Drugs, Chinese Herbal
Phenanthrenes
Lamiaceae
Medicine, Chinese Traditional
Plant Extracts
Plant Roots
Cinnamates
Benzaldehydes
Plants, Medicinal
Panax notoginseng
Caffeic Acids
Phenanthrolines
Salvia miltiorrhiza and ischemic diseases. (1/129)
The demonstration of beneficial effects of salvia miltiorrhiza (DanShen) on ischemic diseases has revolutionized the management of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke in Chinese society. Experimental studies have shown that DanShen dilated coronary arteries, increased coronary blood flow, and scavenged free radicals in ischemic diseases, so that it reduced the cellular damage from ischemia and improved heart functions. Clinical trials also indicated that DanShen was an effective medicine for angina pectoris, MI, and stroke. This review will focus on DanShen's effects in angina pectoris, MI and stroke. (+info)Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge injection on anticardiolipin antibody production induced by beta2 glycoprotein. (2/129)
AIM: To explore the therapeutic effect and the mechanism of Chinese herbs on antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) by observing the effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge injectio (SmBI) on anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) induced by beta2 glycoprotein I (beta2-GP I). METHODS: Sixty female mice randomly fell into 6 groups: group A, B, C, D was injected through abdominal cavity with different dosage of SmBI daily; after 14 d, group A, B, C, E was immunized with 150 microg of purified human beta2-GP I in complete Freund's adjuvant subcutaneously; group F as control. The titre of aCL were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; subsets of T cell were grouped by streptavidin-biotin complex technique; and the activity of IL-2 was measured by MTT chromatometry. RESULTS: (1) Compared with group E, the absorbance (A) of aCL in group A, B, and C was decreased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). By linear correlation, the dosage is negatively correlated with the A values of aCL in 1, 2, and 3 weeks (P < 0.01). (2) Compared with group E, TH/TS ratio was reduced in group A, B, and C (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); there is no significant differences between group D and F (P>0.05). By linear correlation, the dosage is negatively correlated with TH/TS ratio (P < 0.01). (3) Compared with E, the activity of IL-2 in group B and C decreased significantly (P < 0.01). By linear correlation, there is negative correlation between dosage and IL-2 activity (P < 0.01). There is no significant difference between D and F (P > 0.05). (4) There is positive correlation between TH/TS ratio and IL-2 activity in different dilutions (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The mechanism of suppressive effect of SmBI on aCL induced by beta2-GP I may be realized by resuming the elevated TH/TS ratio and IL-2 activity. The state that SmBI have no effect on normal mice indicates that SmBI has selective immunoregulative functive. (+info)Magnesium lithospermate B inhibits hypoxia-induced calcium influx and nitric oxide release in endothelial cells. (3/129)
AIM: To investigate the inhibitory effect of magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) on hypoxia-induced elevation of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and nitric oxide (NO) release in endothelial cells. METHODS: The cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECV304) were cultured for 30 min under 95 % N(2) and 5 % CO2. Cell injury was evaluated by dye exclusion test and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. [Ca2+]i was determined by Fura 2-AM. NO content was examined by the NO assay kit. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expressions were measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: Cell viability was decreased from (93.0 +/- 2.6) % in normoxia to (85.5 +/- 2.1) % in hypoxia (P < 0.01), and LDH release was increased from (41 +/- 28) U/L in normoxia to (141+/-68) U/L in hypoxia (P < 0.01) in ECV304 cultured under calcium conditions. MLB 5 and 10 mg/L improved cell viability and inhibited LDH leakage in ECV304. In addition, hypoxia increased [Ca2+]i, NO release, and eNOS and iNOS mRNA expressions in ECV304 (P < 0.01). These increases could be inhibited by MLB 5 and 10 mg/L (P < 0.01), but they were unaffected by hypoxia under calcium-free conditions. CONCLUSION: MLB attenuates hypoxia-induced cell injury and inhibits hypoxia-induced increases of [Ca2+]i, NO release, and eNOS and iNOS mRNA expressions in ECV304 in Krebs'solution containing calcium. The decreases of NO production and eNOS mRNA expression are possibly associated with inhibition of extracellular calcium influx in MLB-treated ECV304 (+info)Salvianolate inhibits proliferation and endothelin release in cultured rat mesangial cells. (4/129)
