A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.
A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083)
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)
Substances produced from the reaction between acids and bases; compounds consisting of a metal (positive) and nonmetal (negative) radical. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Inorganic compounds that contain magnesium as an integral part of the molecule.
Magnesium oxide (MgO). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral periclase. In aqueous media combines quickly with water to form magnesium hydroxide. It is used as an antacid and mild laxative and has many nonmedicinal uses.
An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects.
Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones.
Magnesium chloride. An inorganic compound consisting of one magnesium and two chloride ions. The compound is used in medicine as a source of magnesium ions, which are essential for many cellular activities. It has also been used as a cathartic and in alloys.
A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
Sodium chloride used in foods.
A compound tubular gland, located around the eyes and nasal passages in marine animals and birds, the physiology of which figures in water-electrolyte balance. The Pekin duck serves as a common research animal in salt gland studies. A rectal gland or rectal salt gland in the dogfish shark is attached at the junction of the intestine and cloaca and aids the kidneys in removing excess salts from the blood. (Storer, Usinger, Stebbins & Nybakken: General Zoology, 6th ed, p658)
A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.
Native, inorganic or fossilized organic substances having a definite chemical composition and formed by inorganic reactions. They may occur as individual crystals or may be disseminated in some other mineral or rock. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
A generic term for a variety of compounds that contain silicon, oxygen, and magnesium, and may contain hydrogen. Examples include TALC and some kinds of ASBESTOS.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23.
The ability of organisms to sense and adapt to high concentrations of salt in their growth environment.
Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms with a valence of plus 2, which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.
Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.
Drugs that prevent preterm labor and immature birth by suppressing uterine contractions (TOCOLYSIS). Agents used to delay premature uterine activity include magnesium sulfate, beta-mimetics, oxytocin antagonists, calcium channel inhibitors, and adrenergic beta-receptor agonists. The use of intravenous alcohol as a tocolytic is now obsolete.
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Water naturally or artificially infused with mineral salts or gases.
A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with ANEMIA, short stature, HYPOGONADISM, impaired WOUND HEALING, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol Zn.
Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.
Spectrophotometric techniques by which the absorption or emmision spectra of radiation from atoms are produced and analyzed.
The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Calcium compounds used as food supplements or in food to supply the body with calcium. Dietary calcium is needed during growth for bone development and for maintenance of skeletal integrity later in life to prevent osteoporosis.
A group of chemical elements that are needed in minute quantities for the proper growth, development, and physiology of an organism. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.
Degree of saltiness, which is largely the OSMOLAR CONCENTRATION of SODIUM CHLORIDE plus any other SALTS present. It is an ecological factor of considerable importance, influencing the types of organisms that live in an ENVIRONMENT.
A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.
An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.
A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035)
A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.
Uptake of substances through the lining of the INTESTINES.
Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.
A class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of C-C, C-O, and C-N, and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
The physical or physiological processes by which substances, tissue, cells, etc. take up or take in other substances or energy.
Plants that can grow well in soils that have a high SALINITY.
Identification and measurement of ELEMENTS and their location based on the fact that X-RAYS emitted by an element excited by an electron beam have a wavelength characteristic of that element and an intensity related to its concentration. It is performed with an electron microscope fitted with an x-ray spectrometer, in scanning or transmission mode.
A disorder characterized by muscle twitches, cramps, and carpopedal spasm, and when severe, laryngospasm and seizures. This condition is associated with unstable depolarization of axonal membranes, primarily in the peripheral nervous system. Tetany usually results from HYPOCALCEMIA or reduced serum levels of MAGNESIUM that may be associated with HYPERVENTILATION; HYPOPARATHYROIDISM; RICKETS; UREMIA; or other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1490)
A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
A subgroup of TRP cation channels named after melastatin protein. They have the TRP domain but lack ANKYRIN repeats. Enzyme domains in the C-terminus leads to them being called chanzymes.
A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Inorganic compounds derived from hydrochloric acid that contain the Cl- ion.
"Citrates, in a medical context, are compounds containing citric acid, often used in medical solutions for their chelating properties and as a part of certain types of nutritional support."
A diet which contains very little sodium chloride. It is prescribed by some for hypertension and for edematous states. (Dorland, 27th ed)
An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.
Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.
Agents that are used to stimulate evacuation of the bowels.
Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.
The amounts of various substances in the diet recommended by governmental guidelines as needed to sustain healthy life.
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Potassium or potassium compounds used in foods or as foods.
The amounts of various substances in food needed by an organism to sustain healthy life.
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Isotopes that exhibit radioactivity and undergo radioactive decay. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Electropositive chemical elements characterized by ductility, malleability, luster, and conductance of heat and electricity. They can replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.
A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.
The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.
A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.
A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.
A group of compounds that are derivatives of octadecanoic acid which is one of the most abundant fatty acids found in animal lipids. (Stedman, 25th ed)
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
A heavy metal trace element with the atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63.55.
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.
An inherited renal disorder characterized by defective NaCl reabsorption in the convoluted DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULE leading to HYPOKALEMIA. In contrast with BARTTER SYNDROME, Gitelman syndrome includes hypomagnesemia and normocalcemic hypocalciuria, and is caused by mutations in the thiazide-sensitive SODIUM-POTASSIUM-CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.
Products in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide dietary ingredients, and that are intended to be taken by mouth to increase the intake of nutrients. Dietary supplements can include macronutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats; and/or MICRONUTRIENTS, such as VITAMINS; MINERALS; and PHYTOCHEMICALS.
A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer.
Inorganic salts of hydrofluoric acid, HF, in which the fluorine atom is in the -1 oxidation state. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) Sodium and stannous salts are commonly used in dentifrices.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.
An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.
A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.
A family of 3,3-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)phthalides. They are used as CATHARTICS, indicators, and COLORING AGENTS.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.
The balance of fluid in the BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS; total BODY WATER; BLOOD VOLUME; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; INTRACELLULAR SPACE, maintained by processes in the body that regulate the intake and excretion of WATER and ELECTROLYTES, particularly SODIUM and POTASSIUM.
The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function.
Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).
Agents that produce a soft formed stool, and relax and loosen the bowels, typically used over a protracted period, to relieve CONSTIPATION.
Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.
A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)
Derivatives of ammonium compounds, NH4+ Y-, in which all four of the hydrogens bonded to nitrogen have been replaced with hydrocarbyl groups. These are distinguished from IMINES which are RN=CR2.
Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
The portion of renal tubule that begins from the enlarged segment of the ascending limb of the LOOP OF HENLE. It reenters the KIDNEY CORTEX and forms the convoluted segments of the distal tubule.
A class of compounds of the type R-M, where a C atom is joined directly to any other element except H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, or At. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.
A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The U-shaped portion of the renal tubule in the KIDNEY MEDULLA, consisting of a descending limb and an ascending limb. It is situated between the PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE and the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULE.
The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.
The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.
The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.
Substances that counteract or neutralize acidity of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid.
The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Compounds that provide LUBRICATION between surfaces in order to reduce FRICTION.
Inborn errors of metal metabolism refer to genetic disorders resulting from mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in the transportation, storage, or utilization of essential metals, leading to imbalances that can cause toxicity or deficiency and subsequent impairment of normal physiological processes.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
The consumption of liquids.
A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.
The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Chemicals that bind to and remove ions from solutions. Many chelating agents function through the formation of COORDINATION COMPLEXES with METALS.
Contractile tissue that produces movement in animals.

Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various biological processes in the human body. It is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and is involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions, including protein synthesis, muscle and nerve function, blood glucose control, and blood pressure regulation. Magnesium also contributes to the structural development of bones and teeth.

In medical terms, magnesium deficiency can lead to several health issues, such as muscle cramps, weakness, heart arrhythmias, and seizures. On the other hand, excessive magnesium levels can cause symptoms like diarrhea, nausea, and muscle weakness. Magnesium supplements or magnesium-rich foods are often recommended to maintain optimal magnesium levels in the body.

Some common dietary sources of magnesium include leafy green vegetables, nuts, seeds, legumes, whole grains, and dairy products. Magnesium is also available in various forms as a dietary supplement, including magnesium oxide, magnesium citrate, magnesium chloride, and magnesium glycinate.

Magnesium Sulfate is an inorganic salt with the chemical formula MgSO4. It is often encountered as the heptahydrate sulfate mineral epsomite (MgSO4·7H2O), commonly called Epsom salts. Magnesium sulfate is used medically as a vasodilator, to treat constipation, and as an antidote for magnesium overdose or poisoning. It is also used in the preparation of skin for esthetic procedures and in the treatment of eclampsia, a serious complication of pregnancy characterized by seizures.

Magnesium deficiency, also known as hypomagnesemia, is a condition characterized by low levels of magnesium in the blood. Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in many bodily functions, including muscle and nerve function, heart rhythm, bone strength, and immune system regulation.

Hypomagnesemia can occur due to various factors, such as poor dietary intake, malabsorption syndromes, chronic alcoholism, diabetes, certain medications (such as diuretics), and excessive sweating or urination. Symptoms of magnesium deficiency may include muscle cramps, tremors, weakness, heart rhythm abnormalities, seizures, and mental status changes.

It is important to note that mild magnesium deficiency may not cause any symptoms, and the diagnosis typically requires blood tests to measure magnesium levels. Treatment for hypomagnesemia usually involves oral or intravenous magnesium supplementation, along with addressing the underlying causes of the deficiency.

In the context of medicine, "salts" often refers to ionic compounds that are formed when an acid and a base react together. The resulting product of this neutralization reaction is composed of cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions), which combine to form a salt.

Salts can also be formed from the reaction between a weak acid and a strong base, or between a strong acid and a weak base. The resulting salt will have properties that are different from those of the reactants, including its solubility in water, pH, and taste. In some cases, salts can be used for therapeutic purposes, such as potassium chloride (KCl) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), while others may be harmful and pose a risk to human health.

It's important to note that the term "salts" can also refer to organic compounds that contain a functional group consisting of a single bond between a carbon atom and a halogen atom, such as sodium chloride (NaCl) or potassium iodide (KI). These types of salts are not formed from acid-base reactions but rather through ionic bonding between a metal and a nonmetal.

Magnesium compounds refer to substances that contain magnesium (an essential mineral) combined with other elements. These compounds are formed when magnesium atoms chemically bond with atoms of other elements. Magnesium is an alkaline earth metal and it readily forms stable compounds with various elements due to its electron configuration.

Examples of magnesium compounds include:

1. Magnesium oxide (MgO): Also known as magnesia, it is formed by combining magnesium with oxygen. It has a high melting point and is used in various applications such as refractory materials, chemical production, and agricultural purposes.
2. Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2): Often called milk of magnesia, it is a common antacid and laxative. It is formed by combining magnesium with hydroxide ions.
3. Magnesium chloride (MgCl2): This compound is formed when magnesium reacts with chlorine gas. It has various uses, including as a de-icing agent, a component in fertilizers, and a mineral supplement.
4. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4): Also known as Epsom salts, it is formed by combining magnesium with sulfur and oxygen. It is used as a bath salt, a laxative, and a fertilizer.
5. Magnesium carbonate (MgCO3): This compound is formed when magnesium reacts with carbon dioxide. It has various uses, including as a fire retardant, a food additive, and a dietary supplement.

These are just a few examples of the many different magnesium compounds that exist. Each compound has its unique properties and applications based on the elements it is combined with.

Magnesium oxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula MgO. It is a white, odorless solid that is highly basic and stable. Medically, magnesium oxide is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat low amounts of magnesium in the blood. It is also used as a antacid to neutralize stomach acid and as a laxative to relieve constipation.

Magnesium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Mg(OH)2. It is a white solid that is amphoteric, meaning it can react as both an acid and a base. Magnesium hydroxide is commonly used as an over-the-counter antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of heartburn, acid indigestion, and upset stomach. It works by increasing the pH of the stomach, which can help to reduce the production of stomach acid.

Magnesium hydroxide is also used as a laxative to relieve constipation, as it has a softening effect on stools and stimulates bowel movements. In addition, magnesium hydroxide is sometimes used in medical procedures to neutralize or wash away stomach acid, for example during endoscopies or the treatment of poisoning.

It's important to note that while magnesium hydroxide is generally considered safe when used as directed, it can cause side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal cramps. In addition, people with kidney disease or severe heart or lung conditions should use magnesium hydroxide with caution, as it can worsen these conditions in some cases.

Bile acids and salts are naturally occurring steroidal compounds that play a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of lipids (fats) in the body. They are produced in the liver from cholesterol and then conjugated with glycine or taurine to form bile acids, which are subsequently converted into bile salts by the addition of a sodium or potassium ion.

Bile acids and salts are stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine during digestion, where they help emulsify fats, allowing them to be broken down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. They also aid in the elimination of waste products from the liver and help regulate cholesterol metabolism.

Abnormalities in bile acid synthesis or transport can lead to various medical conditions, such as cholestatic liver diseases, gallstones, and diarrhea. Therefore, understanding the role of bile acids and salts in the body is essential for diagnosing and treating these disorders.

Magnesium Chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula MgCl2. It is a white, deliquescent solid that is highly soluble in water. Medically, magnesium chloride is used as a source of magnesium ions, which are essential for many biochemical reactions in the human body.

It can be administered orally, intravenously, or topically to treat or prevent magnesium deficiency, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, and preterm labor. Topical application is also used as a mineral supplement and for skin care purposes due to its moisturizing properties. However, high doses of magnesium chloride can have side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and muscle weakness, and should be used under medical supervision.

