This results in a wedge-shaped deformity of the vertebra. Multiple fractures can lead to a hunched forward posture known as kyphosis or dowager's hump.

Spinal fractures can cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms, depending on the location and severity of the fracture. In some cases, spinal cord compression may occur, leading to more severe symptoms such as paralysis or loss of bladder and bowel control.

Fracture healing is the natural process by which a broken bone repairs itself. When a fracture occurs, the body responds by initiating a series of biological and cellular events aimed at restoring the structural integrity of the bone. This process involves the formation of a hematoma (a collection of blood) around the fracture site, followed by the activation of inflammatory cells that help to clean up debris and prepare the area for repair.

Over time, specialized cells called osteoblasts begin to lay down new bone matrix, or osteoid, along the edges of the broken bone ends. This osteoid eventually hardens into new bone tissue, forming a bridge between the fracture fragments. As this process continues, the callus (a mass of newly formed bone and connective tissue) gradually becomes stronger and more compact, eventually remodeling itself into a solid, unbroken bone.

The entire process of fracture healing can take several weeks to several months, depending on factors such as the severity of the injury, the patient's age and overall health, and the location of the fracture. In some cases, medical intervention may be necessary to help promote healing or ensure proper alignment of the bone fragments. This may include the use of casts, braces, or surgical implants such as plates, screws, or rods.

I'm not aware of a medical term called "bone wires." The term "wiring" is used in orthopedic surgery to describe the use of metal wire to hold bones or fractures in place during healing. However, I couldn't find any specific medical definition or term related to "bone wires." It may be a colloquialism, a term used in a specific context, or a term from science fiction. If you could provide more context about where you encountered this term, I might be able to give a more accurate answer.

A femoral neck fracture is a type of hip fracture that occurs in the narrow, vertical section of bone just below the ball of the femur (thigh bone) that connects to the hip socket. This area is called the femoral neck. Femoral neck fractures can be categorized into different types based on their location and the direction of the fractured bone.

These fractures are typically caused by high-energy trauma, such as car accidents or falls from significant heights, in younger individuals. However, in older adults, particularly those with osteoporosis, femoral neck fractures can also result from low-energy trauma, like a simple fall from standing height.

Femoral neck fractures are often serious and require prompt medical attention. Treatment usually involves surgery to realign and stabilize the broken bone fragments, followed by rehabilitation to help regain mobility and strength. Potential complications of femoral neck fractures include avascular necrosis (loss of blood flow to the femoral head), nonunion or malunion (improper healing), and osteoarthritis in the hip joint.

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.

Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:

1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.

Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.

The odontoid process, also known as the dens, is a tooth-like projection from the second cervical vertebra (axis). It fits into a ring formed by the first vertebra (atlas), allowing for movement between these two vertebrae. The odontoid process helps to support the head and facilitates movements such as nodding and shaking. It is an essential structure in maintaining stability and mobility of the upper spine.

The spine, also known as the vertebral column, is a complex structure in the human body that is part of the axial skeleton. It is composed of 33 individual vertebrae (except in some people where there are fewer due to fusion of certain vertebrae), intervertebral discs, facet joints, ligaments, muscles, and nerves.

The spine has several important functions:

1. Protection: The spine protects the spinal cord, which is a major component of the nervous system, by enclosing it within a bony canal.
2. Support: The spine supports the head and upper body, allowing us to maintain an upright posture and facilitating movement of the trunk and head.
3. Movement: The spine enables various movements such as flexion (bending forward), extension (bending backward), lateral flexion (bending sideways), and rotation (twisting).
4. Weight-bearing: The spine helps distribute weight and pressure evenly across the body, reducing stress on individual vertebrae and other structures.
5. Blood vessel and nerve protection: The spine protects vital blood vessels and nerves that pass through it, including the aorta, vena cava, and spinal nerves.

The spine is divided into five regions: cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae), lumbar (5 vertebrae), sacrum (5 fused vertebrae), and coccyx (4 fused vertebrae, also known as the tailbone). Each region has unique characteristics that allow for specific functions and adaptations to the body's needs.

Joint instability is a condition characterized by the loss of normal joint function and increased risk of joint injury due to impaired integrity of the supporting structures, such as ligaments, muscles, or cartilage. This can result in excessive movement or laxity within the joint, leading to decreased stability and increased susceptibility to dislocations or subluxations. Joint instability may cause pain, swelling, and limited range of motion, and it can significantly impact a person's mobility and quality of life. It is often caused by trauma, degenerative conditions, or congenital abnormalities and may require medical intervention, such as physical therapy, bracing, or surgery, to restore joint stability.

A femoral fracture is a medical term that refers to a break in the thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. The femur extends from the hip joint to the knee joint and is responsible for supporting the weight of the upper body and allowing movement of the lower extremity. Femoral fractures can occur due to various reasons such as high-energy trauma, low-energy trauma in individuals with weak bones (osteoporosis), or as a result of a direct blow to the thigh.

Femoral fractures can be classified into different types based on their location, pattern, and severity. Some common types of femoral fractures include:

1. Transverse fracture: A break that occurs straight across the bone.
2. Oblique fracture: A break that occurs at an angle across the bone.
3. Spiral fracture: A break that occurs in a helical pattern around the bone.
4. Comminuted fracture: A break that results in multiple fragments of the bone.
5. Open or compound fracture: A break in which the bone pierces through the skin.
6. Closed or simple fracture: A break in which the bone does not pierce through the skin.

Femoral fractures can cause severe pain, swelling, bruising, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected leg. Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment may involve surgical intervention, including the use of metal rods, plates, or screws to stabilize the bone, followed by rehabilitation and physical therapy to restore mobility and strength.

A tibial fracture is a medical term that refers to a break in the shin bone, which is called the tibia. The tibia is the larger of the two bones in the lower leg and is responsible for supporting much of your body weight. Tibial fractures can occur in various ways, such as from high-energy trauma like car accidents or falls, or from low-energy trauma in individuals with weakened bones due to osteoporosis or other medical conditions.

Tibial fractures can be classified into different types based on the location, pattern, and severity of the break. Some common types of tibial fractures include:

1. Transverse fracture: A straight break that goes across the bone.
2. Oblique fracture: A diagonal break that slopes across the bone.
3. Spiral fracture: A break that spirals around the bone, often caused by twisting or rotational forces.
4. Comminuted fracture: A break where the bone is shattered into multiple pieces.
5. Open fracture: A break in which the bone pierces through the skin, increasing the risk of infection.
6. Closed fracture: A break in which the bone does not pierce through the skin.

Tibial fractures can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, bruising, deformity, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected leg. Treatment for tibial fractures may include immobilization with a cast or brace, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone with plates, screws, or rods, and rehabilitation to restore strength, mobility, and function to the injured limb.

Titanium is not a medical term, but rather a chemical element (symbol Ti, atomic number 22) that is widely used in the medical field due to its unique properties. Medically, it is often referred to as a biocompatible material used in various medical applications such as:

1. Orthopedic implants: Titanium and its alloys are used for making joint replacements (hips, knees, shoulders), bone plates, screws, and rods due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility.
2. Dental implants: Titanium is also commonly used in dental applications like implants, crowns, and bridges because of its ability to osseointegrate, or fuse directly with bone tissue, providing a stable foundation for replacement teeth.
3. Cardiovascular devices: Titanium alloys are used in the construction of heart valves, pacemakers, and other cardiovascular implants due to their non-magnetic properties, which prevent interference with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
4. Medical instruments: Due to its resistance to corrosion and high strength, titanium is used in the manufacturing of various medical instruments such as surgical tools, needles, and catheters.

In summary, Titanium is a chemical element with unique properties that make it an ideal material for various medical applications, including orthopedic and dental implants, cardiovascular devices, and medical instruments.

Ununited fracture is a medical term used to describe a fractured bone that has failed to heal properly. This condition is also known as a nonunion fracture. In a normal healing process, the broken ends of the bone will grow together, or "unite," over time as new bone tissue forms. However, in some cases, the bones may not reconnect due to various reasons such as infection, poor blood supply, excessive motion at the fracture site, or inadequate stabilization of the fracture.

Ununited fractures can cause significant pain, swelling, and deformity in the affected area. They may also lead to a decreased range of motion, weakness, and instability in the joint near the fracture. Treatment for ununited fractures typically involves surgical intervention to promote bone healing, such as bone grafting or internal fixation with screws or plates. In some cases, electrical stimulation or ultrasound therapy may also be used to help promote bone growth and healing.

A dental abutment is a component of a dental implant restoration that connects the implant to the replacement tooth or teeth. It serves as a support structure and is attached to the implant, which is surgically placed in the jawbone. The abutment provides a stable foundation for the placement of a crown, bridge, or denture, depending on the patient's individual needs.

Dental abutments can be made from various materials such as titanium, zirconia, or other biocompatible materials. They come in different shapes and sizes to accommodate the specific requirements of each implant case. The selection of an appropriate dental abutment is crucial for ensuring a successful and long-lasting dental implant restoration.

Equipment failure is a term used in the medical field to describe the malfunction or breakdown of medical equipment, devices, or systems that are essential for patient care. This can include simple devices like syringes and thermometers, as well as complex machines such as ventilators, infusion pumps, and imaging equipment.

Equipment failure can have serious consequences for patients, including delayed or inappropriate treatment, injury, or even death. It is therefore essential that medical equipment is properly maintained, tested, and repaired to ensure its safe and effective operation.

There are many potential causes of equipment failure, including:

* Wear and tear from frequent use
* Inadequate cleaning or disinfection
* Improper handling or storage
* Power supply issues
* Software glitches or bugs
* Mechanical failures or defects
* Human error or misuse

To prevent equipment failure, healthcare facilities should have established policies and procedures for the acquisition, maintenance, and disposal of medical equipment. Staff should be trained in the proper use and handling of equipment, and regular inspections and testing should be performed to identify and address any potential issues before they lead to failure.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Spondylolisthesis is a medical condition that affects the spine, specifically the vertebrae in the lower back (lumbar region). It occurs when one vertebra slips forward and onto the vertebra below it. This slippage can lead to narrowing of the spinal canal and compression of the nerves exiting the spine, causing pain and discomfort. The condition can be congenital, degenerative, or result from trauma or injury. Symptoms may include lower back pain, stiffness, and radiating pain down the legs. Treatment options range from physical therapy and pain management to surgical intervention in severe cases.

A dislocation is a condition in which a bone slips out of its normal position in a joint. This can happen as a result of trauma or injury, such as a fall or direct blow to the body. Dislocations can cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility in the affected area. In some cases, a dislocation may also damage surrounding tissues, such as ligaments, tendons, and nerves.

Dislocations are typically treated by reducing the dislocation, which means putting the bone back into its normal position. This is usually done with the help of medication to relieve pain and relaxation techniques to help the person stay still during the reduction. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissues or if the dislocation cannot be reduced through other methods. After the dislocation has been reduced, the joint may be immobilized with a splint or sling to allow it to heal properly.