AIM: To study the effects of salvianolate, an aqueous extract of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, on the proliferation and endothelin release of cultured rat mesangial cells. METHODS: The proliferation of mesangial cells was determined in terms of [3H]thymidine uptake. The concentration of endothelin was measured by radioimmunoassay. The cytotoxicity of salvianolate was tested by tetrazolium (MTT) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. RESULTS: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 10 mg/L increased the proliferation and endothelin release in cultured mesangial cells. When mesangial cells pretreated with 3, 10, and 30 mg/L of salvianolate were incubated for 4 h with LPS, salvianolate exhibited a concentration dependent inhibitory effect on proliferation and endothelin levels in the mesangial cells induced by LPS. Furthermore, the increased basal levels of mesangial cells proliferation and the endothelin release were also effectively inhibited by salvianolate 30 mg/L at 4, 8, and 12 h. Besides, no cytotoxicity of salvianolate was observed. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that salvianolate can inhibit mesangial cells proliferation, which may be related to the decrease of endothelin release. (+info)Salvia miltiorrhiza monomer IH764-3 induces hepatic stellate cell apoptosis via caspase-3 activation. (5/129)
AIM: To investigate the effects of IH764-3 on HSC apoptosis and the expression of caspase-3 protein in HSC apoptotic process. METHODS: HSCs were cultured in medium with different IH764-3 doses(10 microg.mL(-1) 20 microg.mL(-1) 30 microg.mL(-1) 40 microg.mL(-1)) and without IH764-3 and HSC proliferation was quantitatively measured by (3)H-thymidine incorporation. The morphological changes of HSCs were observed with transmission electron microscope after exposure to the dose of 40 microg.mL(-1) of IH764-3 for 48 hr. The apoptosis rates were detected by annexin V/PI and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). The expression of caspase-3 protein was determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS: (1) HSC proliferation rates induced with different IH764-3 doses (10 microg.mL(-1) 20 microg.mL(-1) 30 microg.mL(-1) 40 microg.mL(-1)) were significantly reduced compared with that of the control group (P<0.01). (2)With the doses above,IH764-3 dose-dependently produced HSC apoptosis rates of 6.7%(9.4%) 9.3%(21.6%) 15.1%(27.2%) and 19.0%(28.4%) respectively by annexin V and PI-labeled flow cytometry assay or TUNEL while it was only 2.3%(6.7%) in the control. (3) The expression of caspase-3 protein in IH764-3 groups was significantly higher than that of the control (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Within the dose range used in present study IH764-3 can inhibit HSC proliferation as well as enhance HSC apoptosis. Furthermore IH764-3 can significantly increase the caspase-3 protein expression. (+info)Effects of xiaoyu tablet on endothelin-1, nitric oxide, and apoptotic cells of atherosclerotic vessel wall in rabbits. (6/129)
AIM: To investigate the mechanism of xiaoyu tablet on reduction of smooth muscle cells (SMC) in atherosclerotic vessel wall. METHODS: The atherosclerotic model was performed in male New Zealand rabbits that were given high fat diet and abrasion of the abdominal aorta endothelial cells. The rabbits were then administered with xiaoyu tablet 0.16-0.32 g x kg(-1) x d(-1) for 16 weeks. Changes in morphology, endothelin (ET)-1, nitric oxide (NO), and apoptotic cells of atherosclerotic vessel wall were determined by the microscopy, radioimmunoassay, colorimetric method, the techniques of DNA in situ end labeling, and image pattern analysis, respectively. RESULTS: After 16 weeks of xiaoyu tablet treatment, intimal thickness and SMC in atherosclerotic vessel wall were diminished, ET-1 was decreased by 8.2 %-42.6 %, NO was increased by 7.5 %-54.2 %, and labeled apoptotic nuclei were markedly decreased, the area and integral optical density of positive granule were (846+/-308) microm2 and 3425+/-1374 in atherosclerotic group and (225+/-60) microm2 and 1445+/-606 in xiaoyu tablet 0.32 g/kg group, respectively. CONCLUSION: Xiaoyu tablet not only inhibited proliferation of SMC through reducing ET-1 in atherosclerotic vessel wall, but also induced apoptosis of SMC by increasing NO in vessel wall. (+info)Effective isolation of magnesium lithospermate B and its inhibition of aldose reductase and fibronectin on mesangial cell line. (7/129)
