Saponins
Panax
Sapogenins
Ginsenosides
Oleanolic Acid
Panax notoginseng
Plant Extracts
Rhizome
Pulsatilla
Platycodon
Plants, Medicinal
Diosgenin
Camellia
Hemolytic Agents
Tomatine
Spirostans
Aralia
Tribulus
Quillaja Saponins
Liliaceae
A monocot family within the order Liliales. This family is divided by some botanists into other families such as Convallariaceae, Hyacinthaceae and Amaryllidaceae. Amaryllidaceae, which have inferior ovaries, includes CRINUM; GALANTHUS; LYCORIS; and NARCISSUS and are known for AMARYLLIDACEAE ALKALOIDS.
Spectrometry, Mass, Fast Atom Bombardment
A mass spectrometric technique that is used for the analysis of a wide range of biomolecules, such as glycoalkaloids, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and peptides. Positive and negative fast atom bombardment spectra are recorded on a mass spectrometer fitted with an atom gun with xenon as the customary beam. The mass spectra obtained contain molecular weight recognition as well as sequence information.
Sapindaceae
Saponaria
Polygonatum
Asparagus Plant
Caryophyllaceae
Plant Roots
Drugs, Chinese Herbal
Rubiaceae
Dioscorea
Dracaena
Astragalus Plant
Acacia
Molecular Structure
Dipsacaceae
Plants, Genetically Modified
Water
Plant Leaves
Directories as Topic
Bupleurum
Autophagy
The segregation and degradation of damaged or unwanted cytoplasmic constituents by autophagic vacuoles (cytolysosomes) composed of LYSOSOMES containing cellular components in the process of digestion; it plays an important role in BIOLOGICAL METAMORPHOSIS of amphibians, in the removal of bone by osteoclasts, and in the degradation of normal cell components in nutritional deficiency states.
Cell Membrane Permeability
Permeability
Mitochondrial Membranes
The two lipoprotein layers in the MITOCHONDRION. The outer membrane encloses the entire mitochondrion and contains channels with TRANSPORT PROTEINS to move molecules and ions in and out of the organelle. The inner membrane folds into cristae and contains many ENZYMES important to cell METABOLISM and energy production (MITOCHONDRIAL ATP SYNTHASE).
Nitric oxide inhibits cardiac energy production via inhibition of mitochondrial creatine kinase. (1/1244)
Nitric oxide biosynthesis in cardiac muscle leads to a decreased oxygen consumption and lower ATP synthesis. It is suggested that this effect of nitric oxide is mainly due to the inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme, cytochrome c oxidase. However, this work demonstrates that nitric oxide is able to inhibit soluble mitochondrial creatine kinase (CK), mitochondrial CK bound in purified mitochondria, CK in situ in skinned fibres as well as the functional activity of mitochondrial CK in situ in skinned fibres. Since mitochondrial isoenzyme is functionally coupled to oxidative phosphorylation, its inhibition also leads to decreased sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration to ADP and thus decreases ATP synthesis and oxygen consumption under physiological ADP concentrations. (+info)Comparison of synthetic saponin cholesterol absorption inhibitors in rabbits: evidence for a non-stoichiometric, intestinal mechanism of action. (2/1244)
The hypocholesterolemic activities of pamaqueside and tiqueside, two structurally similar saponins, were evaluated in cholesterol-fed rabbits. The pharmacological profiles of the saponins were virtually identical: both dose-dependently decreased the intestinal absorption of labeled cholesterol 25-75%, increased fecal neutral sterol excretion up to 2.5-fold, and decreased hepatic cholesterol content 10-55%. High doses of pamaqueside (>5 mg/kg) or tiqueside (>125 mg/kg) completely prevented hypercholesterolemia. Decreases in plasma and hepatic cholesterol levels were strongly correlated with increased neutral sterol excretion. Ratios of neutral sterol excreted to pamaqueside administered were greater than 1:1 at all doses, in opposition to the formation of a stoichiometric complex previously suggested for tiqueside and other saponins. Ratios in tiqueside-treated rabbits were less than unity, a reflection of its lower potency. Pamaqueside-treated rabbits exhibited a more rapid decline in plasma cholesterol concentrations than control animals fed a cholesterol-free diet, indicating that the compound also inhibited the absorption of biliary cholesterol. Intravenous administration of pamaqueside had no effect on plasma cholesterol levels despite plasma levels twice those observed in rabbits given pamaqueside orally. These data indicate that pamaqueside and tiqueside induce hypocholesterolemia by blocking lumenal cholesterol absorption via a mechanism that apparently differs from the stoichiometric complexation of cholesterol hypothesized for other saponins. (+info)Extraction and analysis of cosmetic active ingredients from an anti-cellulitis transdermal delivery system by high-performance liquid chromatography. (3/1244)
A new transdermal delivery system that controls cellulitis is evaluated using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection. An extraction procedure and the validation of the analytical method to assay the active excipients from the Centella asiatica plant (asiaticoside, madacessic acid, and asiatic acid) are described. Excellent results ae obtained in terms of linearity, accuracy, and specificity of the analytical method. (+info)Effect of alpha-hederin on hepatic detoxifying systems in mice. (4/1244)
AIM: To examine whether alpha-hederin (Hed) modulates hepatic detoxifying systems as a means of hepatoprotection. METHODS: Mice were injected Hed 10 and 30 mumol.kg-1 sc for 3 d, and liver cytosols were prepared 24 h after the last dose to study antioxidant enzymes and nonenzymatic defense components. RESULTS: Hed increased liver glutathione (GSH) content (20%), but had no effect on GSH peroxidase, GSH reductase, and GSH S-transferase. The activities of superoxide dismutase and quinone reductase were unaffected by Hed treatment. At the high dose of Hed, catalase activity was decreased by 20%. Hepatic content of metallothionein was dramatically increased (50-fold), along with elevations of hepatic Zn and Cu concentrations (25%-80%). Hed also increased ascorbic acid concentration (20%), but no effect on alpha-tocopherol in liver. CONCLUSION: Hed enhanced some nonenzymatic antioxidant components in liver, which play a partial role in Hed protection against hepatotoxicity produced by some chemicals. (+info)Effect of saponins of Panax notoginseng on synaptosomal 45Ca uptake. (5/1244)
