Removal of the whole or part of the vitreous body in treating endophthalmitis, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, intraocular foreign bodies, and some types of glaucoma.
An operation for retinal detachment which reduces the size of the globe by indenting the sclera so that it approximates the retina.
The white, opaque, fibrous, outer tunic of the eyeball, covering it entirely excepting the segment covered anteriorly by the cornea. It is essentially avascular but contains apertures for vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. It receives the tendons of insertion of the extraocular muscles and at the corneoscleral junction contains the canal of Schlemm. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Hemorrhage into the VITREOUS BODY.
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).
The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the CRYSTALLINE LENS of the EYE and in front of the RETINA. It is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe.
Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.
Organic siloxanes which are polymerized to the oily stage. The oils have low surface tension and density less than 1. They are used in industrial applications and in the treatment of retinal detachment, complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
A membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) retinal pigment epithelial cells. Localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the fovea centralis. Epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. In younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. The majority occur in association with retinal holes, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p291)
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.
A method of stopping internal bleeding or blood flow, or the closure of a wound or body cavity, achieved by applying pressure or introducing an absorbent liquid, gel, or tampon.
Insertion of an artificial lens to replace the natural CRYSTALLINE LENS after CATARACT EXTRACTION or to supplement the natural lens which is left in place.
Diseases affecting the eye.
Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.
A procedure for removal of the crystalline lens in cataract surgery in which an anterior capsulectomy is performed by means of a needle inserted through a small incision at the temporal limbus, allowing the lens contents to fall through the dilated pupil into the anterior chamber where they are broken up by the use of ultrasound and aspirated out of the eye through the incision. (Cline, et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed & In Focus 1993;1(1):1)
Surgical formation of an external opening in the sclera, primarily in the treatment of glaucoma.
Retinal diseases refer to a diverse group of vision-threatening disorders that affect the retina's structure and function, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, retinitis pigmentosa, and macular edema, among others.
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.
Detachment of the corpus vitreum (VITREOUS BODY) from its normal attachments, especially the retina, due to shrinkage from degenerative or inflammatory conditions, trauma, myopia, or senility.
Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.
The removal of a cataractous CRYSTALLINE LENS from the eye.
The performance of surgical procedures with the aid of a microscope.
Techniques for securing together the edges of a wound, with loops of thread or similar materials (SUTURES).
An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototropic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
The back two-thirds of the eye that includes the anterior hyaloid membrane and all of the optical structures behind it: the VITREOUS HUMOR; RETINA; CHOROID; and OPTIC NERVE.
Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)
Bleeding from the vessels of the retina.
A form of secondary glaucoma which develops as a consequence of another ocular disease and is attributed to the forming of new vessels in the angle of the anterior chamber.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
The use of green light-producing LASERS to stop bleeding. The green light is selectively absorbed by HEMOGLOBIN, thus triggering BLOOD COAGULATION.
The front third of the eyeball that includes the structures between the front surface of the cornea and the front of the VITREOUS BODY.
Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.
The administration of substances into the VITREOUS BODY of the eye with a hypodermic syringe.
Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.
Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.
Artificial implanted lenses.
The coagulation of tissue by an intense beam of light, including laser (LASER COAGULATION). In the eye it is used in the treatment of retinal detachments, retinal holes, aneurysms, hemorrhages, and malignant and benign neoplasms. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)
Devices, usually incorporating unidirectional valves, which are surgically inserted in the sclera to maintain normal intraocular pressure.
The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and that part of the crystalline lens which presents through the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p109)
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.
Specialized ophthalmic technique used in the surgical repair and or treatment of disorders that include retinal tears or detachment; MACULAR HOLES; hereditary retinal disease; AIDS-related retinal infections; ocular tumors; MACULAR DEGENERATION; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; and UVEITIS.
Surgery performed on the eye or any of its parts.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.
An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
A scientific tool based on ULTRASONOGRAPHY and used not only for the observation of microstructure in metalwork but also in living tissue. In biomedical application, the acoustic propagation speed in normal and abnormal tissues can be quantified to distinguish their tissue elasticity and other properties.
A genus of tree shrews of the family TUPAIIDAE which consists of about 12 species. One of the most frequently encountered species is T. glis. Members of this genus inhabit rain forests and secondary growth areas in southeast Asia.
Visualization of a vascular system after intravenous injection of a fluorescein solution. The images may be photographed or televised. It is used especially in studying the retinal and uveal vasculature.
Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of LENS DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION.
Liquid perfluorinated carbon compounds which may or may not contain a hetero atom such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, but do not contain another halogen or hydrogen atom. This concept includes fluorocarbon emulsions and fluorocarbon blood substitutes.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The surgical removal of the eyeball leaving the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact.
The period following a surgical operation.
Infections in the inner or external eye caused by microorganisms belonging to several families of bacteria. Some of the more common genera found are Haemophilus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Chlamydia.
The only family of the order SCANDENTIA, variously included in the order Insectivora or in the order Primates, and often in the order Microscelidea, consisting of five genera. They are TUPAIA, Ananthana (Indian tree shrew), Dendrogale (small smooth-tailed tree shrew), Urogale (Mindanao tree shrew), and Ptilocercus (pen-tailed tree shrew). The tree shrews inhabit the forest areas of eastern Asia from India and southwestern China to Borneo and the Philippines.
Conjunctival diseases refer to a broad range of disorders that affect the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelids and the outer layer of the eyeball, causing symptoms such as redness, itching, irritation, discharge, and/or inflammation.
Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.
The concave interior of the eye, consisting of the retina, the choroid, the sclera, the optic disk, and blood vessels, seen by means of the ophthalmoscope. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
The mucous membrane that covers the posterior surface of the eyelids and the anterior pericorneal surface of the eyeball.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
The administration of substances into the eye with a hypodermic syringe.
The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.
An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.
Absence of the crystalline lens resulting from cataract extraction.
The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the RETINA and SCLERA.
Intraocular hemorrhage from the vessels of various tissues of the eye.
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)
A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Tumors or cancer of the EYE.
Mild to fulminant necrotizing vaso-occlusive retinitis associated with a high incidence of retinal detachment and poor vision outcome.
A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.
The making of a continuous circular tear in the anterior capsule during cataract surgery in order to allow expression or phacoemulsification of the nucleus of the lens. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Hemorrhage from the vessels of the choroid.
Plastic surgery of the SCLERA. This procedure is used frequently to prevent blindness and poor vision in patients, especially children, with MYOPIA.
A transparent, biconvex structure of the EYE, enclosed in a capsule and situated behind the IRIS and in front of the vitreous humor (VITREOUS BODY). It is slightly overlapped at its margin by the ciliary processes. Adaptation by the CILIARY BODY is crucial for OCULAR ACCOMMODATION.
Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).
Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.
Materials used in closing a surgical or traumatic wound. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
The clear, watery fluid which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It has a refractive index lower than the crystalline lens, which it surrounds, and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea and the crystalline lens. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p319)
A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a rapid onset of action and a longer duration of action than procaine hydrochloride. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1017)
Surgical insertion of a prosthesis.
Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.
Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.
The absence or restriction of the usual external sensory stimuli to which the individual responds.
The use of freezing as a special surgical technique to destroy or excise tissue.
The thin noncellular outer covering of the CRYSTALLINE LENS composed mainly of COLLAGEN TYPE IV and GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS. It is secreted by the embryonic anterior and posterior epithelium. The embryonic posterior epithelium later disappears.
The most anterior portion of the uveal layer, separating the anterior chamber from the posterior. It consists of two layers - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris depends on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium.
Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; BEHCET SYNDROME; and CHORIORETINITIS.

A vitrectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of some or all of the vitreous humor, which is the clear gel-like substance filling the center of the eye. This surgery is often performed to treat various retinal disorders such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, macular hole, and vitreous hemorrhage.

During a vitrectomy, the ophthalmologist makes small incisions in the sclera (the white part of the eye) to access the vitreous cavity. The surgeon then uses specialized instruments to remove the cloudy or damaged vitreous and may also repair any damage to the retina or surrounding tissues. Afterward, a clear saline solution is injected into the eye to maintain its shape and help facilitate healing.

In some cases, a gas bubble or silicone oil may be placed in the eye after the vitrectomy to help hold the retina in place while it heals. These substances will gradually be absorbed or removed during follow-up appointments. The body naturally produces a new, clear vitreous to replace the removed material over time.

Vitrectomy is typically performed under local anesthesia and may require hospitalization or outpatient care depending on the individual case. Potential risks and complications include infection, bleeding, cataract formation, retinal detachment, and increased eye pressure. However, with proper care and follow-up, most patients experience improved vision after a successful vitrectomy procedure.

Scleral buckling is a surgical procedure used to treat retinal detachment, a serious eye condition that can cause vision loss. In this procedure, the sclera (the white outer coat of the eye) is "buckled" or indented with a piece of silicone rubber or sponge material. This brings the detached retina into contact with the wall of the eye, allowing the retina to reattach and heal. The buckle is usually left in place permanently. Scleral buckling has been a standard treatment for retinal detachment for many years and is often combined with vitrectomy or cryotherapy to improve outcomes.

The sclera is the tough, white, fibrous outer coating of the eye in humans and other vertebrates, covering about five sixths of the eyeball's surface. It provides protection for the delicate inner structures of the eye and maintains its shape. The sclera is composed mainly of collagen and elastic fiber, making it strong and resilient. Its name comes from the Greek word "skleros," which means hard.

A Vitreous Hemorrhage is a medical condition where there is bleeding into the vitreous cavity of the eye. The vitreous cavity is the space in the eye that is filled with a clear, gel-like substance called the vitreous humor. This substance helps to maintain the shape of the eye and transmit light to the retina.

When a vitreous hemorrhage occurs, blood cells from the bleeding mix with the vitreous humor, causing it to become cloudy or hazy. As a result, vision can become significantly impaired, ranging from mildly blurry to complete loss of vision depending on the severity of the bleed.

Vitreous hemorrhages can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, retinal tears or detachments, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and other eye conditions that affect the blood vessels in the eye. Treatment for vitreous hemorrhage depends on the underlying cause and may include observation, laser surgery, or vitrectomy (a surgical procedure to remove the vitreous humor and stop the bleeding).

Retinal detachment is a serious eye condition that occurs when the retina, a thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye responsible for processing light and sending visual signals to the brain, pulls away from its normal position. This can lead to significant vision loss or even blindness if not promptly treated. Retinal detachment can be caused by various factors such as aging, trauma, eye disease, or an inflammatory condition. Symptoms of retinal detachment may include sudden flashes of light, floaters, a shadow in the peripheral vision, or a curtain-like covering over part of the visual field. Immediate medical attention is necessary to prevent further damage and preserve vision.

The vitreous body, also known simply as the vitreous, is the clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina in the eye. It is composed mainly of water, but also contains collagen fibers, hyaluronic acid, and other proteins. The vitreous helps to maintain the shape of the eye and provides a transparent medium for light to pass through to reach the retina. With age, the vitreous can become more liquefied and may eventually separate from the retina, leading to symptoms such as floaters or flashes of light.

A retinal perforation is a full-thickness break or hole in the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue that lines the inner surface of the eye. This condition can lead to a serious complication called retinal detachment, where the retina separates from the underlying tissue, potentially resulting in vision loss if not promptly treated. Retinal perforations may be caused by trauma, certain eye conditions, or invasive eye procedures. Immediate medical attention is required for retinal perforations to prevent further damage and preserve vision.

Silicone oils are synthetic, polymerized forms of siloxane, which is a type of silicon-based compound. These oils are known for their stability, durability, and resistance to heat, chemicals, and aging. In the medical field, silicone oils are often used in various medical devices and procedures, such as:

1. Intraocular lenses: Silicone oils can be used as a temporary replacement for the vitreous humor (the gel-like substance that fills the eye) during vitreoretinal surgery, particularly when there is a retinal detachment or other serious eye conditions. The oil helps to reattach the retina and maintain its position until a permanent solution can be found.

2. Breast implants: Silicone oils are used as a filling material for breast implants due to their ability to mimic the feel of natural breast tissue. However, the use of silicone breast implants has been controversial due to concerns about potential health risks, including immune system disorders and cancer.

3. Drug delivery systems: Silicone oils can be used as a component in drug-eluting devices, which are designed to deliver medication slowly and consistently over an extended period. These devices can be used in various medical applications, such as wound healing or the treatment of chronic pain.

4. Medical adhesives: Silicone oils can be incorporated into medical adhesives to improve their flexibility, biocompatibility, and resistance to moisture and heat. These adhesives are often used in the manufacturing of medical devices and for securing bandages or dressings to the skin.

It is important to note that while silicone oils have many medical applications, they can also pose potential risks, such as migration, inflammation, or other complications. Therefore, their use should be carefully considered and monitored by healthcare professionals.

An epiretinal membrane, also known as a macular pucker or cellophane maculopathy, is a thin and transparent layer of tissue that forms over the macula (the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision) in the eye. This membrane can contract and wrinkle the macula, distorting central vision.

Epiretinal membranes are typically caused by the migration and proliferation of glial cells or other cell types onto the surface of the retina following retinal injury, inflammation, or aging. In some cases, they may be associated with other eye conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, or age-related macular degeneration.

Mild epiretinal membranes may not require treatment, but if the distortion of vision is significant, a vitrectomy surgery may be recommended to remove the membrane and improve visual acuity.

Visual acuity is a measure of the sharpness or clarity of vision. It is usually tested by reading an eye chart from a specific distance, such as 20 feet (6 meters). The standard eye chart used for this purpose is called the Snellen chart, which contains rows of letters that decrease in size as you read down the chart.

Visual acuity is typically expressed as a fraction, with the numerator representing the testing distance and the denominator indicating the smallest line of type that can be read clearly. For example, if a person can read the line on the eye chart that corresponds to a visual acuity of 20/20, it means they have normal vision at 20 feet. If their visual acuity is 20/40, it means they must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 40 feet.

It's important to note that visual acuity is just one aspect of overall vision and does not necessarily reflect other important factors such as peripheral vision, depth perception, color vision, or contrast sensitivity.

Endophthalmitis is a serious inflammatory eye condition that occurs when an infection develops inside the eyeball, specifically within the vitreous humor (the clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina). This condition can be caused by bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms that enter the eye through various means, such as trauma, surgery, or spread from another infected part of the body.