Sodium Chloride is defined as the inorganic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, representing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. It is commonly known as table salt or halite, and it is used extensively in food seasoning and preservation due to its ability to enhance flavor and inhibit bacterial growth. In medicine, sodium chloride is used as a balanced electrolyte solution for rehydration and as a topical wound irrigant and antiseptic. It is also an essential component of the human body's fluid balance and nerve impulse transmission.

Calcium is an essential mineral that is vital for various physiological processes in the human body. The medical definition of calcium is as follows:

Calcium (Ca2+) is a crucial cation and the most abundant mineral in the human body, with approximately 99% of it found in bones and teeth. It plays a vital role in maintaining structural integrity, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, hormonal secretion, blood coagulation, and enzyme activation.

Calcium homeostasis is tightly regulated through the interplay of several hormones, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D. Dietary calcium intake, absorption, and excretion are also critical factors in maintaining optimal calcium levels in the body.

Hypocalcemia refers to low serum calcium levels, while hypercalcemia indicates high serum calcium levels. Both conditions can have detrimental effects on various organ systems and require medical intervention to correct.

Sodium chloride, commonly known as salt, is an essential electrolyte in dietary intake. It is a chemical compound made up of sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions. In a medical context, particularly in nutrition and dietetics, "sodium chloride, dietary" refers to the consumption of this compound in food sources.

Sodium plays a crucial role in various bodily functions such as maintaining fluid balance, assisting nerve impulse transmission, and contributing to muscle contraction. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting sodium intake to less than 2,300 milligrams (mg) per day and further suggest an ideal limit of no more than 1,500 mg per day for most adults, especially those with high blood pressure. However, the average American consumes more than twice the recommended amount, primarily from processed and prepared foods. Excessive sodium intake can lead to high blood pressure and increase the risk of heart disease and stroke.

A salt gland is a type of exocrine gland found in certain animals, including birds and reptiles, that helps regulate the balance of salt and water in their bodies. These glands are capable of excreting a highly concentrated solution of sodium chloride, or salt, which allows these animals to drink seawater and still maintain the proper osmotic balance in their tissues.

In birds, salt glands are typically located near the eyes and are responsible for producing tears that contain high levels of salt. These tears then drain into the nasal passages and are eventually expelled from the body. In reptiles, salt glands can be found in various locations, depending on the species, but they serve the same function of helping to regulate salt and water balance.

It's worth noting that mammals do not have salt glands and must rely on other mechanisms to regulate their salt and water balance, such as through the kidneys and the production of sweat.

Phosphorus is an essential mineral that is required by every cell in the body for normal functioning. It is a key component of several important biomolecules, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the primary source of energy for cells, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which are the genetic materials in cells.

Phosphorus is also a major constituent of bones and teeth, where it combines with calcium to provide strength and structure. In addition, phosphorus plays a critical role in various metabolic processes, including energy production, nerve impulse transmission, and pH regulation.

The medical definition of phosphorus refers to the chemical element with the atomic number 15 and the symbol P. It is a highly reactive non-metal that exists in several forms, including white phosphorus, red phosphorus, and black phosphorus. In the body, phosphorus is primarily found in the form of organic compounds, such as phospholipids, phosphoproteins, and nucleic acids.

Abnormal levels of phosphorus in the body can lead to various health problems. For example, high levels of phosphorus (hyperphosphatemia) can occur in patients with kidney disease or those who consume large amounts of phosphorus-rich foods, and can contribute to the development of calcification of soft tissues and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, low levels of phosphorus (hypophosphatemia) can occur in patients with malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, or alcoholism, and can lead to muscle weakness, bone pain, and an increased risk of infection.

In the context of nutrition and health, minerals are inorganic elements that are essential for various bodily functions, such as nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, and bone structure. They are required in small amounts compared to macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and are obtained from food and water.

Some of the major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and chloride, while trace minerals or microminerals are required in even smaller amounts and include iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, selenium, and fluoride.

It's worth noting that the term "minerals" can also refer to geological substances found in the earth, but in medical terminology, it specifically refers to the essential inorganic elements required for human health.

Potassium is a essential mineral and an important electrolyte that is widely distributed in the human body. The majority of potassium in the body (approximately 98%) is found within cells, with the remaining 2% present in blood serum and other bodily fluids. Potassium plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including:

1. Regulation of fluid balance and maintenance of normal blood pressure through its effects on vascular tone and sodium excretion.
2. Facilitation of nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction by participating in the generation and propagation of action potentials.
3. Protein synthesis, enzyme activation, and glycogen metabolism.
4. Regulation of acid-base balance through its role in buffering systems.

The normal serum potassium concentration ranges from 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L (milliequivalents per liter) or mmol/L (millimoles per liter). Potassium levels outside this range can have significant clinical consequences, with both hypokalemia (low potassium levels) and hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) potentially leading to serious complications such as cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, and respiratory failure.

Potassium is primarily obtained through the diet, with rich sources including fruits (e.g., bananas, oranges, and apricots), vegetables (e.g., leafy greens, potatoes, and tomatoes), legumes, nuts, dairy products, and meat. In cases of deficiency or increased needs, potassium supplements may be recommended under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Magnesium silicates are a type of compound that consists of magnesium, silicon, and oxygen. They are often found in nature as minerals such as talc and serpentine. These compounds have a variety of uses, including as fillers in paper, paint, and rubber products, and as absorbents in cat litter.

In a medical context, magnesium silicates may be used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms such as heartburn, indigestion, and upset stomach. They are also sometimes used as bulk-forming laxatives to treat constipation by absorbing water and swelling in the intestines, which helps to stimulate bowel movements.

It is important to note that some magnesium silicate compounds, such as talc, have been linked to health concerns when inhaled or ingested in large quantities. Therefore, they should be used as directed and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.

In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.

Sodium is an essential mineral and electrolyte that is necessary for human health. In a medical context, sodium is often discussed in terms of its concentration in the blood, as measured by serum sodium levels. The normal range for serum sodium is typically between 135 and 145 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).

Sodium plays a number of important roles in the body, including:

* Regulating fluid balance: Sodium helps to regulate the amount of water in and around your cells, which is important for maintaining normal blood pressure and preventing dehydration.
* Facilitating nerve impulse transmission: Sodium is involved in the generation and transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system, which is necessary for proper muscle function and coordination.
* Assisting with muscle contraction: Sodium helps to regulate muscle contractions by interacting with other minerals such as calcium and potassium.

Low sodium levels (hyponatremia) can cause symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and coma, while high sodium levels (hypernatremia) can lead to symptoms such as weakness, muscle cramps, and seizures. Both conditions require medical treatment to correct.

Salt tolerance, in a medical context, refers to the body's ability to maintain normal physiological functions despite high levels of salt (sodium chloride) in the system. While our kidneys usually regulate sodium levels, certain medical conditions such as some forms of kidney disease or heart failure can impair this process, leading to an accumulation of sodium in the body. Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to better handle higher salt intakes, but generally, a high-salt diet is discouraged due to risks of hypertension and other health issues for most people.

Divalent cations are ions that carry a positive charge of +2. They are called divalent because they have two positive charges. Common examples of divalent cations include calcium (Ca²+), magnesium (Mg²+), and iron (Fe²+). These ions play important roles in various biological processes, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and bone metabolism. They can also interact with certain drugs and affect their absorption, distribution, and elimination in the body.

Eclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication characterized by the onset of seizures or convulsions in a woman who has already developed preeclampsia, which is a condition marked by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver and kidneys. Eclampsia can occur before, during, or after delivery and is considered a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. It can pose significant risks to both the mother and the baby, including premature birth, fetal growth restriction, and even maternal and fetal death.

The exact causes of eclampsia are not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to problems with the placenta and abnormal blood vessel development in the uterus. Risk factors for developing eclampsia include preexisting medical conditions such as chronic hypertension or diabetes, a history of preeclampsia or eclampsia in previous pregnancies, multiple gestation (carrying more than one baby), and certain genetic factors.

Treatment for eclampsia typically involves delivering the baby as soon as possible to prevent further complications. In some cases, medication may be given to manage seizures and prevent their recurrence. Close monitoring of both the mother and the baby is essential to ensure the best possible outcomes.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

A diet, in medical terms, refers to the planned and regular consumption of food and drinks. It is a balanced selection of nutrient-rich foods that an individual eats on a daily or periodic basis to meet their energy needs and maintain good health. A well-balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products.

A diet may also be prescribed for therapeutic purposes, such as in the management of certain medical conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or obesity. In these cases, a healthcare professional may recommend specific restrictions or modifications to an individual's regular diet to help manage their condition and improve their overall health.

It is important to note that a healthy and balanced diet should be tailored to an individual's age, gender, body size, activity level, and any underlying medical conditions. Consulting with a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or nutritionist, can help ensure that an individual's dietary needs are being met in a safe and effective way.

Tocolytic agents are a type of medication used in obstetrics to suppress premature labor. They work by relaxing the smooth muscle of the uterus, thereby reducing contractions and delaying delivery. Commonly used tocolytic agents include beta-adrenergic agonists (such as terbutaline), calcium channel blockers (such as nifedipine), and prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors (such as indomethacin). It's important to note that the use of tocolytic agents is typically reserved for specific clinical situations, and their benefits must be weighed against potential risks to both the mother and fetus.

Electrolytes are substances that, when dissolved in water, break down into ions that can conduct electricity. In the body, electrolytes are responsible for regulating various important physiological functions, including nerve and muscle function, maintaining proper hydration and acid-base balance, and helping to repair tissue damage.

The major electrolytes found in the human body include sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate. These electrolytes are tightly regulated by various mechanisms, including the kidneys, which help to maintain their proper balance in the body.

When there is an imbalance of electrolytes in the body, it can lead to a range of symptoms and health problems. For example, low levels of sodium (hyponatremia) can cause confusion, seizures, and even coma, while high levels of potassium (hyperkalemia) can lead to heart arrhythmias and muscle weakness.

Electrolytes are also lost through sweat during exercise or illness, so it's important to replace them through a healthy diet or by drinking fluids that contain electrolytes, such as sports drinks or coconut water. In some cases, electrolyte imbalances may require medical treatment, such as intravenous (IV) fluids or medication.

Mineral waters are naturally occurring waters that contain various minerals, including salts and gases. These waters can be still or sparkling, and they can vary in mineral content depending on the source. Some common minerals found in mineral waters include calcium, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, and sulfates.

Mineral waters are often used for therapeutic purposes, as drinking or bathing in them is believed to have various health benefits. For example, some studies suggest that drinking mineral water can help improve digestion, boost the immune system, and reduce inflammation. Bathing in mineral waters, on the other hand, has been shown to help relieve muscle pain, improve circulation, and promote relaxation.

It's important to note that while mineral waters can have potential health benefits, they should not be used as a substitute for medical treatment or advice from a healthcare professional. Additionally, some mineral waters may contain high levels of minerals like sodium, which may not be suitable for everyone, particularly those with certain medical conditions such as hypertension.

Zinc is an essential mineral that is vital for the functioning of over 300 enzymes and involved in various biological processes in the human body, including protein synthesis, DNA synthesis, immune function, wound healing, and cell division. It is a component of many proteins and participates in the maintenance of structural integrity and functionality of proteins. Zinc also plays a crucial role in maintaining the sense of taste and smell.

The recommended daily intake of zinc varies depending on age, sex, and life stage. Good dietary sources of zinc include red meat, poultry, seafood, beans, nuts, dairy products, and fortified cereals. Zinc deficiency can lead to various health problems, including impaired immune function, growth retardation, and developmental delays in children. On the other hand, excessive intake of zinc can also have adverse effects on health, such as nausea, vomiting, and impaired immune function.

Phosphates, in a medical context, refer to the salts or esters of phosphoric acid. Phosphates play crucial roles in various biological processes within the human body. They are essential components of bones and teeth, where they combine with calcium to form hydroxyapatite crystals. Phosphates also participate in energy transfer reactions as phosphate groups attached to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Additionally, they contribute to buffer systems that help maintain normal pH levels in the body.

Abnormal levels of phosphates in the blood can indicate certain medical conditions. High phosphate levels (hyperphosphatemia) may be associated with kidney dysfunction, hyperparathyroidism, or excessive intake of phosphate-containing products. Low phosphate levels (hypophosphatemia) might result from malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, or certain diseases affecting the small intestine or kidneys. Both hypophosphatemia and hyperphosphatemia can have significant impacts on various organ systems and may require medical intervention.

Atomic spectrophotometry is a type of analytical technique used to determine the concentration of specific atoms or ions in a sample by measuring the intensity of light absorbed or emitted at wavelengths characteristic of those atoms or ions. This technique involves the use of an atomic spectrometer, which uses a source of energy (such as a flame, plasma, or electrode) to excite the atoms or ions in the sample, causing them to emit light at specific wavelengths. The intensity of this emitted light is then measured and used to calculate the concentration of the element of interest.

Atomic spectrophotometry can be further divided into two main categories: atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and atomic emission spectrophotometry (AES). In AAS, the sample is atomized in a flame or graphite furnace and the light from a lamp that emits light at the same wavelength as one of the elements in the sample is passed through the atoms. The amount of light absorbed by the atoms is then measured and used to determine the concentration of the element. In AES, the sample is atomized and excited to emit its own light, which is then measured and analyzed to determine the concentration of the element.

Atomic spectrophotometry is widely used in various fields such as environmental monitoring, clinical chemistry, forensic science, and industrial quality control for the determination of trace elements in a variety of sample types including liquids, solids, and gases.