AIM: To explore the calcium uptake antagonism of saponins of Panax notoginseng (PNS). METHODS: Synaptosomes were prepared from rat cerebral cortex by using differential Ficoll gradients. The effects of PNS on synaptosomal 45Ca uptake were measured in vitro or after acute treatment. RESULTS: PNS 50-800 mg.L-1 produced a concentration-rated inhibition of Ca2+ uptake [IC50 = 111 (46-176) mg.L-1]. Both initial and maximal uptake were inhibited. Similar effect was obtained after acute PNS treatment with 200 mg.kg-1 i.p. The blocking effect of PNS was reversed by calcium in media. CONCLUSION: PNS is a calcium channel blocker in neurons. (+info)Novel techniques for in vivo hemolysis studies in guinea pigs. (6/1244)
The in vivo toxic-hemolytic studies using small experimental animals are complicated by difficulties in preventing hemolysis during repeated collection of blood specimens and in measuring hemoglobin concentration in small amounts of plasma sample. To solve these problems we tried to develope the new techniques for the in vivo hemolysis studies using guinea pigs. The hemolysis accident was minimized to 2.75 mg/dl by collecting the blood directly into heparinized microhematocrit tubes by small longitudinal incision in the auricular artery. The hemoglobin in a small amount of sample (10 microliters) was determined by the new analytical system using a microflow spectrophotometer with a modified cyanmethemoglobin method. The standard curve of the hemoglobin concentration in the system revealed a line of Y = 1.8X + 0.79 (r = 0.999), CV < 1% with a minimum detectable concentration of 1.25 mg/dl. By using the new techniques, it was found that the plasma hemoglobin concentration in normal animals were 7.27 +/- 0.44 mg/dl (mean +/- S.E.). The in vivo hemolytic activity of saponin was observed dose-dependently at doses of 30-50 mg/kg, i.v. in the guinea pigs. It is concluded that the present techniques are useful for in vivo hemolytic studies in small experimental animals such as guinea pigs. (+info)The hemolytic activity of bracken extracts in guinea pigs. (7/1244)
This study was conducted to elucidate the hemolytic activity of a new toxic substance in bracken fern. A crude extract (CE) was prepared from the methanol extracts of bracken by the column chromatography. When the CE was injected subcutaneously in guinea pigs, the hemoglobinuria and hemolysis were observed within 6 hr, and 3 days later edema and hemorrhages in the urinary bladder were observed. The CE was then fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and three (HF, BF and CF) of the fractions showed the toxic activities in guinea pigs. The HF caused the hemolysis, whereas both the BF and the CF caused the hemorrhagic cystitis without any hemolytic activities. The HF was further fractionated by the HPLC, resulting of the 3 fractions (HF-I, II and III). The hemolysis was caused only with the HF-II, and HF-II as well as HF did not cause the hemorrhagic cystitis. HPLC analysis revealed that both BF and CF contains braxin B and braxin C, respectively, and both HF and HF-II do not contain braxin A, B or C. These facts suggest that bracken fern contains a new toxic substance (hemolysin) which induces the acute hemolysis in guinea pigs. (+info)Immune-stimulating complexes induce an IL-12-dependent cascade of innate immune responses. (8/1244)
The development of subunit vaccines requires the use of adjuvants that act by stimulating components of the innate immune response. Immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMS) containing the saponin adjuvant Quil A are potential vaccine vectors that induce a wide range of Ag-specific responses in vivo encompassing both humoral and CD4 and CD8 cell-mediated immune responses. ISCOMS are active by both parenteral and mucosal routes, but the basis for their adjuvant properties is unknown. Here we have investigated the ability of ISCOMS to recruit and activate innate immune responses as measured in peritoneal exudate cells. The i.p. injection of ISCOMS induced intense local inflammation, with early recruitment of neutrophils and mast cells followed by macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes. Many of the recruited cells had phenotypic evidence of activation and secreted a number of inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide, reactive oxygen intermediates, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, and IFN-gamma. Of the factors that we investigated further only IL-12 appeared to be essential for the immunogenicity of ISCOMS, as IL-6- and inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout (KO) mice developed normal immune responses to OVA in ISCOMS, whereas these responses were markedly reduced in IL-12KO mice. The recruitment of peritoneal exudate cells following an injection of ISCOMS was impaired in IL-12KO mice, indicating a role for IL-12 in establishing the proinflammatory cascade. Thus, ISCOMS prime Ag-specific immune responses at least in part by activating IL-12-dependent aspects of the innate immune system. (+info)
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Preclinical Chemistry - DIAGNOSTICS | Order
GlycosidesSteroidRich in saponinsExtractsTotal saponinTriterpene saponinGlycosideCompoundsQuillajaMoleculesSapogeninTriterpenoid saponinApoptosisOleanane typeNotoginsengEffect of triterpenoid saponinsFlavonoidsExtractVitroSurfactantHigh concentrations of saponinsSynthesisEffects of saponinsSources of saponinsQuantities of saponinsAglyconesAntioxidantAdjuvantPlantsFurostanol saponinsSoybeansDammarane-typeContain saponinsGinseng saponinsSaponariaRatsConcentrationsAdjuvantsRhizomesPanax GinsengDetergentsHydrophobicUrsane typeSeedsWidely distributedInduceFenugreekPhytochemicalPlantActivity
Glycosides13
- Many plants contain substances called saponins - these are toxic glycosides and can be found, usually in low concentrations, in many of our foods, especially in beans and some leaves. (pfaf.org)
- Saponins (Latin "sapon", soap + "-in", one of), also referred to selectively as triterpene glycosides, are bitter-tasting usually toxic plant-derived organic chemicals that have a foamy quality when agitated in water. (wikipedia.org)
- Saponins are glycosides with triterpenoid or spirostane aglycones that demonstrate various pharmacological effects against mammalian diseases. (mdpi.com)
- We have elucidated the structure of five novel saponins, Holothurins D/E and Holothurinosides X/Y/Z, along with seven reported triterpene glycosides, including sulfated and non-sulfated saponins containing a range of aglycones and sugar moieties, from the viscera of H. lessoni . (mdpi.com)
- Triterpene and steroid glycosides, commonly referred to as saponins, are isolated primarily from the plant kingdom and exert a wide range of pharmacological properties owing to their large structural diversity 1 . (nature.com)