We developed an effective isolation method of magnesium lithospermate B from Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix and found for the first time that magnesium lithospermate B shows strong in vitro inhibition (IC50=0.04 microM) of aldose reductase (AR), 2.5 times than that of clinically used epalrestat (IC50=0.1 microM) and accumulation of fibronectin dose dependently. (+info)Contents of four active components in different commercial crude drugs and preparations of danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza). (8/129)
AIM: To detect the contents of four active components of Salvia miltiorrhiza in various commercially available danshen crude drugs and preparations. METHODS: Commercially available danshen crude drugs from different sources, as well as danshen pills and intravenous injection preparations containing danshen alone or in combination with other herbs were collected. The composition of these danshen samples was analyzed using HPLC. Specifically, the amounts of magnesium tanshinoate B (MTB), danshensu, isotanshinone HA, and cryptotanshinone were determined. In some of these samples, the content of MTB was further confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS)/MS method. RESULTS: There were great variations in the amount of the four active ingredients in the commercially available danshen crude drugs and drug preparations in this study. The amount of MTB was the highest among the four components measured in the crude drugs. However, the amounts of MTB in all danshen preparations were much lower than those in crude drugs. The 2 lipophilic components, isotanshinone HA and cryptotanshinone, were very low or not detectable in both injection and oral preparations. CONCLUSION: MTB can be used to standardize the various forms of danshen crude drugs and drug preparations from different sources. In view of the variation in the amounts of MTB and other components, improvement in the production methods of danshen preparations is essential to ensure consistent amount of its active ingredients and reproducible pharmacological actions. (+info)Salvia miltiorrhiza, also known as Danshen in Traditional Chinese Medicine, is a plant species native to China. It has been used in traditional medicine for centuries for its potential health benefits. The dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza is used to make various medicinal preparations.
The medical definition of Salvia miltiorrhiza refers to the pharmacological properties and chemical constituents of this plant. The roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza contain compounds such as tanshinones, salvianolic acids, and phenolic acids, which have been studied for their potential therapeutic effects on various health conditions.
Tanshinones are abietane-type diterpenoids that have been found to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. Salvianolic acids are phenolic acids with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Phenolic acids such as rosmarinic acid and lithospermic acid have been found to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Salvia miltiorrhiza has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating various conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, liver diseases, and diabetes. However, more research is needed to fully understand the medical benefits and potential risks of Salvia miltiorrhiza use.
"Salvia" is a genus of plants that includes over 900 species, with some commonly known as sage. However, in a medical context, the term "Salvia" often refers to Salvia divinorum, a specific species of this plant. Salvia divinorum, also known as sage of the diviners, is a psychoactive herb that can produce hallucinations and other altered mental states when ingested, usually by smoking or chewing the leaves. It contains a chemical called salvinorin A, which is believed to be responsible for its psychoactive effects.
It's important to note that while Salvia divinorum has been used in traditional healing practices in some cultures, it can also have dangerous side effects and its use is regulated in many parts of the world. It should only be used under medical supervision and with a clear understanding of its potential risks.
Abietanes are a subclass of diterpenes, which are a type of organic compound consisting of four isoprene units and having the chemical formula C20H32. Diterpenes are synthesized by a wide variety of plants and some animals, and they have diverse biological activities.