Osmolar concentration is a measure of the total number of solute particles (such as ions or molecules) dissolved in a solution per liter of solvent (usually water), which affects the osmotic pressure. It is expressed in units of osmoles per liter (osmol/L). Osmolarity and osmolality are related concepts, with osmolarity referring to the number of osmoles per unit volume of solution, typically measured in liters, while osmolality refers to the number of osmoles per kilogram of solvent. In clinical contexts, osmolar concentration is often used to describe the solute concentration of bodily fluids such as blood or urine.

Hypocalcemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood. Calcium is a vital mineral that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and bone formation. Normal calcium levels in the blood usually range from 8.5 to 10.2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). Hypocalcemia is typically defined as a serum calcium level below 8.5 mg/dL or, when adjusted for albumin (a protein that binds to calcium), below 8.4 mg/dL (ionized calcium).

Hypocalcemia can result from several factors, such as vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism (underactive parathyroid glands), kidney dysfunction, certain medications, and severe magnesium deficiency. Symptoms of hypocalcemia may include numbness or tingling in the fingers, toes, or lips; muscle cramps or spasms; seizures; and, in severe cases, cognitive impairment or cardiac arrhythmias. Treatment typically involves correcting the underlying cause and administering calcium and vitamin D supplements to restore normal calcium levels in the blood.

Dietary calcium is a type of calcium that is obtained through food sources. Calcium is an essential mineral that is necessary for many bodily functions, including bone formation and maintenance, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting.

The recommended daily intake of dietary calcium varies depending on age, sex, and other factors. For example, the recommended daily intake for adults aged 19-50 is 1000 mg, while women over 50 and men over 70 require 1200 mg per day.

Good dietary sources of calcium include dairy products such as milk, cheese, and yogurt; leafy green vegetables like broccoli and kale; fortified cereals and juices; and certain types of fish, such as salmon and sardines. It is important to note that some foods can inhibit the absorption of calcium, including oxalates found in spinach and rhubarb, and phytates found in whole grains and legumes.

If a person is unable to get enough calcium through their diet, they may need to take calcium supplements. However, it is important to talk to a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen, as excessive intake of calcium can lead to negative health effects.

Trace elements are essential minerals that the body needs in very small or tiny amounts, usually less than 100 milligrams per day, for various biological processes. These include elements like iron, zinc, copper, manganese, fluoride, selenium, and iodine. They are vital for maintaining good health and proper functioning of the human body, but they are required in such minute quantities that even a slight excess or deficiency can lead to significant health issues.

Edetic acid, also known as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), is not a medical term per se, but a chemical compound with various applications in medicine. EDTA is a synthetic amino acid that acts as a chelating agent, which means it can bind to metallic ions and form stable complexes.

In medicine, EDTA is primarily used in the treatment of heavy metal poisoning, such as lead or mercury toxicity. It works by binding to the toxic metal ions in the body, forming a stable compound that can be excreted through urine. This helps reduce the levels of harmful metals in the body and alleviate their toxic effects.

EDTA is also used in some diagnostic tests, such as the determination of calcium levels in blood. Additionally, it has been explored as a potential therapy for conditions like atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, although its efficacy in these areas remains controversial and unproven.

It is important to note that EDTA should only be administered under medical supervision due to its potential side effects and the need for careful monitoring of its use.

Salinity is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in general terms, salinity refers to the level of salt or sodium content in a substance, usually measured in parts per thousand (ppt). In a medical context, salinity might be discussed in relation to things like the body's fluid balance or the composition of certain bodily fluids, such as sweat or tears.

It is worth noting that in some cases, high salinity levels can have negative effects on health. For example, consuming water with very high salt content can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, which can be dangerous. Similarly, exposure to high-salinity environments (such as seawater) can cause skin irritation and other problems in some people. However, these are not direct medical definitions of salinity.

Potassium chloride is an essential electrolyte that is often used in medical settings as a medication. It's a white, crystalline salt that is highly soluble in water and has a salty taste. In the body, potassium chloride plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction.

Medically, potassium chloride is commonly used to treat or prevent low potassium levels (hypokalemia) in the blood. Hypokalemia can occur due to various reasons such as certain medications, kidney diseases, vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive sweating. Potassium chloride is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquids, and it's usually taken by mouth.

It's important to note that potassium chloride should be used with caution and under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as high levels of potassium (hyperkalemia) can be harmful and even life-threatening. Hyperkalemia can cause symptoms such as muscle weakness, irregular heartbeat, and cardiac arrest.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a high-energy molecule that stores and transports energy within cells. It is the main source of energy for most cellular processes, including muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and protein synthesis. ATP is composed of a base (adenine), a sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups. The bonds between these phosphate groups contain a significant amount of energy, which can be released when the bond between the second and third phosphate group is broken, resulting in the formation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. This process is known as hydrolysis and can be catalyzed by various enzymes to drive a wide range of cellular functions. ATP can also be regenerated from ADP through various metabolic pathways, such as oxidative phosphorylation or substrate-level phosphorylation, allowing for the continuous supply of energy to cells.

Manganese is not a medical condition, but it's an essential trace element that is vital for human health. Here is the medical definition of Manganese:

Manganese (Mn) is a trace mineral that is present in tiny amounts in the body. It is found mainly in bones, the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Manganese helps the body form connective tissue, bones, blood clotting factors, and sex hormones. It also plays a role in fat and carbohydrate metabolism, calcium absorption, and blood sugar regulation. Manganese is also necessary for normal brain and nerve function.

The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for manganese is 2.3 mg per day for adult men and 1.8 mg per day for adult women. Good food sources of manganese include nuts, seeds, legumes, whole grains, green leafy vegetables, and tea.

In some cases, exposure to high levels of manganese can cause neurological symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease, a condition known as manganism. However, this is rare and usually occurs in people who are occupationally exposed to manganese dust or fumes, such as welders.

Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is widely found in nature, particularly in citrus fruits such as lemons and oranges. Its chemical formula is C6H8O7, and it exists in a form known as a tribasic acid, which means it can donate three protons in chemical reactions.

In the context of medical definitions, citric acid may be mentioned in relation to various physiological processes, such as its role in the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle), which is a key metabolic pathway involved in energy production within cells. Additionally, citric acid may be used in certain medical treatments or therapies, such as in the form of citrate salts to help prevent the formation of kidney stones. It may also be used as a flavoring agent or preservative in various pharmaceutical preparations.

Intestinal absorption refers to the process by which the small intestine absorbs water, nutrients, and electrolytes from food into the bloodstream. This is a critical part of the digestive process, allowing the body to utilize the nutrients it needs and eliminate waste products. The inner wall of the small intestine contains tiny finger-like projections called villi, which increase the surface area for absorption. Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the capillaries in these villi, and then transported to other parts of the body for use or storage.

Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells (RBCs), are the most common type of blood cell in circulating blood in mammals. They are responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

Erythrocytes are formed in the bone marrow and have a biconcave shape, which allows them to fold and bend easily as they pass through narrow blood vessels. They do not have a nucleus or mitochondria, which makes them more flexible but also limits their ability to reproduce or repair themselves.

In humans, erythrocytes are typically disc-shaped and measure about 7 micrometers in diameter. They contain the protein hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen and gives blood its red color. The lifespan of an erythrocyte is approximately 120 days, after which it is broken down in the liver and spleen.

Abnormalities in erythrocyte count or function can lead to various medical conditions, such as anemia, polycythemia, and sickle cell disease.

A lyase is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of various chemical bonds in a molecule, often resulting in the formation of two new molecules. Lyases differ from other types of enzymes, such as hydrolases and oxidoreductases, because they create double bonds or rings as part of their reaction mechanism.

In the context of medical terminology, lyases are not typically discussed on their own, but rather as a type of enzyme that can be involved in various biochemical reactions within the body. For example, certain lyases play a role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids, among other molecules.

One specific medical application of lyase enzymes is in the diagnosis of certain genetic disorders. For instance, individuals with hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI) lack the enzyme aldolase B, which is a type of lyase that helps break down fructose in the liver. By measuring the activity of aldolase B in a patient's blood or tissue sample, doctors can diagnose HFI and recommend appropriate dietary restrictions to manage the condition.

Overall, while lyases are not a medical diagnosis or condition themselves, they play important roles in various biochemical processes within the body and can be useful in the diagnosis of certain genetic disorders.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is given as two figures:

1. Systolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart pushes blood out into the arteries.
2. Diastolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart rests between beats, allowing it to fill with blood.

Normal blood pressure for adults is typically around 120/80 mmHg, although this can vary slightly depending on age, sex, and other factors. High blood pressure (hypertension) is generally considered to be a reading of 130/80 mmHg or higher, while low blood pressure (hypotension) is usually defined as a reading below 90/60 mmHg. It's important to note that blood pressure can fluctuate throughout the day and may be affected by factors such as stress, physical activity, and medication use.

In medicine, "absorption" refers to the process by which substances, including nutrients, medications, or toxins, are taken up and assimilated into the body's tissues or bloodstream after they have been introduced into the body via various routes (such as oral, intravenous, or transdermal).

The absorption of a substance depends on several factors, including its chemical properties, the route of administration, and the presence of other substances that may affect its uptake. For example, some medications may be better absorbed when taken with food, while others may require an empty stomach for optimal absorption.

Once a substance is absorbed into the bloodstream, it can then be distributed to various tissues throughout the body, where it may exert its effects or be metabolized and eliminated by the body's detoxification systems. Understanding the process of absorption is crucial in developing effective medical treatments and determining appropriate dosages for medications.

Salt-tolerant plants, also known as halophytes, are plants that can grow and complete their life cycle in saline environments. These plants have specialized adaptations that allow them to survive and reproduce in the presence of high concentrations of salt, particularly sodium chloride (NaCl), which is toxic to most plants.

Salt tolerance in plants is a complex trait that involves various physiological and biochemical mechanisms, such as:

1. Exclusion: Preventing the uptake of excess salt by the roots or excluding it from entering the plant cells.
2. Compartmentalization: Storing excess salt in vacuoles or older leaves that can be shed to reduce the overall salt load.
3. Tissue tolerance: Adapting to high salt concentrations within the plant tissues without experiencing toxicity or osmotic stress.
4. Osmoregulation: Maintaining water balance and cell turgor by synthesizing and accumulating compatible solutes, such as proline and glycine betaine, which help to lower the osmotic potential of the cells.
5. Ion homeostasis: Regulating the uptake and distribution of essential ions, like potassium (K+), while minimizing the accumulation of toxic ions, such as sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-).

Examples of salt-tolerant plants include mangroves, sea grasses, cordgrass, glasswort, and certain species of cacti and succulents. These plants have significant ecological and agricultural importance in coastal areas and arid regions, where salinity is a major environmental constraint.

Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) is a technique used in materials science and geology to analyze the chemical composition of materials at very small scales, typically on the order of microns or less. In this technique, a focused beam of electrons is directed at a sample, causing the emission of X-rays that are characteristic of the elements present in the sample. By analyzing the energy and intensity of these X-rays, researchers can determine the concentration of different elements in the sample with high precision and accuracy.

EPMA is typically performed using a specialized instrument called an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), which consists of an electron column for generating and focusing the electron beam, an X-ray spectrometer for analyzing the emitted X-rays, and a stage for positioning and manipulating the sample. The technique is widely used in fields such as mineralogy, geochemistry, metallurgy, and materials science to study the composition and structure of minerals, alloys, semiconductors, and other materials.

One of the key advantages of EPMA is its ability to analyze the chemical composition of small regions within a sample, even in cases where there are spatial variations in composition or where the sample is heterogeneous. This makes it an ideal technique for studying the distribution and behavior of trace elements in minerals, the microstructure of alloys and other materials, and the composition of individual grains or phases within a polyphase material. Additionally, EPMA can be used to analyze both conductive and non-conductive samples, making it a versatile tool for a wide range of applications.

Tetany is a medical condition characterized by involuntary muscle spasms and cramps, often starting in the hands and feet and can spread to other parts of the body. It is typically caused by an imbalance of minerals such as calcium and magnesium in the blood, which can be due to various underlying medical conditions such as hypoparathyroidism, hypocalcemia, or alkalosis. Tetany can also occur after surgical removal of the parathyroid glands (a procedure called parathyroidectomy). In some cases, tetany can be a symptom of other neuromuscular disorders.

The muscle spasms associated with tetany can be painful and can interfere with normal functioning. They are often triggered by sensory stimuli such as touch, sound, or temperature changes. Tetany can also cause numbness, tingling, or a crawling sensation in the skin (paresthesia). In severe cases, it can lead to seizures, difficulty breathing, and cardiac arrhythmias.

Treatment of tetany typically involves addressing the underlying medical condition causing the imbalance of minerals in the blood. This may involve supplementation with calcium or magnesium, medication to regulate parathyroid hormone levels, or other treatments depending on the specific cause.

Nephrocalcinosis is a medical condition characterized by the deposition of calcium salts in the renal parenchyma, specifically within the tubular epithelial cells and interstitium of the kidneys. This process can lead to chronic inflammation, tissue damage, and ultimately impaired renal function if left untreated.

The condition is often associated with metabolic disorders such as hyperparathyroidism, distal renal tubular acidosis, or hyperoxaluria; medications like loop diuretics, corticosteroids, or calcineurin inhibitors; and chronic kidney diseases. The diagnosis of nephrocalcinosis is typically made through imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or X-ray. Treatment usually involves addressing the underlying cause, modifying dietary habits, and administering medications to control calcium levels in the body.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin (TRPM) cation channels are a subfamily of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel superfamily, which are non-selective cation channels that play important roles in various cellular processes such as sensory perception, cell proliferation, and migration.

The TRPM subfamily consists of eight members (TRPM1-8), each with distinct functional properties and expression patterns. These channels are permeable to both monovalent and divalent cations, including calcium (Ca^2+^) and magnesium (Mg^2+^).