- Steroidal saponins obtained by biotransformation of total furostanol glycosides from Dioscorea zingiberensis with Absidia coerulea. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Saponin-triterpenoid glycosides are one of the most interesting groups of secondary metabolites. (springer.com)
- The saponins are a group of plant glycosides in which hydrophilic sugars are attached to alipophilic steroid or triterpenoid moiety. (springer.com)
- Saponins are glycosides of triterpenes, steroids or steroidal alkaloids. (nhbs.com)
- Conclusion: Overall results showed that specific molecular types of saponins (hederagenin glycosides) have potential as anti-cancer agents or as leads for anti-cancer agents. (eurekaselect.com)
- Analysis of phenolic glycosides and saponins in Primula elatior and Primula veris (primula root) by liquid chromatography, evaporative light scattering detection and mass spectrometry. (semanticscholar.org)
- This paper describes the first liquid chromatographic method suitable for the simultaneous determination of bioactive compounds, saponins and phenolic glycosides, present in Primula elatior and Primula veris, including the NMR data of primulaverin and primeverin. (semanticscholar.org)
- Objectives: Saponins are high molecular weight glycosides, consisting of a sugar moiety linked to a triterpene or steroid aglycone. (sid.ir)
Steroid8
- Steroid saponins and sapogenins of Allium. (springer.com)
- To promote the research and development of anticancer agents from saponins, this review focuses on the anticancer properties of several typical naturally derived triterpenoid saponins (ginsenosides and saikosaponins) and steroid saponins (dioscin, polyphyllin, and timosaponin) isolated from Chinese medicines. (mdpi.com)
- either triterpenoid saponins or steroid saponins (Wina et al. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Both drugs were solubilized very effectively by bidesmosidic oleanane saponins, whereas dammarane, mono- and tri-desmosidic oleanane saponins and steroid (furostanol and spirostanol) saponins had no effect on drug solubility. (ijpsonline.com)
- Anticancer activity has been reported for a number of triterpene and steroid saponins [ 14 , 15 ] and diosgenin [ 16 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
- We believe that identifying fenugreek genotype with high levels of steroidal saponins and fixed oil content might help to make this plant species economically, utilized as a source of steroidal saponins used for the synthesis of steroid drugs in pharmaceutical industries. (ijpsonline.com)
- VI: steroid saponins and flavonoids of leaves of Phoenix canariensis hort. (eunops.org)
- V, Steroid saponins and flavonoids of leaves of Phoenix rupicola T. Anderson, P. loureirii Kunth, P. reclinata N.J. Jacquin, and Arecastrum romanzoffianum Beccari. (eunops.org)
Rich in saponins7
- Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) is another native plant that has a report of being rich in saponins, the rhizome is used. (pfaf.org)
- Its seeds are rich in saponins and will lather well in cold, preferably soft, water when rubbed between the hands like a bar of soap. (pfaf.org)
- The bulb, stripped of its outer covering, is very rich in saponins and can as be dried and grated up as required to be used as soap flakes. (pfaf.org)
- Identification of fenugreek genotype rich in saponins and fixed oil will be useful for pharmaceutical industries. (ijpsonline.com)
- If a honeycomb-shaped bubble lattice at least 2cm (a little less than 1 inch) persists in the cylinder for ten minutes, you can be positive that the plant is rich in saponins. (blogspot.com)
- Most medicinal plants are rich in saponins, which to a large extent are responsible for their bitterness. (malariaworld.org)
- In the Chinese pharmacopeia plant mixtures rich in saponins have been used to enhance the bioavailability of artemisinin (G Brown, Molecules, 2010,15,7603-7698). (malariaworld.org)
Extracts8
- The saponins are a subclass of terpenoids, the largest class of plant extracts. (wikipedia.org)
- Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are active extracts obtained from the P. notoginseng plant. (greenmedinfo.com)
- The effect of 13 saponin extracts on the solubility of fenofibrate and danazol was studied and the relationship between saponin molecular structure and drug solubilisation capacity was assessed. (ijpsonline.com)
- Plants or their extracts with high concentrations of saponins appear to have the potential to act as natural antiprotozoal agents ( Patra and Saxena, 2009a ). (frontiersin.org)
- water-to-leaf ratio of 20:1 mL g−1), ethanol extracts yielded higher saponin levels (368 vs. 87 mg ASE/g) antioxidant, free radical scavenging and ion reducing capacity. (ovid.com)
- Saponin enriched ethanol extracts also possessed significantly more powerful anti-pancreatic cancer activity than aqueous extracts. (ovid.com)
- He YM, Lu KM, Yuan D, Zhang CC. Studies on preparative technology and quantitative determination for extracts of total saponin in roof of Panax japonicus . (termedia.pl)
- Most research work on Artemisia annua has ignored saponins and polysaccharides because these are only soluble in water and in the search of the golden fleece or the exceptional antimalarial molecule most extracts are obtained with organic solvents. (malariaworld.org)
Total saponin7
- Significant differences were observed in the total saponin and fixed oil content among the genotypes. (ijpsonline.com)
- Effect of total saponin of Dioscorea on chronic hyperuricemia and expression of URAT1 in rats]. (curehunter.com)
- Because of existing a high percentage of saponin in the roots of the plant, the aim of the present study was to determine some of its physicochemical properties, such as foaming, emulsifying and surface activity, and also the effect of complex formation between total saponin and cholesterol. (sid.ir)
- Then Foaming power of the extracted Glycyrrhiza glabra total saponin (GTS) was measured using the Ross-Miles foam column method and the index of emulsification (E24) of extracted saponin was also determined. (sid.ir)
- The results were compared to data from Quillaja saponaria total saponin (QTS), and tween 80 as a potent synthetic surfactant. (sid.ir)
- In the case of reduction of surface tension and emulsification, the extracted total saponin had less power than QTS and tween 80. (sid.ir)
- Also due to its excellent surface activity, it can be suggested that the total saponin from licorice roots is a suitable substitute for synthetic surfactants in food, drug and cosmetic industries. (sid.ir)
Triterpene saponin5
- A phytochemical study was carried out on Ajuga multiflora, and obtained a novel ursane-type triterpene saponin, i.e., 3-epi-ursolic acid 3-O-palmitoyl 28-O-α-L-arabinofuranosyl ester (1), named ajugoside. (usda.gov)