Endophthalmitis is often characterized by symptoms like sudden onset of pain, redness, decreased vision, and increased sensitivity to light (photophobia). If left untreated, it can lead to severe complications, including blindness. Treatment typically involves administering antibiotics or antifungal medications, either systemically or directly into the eye, and sometimes even requiring surgical intervention to remove infected tissues and relieve intraocular pressure.

Endotamponade is a medical term that refers to the use of an internal tamponade in ophthalmology, specifically in the treatment of certain eye conditions such as retinal detachment or severe ocular trauma.

In this procedure, a gas or liquid material is injected into the vitreous cavity (the space inside the eye between the lens and the retina) to help reattach the retina to the wall of the eye or to control bleeding inside the eye. The tamponading agent presses against the retina, holding it in place and preventing further fluid from accumulating under it, which can help promote healing and prevent further damage.

The choice of tamponade material depends on the specific condition being treated. For example, a gas bubble may be used for retinal detachment, while silicone oil may be used for more complex cases or where a longer-lasting tamponade is required. The gas or liquid is usually injected through a small incision in the eye and may be left in place for several weeks or months, depending on the individual case.

Overall, endotamponade is an important technique in the management of various retinal disorders and can help preserve vision and prevent blindness in certain cases.

Intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is a surgical procedure that involves placing a small artificial lens inside the eye to replace the natural lens that has been removed. This procedure is typically performed during cataract surgery, where the cloudy natural lens is removed and replaced with an IOL to restore clear vision.

During the procedure, a small incision is made in the eye, and the cloudy lens is broken up and removed using ultrasound waves or laser energy. Then, the folded IOL is inserted through the same incision and positioned in the correct place inside the eye. Once in place, the IOL unfolds and is secured into position.

There are several types of IOLs available, including monofocal, multifocal, toric, and accommodating lenses. Monofocal lenses provide clear vision at one distance, while multifocal lenses offer clear vision at multiple distances. Toric lenses correct astigmatism, and accommodating lenses can change shape to focus on objects at different distances.

Overall, intraocular lens implantation is a safe and effective procedure that can help restore clear vision in patients with cataracts or other eye conditions that require the removal of the natural lens.

Eye diseases are a range of conditions that affect the eye or visual system, causing damage to vision and, in some cases, leading to blindness. These diseases can be categorized into various types, including:

1. Refractive errors: These include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia, which affect the way light is focused on the retina and can usually be corrected with glasses or contact lenses.
2. Cataracts: A clouding of the lens inside the eye that leads to blurry vision, glare, and decreased contrast sensitivity. Cataract surgery is the most common treatment for this condition.
3. Glaucoma: A group of diseases characterized by increased pressure in the eye, leading to damage to the optic nerve and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes medications, laser therapy, or surgery.
4. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A progressive condition that affects the central part of the retina called the macula, causing blurry vision and, in advanced stages, loss of central vision. Treatment may include anti-VEGF injections, laser therapy, or nutritional supplements.
5. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels in the retina, leading to bleeding, leakage, and potential blindness if left untreated. Treatment includes laser therapy, anti-VEGF injections, or surgery.
6. Retinal detachment: A separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly with surgery.
7. Amblyopia (lazy eye): A condition where one eye does not develop normal vision, often due to a misalignment or refractive error in childhood. Treatment includes correcting the underlying problem and encouraging the use of the weaker eye through patching or other methods.
8. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A misalignment of the eyes that can lead to amblyopia if not treated promptly with surgery, glasses, or other methods.
9. Corneal diseases: Conditions that affect the transparent outer layer of the eye, such as keratoconus, Fuchs' dystrophy, and infectious keratitis, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
10. Uveitis: Inflammation of the middle layer of the eye, which can cause vision loss if not treated promptly with anti-inflammatory medications or surgery.

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a sight-threatening complication that can occur after open-globe eye injuries or retinal reattachment surgery. It is characterized by the abnormal growth and contraction of fibrous tissue on the surface of the retina and/or inside the vitreous cavity, which can cause distortion or detachment of the retina. This process can lead to visual impairment or even blindness if left untreated.

The term "proliferative" refers to the abnormal growth of cells (specifically, fibrous and inflammatory cells) on the retinal surface and within the vitreous cavity. These cells form membranes that can contract and cause traction on the retina, leading to distortion or detachment.

PVR is classified into three stages (A, B, and C) based on the extent of fibrous tissue formation and retinal changes. Stage A is characterized by the presence of cellular proliferation without any visible membranes or retinal changes. In stage B, fibrous membranes are present, but there is no retinal detachment. Finally, stage C involves the development of tractional retinal detachment due to the contraction of fibrous membranes.

Treatment for PVR typically involves additional surgical intervention to remove or release the fibrous tissue and reattach the retina. The prognosis for visual recovery depends on the severity and extent of the PVR, as well as the timing and success of treatment.

Phacoemulsification is a surgical procedure used in cataract removal. It involves using an ultrasonic device to emulsify (break up) the cloudy lens (cataract) into small pieces, which are then aspirated or sucked out through a small incision. This procedure allows for smaller incisions and faster recovery times compared to traditional cataract surgery methods. After the cataract is removed, an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) is typically implanted to replace the natural lens and restore vision.

"Sclerostomy" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. However, based on its component parts - "sclero-" (meaning hardening or scarring) and "-stomy" (meaning creation of an opening or passage) - it could potentially be used to describe a surgical procedure that creates an opening in a hardened or scarred tissue.

However, in ophthalmology, "sclerostomy" is sometimes used to refer to a procedure where a small opening is made in the sclera (the white part of the eye) during glaucoma surgery to relieve pressure inside the eye. This is not a formal or widely recognized term, and its use may vary depending on the medical context.

Retinal diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. The retina is responsible for converting light into electrical signals that are sent to the brain and interpreted as visual images. Retinal diseases can cause vision loss or even blindness, depending on their severity and location in the retina.

Some common retinal diseases include:

1. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): A progressive disease that affects the central part of the retina called the macula, causing blurred or distorted vision.
2. Diabetic retinopathy: A complication of diabetes that can damage the blood vessels in the retina, leading to vision loss.
3. Retinal detachment: A serious condition where the retina becomes separated from its underlying tissue, requiring immediate medical attention.
4. Macular edema: Swelling or thickening of the macula due to fluid accumulation, which can cause blurred vision.
5. Retinitis pigmentosa: A group of inherited eye disorders that affect the retina's ability to respond to light, causing progressive vision loss.
6. Macular hole: A small break in the macula that can cause distorted or blurry vision.
7. Retinal vein occlusion: Blockage of the retinal veins that can lead to bleeding, swelling, and potential vision loss.

Treatment for retinal diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Some treatments include medication, laser therapy, surgery, or a combination of these options. Regular eye exams are essential for early detection and treatment of retinal diseases.

Foreign bodies in the eye refer to any object or particle that is not normally present in the eye and becomes lodged in it. These foreign bodies can range from small particles like sand or dust to larger objects such as metal shavings or glass. They can cause irritation, pain, redness, watering, and even vision loss if they are not removed promptly and properly.

The symptoms of an eye foreign body may include:

* A feeling that something is in the eye
* Pain or discomfort in the eye
* Redness or inflammation of the eye
* Watering or tearing of the eye
* Sensitivity to light
* Blurred vision or difficulty seeing

If you suspect that you have a foreign body in your eye, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. An eye care professional can examine your eye and determine the best course of treatment to remove the foreign body and prevent any further damage to your eye.

Vitreous detachment, also known as posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), is a common age-related eye condition characterized by the separation of the vitreous gel from the retina. The vitreous is a clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina in the eye. As we age, the vitreous may change in consistency, becoming more liquefied, leading to the formation of pockets of liquid within the gel.

In vitreous detachment, the posterior part of the vitreous closest to the retina begins to pull away from the retinal surface due to the shrinkage and liquefaction of the vitreous gel. This separation can cause symptoms such as floaters (spots or strands in the field of vision), flashes of light, or a decrease in vision sharpness. While vitreous detachment is typically not a serious condition on its own, it can sometimes lead to complications like retinal tears or retinal detachment, which require immediate medical attention.

Penetrating eye injuries are a type of ocular trauma where a foreign object or substance pierces the outer layers of the eye and damages the internal structures. This can result in serious harm to various parts of the eye, such as the cornea, iris, lens, or retina, and may potentially cause vision loss or blindness if not promptly treated.

The severity of a penetrating eye injury depends on several factors, including the type and size of the object that caused the injury, the location of the wound, and the extent of damage to the internal structures. Common causes of penetrating eye injuries include sharp objects, such as metal shards or glass fragments, projectiles, such as pellets or bullets, and explosive materials.

Symptoms of a penetrating eye injury may include pain, redness, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, floaters, or the presence of a foreign body in the eye. If you suspect that you have sustained a penetrating eye injury, it is essential to seek immediate medical attention from an ophthalmologist or other healthcare professional with experience in treating eye trauma.

Treatment for penetrating eye injuries may include removing any foreign objects or substances from the eye, repairing damaged tissues, and administering medications to prevent infection and reduce inflammation. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the injury and restore vision. Preventing eye injuries is crucial, and appropriate protective eyewear should be worn when engaging in activities that pose a risk of eye trauma.

Diabetic retinopathy is a diabetes complication that affects the eyes. It's caused by damage to the blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina).

At first, diabetic retinopathy may cause no symptoms or only mild vision problems. Eventually, it can cause blindness. The condition usually affects both eyes.

There are two main stages of diabetic retinopathy:

1. Early diabetic retinopathy. This is when the blood vessels in the eye start to leak fluid or bleed. You might not notice any changes in your vision at this stage, but it's still important to get treatment because it can prevent the condition from getting worse.
2. Advanced diabetic retinopathy. This is when new, abnormal blood vessels grow on the surface of the retina. These vessels can leak fluid and cause severe vision problems, including blindness.

Diabetic retinopathy can be treated with laser surgery, injections of medication into the eye, or a vitrectomy (a surgical procedure to remove the gel-like substance that fills the center of the eye). It's important to get regular eye exams to detect diabetic retinopathy early and get treatment before it causes serious vision problems.

Cataract extraction is a surgical procedure that involves removing the cloudy lens (cataract) from the eye. This procedure is typically performed to restore vision impairment caused by cataracts and improve overall quality of life. There are two primary methods for cataract extraction:

1. Phacoemulsification: This is the most common method used today. It involves making a small incision in the front part of the eye (cornea), inserting an ultrasonic probe to break up the cloudy lens into tiny pieces, and then removing those pieces with suction. After removing the cataract, an artificial intraocular lens (IOL) is inserted to replace the natural lens and help focus light onto the retina.

2. Extracapsular Cataract Extraction: In this method, a larger incision is made on the side of the cornea, allowing the surgeon to remove the cloudy lens in one piece without breaking it up. The back part of the lens capsule is left intact to support the IOL. This technique is less common and typically reserved for more advanced cataracts or when phacoemulsification cannot be performed.

Recovery from cataract extraction usually involves using eye drops to prevent infection and inflammation, as well as protecting the eye with a shield or glasses during sleep for a few weeks after surgery. Most people experience improved vision within a few days to a week following the procedure.

Microsurgery is a surgical technique that requires the use of an operating microscope and fine instruments to perform precise surgical manipulations. It is commonly used in various fields such as ophthalmology, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, and plastic and reconstructive surgery. The magnification provided by the microscope allows surgeons to work on small structures like nerves, blood vessels, and tiny bones. Some of the most common procedures that fall under microsurgery include nerve repair, replantation of amputated parts, and various types of reconstructions such as free tissue transfer for cancer reconstruction or coverage of large wounds.

Suture techniques refer to the various methods used by surgeons to sew or stitch together tissues in the body after an injury, trauma, or surgical incision. The main goal of suturing is to approximate and hold the edges of the wound together, allowing for proper healing and minimizing scar formation.

There are several types of suture techniques, including:

1. Simple Interrupted Suture: This is one of the most basic suture techniques where the needle is passed through the tissue at a right angle, creating a loop that is then tightened to approximate the wound edges. Multiple stitches are placed along the length of the incision or wound.
2. Continuous Locking Suture: In this technique, the needle is passed continuously through the tissue in a zigzag pattern, with each stitch locking into the previous one. This creates a continuous line of sutures that provides strong tension and support to the wound edges.
3. Running Suture: Similar to the continuous locking suture, this technique involves passing the needle continuously through the tissue in a straight line. However, instead of locking each stitch, the needle is simply passed through the previous loop before being tightened. This creates a smooth and uninterrupted line of sutures that can be easily removed after healing.
4. Horizontal Mattress Suture: In this technique, two parallel stitches are placed horizontally across the wound edges, creating a "mattress" effect that provides additional support and tension to the wound. This is particularly useful in deep or irregularly shaped wounds.
5. Vertical Mattress Suture: Similar to the horizontal mattress suture, this technique involves placing two parallel stitches vertically across the wound edges. This creates a more pronounced "mattress" effect that can help reduce tension and minimize scarring.
6. Subcuticular Suture: In this technique, the needle is passed just below the surface of the skin, creating a smooth and barely visible line of sutures. This is particularly useful in cosmetic surgery or areas where minimizing scarring is important.

The choice of suture technique depends on various factors such as the location and size of the wound, the type of tissue involved, and the patient's individual needs and preferences. Proper suture placement and tension are crucial for optimal healing and aesthetic outcomes.

The macula lutea, often simply referred to as the macula or fovea centralis, is a part of the eye that is responsible for central vision and color perception. It's located in the center of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. The macula contains a high concentration of pigments called xanthophylls, which give it a yellowish color and protect the photoreceptor cells in this area from damage by blue light.

The central part of the macula is called the fovea, which is a small depression that contains only cones, the photoreceptor cells responsible for color vision and high visual acuity. The fovea is surrounded by the parafovea and the perifovea, which contain both cones and rods, the photoreceptor cells responsible for low-light vision and peripheral vision.

Damage to the macula can result in a loss of central vision and color perception, a condition known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a leading cause of blindness in older adults. Other conditions that can affect the macula include macular edema, macular holes, and macular pucker.