TRPM channels can be activated by a variety of stimuli, such as changes in temperature, voltage, osmolarity, and chemical ligands. For example, TRPM8 is known to be activated by cold temperatures and menthol, while TRPV1 is activated by heat and capsaicin.

Dysregulation of TRPM channels has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including pain, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of these channels may provide insights into potential therapeutic targets for these conditions.

Medical definitions of water generally describe it as a colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for all forms of life. It is a universal solvent, making it an excellent medium for transporting nutrients and waste products within the body. Water constitutes about 50-70% of an individual's body weight, depending on factors such as age, sex, and muscle mass.

In medical terms, water has several important functions in the human body:

1. Regulation of body temperature through perspiration and respiration.
2. Acting as a lubricant for joints and tissues.
3. Facilitating digestion by helping to break down food particles.
4. Transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.
5. Helping to maintain healthy skin and mucous membranes.
6. Assisting in the regulation of various bodily functions, such as blood pressure and heart rate.

Dehydration can occur when an individual does not consume enough water or loses too much fluid due to illness, exercise, or other factors. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including dry mouth, fatigue, dizziness, and confusion. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening if left untreated.

Chlorides are simple inorganic ions consisting of a single chlorine atom bonded to a single charged hydrogen ion (H+). Chloride is the most abundant anion (negatively charged ion) in the extracellular fluid in the human body. The normal range for chloride concentration in the blood is typically between 96-106 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L).

Chlorides play a crucial role in maintaining electrical neutrality, acid-base balance, and osmotic pressure in the body. They are also essential for various physiological processes such as nerve impulse transmission, maintenance of membrane potentials, and digestion (as hydrochloric acid in the stomach).

Chloride levels can be affected by several factors, including diet, hydration status, kidney function, and certain medical conditions. Increased or decreased chloride levels can indicate various disorders, such as dehydration, kidney disease, Addison's disease, or diabetes insipidus. Therefore, monitoring chloride levels is essential for assessing a person's overall health and diagnosing potential medical issues.

Citrates are the salts or esters of citric acid, a weak organic acid that is naturally found in many fruits and vegetables. In a medical context, citrates are often used as a buffering agent in intravenous fluids to help maintain the pH balance of blood and other bodily fluids. They are also used in various medical tests and treatments, such as in urine alkalinization and as an anticoagulant in kidney dialysis solutions. Additionally, citrate is a component of some dietary supplements and medications.

A sodium-restricted diet is a meal plan designed to limit the amount of sodium (salt) intake. The recommended daily sodium intake for adults is less than 2,300 milligrams (mg), but for those with certain medical conditions such as high blood pressure, heart failure, or chronic kidney disease, a lower daily sodium limit of 1,500 to 2,000 mg may be recommended.

A sodium-restricted diet typically involves avoiding processed and packaged foods, which are often high in sodium, and limiting the use of salt when cooking or at the table. Fresh fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains are encouraged as they are naturally low in sodium. It is important to read food labels carefully, as some foods may contain hidden sources of sodium.

Adhering to a sodium-restricted diet can help manage blood pressure, reduce fluid retention, and decrease the risk of heart disease and stroke. However, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider or a registered dietitian before starting any new diet plan to ensure that it meets individual nutritional needs and medical conditions.

An ion is an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net electric charge. Cations are positively charged ions, which have lost electrons, while anions are negatively charged ions, which have gained electrons. Ions can play a significant role in various physiological processes within the human body, including enzyme function, nerve impulse transmission, and maintenance of acid-base balance. They also contribute to the formation of salts and buffer systems that help regulate fluid composition and pH levels in different bodily fluids.

Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3. It is a common substance found in rocks and in the shells of many marine animals. As a mineral, it is known as calcite or aragonite.

In the medical field, calcium carbonate is often used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It is also commonly used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of heartburn, acid reflux, and indigestion.

Calcium carbonate works by reacting with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to form water, carbon dioxide, and calcium chloride. This reaction helps to raise the pH level in the stomach and neutralize excess acid.

It is important to note that excessive use of calcium carbonate can lead to hypercalcemia, a condition characterized by high levels of calcium in the blood, which can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, confusion, and muscle weakness. Therefore, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

In the context of medical and biological sciences, a "binding site" refers to a specific location on a protein, molecule, or cell where another molecule can attach or bind. This binding interaction can lead to various functional changes in the original protein or molecule. The other molecule that binds to the binding site is often referred to as a ligand, which can be a small molecule, ion, or even another protein.

The binding between a ligand and its target binding site can be specific and selective, meaning that only certain ligands can bind to particular binding sites with high affinity. This specificity plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as signal transduction, enzyme catalysis, or drug action.

In the case of drug development, understanding the location and properties of binding sites on target proteins is essential for designing drugs that can selectively bind to these sites and modulate protein function. This knowledge can help create more effective and safer therapeutic options for various diseases.

Calcium chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CaCl2. It is a white, odorless, and tasteless solid that is highly soluble in water. Calcium chloride is commonly used as a de-icing agent, a desiccant (drying agent), and a food additive to enhance texture and flavor.

In medical terms, calcium chloride can be used as a medication to treat hypocalcemia (low levels of calcium in the blood) or hyperkalemia (high levels of potassium in the blood). It is administered intravenously and works by increasing the concentration of calcium ions in the blood, which helps to regulate various physiological processes such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and blood clotting.

However, it is important to note that calcium chloride can have adverse effects if not used properly or in excessive amounts. It can cause tissue irritation, cardiac arrhythmias, and other serious complications. Therefore, its use should be monitored carefully by healthcare professionals.

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

Hypertension is a medical term used to describe abnormally high blood pressure in the arteries, often defined as consistently having systolic blood pressure (the top number in a blood pressure reading) over 130 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (the bottom number) over 80 mmHg. It is also commonly referred to as high blood pressure.

Hypertension can be classified into two types: primary or essential hypertension, which has no identifiable cause and accounts for about 95% of cases, and secondary hypertension, which is caused by underlying medical conditions such as kidney disease, hormonal disorders, or use of certain medications.

If left untreated, hypertension can lead to serious health complications such as heart attack, stroke, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. Therefore, it is important for individuals with hypertension to manage their condition through lifestyle modifications (such as healthy diet, regular exercise, stress management) and medication if necessary, under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Cathartics are a type of medication that stimulates bowel movements and evacuates the intestinal tract. They are often used to treat constipation or to prepare the bowel for certain medical procedures, such as colonoscopies. Common cathartic medications include laxatives, enemas, and suppositories.

Cathartics work by increasing the muscle contractions of the intestines, which helps to move stool through the digestive tract more quickly. They may also increase the amount of water in the stool, making it softer and easier to pass. Some cathartics, such as bulk-forming laxatives, work by absorbing water and swelling in the intestines, which helps to bulk up the stool and stimulate a bowel movement.

While cathartics can be effective at relieving constipation, they should be used with caution. Overuse of cathartics can lead to dependence on them for bowel movements, as well as electrolyte imbalances and other complications. It is important to follow the instructions carefully when using cathartic medications and to speak with a healthcare provider if constipation persists or worsens.

A cation is a type of ion, which is a charged particle, that has a positive charge. In chemistry and biology, cations are formed when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons during chemical reactions. The removal of electrons results in the atom having more protons than electrons, giving it a net positive charge.

Cations are important in many biological processes, including nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and enzyme function. For example, sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) are all essential cations that play critical roles in various physiological functions.

In medical contexts, cations can also be relevant in the diagnosis and treatment of various conditions. For instance, abnormal levels of certain cations, such as potassium or calcium, can indicate specific diseases or disorders. Additionally, medications used to treat various conditions may work by altering cation concentrations or activity within the body.

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) are the average daily levels of nutrients that are sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in a specific life stage and gender group. They are considered as the gold standard for establishing nutrient intake recommendations and are used as a benchmark for planning and assessing the nutrient intakes of individuals and populations. The RDAs are established by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in the United States. They represent the minimum daily amounts of various nutrients that are necessary to prevent deficiencies and maintain good health.

Molecular models are three-dimensional representations of molecular structures that are used in the field of molecular biology and chemistry to visualize and understand the spatial arrangement of atoms and bonds within a molecule. These models can be physical or computer-generated and allow researchers to study the shape, size, and behavior of molecules, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions with other molecules.

Physical molecular models are often made up of balls (representing atoms) connected by rods or sticks (representing bonds). These models can be constructed manually using materials such as plastic or wooden balls and rods, or they can be created using 3D printing technology.

Computer-generated molecular models, on the other hand, are created using specialized software that allows researchers to visualize and manipulate molecular structures in three dimensions. These models can be used to simulate molecular interactions, predict molecular behavior, and design new drugs or chemicals with specific properties. Overall, molecular models play a critical role in advancing our understanding of molecular structures and their functions.

'Escherichia coli' (E. coli) is a type of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that commonly inhabits the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. It is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and one of the most well-studied prokaryotic model organisms in molecular biology.

While most E. coli strains are harmless and even beneficial to their hosts, some serotypes can cause various forms of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal illnesses in humans and animals. These pathogenic strains possess virulence factors that enable them to colonize and damage host tissues, leading to diseases such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and sepsis.

E. coli is a versatile organism with remarkable genetic diversity, which allows it to adapt to various environmental niches. It can be found in water, soil, food, and various man-made environments, making it an essential indicator of fecal contamination and a common cause of foodborne illnesses. The study of E. coli has contributed significantly to our understanding of fundamental biological processes, including DNA replication, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.

Dietary Potassium is a mineral and an essential electrolyte that is required in the human body for various physiological processes. It is primarily obtained through dietary sources. The recommended daily intake of potassium for adults is 4700 milligrams (mg).

Potassium plays a crucial role in maintaining normal blood pressure, heart function, and muscle and nerve activity. It also helps to balance the body's fluids and prevent kidney stones. Foods that are rich in dietary potassium include fruits such as bananas, oranges, and melons; vegetables such as leafy greens, potatoes, and tomatoes; legumes such as beans and lentils; dairy products such as milk and yogurt; and nuts and seeds.

It is important to maintain a balanced intake of dietary potassium, as both deficiency and excess can have negative health consequences. A deficiency in potassium can lead to muscle weakness, fatigue, and heart arrhythmias, while an excess can cause hyperkalemia, which can result in serious cardiac complications.

Nutritional requirements refer to the necessary amount of nutrients, including macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), that an individual requires to maintain good health, support normal growth and development, and promote optimal bodily functions. These requirements vary based on factors such as age, sex, body size, pregnancy status, and physical activity level. Meeting one's nutritional requirements typically involves consuming a balanced and varied diet, with additional consideration given to any specific dietary restrictions or medical conditions that may influence nutrient needs.

Culture media is a substance that is used to support the growth of microorganisms or cells in an artificial environment, such as a petri dish or test tube. It typically contains nutrients and other factors that are necessary for the growth and survival of the organisms being cultured. There are many different types of culture media, each with its own specific formulation and intended use. Some common examples include blood agar, which is used to culture bacteria; Sabouraud dextrose agar, which is used to culture fungi; and Eagle's minimum essential medium, which is used to culture animal cells.

Radioisotopes, also known as radioactive isotopes or radionuclides, are variants of chemical elements that have unstable nuclei and emit radiation in the form of alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, or conversion electrons. These isotopes are formed when an element's nucleus undergoes natural or artificial radioactive decay.

Radioisotopes can be produced through various processes, including nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, and particle bombardment in a cyclotron or other types of particle accelerators. They have a wide range of applications in medicine, industry, agriculture, research, and energy production. In the medical field, radioisotopes are used for diagnostic imaging, radiation therapy, and in the labeling of molecules for research purposes.

It is important to note that handling and using radioisotopes requires proper training, safety measures, and regulatory compliance due to their ionizing radiation properties, which can pose potential health risks if not handled correctly.

In the context of medicine, there is no specific medical definition for 'metals.' However, certain metals have significant roles in biological systems and are thus studied in physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Some metals are essential to life, serving as cofactors for enzymatic reactions, while others are toxic and can cause harm at certain levels.

Examples of essential metals include:

1. Iron (Fe): It is a crucial component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and various enzymes involved in energy production, DNA synthesis, and electron transport.
2. Zinc (Zn): This metal is vital for immune function, wound healing, protein synthesis, and DNA synthesis. It acts as a cofactor for over 300 enzymes.
3. Copper (Cu): Copper is essential for energy production, iron metabolism, antioxidant defense, and connective tissue formation. It serves as a cofactor for several enzymes.
4. Magnesium (Mg): Magnesium plays a crucial role in many biochemical reactions, including nerve and muscle function, protein synthesis, and blood pressure regulation.
5. Manganese (Mn): This metal is necessary for bone development, protein metabolism, and antioxidant defense. It acts as a cofactor for several enzymes.
6. Molybdenum (Mo): Molybdenum is essential for the function of certain enzymes involved in the metabolism of nucleic acids, proteins, and drugs.
7. Cobalt (Co): Cobalt is a component of vitamin B12, which plays a vital role in DNA synthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and nerve function.

Examples of toxic metals include:

1. Lead (Pb): Exposure to lead can cause neurological damage, anemia, kidney dysfunction, and developmental issues.
2. Mercury (Hg): Mercury is highly toxic and can cause neurological problems, kidney damage, and developmental issues.
3. Arsenic (As): Arsenic exposure can lead to skin lesions, cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.
4. Cadmium (Cd): Cadmium is toxic and can cause kidney damage, bone demineralization, and lung irritation.
5. Chromium (Cr): Excessive exposure to chromium can lead to skin ulcers, respiratory issues, and kidney and liver damage.