- Moreover, details of triterpene saponin biosynthesis in the Panax species are largely unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
- The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) assignment discovered 41 unique sequences representing 11 genes involved in triterpene saponin backbone biosynthesis in the 454-EST dataset. (biomedcentral.com)
- It is worth emphasizing that the candidate cytochrome P450 (Pn02132 and Pn00158) and UDP-glycosyltransferase (Pn00082) gene most likely to be involved in hydroxylation or glycosylation of aglycones for triterpene saponin biosynthesis were discovered from 174 cytochrome P450s and 242 glycosyltransferases by phylogenetic analysis, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
- The candidate genes involved in triterpene saponin biosynthesis, including the putative CYP450s and UGTs, were obtained in this study. (biomedcentral.com)
Glycoside3
- Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a triterpenoid saponin glycoside alleviates ultraviolet-B irradiation-induced photoaging in human dermal fibroblasts. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a triterpenoid saponin glycoside from the roots and rhizomes of licorice is used in traditional and modern medicine for the treatment of numerous medical conditions including skin diseases and beauty care product. (greenmedinfo.com)
- Tea Saponin, a glycoside compound extracted from camellia tea seeds, is excellent natural nonionic active surfactant. (tradeholding.com)
Compounds14
- Saponins act by binding with bile acids and cholesterol, so it is thought that these chemicals potentially have the ability to "clean" or purge these fatty compounds from the body, lowering the blood cholesterol levels. (fsu.edu)
- Saponins are a structurally diverse class of compounds occurring in many plant species, which are characterized by a skeleton derived of the 30-carbon precursor oxidosqualene to which glycosyl residues are attached. (nih.gov)
- A wide range of steroidal saponins have been extracted from the family Convallariaceae, but no more than 30 compounds were reported from the genus Aspidistra [ 3 - 7 ]. (plos.org)
- Like cholesterol, saponins are able to bind with these compounds and disrupt the proliferation of cancer cells. (dreddyclinic.com)
- Triterpenoid saponins , the main bioactive compounds of Polygala tenuifolia Willd, are easily hydrolyzed to polygalacic acid (PA). (thefreedictionary.com)
- Rich in flavanoids, saponins and other antioxidant compounds, the herb is good for colds, flu, and boosting the immune system (it was thought to ward off the plague during times of epidemic). (professorshouse.com)
- The universality of ELSD results in an inapplicable fingerprint with huge signals from primary compounds and smaller signals from saponins. (frontiersin.org)
- The papaya (Carica papaya) leaf (PL) contains high levels of saponins and polyphenolic compounds, and historically, it has been used as a folk medicine for numerous ailments, including cancer. (ovid.com)
- Saponins and total phenolic compounds were assessed for their antioxidant, free radical scavenging, ion-reducing capacity, and antipancreatic cancer activity. (ovid.com)
- Saponins, widely distributed in the plant kingdom, include a diverse group of compounds characterized by their structure containing a steroidal or triterpenoid aglycone and one or more sugar chains. (ijpsonline.com)
- To date, quite a bit of research has been published which attempt to explore the in vivo anticancer effects and the underlying mechanisms of pennogenyl saponins, compounds which are present at quite low levels in the plant. (ovid.com)
- Tannins have a high affinity for binding proteins, and saponins are non-polar steroidal compounds with a high affinity for binding to lipids in the gastro-intestinal tract of animals. (openthesis.org)
- These findings suggest that animals ingesting foods with alkaloids may increase their preference for tannin or saponin-containing foods to reduce the negative impacts of these secondary compounds. (openthesis.org)
- Saponins are a class of chemical compounds found in particular abundance in various plant species. (reportsnreports.com)
Quillaja8
- Saponins are a diverse class of natural surfactants, or detergents, found in many plants, but they are most abundant in the desert plants Yucca and Quillaja. (fsu.edu)
- Saponins have also been used as adjuvants in development of vaccines, such as Quil A, an extract from the bark of Quillaja saponaria. (wikipedia.org)
- Commercial formulations of plant-derived saponins, e.g., from the soap bark tree, Quillaja saponaria, and those from other sources are available via controlled manufacturing processes, which make them of use as chemical and biomedical reagents. (wikipedia.org)
- Saponin Quillaja sp. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- S4521 - Saponin Quillaja sp. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Saponins from Quillaja saponaria and Camellia oleifera improved the aqueous solubility of danazol and fenofibrate by more than two orders of magnitude. (ijpsonline.com)
- Triterpene saponins of Quillaja saponaria show strong aphicidal and deterrent activity against the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
- Conclusion: It can be cancluded that oral administration of total saponins of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Quillaja saponaria may cause a reduction in cholesterol absorption by gastrointestinal system and finally a reduction in blood cholesterol. (sid.ir)
Molecules6
- This means that, in the digestive tract, saponins produce an emulsification of fat-soluble molecules. (dreddyclinic.com)
- The saponin molecules consist of a hydrophobic region, called aglycone, which is linked to one or several oligosaccharide (sugar) chains that build the hydrophilic part of the molecule. (ijpsonline.com)
- Saponins can impact the immune system through their adjuvant activity, their ability to improve effectiveness of orally administered vaccines by facilitating the absorption of large molecules, and their immune-stimulatory effects. (ijpsonline.com)
- Often, the hydrophilic piece is a sugar molecule, or perhaps a short chain of sugar molecules, and there can be more than one chain on each saponin. (blogspot.com)
- Saponins are a family of molecules known for creating soap-like foam in water that have been used to fulfil this role. (uwo.ca)
- The inhibitory effects of triterpenoid saponins are thought to be attributed not to the property of their aglycons but to that of the whole of their molecules (Saha et al. (springer.com)