Abietanes are characterized by a distinctive carbon skeleton that contains three six-membered rings arranged in a linear fashion, with the fourth ring being a five-membered ring. This particular structure is derived from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), a precursor to many diterpenes.
Abietanes are found in various natural sources, including pine resin, where they exist as resin acids such as abietic acid, pimaric acid, and isopimaric acid. These compounds have been studied for their potential medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. However, more research is needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential of abietanes and to develop safe and effective treatments based on these compounds.
Chinese herbal drugs, also known as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), refer to a system of medicine that has been practiced in China for thousands of years. It is based on the belief that the body's vital energy, called Qi, must be balanced and flowing freely for good health. TCM uses various techniques such as herbal therapy, acupuncture, dietary therapy, and exercise to restore balance and promote healing.
Chinese herbal drugs are usually prescribed in the form of teas, powders, pills, or tinctures and may contain one or a combination of herbs. The herbs used in Chinese medicine are typically derived from plants, minerals, or animal products. Some commonly used Chinese herbs include ginseng, astragalus, licorice root, and cinnamon bark.
It is important to note that the use of Chinese herbal drugs should be under the guidance of a qualified practitioner, as some herbs can interact with prescription medications or have side effects. Additionally, the quality and safety of Chinese herbal products can vary widely depending on the source and manufacturing process.
Phenanthrenes are not typically defined in a medical context, but they are a class of organic compounds that have a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon structure consisting of three benzene rings fused together. They can be found in some natural products and have been studied for their potential pharmacological properties. Some phenanthrenes have shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities, among others. However, more research is needed to fully understand their therapeutic potential and safety profile.
Depsides are a type of chemical compound that are formed by the condensation of two molecules of phenolic acids. They are a subclass of polyphenols, which are compounds found in plants that have various biological activities. Depsides are characterized by the presence of a central core structure consisting of a benzene ring linked to a carboxylic acid group through a carbon-carbon bond.
Depsides can be further classified into different subgroups based on the specific phenolic acids that make up their structure. Some common examples of depsides include chlorogenic acid, which is formed from caffeic acid and quinic acid, and rosmarinic acid, which is formed from caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid.
Depsides have been studied for their potential health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. They are found in a variety of plant foods, such as fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices, and may contribute to the overall health-promoting properties of these foods.
'Salvia officinalis', also known as garden sage or common sage, is not a medical condition but an herb that has been used in traditional medicine. Here's the botanical definition:
Salvia officinalis, commonly known as sage, garden sage, or common sage, is a perennial, evergreen subshrub, with woody stems, grayish leaves, and blue to purplish flowers. It belongs to the Lamiaceae family, also known as the mint family. The plant is native to the Mediterranean region and has been cultivated throughout the world for its aromatic leaves, which are used in cooking, cosmetics, and medicinal preparations.
In traditional medicine, sage leaves have been used to treat various conditions, such as sore throats, coughs, colds, and digestive issues. However, it is essential to note that the effectiveness of sage for these uses has not been thoroughly studied in clinical trials, and its use should not replace conventional medical care. Always consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new treatment or therapy.
I apologize for the confusion, but "Lamiaceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in biology, specifically it is a family of flowering plants that includes many familiar herbs such as mint, rosemary, sage, basil, and lavender. These plants are often used in medicine, cooking, and for ornamental purposes. The Lamiaceae family is characterized by their square stems, opposite leaves, and two-lipped flowers.
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a system of medicine that has been developed in China over thousands of years. It is based on the philosophy that the body's vital energy (Qi) circulates through a network of channels called meridians, and that disease results from an imbalance or blockage in this flow of Qi.
TCM uses a variety of treatments to restore balance and promote health, including acupuncture, herbal medicine, moxibustion (the burning of herbs near the skin), cupping, dietary therapy, and tuina (Chinese massage). The use of Chinese herbal medicines is a major component of TCM, with formulas often consisting of combinations of several different herbs tailored to the individual patient's needs.