Nucleic acid conformation refers to the three-dimensional structure that nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) adopt as a result of the bonding patterns between the atoms within the molecule. The primary structure of nucleic acids is determined by the sequence of nucleotides, while the conformation is influenced by factors such as the sugar-phosphate backbone, base stacking, and hydrogen bonding.

Two common conformations of DNA are the B-form and the A-form. The B-form is a right-handed helix with a diameter of about 20 Ã… and a pitch of 34 Ã…, while the A-form has a smaller diameter (about 18 Ã…) and a shorter pitch (about 25 Ã…). RNA typically adopts an A-form conformation.

The conformation of nucleic acids can have significant implications for their function, as it can affect their ability to interact with other molecules such as proteins or drugs. Understanding the conformational properties of nucleic acids is therefore an important area of research in molecular biology and medicine.

Cobalt is a chemical element with the symbol Co and atomic number 27. It is a hard, silver-white, lustrous, and brittle metal that is found naturally only in chemically combined form, except for small amounts found in meteorites. Cobalt is used primarily in the production of magnetic, wear-resistant, and high-strength alloys, as well as in the manufacture of batteries, magnets, and pigments.

In a medical context, cobalt is sometimes used in the form of cobalt-60, a radioactive isotope, for cancer treatment through radiation therapy. Cobalt-60 emits gamma rays that can be directed at tumors to destroy cancer cells. Additionally, small amounts of cobalt are present in some vitamin B12 supplements and fortified foods, as cobalt is an essential component of vitamin B12. However, exposure to high levels of cobalt can be harmful and may cause health effects such as allergic reactions, lung damage, heart problems, and neurological issues.

Taurocholic acid is a bile salt, which is a type of organic compound that plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. It is formed in the liver by conjugation of cholic acid with taurine, an amino sulfonic acid.

Taurocholic acid has a detergent-like effect on the lipids in our food, helping to break them down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed through the intestinal wall and transported to other parts of the body for energy production or storage. It also helps to maintain the flow of bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine, where it is stored until needed for digestion.

Abnormal levels of taurocholic acid in the body have been linked to various health conditions, including gallstones, liver disease, and gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore, it is important to maintain a healthy balance of bile salts, including taurocholic acid, for optimal digestive function.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a polypeptide hormone that plays a crucial role in the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels in the body. It is produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands, which are four small endocrine glands located on the back surface of the thyroid gland.

The primary function of PTH is to maintain normal calcium levels in the blood by increasing calcium absorption from the gut, mobilizing calcium from bones, and decreasing calcium excretion by the kidneys. PTH also increases phosphate excretion by the kidneys, which helps to lower serum phosphate levels.

In addition to its role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, PTH has been shown to have anabolic effects on bone tissue, stimulating bone formation and preventing bone loss. However, chronic elevations in PTH levels can lead to excessive bone resorption and osteoporosis.

Overall, Parathyroid Hormone is a critical hormone that helps maintain mineral homeostasis and supports healthy bone metabolism.

Iodine is an essential trace element that is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones in the body. These hormones play crucial roles in various bodily functions, including growth and development, metabolism, and brain development during pregnancy and infancy. Iodine can be found in various foods such as seaweed, dairy products, and iodized salt. In a medical context, iodine is also used as an antiseptic to disinfect surfaces, wounds, and skin infections due to its ability to kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

Stearic acid is not typically considered a medical term, but rather a chemical compound. It is a saturated fatty acid with the chemical formula C18H36O2. Stearic acid is commonly found in various foods such as animal fats and vegetable oils, including cocoa butter and palm oil.

In a medical context, stearic acid might be mentioned in relation to nutrition or cosmetics. For example, it may be listed as an ingredient in some skincare products or medications where it is used as an emollient or thickening agent. It's also worth noting that while stearic acid is a saturated fat, some studies suggest that it may have a more neutral effect on blood cholesterol levels compared to other saturated fats. However, this is still a topic of ongoing research and debate in the medical community.

Body weight is the measure of the force exerted on a scale or balance by an object's mass, most commonly expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or kilograms (kg). In the context of medical definitions, body weight typically refers to an individual's total weight, which includes their skeletal muscle, fat, organs, and bodily fluids.

Healthcare professionals often use body weight as a basic indicator of overall health status, as it can provide insights into various aspects of a person's health, such as nutritional status, metabolic function, and risk factors for certain diseases. For example, being significantly underweight or overweight can increase the risk of developing conditions like malnutrition, diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.

It is important to note that body weight alone may not provide a complete picture of an individual's health, as it does not account for factors such as muscle mass, bone density, or body composition. Therefore, healthcare professionals often use additional measures, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood tests, to assess overall health status more comprehensively.

Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from Latin: *cuprum*) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Copper is found as a free element in nature, and it is also a constituent of many minerals such as chalcopyrite and bornite.

In the human body, copper is an essential trace element that plays a role in various physiological processes, including iron metabolism, energy production, antioxidant defense, and connective tissue synthesis. Copper is found in a variety of foods, such as shellfish, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and organ meats. The recommended daily intake of copper for adults is 900 micrograms (mcg) per day.

Copper deficiency can lead to anemia, neutropenia, impaired immune function, and abnormal bone development. Copper toxicity, on the other hand, can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and in severe cases, liver damage and neurological symptoms. Therefore, it is important to maintain a balanced copper intake through diet and supplements if necessary.

The double-blind method is a study design commonly used in research, including clinical trials, to minimize bias and ensure the objectivity of results. In this approach, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of which group the participants are assigned to, whether it be the experimental group or the control group. This means that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving a particular treatment or placebo, thus reducing the potential for bias in the evaluation of outcomes. The assignment of participants to groups is typically done by a third party not involved in the study, and the codes are only revealed after all data have been collected and analyzed.

Protein binding, in the context of medical and biological sciences, refers to the interaction between a protein and another molecule (known as the ligand) that results in a stable complex. This process is often reversible and can be influenced by various factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration of the involved molecules.

In clinical chemistry, protein binding is particularly important when it comes to drugs, as many of them bind to proteins (especially albumin) in the bloodstream. The degree of protein binding can affect a drug's distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which in turn influence its therapeutic effectiveness and potential side effects.

Protein-bound drugs may be less available for interaction with their target tissues, as only the unbound or "free" fraction of the drug is active. Therefore, understanding protein binding can help optimize dosing regimens and minimize adverse reactions.

Biological transport, active is the process by which cells use energy to move materials across their membranes from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. This type of transport is facilitated by specialized proteins called transporters or pumps that are located in the cell membrane. These proteins undergo conformational changes to physically carry the molecules through the lipid bilayer of the membrane, often against their concentration gradient.

Active transport requires energy because it works against the natural tendency of molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, a process known as diffusion. Cells obtain this energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is produced through cellular respiration.

Examples of active transport include the uptake of glucose and amino acids into cells, as well as the secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters. The sodium-potassium pump, which helps maintain resting membrane potential in nerve and muscle cells, is a classic example of an active transporter.

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

Adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. This reaction releases energy, which is used to drive various cellular processes such as muscle contraction, transport of ions across membranes, and synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids.

ATPases are classified into several types based on their structure, function, and mechanism of action. Some examples include:

1. P-type ATPases: These ATPases form a phosphorylated intermediate during the reaction cycle and are involved in the transport of ions across membranes, such as the sodium-potassium pump and calcium pumps.
2. F-type ATPases: These ATPases are found in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria, and are responsible for generating a proton gradient across the membrane, which is used to synthesize ATP.
3. V-type ATPases: These ATPases are found in vacuolar membranes and endomembranes, and are involved in acidification of intracellular compartments.
4. A-type ATPases: These ATPases are found in the plasma membrane and are involved in various functions such as cell signaling and ion transport.

Overall, ATPases play a crucial role in maintaining the energy balance of cells and regulating various physiological processes.

Gitelman Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the electrolyte and fluid balance in the body. It is characterized by low levels of potassium, magnesium, and chloride in the blood due to defects in the function of the distal convoluted tubule in the kidney. This results in increased urinary excretion of these ions.

The condition is caused by mutations in the SLC12A3 gene, which provides instructions for making a protein called thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC). The NCC protein is responsible for reabsorbing sodium and chloride ions from the urine back into the bloodstream. In Gitelman Syndrome, the mutations in the SLC12A3 gene lead to reduced function of the NCC protein, resulting in increased excretion of sodium, chloride, potassium, and magnesium in the urine.

Symptoms of Gitelman Syndrome may include muscle weakness, cramps, spasms, fatigue, salt cravings, thirst, and decreased appetite. The condition is usually diagnosed in childhood or adolescence but can also present in adulthood. Treatment typically involves supplementation with potassium and magnesium to correct the electrolyte imbalances. In some cases, a medication called indapamide may be used to increase sodium reabsorption in the kidney and reduce potassium excretion.

A dietary supplement is a product that contains nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs or other botanicals, and is intended to be taken by mouth, to supplement the diet. Dietary supplements can include a wide range of products, such as vitamin and mineral supplements, herbal supplements, and sports nutrition products.

Dietary supplements are not intended to treat, diagnose, cure, or alleviate the effects of diseases. They are intended to be used as a way to add extra nutrients to the diet or to support specific health functions. It is important to note that dietary supplements are not subject to the same rigorous testing and regulations as drugs, so it is important to choose products carefully and consult with a healthcare provider if you have any questions or concerns about using them.

A buffer in the context of physiology and medicine refers to a substance or system that helps to maintain stable or neutral conditions, particularly in relation to pH levels, within the body or biological fluids.

Buffers are weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to minimize changes in the pH level. They do this by taking up excess hydrogen ions (H+) when acidity increases or releasing hydrogen ions when alkalinity increases, thereby maintaining a relatively constant pH.

In the human body, some of the key buffer systems include:

1. Bicarbonate buffer system: This is the major buffer in blood and extracellular fluids. It consists of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and carbonic acid (H2CO3). When there is an increase in acidity, the bicarbonate ion accepts a hydrogen ion to form carbonic acid, which then dissociates into water and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide can be exhaled, helping to remove excess acid from the body.
2. Phosphate buffer system: This is primarily found within cells. It consists of dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4-) and monohydrogen phosphate (HPO42-) ions. When there is an increase in alkalinity, the dihydrogen phosphate ion donates a hydrogen ion to form monohydrogen phosphate, helping to neutralize the excess base.
3. Protein buffer system: Proteins, particularly histidine-rich proteins, can also act as buffers due to the presence of ionizable groups on their surfaces. These groups can bind or release hydrogen ions in response to changes in pH, thus maintaining a stable environment within cells and organelles.

Maintaining appropriate pH levels is crucial for various biological processes, including enzyme function, cell membrane stability, and overall homeostasis. Buffers play a vital role in preserving these balanced conditions despite internal or external challenges that might disrupt them.

Fluorides are ionic compounds that contain the fluoride anion (F-). In the context of dental and public health, fluorides are commonly used in preventive measures to help reduce tooth decay. They can be found in various forms such as sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, and calcium fluoride. When these compounds come into contact with saliva, they release fluoride ions that can be absorbed by tooth enamel. This process helps to strengthen the enamel and make it more resistant to acid attacks caused by bacteria in the mouth, which can lead to dental caries or cavities. Fluorides can be topically applied through products like toothpaste, mouth rinses, and fluoride varnishes, or systemically ingested through fluoridated water, salt, or supplements.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Lithium is not a medical term per se, but it is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3. In the field of medicine, lithium is most commonly referred to as a medication, specifically as "lithium carbonate" or "lithium citrate," which are used primarily to treat bipolar disorder. These medications work by stabilizing mood and reducing the severity and frequency of manic episodes.

Lithium is a naturally occurring substance, and it is an alkali metal. In its elemental form, lithium is highly reactive and flammable. However, when combined with carbonate or citrate ions to form lithium salts, it becomes more stable and safe for medical use.

It's important to note that lithium levels in the body must be closely monitored while taking this medication because too much lithium can lead to toxicity, causing symptoms such as tremors, nausea, diarrhea, and in severe cases, seizures, coma, or even death. Regular blood tests are necessary to ensure that lithium levels remain within the therapeutic range.

Strontium is not a medical term, but it is a chemical element with the symbol Sr and atomic number 38. It is a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element that is highly reactive chemically. In the medical field, strontium ranelate is a medication used to treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It works by increasing the formation of new bone and decreasing bone resorption (breakdown).

It is important to note that strontium ranelate has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events, such as heart attack and stroke, so it is not recommended for people with a history of these conditions. Additionally, the use of strontium supplements in high doses can be toxic and should be avoided.

"Bone" is the hard, dense connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrate animals. It provides support and protection for the body's internal organs, and serves as a attachment site for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Bone is composed of cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone formation and resorption, respectively, and an extracellular matrix made up of collagen fibers and mineral crystals.

Bones can be classified into two main types: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense and hard, and makes up the outer layer of all bones and the shafts of long bones. Spongy bone is less dense and contains large spaces, and makes up the ends of long bones and the interior of flat and irregular bones.

The human body has 206 bones in total. They can be further classified into five categories based on their shape: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones.

Phenolphthalein is not strictly a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that has been used in medical contexts. It's primarily known for its use as an acid-base indicator in chemistry and medical laboratory tests. Here's the general definition:

Phenolphthalein is a crystalline compound, commonly available as a colorless powder or clear liquid. It is used as a pH indicator, turning pink to purple in basic solutions (pH above 8.2) and colorless in acidic solutions (pH below 8.2). This property makes it useful in various applications, such as titrations and monitoring the pH of chemical reactions or solutions.