Sapogenin2
- The antiprotozoal effect of saponins is transitory, as when saponins are deglycosylated to the sapogenin by rumen microorganisms they become inactive. (frontiersin.org)
- BACKGROUND: Saponins are a class of secondary plant metabolites consisting of a sugar moiety glycosidically linked to a hydrophobic aglycone (sapogenin) that often possess insecticidal activities. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Triterpenoid saponin1
- Tea saponin is triterpenoid saponin, it tastes bitter and spicy. (tradeholding.com)
Apoptosis4
- Panax notoginseng saponins prevent senescence and inhibit apoptosis by regulating the PI3K‑AKT‑mTOR pathway in osteoarthritic chondrocytes. (greenmedinfo.com)
- In addition, triterpenoid saponins inhibited tumor growth and induced the apoptosis of HCC cells by blocking the activation of PD1/PD-L1, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, JNK, and STAT3 signaling pathways. (dovepress.com)
- Damulin B is a dammarane-type saponin found in Gynostemma pentaphyllum .Damulin B can induce cell apoptosis and has anti-cancer activities in vitro . (medchemexpress.com)
- Panax notoginseng, as traditional Chinese medicine, has a long history of high clinical value, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, regulation of blood glucose and blood pressure, inhibition of neuronal apoptosis and neuronal protection, and its main ingredients are Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS). (preprints.org)
Oleanane type2
- For oleanane type saponins, the kind of substituents (e.g. (nih.gov)
- The oleanane-type saponin, Ro, which exists in Asian ginseng ( Panax ginseng ) and American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius ), have not been found in P. notoginseng based on the evidence from phytochemical studies [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Notoginseng7
- Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are a patented product in the People's Republic of China, and have extensive effects on the cardiovascular system. (dovepress.com)
- Treatment with Panax notoginseng saponin (PNS) can prevent neurological damage in middle cerebral artery occlusion model rats to promote recovery after a stroke. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) can be extracted from Sanqi, and its use can result in an effective neuroprotective effect and promote stroke recovery ( 7 , 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- Triterpene saponins are the bioactive constituents in P. notoginseng . (biomedcentral.com)
- In particular, the transcript encoding dammarenediol synthase (DS), which is the first committed enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of major triterpene saponins, is highly expressed in the root of four-year-old P. notoginseng . (biomedcentral.com)
- Sun, X. Panax Notoginseng Saponins: A Review of Its Mechanisms of Antidepressant or Anxiolytic Effects and Network Analysis on Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. (preprints.org)
- Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS)-based drugs are often combined with aspirin in vascular disease treatment in China. (myjournals.org)
Effect of triterpenoid saponins3
- Immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and western blot were performed to analyze the effect of triterpenoid saponins on immune response in tumor tissues. (dovepress.com)
- Metabolomic analysis was carried out to assess the metabolites involved in mediating the effect of triterpenoid saponins on tumor tissues. (dovepress.com)
- Effect of Triterpenoid Saponins from Bacopa monniera on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice. (longecity.org)
Flavonoids2
- The fingerprints can simultaneously detect both saponins and flavonoids in AR. (frontiersin.org)
- Comparative Metabolite Profiling of Triterpenoid Saponins and Flavonoids in Flower Color Mutations of Primula veris L. (semanticscholar.org)
Extract7
- According to in vivo studies on secondary metabolites of albutra (akar kuning plant, Arcangelisia flava (L) Merr), saponins extract without alkaloids showed a hepatoprotector activity. (ipb.ac.id)
- 4] A separate study found that giving a certain saponin extract to rats with high cholesterol reduced "bad" (LDL) cholesterol without affecting "good" (HDL) cholesterol. (dreddyclinic.com)
- As a result of further phytochemical studies, one new (ocimuside, 1) and one known (ilexoside, 2) triterpenoid saponins were isolated from the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum. (thefreedictionary.com)
- This contribution may be due to the biocidal aspects of triterpenoid saponins , the main component of the plant extract, which may have favoured the sanitation of the root environment, possibly acting on nematodes, which damage the root system (Ritzinger, Borges, Ledo, & Caldas, 2007), resulting in better root development than with only HS application. (thefreedictionary.com)
- The hypocholesterolemic activity is related to the defatted part of the seed extract [ 3 ] and involves saponin-rich subfractions [ 4 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
- A study on medicinal plants from Iran containing saponins Artemisia dracunculus, Heracleum persicum, Cuminum cynimum shows that the aqueous extract from Artemisia dracunculus has the highest hemolytic effect (G D Noudeh et al. (malariaworld.org)
- Product Description Ginseng Saponin from stem and leaf Ginsenosides Molecular Formula:C42H72O13 Product name Ginseng Root Extract Extract part Panax C.A.Mey'dried root Item Physicochemical Indexes Appearance Light yellow to Yellow powder Odor & taste. (xuijs.com)
Vitro6
- Antioxidant activities of saponins extracted from Radix Trichosanthis: an in vivo and in vitro evaluation," BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine , vol. 14, article 86, 2014. (hindawi.com)
- These saponins exhibit in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects, such as anti-proliferation, anti-metastasis, anti-angiogenesis, anti-multidrug resistance, and autophagy regulation actions. (mdpi.com)
- In natural product research, analysis of the chemotherapeutic efficacy of saponins against various cancer cells is often confined to in vitro analysis and structure elucidation 2 . (nature.com)
- Finally, histological analysis in aphids fed with Q. saponaria saponins demonstrated strong aberrations of the aphid gut epithelium, and exposure of midgut CF-203 cell lines to Q. saponaria saponins in vitro confirmed the cytotoxic effect. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
- The ability of many saponins to cause hemolysis in vitro is a property that is widely used in the design of quantitative bioassays. (malariaworld.org)