The posterior segment of the eye refers to the back portion of the interior of the eye, including the vitreous, retina, choroid, and optic nerve. This region is responsible for processing visual information and transmitting it to the brain. The retina contains photoreceptor cells that convert light into electrical signals, which are then sent through the optic nerve to the brain for interpretation as images. Disorders of the posterior eye segment can lead to vision loss or blindness.

Eye injuries refer to any damage or trauma caused to the eye or its surrounding structures. These injuries can vary in severity and may include:

1. Corneal abrasions: A scratch or scrape on the clear surface of the eye (cornea).
2. Chemical burns: Occurs when chemicals come into contact with the eye, causing damage to the cornea and other structures.
3. Eyelid lacerations: Cuts or tears to the eyelid.
4. Subconjunctival hemorrhage: Bleeding under the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye.
5. Hyphema: Accumulation of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye, which is the space between the cornea and iris.
6. Orbital fractures: Breaks in the bones surrounding the eye.
7. Retinal detachment: Separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
8. Traumatic uveitis: Inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye, caused by trauma.
9. Optic nerve damage: Damage to the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain.

Eye injuries can result from a variety of causes, including accidents, sports-related injuries, violence, and chemical exposure. It is important to seek medical attention promptly for any suspected eye injury to prevent further damage and potential vision loss.

Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the fluid pressure within the eye, specifically within the anterior chamber, which is the space between the cornea and the iris. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). The aqueous humor, a clear fluid that fills the anterior chamber, is constantly produced and drained, maintaining a balance that determines the IOP. Normal IOP ranges from 10-21 mmHg, with average values around 15-16 mmHg. Elevated IOP is a key risk factor for glaucoma, a group of eye conditions that can lead to optic nerve damage and vision loss if not treated promptly and effectively. Regular monitoring of IOP is essential in diagnosing and managing glaucoma and other ocular health issues.

Macular edema is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the macula, a small area in the center of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. This buildup of fluid causes the macula to thicken and swell, which can distort central vision and lead to vision loss if not treated promptly. Macular edema is often a complication of other eye conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal vein occlusion, or uveitis. It's important to note that while macular edema can affect anyone, it is more common in people with certain medical conditions like diabetes.

A retinal hemorrhage is a type of bleeding that occurs in the blood vessels of the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. This condition can result from various underlying causes, including diabetes, high blood pressure, age-related macular degeneration, or trauma to the eye. Retinal hemorrhages can be categorized into different types based on their location and appearance, such as dot and blot hemorrhages, flame-shaped hemorrhages, or subhyaloid hemorrhages. Depending on the severity and cause of the hemorrhage, treatment options may vary from monitoring to laser therapy, medication, or even surgery. It is essential to consult an ophthalmologist for a proper evaluation and management plan if you suspect a retinal hemorrhage.

Neovascular glaucoma is a type of glaucoma that is characterized by the growth of new, abnormal blood vessels on the iris (the colored part of the eye) and/or over the drainage channels (trabecular meshwork) in the corner of the eye. These new blood vessels can interfere with the normal flow of fluid out of the eye, leading to an increase in eye pressure (intraocular pressure or IOP). This elevated IOP can cause damage to the optic nerve and result in permanent vision loss if not treated promptly and effectively.

Neovascular glaucoma is often associated with other underlying conditions that affect the blood vessels, such as diabetes, central retinal vein occlusion, or ocular ischemic syndrome. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, as well as controlling the IOP with medications, laser treatment, or surgery to prevent further vision loss.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Laser coagulation, also known as laser photocoagulation, is a medical procedure that uses a laser to seal or destroy abnormal blood vessels or tissue. The laser produces a concentrated beam of light that can be precisely focused on the target area. When the laser energy is absorbed by the tissue, it causes the temperature to rise, which leads to coagulation (the formation of a clot) or destruction of the tissue.

In ophthalmology, laser coagulation is commonly used to treat conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and retinal tears or holes. The procedure can help to seal leaking blood vessels, reduce fluid leakage, and prevent further vision loss. It is usually performed as an outpatient procedure and may be repeated if necessary.

In other medical specialties, laser coagulation may be used to control bleeding, destroy tumors, or remove unwanted tissue. The specific technique and parameters of the laser treatment will depend on the individual patient's needs and the condition being treated.

The anterior eye segment refers to the front portion of the eye, which includes the cornea, iris, ciliary body, and lens. The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye that refracts light entering the eye and provides protection. The iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light reaching the retina by adjusting the size of the pupil. The ciliary body is a muscle that changes the shape of the lens to focus on objects at different distances. The lens is a transparent structure located behind the iris that further refracts light to provide a clear image. Together, these structures work to focus light onto the retina and enable vision.

Scleritis is a serious, painful inflammatory condition that affects the sclera, which is the white, tough outer coating of the eye. It can lead to severe pain, light sensitivity, and potential loss of vision if not promptly treated. Scleritis may occur in isolation or be associated with various systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener's granulomatosis). Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and management.

An intravitreal injection is a medical procedure in which medication is delivered directly into the vitreous cavity of the eye, which is the clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina. This type of injection is typically used to treat various eye conditions such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, and uveitis. The medication administered in intravitreal injections can help to reduce inflammation, inhibit the growth of new blood vessels, or prevent the formation of abnormal blood vessels in the eye.

Intravitreal injections are usually performed in an outpatient setting, and the procedure typically takes only a few minutes. Before the injection, the eye is numbed with anesthetic drops to minimize discomfort. The medication is then injected into the vitreous cavity using a small needle. After the injection, patients may experience some mild discomfort or a scratchy sensation in the eye, but this usually resolves within a few hours.

While intravitreal injections are generally safe, there are some potential risks and complications associated with the procedure, including infection, bleeding, retinal detachment, and increased intraocular pressure. Patients who undergo intravitreal injections should be closely monitored by their eye care provider to ensure that any complications are promptly identified and treated.

Intraoperative complications refer to any unforeseen problems or events that occur during the course of a surgical procedure, once it has begun and before it is completed. These complications can range from minor issues, such as bleeding or an adverse reaction to anesthesia, to major complications that can significantly impact the patient's health and prognosis.

Examples of intraoperative complications include:

1. Bleeding (hemorrhage) - This can occur due to various reasons such as injury to blood vessels or organs during surgery.
2. Infection - Surgical site infections can develop if the surgical area becomes contaminated during the procedure.
3. Anesthesia-related complications - These include adverse reactions to anesthesia, difficulty maintaining the patient's airway, or cardiovascular instability.
4. Organ injury - Accidental damage to surrounding organs can occur during surgery, leading to potential long-term consequences.
5. Equipment failure - Malfunctioning surgical equipment can lead to complications and compromise the safety of the procedure.
6. Allergic reactions - Patients may have allergies to certain medications or materials used during surgery, causing an adverse reaction.
7. Prolonged operative time - Complications may arise if a surgical procedure takes longer than expected, leading to increased risk of infection and other issues.

Intraoperative complications require prompt identification and management by the surgical team to minimize their impact on the patient's health and recovery.

Pseudophakia is a medical term that refers to the condition where a person's natural lens in the eye has been replaced with an artificial one. This procedure is typically performed during cataract surgery, where the cloudy, natural lens is removed and replaced with a clear, artificial lens to improve vision. The prefix "pseudo" means false or fake, and "phakia" refers to the natural lens of the eye, hence the term "Pseudophakia" implies a false or artificial lens.

Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is a common refractive error of the eye. It occurs when the eye is either too long or the cornea (the clear front part of the eye) is too curved. As a result, light rays focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it, causing distant objects to appear blurry while close objects remain clear.

Myopia typically develops during childhood and can progress gradually or rapidly until early adulthood. It can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery such as LASIK. Regular eye examinations are essential for people with myopia to monitor any changes in their prescription and ensure proper correction.

While myopia is generally not a serious condition, high levels of nearsightedness can increase the risk of certain eye diseases, including cataracts, glaucoma, retinal detachment, and myopic degeneration. Therefore, it's crucial to manage myopia effectively and maintain regular follow-ups with an eye care professional.

Intraocular lenses (IOLs) are artificial lens implants that are placed inside the eye during ophthalmic surgery, such as cataract removal. These lenses are designed to replace the natural lens of the eye that has become clouded or damaged, thereby restoring vision impairment caused by cataracts or other conditions.

There are several types of intraocular lenses available, including monofocal, multifocal, toric, and accommodative lenses. Monofocal IOLs provide clear vision at a single fixed distance, while multifocal IOLs offer clear vision at multiple distances. Toric IOLs are designed to correct astigmatism, and accommodative IOLs can change shape and position within the eye to allow for a range of vision.

The selection of the appropriate type of intraocular lens depends on various factors, including the patient's individual visual needs, lifestyle, and ocular health. The implantation procedure is typically performed on an outpatient basis and involves minimal discomfort or recovery time. Overall, intraocular lenses have become a safe and effective treatment option for patients with vision impairment due to cataracts or other eye conditions.

"Light coagulation," also known as "laser coagulation," is a medical term that refers to the use of laser technology to cauterize (seal or close) tissue. This procedure uses heat generated by a laser to cut, coagulate, or destroy tissue. In light coagulation, the laser beam is focused on the blood vessels in question, causing the blood within them to clot and the vessels to seal. This can be used for various medical purposes, such as stopping bleeding during surgery, destroying abnormal tissues (like tumors), or treating eye conditions like diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration.

It's important to note that this is a general definition, and the specific use of light coagulation may vary depending on the medical specialty and the individual patient's needs. As always, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional for more detailed information about any medical procedure or treatment.

A glaucoma drainage implant is a medical device used in the surgical management of glaucoma, a group of eye conditions that can lead to optic nerve damage and vision loss. The implant provides an alternative drainage pathway for the aqueous humor, the clear fluid inside the eye, to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) when other treatment methods have been unsuccessful.

The glaucoma drainage implant typically consists of a small silicone or polypropylene plate with a tube attached. During surgery, the tube is carefully inserted into the anterior chamber of the eye, allowing the aqueous humor to flow through the tube and collect on the plate. The plate is placed underneath the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye, where the fluid gets absorbed by the body.

There are various types of glaucoma drainage implants available, such as the Ahmed Glaucoma Valve, Baerveldt Glaucoma Implant, and Molteno Glaucoma Implant. Each type has its unique design features and may be more suitable for specific cases depending on the severity of glaucoma, previous surgical history, and individual patient factors.

Glaucoma drainage implant surgery is usually considered when other treatment options, such as medication or laser therapy, have failed to control IOP effectively. The procedure aims to prevent further optic nerve damage and preserve the patient's remaining vision. Potential complications of glaucoma drainage implant surgery include infection, bleeding, hypotony (abnormally low IOP), exposure of the tube, and failure of the device. Regular postoperative follow-up with an eye care professional is essential to monitor the implant's performance and manage any potential complications.

The anterior chamber is the front portion of the eye, located between the cornea (the clear front "window" of the eye) and the iris (the colored part of the eye). It is filled with a clear fluid called aqueous humor that provides nutrients to the structures inside the eye and helps maintain its shape. The anterior chamber plays an important role in maintaining the overall health and function of the eye.

A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens in the eye that affects vision. This clouding can cause vision to become blurry, faded, or dim, making it difficult to see clearly. Cataracts are a common age-related condition, but they can also be caused by injury, disease, or medication use. In most cases, cataracts develop gradually over time and can be treated with surgery to remove the cloudy lens and replace it with an artificial one.

An injection is a medical procedure in which a medication, vaccine, or other substance is introduced into the body using a needle and syringe. The substance can be delivered into various parts of the body, including into a vein (intravenous), muscle (intramuscular), under the skin (subcutaneous), or into the spinal canal (intrathecal or spinal).

Injections are commonly used to administer medications that cannot be taken orally, have poor oral bioavailability, need to reach the site of action quickly, or require direct delivery to a specific organ or tissue. They can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as drawing blood samples (venipuncture) or injecting contrast agents for imaging studies.

Proper technique and sterile conditions are essential when administering injections to prevent infection, pain, and other complications. The choice of injection site depends on the type and volume of the substance being administered, as well as the patient's age, health status, and personal preferences.

Vitreoretinal surgery is a specialized ophthalmic surgical procedure that deals with the treatment of various conditions related to the vitreous humor (the clear gel-like substance filling the space between the lens and the retina) and the retina (the light-sensitive tissue lining the inner surface of the eye). This type of surgery is typically performed by a vitreoretinal surgeon, who has additional fellowship training in this subspecialty.

The main indications for vitreoretinal surgery include:

1. Retinal detachment: A separation of the retina from its underlying tissue, which can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly.
2. Macular holes: Small breaks or tears in the center of the macula (the part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision).
3. Epiretinal membranes: Thin layers of scar tissue that form on the surface of the retina and can distort vision.
4. Vitreous hemorrhage: Bleeding into the vitreous humor, often caused by diabetic retinopathy or other retinal vascular diseases.
5. Intraocular foreign bodies: The removal of objects that have accidentally entered the eye.
6. Advanced cases of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other retinal disorders.

During vitreoretinal surgery, the surgeon makes small incisions in the eye to access the vitreous cavity and the retina. The vitreous humor is removed using specialized instruments, such as a vitrectomy cutter or forceps. Then, the surgeon can perform various procedures to address the underlying condition, like repairing retinal tears, removing scar tissue, or applying a gas or oil bubble to help reattach the retina. Finally, the eye is often filled with a saline solution, air, or a special type of gas or oil to maintain the proper shape and pressure inside the eye.

Vitreoretinal surgery requires advanced technical skills and expertise, as well as a thorough understanding of the anatomy and pathophysiology of the vitreous and retina. The primary goal of this procedure is to preserve or improve vision by addressing the underlying condition and preventing further damage to the delicate structures of the eye.