In a medical context, phenolphthalein has historically been used as an active ingredient in certain over-the-counter laxatives. However, due to concerns about potential carcinogenicity and other side effects, its use in pharmaceuticals has been largely discontinued or restricted in many countries, including the United States.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

In the context of medicine, iron is an essential micromineral and key component of various proteins and enzymes. It plays a crucial role in oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and energy production within the body. Iron exists in two main forms: heme and non-heme. Heme iron is derived from hemoglobin and myoglobin in animal products, while non-heme iron comes from plant sources and supplements.

The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iron varies depending on age, sex, and life stage:

* For men aged 19-50 years, the RDA is 8 mg/day
* For women aged 19-50 years, the RDA is 18 mg/day
* During pregnancy, the RDA increases to 27 mg/day
* During lactation, the RDA for breastfeeding mothers is 9 mg/day

Iron deficiency can lead to anemia, characterized by fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Excessive iron intake may result in iron overload, causing damage to organs such as the liver and heart. Balanced iron levels are essential for maintaining optimal health.

Water-electrolyte balance refers to the regulation of water and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate) in the body to maintain homeostasis. This is crucial for various bodily functions such as nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, fluid balance, and pH regulation. The body maintains this balance through mechanisms that control water intake, excretion, and electrolyte concentration in various body fluids like blood and extracellular fluid. Disruptions in water-electrolyte balance can lead to dehydration or overhydration, and imbalances in electrolytes can cause conditions such as hyponatremia (low sodium levels) or hyperkalemia (high potassium levels).

In the context of medical terminology, "solutions" refers to a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, in which one substance (the solute) is uniformly distributed within another substance (the solvent). The solvent is typically the greater component of the solution and is capable of dissolving the solute.

Solutions can be classified based on the physical state of the solvent and solute. For instance, a solution in which both the solvent and solute are liquids is called a liquid solution or simply a solution. A solid solution is one where the solvent is a solid and the solute is either a gas, liquid, or solid. Similarly, a gas solution refers to a mixture where the solvent is a gas and the solute can be a gas, liquid, or solid.

In medical applications, solutions are often used as vehicles for administering medications, such as intravenous (IV) fluids, oral rehydration solutions, eye drops, and topical creams or ointments. The composition of these solutions is carefully controlled to ensure the appropriate concentration and delivery of the active ingredients.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Rabbits" is a common name used to refer to the Lagomorpha species, particularly members of the family Leporidae. They are small mammals known for their long ears, strong legs, and quick reproduction.

However, if you're referring to "rabbits" in a medical context, there is a term called "rabbit syndrome," which is a rare movement disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements of the fingers, resembling those of a rabbit chewing. It is also known as "finger-chewing chorea." This condition is usually associated with certain medications, particularly antipsychotics, and typically resolves when the medication is stopped or adjusted.

Diuretics are a type of medication that increase the production of urine and help the body eliminate excess fluid and salt. They work by interfering with the reabsorption of sodium in the kidney tubules, which in turn causes more water to be excreted from the body. Diuretics are commonly used to treat conditions such as high blood pressure, heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and kidney disease. There are several types of diuretics, including loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, and osmotic diuretics, each with its own mechanism of action and potential side effects. It is important to use diuretics under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can interact with other medications and have an impact on electrolyte balance in the body.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that provides information about the biochemical composition of tissues, including their metabolic state. It is often used in conjunction with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to analyze various metabolites within body tissues, such as the brain, heart, liver, and muscles.

During MRS, a strong magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer are used to produce detailed images and data about the concentration of specific metabolites in the targeted tissue or organ. This technique can help detect abnormalities related to energy metabolism, neurotransmitter levels, pH balance, and other biochemical processes, which can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, including cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic diseases.

There are different types of MRS, such as Proton (^1^H) MRS, Phosphorus-31 (^31^P) MRS, and Carbon-13 (^13^C) MRS, each focusing on specific elements or metabolites within the body. The choice of MRS technique depends on the clinical question being addressed and the type of information needed for diagnosis or monitoring purposes.

Laxatives are substances or medications that are used to promote bowel movements or loosen the stools, thereby helping in the treatment of constipation. They work by increasing the amount of water in the stool or stimulating the muscles in the intestines to contract and push the stool through. Laxatives can be categorized into several types based on their mechanism of action, including bulk-forming laxatives, lubricant laxatives, osmotic laxatives, saline laxatives, stimulant laxatives, and stool softeners. It is important to use laxatives only as directed by a healthcare professional, as overuse or misuse can lead to serious health complications.

Fluorescence spectrometry is a type of analytical technique used to investigate the fluorescent properties of a sample. It involves the measurement of the intensity of light emitted by a substance when it absorbs light at a specific wavelength and then re-emits it at a longer wavelength. This process, known as fluorescence, occurs because the absorbed energy excites electrons in the molecules of the substance to higher energy states, and when these electrons return to their ground state, they release the excess energy as light.

Fluorescence spectrometry typically measures the emission spectrum of a sample, which is a plot of the intensity of emitted light versus the wavelength of emission. This technique can be used to identify and quantify the presence of specific fluorescent molecules in a sample, as well as to study their photophysical properties.

Fluorescence spectrometry has many applications in fields such as biochemistry, environmental science, and materials science. For example, it can be used to detect and measure the concentration of pollutants in water samples, to analyze the composition of complex biological mixtures, or to study the properties of fluorescent nanomaterials.

"Inbred strains of rats" are genetically identical rodents that have been produced through many generations of brother-sister mating. This results in a high degree of homozygosity, where the genes at any particular locus in the genome are identical in all members of the strain.

Inbred strains of rats are widely used in biomedical research because they provide a consistent and reproducible genetic background for studying various biological phenomena, including the effects of drugs, environmental factors, and genetic mutations on health and disease. Additionally, inbred strains can be used to create genetically modified models of human diseases by introducing specific mutations into their genomes.

Some commonly used inbred strains of rats include the Wistar Kyoto (WKY), Sprague-Dawley (SD), and Fischer 344 (F344) rat strains. Each strain has its own unique genetic characteristics, making them suitable for different types of research.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "thermodynamics" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. However, the principles of thermodynamics can be applied to biological systems, including those in the human body, such as in the study of metabolism or muscle function. But in a medical context, "thermodynamics" would not be a term used independently as a diagnosis, treatment, or any medical condition.

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are a group of disinfectants and antiseptics that contain a nitrogen atom surrounded by four organic groups, resulting in a charged "quat" structure. They are widely used in healthcare settings due to their broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. QACs work by disrupting the cell membrane of microorganisms, leading to their death. Common examples include benzalkonium chloride and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. It is important to note that some microorganisms have developed resistance to QACs, and they may not be effective against all types of pathogens.

Water-electrolyte imbalance refers to a disturbance in the balance of water and electrolytes (such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate) in the body. This imbalance can occur when there is an excess or deficiency of water or electrolytes in the body, leading to altered concentrations in the blood and other bodily fluids.

Such imbalances can result from various medical conditions, including kidney disease, heart failure, liver cirrhosis, severe dehydration, burns, excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, and certain medications. Symptoms of water-electrolyte imbalance may include weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, seizures, confusion, and in severe cases, coma or even death. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and correcting the electrolyte and fluid levels through appropriate medical interventions.

Distal kidney tubules are the final segment of the renal tubule in the nephron of the kidney. The nephron is the basic unit of the kidney that filters blood and produces urine. After the filtrate leaves the glomerulus, it enters the proximal tubule where most of the reabsorption of water, electrolytes, and nutrients occurs.

The filtrate then moves into the loop of Henle, which is divided into a thin and thick descending limb and a thin and thick ascending limb. The loop of Henle helps to establish a concentration gradient in the medullary interstitium, allowing for the reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts.

The distal tubule is the last segment of the renal tubule before the filtrate enters the collecting duct. It is a relatively short structure that receives filtrate from the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. The distal tubule plays an important role in regulating electrolyte and water balance by actively transporting ions such as sodium, potassium, and chloride.

The distal tubule also contains specialized cells called principal cells and intercalated cells that are responsible for secreting or reabsorbing hydrogen and potassium ions to maintain acid-base balance. Additionally, the distal tubule is a site of action for several hormones, including aldosterone, which stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion, and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone), which promotes water reabsorption in the collecting ducts.

Organometallic compounds are a type of chemical compound that contain at least one metal-carbon bond. This means that the metal is directly attached to carbon atom(s) from an organic molecule. These compounds can be synthesized through various methods, and they have found widespread use in industrial and medicinal applications, including catalysis, polymerization, and pharmaceuticals.

It's worth noting that while organometallic compounds contain metal-carbon bonds, not all compounds with metal-carbon bonds are considered organometallic. For example, in classical inorganic chemistry, simple salts of metal carbonyls (M(CO)n) are not typically classified as organometallic, but rather as metal carbonyl complexes. The distinction between these classes of compounds can sometimes be subtle and is a matter of ongoing debate among chemists.

Protein conformation refers to the specific three-dimensional shape that a protein molecule assumes due to the spatial arrangement of its constituent amino acid residues and their associated chemical groups. This complex structure is determined by several factors, including covalent bonds (disulfide bridges), hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and ionic bonds, which help stabilize the protein's unique conformation.

Protein conformations can be broadly classified into two categories: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. The primary structure represents the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary structure arises from local interactions between adjacent amino acid residues, leading to the formation of recurring motifs such as α-helices and β-sheets. Tertiary structure refers to the overall three-dimensional folding pattern of a single polypeptide chain, while quaternary structure describes the spatial arrangement of multiple folded polypeptide chains (subunits) that interact to form a functional protein complex.

Understanding protein conformation is crucial for elucidating protein function, as the specific three-dimensional shape of a protein directly influences its ability to interact with other molecules, such as ligands, nucleic acids, or other proteins. Any alterations in protein conformation due to genetic mutations, environmental factors, or chemical modifications can lead to loss of function, misfolding, aggregation, and disease states like neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a chemical compound that plays a crucial role in energy transfer within cells. It is a nucleotide, which consists of a adenosine molecule (a sugar molecule called ribose attached to a nitrogenous base called adenine) and two phosphate groups.

In the cell, ADP functions as an intermediate in the conversion of energy from one form to another. When a high-energy phosphate bond in ADP is broken, energy is released and ADP is converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which serves as the main energy currency of the cell. Conversely, when ATP donates a phosphate group to another molecule, it is converted back to ADP, releasing energy for the cell to use.

ADP also plays a role in blood clotting and other physiological processes. In the coagulation cascade, ADP released from damaged red blood cells can help activate platelets and initiate the formation of a blood clot.

'Alloys' is not a medical term. It is a term used in materials science and engineering to describe a mixture or solid solution composed of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal. The components are typically present in significant amounts (>1% by weight). The properties of alloys, such as their strength, durability, and corrosion resistance, often differ from those of the constituent elements.

While not directly related to medicine, some alloys do have medical applications. For example, certain alloys are used in orthopedic implants, dental restorations, and other medical devices due to their desirable properties such as biocompatibility, strength, and resistance to corrosion.

Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.

Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:

1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

Furosemide is a loop diuretic medication that is primarily used to treat edema (fluid retention) associated with various medical conditions such as heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and kidney disease. It works by inhibiting the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter in the ascending loop of Henle in the kidneys, thereby promoting the excretion of water, sodium, and chloride ions. This increased urine output helps reduce fluid accumulation in the body and lower blood pressure.

Furosemide is also known by its brand names Lasix and Frusid. It can be administered orally or intravenously, depending on the patient's condition and the desired rate of diuresis. Common side effects include dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, hearing loss (in high doses), and increased blood sugar levels.

It is essential to monitor kidney function, electrolyte levels, and fluid balance while using furosemide to minimize potential adverse effects and ensure appropriate treatment.

Hypokalemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally low potassium levels in the blood, specifically when the concentration falls below 3.5 milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L). Potassium is an essential electrolyte that helps regulate heart function, nerve signals, and muscle contractions.

Hypokalemia can result from various factors, including inadequate potassium intake, increased potassium loss through the urine or gastrointestinal tract, or shifts of potassium between body compartments. Common causes include diuretic use, vomiting, diarrhea, certain medications, kidney diseases, and hormonal imbalances.

Mild hypokalemia may not cause noticeable symptoms but can still affect the proper functioning of muscles and nerves. More severe cases can lead to muscle weakness, fatigue, cramps, paralysis, heart rhythm abnormalities, and in rare instances, respiratory failure or cardiac arrest. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause and replenishing potassium levels through oral or intravenous (IV) supplementation, depending on the severity of the condition.

The Loop of Henle, also known as the Henle's loop or nephron loop, is a hairpin-shaped structure in the nephrons of the mammalian kidney. It is a part of the renal tubule and plays a crucial role in concentrating urine and maintaining water-electrolyte balance in the body.

The Loop of Henle consists of two main segments: the thin descending limb, which dips into the medulla of the kidney, and the thick ascending limb, which returns to the cortex. The loop is responsible for creating a concentration gradient in the medullary interstitium, allowing for the reabsorption of water from the filtrate in the collecting ducts under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

In summary, the Loop of Henle is a vital component of the kidney's nephron that facilitates urine concentration and helps regulate fluid balance in the body.

Oral administration is a route of giving medications or other substances by mouth. This can be in the form of tablets, capsules, liquids, pastes, or other forms that can be swallowed. Once ingested, the substance is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and enters the bloodstream to reach its intended target site in the body. Oral administration is a common and convenient route of medication delivery, but it may not be appropriate for all substances or in certain situations, such as when rapid onset of action is required or when the patient has difficulty swallowing.