It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect that you have a dislocation. If left untreated, a dislocation can lead to further complications, such as joint instability and chronic pain.

A bone fracture is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of a bone due to external or internal forces. Fractures can occur in any bone in the body and can vary in severity from a small crack to a shattered bone. The symptoms of a bone fracture typically include pain, swelling, bruising, deformity, and difficulty moving the affected limb. Treatment for a bone fracture may involve immobilization with a cast or splint, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone, or medication to manage pain and prevent infection. The specific treatment approach will depend on the location, type, and severity of the fracture.

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a type of synthetic resin that is widely used in the medical field due to its biocompatibility and versatility. It is a transparent, rigid, and lightweight material that can be easily molded into different shapes and forms. Here are some of the medical definitions of PMMA:

1. A biocompatible acrylic resin used in various medical applications such as bone cement, intraocular lenses, dental restorations, and drug delivery systems.
2. A type of synthetic material that is used as a bone cement to fix prosthetic joint replacements and vertebroplasty for the treatment of spinal fractures.
3. A transparent and shatter-resistant material used in the manufacture of medical devices such as intravenous (IV) fluid bags, dialyzer housings, and oxygenators.
4. A drug delivery system that can be used to administer drugs locally or systemically, such as intraocular sustained-release drug implants for the treatment of chronic eye diseases.
5. A component of dental restorations such as fillings, crowns, and bridges due to its excellent mechanical properties and esthetic qualities.

Overall, PMMA is a versatile and valuable material in the medical field, with numerous applications that take advantage of its unique properties.

Prosthesis implantation is a surgical procedure where an artificial device or component, known as a prosthesis, is placed inside the body to replace a missing or damaged body part. The prosthesis can be made from various materials such as metal, plastic, or ceramic and is designed to perform the same function as the original body part.

The implantation procedure involves making an incision in the skin to create a pocket where the prosthesis will be placed. The prosthesis is then carefully positioned and secured in place using screws, cement, or other fixation methods. In some cases, tissue from the patient's own body may be used to help anchor the prosthesis.

Once the prosthesis is in place, the incision is closed with sutures or staples, and the area is bandaged. The patient will typically need to undergo rehabilitation and physical therapy to learn how to use the new prosthesis and regain mobility and strength.

Prosthesis implantation is commonly performed for a variety of reasons, including joint replacement due to arthritis or injury, dental implants to replace missing teeth, and breast reconstruction after mastectomy. The specific procedure and recovery time will depend on the type and location of the prosthesis being implanted.

Fracture fixation is a surgical procedure in orthopedic trauma surgery where a fractured bone is stabilized using various devices and techniques to promote proper healing and alignment. The goal of fracture fixation is to maintain the broken bone ends in correct anatomical position and length, allowing for adequate stability during the healing process.

There are two main types of fracture fixation:

1. Internal fixation: In this method, metal implants like plates, screws, or intramedullary rods are inserted directly into the bone to hold the fragments in place. These implants can be either removed or left in the body once healing is complete, depending on the type and location of the fracture.

2. External fixation: This technique involves placing pins or screws through the skin and into the bone above and below the fracture site. These pins are then connected to an external frame that maintains alignment and stability. External fixators are typically used when there is significant soft tissue damage, infection, or when internal fixation is not possible due to the complexity of the fracture.

The choice between internal and external fixation depends on various factors such as the type and location of the fracture, patient's age and overall health, surgeon's preference, and potential complications. Both methods aim to provide a stable environment for bone healing while minimizing the risk of malunion, nonunion, or deformity.

"Torque" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a physical concept used in the fields of physics and engineering, referring to a twisting force that causes rotation around an axis. However, in certain medical contexts, such as in discussions of spinal or joint biomechanics, the term "torque" may be used to describe a rotational force applied to a body part. But generally speaking, "torque" is not a term commonly used in medical terminology.

I'm happy to help! However, I must clarify that "materials testing" is not a medical term per se. It is a term used in various fields, including engineering and materials science, to describe the process of subjecting materials to different tests to evaluate their properties and performance under various conditions.

In the context of medical devices or implants, materials testing may refer to the evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of materials used in their construction. These tests can include assessments of strength, durability, biocompatibility, and other factors that are critical to ensuring the safety and efficacy of medical devices.

Medical device manufacturers must comply with regulatory standards for materials testing to ensure that their products meet specific requirements for performance, safety, and quality. These standards may vary depending on the type of device, its intended use, and the country or region in which it will be marketed and sold.

Absorbable implants are medical devices that are designed to be placed inside the body during a surgical procedure, where they provide support, stabilization, or other functions, and then gradually break down and are absorbed by the body over time. These implants are typically made from materials such as polymers, proteins, or ceramics that have been engineered to degrade at a controlled rate, allowing them to be resorbed and eliminated from the body without the need for a second surgical procedure to remove them.

Absorbable implants are often used in orthopedic, dental, and plastic surgery applications, where they can help promote healing and support tissue regeneration. For example, absorbable screws or pins may be used to stabilize fractured bones during the healing process, after which they will gradually dissolve and be absorbed by the body. Similarly, absorbable membranes may be used in dental surgery to help guide the growth of new bone and gum tissue around an implant, and then be resorbed over time.

It's important to note that while absorbable implants offer several advantages over non-absorbable materials, such as reduced risk of infection and improved patient comfort, they may also have some limitations. For example, the mechanical properties of absorbable materials may not be as strong as those of non-absorbable materials, which could affect their performance in certain applications. Additionally, the degradation products of absorbable implants may cause local inflammation or other adverse reactions in some patients. As with any medical device, the use of absorbable implants should be carefully considered and discussed with a qualified healthcare professional.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

A hip fracture is a medical condition referring to a break in the upper part of the femur (thigh) bone, which forms the hip joint. The majority of hip fractures occur due to falls or direct trauma to the area. They are more common in older adults, particularly those with osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones and makes them more prone to breaking. Hip fractures can significantly impact mobility and quality of life, often requiring surgical intervention and rehabilitation.

"Device Removal" in a medical context generally refers to the surgical or nonsurgical removal of a medical device that has been previously implanted in a patient's body. The purpose of removing the device may vary, depending on the individual case. Some common reasons for device removal include infection, malfunction, rejection, or when the device is no longer needed.

Examples of medical devices that may require removal include pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), artificial joints, orthopedic hardware, breast implants, cochlear implants, and intrauterine devices (IUDs). The procedure for device removal will depend on the type of device, its location in the body, and the reason for its removal.

It is important to note that device removal carries certain risks, such as bleeding, infection, damage to surrounding tissues, or complications related to anesthesia. Therefore, the decision to remove a medical device should be made carefully, considering both the potential benefits and risks of the procedure.

Minimally invasive surgical procedures are a type of surgery that is performed with the assistance of specialized equipment and techniques to minimize trauma to the patient's body. This approach aims to reduce blood loss, pain, and recovery time as compared to traditional open surgeries. The most common minimally invasive surgical procedure is laparoscopy, which involves making small incisions (usually 0.5-1 cm) in the abdomen or chest and inserting a thin tube with a camera (laparoscope) to visualize the internal organs.

The surgeon then uses long, slender instruments inserted through separate incisions to perform the necessary surgical procedures, such as cutting, coagulation, or suturing. Other types of minimally invasive surgical procedures include arthroscopy (for joint surgery), thoracoscopy (for chest surgery), and hysteroscopy (for uterine surgery). The benefits of minimally invasive surgical procedures include reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, quicker return to normal activities, and improved cosmetic results. However, not all surgeries can be performed using minimally invasive techniques, and the suitability of a particular procedure depends on various factors, including the patient's overall health, the nature and extent of the surgical problem, and the surgeon's expertise.

The occipital bone is the single, posterior cranial bone that forms the base of the skull and encloses the brain. It articulates with the parietal bones anteriorly and the temporal bones laterally. The occipital bone also contains several important structures such as the foramen magnum, through which the spinal cord connects to the brain, and the external and internal occipital protuberances, which serve as attachment points for neck muscles.

Articular Range of Motion (AROM) is a term used in physiotherapy and orthopedics to describe the amount of movement available in a joint, measured in degrees of a circle. It refers to the range through which synovial joints can actively move without causing pain or injury. AROM is assessed by measuring the degree of motion achieved by active muscle contraction, as opposed to passive range of motion (PROM), where the movement is generated by an external force.

Assessment of AROM is important in evaluating a patient's functional ability and progress, planning treatment interventions, and determining return to normal activities or sports participation. It is also used to identify any restrictions in joint mobility that may be due to injury, disease, or surgery, and to monitor the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs.

A "screw worm infection" is not a widely recognized medical term, but it appears to refer to an infestation by the larvae of the screw-worm fly (Cochliomyia hominivorax), a type of parasitic wound-infesting fly. The screw-worm fly is known for laying its eggs in the wounds or natural body openings of warm-blooded animals, including humans, where the larvae hatch and feed on the living tissue of the host. This can result in severe inflammation, secondary bacterial infections, and potentially fatal complications if left untreated.

The term "screw worm" comes from the way the larvae burrow into the flesh, creating a spiral or corkscrew-shaped tunnel as they feed. Screw worm infestations are more commonly found in livestock and wild animals in certain regions of the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. However, cases in humans have been reported, albeit rarely.

Preventing screw worm infestations involves good hygiene, wound care, and the use of insect repellents or protective clothing in high-risk areas. If an infestation is suspected, prompt medical attention should be sought to remove the larvae and treat any resulting tissue damage or infection. In some cases, oral or topical anti-parasitic medications may also be prescribed.

Bone transplantation, also known as bone grafting, is a surgical procedure in which bone or bone-like material is transferred from one part of the body to another or from one person to another. The graft may be composed of cortical (hard outer portion) bone, cancellous (spongy inner portion) bone, or a combination of both. It can be taken from different sites in the same individual (autograft), from another individual of the same species (allograft), or from an animal source (xenograft). The purpose of bone transplantation is to replace missing bone, provide structural support, and stimulate new bone growth. This procedure is commonly used in orthopedic, dental, and maxillofacial surgeries to repair bone defects caused by trauma, tumors, or congenital conditions.

Equipment design, in the medical context, refers to the process of creating and developing medical equipment and devices, such as surgical instruments, diagnostic machines, or assistive technologies. This process involves several stages, including:

1. Identifying user needs and requirements
2. Concept development and brainstorming
3. Prototyping and testing
4. Design for manufacturing and assembly
5. Safety and regulatory compliance
6. Verification and validation
7. Training and support

The goal of equipment design is to create safe, effective, and efficient medical devices that meet the needs of healthcare providers and patients while complying with relevant regulations and standards. The design process typically involves a multidisciplinary team of engineers, clinicians, designers, and researchers who work together to develop innovative solutions that improve patient care and outcomes.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

"Weight-bearing" is a term used in the medical field to describe the ability of a body part or limb to support the weight or pressure exerted upon it, typically while standing, walking, or performing other physical activities. In a clinical setting, healthcare professionals often use the term "weight-bearing exercise" to refer to physical activities that involve supporting one's own body weight, such as walking, jogging, or climbing stairs. These exercises can help improve bone density, muscle strength, and overall physical function, particularly in individuals with conditions affecting the bones, joints, or muscles.