Ophthalmologic surgical procedures refer to various types of surgeries performed on the eye and its surrounding structures by trained medical professionals called ophthalmologists. These procedures aim to correct or improve vision, diagnose and treat eye diseases or injuries, and enhance the overall health and functionality of the eye. Some common examples of ophthalmologic surgical procedures include:

1. Cataract Surgery: This procedure involves removing a cloudy lens (cataract) from the eye and replacing it with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL).
2. LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis): A type of refractive surgery that uses a laser to reshape the cornea, correcting nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism.
3. Glaucoma Surgery: Several surgical options are available for treating glaucoma, including laser trabeculoplasty, traditional trabeculectomy, and various drainage device implantations. These procedures aim to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) and prevent further optic nerve damage.
4. Corneal Transplant: This procedure involves replacing a damaged or diseased cornea with a healthy donor cornea to restore vision and improve the eye's appearance.
5. Vitreoretinal Surgery: These procedures focus on treating issues within the vitreous humor (gel-like substance filling the eye) and the retina, such as retinal detachment, macular holes, or diabetic retinopathy.
6. Strabismus Surgery: This procedure aims to correct misalignment of the eyes (strabismus) by adjusting the muscles responsible for eye movement.
7. Oculoplastic Surgery: These procedures involve reconstructive, cosmetic, and functional surgeries around the eye, such as eyelid repair, removal of tumors, or orbital fracture repairs.
8. Pediatric Ophthalmologic Procedures: Various surgical interventions are performed on children to treat conditions like congenital cataracts, amblyopia (lazy eye), or blocked tear ducts.

These are just a few examples of ophthalmic surgical procedures. The specific treatment plan will depend on the individual's condition and overall health.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses low-coherence light to capture high-resolution cross-sectional images of biological tissues, particularly the retina and other ocular structures. OCT works by measuring the echo time delay of light scattered back from different depths within the tissue, creating a detailed map of the tissue's structure. This technique is widely used in ophthalmology to diagnose and monitor various eye conditions such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often caused by an abnormally high pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure). This damage can lead to permanent vision loss or even blindness if left untreated. The most common type is open-angle glaucoma, which has no warning signs and progresses slowly. Angle-closure glaucoma, on the other hand, can cause sudden eye pain, redness, nausea, and vomiting, as well as rapid vision loss. Other less common types of glaucoma also exist. While there is no cure for glaucoma, early detection and treatment can help slow or prevent further vision loss.

The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrates and some cephalopods. It receives light that has been focused by the cornea and lens, converts it into neural signals, and sends these to the brain via the optic nerve. The retina contains several types of photoreceptor cells including rods (which handle vision in low light) and cones (which are active in bright light and are capable of color vision).

In medical terms, any pathological changes or diseases affecting the retinal structure and function can lead to visual impairment or blindness. Examples include age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, and retinitis pigmentosa among others.

Acoustic microscopy is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses sound waves to visualize and analyze the structure and properties of various materials, including biological samples. In the context of medical diagnostics and research, acoustic microscopy can be used to examine tissues, cells, and cellular components with high resolution, providing valuable information about their mechanical and physical properties.

In acoustic microscopy, high-frequency sound waves are focused onto a sample using a transducer. The interaction between the sound waves and the sample generates echoes, which contain information about the sample's internal structure and properties. These echoes are then recorded and processed to create an image of the sample.

Acoustic microscopy offers several advantages over other imaging techniques, such as optical microscopy or electron microscopy. For example, it does not require staining or labeling of samples, which can be time-consuming and potentially damaging. Additionally, acoustic microscopy can provide high-resolution images of samples in their native state, allowing researchers to study the effects of various treatments or interventions on living cells and tissues.

In summary, acoustic microscopy is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses sound waves to visualize and analyze the structure and properties of biological samples with high resolution, providing valuable information for medical diagnostics and research.

"Tupaia" is not a term found in general medical terminology. It is most likely referring to a genus of small mammals known as tree shrews, also called "tupaias." They are native to Southeast Asia and are not closely related to shrews, but rather belong to their own order, Scandentia.

However, if you're referring to a specific medical condition or concept that uses the term "Tupaia," I would need more context to provide an accurate definition.

Fluorescein angiography is a medical diagnostic procedure used in ophthalmology to examine the blood flow in the retina and choroid, which are the inner layers of the eye. This test involves injecting a fluorescent dye, Fluorescein, into a patient's arm vein. As the dye reaches the blood vessels in the eye, a specialized camera takes rapid sequences of photographs to capture the dye's circulation through the retina and choroid.

The images produced by fluorescein angiography can help doctors identify any damage to the blood vessels, leakage, or abnormal growth of new blood vessels. This information is crucial in diagnosing and managing various eye conditions such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, and inflammatory eye diseases.

It's important to note that while fluorescein angiography is a valuable diagnostic tool, it does carry some risks, including temporary side effects like nausea, vomiting, or allergic reactions to the dye. In rare cases, severe adverse reactions can occur, so patients should discuss these potential risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing the procedure.

Aphakia is a medical condition that refers to the absence of the lens in the eye. This can occur naturally, but it's most commonly the result of surgery to remove a cataract, a cloudy lens that can cause vision loss. In some cases, the lens may not be successfully removed or may be accidentally lost during surgery, leading to aphakia. People with aphakia typically have significant vision problems and may require corrective measures such as glasses, contact lenses, or an intraocular lens implant to improve their vision.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Fluorocarbons" are not typically associated with medical definitions. Fluorocarbons are chemical compounds that contain carbon atoms bonded to fluorine atoms. They are often used in a variety of applications including refrigerants, fire extinguishing agents, and in the manufacturing of Teflon and other non-stick coatings.

If you have any medical terms or concepts you'd like me to define or explain, please let me know!

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Eye enucleation is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the entire eyeball, leaving the eye muscles, eyelids, and orbital structures intact. This procedure is typically performed to treat severe eye conditions or injuries, such as uncontrollable pain, blindness, cancer, or trauma. After the eyeball is removed, an implant may be placed in the socket to help maintain its shape and appearance. The optic nerve and other surrounding tissues are cut during the enucleation procedure, which means that vision cannot be restored in the affected eye. However, the remaining eye structures can still function normally, allowing for regular blinking, tear production, and eyelid movement.

The postoperative period is the time following a surgical procedure during which the patient's response to the surgery and anesthesia is monitored, and any complications or adverse effects are managed. This period can vary in length depending on the type of surgery and the individual patient's needs, but it typically includes the immediate recovery phase in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) or recovery room, as well as any additional time spent in the hospital for monitoring and management of pain, wound healing, and other aspects of postoperative care.

The goals of postoperative care are to ensure the patient's safety and comfort, promote optimal healing and rehabilitation, and minimize the risk of complications such as infection, bleeding, or other postoperative issues. The specific interventions and treatments provided during this period will depend on a variety of factors, including the type and extent of surgery performed, the patient's overall health and medical history, and any individualized care plans developed in consultation with the patient and their healthcare team.

Bacterial eye infections, also known as bacterial conjunctivitis or bacterial keratitis, are caused by the invasion of bacteria into the eye. The most common types of bacteria that cause these infections include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae.

Bacterial conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids. Symptoms include redness, swelling, pain, discharge, and a gritty feeling in the eye. Bacterial keratitis is an infection of the cornea, the clear front part of the eye. Symptoms include severe pain, sensitivity to light, tearing, and decreased vision.

Bacterial eye infections are typically treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointments. It is important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect a bacterial eye infection, as untreated infections can lead to serious complications such as corneal ulcers and vision loss. Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing your hands frequently and avoiding touching or rubbing your eyes.

Tupaiidae is a family of small mammals commonly known as treeshrews. They are not true shrews (Soricidae) but are included in the order Scandentia. There are about 20 species placed in this family, and they are found primarily in Southeast Asian forests. Treeshrews are small animals, typically weighing between 50 and 150 grams, with a body length of around 10-25 cm. They have pointed snouts, large eyes, and ears, and most species have a long, bushy tail.

Treeshrews are omnivorous, feeding on a variety of plant and animal matter, including fruits, insects, and small vertebrates. They are agile animals, well-adapted to life in the trees, with sharp claws for climbing and a keen sense of sight and smell.

Medically, treeshrews have been used as animal models in biomedical research, particularly in studies of infectious diseases such as malaria and HIV. They are susceptible to these infections and can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of disease and potential treatments. However, they are not typically used in clinical medicine or patient care.

Conjunctival diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the conjunctiva, which is the thin, clear mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the white part of the eye (known as the sclera). The conjunctiva helps to keep the eye moist and protected from irritants.

Conjunctival diseases can cause a range of symptoms, including redness, itching, burning, discharge, grittiness, and pain. Some common conjunctival diseases include:

1. Conjunctivitis (pink eye): This is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or allergies. Symptoms may include redness, itching, discharge, and watery eyes.
2. Pinguecula: This is a yellowish, raised bump that forms on the conjunctiva, usually near the corner of the eye. It is caused by an overgrowth of connective tissue and may be related to sun exposure or dry eye.
3. Pterygium: This is a fleshy growth that extends from the conjunctiva onto the cornea (the clear front part of the eye). It can cause redness, irritation, and vision problems if it grows large enough to cover the pupil.
4. Allergic conjunctivitis: This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. Symptoms may include redness, itching, watery eyes, and swelling.
5. Chemical conjunctivitis: This is an irritation or inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by exposure to chemicals such as chlorine, smoke, or fumes. Symptoms may include redness, burning, and tearing.
6. Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC): This is a type of allergic reaction that occurs in response to the presence of a foreign body in the eye, such as a contact lens. Symptoms may include itching, mucus discharge, and a gritty feeling in the eye.

Treatment for conjunctival diseases depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, over-the-counter medications or home remedies may be sufficient to relieve symptoms. However, more severe cases may require prescription medication or medical intervention. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider if you experience persistent or worsening symptoms of conjunctival disease.

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is a medical condition that occurs when one of the retinal veins, which drains blood from the retina, becomes blocked by a blood clot or atherosclerotic plaque. This blockage can cause hemorrhages, fluid accumulation, and damage to the retinal tissue, leading to vision loss.

There are two types of RVO: branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). BRVO affects a smaller branch retinal vein, while CRVO affects the main retinal vein. CRVO is generally associated with more severe vision loss than BRVO.

Risk factors for RVO include hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol levels, smoking, and glaucoma. Age is also a significant risk factor, as RVO becomes more common with increasing age. Treatment options for RVO may include controlling underlying medical conditions, laser therapy, intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF agents or steroids, and surgery in some cases.

"Fundus Oculi" is a medical term that refers to the back part of the interior of the eye, including the optic disc, macula, fovea, retinal vasculature, and peripheral retina. It is the area where light is focused and then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve, forming visual images. Examinations of the fundus oculi are crucial for detecting various eye conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, glaucoma, and other retinal diseases. The examination is typically performed using an ophthalmoscope or a specialized camera called a retinal camera.

The conjunctiva is the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the front part of the eye, also known as the sclera. It helps to keep the eye moist and protected from irritants. The conjunctiva can become inflamed or infected, leading to conditions such as conjunctivitis (pink eye).

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Intraocular injections are a type of medical procedure where medication is administered directly into the eye. This technique is often used to deliver drugs that treat various eye conditions, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and endophthalmitis. The most common type of intraocular injection is an intravitreal injection, which involves injecting medication into the vitreous cavity, the space inside the eye filled with a clear gel-like substance called the vitreous humor. This procedure is typically performed by an ophthalmologist in a clinical setting and may be repeated at regular intervals depending on the condition being treated.

The eye is the organ of sight, primarily responsible for detecting and focusing on visual stimuli. It is a complex structure composed of various parts that work together to enable vision. Here are some of the main components of the eye:

1. Cornea: The clear front part of the eye that refracts light entering the eye and protects the eye from harmful particles and microorganisms.
2. Iris: The colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light reaching the retina by adjusting the size of the pupil.
3. Pupil: The opening in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the eye.
4. Lens: A biconvex structure located behind the iris that further refracts light and focuses it onto the retina.
5. Retina: A layer of light-sensitive cells (rods and cones) at the back of the eye that convert light into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
6. Optic Nerve: The nerve that carries visual information from the retina to the brain.
7. Vitreous: A clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina, providing structural support to the eye.
8. Conjunctiva: A thin, transparent membrane that covers the front of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids.
9. Extraocular Muscles: Six muscles that control the movement of the eye, allowing for proper alignment and focus.

The eye is a remarkable organ that allows us to perceive and interact with our surroundings. Various medical specialties, such as ophthalmology and optometry, are dedicated to the diagnosis, treatment, and management of various eye conditions and diseases.

Triamcinolone Acetonide is a synthetic glucocorticoid, which is a class of corticosteroids. It is used in the form of topical creams, ointments, and sprays to reduce skin inflammation, itching, and allergies. It can also be administered through injection for the treatment of various conditions such as arthritis, bursitis, and tendonitis. Triamcinolone Acetonide works by suppressing the immune system's response, reducing inflammation, and blocking the production of substances that cause allergies.

It is important to note that prolonged use or overuse of triamcinolone acetonide can lead to side effects such as thinning of the skin, easy bruising, and increased susceptibility to infections. Therefore, it should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Aphakia, postcataract is a medical condition that refers to the absence of the lens in the eye after cataract surgery. A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens inside the eye that can cause vision loss. During cataract surgery, the cloudy lens is removed and replaced with an artificial lens implant. However, if there is a complication during the procedure and the artificial lens is not placed in the eye or if it becomes dislocated after surgery, then the patient will develop aphakia, postcataract.

Patients with aphakia, postcataract have poor vision and may experience symptoms such as blurry vision, glare, and halos around lights. They are also at an increased risk of developing glaucoma and retinal detachment. To correct the vision in patients with aphakia, they can wear special contact lenses or glasses with high-powered lenses, or undergo a secondary surgical procedure to implant an artificial lens in the eye.

The choroid is a layer of the eye that contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the outer layers of the retina. It lies between the sclera (the white, protective coat of the eye) and the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye). The choroid is essential for maintaining the health and function of the retina, particularly the photoreceptor cells that detect light and transmit visual signals to the brain. Damage to the choroid can lead to vision loss or impairment.

An eye hemorrhage, also known as subconjunctival hemorrhage, is a condition where there is bleeding in the eye, specifically under the conjunctiva which is the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye (sclera). This membrane has tiny blood vessels that can rupture and cause blood to accumulate, leading to a visible red patch on the surface of the eye.

Eye hemorrhages are usually painless and harmless, and they often resolve on their own within 1-2 weeks without any treatment. However, if they occur frequently or are accompanied by other symptoms such as vision changes, pain, or sensitivity to light, it is important to seek medical attention as they could indicate a more serious underlying condition. Common causes of eye hemorrhages include trauma, high blood pressure, blood thinners, and aging.