- Development of tools for the in vitro conservation and modulation of saponin production of four medicinal Maesa spp. (ugent.be)
Surfactant4
- Drug solubility was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and saponin solubilisation capacity was compared to the conventional surfactant Brij-35. (ijpsonline.com)
- For danazol, the solubilisation capacity of the best saponins was 2-3 times higher than Brij-35, whereas for fenofibrate it was slightly lower than the reference surfactant. (ijpsonline.com)
- Using a Du-Nouy tensiometer, critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of the saponins and tween 80 were determined by measuring surface tension as a function of surfactant concentration. (sid.ir)
- Tea saponin can be used as a surfactant for pesticide production. (tradeholding.com)
High concentrations of saponins1
- A number of plants contain quite high concentrations of saponins and have been used as an alternative soap. (pfaf.org)
Synthesis2
- Thus a field experiment was conducted to study the influence of solar UV-B on the growth response and saponin synthesis in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ) var. (springer.com)
- The result indicates that solar UV-B may possibly suppress the plant growth by regulating the synthesis of natural growth inhibitor's like saponin. (springer.com)
Effects of saponins2
- In addition, related signaling pathways and target proteins involved in the anticancer effects of saponins are also summarized in this work. (mdpi.com)
- It's important to realize that most of the research into the effects of saponins on cancer cells has been preliminary and involved specific enzymes, proteins, or other components of saponins extracted in specific ways and matched against specific cancer cells under specific situations. (globalhealingcenter.com)
Sources of saponins2
- Food and nonfood sources of saponins have come into renewed focus in recent years due to increasing evidence of their health benefits. (ijpsonline.com)
- The major commercial sources of saponins are yucca, soya, alfalfa. (malariaworld.org)
Quantities of saponins2
- Legumes, such peas and soybeans, also contain small quantities of saponins, which are proving their worthiness as phytochemicals. (fsu.edu)
- Closely related to Soapwort are a number of other native plants that contain useful quantities of saponins, including Ragged Robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi) and many of the Campions (Silene spp). (pfaf.org)
Aglycones3
- Purified aglycones recovered from acid hydrolysis of the saponins were separated by reversed chromatography on a thin layer of silica gel. (wikipedia.org)
- The aglycones of 1 - 3 (unusual furostanol saponins with opened E ring type), 9 and 10 (the methoxyl substituent at C-23 position) were found, identified from natural products for the first time. (plos.org)
- The resultant purified saponins were profiled using MALDI-MS/MS and ESI-MS/MS which revealed the structure of isomeric saponins to contain multiple aglycones and/or sugar residues. (mdpi.com)
Antioxidant4
- It's believed saponins have a favorable effect on cholesterol, can help boost the immune system, have an antioxidant effect, and may even support bone strength. (dreddyclinic.com)
- In particular, some saponins have an antioxidant effect[8] and may be directly toxic to cancer cells. (dreddyclinic.com)
- Evaluation of novel antioxidant triterpenoid saponins from the halophyte Salicornia herbacea " Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, vol. (thefreedictionary.com)
- This study optimised conditions for the extraction of saponins from PL and assessed their antioxidant capacity and antipancreatic cancer activity. (ovid.com)
Adjuvant2
- The saponin QS21 has been used and studied for years as an adjuvant agent to improve vaccines for both humans and animals. (uwo.ca)
- Here, we used CpG-C together with the clinically relevant saponin-based adjuvant AbISCO-100/Matrix-M (AbISCO), to assess if TLR9 co-stimulation would quantitatively or qualitatively modulate HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env)-specific B and T cell responses in rhesus macaques. (garvan.org.au)
Plants19
- The present communication deals with the application of paper partition chromatography to the identification of natural saponins and the separation of the constituents present, with particular reference to saponins of the important medical plants. (nature.com)
- In the United States, researchers are exploring the use of saponins derived from plants to control invasive worm species, including the jumping worm. (wikipedia.org)
- In plants, saponins may serve as anti-feedants, and to protect the plant against microbes and fungi. (wikipedia.org)
- Saponin is found in both of these plants, as well as in many other plants of the leguminosæ. (dictionary.com)
- The list42 of plants in which saponin has been discovered is given in the note. (dictionary.com)
- In your effort to eat a more plant-based diet , you may have stumbled upon claims that saponins - phytochemicals found in many plants - can cause a host of harmful side effects, such as intestinal damage and inflammation. (livestrong.com)
- Think of saponins as bodyguards for plants: These phytochemicals help to keep plants healthy, and they can do the same for you. (livestrong.com)
- The viscous formula is an intelligent suspension of amino acid Lysine in saponins from Ayurvedic plants. (skinstore.com)
- In nature, plants rely on saponins as a mechanism to fight parasites. (dreddyclinic.com)
- Saponins are a component in over a hundred different types of plants and foods including beans, chickpeas, peanuts, quinoa, and soy. (globalhealingcenter.com)
- Saponins are a diverse family of natural surfactants, which are present in a wide variety of plants [ 16 , 17 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
- Spraying of faba bean plants with Q. saponaria saponins resulted in an LC50 of 8.2 mg mL(-1). (inria.fr)
- Saponins are found in many plants, often in desert plants and are also present in some marine organisms. (malariaworld.org)
- In fact saponins protect plants from phytopathogenic microorganisms, phytophagous mammalian and insects. (malariaworld.org)
- J Nutr 116, 1986, 2270-2277) shows that the saponins from three different plants increase the permeability of the small intestinal mucosal cells, facilitating the uptake of material to which the gut would normally be impermeable. (malariaworld.org)
- Earlier we have reported that the exclusion of solar UV-B increased the growth and yield of cotton plants as compared with ambient UV-B. The UV-B radiation effects on the saponins and the impact of ambient and reduced UV-B on the accumulation of saponins has not been investigated yet. (springer.com)