In addition, "weight-bearing" is also used to describe the positioning of a body part during medical imaging studies, such as X-rays or MRIs. For example, a weight-bearing X-ray of the foot or ankle involves taking an image while the patient stands on the affected limb, allowing healthcare providers to assess any alignment or stability issues that may not be apparent in a non-weight-bearing position.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Stainless Steel" is not a medical term. It is a type of steel that contains at least 10.5% chromium content by mass, and usually contains nickel as well. The chromium forms a passive film that protects the metal from corrosion and staining. Stainless steel is widely used in various industries including medicine, for example, in medical equipment and surgical instruments due to its resistance to rust and corrosion.

The Atlanto-Occipital Joint, also known as the AO joint or the craniocervical joint, is the articulation between the occiput (the base of the skull) and the atlas (the first cervical vertebra). This joint allows for movements such as nodding your head "yes" and tilting your head from side to side. It is a crucial joint in maintaining the alignment and stability of the head and neck.

A comminuted fracture is a type of bone break where the bone is shattered into three or more pieces. This type of fracture typically occurs after high-energy trauma, such as a car accident or a fall from a great height. Commminuted fractures can also occur in bones that are weakened by conditions like osteoporosis or cancer. Because of the severity and complexity of comminuted fractures, they often require extensive treatment, which may include surgery to realign and stabilize the bone fragments using metal screws, plates, or rods.

The pelvic bones, also known as the hip bones, are a set of three irregularly shaped bones that connect to form the pelvic girdle in the lower part of the human body. They play a crucial role in supporting the spine and protecting the abdominal and pelvic organs.

The pelvic bones consist of three bones:

1. The ilium: This is the largest and uppermost bone, forming the majority of the hip bone and the broad, flaring part of the pelvis known as the wing of the ilium or the iliac crest, which can be felt on the side of the body.
2. The ischium: This is the lower and back portion of the pelvic bone that forms part of the sitting surface or the "sit bones."
3. The pubis: This is the front part of the pelvic bone, which connects to the other side at the pubic symphysis in the midline of the body.

The pelvic bones are joined together at the acetabulum, a cup-shaped socket that forms the hip joint and articulates with the head of the femur (thigh bone). The pelvic bones also have several openings for the passage of blood vessels, nerves, and reproductive and excretory organs.

The shape and size of the pelvic bones differ between males and females due to their different roles in childbirth and locomotion. Females typically have a wider and shallower pelvis than males to accommodate childbirth, while males usually have a narrower and deeper pelvis that is better suited for weight-bearing and movement.

Bone cements are medical-grade materials used in orthopedic and trauma surgery to fill gaps between bone surfaces and implants, such as artificial joints or screws. They serve to mechanically stabilize the implant and provide a smooth, load-bearing surface. The two most common types of bone cement are:

1. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement: This is a two-component system consisting of powdered PMMA and liquid methyl methacrylate monomer. When mixed together, they form a dough-like consistency that hardens upon exposure to air. PMMA cement has been widely used for decades in joint replacement surgeries, such as hip or knee replacements.
2. Calcium phosphate (CP) cement: This is a two-component system consisting of a powdered CP compound and an aqueous solution. When mixed together, they form a paste that hardens through a chemical reaction at body temperature. CP cement has lower mechanical strength compared to PMMA but demonstrates better biocompatibility, bioactivity, and the ability to resorb over time.

Both types of bone cements have advantages and disadvantages, and their use depends on the specific surgical indication and patient factors.

Osseointegration is a direct structural and functional connection between living bone and the surface of an implant. It's a process where the bone grows in and around the implant, which is typically made of titanium or another biocompatible material. This process provides a solid foundation for dental prosthetics, such as crowns, bridges, or dentures, or for orthopedic devices like artificial limbs. The success of osseointegration depends on various factors, including the patient's overall health, the quality and quantity of available bone, and the surgical technique used for implant placement.

Intraoperative complications refer to any unforeseen problems or events that occur during the course of a surgical procedure, once it has begun and before it is completed. These complications can range from minor issues, such as bleeding or an adverse reaction to anesthesia, to major complications that can significantly impact the patient's health and prognosis.

Examples of intraoperative complications include:

1. Bleeding (hemorrhage) - This can occur due to various reasons such as injury to blood vessels or organs during surgery.
2. Infection - Surgical site infections can develop if the surgical area becomes contaminated during the procedure.
3. Anesthesia-related complications - These include adverse reactions to anesthesia, difficulty maintaining the patient's airway, or cardiovascular instability.
4. Organ injury - Accidental damage to surrounding organs can occur during surgery, leading to potential long-term consequences.
5. Equipment failure - Malfunctioning surgical equipment can lead to complications and compromise the safety of the procedure.
6. Allergic reactions - Patients may have allergies to certain medications or materials used during surgery, causing an adverse reaction.
7. Prolonged operative time - Complications may arise if a surgical procedure takes longer than expected, leading to increased risk of infection and other issues.

Intraoperative complications require prompt identification and management by the surgical team to minimize their impact on the patient's health and recovery.

Foreign-body migration is a medical condition that occurs when a foreign object, such as a surgical implant, tissue graft, or trauma-induced fragment, moves from its original position within the body to a different location. This displacement can cause various complications and symptoms depending on the type of foreign body, the location it migrated to, and the individual's specific physiological response.

Foreign-body migration may result from insufficient fixation or anchoring of the object during implantation, inadequate wound healing, infection, or an inflammatory reaction. Symptoms can include pain, swelling, redness, or infection at the new location, as well as potential damage to surrounding tissues and organs. Diagnosis typically involves imaging techniques like X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs to locate the foreign body, followed by a surgical procedure to remove it and address any resulting complications.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Spinal injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur to the vertebral column, which houses and protects the spinal cord. These injuries can be caused by various factors such as trauma from accidents (motor vehicle, sports-related, falls, etc.), violence, or degenerative conditions like arthritis, disc herniation, or spinal stenosis.

Spinal injuries can result in bruising, fractures, dislocations, or compression of the vertebrae, which may then cause damage to the spinal cord and its surrounding tissues, nerves, and blood vessels. The severity of a spinal injury can range from mild, with temporary symptoms, to severe, resulting in permanent impairment or paralysis below the level of injury.

Symptoms of spinal injuries may include:
- Pain or stiffness in the neck or back
- Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the limbs
- Loss of bladder or bowel control
- Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
- Paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury
- In severe cases, respiratory problems and difficulty in breathing

Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal injuries to prevent further damage and ensure proper treatment. Treatment options may include immobilization, surgery, medication, rehabilitation, and physical therapy.

Arthrodesis is a surgical procedure to fuse together the bones of a joint, in order to restrict its movement and provide stability. This procedure is typically performed when a joint has been severely damaged by injury, arthritis, or other conditions, and non-surgical treatments have failed to relieve symptoms such as pain and instability.

During the surgery, the cartilage that normally cushions the ends of the bones is removed, and the bones are realigned and held in place with hardware such as plates, screws, or rods. Over time, the bones grow together, forming a solid fusion that restricts joint motion.

Arthrodesis can be performed on various joints throughout the body, including the spine, wrist, ankle, and knee. While this procedure can provide significant pain relief and improve function, it does limit the range of motion in the fused joint, which may impact mobility and daily activities. Therefore, arthrodesis is typically considered a last resort when other treatments have failed.

Equipment Failure Analysis is a process of identifying the cause of failure in medical equipment or devices. This involves a systematic examination and evaluation of the equipment, its components, and operational history to determine why it failed. The analysis may include physical inspection, chemical testing, and review of maintenance records, as well as assessment of design, manufacturing, and usage factors that may have contributed to the failure.

The goal of Equipment Failure Analysis is to identify the root cause of the failure, so that corrective actions can be taken to prevent similar failures in the future. This is important in medical settings to ensure patient safety and maintain the reliability and effectiveness of medical equipment.

Prosthesis design is a specialized field in medical device technology that involves creating and developing artificial substitutes to replace a missing body part, such as a limb, tooth, eye, or internal organ. The design process typically includes several stages: assessment of the patient's needs, selection of appropriate materials, creation of a prototype, testing and refinement, and final fabrication and fitting of the prosthesis.

The goal of prosthesis design is to create a device that functions as closely as possible to the natural body part it replaces, while also being comfortable, durable, and aesthetically pleasing for the patient. The design process may involve collaboration between medical professionals, engineers, and designers, and may take into account factors such as the patient's age, lifestyle, occupation, and overall health.

Prosthesis design can be highly complex, particularly for advanced devices such as robotic limbs or implantable organs. These devices often require sophisticated sensors, actuators, and control systems to mimic the natural functions of the body part they replace. As a result, prosthesis design is an active area of research and development in the medical field, with ongoing efforts to improve the functionality, comfort, and affordability of these devices for patients.

A reoperation is a surgical procedure that is performed again on a patient who has already undergone a previous operation for the same or related condition. Reoperations may be required due to various reasons, such as inadequate initial treatment, disease recurrence, infection, or complications from the first surgery. The nature and complexity of a reoperation can vary widely depending on the specific circumstances, but it often carries higher risks and potential complications compared to the original operation.

Dental prosthesis retention refers to the means by which a dental prosthesis, such as a denture, is held in place in the mouth. The retention can be achieved through several methods, including:

1. Suction: This is the most common method of retention for lower dentures, where the shape and fit of the denture base create suction against the gums to hold it in place.
2. Mechanical retention: This involves the use of mechanical components such as clasps or attachments that hook onto remaining natural teeth or dental implants to hold the prosthesis in place.
3. Adhesive retention: Dental adhesives can be used to help secure the denture to the gums, providing additional retention and stability.
4. Implant retention: Dental implants can be used to provide a more secure and stable retention of the dental prosthesis. The implant is surgically placed in the jawbone and acts as an anchor for the prosthesis.

Proper retention of a dental prosthesis is essential for optimal function, comfort, and speech. A well-retained prosthesis can help prevent sore spots, improve chewing efficiency, and enhance overall quality of life.

The clavicle, also known as the collarbone, is a long, slender bone that lies horizontally between the breastbone (sternum) and the shoulder blade (scapula). It is part of the shoulder girdle and plays a crucial role in supporting the upper limb. The clavicle has two ends: the medial end, which articulates with the sternum, and the lateral end, which articulates with the acromion process of the scapula. It is a common site of fracture due to its superficial location and susceptibility to direct trauma.