Uveitis is the inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye between the retina and the white of the eye (sclera). The uvea consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Uveitis can cause redness, pain, and vision loss. It can be caused by various systemic diseases, infections, or trauma. Depending on the part of the uvea that's affected, uveitis can be classified as anterior (iritis), intermediate (cyclitis), posterior (choroiditis), or pan-uveitis (affecting all layers). Treatment typically includes corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive drugs to control inflammation.

Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a potentially sight-threatening proliferative retinal vascular disorder that primarily affects prematurely born infants, particularly those with low birth weight and/or young gestational age. It is characterized by the abnormal growth and development of retinal blood vessels due to disturbances in the oxygen supply and metabolic demands during critical phases of fetal development.

The condition can be classified into various stages (1-5) based on its severity, with stages 4 and 5 being more severe forms that may lead to retinal detachment and blindness if left untreated. The pathogenesis of ROP involves an initial phase of vessel loss and regression in the central retina, followed by a secondary phase of abnormal neovascularization, which can cause fibrosis, traction, and ultimately, retinal detachment.

ROP is typically managed with a multidisciplinary approach involving ophthalmologists, neonatologists, and pediatricians. Treatment options include laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, intravitreal anti-VEGF injections, or even surgical interventions to prevent retinal detachment and preserve vision. Regular screening examinations are crucial for early detection and timely management of ROP in at-risk infants.

Eye neoplasms, also known as ocular tumors or eye cancer, refer to abnormal growths of tissue in the eye. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Eye neoplasms can develop in various parts of the eye, including the eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea, iris, ciliary body, choroid, retina, and optic nerve.

Benign eye neoplasms are typically slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. They may cause symptoms such as vision changes, eye pain, or a noticeable mass in the eye. Treatment options for benign eye neoplasms include monitoring, surgical removal, or radiation therapy.

Malignant eye neoplasms, on the other hand, can grow and spread rapidly to other parts of the body. They may cause symptoms such as vision changes, eye pain, floaters, or flashes of light. Treatment options for malignant eye neoplasms depend on the type and stage of cancer but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.

It is important to note that early detection and treatment of eye neoplasms can improve outcomes and prevent complications. Regular eye exams with an ophthalmologist are recommended for early detection and prevention of eye diseases, including eye neoplasms.

Acute Retinal Necrosis Syndrome (ARNS) is a rare, but severe ophthalmological emergency that primarily affects otherwise healthy individuals. It is characterized by rapid, progressive necrosis (death of cells) of the retina, the innermost layer of the eye responsible for processing visual images. The condition typically presents unilaterally (in one eye), but has a high risk (up to 75%) of progressing to involve the other eye within several weeks.

The primary causative agents of ARNS are various viruses, most commonly herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). These viruses gain access to the retina via hematogenous spread (dissemination through the bloodstream), infecting the retinal vessels and causing a robust inflammatory response that results in necrosis of the retinal tissue.

The clinical presentation of ARNS includes:

1. Acute onset of visual loss, typically over several days to two weeks.
2. Floaters (small, dark spots or strands that appear in the field of vision) and photopsias (flashes of light).
3. Inflammation of the anterior chamber of the eye (anterior uveitis), characterized by cells and flare in the aqueous humor.
4. Vitritis (inflammation of the vitreous gel that fills the space between the lens and retina) with associated snowball or string-of-pearls opacities.
5. Retinal arteritis (inflammation of the retinal arteries), characterized by segmental narrowing, occlusion, and/or periarterial sheathing.
6. Progressive necrosis of the retina, often leading to retinal detachment and severe visual impairment or blindness if left untreated.

The diagnosis of ARNS is primarily clinical, based on the characteristic signs and symptoms, as well as supportive laboratory tests such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of aqueous humor or vitreous samples to detect viral DNA. Imaging techniques like optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescein angiography can also aid in the diagnosis and management of this condition.

Treatment typically involves antiviral therapy, such as intravenous acyclovir, to target the underlying viral infection. Corticosteroids are often used concurrently to manage the inflammatory response. Immunomodulatory agents like intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or plasma exchange may also be considered in severe cases or when there is a poor response to initial therapy.

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of ARNS are crucial for preserving visual function and preventing complications such as retinal detachment. Regular follow-up with an ophthalmologist is essential for monitoring disease progression, managing complications, and adjusting treatment plans as necessary.

Indocyanine green (ICG) is a sterile, water-soluble, tricarbocyanine dye that is used as a diagnostic agent in medical imaging. It is primarily used in ophthalmology for fluorescein angiography to examine blood flow in the retina and choroid, and in cardiac surgery to assess cardiac output and perfusion. When injected into the body, ICG binds to plasma proteins and fluoresces when exposed to near-infrared light, allowing for visualization of various tissues and structures. It is excreted primarily by the liver and has a half-life of approximately 3-4 minutes in the bloodstream.

Capsulorhexis is a surgical procedure that is commonly performed during cataract surgery. It involves creating a circular opening in the front part of the lens capsule, which is a clear membrane that surrounds and holds the lens in place inside the eye. This opening allows the cloudy lens material (cataract) to be removed and replaced with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL).

The procedure is typically performed using a specialized instrument called a cystotome or a femtosecond laser, which creates a small tear in the capsule that can be carefully enlarged to the desired size. The capsulorhexis is crucial for the successful removal of the cataract and the proper placement of the IOL. If the capsulorhexis is not performed correctly, it can lead to complications such as posterior capsular opacification (PCO), which is a thickening and clouding of the back part of the lens capsule that can cause visual symptoms similar to those of a cataract.

A choroid hemorrhage is a type of hemorrhage that occurs in the choroid layer of the eye. The choroid is a part of the uveal tract, which is located between the retina and the sclera (the white outer coat of the eye). It contains numerous blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the retina.

A choroid hemorrhage occurs when there is bleeding in the choroid layer, which can cause sudden vision loss or other visual symptoms. The bleeding may result from various causes, such as trauma, hypertension, blood disorders, or inflammatory conditions affecting the eye. In some cases, the exact cause of a choroid hemorrhage may be difficult to determine.

Treatment for a choroid hemorrhage depends on the underlying cause and severity of the bleeding. In some cases, observation and monitoring may be sufficient, while in other cases, medical or surgical intervention may be necessary to manage the condition and prevent further vision loss.

Scleroplasty is not a widely recognized or used term in medicine. However, it appears to be a rarely used term that refers to a surgical procedure involving the use of a hardening or stiffening agent on sclera (the white part of the eye). The goal of this procedure would typically be to strengthen the sclera or repair a defect in the eye wall.

It's important to note that there is limited information available on this term, and it may not be consistently used or defined within the medical community. If you have any concerns about your eyes or vision, please consult with an ophthalmologist or other qualified healthcare professional for accurate information and appropriate treatment options.

The crystalline lens is a biconvex transparent structure in the eye that helps to refract (bend) light rays and focus them onto the retina. It is located behind the iris and pupil and is suspended by small fibers called zonules that connect it to the ciliary body. The lens can change its shape to accommodate and focus on objects at different distances, a process known as accommodation. With age, the lens may become cloudy or opaque, leading to cataracts.

Vision disorders refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the visual system and result in various symptoms, such as blurry vision, double vision, distorted vision, impaired depth perception, and difficulty with visual tracking or focusing. These disorders can be categorized into several types, including:

1. Refractive errors: These occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing directly on the retina, resulting in blurry vision. Examples include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).
2. Strabismus: Also known as crossed eyes or walleye, strabismus is a misalignment of the eyes where they point in different directions, which can lead to double vision or loss of depth perception.
3. Amblyopia: Often called lazy eye, amblyopia is a condition where one eye has reduced vision due to lack of proper visual development during childhood. It may be caused by strabismus, refractive errors, or other factors that interfere with normal visual development.
4. Accommodative disorders: These involve problems with the focusing ability of the eyes, such as convergence insufficiency (difficulty focusing on close objects) and accommodative dysfunction (inability to maintain clear vision at different distances).
5. Binocular vision disorders: These affect how the eyes work together as a team, leading to issues like poor depth perception, eye strain, and headaches. Examples include convergence insufficiency, divergence excess, and suppression.
6. Ocular motility disorders: These involve problems with eye movement, such as nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), strabismus, or restricted extraocular muscle function.
7. Visual processing disorders: These affect the brain's ability to interpret and make sense of visual information, even when the eyes themselves are healthy. Symptoms may include difficulty with reading, recognizing shapes and objects, and understanding spatial relationships.
8. Low vision: This term refers to significant visual impairment that cannot be fully corrected with glasses, contact lenses, medication, or surgery. It includes conditions like macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts.
9. Blindness: Complete loss of sight in both eyes, which can be caused by various factors such as injury, disease, or genetic conditions.

Retinal neovascularization is a medical condition characterized by the growth of new, abnormal blood vessels on the surface of the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. This condition typically occurs in response to an insufficient supply of oxygen and nutrients to the retina, often due to damage or disease, such as diabetic retinopathy or retinal vein occlusion.

The new blood vessels that form during neovascularization are fragile and prone to leakage, which can cause fluid and protein to accumulate in the retina, leading to distorted vision, hemorrhages, and potentially blindness if left untreated. Retinal neovascularization is a serious eye condition that requires prompt medical attention and management to prevent further vision loss.

In medical terms, sutures are specialized surgical threads made from various materials such as absorbable synthetic or natural fibers, or non-absorbable materials like nylon or silk. They are used to approximate and hold together the edges of a wound or incision in the skin or other tissues during the healing process. Sutures come in different sizes, types, and shapes, each designed for specific uses and techniques depending on the location and type of tissue being sutured. Properly placed sutures help to promote optimal healing, minimize scarring, and reduce the risk of infection or other complications.

Aqueous humor is a clear, watery fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is produced by the ciliary processes in the posterior chamber and circulates through the pupil into the anterior chamber, where it provides nutrients to the cornea and lens, maintains intraocular pressure, and helps to shape the eye. The aqueous humor then drains out of the eye through the trabecular meshwork and into the canal of Schlemm, eventually reaching the venous system.

Propoxycaine is a local anesthetic that was previously used in medical and dental procedures for its numbing effect. It works by blocking the nerve impulses in the area where it is administered, thus reducing the sensation of pain. However, its use has become less common due to the development of safer and more effective alternatives.

The chemical name for Propoxycaine is 2-diethylamino-N-(1-methoxyprop-2-yl)butanamide. It is a derivative of procaine, another local anesthetic, with an added methoxy group to the propanolamine side chain. This modification was intended to increase its potency and duration of action compared to procaine.

Propoxycaine can be administered through various routes, including topical application, injection, or as a suppository. Its effects typically begin within a few minutes after administration and last for up to an hour. Common side effects may include localized pain, redness, or swelling at the site of injection, as well as more systemic effects such as dizziness, headache, or heart palpitations.

It is important to note that Propoxycaine is no longer widely used in clinical practice due to its association with rare but serious side effects, including allergic reactions, seizures, and cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, its use is generally restricted to specific indications and under the close supervision of a healthcare professional.

Prosthesis implantation is a surgical procedure where an artificial device or component, known as a prosthesis, is placed inside the body to replace a missing or damaged body part. The prosthesis can be made from various materials such as metal, plastic, or ceramic and is designed to perform the same function as the original body part.

The implantation procedure involves making an incision in the skin to create a pocket where the prosthesis will be placed. The prosthesis is then carefully positioned and secured in place using screws, cement, or other fixation methods. In some cases, tissue from the patient's own body may be used to help anchor the prosthesis.

Once the prosthesis is in place, the incision is closed with sutures or staples, and the area is bandaged. The patient will typically need to undergo rehabilitation and physical therapy to learn how to use the new prosthesis and regain mobility and strength.

Prosthesis implantation is commonly performed for a variety of reasons, including joint replacement due to arthritis or injury, dental implants to replace missing teeth, and breast reconstruction after mastectomy. The specific procedure and recovery time will depend on the type and location of the prosthesis being implanted.

Fungal eye infections, also known as fungal keratitis or ocular fungal infections, are caused by the invasion of fungi into the eye. The most common types of fungi that cause these infections include Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Candida. These infections can affect any part of the eye, including the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, and vitreous humor.

Fungal eye infections often present with symptoms such as redness, pain, sensitivity to light, tearing, blurred vision, and discharge. In severe cases, they can lead to corneal ulcers, perforation of the eye, and even blindness if left untreated. Risk factors for fungal eye infections include trauma to the eye, contact lens wear, immunosuppression, and pre-existing eye conditions such as dry eye or previous eye surgery.

Diagnosis of fungal eye infections typically involves a thorough eye examination, including visual acuity testing, slit lamp examination, and sometimes corneal scrapings for microbiological culture and sensitivity testing. Treatment usually involves topical antifungal medications, such as natamycin or amphotericin B, and in some cases may require oral or intravenous antifungal therapy. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair any damage caused by the infection.

Parasitic eye infections are conditions characterized by the invasion and infestation of the eye or its surrounding structures by parasites. These can be protozoans, helminths, or ectoparasites. Examples of such infections include Acanthamoeba keratitis, which is caused by a free-living amoeba found in water and soil; Toxoplasmosis, which is caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii; Loiasis, which is caused by the parasitic filarial worm Loa loa; and Demodicosis, which is caused by the mite Demodex folliculorum. Symptoms can vary depending on the type of parasite but often include redness, pain, discharge, and vision changes. Treatment typically involves antiparasitic medications and sometimes surgery to remove the parasites or damaged tissue. Prevention measures include good hygiene practices and avoiding contact with contaminated water or soil.

Sensory deprivation, also known as perceptual isolation or sensory restriction, refers to the deliberate reduction or removal of stimuli from one or more of the senses. This can include limiting input from sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell. The goal is to limit a person's sensory experiences in order to study the effects on cognition, perception, and behavior.

In a clinical context, sensory deprivation can occur as a result of certain medical conditions or treatments, such as blindness, deafness, or pharmacological interventions that affect sensory processing. Prolonged sensory deprivation can lead to significant psychological and physiological effects, including hallucinations, delusions, and decreased cognitive function.

It's important to note that sensory deprivation should not be confused with meditation or relaxation techniques that involve reducing external stimuli in a controlled manner to promote relaxation and focus.