- 2010 ). Saponins are widely distributed in plants and involved in various biological activities such as antimicrobial, antitermitic, molluscicidol and anti-human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) protease (Crombie et al. (springer.com)
- Furthermore, a few studies indicated a promoting effect of higher light intensities on saponin concentrations in plants (Mathur et al. (springer.com)
- Influence of saponin plants on the volatile fraction of thyme in herbal teas. (semanticscholar.org)
Furostanol saponins1
- Eleven new furostanol saponins, typaspidosides B-L ( 1 - 11 ), one new spirostanol saponin, typaspidoside M ( 12 ), and five known spirostanol saponins, 25 S -atropuroside ( 13 ), neoaspidistrin ( 14 ), (25 S )-pratioside D 1 ( 15 ), 25 S -aspidistrin ( 16 ) and 25 S -neosibiricoside ( 17 ) were isolated from the rhizomes of Aspidistra typica Baill. (plos.org)
Soybeans2
- According to an article published in the Journal of Nutrition, saponins from soybeans may slow the growth of cancer cells. (dreddyclinic.com)
- This review discusses the changes in content of trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, saponins and isoflavones as soybeans are processed into the conventional protein ingredients, flours, concentrates and isolates, as well as some of the traditional Oriental soybean foods. (nih.gov)
Dammarane-type1
- This study revealed the potent antagonistic effect of dammarane-type saponins 1 and 6 against Alzheimer's disease.Graphical abstractTwo undescribed dammarane-type saponins were isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum. (medworm.com)
Contain saponins1
- Ophiopogonis radix ( Ophiopogon japonicus ), all contain saponins ( Ministry of Public Health of the People's Republic of China, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)
Ginseng saponins2
- Effects of ginseng saponins isolated from red ginseng on ultraviolet B-induced skin aging in hairless mice. (nih.gov)
- The topical application of total ginseng saponins (10 pg or 100 ng/mouse) and ginsenoside Rb(1) (100 fg, 10 pg, or 1 ng/mouse) significantly inhibited increases in skin thickness and wrinkle formation and the reduction in skin elasticity induced by long-term UVB irradiation. (nih.gov)
Saponaria6
- The saponin separated from Saponaria, and from the corn cockle will be here described. (dictionary.com)
- Four saponins were selected: two triterpene saponins, Q. saponaria saponins and aescin, and two steroidal saponins, digitonin and diosgenin. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
- The triterpene Q. saponaria saponins bark saponin received special attention because of its high activity. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
- RESULTS: When aphids were exposed to supplemented artificial diet for 3 days, a strong aphicidal activity was recorded for three of the four saponins, with an LC(50) of 0.55 mg mL(-1) for Q. saponaria saponins, 0.62 mg mL(-1) for aescin and 0.45 mg mL(-1) for digitonin. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
- CONCLUSIONS: The present insect experiments provide strong evidence that saponins, as tested here with triterpene Q. saponaria saponins, can be useful as natural aphicides and deterrents. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
- But since one piece of the molecule mixes well with water and the other doesn't, saponins (as the name implies) can have noticeable soap-like effects, forming foams and acting as cleansers (soapwort, Saponaria , has long been prized as an easy and abundant botanical detergent). (blogspot.com)
Rats3
- However, that toxicity doesn't necessarily carry over to warm-blooded animals: Studies in rats, mice and rabbits have implied that saponins don't get absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, but rather are broken down by enzymes. (livestrong.com)
- Dietary saponins of sea cucumber alleviate orotic acid-induced fatty liver in rats via PPARalpha and SREBP-1c signaling. (biomedsearch.com)
- Therefore, the present study was undertaken to examine the effect of saponins extracted from sea cucumber (Pearsonothuria graeffei) on the preventive activity of fatty liver in rats. (biomedsearch.com)
Concentrations4
- Some saponins are toxic to cold-blooded organisms and insects at particular concentrations. (wikipedia.org)
- In the next step, the effect of complex formation with cholesterol was determined by measuring the changes in surface tension and critical micelle concentrations due to addition of cholesterol in saponin solutions. (sid.ir)
- CAY-1, a fungicidal saponin in cayenne pepper ( Capsicum frutescens ) was significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) lethal to the germinating (incubated 8 hr) but not the nongerminated (0 hr incubation) conidia of all the fungi except Alternaria and E. purpurascens at concentrations greater than 7.5 μM. (ajevonline.org)
- A synergy between poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP)-coated silica nanoparticles (CPs) and saponin β-escin was exploited to develop long-lasting foams using low component concentrations. (usda.gov)
Adjuvants3
- The ability of saponins to act as immunological adjuvants by enhancing the immune response to antigens has been recognized since 1940's [ 8 , 9 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
- For the same reason saponins are used as adjuvants in vaccines. (malariaworld.org)
- The uses of saponins as adjuvants in vaccines may also be related to the activation of lymphocytes (SR Chavali et al. (malariaworld.org)
Rhizomes1
- Six new steroidal saponins were isolated from the rhizomes of Smilax sieboldii. (nih.gov)
Panax Ginseng3
- The triterpenoid saponins occurring in Panax Ginseng are known to have psychoactive properties and therefore there is a possibility that other triterpenoid saponins found in the Carophyllaceae family may also have psychoactive properties that requires further research. (thefreedictionary.com)
- All panax ginseng saponin wholesalers & panax ginseng saponin manufacturers come from members. (xuijs.com)
- We doesn't provide panax ginseng saponin products or service, please contact them directly and verify their companies info carefully. (xuijs.com)
Detergents1
- Traditionally, saponins have been used as natural detergents. (livestrong.com)
Hydrophobic1
- In the current article, the solubilisation of hydrophobic drugs by saponins was investigated. (ijpsonline.com)
Ursane type2