Osteotomy is a surgical procedure in which a bone is cut to shorten, lengthen, or change its alignment. It is often performed to correct deformities or to realign bones that have been damaged by trauma or disease. The bone may be cut straight across (transverse osteotomy) or at an angle (oblique osteotomy). After the bone is cut, it can be realigned and held in place with pins, plates, or screws until it heals. This procedure is commonly performed on bones in the leg, such as the femur or tibia, but can also be done on other bones in the body.

Orthodontic anchorage procedures refer to the methods and techniques used in orthodontics to achieve stable, controlled movement of teeth during treatment. The term "anchorage" describes the point of stability around which other teeth are moved.

There are two main types of anchorage: absolute and relative. Absolute anchorage is when the force applied to move teeth does not cause any unwanted movement in the area providing stability. Relative anchorage is when some degree of reciprocal movement is expected in the area providing stability.

Orthodontic appliances, such as mini-screws, palatal implants, and headgear, are often used to provide additional anchorage reinforcement. These devices help control the direction and magnitude of forces applied during treatment, ensuring predictable tooth movement and maintaining proper alignment and occlusion (bite).

In summary, orthodontic anchorage procedures involve the strategic use of various appliances and techniques to establish a stable foundation for moving teeth during orthodontic treatment. This helps ensure optimal treatment outcomes and long-term stability of the dentition.

Dental implants are artificial tooth roots that are surgically placed into the jawbone to replace missing or extracted teeth. They are typically made of titanium, a biocompatible material that can fuse with the bone over time in a process called osseointegration. Once the implant has integrated with the bone, a dental crown, bridge, or denture can be attached to it to restore function and aesthetics to the mouth.

Dental implants are a popular choice for tooth replacement because they offer several advantages over traditional options like dentures or bridges. They are more stable and comfortable, as they do not rely on adjacent teeth for support and do not slip or move around in the mouth. Additionally, dental implants can help to preserve jawbone density and prevent facial sagging that can occur when teeth are missing.

The process of getting dental implants typically involves several appointments with a dental specialist called a prosthodontist or an oral surgeon. During the first appointment, the implant is placed into the jawbone, and the gum tissue is stitched closed. Over the next few months, the implant will fuse with the bone. Once this process is complete, a second surgery may be necessary to expose the implant and attach an abutment, which connects the implant to the dental restoration. Finally, the crown, bridge, or denture is attached to the implant, providing a natural-looking and functional replacement for the missing tooth.

Kyphosis is a medical term used to describe an excessive curvature of the spine in the sagittal plane, leading to a rounded or humped back appearance. This condition often affects the thoracic region of the spine and can result from various factors such as age-related degenerative changes, congenital disorders, Scheuermann's disease, osteoporosis, or traumatic injuries. Mild kyphosis may not cause any significant symptoms; however, severe cases can lead to pain, respiratory difficulties, and decreased quality of life. Treatment options typically include physical therapy, bracing, and, in some cases, surgical intervention.

A dental prosthesis that is supported by dental implants is an artificial replacement for one or more missing teeth. It is a type of dental restoration that is anchored to the jawbone using one or more titanium implant posts, which are surgically placed into the bone. The prosthesis is then attached to the implants, providing a stable and secure fit that closely mimics the function and appearance of natural teeth.

There are several types of implant-supported dental prostheses, including crowns, bridges, and dentures. A single crown may be used to replace a single missing tooth, while a bridge or denture can be used to replace multiple missing teeth. The specific type of prosthesis used will depend on the number and location of the missing teeth, as well as the patient's individual needs and preferences.

Implant-supported dental prostheses offer several advantages over traditional removable dentures, including improved stability, comfort, and functionality. They also help to preserve jawbone density and prevent facial sagging that can occur when teeth are missing. However, they do require a surgical procedure to place the implants, and may not be suitable for all patients due to factors such as bone density or overall health status.

The spinal canal is the bony, protective channel within the vertebral column that contains and houses the spinal cord. It extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the sacrum, where the spinal cord ends and forms the cauda equina. The spinal canal is formed by a series of vertebral bodies stacked on top of each other, intervertebral discs in between them, and the laminae and spinous processes that form the posterior elements of the vertebrae. The spinal canal provides protection to the spinal cord from external trauma and contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that circulates around the cord, providing nutrients and cushioning. Any narrowing or compression of the spinal canal, known as spinal stenosis, can cause various neurological symptoms due to pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots.

The tibia, also known as the shin bone, is the larger of the two bones in the lower leg and part of the knee joint. It supports most of the body's weight and is a major insertion point for muscles that flex the foot and bend the leg. The tibia articulates with the femur at the knee joint and with the fibula and talus bone at the ankle joint. Injuries to the tibia, such as fractures, are common in sports and other activities that put stress on the lower leg.

Three-dimensional (3D) imaging in medicine refers to the use of technologies and techniques that generate a 3D representation of internal body structures, organs, or tissues. This is achieved by acquiring and processing data from various imaging modalities such as X-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, or confocal microscopy. The resulting 3D images offer a more detailed visualization of the anatomy and pathology compared to traditional 2D imaging techniques, allowing for improved diagnostic accuracy, surgical planning, and minimally invasive interventions.

In 3D imaging, specialized software is used to reconstruct the acquired data into a volumetric model, which can be manipulated and viewed from different angles and perspectives. This enables healthcare professionals to better understand complex anatomical relationships, detect abnormalities, assess disease progression, and monitor treatment response. Common applications of 3D imaging include neuroimaging, orthopedic surgery planning, cancer staging, dental and maxillofacial reconstruction, and interventional radiology procedures.

Anatomic models are three-dimensional representations of body structures used for educational, training, or demonstration purposes. They can be made from various materials such as plastic, wax, or rubber and may depict the entire body or specific regions, organs, or systems. These models can be used to provide a visual aid for understanding anatomy, physiology, and pathology, and can be particularly useful in situations where actual human specimens are not available or practical to use. They may also be used for surgical planning and rehearsal, as well as in medical research and product development.

Carpal bones are the eight small bones that make up the wrist joint in humans and other primates. These bones are arranged in two rows, with four bones in each row. The proximal row includes the scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, and pisiform bones, while the distal row includes the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones.

The carpal bones play an essential role in the function of the wrist joint by providing stability, support, and mobility. They allow for a wide range of movements, including flexion, extension, radial deviation, ulnar deviation, and circumduction. The complex structure of the carpal bones also helps to absorb shock and distribute forces evenly across the wrist during activities such as gripping or lifting objects.

Injuries to the carpal bones, such as fractures or dislocations, can be painful and may require medical treatment to ensure proper healing and prevent long-term complications. Additionally, degenerative conditions such as arthritis can affect the carpal bones, leading to pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility in the wrist joint.

Intraoperative monitoring (IOM) is the practice of using specialized techniques to monitor physiological functions or neural structures in real-time during surgical procedures. The primary goal of IOM is to provide continuous information about the patient's status and the effects of surgery on neurological function, allowing surgeons to make informed decisions and minimize potential risks.

IOM can involve various methods such as:

1. Electrophysiological monitoring: This includes techniques like somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP), motor evoked potentials (MEP), and electroencephalography (EEG) to assess the integrity of neural pathways and brain function during surgery.
2. Neuromonitoring: Direct electrical stimulation of nerves or spinal cord structures can help identify critical neuroanatomical structures, evaluate their functional status, and guide surgical interventions.
3. Hemodynamic monitoring: Measuring blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and oxygen saturation helps assess the patient's overall physiological status during surgery.
4. Imaging modalities: Intraoperative imaging techniques like ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide real-time visualization of anatomical structures and surgical progress.

The specific IOM methods employed depend on the type of surgery, patient characteristics, and potential risks involved. Intraoperative monitoring is particularly crucial in procedures where there is a risk of neurological injury, such as spinal cord or brain surgeries, vascular interventions, or tumor resections near critical neural structures.

The sacroiliac (SI) joint is the joint that connects the iliac bone (part of the pelvis) and the sacrum (the triangular bone at the base of the spine). There are two sacroiliac joints, one on each side of the spine. The primary function of these joints is to absorb shock between the upper body and lower body and distribute the weight of the upper body to the lower body. They also provide a small amount of movement to allow for flexibility when walking or running. The SI joints are supported and stabilized by strong ligaments, muscles, and bones.

Mechanical stress, in the context of physiology and medicine, refers to any type of force that is applied to body tissues or organs, which can cause deformation or displacement of those structures. Mechanical stress can be either external, such as forces exerted on the body during physical activity or trauma, or internal, such as the pressure changes that occur within blood vessels or other hollow organs.

Mechanical stress can have a variety of effects on the body, depending on the type, duration, and magnitude of the force applied. For example, prolonged exposure to mechanical stress can lead to tissue damage, inflammation, and chronic pain. Additionally, abnormal or excessive mechanical stress can contribute to the development of various musculoskeletal disorders, such as tendinitis, osteoarthritis, and herniated discs.

In order to mitigate the negative effects of mechanical stress, the body has a number of adaptive responses that help to distribute forces more evenly across tissues and maintain structural integrity. These responses include changes in muscle tone, joint positioning, and connective tissue stiffness, as well as the remodeling of bone and other tissues over time. However, when these adaptive mechanisms are overwhelmed or impaired, mechanical stress can become a significant factor in the development of various pathological conditions.

Prosthesis failure is a term used to describe a situation where a prosthetic device, such as an artificial joint or limb, has stopped functioning or failed to meet its intended purpose. This can be due to various reasons, including mechanical failure, infection, loosening of the device, or a reaction to the materials used in the prosthesis.

Mechanical failure can occur due to wear and tear, manufacturing defects, or improper use of the prosthetic device. Infection can also lead to prosthesis failure, particularly in cases where the prosthesis is implanted inside the body. The immune system may react to the presence of the foreign material, leading to inflammation and infection.

Loosening of the prosthesis can also cause it to fail over time, as the device becomes less stable and eventually stops working properly. Additionally, some people may have a reaction to the materials used in the prosthesis, leading to tissue damage or other complications that can result in prosthesis failure.

In general, prosthesis failure can lead to decreased mobility, pain, and the need for additional surgeries or treatments to correct the problem. It is important for individuals with prosthetic devices to follow their healthcare provider's instructions carefully to minimize the risk of prosthesis failure and ensure that the device continues to function properly over time.

Malunited fractures refer to a type of fracture where the bones do not heal in their proper alignment or position. This can occur due to various reasons such as inadequate reduction of the fracture fragments during initial treatment, improper casting or immobilization, or failure of the patient to follow proper immobilization instructions. Malunited fractures can result in deformity, limited range of motion, and decreased functionality of the affected limb. Additional treatments such as surgery may be required to correct the malunion and restore normal function.

A laminectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the lamina, which is the back part of the vertebra that covers the spinal canal. This procedure is often performed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves caused by conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or tumors. By removing the lamina, the surgeon can access the affected area and alleviate the compression on the spinal cord or nerves, thereby reducing pain, numbness, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms.

Laminectomy may be performed as a standalone procedure or in combination with other surgical techniques such as discectomy, foraminotomy, or spinal fusion. The specific approach and extent of the surgery will depend on the patient's individual condition and symptoms.

Neck injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur in any part of the neck, including soft tissues (muscles, ligaments, tendons), nerves, bones (vertebrae), and joints (facet joints, intervertebral discs). These injuries can result from various incidents such as road accidents, falls, sports-related activities, or work-related tasks. Common neck injuries include whiplash, strain or sprain of the neck muscles, herniated discs, fractured vertebrae, and pinched nerves, which may cause symptoms like pain, stiffness, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the neck, shoulders, arms, or hands. Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and treatment to prevent further complications and ensure optimal recovery.

The femur is the medical term for the thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. It connects the hip bone to the knee joint and plays a crucial role in supporting the weight of the body and allowing movement during activities such as walking, running, and jumping. The femur is composed of a rounded head, a long shaft, and two condyles at the lower end that articulate with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint.

Prostheses: Artificial substitutes or replacements for missing body parts, such as limbs, eyes, or teeth. They are designed to restore the function, appearance, or mobility of the lost part. Prosthetic devices can be categorized into several types, including:

1. External prostheses: Devices that are attached to the outside of the body, like artificial arms, legs, hands, and feet. These may be further classified into:
a. Cosmetic or aesthetic prostheses: Primarily designed to improve the appearance of the affected area.
b. Functional prostheses: Designed to help restore the functionality and mobility of the lost limb.
2. Internal prostheses: Implanted artificial parts that replace missing internal organs, bones, or tissues, such as heart valves, hip joints, or intraocular lenses.

Implants: Medical devices or substances that are intentionally placed inside the body to replace or support a missing or damaged biological structure, deliver medication, monitor physiological functions, or enhance bodily functions. Examples of implants include:

1. Orthopedic implants: Devices used to replace or reinforce damaged bones, joints, or cartilage, such as knee or hip replacements.
2. Cardiovascular implants: Devices that help support or regulate heart function, like pacemakers, defibrillators, and artificial heart valves.
3. Dental implants: Artificial tooth roots that are placed into the jawbone to support dental prostheses, such as crowns, bridges, or dentures.
4. Neurological implants: Devices used to stimulate nerves, brain structures, or spinal cord tissues to treat various neurological conditions, like deep brain stimulators for Parkinson's disease or cochlear implants for hearing loss.
5. Ophthalmic implants: Artificial lenses that are placed inside the eye to replace a damaged or removed natural lens, such as intraocular lenses used in cataract surgery.

The fibula is a slender bone located in the lower leg of humans and other vertebrates. It runs parallel to the larger and more robust tibia, and together they are known as the bones of the leg or the anterior tibial segment. The fibula is the lateral bone in the leg, positioned on the outside of the tibia.

In humans, the fibula extends from the knee joint proximally to the ankle joint distally. Its proximal end, called the head of the fibula, articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia and forms part of the inferior aspect of the knee joint. The narrowed portion below the head is known as the neck of the fibula.

The shaft of the fibula, also called the body of the fibula, is a long, thin structure that descends from the neck and serves primarily for muscle attachment rather than weight-bearing functions. The distal end of the fibula widens to form the lateral malleolus, which is an important bony landmark in the ankle region. The lateral malleolus articulates with the talus bone of the foot and forms part of the ankle joint.

The primary functions of the fibula include providing attachment sites for muscles that act on the lower leg, ankle, and foot, as well as contributing to the stability of the ankle joint through its articulation with the talus bone. Fractures of the fibula can occur due to various injuries, such as twisting or rotational forces applied to the ankle or direct trauma to the lateral aspect of the lower leg.