Cryosurgery is a medical procedure that uses extreme cold, such as liquid nitrogen or argon gas, to destroy abnormal or unwanted tissue. The intense cold causes the water inside the cells to freeze and form ice crystals, which can rupture the cell membrane and cause the cells to die. Cryosurgery is often used to treat a variety of conditions including skin growths such as warts and tumors, precancerous lesions, and some types of cancer. The procedure is typically performed in a doctor's office or outpatient setting and may require local anesthesia.

The crystalline lens of the eye is covered by a transparent, elastic capsule known as the lens capsule. This capsule is made up of collagen and forms the continuous outer layer of the lens. It is highly resistant to both physical and chemical insults, which allows it to protect the lens fibers within. The lens capsule is important for maintaining the shape and transparency of the lens, which are essential for proper focusing of light onto the retina.

In medical terms, the iris refers to the colored portion of the eye that surrounds the pupil. It is a circular structure composed of thin, contractile muscle fibers (radial and circumferential) arranged in a regular pattern. These muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system and can adjust the size of the pupil in response to changes in light intensity or emotional arousal. By constricting or dilating the iris, the amount of light entering the eye can be regulated, which helps maintain optimal visual acuity under various lighting conditions.

The color of the iris is determined by the concentration and distribution of melanin pigments within the iris stroma. The iris also contains blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue that support its structure and function. Anatomically, the iris is continuous with the ciliary body and the choroid, forming part of the uveal tract in the eye.

Retinal vasculitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels in the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. This condition can cause damage to the retina and may lead to vision loss if not treated promptly. The inflammation can affect both the small and large blood vessels in the retina and can occur as a result of various systemic diseases or infections, including autoimmune disorders, tuberculosis, syphilis, and toxoplasmosis. In some cases, retinal vasculitis may also be associated with uveitis, which is inflammation of the middle layer of the eye. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the inflammation and may include corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive therapies to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the retina.