Solubility is a fundamental concept in pharmaceutical sciences and medicine, which refers to the maximum amount of a substance (solute) that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent (usually water) at a specific temperature and pressure. Solubility is typically expressed as mass of solute per volume or mass of solvent (e.g., grams per liter, milligrams per milliliter). The process of dissolving a solute in a solvent results in a homogeneous solution where the solute particles are dispersed uniformly throughout the solvent.

Understanding the solubility of drugs is crucial for their formulation, administration, and therapeutic effectiveness. Drugs with low solubility may not dissolve sufficiently to produce the desired pharmacological effect, while those with high solubility might lead to rapid absorption and short duration of action. Therefore, optimizing drug solubility through various techniques like particle size reduction, salt formation, or solubilization is an essential aspect of drug development and delivery.

Diphosphates, also known as pyrophosphates, are chemical compounds that contain two phosphate groups joined together by an oxygen atom. The general formula for a diphosphate is P~PO3~2-, where ~ represents a bond. Diphosphates play important roles in various biological processes, such as energy metabolism and cell signaling. In the context of nutrition, diphosphates can be found in some foods, including milk and certain vegetables.

Biological transport refers to the movement of molecules, ions, or solutes across biological membranes or through cells in living organisms. This process is essential for maintaining homeostasis, regulating cellular functions, and enabling communication between cells. There are two main types of biological transport: passive transport and active transport.

Passive transport does not require the input of energy and includes:

1. Diffusion: The random movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equilibrium is reached.
2. Osmosis: The diffusion of solvent molecules (usually water) across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
3. Facilitated diffusion: The assisted passage of polar or charged substances through protein channels or carriers in the cell membrane, which increases the rate of diffusion without consuming energy.

Active transport requires the input of energy (in the form of ATP) and includes:

1. Primary active transport: The direct use of ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient, often driven by specific transport proteins called pumps.
2. Secondary active transport: The coupling of the movement of one substance down its electrochemical gradient with the uphill transport of another substance, mediated by a shared transport protein. This process is also known as co-transport or counter-transport.

Antacids are a type of medication that is used to neutralize stomach acid and provide rapid relief from symptoms such as heartburn, indigestion, and stomach discomfort. They work by chemically reacting with the stomach acid to reduce its acidity. Antacids may contain one or more active ingredients, including aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate.

Antacids are available over-the-counter in various forms, such as tablets, chewable tablets, liquids, and powders. They can provide quick relief from acid reflux and related symptoms; however, they may not be effective for treating the underlying cause of these symptoms. Therefore, if you experience frequent or severe symptoms, it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.

In the context of medicine and biology, sulfates are ions or compounds that contain the sulfate group (SO4−2). Sulfate is a polyatomic anion with the structure of a sphere. It consists of a central sulfur atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement.

Sulfates can be found in various biological molecules, such as glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans, which are important components of connective tissue and the extracellular matrix. Sulfate groups play a crucial role in these molecules by providing negative charges that help maintain the structural integrity and hydration of tissues.

In addition to their biological roles, sulfates can also be found in various medications and pharmaceutical compounds. For example, some laxatives contain sulfate salts, such as magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) or sodium sulfate, which work by increasing the water content in the intestines and promoting bowel movements.

It is important to note that exposure to high levels of sulfates can be harmful to human health, particularly in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a common air pollutant produced by burning fossil fuels. Prolonged exposure to SO2 can cause respiratory problems and exacerbate existing lung conditions.

Catalysis is the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance known as a catalyst, which remains unchanged at the end of the reaction. A catalyst lowers the activation energy required for the reaction to occur, thereby allowing the reaction to proceed more quickly and efficiently. This can be particularly important in biological systems, where enzymes act as catalysts to speed up metabolic reactions that are essential for life.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Medical definitions of "lubricants" refer to substances that are used to reduce friction between two surfaces in medical procedures or devices. They can be used during various medical examinations, surgeries, or when inserting medical equipment, such as catheters, to make the process smoother and more comfortable for the patient.

Lubricants used in medical settings may include water-based gels, oil-based jellies, or silicone-based lubricants. It's important to choose a lubricant that is safe and suitable for the specific medical procedure or device being used. For example, some lubricants may not be compatible with certain medical materials or may need to be sterile.

It's worth noting that while lubricants are commonly used in medical settings, they should not be used as a substitute for proper medical care or treatment. If you have any concerns about your health or medical condition, it's important to consult with a qualified healthcare professional.

Inborn errors of metal metabolism refer to genetic disorders that affect the way the body processes and handles certain metallic elements. These disorders can result in an accumulation or deficiency of specific metals, leading to various clinical manifestations. Examples of such conditions include:

1. Wilson's disease: An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation in the ATP7B gene, which results in abnormal copper metabolism and accumulation in various organs, particularly the liver and brain.
2. Menkes disease: An X-linked recessive disorder caused by a mutation in the ATP7A gene, leading to impaired copper transport and deficiency, affecting the brain, bones, and connective tissue.
3. Hemochromatosis: An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by excessive iron absorption and deposition in various organs, causing damage to the liver, heart, and pancreas.
4. Acrodermatitis enteropathica: A rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation in the SLC39A4 gene, resulting in zinc deficiency and affecting the skin, gastrointestinal system, and immune function.
5. Disturbances in manganese metabolism: Rare genetic disorders that can lead to either manganese accumulation or deficiency, causing neurological symptoms.

These conditions often require specialized medical management, including dietary modifications, chelation therapy, and/or supplementation to maintain appropriate metal homeostasis and prevent organ damage.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

The term "drinking" is commonly used to refer to the consumption of beverages, but in a medical context, it usually refers to the consumption of alcoholic drinks. According to the Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary, "drinking" is defined as:

1. The act or habit of swallowing liquid (such as water, juice, or alcohol)
2. The ingestion of alcoholic beverages

It's important to note that while moderate drinking may not pose significant health risks for some individuals, excessive or binge drinking can lead to a range of negative health consequences, including addiction, liver disease, heart disease, and increased risk of injury or violence.

Taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA) is a bile acid, which is a type of organic compound that is produced in the liver and essential for the digestion and absorption of fats. It is a conjugated bile acid, meaning it is formed from the combination of a deoxycholic acid with a taurine molecule.

TDCA helps to emulsify dietary fats, making them easier to absorb in the small intestine. It also plays a role in the elimination of cholesterol from the body by promoting its conversion into bile acids and excretion through the digestive system.

Abnormal levels of TDCA and other bile acids have been associated with various medical conditions, including liver disease, gallstones, and intestinal disorders. Therefore, measuring the levels of TDCA in blood or other bodily fluids can provide valuable diagnostic information for these conditions.

Crystallization is a process in which a substance transitions from a liquid or dissolved state to a solid state, forming a crystal lattice. In the medical context, crystallization can refer to the formation of crystals within the body, which can occur under certain conditions such as changes in pH, temperature, or concentration of solutes. These crystals can deposit in various tissues and organs, leading to the formation of crystal-induced diseases or disorders.

For example, in patients with gout, uric acid crystals can accumulate in joints, causing inflammation, pain, and swelling. Similarly, in nephrolithiasis (kidney stones), minerals in the urine can crystallize and form stones that can obstruct the urinary tract. Crystallization can also occur in other medical contexts, such as in the formation of dental calculus or plaque, and in the development of cataracts in the eye.

Chelating agents are substances that can bind and form stable complexes with certain metal ions, preventing them from participating in chemical reactions. In medicine, chelating agents are used to remove toxic or excessive amounts of metal ions from the body. For example, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a commonly used chelating agent that can bind with heavy metals such as lead and mercury, helping to eliminate them from the body and reduce their toxic effects. Other chelating agents include dimercaprol (BAL), penicillamine, and deferoxamine. These agents are used to treat metal poisoning, including lead poisoning, iron overload, and copper toxicity.

A muscle is a soft tissue in our body that contracts to produce force and motion. It is composed mainly of specialized cells called muscle fibers, which are bound together by connective tissue. There are three types of muscles: skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac. Skeletal muscles attach to bones and help in movement, while smooth muscles are found within the walls of organs and blood vessels, helping with functions like digestion and circulation. Cardiac muscle is the specific type that makes up the heart, allowing it to pump blood throughout the body.