- Urease inhibitory activity of ursane type sulfated saponins from the aerial parts of Zygophyllum fabago Linn. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Five ursane type sulfated saponins have been isolated from the aerial parts of Zygophyllum fabago Linn, (locally called Chashum). (thefreelibrary.com)
Seeds2
- Considering the high market potential of steroidal saponins and vivid reports of steroidal saponins and fixed oil content in fenugreek seeds, the present study was carried out to identify fenugreek genotype rich in steroidal saponins and fixed oil content. (ijpsonline.com)
- Method: Cytotoxic activity of saponin mixtures from M. arabica (tops and roots), M. arborea (tops) and M. sativa (tops, roots and seeds) and related prosapogenins from M. arborea and M. sativa (tops) against HeLa and MCF-7 cell lines is described. (eurekaselect.com)
Widely distributed1
- Saponins are widely distributed secondary plant metabolites. (malariaworld.org)
Induce4
- Immunization of chickens with the vaccine followed by challenge with a velogenic reference strain revealed the potential of the saponin-adjuvanted vaccine to induce a strong immune response that resulted in complete protection of chickens. (lancs.ac.uk)
- The combination of soya saponins and fishmeal did not induce morphological changes but fish fed soya saponins in combination with lupin kernel meal displayed significant enteritis. (dtu.dk)
- The study demonstrates that soya saponins, in combination with one or several unidentified components present in legumes, induce an inflammatory reaction in the distal intestine of Atlantic salmon. (dtu.dk)
- Soya saponins increase the intestinal epithelial permeability but do not, per se, induce enteritis. (dtu.dk)
Fenugreek1
- In the present study, steroidal saponin and fixed oil content was analysed in 46 diverse fenugreek genotypes on dry weight basis. (ijpsonline.com)
Phytochemical1
- When consumed in the diet, several classes of phytochemical saponins are suspected to exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activity as antifungal and antibacterial agents. (fsu.edu)
Plant18
- Digitalis is one such saponin and is derived from the common garden plant, Foxglove. (fsu.edu)
- The saponins are extracted by boiling for a short time and then infusing the whole plant. (pfaf.org)
- In this study, chemical and physical properties of unripe saponins obtained by extraction from the roots of Gypsophila simonii, an endemic plant, were isolated and investigated. (wikipedia.org)
- The greatest concentration of saponin will be when the plant is flowering, and the most saponin is found in the woody parts of the plant like thick stems and roots, but the leaves also have some. (wikipedia.org)
- Saponins have historically been plant-derived, but they have also been isolated from marine organisms such as sea cucumber. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Some plant saponins (e.g. from oat and spinach) may enhance nutrient absorption and aid in animal digestion. (wikipedia.org)
- However, saponins are often bitter to taste, and so can reduce plant palatability (e.g., in livestock feeds), or even imbue them with life-threatening animal toxicity. (wikipedia.org)
- Saponins, classification and occurrence in the plant kingdom. (nih.gov)
- Saponins are found in many plant foods and may affect the absorption of certain nutrients, but experts say you shouldn't cut them out of your diet entirely. (livestrong.com)
- Triterpenoid saponins have been reported from the plant (Englert et al. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Three new saponins, bacopasides IX-XI ( 1- 3), together with their known analogues bacopaside I ( 4), bacopaside II ( 5), bacopasaponsin C ( 6), and bacopasaponsin D ( 7), were isolated from the whole plant of BACOPA MONNIERA. (longecity.org)
- This is the transcript of a talk I gave recently (at the Traditions herb conference in New Mexico), and focuses specifically on a class of plant chemicals: the saponins. (blogspot.com)
- Plant saponins are perhaps the best example of this, acting on every level from the formula to the internal organs and everything in between, changing their conformation and altering their behavior as they move through the physiology and interact with its denizens. (blogspot.com)
- The basic test for saponins in a plant is easy. (blogspot.com)
- Most saponins are highly surface-active, and many form addition-complexes with sterols, including those of fungal, plant and animal cells. (malariaworld.org)
- Background: Saponins from Medicago species display several biological activities, among them apoptotic effects against plant cells have been evidenced. (eurekaselect.com)
- The medicinal organ of the plant is constituted of its roots, containing 3-15% triterpene saponins that have many indications such as expectorant, antiinflammatory, flavoring and foaming agent. (sid.ir)
- Although all parts of ivy are poisonous as the plant contains saponins, especially hederasaponins, I. coleoptratus can cope with the poison. (uni-linz.ac.at)
Activity8
- The amphipathic nature of saponins gives them activity as surfactants with potential ability to interact with cell membrane components, such as cholesterol and phospholipids, possibly making saponins useful for development of cosmetics and drugs. (wikipedia.org)
- The isolated steroidal saponins were evaluated for cyotoxic activity against human C6 brain gliomas and Hela cervix cancer cell lines using MTT assays. (biomedsearch.com)
- Saponins also have antifungal, antiviral and antibacterial activity. (livestrong.com)
- 6] In another study, a specific type of saponin was observed to have antimicrobial activity that favorably influenced oral health. (dreddyclinic.com)
- Cholesterol-lowering activity of saponins, which has been demonstrated in animal and human trials, has been attributed to inhibition of the absorption of cholesterol from the small intestine, or the reabsorption of bile acids [ 10 - 12 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
- The anti-cancer activity of these two pennogenyl saponins was investigated in nude mice bearing human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) HepG2 xenografts. (ovid.com)
- The results of a comparative study of the respiration rates of mitochondria in saponin-skinned rat cardiac fibers (SF) and in fibers treated with saponin and collagenase (SCF) suggest that only about half of the whole population of mitochondria manifest their activity in SF, in contrast to SCF, in response to extracellular substrates of oxidative phosphorylation. (portlandpress.com)
- When saponins, derived prosapogenins and pure saponins were used in combination with cisplatin, they all, to different extent, were able to potentiate cisplatin activity against HeLa cells but not against MCF-7 cell lines. (eurekaselect.com)