Surgically correct retinal detachment by scleral buckle or pars plana vitrectomy. Prior to surgery, oral or topical anti ...
Retinal detachment is repaired with a scleral buckle or with vitrectomy. Removal or enucleation of the eye is a last resort ...
Scleral buckle was a previously popular surgical intervention however, its complications include anterior segment ischemia as a ... Pars plans vitrectomy is useful for the management of vitreous haemorrhage. Its complications include cataracts, hyphema, ... causes Incontinentia pigmenti Autosomal dominant vitreoretinochoroidopathy Chronic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment Scleral ...
Where the disease has progressed further, techniques such as scleral buckling and vitrectomy surgery may assist in re-attaching ...
Steps to reattach the retina may include vitrectomy to clear the inner jelly, scleral buckling to create a support for the ... Vitrectomy is a surgery to remove some or all of the vitreous humor from the eye. Anterior vitrectomy entails removing small ... Several technologies and systems exist to treat vitrectomy. Additional surgical steps involved as part of modern vitrectomy ... Pars plana vitrectomy is a general term for a group of operations accomplished in the deeper part of the eye, all of which ...
There are several modern treatment methods for fixing a retinal detachment: pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckle, cryotherapy, ... laser photocoagulation and pars plana vitrectomy. Both hypertension and diabetes mellitus can cause damage to the tiny blood ...
Scleral buckling and/or vitrectomy surgery may be considered for severe ROP (stages 4 and 5) for eyes that progress to retinal ... Retinal examination with scleral depression is generally recommended for patients born before 30-32 weeks gestation, or 4-6 ... The peripheral portions of the retina are sometimes pushed into view using scleral depression. Examination of the retina of a ...
... pars plana vitrectomy with scleral buckle versus pars plana victrectomy without scleral buckle. Scleral buckles are done using ... "Pars plana vitrectomy combined with scleral buckle versus pars plana vitrectomy for giant retinal tear". Cochrane Database Syst ... The usage of scleral buckle is a source of debate only for complex retinal detachment surgery amongst surgeons, and research ... A scleral buckle is one of several ophthalmologic procedures that can be used to repair a retinal detachment. Retinal ...
A 23-gauge vitrectomy cutter is introduced from the sclerotomy site, and a thorough vitrectomy is done to remove all the ... This technique was further modified by making scleral flaps and creating scleral pockets for tucking the haptics. The flaps are ... that eliminates the need to make a scleral flap. Mckee Yuri, Francis Price, et al., modified the scleral flap-making by lifting ... Sutured scleral-fixated IOLs in pediatric eyes have been known to lead to problems. These intraocular lenses are intended to be ...
... scleral buckling MeSH E04.540.892 - scleroplasty MeSH E04.540.960 - vitrectomy MeSH E04.545.100 - apicoectomy MeSH E04.545.350 ...
In 2005, Yog Raj Sharma's published article on "Pars plana vitrectomy vs scleral buckling in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment ...
... which uses light waves to create images of the retina and based on ophthalmoscopy with scleral depression and contact lens ... treatment with temporal peripapillary laser photocoagulation followed by vitrectomy and gas injection followed by face-down ...
A radial scleral buckle is occasionally indicated to U-shaped tears or fishmouthing tears. Circumferential scleral buckling is ... Vitrectomy Vitrectomy is an increasingly used treatment for retinal detachment. It involves the removal of the vitreous gel and ... Scleral buckle surgery Scleral buckle surgery is an established treatment in which the eye surgeon attaches one or more ... The most common side effect of a scleral operation is myopic shift. That is, the operated eye will be more short sighted after ...
Pars plana vitrectomy or trans pars plana vitrectomy is a procedure to remove vitreous opacities and membranes through a pars ... A scleral buckle is used in the repair of a retinal detachment to indent or "buckle" the sclera inward, usually by sewing a ... Vitrectomy Anterior vitrectomy is the removal of the front portion of vitreous tissue. It is used for preventing or treating ... An evisceration is the removal of the eye's contents, leaving the scleral shell intact. Usually performed to reduce pain in a ...
Anterior vitrectomy is performed to remove the vitreous in the pupil and anterior part of eye. Then the IOL which is already ... Scleral flaps and conjunctiva are then closed with fibrin glue. In IOL scaffold the IOL is placed above the iris (diaphragm of ... Here two partial thickness scleral flaps measuring 2.5 to 2.5 mm are made 180 degrees diagonally apart. Infusion is placed by ... The haptics of the IOL are brought out under the flaps as in the glued IOL method and tucked into the scleral tunnel made with ...
Lee, Yun Jeong; Woo, Se Joon (2021-05-07). "Hypotony maculopathy and photoreceptor folds with disruptions after vitrectomy for ... Medical ultrasound may be used to detect scleral and choroidal thickening, anterior chamber depth, ciliary detachment and ...
... the entire lens is removed from the eye through a self-sealing scleral tunnel wound. A well-constructed scleral tunnel is held ... Some experts recommend early intervention by posterior pars plana vitrectomy when this condition occurs. In most cases, raised ... A sclerocorneal or scleral tunnel incision is commonly used, since it reduces the risk of induced astigmatism if suitably ... They used a 6.5 to 7 mm (0.26 to 0.28 in) straight scleral tunnel incision 2 mm (0.079 in) behind the limbus with two side ...
... in which instead of puncturing the scleral bed and trabecular meshwork under a scleral flap, a second deep scleral flap is ... Some cases can be resolved with some medication, vitrectomy procedures or trabeculectomy. Valving procedures can give some ... From here, the trabecular meshwork drains aqueous humor via the scleral venous sinus (Schlemm's canal) into scleral plexuses ... The scleral flap is then sutured loosely back in place to allow fluid to flow out of the eye through this opening, resulting in ...
... for phakic patients requiring a vitrectomy it is becoming increasingly common for ophthalmologists to offer the vitrectomy ... In MSICS, the lens is removed through a self-sealing scleral tunnel wound in the sclera which, ideally, is watertight and does ... Almony A, Holekamp NM, Bai F, Shui YB, Beebe D (March 2012). "Small-gauge vitrectomy does not protect against nuclear sclerotic ... Nearly every person who undergoes a vitrectomy-without ever having had cataract surgery-will experience progression of nuclear ...
Vitrectomy - is a surgery to remove some or all of the vitreous humor from the eye. Anterior vitrectomy entails removing small ... Kleinmann, G; Kim, H. J.; Yee, R. W. (2006). "Scleral expansion procedure for the correction of presbyopia". International ... Pars plana vitrectomy is a general term for a group of operations accomplished in the deeper part of the eye, all of which ...
Film 81478: Sutureless Scleral Fixation of Intraocular Lens before Combined Penetrating Keratoplasty and Pars Plana Vitrectomy ... Cornea Cataract 2022 film keratoplasty keratoprosthesis IOL fixation scleral IOL fixation scleral fixation ... Sutureless Scleral Fixation of Intraocular Lens before Combined Penetrating Keratoplasty and Pars Plana Vitrectomy Via ... Pars plana vitrectomy via keratoprosthesis following penetrating keratoplasty was planned. An opacified IOL was extracted and a ...
Prevalence of Epiretinal Membranes Imaged by OCT in Eyes that Underwent Pars Plana Vitrectomy with or without Scleral Buckle ... Prevalence of Epiretinal Membranes Imaged by OCT in Eyes that Underwent Pars Plana Vitrectomy with or without Scleral Buckle ... Prevalence of Epiretinal Membranes Imaged by OCT in Eyes that Underwent Pars Plana Vitrectomy with or without Scleral Buckle ... with or without scleral buckle (SB) placement for repair of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD). ...
Pars plana vitrectomy compared with pars plana vitrectomy combined with scleral buckle in the primary management of noncomplex ... Vitrectomy versus Combined Vitrectomy and Scleral Buckle for Repair of Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment with Vitreous ... Scleral Buckle, Vitrectomy, or Combined Surgery for Inferior Break Retinal Detachment: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis ... Scleral Buckle, Vitrectomy, or Combined Surgery for Inferior Break Retinal Detachment: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis ...
Vitrectomy vs Scleral Buckling: The Great Debate. Today, I participated in a great debate with Allen Ho[8] about vitrectomy vs ... is what occurs with vitrectomy. That is the only vitrectomy-specific complication, whereas with the scleral buckle to repair ... DAmico who presented today,[9] for transitioning away from scleral buckles for repair of retinal detachment to vitrectomy in ... Advances in Vitrectomy. I will start with vitrectomy -- my pet subject -- and talk to you about some of the advances. We can ...
Scleral buckling; Vitrectomy; Pneumatic retinopexy; Laser retinopexy; Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair. Images. ... The scleral buckle method indents the wall of the eye inward so that it meets the hole in the retina. Scleral buckling can be ... Most vitrectomies are done with numbing medicine while you are awake.. In complex cases, both procedures may be done at the ... The vitrectomy procedure uses very small devices inside the eye to release tension on the retina. This allows the retina to ...
Machemer created the vitreous infusion suction cutter (VISC), which was the first closed-system vitrectomy device with infusion ... Modern pars plana vitrectomy was developed by Robert Machemer in 1970. ... Pars plana vitrectomy versus combined pars plana vitrectomy and scleral buckle for primary repair of rhegmatogenous retinal ... Posterior vitrectomy. Once adequate core vitrectomy has been performed, the posterior segment is visualized (see the image ...
Scleral buckle. *Vitrectomy. The type of surgery you need will depend on several things, including how much of your retina is ... What is scleral buckle surgery? During scleral buckle surgery, your doctor will put a tiny, flexible band around the white part ... What is vitrectomy? Vitrectomy is similar to pneumatic retinopexy, but its a longer surgery and usually happens in a hospital ...
Outcomes of 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy in combined scleral buckling and vitrectomy for complex rhegmatogenous retinal ... pars plana vitrectomy, scleral buckling, complex rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Abstract. Rhegmatogenous retinal ... aim of the current review is to address the surgical outcomes and complications of 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy with scleral ...
Surgically correct retinal detachment by scleral buckle or pars plana vitrectomy. Prior to surgery, oral or topical anti ...
View other providers who treat Scleral Buckling Vitrectomy ... View other providers who treat Vitrectomy (incl. Macular Hole ... office through email to ask if they could help and he called me personally to talk it over and told me about the vitrectomy ...
Scleral fixated IOL and Glued IOL.- Pediatric vitrectomy with 27G TDC cutter.- Robotic surgery. ...
ExactEtch Scleral Blade. $95.00. Add to cart. Default sorting. Sort by popularity. Sort by average rating. Sort by latest. Sort ...
Vitrectomy and vitreoretinal eye surgery can help treat retinal detachments and many other conditions. ... Additionally, a scleral buckling procedure may be needed. Material such as plastic is sewn onto the outside white of the eye ( ... Conditions Requiring A Vitrectomy; How The Procedure Works. A vitrectomy procedure removes the vitreous humor or gel-like ... Following the vitrectomy, the surgeon usually instills special gases or fluids into the eye to help flatten the retina and keep ...
7. 25-gauge scleral tunnel transconjunctival vitrectomy.. Shimada H; Nakashizuka H; Mori R; Mizutani Y; Hattori T. Am J ... Combined 23-gauge transconjunctival vitrectomy and scleral fixation of intraocular lens without conjunctival dissection in ... Surgically induced astigmatism in combined phacoemulsification and vitrectomy; 23-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy ... 8. 25-Gauge transconjunctival sutureless pars plana vitrectomy.. Yanyali A; Celik E; Horozoglu F; Oner S; Nohutcu AF. Eur J ...
"Mini-gauge" pars plana vitrectomy: "inside-out view" with the GRIN solid rod endoscope. Ophthalmologica 2007;221:356-62. ... Scleral indentation using a conventional light pipe. As the crystals settle in the vitreous base, they greatly amplify the ... Ultrasound biomicroscopy study of direct and oblique 25-gauge vitrectomy sclerotomies. Am J Ophthalmol 2007;143:881-3. ... External diaphanoscopic illuminator: a new device for visualization in pars plana vitrectomy. Retina 2000;20:103-6. ...
However, two of the four eyes treated by primary scleral buckling eventually required vitrectomy. Recent reports of using ... Regillo et al56 evaluated surgical management of six eyes from four patients with XLRS1 using scleral buckling for retinal ... detachment and vitrectomy for vitreous haemorrhage or proliferative vitretinopathy. Anatomical success and ambulatory vision ... perfluorocarbon liquid or perfluorodecalin during vitrectomy to repair retinoschisis-associated retinal detachments has shown ...
Vitrectomy. Vitrectomy consists of removing the vitreous from the inside of the eye. The retina is subsequently reattached ... Scleral buckling. A solid silicone band is positioned around the outermost layer of the eye wall (the sclera) to maintain ... What should a post-operative vitrectomy patient not do? In general, the patient can lead a normal life, unless there is gas ... Can a patient do sport or exercise physically after vitrectomy? Yes, after any eye operation, although it is advisable to wait ...
Comparison of outcomes: scleral buckling and pars plana vitrectomy versus vitrectomy alone for primary repair of rhegmatogenous ... A total of five eyes in the vitrectomy and combined SB and vitrectomy groups had previously undergone vitrectomy prior to this ... Scleral buckling versus vitrectomy for young Japanese patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in the era of ... Pars plana vitrectomy versus scleral buckling for repairing simple rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Cochrane Database Syst ...
Vitrectomy to remove gel or scar tissue pulling on the retina, used for the largest tears and detachments ... Scleral buckle to gently push the eye wall up against the retina ...
Vitrectomy. The vitreous gel-a clear gel that fills most of the interior of the eyeball-is removed and replaced with a gas ... Scleral buckle. A flexible band around the eye counteracts the force pulling the retina out of place. ...
"That would be on par with our current techniques [of scleral buckling and vitrectomy]," said Matthew R. Starr, MD, at the Mayo ... "After surgery, patients rarely complain about their eyes, but many have said that the week after vit-rectomy was the worst of ... Tyagi, who is testing its use as a substitute for silicone oil and gas tamponades after a vitrectomy in cases of RRD. ... "We want to offer pa-tients a superior recovery experience af-ter vitrectomy." That is often easier said than done, said Dr. ...
... scleral buckling, and pneumatic retinopexy. Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV or vitrectomy involving removal of the vitreous gel of ... sometimes in combination with pars plana vitrectomy. Both pars plana vitrectomy and scleral buckling are surgeries that doctors ... The surgical repair of retinal detachments is successful in about 85% of patients with a single vitrectomy or scleral buckle ... The scleral buckle also can cause double vision (diplopia) by affecting one of the muscles that controls the movements of the ...
A scleral-fixated IOL is exchanged for an iris claw IOL in a child with a previous posterior vitrectomy who developed scleral ...
The study eye has had pars plana vitrectomy within six months prior to study entry. ----The study eye has undergone major ... ocular surgery (including cataract extraction, scleral buckle, any intraocular surgery, etc.) within three months prior to ...
Scleral melt and uveal prolapse following 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy. Deema E. Jomar, Sara AlHilali, Mohammed AlMutlak ...
If an exudative retinal detachment is present, surgical techniques such as drainage with or without vitrectomy have been ... In nanophthalmos where the sclera is abnormally thick, vortex vein decompression with scleral windows and suprachoroidal fluid ... Congenital anomalies, such as optic pits or colobomas, may respond to vitrectomy and endolaser techniques. ...
Thirty-seven eyes were observed while 24 underwent immediate surgery including six pars plana vitrectomies and three scleral ... Pars plana vitrectomy was performed in 12.16% eyes. Therapy with systemic steroids was required in 78.48% patients. In addition ... While pars plana vitrectomy may be required for the management of retinal detachments and non-clearing vitreous hemorrhage, ... The underlying problem that led to vitrectomy may limit the benefit from removal of the cataractous lens.OBJECTIVES: To ...
... supporting the breaks with scleral buckling, pneumatic retinopexy, and/or vitrectomy. ... In scleral buckling, a piece of silicone is placed on the sclera, which indents the sclera and pushes the retina inward, ... Peripheral fundus examination, using either indirect ophthalmoscopy with scleral depression, the slit lamp with the eye in ... Nonrhegmatogenous detachments due to vitreoretinal traction may be treated by vitrectomy; transudative detachments due to ...
Pars plana vitrectomy. Indications. * Vitrectomy is indicated for vitreous haemorrhage, which should be performed early for ... a few millimetres posterior to the corneo-scleral limbus). ... Pars plana vitrectomy: Removal of the vitreous gel through ... 10 Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Report No. 4: Early vitrectomy for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy in eyes ... 11 Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Report No. 5: Early vitrectomy for severe vitreous hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy ...
  • Surgically correct retinal detachment by scleral buckle or pars plana vitrectomy. (wikipedia.org)
  • For scleral buckling, the ophthalmologist must examine the buckle every 6 months to account for a child's growing eye. (kidshealth.org)
  • I had a vitrectomy and scleral buckle 1 year ago to repair a retinal detachment. (medhelp.org)
  • Can I get a scleral buckle taken off after retinal detachment? (healthtap.com)
  • the first was the scleral buckle then it tore from traction due to scar tissue. (healthtap.com)
  • Eventually you will need to remove the silicone oil, but it is rarely a good idea to remove the scleral buckle. (healthtap.com)
  • I have a permenetly dilated eye (5mm), 6 weeks after retinal detachment surgery taht included a scleral buckle and an oil filled vitretcomy. (healthtap.com)
  • Sometimes a band or pad (scleral buckle) is used to keep the retina and the eye wall together until scarring seals the tears. (uclahealth.org)
  • Sometimes a scleral buckle is combined with a vitrectomy surgery. (glenellynvision.com)
  • If an infant's retina has become detached, a small device called a scleral buckle might be used. (birthinjurylawyer.com)
  • They may place a scleral buckle to keep the retina in place during healing. (newhealthadvisor.org)
  • Broad scleral buckling may not be associated with higher postoperative hemorrhagic complications, when the buckle does not extend over six clock hours. (qxmd.com)
  • Almost all retinal detachments can be repaired with scleral buckle surgery, pneumatic retinopexy, or vitrectomy. (rpofnwa.com)
  • Twelve patients required a postoperative gas injection, five patients received an additional buckle, and five patients underwent a vitrectomy, in four because of PVR. (eyehospital.nl)
  • The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has planned similar cuts to retinal detachment repair codes, with reimbursement for CPT 67108 (repair of retinal detachment with vitrectomy) reduced by 33.6%, CPT code 67110 (pneumoretinopexy) reduced by 19%, and CPT code 67107 (retinal detachment repair/scleral buckle) reduced by 16% for 2016. (medscape.com)
  • Today, with the advent of scleral buckling and small-gauge pars plana vitrectomy, in addition to laser and cryotherapy techniques, rapid ED diagnosis and treatment of a retinal detachment truly can be a vision-saving opportunity. (medscape.com)
  • Our patient underwent Pars plana lensectomy and scleral fixated IOL in LE. (ijo.in)
  • Three standard 23G pars plana vitrectomy ports and two ciliary sulcus-based sclerotomies were created close to the scleral pockets using a 24G needle, through which IOL haptics would be externalized. (ijo.in)
  • 15. Tatsumi T, Baba T, Iwase T, Nizawa T, Miura G, Yokouchi H, Yamamoto S. Outcomes of Vitrectomy Combined with Scleral Buckling for Eyes with Early Recurrence of Simple Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Previously Treated by Pars Plana Vitrectomy. (medline.ru)
  • Seventy-six consecutive patients with total rhegmatogenous retinal detachments and severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy underwent combined pars plana vitrectomy, lensectomy, panretinal photocoagulation, perfluoropropane gas (C3F8)/fluid exchange, and scleral buckling. (nih.gov)
  • Many surgeons prefer phacoemulsification cataract surgery (PCS) and pars plana vitrectomy even for cataracts that are not clinically significant. (researchsquare.com)
  • Scleral buckling was performed in 21 eyes and pars plana vitrectomy in 58 eyes. (qxmd.com)
  • A pars plana vitrectomy and intraocular laser treatment of the entry and exit sites were performed. (cdc.gov)
  • METHODS: A diabetic patient with tractional retinal detachment underwent pars plana vitrectomy with silicon oil injection. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the past two decades, pneumatic retinopexy and vitrectomy have been added to the retina surgeons' reattachment armamentarium. (aao.org)
  • Surgery (scleral buckling, pneumatic retinopexy, vitrectomy) may be required for the management of the vision-threatening complications, such as severe vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment. (institut-vision.org)
  • Treatment of rhegmatogenous detachment may include sealing retinal breaks (by laser or cryotherapy), supporting the breaks with scleral buckling, pneumatic retinopexy, and/or vitrectomy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The eye will be covered with a patch after scleral buckling and vitrectomy, but not after laser surgery or an injection. (kidshealth.org)
  • Scleral buckling is an ophthalmic surgical technique that has been successfully employed as a primary or adjuvant procedure to repair rhegmatogenous retinal detachments for over 60 years. (aao.org)