In addition to these treatments, TCM practitioners may also use diagnostic techniques such as pulse diagnosis and tongue examination to assess a person's overall health and determine the underlying cause of their symptoms. The goal of TCM is not only to treat specific symptoms or diseases but to address the root causes of illness and promote overall wellness.
A plant extract is a preparation containing chemical constituents that have been extracted from a plant using a solvent. The resulting extract may contain a single compound or a mixture of several compounds, depending on the extraction process and the specific plant material used. These extracts are often used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food and beverage, due to their potential therapeutic or beneficial properties. The composition of plant extracts can vary widely, and it is important to ensure their quality, safety, and efficacy before use in any application.
Phytotherapy is the use of extracts of natural origin, especially plants or plant parts, for therapeutic purposes. It is also known as herbal medicine and is a traditional practice in many cultures. The active compounds in these plant extracts are believed to have various medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, or sedative effects. Practitioners of phytotherapy may use the whole plant, dried parts, or concentrated extracts to prepare teas, capsules, tinctures, or ointments for therapeutic use. It is important to note that the effectiveness and safety of phytotherapy are not always supported by scientific evidence, and it should be used with caution and preferably under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
Benzofurans are a class of organic compounds that consist of a benzene ring fused to a furan ring. The furan ring is a five-membered aromatic heterocycle containing one oxygen atom and four carbon atoms. Benzofurans can be found in various natural and synthetic substances. Some benzofuran derivatives have biological activity and are used in medicinal chemistry, while others are used as flavorings or fragrances. However, some benzofuran compounds are also known to have psychoactive effects and can be abused as recreational drugs.
A plant root is not a medical term per se, but it is a term from botany, which is the study of plants. However, I can certainly provide a definition for you.
Plant roots are the underground organs of a plant that typically grow downward into the soil. They serve several important functions, including:
1. Anchorage: Roots help to stabilize the plant and keep it upright in the ground.
2. Absorption: Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, which are essential for the plant's growth and development.
3. Conduction: Roots conduct water and nutrients up to the above-ground parts of the plant, such as the stem and leaves.
4. Vegetative reproduction: Some plants can reproduce vegetatively through their roots, producing new plants from root fragments or specialized structures called rhizomes or tubers.
Roots are composed of several different tissues, including the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and vascular tissue. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the root, which secretes a waxy substance called suberin that helps to prevent water loss. The cortex is the middle layer of the root, which contains cells that store carbohydrates and other nutrients. The endodermis is a thin layer of cells that surrounds the vascular tissue and regulates the movement of water and solutes into and out of the root. The vascular tissue consists of xylem and phloem, which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
Cinnamates are organic compounds that are derived from cinnamic acid. They contain a carbon ring with a double bond and a carboxylic acid group, making them aromatic acids. Cinnamates are widely used in the perfume industry due to their pleasant odor, and they also have various applications in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries.
In a medical context, cinnamates may be used as topical medications for the treatment of skin conditions such as fungal infections or inflammation. For example, cinnamate esters such as cinoxacin and ciclopirox are commonly used as antifungal agents in creams, lotions, and shampoos. These compounds work by disrupting the cell membranes of fungi, leading to their death.
Cinnamates may also have potential therapeutic benefits for other medical conditions. For instance, some studies suggest that cinnamate derivatives may have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties, making them promising candidates for the development of new drugs to treat diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. However, more research is needed to confirm these effects and determine their safety and efficacy in humans.
Benzaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CHO. It is the simplest aromatic aldehyde, and it consists of a benzene ring attached to a formyl group. Benzaldehyde is a colorless liquid with a characteristic almond-like odor.
Benzaldehyde occurs naturally in various plants, including bitter almonds, cherries, peaches, and apricots. It is used in many industrial applications, such as in the production of perfumes, flavorings, and dyes. In addition, benzaldehyde has been used in medical research for its potential therapeutic effects, such as its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
However, it is important to note that benzaldehyde can be toxic in high concentrations and may cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. Therefore, it should be handled with care and used in accordance with appropriate safety guidelines.