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... , Confirmat Screws , Bed Frame Screws , Cabinet Handle Screws , YCS Furniture Screw Manufacturer "Types of ... A furniture screw can refer to any type of screw (and sometimes nut) used on furniture. Different types of screws have ... Furniture screws come with many different types of screw heads. In older times, screws with slotted heads were often used in ... a nut that can be knocked into the back of a wood plate to provide a screw mounting hole Wood hanger screw, a screw with ...
William Wallace Screws William Wallace Screws, Confederate Veteran, Volume 21, 1913, p. 504 McNeely, Patricia G. Knights of the ... Screws ended the war as major serving on the staff of Gen. James T. Holtzclaw. He published letters from the front in the ... William Wallace Screws (1839-1913) served as the 19th Secretary of State of Alabama from 1878 to 1882. He was born on February ... Screws received an honorary degree from the University of Alabama in 1906. He died August 7, 1913, at Coosada, Alabama. ...
Close-up of a #6-32 UNC screw with a flanged hex/Phillips head, commonly provided in PC cases Close-up of a #6-32 UNC screw ... 6 mm for psu 21 phillips screw 6-32 × 5 mm for motherboard, 3.5" harddisk tray 12 phillips screw M3 × 5 mm for 2.5" harddrive ... Computer case screws are the hardware used to secure parts of a PC to the case. Although there are numerous manufacturers of ... The screws are typically located on either side of D-subminiature connectors such as on VGA, serial, parallel and legacy game ...
... debuted on the Billboard 200 at #48 the week of October 4, 2008. The album was ranked #41 in Q's 50 Best Albums ... Gift of Screws is the fifth solo album by American musician and Fleetwood Mac vocalist/guitarist Lindsey Buckingham, and was ... Gift of Screws peaked at #48 on the Billboard 200 album chart in September 2008. Additionally, it also reached number #15 on ... In addition, an EP was released from Gift of Screws that contained "Did You Miss Me", "Love Runs Deeper" and three live tracks ...
Hall was subsequently arrested at his home by an inebriated Screws and two deputies. Screws and the two deputies then beat Hall ... Screws upon returning to Baker County, Georgia. Screws confiscated Hall's pistol out of a belief that Black Americans should ... Screws v. United States, 325 U.S. 91 (1945), was a 1945 Supreme Court case that made it difficult for the federal government to ... Screws received a letter from Hall's lawyer on January 29, 1943 demanding that Hall, who had not been charged with any crime, ...
The McBryde-Screws-Tyson House, also known as the Tyson House, is a historic Greek Revival style house in Montgomery, Alabama. ... Neely, Mary Ann; Marilyn Sullivan; Ellen Mertins (October 16, 1980). "McBryde-Screws-Tyson House". National Register of ... gallery Wikimedia Commons has media related to McBryde-Screws-Tyson House. "National Register Information System". National ...
... may refer to: Fastened with a screw Slang for having pressure or stress exerted as if having a screw driven in Slang ... or chopped and screwed, a technique of remixing hip hop music "Screwed", a 2006 song by Paris Hilton from Paris "Screwed", a ... a Finnish drama directed by Nils-Erik Ekblom Screwed, a 2011 film featuring Shane Warren Jones Screwed: The Truth About Life as ... Dave Chappelle and Danny DeVito Screwed (2011 film), a British drama directed by Reg Traviss Screwed (Pihalla), ...
A set screw may have a head the same size or smaller than the outer diameter of the screws thread; a set screw without a head ... The basic meaning of the word screw has long involved the idea of a helical screw thread, but the Archimedes screw and the ... section on screws and screw fastener technology developed during World War Two How to feed screws and dowels American Screw ... or French wood screw (Scandinavia) are large wood screws. The head is typically an external hex. Metric hex-headed lag screws ...
"Cover" Screw #1305 (March 7, 1994) New York: Milky Way Productions. "Screw Film Sweeps Awards", Screw (March 26, 1973). Bedell ... Screw co-founder Jim Buckley founded Screw's short-lived "sister" tabloid Gay, edited by Screw columnists Jack Nichols and Lige ... My Screwed Life "The New Screw Review". New York Press. 2 March 2005. Archived from the original on 16 April 2012. Retrieved 11 ... "Screw Magazine Tumblr account". www.tumblr.com. Retrieved Oct 11, 2022. "Advertisement for Gay from the pages of Screw (March ...
A screw steamer or screw steamship (abbreviated "SS") is an old term for a steamship or steamboat powered by a steam engine, ... screw steamer. Media related to Screw steamers at Wikimedia Commons v t e (Commons category link is on Wikidata, Marine steam ... After several experimental versions, Clyde launched the twin-screw propeller steamer John S. McKim making it the first screw ... superseded by the screw steamer. Many famous ships were screw steamers, including the RMS Titanic and RMS Lusitania. These ...
But 'Screw Loose' is still quite a few screws short of a good picture." He found Brooks' performance to be lacking the "spark" ... Beierle, Aaron (6 October 2000). "Screw Loose". DVD Talk. Retrieved 13 October 2023. Rabin, Nathan (29 March 2002). "Screw ... Screw Loose, released as Svitati in Italy, is a 1999 Italian comedy film. It was directed by Ezio Greggio, and written by Rudy ... Screw Loose at IMDb (Use dmy dates from June 2014, Articles with short description, Short description is different from ...
A screw press is a type of machine press in which the ram is driven up and down by a screw. The screw shaft can be driven by a ... A fly press is a type of screw press in which the screw shaft is driven by a flywheel or a pair of fly weights at the ends of a ... A planetary roller screw can provide about twice the maximum force as a screw press actuator using the same materials. ... A screw press is often used in hand book binding to help keep the covers of books flat and parallel to the text block while the ...
A screw cap is a metal cap that screws onto threads on the neck of a bottle, generally with a metal skirt down the neck to ... A screw cap or closure is a common type of closure for bottles, jars, and tubes. A screw closure is a mechanical device which ... A tamper-evident band is a common tamper warning for screw caps of bottles, for example. Screw caps' use as an alternative to ... Flip-top Packaging Permeation Screw cap (wine) GPI container finish standards which includes screw caps for glass containers. ...
... may offset the initial costs of using ball screws. Ball screws may also reduce or eliminate backlash common in lead screw and ... A typical ball screw may be 90 percent efficient, versus 20 to 25 percent efficiency of an Acme lead screw of equal size. Lack ... A ball screw involves significantly more parts and surface interactions than many similar systems. While a basic lead screw is ... Rolled ball screws have a positional precision of several thousandths of an inch per foot. Ball screw are classified using " ...
AllMusic review "Loose Screw". ew.com. 15 November 2002. "The Pretenders: Loose Screw". popmatters.com. 11 December 2002. " ... Loose Screw is the eighth studio album by rock group the Pretenders, and was released in 2002. It was the first time that the ... Loose Screw at Metacritic (Use dmy dates from April 2022, Articles with short description, Short description is different from ... "Loose Screw by The Pretenders". metacritic.com. ...
"Screw" (stylized as SCREW) was 14th single by the J-pop singer, Kotoko, was released on December 16, 2009. The title track was ... "SCREW". Screw-5:25 Lyrics: Kotoko Composition/arrangement: Kazuya Takase Buccaneer-5:06 Lyrics: Kotoko Composition/arrangement ... "SCREW KOTOKO [CD]" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2009-12-11. v t e (CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja), Articles needing additional ... Maiko Iuchi Screw (instrumental) -- 5:25 Buccaneer (instrumental) -- 5:02 Daily chart peak - #11 Weekly chart peak - #24 Total ...
Levy moved on to work with Black Scorpio but returned to work with Jah Screw for several years. Jah Screw released his Harry J- ... Ever since then Barrington and Jah Screw have had a fruitful relationship releasing music up in to the 90's with Jah Screw even ... Jah Screw Presents Dancehall Glamity (1994) "Jah Screw Biography", Greensleeves Records, retrieved 2010-07-17 Moskowitz, David ... Jah Screw has written, arranged, engineered and produced a lot of influential reggae music. He continued to be active as a ...
A Robertson screw, also known as a square screw or Scrulox, is a type of screw with a square-shaped socket in the screw head ... Many screws used in electrical applications (e.g., a typical NEMA 5-15R, breaker screws, and conduit screws) use a combination ... The Robertson screw is specified as ANSI Type III Square Center.[citation needed] Robertson screws are commonplace in Canada, ... 85-86 They also allow the use of angled screwdrivers and trim-head screws. The socket-headed Robertson screws are self- ...
A roller screw, also known as a planetary roller screw or satellite roller screw, is a low-friction precision screw-type ... As with a lead screw or ball screw, rotation of the nut results in screw travel, and rotation of the screw results in nut ... "Screw-Threaded Mechanism" in 1954, and "Nut and Screw Devices" and the "Roller Screw" in 1965. Roller screw types are defined ... Inverted roller screws operate on the same principles of standard roller screws except that the function of the nut and screw ...
When liquid begins to flow out, all air has been removed from the system and the bleed screw is closed. Bleed screws are not ... It is inserted into the protrusion, mates with the bleed screw and turns it. Opening the bleed screw then allows air which has ... Bleed screws are also found on some pump types fulfilling a similar purpose. They are most often located at the top of the ... The screw itself, usually a hexagonal or square knob, is inside a small round protrusion. The key looks similar to that used to ...
Each rotation of the fixture holding the nuts moves one screw into its nut by a small amount and moves the other screw out of ... These mechanisms allow extremely small adjustments using commonly available screws. A differential screw mechanism using two ... A differential screw uses a spindle with two screw threads of differing leads (in case of a single lead equal to the thread ... A differential screw is a mechanism used for making small, precise adjustments to the spacing between two objects (such as in ...
Screw also toured as part of Kelly's 'Mad House Crew', and performance as part of the 'Champions In Action' tour with Tiger, ... Daddy Screw has also recorded collaborations and made guest appearances on tracks by several other artists including Terror ... Michael Alexander Johnson (born 29 March 1968), better known as Daddy Screw, is a Jamaican dancehall deejay best known for his ... Screw moved to Denver, Colorado in the United States to live. He headlined the summer concert in Downtown, Denver known as ...
... is the third EP by the New York City experimental rock group Swans. The EP's three songs were later appended as bonus ... That was "A Screw."" Notes Track 1 and 3 were mislabeled on most original releases. Later issues like the "Greed/Holy Money" ... "A Screw". Allmusic. Retrieved March 2, 2013. "Children of God Discogs entry". discogs.com. Discogs. Retrieved December 14, 2017 ... "Original "A Screw" Discogs entry". discogs.com. Discogs. Retrieved December 14, 2017. Lazell, Barry (1997). Indie Hits 1980- ...
A screw conveyor or auger conveyor is a mechanism that uses a rotating helical screw blade, called a "flighting", usually ... Spiral separator Screw-propelled vehicle Archimedes' screw John Deere, Operation, Care, and Repair of Farm Machinery: Practical ... The first type of screw conveyor was the Archimedes' screw, used since ancient times to pump irrigation water. They usually ... Rather than rotate a central screw blade, a stationary screw is contained within a rotating casing that scoops surrounding ...
Screw Chapter 263: Nard & Screw Chapter 264: Screw Dub '96 Chapter 265: Shay & Screw Chapter 266: Till Death Do Us PART Chapter ... Screw & Piccolo Chapter 294: Jut & Screw Chapter 295: Screw Dub Chapter 296: '96 Live Chapter 297: Stick 1 & Screw Chapter 298 ... 2 Chapter 317: Screw Dub '97 Chapter 318: Screw Dub Stick 1 '98 Chapter 319: Floyd & Screw '98 Chapter 320: On A Mission ... Screw & Terrance Chapter 272: Screw Dub '96 Chapter 273: So Much Pain Chapter 274: Still Thuggin Pt. II Chapter 275: Screw Dub ...
"Screw" or "screws" may also refer to: Devices with a helical thread: Screw (simple machine) Screw thread, screw thread ... "Screw" (song), a 2009 song by Japanese singer Kotoko A Screw, an EP by Swans Chopped and screwed music, a technique of remixing ... see Screw theory Screw axis, the axis of rotation in 3D geometry Homer Screws (born 1966), American soccer defender Kattie B. ... Look up screw in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A screw is an externally threaded fastener. " ...
Screw Screw thread "Set Screw Supplier - Bulk Set Screws - AFT Fasteners". www.aftfasteners.com. AFT. Retrieved 24 July 2019. " ... in which case it may be called a grub screw or blind screw. Once fully and firmly screwed into the first object, the projecting ... A set screw is normally used without a nut (which distinguishes it from a bolt), being screwed instead in a threaded hole ... If an engineer were to use a detent to ensure proper nesting of the screw, they might choose to use a cone point type of screw ...
... angle placement Ice screw research by Beverly, M. M-PAS and Attaway, S. PhD1 Video of ice screw placement Video of ice screw ... An ice screw is a threaded tubular screw used as a running belay or anchor by climbers on steep ice surface such as steep ... Some novel ice screws include a hanger that can be moved down the shaft, instead of using a sling. Placing a shorter screw is ... It is rare that an ice screw fails in fall factors of 1 or less, if placed in good ice. An older type of screw that is rarely ...
... is the second album by the American band Danger Danger, released in 1991. "Monkey Business" peaked at No. 42 on the ... "Screw It by Danger Danger". Billboard. 103 (43): 82. Oct 26, 1991. "Three bands performing in area achieving notoriety". The ... "Screw It! Review by Greg Prato". AllMusic. Retrieved 7 February 2023. (Articles with short description, Short description is ...
This Standard covers data for inch series miniature screws. ... and lengths of slotted head miniature screws, threaded in ... Consumer interests are requested to consult manufacturers catalogs for lists of current stock production miniature screws. ... conformance with American National Standard unified miniature screw threads, ASME B1.10. This standard is predicated upon ...