  • Although considerable debate persists regarding the optimal form of treatment for many types of retinal detachments, scleral buckling is declining in popularity, particularly in regard to pseudophakic cases. (aao.org)
  • Still, it remains a valuable procedure in many instances, and scleral buckling techniques should continue to be part of retina surgical education in the years ahead. (aao.org)
  • Scleral buckling-a brief historical overview and current indications. (medline.ru)
  • Outcome of scleral buckling with or without gas tamponade for recurrent retinal detachment in post-vitrectomy eyes. (medline.ru)
  • However in up to 15% of babies, this may not halt disease progression and more invasive surgical treatments (scleral buckling, vitrectomy) may have to be considered. (sgh.com.sg)
  • The operative procedure used was lensectomy, vitrectomy, belt buckling, membrane peeling, endo-laser, trans scleral cryo and silicone oil injections in the left eye. (ndtv.com)
  • Scleral buckling is a surgical procedure used to repair a detached retina. (manneye.com)
  • Scleral buckling is a procedure that, when successful, corrects a detached retina and restores vision. (birthinjurylawyer.com)
  • During scleral buckling, the surgeon uses a "zone" of silicone that will strap the eyeball form the outside and press the sclera towards the retina. (com.gr)
  • Postoperative hemorrhagic complications (suprachoroidal hemorrhage and vitreous hemorrhage) occurred in four cases after scleral buckling and in ten cases after vitrectomy. (qxmd.com)
  • In this study, primary scleral buckling for retinal detachment was less frequently performed than vitrectomy. (qxmd.com)
  • however, scleral buckling associated with vitrectomy does not seem to increase the complication rate. (qxmd.com)
  • Broad scleral buckling associated with vitrectomy is a safe and effective procedure, with an acceptable incidence of complications when not extending over six clock hours. (qxmd.com)
  • PURPOSE: To evaluate postoperative laser photocoagulation as retinopexy mode in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment treated with scleral buckling surgery. (eyehospital.nl)
  • METHODS: The authors conducted a prospective feasibility study of consecutive patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment treated with scleral buckling surgery and postoperative laser during an 18-month period with a minimal follow-up of 6 months. (eyehospital.nl)
  • CONCLUSION: Postoperative laser coagulation is a feasible alternative retinopexy mode in scleral buckling surgery, with encouraging anatomical results and a low incidence of PVR. (eyehospital.nl)
  • abstract = "PURPOSE: To evaluate postoperative laser photocoagulation as retinopexy mode in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment treated with scleral buckling surgery.METHODS: The authors conducted a prospective feasibility study of consecutive patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment treated with scleral buckling surgery and postoperative laser during an 18-month period with a minimal follow-up of 6 months. (eyehospital.nl)
  • Vitrectomy Cost in India starts from US $1,100 and varies with the severity of your medical condition, your medical history, surgeon, facility and the city where you choose to get the surgery done. (indicure.com)
  • Our Ophthalmologists / Retina Surgeons use the latest technology to perform Retina Vitrectomy Surgery and other Retinal Laser surgeries. (bayretina.com)
  • The Ophthalmologists here at LaPeer offer the latest eye surgeries including cataract surgery, vitrectomy, tear duct surgery, orbital surgery and cosmetic surgery. (lapeerhealth.com)
  • In complex retinal detachments, it may be necessary to have a procedure called vitrectomy. (uclahealth.org)
  • Vitrectomy is a surgical procedure that is used to treat a range of eye conditions including vitreous hemorrhage (blood in the eye), epiretinal membranes, macular holes or retinal detachments. (manneye.com)
  • Vitrectomy is an outpatient procedure and is most commonly performed using local anesthesia with IV sedation. (manneye.com)
  • It can be performed in conjunction with a vitrectomy or as a stand-alone procedure. (manneye.com)
  • This retrospective study of 79 cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with severe myopia higher than 10 diopters suggests that vitrectomy is often considered a primary procedure. (qxmd.com)
  • After performing lensectomy and core vitrectomy with 23G vitrectomy cutter, a three-piece non-foldable IOL (Aurolab, Madurai, India) was placed into AC through the tunnel and the haptics was externalized with a 25G end-gripping forceps (Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, Texas, USA) and tucked into the scleral pockets. (ijo.in)
  • The treatment of choice is laser photocoagulation or vitrectomy with larva removal and intraocular steroids. (cdc.gov)
  • During a vitrectomy, an eye surgeon removes a gel-like substance in the eye called "vitreous" and replaces it with a special fluid. (birthinjurylawyer.com)
  • The lab has a 42-person lecture room, an Eyesi Surgical Simulator , 16 stations with operating microscopes, standard ophthalmic microsurgical instruments, 2 phaco machines, and a vitrectomy machine. (unc.edu)
  • Vitrectomy is considered by many the best and most appropriate surgical method for detachment. (com.gr)
  • No vitrectomy will be required and the posterior scleral incision will leave the retinal membrane intact, minimising RD risk. (europa.eu)
  • As the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms developed, so did the treatment options, from the first realization that thermal cautery around a retinal break will prevent retinal detachment, through the use of scleral buckles, to the cutting-edge technologies that enable small gauge vitrectomy and manipulation of the retina. (hindawi.com)
  • Dr. Monia Cheour presents the case of an aphakic patient who underwent secondary iris claw lens implantation after IOL explantation and anterior vitrectomy. (aao.org)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of the modified Carlevale intraocular lens (IOL) fixation technique, using two different vitrectomy ports (23- vs. 27-gauge) as anchor fixation. (karger.com)
  • Suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SH) is a rare complication of scleral-fixated intraocular lens (SFIOL). (bvsalud.org)
  • After completing the anterior vitrectomy, we would consider creating a posterior capsulotomy in the area of the defect, depending on its size, for optimal stability of the IOL-capsular bag complex. (crstoday.com)
  • CONCLUSION: AMS can rarely occur following vitrectomy and is likely secondary to intact anterior hyaloid. (bvsalud.org)
  • The use of a bent needle instead of a straight microvitreoretinal knife while creating scleral grooves might reduce the risk of SH in sutureless SFIOL surgeries. (bvsalud.org)
  • Despite notable benefits, existing robots are not clinically disruptive but follow well-trodden intervention protocols with significant limitations, e.g. lack of flexibility at the scleral incision and limited manipulation bandwidth, as to avoid scleral, lens, and retinal damage. (europa.eu)
  • Suture traction was placed in the clear cornea and a scleral incision was made 2 millimeters from the limbus. (aao.org)
  • Outcomes of vitrectomy with inferior retinectomy in patients with recurrent rhegmatogenous retinal detachments and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. (medline.ru)
  • Subjects with inconceivable objective refraction, with a cataract due to capsular touch during vitrectomy, or with macular detachment in the ophthalmic examination and/or optical coherence tomography during assessment of refraction were excluded. (researchsquare.com)
  • SH can be a potential complication while creating scleral grooves for haptic fixation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Individual and Systems-Based Risk Factors for Diabetic Vitrectomy in an Urban Safety-Net Hospital. (ucsf.edu)
  • Two partial-thickness scleral pockets were made, 180 degrees apart, at a distance of 1.5 mm from limbus with a 23G microvitreoretinal (MVR) blade for containing the IOL haptics. (ijo.in)
  • The questionnaire included details about the institution, number of vitrectomies performed in a year, sterilization practices followed pre-operatively, intraoperatively and postoperatively, incidence of endophthalmitis and instrument reuse policies. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pars plana vitrectomy via keratoprosthesis following penetrating keratoplasty was planned. (ascrs.org)
  • Prevalence of Epiretinal Membranes Imaged by OCT in Eyes that Underwent Pars Plana Vitrectomy with or without Scleral Buckle Placement for Repair of Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment. (arvojournals.org)
  • To evaluate the prevalence of epiretinal membranes (ERM) imaged by OCT in eyes that underwent pars plana vitectomy (PPV) with or without scleral buckle (SB) placement for repair of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD). (arvojournals.org)
  • To compare outcomes of scleral buckle (SB), pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and combined PPV-SB to treat rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRDs) with inferior retinal breaks (IRBs). (nih.gov)
  • Modern pars plana vitrectomy was developed by Robert Machemer in 1970. (medscape.com)
  • Pars plana vitrectomy is appropriate whenever access to the posterior segment of the eye is necessary for treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Pars plana vitrectomy is often performed under emergency conditions (eg, treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, management of endophthalmitis, or retrieval of an intraocular foreign body). (medscape.com)
  • Today, with the advent of scleral buckling and small-gauge pars plana vitrectomy, in addition to laser and cryotherapy techniques, rapid ED diagnosis and treatment of a retinal detachment truly can be a vision-saving opportunity. (medscape.com)
  • pars plana vitrectomy, scleral buckling, complex rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. (eyereports.org)
  • The aim of the current review is to address the surgical outcomes and complications of 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy with scleral buckling (23GPPV/SB) for repair of these complex retinal detachments. (eyereports.org)
  • Surgically correct retinal detachment by scleral buckle or pars plana vitrectomy. (wikipedia.org)
  • 3. One-year outcomes of 27-gauge versus 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy for uncomplicated rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair. (nih.gov)
  • 6. Comparison of 25- and 27-Gauge Pars Plana Vitrectomy in Repairing Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment. (nih.gov)
  • 8. 25-Gauge transconjunctival sutureless pars plana vitrectomy. (nih.gov)
  • It is most likely because of this limitation that the "diaphanoscopic illuminator" described by Schmidt et al 12 for visualisation in pars plana vitrectomy was not widely adopted. (bmj.com)
  • There have been few studies examining outcomes of scleral buckling, pars plana vitrectomy and pneumatic retinopexy in young patients due to lower incidence of retinal detachment in this cohort. (bmj.com)
  • Ocular surgeries that have been associated with SINS include cataract extraction, trabeculectomies, strabismus corrective procedures, scleral buckles, pars plana vitrectomies, and pterygium surgeries. (aao.org)
  • A pars plana vitrectomy and intraocular laser treatment of the entry and exit sites were performed. (cdc.gov)
  • Background and Objective: This review compares 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) alone versus combined 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy and scleral buckle (PPV/SB) for primary repair of pseudophakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). (mssm.edu)
  • 3. A standard 3-port pars plana vitrectomy is conducted to completely remove the vitreous and treat the underlying pathology. (eyewiki.org)
  • Aqueous humor was collected by anterior chamber paracentesis from fifteen patients undergoing cataract surgery, pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), or scleral buckle surgery. (nih.gov)
  • Vitrectomy is similar to pneumatic retinopexy, but it's a longer surgery and usually happens in a hospital instead of your doctor's office. (nih.gov)
  • Results 86 patients met inclusion criteria and of those, 38 (44%) underwent vitrectomy, 22 (26%) underwent scleral buckling, 13 (15%) underwent pneumatic retinopexy and 13 (15%) underwent combined scleral buckle and vitrectomy repair. (bmj.com)
  • Conclusions Vitrectomy, scleral buckle, pneumatic retinopexy or combined procedures are viable repair options for rhegmatogenous retinal detachments in patients younger than 50 years of age. (bmj.com)
  • Vitrectomy, scleral buckling, pneumatic retinopexy and combined repairs are viable options without differences in intraocular pressure or complication-related outcomes. (bmj.com)
  • Treatment of rhegmatogenous detachment may include sealing retinal breaks (by laser or cryotherapy), supporting the breaks with scleral buckling, pneumatic retinopexy, and/or vitrectomy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The two other treatments are pneumatic retinopexy and vitrectomy. (houston-lasik.com)
  • When you look at the patient, you are looking en face -- at a frontal view of the retina. (medscape.com)
  • The scleral buckle method indents the wall of the eye inward so that it meets the hole in the retina. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The vitrectomy procedure uses very small devices inside the eye to release tension on the retina. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A vitrectomy laser is a tool used for a procedure in which a tiny incision is made in the eye, allowing a surgeon to remove blood and scar tissue that cause issues for the retina. (njretina.com)
  • The scleral buckle is secured under the mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye to move the wall of the eye closer to the detached retina. (retinanevada.com)
  • A vitrectomy is one of the procedures used to repair a detached retina. (yoursightmatters.com)
  • After completing the vitrectomy, the surgeon also may perform a scleral buckling procedure and fill the inside of the eye with air, gas or silicone oil to help seal the retina against the wall of the eye. (yoursightmatters.com)
  • What is scleral buckle surgery? (nih.gov)
  • During scleral buckle surgery, your doctor will put a tiny, flexible band around the white part of your eye. (nih.gov)
  • 17. A 27-gauge instrument system for transconjunctival sutureless microincision vitrectomy surgery. (nih.gov)
  • 20. A new 25-gauge instrument system for transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy surgery. (nih.gov)
  • If surgery is needed, a vitrectomy is usually done. (mountsinai.org)
  • The exact pathogenesis remains unclear, but SINS is believed to be a delayed type of hypersensitivity response to scleral tissue antigens that are altered or exposed due to surgery. (aao.org)
  • Scleral buckle is a surgery that involves suturing a thin silicone band over the sclera (white of the eye) to close a retinal break. (retinanevada.com)
  • Vitrectomy is a surgery that involves removing some or all of the vitreous humor from the eye, along with any necessary tissue. (retinanevada.com)
  • This surgery is called a Vitrectomy and it is done in the operating room. (eyeandear.org)
  • 15. Combined 23-gauge transconjunctival vitrectomy and scleral fixation of intraocular lens without conjunctival dissection in managing lens complications. (nih.gov)
  • SH can be a potential complication while creating scleral grooves for haptic fixation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Your surgeon will make three tiny incisions in the eye to create openings for the various instruments that will be inserted to complete the vitrectomy. (allaboutvision.com)
  • 11. Investigation of postoperative intraocular pressure in cases of silicone oil removal using 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy with oblique incisions. (nih.gov)
  • 2. 25-Gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy for the diagnosis of intraocular lymphoma. (nih.gov)
  • 5. Outcomes of 23- and 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomies for dislocated intraocular lenses. (nih.gov)
  • 9. Comparison of postoperative intraocular pressure changes between 23-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy and conventional 20-gauge vitrectomy. (nih.gov)
  • 23-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy versus 20-gauge standard vitrectomy. (nih.gov)
  • 12. Multiple factors in the prediction of risk of recurrent vitreous haemorrhage after sutureless vitrectomy for non-clearing vitreous haemorrhage in patients with diabetic retinopathy. (nih.gov)
  • 14. Outcomes of 23- and 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomies for idiopathic macular holes. (nih.gov)
  • 16. Transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy for the treatment of vitreoretinal complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. (nih.gov)
  • 18. Postoperative retinal break after 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy: report of four cases. (nih.gov)
  • 19. Transconjunctival sutureless 25-gauge vitrectomy with newly designed microcannulas. (nih.gov)
  • NJRetina physicians utilize the most advanced surgical and medical approaches, such as sutureless vitrectomy and advanced imaging. (njretina.com)
  • The use of a bent needle instead of a straight microvitreoretinal knife while creating scleral grooves might reduce the risk of SH in sutureless SFIOL surgeries. (bvsalud.org)
  • Scleral buckling can be done using numbing medicine while you are awake (local anesthesia) or when you are asleep and pain free ( general anesthesia ). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Usually vitrectomies require general anesthesia. (allaboutvision.com)
  • Other terms for this disease process include surgically-induced scleral necrosis, postoperative scleral melting, postsurgical necrotizing scleritis, postsurgical scleral necrosis, postoperative scleral necrosis, postoperative necrotizing scleritis, and autoimmune SINS. (aao.org)
  • Suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SH) is a rare complication of scleral-fixated intraocular lens (SFIOL). (bvsalud.org)
  • When the principle of transillumination is applied during vitrectomy, the light that is transmitted through the sclera, choroid and retinal pigment epithelium is used to visualise the vitreous. (bmj.com)
  • In nanophthalmos where the sclera is abnormally thick, vortex vein decompression with scleral windows and suprachoroidal fluid drainage is indicated. (medscape.com)
  • A vitrectomy can restore vision in diabetic retinopathy by removing the natural vitreous that has become clouded by leaking blood vessels and replacing it with clear fluid. (allaboutvision.com)
  • In recent years large, prospective Multicentre trials of therapy in the USA, including the Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS), the Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS), the Diabetes Control Complications Trial (DCCT) and the Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study (DRVS), have provided clear management guidelines. (cehjournal.org)
  • In the NEI-supported nationwide study of vitrectomy, the surgical technique which is capable of restoring vision to some diabetic retinopathy patients who are already blind, most of the 13 participating centers have already begun enrolling patients. (nih.gov)
  • However, a vitrectomy is considered inappropriate and extreme for addressing most ordinary spots and floaters that occur with vitreous detachments affecting almost everyone to some degree as they grow older. (allaboutvision.com)
  • 4. Fixating dislocated intraocular lens by 25-gauge vitrectomy. (nih.gov)
  • A scleral-fixated IOL is exchanged for an iris claw IOL in a child with a previous posterior vitrectomy who developed scleral erosion and lens decentration from an unburied knot. (aao.org)
  • Intravitreal bevacizumab has been reported as a preoperative adjunct in vitrectomy for PDR. (medscape.com)
  • Vitreous fluid was obtained by standard scleral incision and aspiration using the vitrector during PPV from 20 patients. (nih.gov)
  • Initially, vitrectomy was used primarily to clear the vitreous of opacities such as blood. (medscape.com)
  • A central vitrectomy is performed with the vitrector clearing the axial opacities and the cortical vitreous gel. (medscape.com)
  • It uses a standard lightpipe for scleral indentation and transillumination. (bmj.com)
  • 3 With this means, the surgeon can then perform the indentation and carry out the vitrectomy in a bimanual fashion. (bmj.com)
  • The questionnaire included details about the institution, number of vitrectomies performed in a year, sterilization practices followed pre-operatively, intraoperatively and postoperatively, incidence of endophthalmitis and instrument reuse policies. (bvsalud.org)
  • RESULTS: A total of 29 cases of endophthalmitis were reported out of the 47,612 vitrectomies performed across various centres. (bvsalud.org)
  • Because so many variables are involved, only your eye surgeon familiar with your condition can give you a realistic idea of what to expect following a vitrectomy. (allaboutvision.com)
  • If an exudative retinal detachment is present, surgical techniques such as drainage with or without vitrectomy have been recommended. (medscape.com)
  • Vitrectomy is contraindicated in the presence of suspected or active retinoblastoma or, in some cases, active choroidal melanoma because incision of the eye may be associated with systemic seeding. (medscape.com)
  • 1. 25-gauge transconjunctival diagnostic vitrectomy in suspected cases of intraocular lymphoma: a case series and review of the literature. (nih.gov)
  • The two main ingredients of fibrin glue are purified thrombin and fibrinogen, said Dr. Tyagi, who is testing its use as a substitute for silicone oil and gas tamponades after a vitrectomy in cases of RRD. (aao.org)
  • However, for the more complex cases, the doctor may opt for a vitrectomy. (missfrugalmommy.com)
  • Other surgical options, such as scleral buckle and vitrectomy, are reserved only for cases that progress to retinal detachment. (reviewofoptometry.com)
  • The 2 common treatments for more complicated or severe retinal detachment are a scleral buckle and vitrectomy. (retinanevada.com)
  • Other techniques include the en bloc dissection. (medscape.com)
  • That would be on par with our current techniques [of scleral buckling and vitrectomy]," said Matthew R. Starr, MD, at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. (aao.org)
  • Congenital anomalies, such as optic pits or colobomas, may respond to vitrectomy and endolaser techniques. (medscape.com)
  • Traction may be relieved with scleral buckling techniques and/or with vitrectomy. (medscape.com)
  • SINS is more likely explained by the enzymatic degradation of scleral collagen following surgical manipulation and epithelial destruction. (aao.org)
  • Sometimes a scleral buckle or band is placed around the eye, and in other situations, a vitrectomy is performed to remove the gel. (eyeandear.org)