Medicinal plants are defined as those plants that contain naturally occurring chemical compounds which can be used for therapeutic purposes, either directly or indirectly. These plants have been used for centuries in various traditional systems of medicine, such as Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, and Native American medicine, to prevent or treat various health conditions.
Medicinal plants contain a wide variety of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, and saponins, among others. These compounds have been found to possess various pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities.
Medicinal plants can be used in various forms, including whole plant material, extracts, essential oils, and isolated compounds. They can be administered through different routes, such as oral, topical, or respiratory, depending on the desired therapeutic effect.
It is important to note that while medicinal plants have been used safely and effectively for centuries, they should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Some medicinal plants can interact with prescription medications or have adverse effects if used inappropriately.
Panax notoginseng, also known as Chinese ginseng or Sanqi, is a species of plant in the Araliaceae family that is native to China. In traditional Chinese medicine, the root of this plant is used as an herbal remedy for various purposes, including improving blood circulation, reducing pain and swelling, and promoting healing of wounds and bruises.
Modern medical research has investigated the potential therapeutic effects of Panax notoginseng and its constituents, such as saponins and phenolic compounds. Some studies suggest that it may have cardiovascular benefits, neuroprotective effects, and anti-cancer properties, although more research is needed to confirm these findings and establish recommended dosages and safety profiles.
It's important to note that the use of Panax notoginseng as a medical treatment should be supervised by a healthcare professional, as it can interact with other medications and have potential side effects.
Caffeic acids are a type of phenolic compounds that contain a catechol structure and a carboxylic acid group. They are found in various plants, including coffee, tea, fruits, and vegetables. The most common caffeic acid is caffeic acid itself, which is abundant in coffee. Caffeic acids have been studied for their potential health benefits, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. However, more research is needed to fully understand their effects on human health.
Phenanthrolines are a class of compounds that contain a phenanthrene core with two amine groups attached to adjacent carbon atoms. They are known for their ability to form complexes with metal ions and have been widely used in the field of medicinal chemistry as building blocks for pharmaceuticals, particularly in the development of antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine and quinine. Additionally, phenanthrolines have also been explored for their potential use in cancer therapy due to their ability to interfere with DNA replication and transcription. However, it's important to note that specific medical uses and applications of phenanthrolines will depend on the particular compound and its properties.
"Plant preparations" is not a term with a specific medical definition in the field of medicine or pharmacology. However, it is commonly used to refer to various forms of plant material that have been prepared for medicinal use. This can include dried and powdered plant parts, such as leaves, roots, or flowers, as well as extracts or concentrates made from plants. These preparations may be used in traditional medicine or as the basis for modern pharmaceuticals. It is important to note that the safety, effectiveness, and quality of plant preparations can vary widely, and they should only be used under the guidance of a qualified healthcare provider.
A chloroplast genome is the entire genetic material that is present in the chloroplasts, which are organelles found in plant cells and some protists. The chloroplast genome is circular in shape and contains about 120-160 kilobases (kb) of DNA. It encodes for a small number of proteins, ribosomal RNAs, and transfer RNAs that are required for the function of the chloroplasts, particularly in photosynthesis. The chloroplast genome is usually inherited maternally, meaning it is passed down from the mother to her offspring.
The chloroplast genome is relatively simple compared to the nuclear genome, which contains many more genes and regulatory elements. However, most of the proteins required for chloroplast function are actually encoded in the nucleus and imported into the chloroplasts. The study of chloroplast genomes can provide insights into the evolutionary history of plants and their photosynthetic ancestors.
Catechols are a type of chemical compound that contain a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached to it in the ortho position. The term "catechol" is often used interchangeably with "ortho-dihydroxybenzene." Catechols are important in biology because they are produced through the metabolism of certain amino acids, such as phenylalanine and tyrosine, and are involved in the synthesis of various neurotransmitters and hormones. They also have antioxidant properties and can act as reducing agents. In chemistry, catechols can undergo various reactions, such as oxidation and polymerization, to form other classes of compounds.