In 1987 and 1988, Screws played for F.C. Portland in the Western Soccer Alliance. In the fall of 1987, Screws signed with the ... In 1991, Screws and his wife decided to leave Tacoma due to a rising crime rate[citation needed] and move to Iowa where he ... In 2007, Screws returned to Coe College as both the mens and womens soccer coach. 1987 F.C. Portland 1988 F.C. Portland " ... Homer Screws is a retired American soccer defender who played professionally in the Major Indoor Soccer League, Western Soccer ...
Get free shipping on qualified MURO Screws products or Buy Online Pick Up in Store today in the Hardware Department. ...
The screws are being tightened against the limbs of the status quo. Who needs gunpowder when you have the Internet, the ... Ron Paul Tightens the Screws - Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Money Bomb. By Rick Fisk ...
Socket head cap screws are used in applications where a normal bolt or screw may be too weak or take up too much space. ... Drilling and tapping screws do not require a pre-drilled hole to be fastened to a surface or component while non-tapping screws ... Specialty shoulder screws and set screws are used in mechanical assembly to allow parts to rotate or hold rotating components ... Diameter is also known as screw size. For those with a diameter smaller than 1/4", screw size is indicated by a number (e.g., # ...
Locking Screw, Sterile, Rx Only, ORTHOFIX S.r.r. Italy on label, Size (Part Number): a) D 2.7MM X 8MM (002-E-27008),. b) D 2.7 ... As the result of a complaint investigation, the locking screws were confirmed to not properly engage the plates during surgery ...
... to get a workable screw that may not be as refined as the best of the US screws. ... So once Russia got the secret screw design, the cat was out of the bag as far as any third world threat from secret subs.. Why ... and I found it on page 37 of "Modern Naval Combat" from 1986, showing the screw of a Italian "Nazario Sauro" class sub.. The ... It is known that in following generations, the screw is enclosed in a duct rather than being open. ...
By submitting this form, you agree to receive marketing text messaging from us at the number provided. Message and data rates may apply. Message frequency varies. Please HELP for help or STOP to cancel. View our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service. ...
Read about a series of patients in whom 287 percutaneous pedicle screws were placed. ... What is the safety of percutaneous pedicle screw placement in a clinical setting? ... Placement of Percutaneous Pedicle Screws Without Imaging Guidance. Ciaran J. Powers, M.D., Ph.D.; Vinod K. Podichetty, M.D., M. ... Pedicle screw (PS) instrumentation provides an exceptionally rigid construct to promote fusion in cases of spinal trauma and ...
Apples new OS X tightens screws on some malware. Mountain Lions default Gatekeeper setting allows only approved Mac ...
In a reciprocating screw injection molding machine, material flows under gravity from the hopper onto a turning screw. The ... At the same time the screw retracts toward the hopper end.… ... mechanical energy supplied by the screw, together with ... Other articles where reciprocating screw injection molding is discussed: plastic: Injection molding: ... In a reciprocating screw injection molding machine, material flows under gravity from the hopper onto a turning screw. The ...
The Screws feature the guitar and vocal stylings of Terri Wahl (formerly of the Red Aunts) as well as a new rhythm section for ... their sophomore effort.?! This time around the Screws have shed some of their punk rock attack in favor of a more RnB/blues ... Mick Collins and the Screws have toured the US and Japan since the release of their debut of two years ago.?! ... Mick Collins and the Screws have toured the US and Japan since the release of their debut of two years ago. The Screws feature ...
... [rss]. Ideas are sorted alphabetically.. Ideas in bold have been created this week.. ...
And Hans? Nobody, and I mean nobody, can screw-up like me! Upper Screw-Up, (and there is one on this river), Lower, or anywhere ... Re: Lower Screw-Up Yi. What I meant was the impact that the shutter speed has on how the water appears in the final image.. At ... Re: Lower Screw-Up Donald, Hans, Steve?. Many thanks for having a look at this.. I noticed that piece of rock as I was posting ... Re: Lower Screw-Up The rapid white water looks very cool.. Or what about cropping just under the white water at, say, the base ...
Keyphrases: display, fixation, iliosacral screw insertion, surgical navigation, surgical targeting. In: Ferdinando Rodriguez Y ... Optimal Targeting Display for Navigated Pelvic Screw Insertions. 5 pages•Published: September 25, 2020. Prashant Pandey, Pierre ... Surgical navigation can be used for complex orthopaedic procedures, such as iliosacral screw fix- ations, to achieve accurate ... we designed a study to determine the optimal visualizations for performing navigated pelvic screw insertions. The findings of ...
Visit HowStuffWorks.com to learn more on how to install lag screws. ... Whereas wood screws cut their own holes as theyre screwed in, lag screws are more like sheet metal screws since they need a ... However, lag screws are monstrous compared to ordinary screws like wood screws or sheet metal screws. Theyre big: They start ... Lag Screw FAQ. What are lag screws used for?. Due to their sturdiness, lag screws are used to fasten those items that are ...
A Few Screws Loose. on the desk … and elsewhere? Andy McMillan. Strategy Consultant. &. President. BACnet International. ... As I type this column I have a couple of two inch screws rolling around my desk. Yesterday they were buried in the bones of my ... Which brings me all the way back to where I started this article … the loose screws on my desk. As long as they were in my ... I mention this up front in case what follows leaves you wondering if I not only have a few screws loose on my desk, but perhaps ...
MacBook Screw Set. Replace missing or damaged screws with this set for your MacBook. This set includes all of the screws except ... MacBook Pro Unibody Lower Case Screw and Foot Kit. Replace a missing or scuffed plastic foot or a missing screw securing the ... Mac mini A1347 (Late 2014) Screw Set. This part is the screw set for the Mac mini (A1347 Late 2014) small desktop computer. ... MacBook Air 13 (Late 2018-Late 2020) Lower Case Screw Set. Replace missing screws in the lower case of your laptop. This set ...
Visit HowStuffWorks.com to learn more about pan head machine screws. ... Like other screws, machine screws are available in a variety of shapes and sizes. Pan head machine screws are machine screws ... Pan head machine screws can be designed with a variety of head types, too. A slotted pan head machine screw has a single cut in ... Most screws are made from some type of metal, and many are covered in a rustproof coating. Aside from material, screws differ ...
Set of four short (4-40x5/16") and eight long (4-40x3/8") hex set screws used for saddle-height adjustment on American Vintage ...
But sometimes putting screw in end-grain is the best/simplest way to do things, and until I saw this simple trick from ... and one of the rules of thumb Ive picked up from the pros is that threading screws into end grain is a big no-no. Wood is not ... But sometimes putting screw in end-grain is the best/simplest way to do things, and until I saw this simple trick from ... and one of the rules of thumb Ive picked up from the pros is that threading screws into end grain is a big no-no. Wood is not ...
The site navigation utilizes arrow, enter, escape, and space bar key commands. Left and right arrows move across top level links and expand / close menus in sub levels. Up and Down arrows will open main level menus and toggle through sub tier links. Enter and space open menus and escape closes them as well. Tab will move on to the next part of the site rather than go through menu items.. ...
... - Jan 24, 2008 - Advanced Machine Engineering Co. ... The clamping screws are sold only with a hexalobular socket head, which is similar to a TORX system screw. The new screws are ... Spieth Type MSF Locknuts utilize clamping screws with socket head similar to TORX system screw to optimize handling, mounting, ... Locknuts use clamping screws with hexalobular socket head.. Advanced Machine & Engineering Co. Jan 24, 2008 ...
The site navigation utilizes arrow, enter, escape, and space bar key commands. Left and right arrows move across top level links and expand / close menus in sub levels. Up and Down arrows will open main level menus and toggle through sub tier links. Enter and space open menus and escape closes them as well. Tab will move on to the next part of the site rather than go through menu items.. ...
Markertek stocks a huge selection of racks screws for your equipment and server racks. Shop Middle Atlantic, Chief, Tripp Lite ... The SCREW series offers packs of rack mounting screws designed for ease of installation. Factory hardened, these screws are... ... The SCREW series offers packs of rack mounting screws designed for ease of installation. Factory hardened, these screws are ... The SCREW series offers packs of rack mounting screws designed for ease of installation. Factory hardened, these screws are ...
Part Number Length (In.) Thread Size AN515 & AN520 Round Head Screws AN 5... ... MS35215 Pan Head Brass Instrument Screws Use screws for all panel installations to eliminate magnetic interference. ... Click Here for AN515 & AN520 Round Head Screws. Click Here for MS35214 Black Anodized Machine Screws. Click Here for MS24693 ... Home / Hardware / Screws /MS35215 Pan Head Brass Instrument Screws .socialLink{margin-top: 20px;} .prRefChart{cursor:pointer ...
Stick to the stopping power of Scotch™ Door Stops to help guard your walls and baseboards. Designed to keep doors and doorknobs from hitting the wall, the tip of the doorstop acts as a bumper when you open the door. Made with a decorative satin nickel finish to complement your home decor or stylish home improvement, from kitchen to bedroom. You can rely on the stopping power of Scotch™ Door Stops hardware to handle the job ...
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... replacement piece for the budget parade poles. Shop now for all things flags & flagpoles. ... Brass Screw Joints for Wood Poles - Chrome Plated - 1 1/4 Add to Cart Brass Screw Joints for Wood Poles - Chrome Plated - 1 1/ ... This plastic screw joint is used with our Budget Parade Banner Poles. This is a replacement part. Length is 2 1/4" and the ... This plastic screw joint is used with our Budget Parade Banner Poles. This is a replacement part. Length is 2 1/4" and the ...
  • Bolts and screws are externally threaded male fasteners that are used with female-threaded fasteners or holes. (grainger.com)
  • Tapping screws are fasteners that are used for screwing materials such as wood and metal together. (nutsandbolts.com)
  • Tek screws, also called self-drilling screws, are self-tapping fasteners that have a drill bit en. (nutsandbolts.com)
  • Custom-Fasteners.com specializes in manufacturing hard to find micro screws to specification, supplying OEMs and manufacturers worldwide. (smtnet.com)
  • That part is cut and the titanium screws (and washers) are removed using a regular hand-held screw driver (not a drill). (aclsurgery.us)
  • Pozi Decking Screws, ideal for the additional torque support needed when installing decking. (screwfix.com)
  • Are lag bolts and lag screws the same? (howstuffworks.com)
  • Lag bolts and lag screws are conisdered to do the same job but they are two very different things. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Another way to mount flush is to countersunk the rear holes and put screws with nuts on flange side (if there's room for nuts on front). (largeformatphotography.info)
  • Specialty shoulder screws and set screws are used in mechanical assembly to allow parts to rotate or hold rotating components together. (grainger.com)
  • Pozi deck screws from in a variety of sizes to help you get the job done in one go, and are from top trade brands and include features such as 40° thread for high pull-out and rust resistance. (screwfix.com)
  • Drilling and tapping screws do not require a pre-drilled hole to be fastened to a surface or component while non-tapping screws require a threaded pilot hole. (grainger.com)
  • Bi-metal self-drilling screw-combination of 300 series stainless steel and hardened alloy steel drill point. (cens.com)
  • Pedicle screw (PS) instrumentation provides an exceptionally rigid construct to promote fusion in cases of spinal trauma and degenerative disease. (medscape.com)
  • Pedicle screws are used sometimes in a spinal fusion to add extra support and strength to the fusion while it heals. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Pedicle screws are placed above and below the vertebrae that were fused. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Like nails , screws are (usually) small pieces of hardware used to hold materials together. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Whereas wood screws cut their own holes as they're screwed in, lag screws are more like sheet metal screws since they need a pilot hole to screw into. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Most machine screws require that the hole already be drilled and threaded, although there are a few types of machine screws capable of tapping their own holes. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Is it advisable to drill all the way through (screws are shorter than the thickness of the board) or should I just start the holes and drive the screws (2 mm) into the wood with the screwdriver? (largeformatphotography.info)
  • Pre-drill the holes to the screw body size. (largeformatphotography.info)
  • In 1987 and 1988, Screws played for F.C. Portland in the Western Soccer Alliance. (wikipedia.org)
  • The course of the North African outbreak of New World screw-worm myiasis (Cochliomyia hominivorax) since its discovery in 1988 is described. (nih.gov)
  • Since lag screws have hex heads, you can't use a regular screwdriver to tighten them. (howstuffworks.com)
  • A slotted pan head machine screw has a single cut in the head for use with a straight screwdriver. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Philips pan head machine screws have a cross cut into the top for use with a Philips screwdriver . (howstuffworks.com)
  • Whether you're looking for Cannulated Scres Driver For Herbert Screws, 4 mm Cannulated Cancellous Screw, Cancellous Screw 3.5MM FULL THREAD etc, you can explore and find the best products from Tradeindia. (tradeindia.com)
  • Copper screws are used to fasten copper gutters or downspouts. (grainger.com)