Clerodane diterpenes are a type of diterpene, which is a class of naturally occurring organic compounds that contain 20 carbon atoms arranged in a particular structure. Diterpenes are synthesized by a variety of plants and some animals, and they have diverse biological activities.
Clerodane diterpenes are named after the plant genus Clerodendron, which contains many species that produce these compounds. These compounds have a characteristic carbon skeleton known as the clerodane skeleton, which is characterized by a bridged bicyclic structure.
Clerodane diterpenes have been studied for their potential medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. Some clerodane diterpenes have been found to inhibit the growth of certain types of cancer cells, while others have been shown to have immunomodulatory effects. However, more research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic uses.
Salvia miltiorrhiza
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Salvia
Salvia miltiorrhiza - Wikipedia
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Shen3
- Book Dan Shen (Salvia Miltiorrhiza) In Medicine: Volume 1. (scarpa-eg.com)
- Encapsulated Dan Shen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) root. (sagewomanherbs.com)
- Encapsulated Dan Shen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) root, aka Red Sage root, or Chinese Red Sage. (sagewomanherbs.com)
Bunge5
- Danshen , belongs to the Lamiaceae family , and its scientific name is Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. (bvsalud.org)
- Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is a valuable medicinal plant that prevents and treats cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases . (bvsalud.org)
- Four diterpenoid tanshinones and three phenolic acids were isolated from the crude ethanol extract of the cultured hairy roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge by bioassayguided fractionation. (edu.hk)
- Tanshinone IIA (TIIA) and cryptotanshinone (CRY) from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge were investigated for their inhibitory activity against the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/microsomal prosta-glandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1)/endothelial prostaglandin 3 (EP3) pathway using in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo assays. (unisa.it)
- Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) Bunge which is a Chinese herb widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders contains a potent antioxidant, Salvianolic acid B. To determine whether the antioxidant affects vascular apoptosis, the present study examined the frequency of apoptotic cell death in atherosclerotic plaques and in restenotic lesions of cholesterol-fed rabbits. (tmu.edu.tw)
Tanshinones3
- Salvia Miltiorrhiza Extract contains several active compounds, including salvianolic acids and tanshinones, which are responsible for its therapeutic properties. (natesw.com)
- The results indicated that the major portion of the antimicrobial activity was due to the presence of tanshinones and phenolic acids in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots, which could be used as the materials for producing antimicrobial agents for use in agricultural practice in the future. (edu.hk)
- Further, it highlights the biosynthetic pathways of tanshinones and phenolic acids - two main classes of bioactive components produced in this plant species - and reviews and discusses the technology of hairy root induction, tissue culture and genetic transformation of S. miltiorrhiza. (stanford.edu)
Extract1
- Salvia Miltiorrhiza Extract is an herbal extract derived from the root of the Salvia Miltiorrhiza plant, also known as Danshen. (natesw.com)
Salvianolic1
- Chemical compounds isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza include salvianolic acid (or salvianolic acid B), dihydrotanshinone, miltirone, tanshinone I, and tanshinone IIA. (wikipedia.org)
Root2
- Tanshinone IIA is one of the most abundant constituents of the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza. (wikipedia.org)
- 634 mg of pure Salvia miltiorrhiza root per capsule. (sagewomanherbs.com)
Herb3
- Salvia miltiorrhiza is a common Chinese herb in China, and the main medicinal parts of Salvia miltiorrhiza is the dry rhizome. (diureticspill.com)
- derived from the Chinese herb, Salvia miltiorrhiza) on HBV replication in HepG2 2.2.15 cell line and duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) replication in ducklings in vivo. (nih.gov)
- Chia (Salvia hispanica) is an herb that originated in Mexico and was cultivated by the Aztecs. (webmd.com)
Hairy roots1
- The hairy roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza were subject to proteomic analysis to identify lysine succinylation sites using affinity purification and HPLC -MS/MS in this investigation. (bvsalud.org)
Miltiorrhizae1
- Ohwi), Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix (roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. (nih.gov)
Roots1
- pinyin: dānshēn), also known as red sage, redroot sage, Chinese sage, or danshen, is a perennial plant in the genus Salvia, highly valued for its roots in traditional Chinese medicine. (wikipedia.org)
Chia2
- Golden chia ( Salvia columbariae Benth ). (botanical-online.com)
- Reyes-Caudillo, E., Tecante, A., and Valdivia-López, M. A. Dietary fibre content and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds present in Mexican chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds. (webmd.com)
Babesia2
- Salvia miltiorrhiza ima protimikrobne lastnosti proti Babesia in Ehrlichia. (lymeherbs.si)
- Salvia miltiorrhiza has antimicrobial properties against Babesia and Ehrlichia. (lymeherbs.eu)
Powder3
- Welcome to a realm of natural vitality with our American Ginseng Notoginseng Salvia Miltiorrhiza Powder. (soonhongherbs.com)
- When you choose American Ginseng Notoginseng Salvia Miltiorrhiza Powder, you choose unparalleled freshness and effectiveness. (soonhongherbs.com)
- Elevate your wellness journey with our American Ginseng Notoginseng Salvia Miltiorrhiza Powder - nature's solution for your health. (soonhongherbs.com)
Herbal2
- Alone or combined with other Chinese herbal medicines, Salvia miltiorrhiza has been used in China and, to a lesser extent, in other countries as a treatment for various cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. (wikipedia.org)
- Salvia miltiorrhiza: an ancient Chinese herbal medicine as a source for anti-osteoporotic drugs. (nih.gov)
Protocatechuic1
- There are a lot of nutrients in Salvia miltiorrhiza, such as vitamins, tanshinone, protocatechuic acid and so on. (diureticspill.com)
Seeds1
- It is hardy to approximately −10 °C (14 °F). Most Salvia seeds have a higher germination rate when exposed to light, though it is not required. (wikipedia.org)
Chinese1
- In the use of Salvia miltiorrhiza, although it can also be used alone, with other traditional Chinese medicine can achieve a better therapeutic effect. (diureticspill.com)
Drugs1
- AIM: To detect the contents of four active components of Salvia miltiorrhiza in various commercially available danshen crude drugs and preparations. (hku.hk)
Clinical2
- The immunoregulatory effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza has been confirmed in clinical research. (diureticspill.com)
- The toxicity of Salvia miltiorrhiza and its preparation is relatively small, but there are also reports of side effects in clinical application. (diureticspill.com)
Plant1
- This is the first book on the genome of Salvia miltiorrhiza, summarizing the research advances in the molecular mapping, whole genome sequencing, chloroplast and mitochondria genomes, epigenetics, transcriptomics and functional genomics of this emerging model plant with great economic and medicinal value. (stanford.edu)
Activity2
- Modern medical research has proved that Salvia miltiorrhiza can effectively improve the activity of superoxide dismutase, enhance the ability of sand organs. (diureticspill.com)
- Name: Cryptotanshinone CAS No.: 35825-57-1 Biological Activity Major tanshinone isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza that exhibits multiple activities. (ecplaza.net)
Support1
- Notoginseng and Salvia Miltiorrhiza support heart health, nurturing your well-being. (soonhongherbs.com)
Book1
- The New Book of Salvias. (wikipedia.org)
Expand1
- After entering the body, Salvia miltiorrhiza can effectively expand the coronary artery, so that the flow in the coronary artery will greatly increase, can effectively expand the size of the surrounding blood vessels, improve the blood circulation in the body, shorten the recovery time of hemoglobin and red blood cells, effectively promote the repair of tissues, reduce local congestion and pain. (diureticspill.com)
Long1
- Salvia miltiorrhiza has been used for a long time in our country, and it is very helpful to the human body. (diureticspill.com)
System1
- Additionally, Salvia strengthens the immune system and has neuroprotective properties. (lymeherbs.eu)