  • Due to their sturdiness, lag screws are used to fasten those items that are subjected to huge forces. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Diameter is also known as screw size. (grainger.com)
  • For those with a diameter smaller than 1/4", screw size is indicated by a number (e.g., #10 or No. 10). (grainger.com)
  • Then, using a bit with a slightly smaller diameter than your lag screw, drill a hole all the way through the materials where you want the screw to go. (howstuffworks.com)
  • I'm currently scheduled to have my 2 titanium screws removed from my my incision, just below my knee. (aclsurgery.us)
  • and group D titanium alloy retention screw with aluminum titanium nitride coating. (bvsalud.org)
  • The titanium screw maintained the highest percentage of torque whereas the gold -coated screw and the titanium screw with aluminum titanium nitride coating retained the lowest percentage. (bvsalud.org)
  • the difference is that oval head screws have a rounded top, too, as opposed to a flat top, and they have tapered bases. (howstuffworks.com)
  • The screw itself features a phillips oval head, starter tip, factory installed washer and black metal finish. (markertek.com)
  • This Standard establishes head types, their dimensions, and lengths of slotted head miniature screws, threaded in conformance with American National Standard unified miniature screw threads, ASME B1.10. (asme.org)
  • This brought him to the attention of Coe College of Cedar Rapids, Iowa which Screws in 1993 as head coach of its men's soccer team. (wikipedia.org)
  • Socket head cap screws are used in applications where a normal bolt or screw may be too weak or take up too much space. (grainger.com)
  • On the other hand, a lag screw is used to install the nut by turning the head of the fastener. (howstuffworks.com)
  • I mention this up front in case what follows leaves you wondering if I not only have a few screws loose on my desk, but perhaps a few screws loose in my head, too. (automatedbuildings.com)
  • What are pan head machine screws? (howstuffworks.com)
  • Pan head machine screws are machine screws with heads that are flat on top and rounded on the sides. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Pan head machine screws can also be differentiated from flat head screws, which have flat tops, as well. (howstuffworks.com)
  • However, flat head screws are tapered on the underside of the head so they can lie flush with the material they're driven into. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Meanwhile, round head screws have flat bottoms with rounded heads, much like half a sphere. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Pan head machine screws can be designed with a variety of head types, too. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Locknuts use clamping screws with hexalobular socket head. (thomasnet.com)
  • Suited for applications where space is limited, Spieth Type MSF Locknuts utilize clamping screws with socket head similar to TORX system screw to optimize handling, mounting, and service life of tools used for tightening. (thomasnet.com)
  • The clamping screws are sold only with a hexalobular socket head, which is similar to a TORX system screw. (thomasnet.com)
  • HW Series trim-head screws feature a classic appearance. (markertek.com)
  • Your head is placed in a special frame using small screws to keep it still during the procedure. (nih.gov)
  • Conclusions: Through multiple linear regression it could be concluded that the type of prosthesis showed no significant influence on the prosthetic screw failure, but other variables were related to this mechanical failure. (bvsalud.org)
  • External hexagon connection systems have been considered more prone to screw loosening as a result of their mechanical properties under dynamic load. (bvsalud.org)
  • Preload evaluation of different screws in external hexagon joint. (bvsalud.org)
  • The parts arrived quickly and the repair was so simple it took less than 5 minutes to do, I do however wonder why one screw cost $15.00 though. (partselect.com)
  • K0003P - Minature Screws has been added to your cart. (asme.org)
  • Description: Replacement and original parts for Winchesters and other antique firearms plus Jimenez Bryco Jennings, including firing pins, magazine tubes, barrels, receivers, takedown manuals, butt plates and screws, grips stocks and more. (homesteadparts.com)
  • However, some complications are mentioned in several studies including screw loosening and screw, veneer, abutment, framework and implant fractures, and fracture of the luting cement 2 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Screw loosening is recognized as one of the most evident complications 3 , like fractures of the veneering material 4 . (bvsalud.org)
  • What % of the surgeries (for removing screws) have complications? (aclsurgery.us)
  • Will the screws being removed make the fixation any weaker? (aclsurgery.us)
  • Super small screw, made for small hinges, locks, and other small hardware accessories #109S: total length 7.9mm #106S: total length 9.5. (cens.com)
  • Soon I'd find my focus on the screws that held the hinges to the door. (lifehacker.com.au)
  • Before getting a lag screw, make sure you have an exact idea of the thickness of the materials about to be joined. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Get a lag screw that's half the total thickness of this measurement to finish the job. (howstuffworks.com)
  • is used in thumb screws to provide heavy-torque fastening. (grainger.com)
  • The reasons for screw loosening include fatigue, inadequate tightening torque, inadequate prosthesis fit, poorly machined components, vibrating micro-movement and excessive loading 2,5 . (bvsalud.org)
  • This study compared the maintenance of tightening torque in different retention screw types of implant-supported crowns . (bvsalud.org)
  • Screws are normally driven into components or surfaces and engage with female threads that are cut into the fastening surface. (grainger.com)
  • The mechanical energy supplied by the screw, together with auxiliary heaters, converts the resin into a molten state. (britannica.com)
  • Do you recommend me having screws in my knee (near incision) removed? (aclsurgery.us)
  • Arthritis only exists near a joint, and the screws are not at the knee joint, but below at the place of incision. (aclsurgery.us)
  • In a reciprocating screw injection molding machine, material flows under gravity from the hopper onto a turning screw. (britannica.com)
  • Machine screws are designed to hold pieces of machinery together. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Advanced Machine & Engineering Co. (AME), a manufacturer and distributor of Spieth locknuts, announces a change to the locking screws used on the Type MSF locknuts. (thomasnet.com)
  • Whether you are building an ENG, SNG or production truck or designing your own fly packs.Phillips machine screws, black satin finish. (markertek.com)
  • My particular screw may have even been manually handled by someone randomly looking over the quality of screws after they were machine milled. (lifehacker.com.au)
  • Machine screws have machine threads for use with a nut or in a tapped hole. (boltdepot.com)
  • Schaumburg, IL (August 16, 2002) - THK's new Heavy Load Ball Screw Type HBN with Caged Technology features improved energy savings, superior positioning accuracy, clean operation, enhanced machine control and reduced maintenance. (thomasnet.com)
  • Cannulated Screw product price in India ranges from 1.0 to 13,650 INR and minimum order requirements from 1 to 1,000. (tradeindia.com)
  • A s I type this column I have a couple of two inch screws rolling around my desk. (automatedbuildings.com)
  • Most screws are made from some type of metal, and many are covered in a rustproof coating. (howstuffworks.com)
  • With the high thrust feeding speeds and durability of a hydraulic cylinder, the Type HBN goes where no conventional ball screw has ever gone before. (thomasnet.com)
  • I once attached a large, heavy Buhl projector lens to a wooden Sinar type board with 4 screws (the flange was attached to the lens with hot glue). (largeformatphotography.info)
  • Aim: To evaluate the presence of failures in prosthetic screws and whether these failures are related to the type of prosthesis, abutment angulation and presence or not of intermediate. (bvsalud.org)
  • The biomechanical behavior of implant-retained restorations, including the screw, may be compromised by some factors 6 , such as type of prosthesis, the abutment angulation and if the prostheses are placed directly on the implant platform or on the abutment. (bvsalud.org)
  • The aim of this research was to investigate if there is a relationship between the screw failure and the type of prosthesis, the abutment angulation and the presence or not of intermediate. (bvsalud.org)
  • Replacement screws and springs for mounting the trackpad in the upper case assembly of your mid 2009 to mid 2012 13' and 15' MacBook Pro Unibody laptop. (ifixit.com)
  • The purpose of the screws being there is to hold your graft (replacement ACL) in place. (aclsurgery.us)
  • un published data) revealing an effective breach rate of 4% or lower in small numbers of percutaneous PSs, and we have published the results of our early experience with percutaneous screw placement, [ 5 ] no recent study has specifically ad dressed the PS malpositioning rate in a large clinical series. (medscape.com)
  • This part is the screw set for the Mac mini (A1347 Late 2014) small desktop computer. (ifixit.com)
  • However, this abutment can present more screw failures due to the small thread area that often loses retention and produces cracks due to the low amount of metal. (bvsalud.org)
  • Only one of these screws was later found to have breached the spinal canal, yielding a breach rate of 0.35% for percutaneously placed PSs (one of 287). (medscape.com)
  • These pan screws are made of high-grade carbon steel and feature a black oxide finish for superio. (nutsandbolts.com)
  • Surgical navigation can be used for complex orthopaedic procedures, such as iliosacral screw fix- ations, to achieve accurate and efficient results [11]. (easychair.org)
  • Has anyone had their hardware removed (screws, etc) after having ACL surgery? (aclsurgery.us)
  • Below is what I have learned so far about having your ACL surgery screws removed (hardware). (aclsurgery.us)
  • So, has anyone had their hardware removed (screws, etc) after having ACL surgery and what was your experience (do you recommend it)? (aclsurgery.us)
  • A rod is used to connect the screws which prevents movement and allows the bone graft to heal. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It isn't the bioabsorbable screw, as that is not wise to remove, being deep into the bone. (aclsurgery.us)
  • The initial unscrewing of the screw from the bone would be painful without anesthesia. (aclsurgery.us)
  • No. After a year goes by, the graft has fused into the bone where it should not be weaker without the screws. (aclsurgery.us)
  • Lag screws are similar to normal screws but are often used to hold two materials together and are larger. (howstuffworks.com)
  • How much weight can a lag screw hold? (howstuffworks.com)
  • On the other hand, a 1/8 lag screw can manage to hold up to 3,000 pounds of weight. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Replace the color coordinated exterior screws that hold the lower case panel in place. (ifixit.com)
  • At the same time the screw retracts toward the hopper end. (britannica.com)
  • This time around the Screws have shed some of their punk rock attack in favor of a more R'n'B/blues beat. (midheaven.com)
  • Optimizing surgical accuracy potentially helps improves patient safety by reducing screw malplacement [11], while optimiz- ing time efficiency reduces opportunity cost [1]. (easychair.org)
  • Already then, he was said to have come up with the idea of the screw studs, as the studs nailed to the soles of the football boots at the time caused them to wear out very quickly. (dpma.de)
  • For his soccer team, Salot developed shoes with replaceable screw studs, which were also considerably lighter than the football boots usual at that time: at around 350 grams, they weighed at least 100 grams less than the shoes usual at that time. (dpma.de)
  • What is the typical recovery time after the screws are removed? (aclsurgery.us)
  • There were decisions made about what kind of screws to make. (lifehacker.com.au)
  • To this day, a football legend persists: Adi Dassler, so the tale goes, made a decisive contribution to the "Miracle of Bern" with the screw-in studs he invented. (dpma.de)
  • A total of 771 prostheses were made over abutment and 8.95% of these screws failed. (bvsalud.org)
  • The new screws are designed to improve the handling, mounting and service life of the tools used for tightening the screws. (thomasnet.com)
  • There's a company who manufactured the screws. (lifehacker.com.au)
  • He engaged Germany´s national team manager Sepp Herberger as a consultant for his company, became outfitter for the national team and was later able to knit the legend that the "Miracle of Bern" was also due to "his" invention - the screw stud shoe. (dpma.de)
  • To install a lag screw, first you have to align the materials you're going to screw together. (howstuffworks.com)
  • Hammonds screw pack features a convenient jar, starting point and factory-installed washer. (markertek.com)
  • A longer screw/bolt with a nut and washer is cheap insurance no matter what the lens size and weight. (largeformatphotography.info)
  • is a lightweight material frequently used in screws. (grainger.com)
  • One of the main differences is that screws are designed to be able to be removed and replaced easily without damage to the screw itself or the material it connects. (howstuffworks.com)
  • They're big: They start around 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) long and 1/4-inch thick (0.6 centimeters), and lag screws are used when especially heavy loads have to be borne. (howstuffworks.com)
  • How long of a lag screw do I need? (howstuffworks.com)
  • Set of four short (4-40x5/16") and eight long (4-40x3/8") hex set screws used for saddle-height adjustment on American Vintage series Stratocaster and Telecaster bridges. (fender.com)
  • Standard 3/4" long rack screws with 10-32 threads feature self-guiding pilot points. (markertek.com)
  • After graduating from high school, Screws spent a year playing lower division soccer in Germany. (wikipedia.org)
  • They are generally larger than screws and used for high-load applications. (grainger.com)
  • With advanced technology, we develop high quality screws. (cens.com)
  • Salot developed a light metal insole with threaded sleeves attached to propeller-like flanges under the outsole, threaded the studs and screwed conical, flat cylindrical, high or low studs into the football boots depending on the field conditions. (dpma.de)