One industrial application is the production of magnesium, which begins with production of magnesium chloride by chlorination ... Molten salt is salt which is solid at standard temperature and pressure but liquified due to elevated temperature. A salt that ... Electromagnetic pump Ionic liquid Molten-salt battery Molten salt oxidation Molten-salt reactor Parabolic trough United States ... Molten-salt reactors are a type of nuclear reactor that uses molten salt(s) as a coolant or as a solvent in which the fissile ...
Magnesium is absorbed orally at about 30% bioavailability from any water soluble salt, such as magnesium chloride or magnesium ... Magnesium deficiency treatment: Oral Magnesium aspartate Magnesium carbonate Magnesium chloride Magnesium gluconate Magnesium ... Laxative Magnesium carbonate Magnesium citrate Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium oxide Magnesium sulfate Misc Magnesium oxide: ... Insoluble magnesium salts such as magnesium oxide or magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia) depend on stomach acid for ...
Ammonium salts, e.g.Ammonium chloride, sulphate and nitrate. Metal salts e.g. Magnesium chloride, Zinc nitrate, Zinc chloride. ... Iron, aluminum, and copper salts may also contribute to the hardness, but their effects are much less. Using hard water in the ... However, reduction in alkaline liquor produces the water-soluble alkali metal salt of the dye, which, in this leuco form, has ... water in textile processes is water hardness caused by the presence of soluble salts of metals including calcium and magnesium ...
Tailings ponds include substances of concern for the water quality that discharge to surface waters: • salts • elevated sodium ... chloride, sulphate • elevated total dissolved solids, pH, conductivity and alkalinity • lower calcium and magnesium (soft water ...
... is used as: Brewing salt in making beer Coagulant for making tofu Salt substitute Anhydrous magnesium sulfate ... Double salts containing magnesium sulfate exist. There are several known as sodium magnesium sulfates and potassium magnesium ... Magnesium sulfate or magnesium sulphate (in English-speaking countries other than the US) is a chemical compound, a salt with ... Solutions of magnesium sulfate are also nearly pH neutral, compared with the slightly alkaline salts of magnesium as found in ...
Meltzer, S. J.; Auer, John (1905-10-02). "Physiological and Pharmacological Studies of Magnesium Salts.-I. General Anæsthesia ... "PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES OF MAGNESIUM SALTS.-I. GENERAL ANÆSTHESIA BY SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTIONS". American ... In 1908, Auer and Meltzer began studying magnesium sulfate and its application as an anesthetic. They found that injection of ... Conducting such research, Auer was the first to establish intravenous magnesium sulfate as a treatment for the convulsions of ...
... and a water-soluble magnesium salt such as magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate or magnesium sulfate. The composition of the ... Unlike natural magnesium silicates like talc, forsterite, and olivine which are crystalline, synthetic magnesium silicates are ... When used as a food additive, it is safe to ingest synthetic magnesium silicate. In 1990, the safety of synthetic magnesium ... Synthetic magnesium silicates are insoluble in water or alcohol. The particles are usually porous, and the BET surface area can ...
... can be prepared in laboratory by reaction between any soluble magnesium salt and sodium bicarbonate: MgCl2( ... high purity magnesium carbonate is used as an antacid and as an additive in table salt to keep it free flowing. Magnesium ... Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3 (archaic name magnesia alba), is an inorganic salt that is a colourless or white solid. Several ... The most common magnesium carbonate forms are the anhydrous salt called magnesite (MgCO3), and the di, tri, and pentahydrates ...
"Synthesis of magnesium-nitrogen salts of polynitrogen anions". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 4515. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.4515L ... some magnesium nitride is formed in addition to the principal product, magnesium oxide. Thermal decomposition of magnesium ... Magnesium nitride, which possesses the chemical formula Mg3N2, is an inorganic compound of magnesium and nitrogen. At room ... Magnesium nitride reacts with water to produce magnesium hydroxide and ammonia gas, as do many metal nitrides. Mg3N2(s) + 6 H2O ...
... magnesium sulphate (17.4% w/w). The product is similar to Eno's salts and Kruschen salts, and a mild form of Epsom salts. The ... "Andrews Liver Salts". Grace's Guide to British Industrial History. Retrieved 6 February 2020. "Andrews Liver Salts". Grace's ... term "liver salts" or "health salts" is typically used for a laxative. Andrews Liver Salts was first sold from 1894, by William ... The protagonist in Albert Camus's novel The Stranger clips out an advertisement for Kruschen Salts. "Andrews Liver Salts". ...
Bittern is a source of many salts including magnesium sulfate (epsom salt). Multiple methods exist for removing these salts ... Potassium-magnesium sulfate double salt, a good fertilizer, is a salt that precipitates from bitterns upon addition of methanol ... These salt ponds can be part of a salt-producing industrial facility, or they can be used as a waste storage location for ... Tartaric acid is one compound that can facilitate the precipitation of these salts. Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) can be ...
"Synthesis of magnesium-nitrogen salts of polynitrogen anions". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 4515. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.4515L ... "High-Pressure Synthesis of a Pentazolate Salt". Chemistry of Materials. 29 (2): 735-741. arXiv:1612.01918. doi:10.1021/acs. ...
... , Epsom salt, or magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, is a hydrous magnesium sulfate mineral with formula MgSO4·7H2O. ... The Epsom Salt Council recommends bathing 2 or 3 times/week, using 500-600 g (18-21 oz) Epsom salts each time. Epsom salt is ... Magnesium sulfate Bath salts Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA-CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291-320. ... Research on topical magnesium (for example epsom salt baths) is very limited. ...
... salt). Excessive sodium consumption can deplete calcium and magnesium. Sodium has a role in the etiology of hypertension ... Although salt iodization programs have reduced the prevalence of iodine deficiency, this is still a public health concern in 32 ... Salt, pepper and other spices were prescribed for various ailments in various preparations for example mixed with vinegar. In ... Magnesium". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States. Archived from the original on 2019-11-01. Retrieved 2020-01 ...
1998) Formation of Carnallite Type Double Salts by Grinding Mixtures of Magnesium and Alkali Halides with the Same Anions. ... In carnallite, the water molecules enclose the magnesium ions. This prevents the magnesium and the chloride from interacting ... Soluble potassium salts are the main sources for fertilizer. This is because the potassium is difficult to separate from ... It is mined for both potassium and magnesium and occurs in the evaporite deposits of Carlsbad, New Mexico; the Paradox Basin in ...
Montgomery, H.; E.C. Lingafelter (10 November 1964). "The crystal structure of Tutton's salts. II. Magnesium ammonium sulfate ... Tutton's salts are a family of salts with the formula M2M'(SO4)2(H2O)6 (sulfates) or M2M'(SeO4)2(H2O)6 (selenates). These ... Related to the Tutton's salts are the alums, which are also double salts but with the formula MM'(SO4)2(H2O)12. The Tutton's ... Some organic bases can also form salts that crystallise like Tutton's salts. Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2008). Inorganic ...
Nickel thiosulfate NiS2O3 has the same structure as the magnesium salt. It has alternating layers of octahedral shaped nickel2+ ... The Nickel oxyacid salts are a class of chemical compounds of nickel with an oxyacid. The compounds include a number of ... Mellor pp462-465 Mellor p 466-467 Klasens, H. A.; Perdok, W. G.; Terpstra, P. (1 January 1936). "Crystallography of Magnesium- ... are some other oxy-salts. The uranates include NiU2O6, NiUO4 α and β forms (orthorhombic a=6.415 Å; b=6.435 Å; c=6.835 Å), and ...
Magnesium Chloride ~33%; Potassium Carbonate ~43%; Potassium Sulfate ~97%. Salt solutions will vary somewhat in humidity with ... A saturated table salt (Sodium Chloride) bath will eventually give a reading of approximately 75%. Other salts have other ... In these devices, water vapor is absorbed by a salt-impregnated paper strip attached to a metal coil, causing the coil to ... Typical materials are salts and conductive polymers. Resistive sensors are less sensitive than capacitive sensors - the change ...
Sulfur springs contained hydrogen sulfide gas (see also fumeroles). Salt (saline) springs contained salts of calcium, magnesium ... Mineral water obtained from mineral springs, and the precipitated salts such as Epsom salt have long been important commercial ... Arsenical springs contained arsenic Lithia Springs contained lithium salts. Chalybeate springs contained salts of iron. Alum ... Salts, sulfur compounds, and gases are among the substances that can be dissolved in the spring water during its passage ...
... magnesium, or sodium. Some preparations contain a combination of two salts, such as magnesium carbonate and aluminium hydroxide ... Common salts available in tablet form include those of calcium, magnesium, aluminum, and sodium. Some common brand are Tums, ... Alternative sodium-free formulations containing magnesium salts may cause diarrhea, whereas those containing calcium or ... Last modified on 12 September 2014 Barnett, C. C.; Richardson, C. T. (1985). "In vivo and in vitro evaluation of magnesium- ...
... it does not contain added anticaking agents or magnesium salts. The presence of magnesium salts will defeat the purpose of ... Dishwater salt granules are larger than those of table salt. The granule size ensures that the salt dissolves slowly, and that ... Anticaking agents may lead to clogging or may contain magnesium. Table salt may contain added iodine in the form of sodium ... Dishwasher salt, which is coarse-grained sodium chloride (table salt), is used to regenerate the resin in the built-in ion- ...
Solutions most commonly include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride. Balanced salt solutions are used for ... Alsever's solution Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS) Gey's balanced salt solution (GBSS) Hanks' balanced salt solution ( ... Puck's balanced salt solution Ringer's balanced salt solution (RBSS) Simm's balanced salt solution (SBSS) TRIS-buffered saline ... A balanced salt solution (BSS) is a solution made to a physiological pH and isotonic salt concentration. ...
The technology was proposed in 2009 based on magnesium and antimony separated by a molten salt. Magnesium was chosen as the ... Molten-salt batteries are a class of battery that uses molten salts as an electrolyte and offers both a high energy density and ... The electrolyte is pure molten salt with no added solvent, which is accomplished by using a salt having a room temperature ... "THE SALT BATTERY". www.fzsonick.com. Archived from the original on December 4, 2013. "Think Global web site". Archived from the ...
... is a chemical compound with the formula Mg2SiO4. It is the orthosilicate salt of magnesium. It exists ... Magnesium orthosilicate is made by the fusion of stoichiometric amounts of magnesium and silicon oxides at 1,900 °C (3,450 °F ... Magnesium orthosilicate at Chemister "Magnesium orthosilicate at ChemSpider". Retrieved 15 August 2014. v t e (Chemical pages ... Magnesium compounds, Silicates, All stub articles, Silicate mineral stubs). ...
Hirschfelder AD, Haury VG (1934). "Clinical Manifestations of High and Low Plasma Magnesium; Dangers of Epsom Salt Purgation in ... Low levels of magnesium in blood may be due to not enough magnesium in the diet, the intestines not absorbing enough magnesium ... Numerous oral magnesium preparations are available. In two trials of magnesium oxide, one of the most common forms in magnesium ... Lindberg JS, Zobitz MM, Poindexter JR, Pak CY (February 1990). "Magnesium bioavailability from magnesium citrate and magnesium ...
... salt with the composition NaMgH2F can be operated at lower cost than the parent hydride NaMgH3 and other magnesium-hydride ... Examples with a single metal counterion include Li(H,F), Na(H,F), Mg(H,F)2, and Ca(H,F)2. More complex fluorohydride salts ... Fluorohydride salts typically contain one or more alkali or alkaline earth metals whose parent fluorides and hydrides are ... Fluorohydride salts are ionic compounds containing a mixture of fluoride and hydride anions, generally with strongly ...
The salts in the water (magnesium perchlorate, magnesium chlorate, sodium perchlorate,...) lower its freezing and melting point ...
C forms a basic salt. If further heated to 120 °C it decomposes to water, oxygen, chlorine, and magnesium oxide. As confirmed ... Samples of magnesium chlorate were first claimed in 1920 as the result of treating magnesium oxide with chlorine. A more modern ... Magnesium(II) chlorate is used as a powerful desiccant and a defoliant for cotton, potato, and rice. It is also found as a ... "Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Magnesium Chlorate Dihydrate and Magnesium Chlorate Hexahydrate". Bulgarian Chemical ...
The Epsom Salts Manufacturing Company was formed to mine the deposit. The materials mined were alum, magnesium sulfate, ... The easily accessible salts were depleted by the mid-1840s, but mining resumed during the American Civil War. The Alum Cave ... tract of land that would include Alum Cave and its salt deposits. Tennessee sold the tract of land to the three men on December ...
These salts include sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, and bicarbonates. In water these salts dissociate in ... The use of de-icing salts on roadways, used to lower the freezing point of water, is probably one of the primary causes of ... Sea water contains by weight approximately 3.5% salts. ... and other structures that may be exposed to deicing salt may ...
MAGNESIUM SULFATE HEPTAHYDRATE (UNII: SK47B8698T) (MAGNESIUM CATION - UNII:T6V3LHY838) MAGNESIUM SULFATE HEPTAHYDRATE. 1 g in 1 ... EPSOM SALT- magnesium sulfate granule. To receive this label RSS feed. Copy the URL below and paste it into your RSS Reader ... EPSOM SALT- magnesium sulfate granule. If this SPL contains inactivated NDCs listed by the FDA initiated compliance action, ... Magnesium (Mg) ..........................9.8%. 9.8% Soluble Magnesium. Sulfur (S) .............................12.9%. 12.9% ...
... in partnership with The Salt Lake Tribune, with support from the McGraw Center for Business Journalism at CUNYs Craig Newmark ... Pure magnesium, with a side of toxic chemicals. (Trent Nelson , The Salt Lake Tribune) US Magnesium, seen across the Great Salt ... The US Magnesium, which mines magnesium and other minerals from salts extracted from the Great Salt Lake at a facility 40 miles ... US Magnesium is the largest producer of magnesium and the sole producer of primary magnesium, which is derived from raw rather ...
... magnesium sulfate) is a popular way to relax, it doesnt actually deliver much magnesium to the body. ... While bathing in Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate) is a popular way to relax, it doesnt actually deliver much magnesium to the ... that the magnesium in Epsom salts can actually cross the skin barrier. While they may help support a healthy, hydrated ... Once dissolved in warm water, the magnesium sulfate salts are said to help ease stress, promote calm, and lead to full-body ...
... were used to study film formation by magnesium alloys AZ31B (Mg-3Al-1Zn base) and ZE10A (Elektron®717, E717: Mg-1Zn + Nd, Zr) ... Film Breakdown and Nano-Porous Mg(OH)2 Formation from Corrosion of Magnesium Alloys in Salt Solutions.... ... were used to study film formation by magnesium alloys AZ31B (Mg-3Al-1Zn base) and ZE10A (Elektron®717, E717: Mg-1Zn + Nd, Zr) ...
It is used as a brewing salt in brewing to adjust the ion content of the wort and enhance enzyme action in the mash to promote ... Magnesium Sulphate aka Epsom Salt MgSO4 * 7H20 is an important mineral for its effect on mash and wort pH. ...
Infused with Vitamins, Essential Oils, Aloe, Calendula, Dead Sea Salt, and Magnesium. Fragranced with an refreshing Peach Melon ... Give your bath an enchanting touch with crystalline mineral bath salts fragranced with a peach melon gardenia blend. ... Gardenia scent Magnesium helps to relieve muscle tension, soften skin, and ... Infused with Vitamins, Essential Oils, Aloe, Calendula, Dead Sea Salt, and Magnesium. ...
Used to lower the pH of your mash and starting water profile.It will increase the perception of hop flavor and hop bitterness.Usage: Can vary greatly but typically is used at a maximum of 1/2 tsp per 5 gallons.Chemical Name: Magnesium Sulfate
 Learn about the many uses of Magnesium sulfate or Epsom salts in horse stables and in the treatment of horses for a number of ... Magnesium Sulfate - Epsom Salts. Drugs and medications image EquiMed Pronunciation. mag-NE-ze-um SUL-fate - Pronunciation guide ... Magnesium sulfate may also be used as a supplemental source of magnesium in the diet of horses. ... Magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a laxative and a wound soak for horses. In the gel form available from many veterinarian ...
Fastest Turnaround in Homebrewing! We Ship Most Orders Within 24hrs ...
Magnesium methoxide, Bis(methoxy)magnesium, Dimethoxymagnesium, Magnesium dimethoxide, Magnesium methylate. An open source of ... Methanol magnesium salt Synonyms. Magnesium methoxide; Bis(methoxy)magnesium; Dimethoxymagnesium; Magnesium dimethoxide; ...
Learn how to use salts, muds, clays, zeolite and diatomite for better health and vitality. Sign up to stay updated about ... "Magnesium at Home" - Kindle. "How Clays Work" - Kindle. Earths Humble Healers - Kindle. Mineral Healing Courses. Amazon ... Magnesium Oil is Part of Pure Nature Cures (purenaturecures.com) which is a participant in the Amazon EU Associates Programme, ... advertising programme designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Magnesium ...
Here well focus on the component of magnesium absorption into the body through means of an Epsom salt soak. ... Epsom salt soaks, whether for your feet alone or for your entire body, can yield benefits for the body and spirit. ... The chemical makeup of Epsom salts, aka Magnesium Sulfate, is magnesium, sulfur, and oxygen. Its name is derived from the town ... The solution is also the most relaxing option: an Epsom salt soak! By being absorbed through the skin, magnesium does not need ...
Marine Magnesium Hydroxide (Aquamin Mg), Magnesium Bisglycinate, Magnesium Citrate (Anhydrous), Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose ... Marine Magnesium Hydroxide (Aquamin Mg), Magnesium Bisglycinate, Magnesium Citrate (Anhydrous), Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose ... Be the first to review "Magnesium complex 5 Salts - active" Cancel reply. Your email address will not be published. Required ... The combination of five different magnesium salts promotes bioavailability through a balance of rapid absorption and longer- ...
Epsom Salts) from Australias leading digital marketplace for chemical inputs ...
By specializing in custom blend fertilizers and personal care products, we aim to make gardens and their humans healthier.. ...
INGREDIENTS A purifying stress-relieving blend of mineral-rich and toxin-flushing brown algae combined with and magnesium to ... Decrease quantity for Seaweed Detox Magnesium Bath Salts - 400g Increase quantity for Seaweed Detox Magnesium Bath Salts - 400g ... Seaweed Detox Magnesium Bath Salts - 400g. Seaweed Detox Magnesium Bath Salts - 400g ... MAGNESIUM SULPHATE. Also known as Epsom Salts, and made with magnesium and combined with sulphur and oxygen the therapeutic ...
Magnesium salts for pharmaceutical, nutritional and cosmetic applications. Magnesium aspartate dibasic anhydrous / tribasic ... Magnesium Aspartate Dibasic has an As-Is magnesium content of 14.2-15.7 %. Magnesium Citrate Tribasic offers a slightly higher ... These Magnesium Salts are typically used in pharmaceutical, nutritional and cosmetic applications. ... is now manufacturing Magnesium Aspartate Dibasic Anhydrous and Magnesium Citrate Tribasic Anhydrous. Both products are ...
Deep relief muscle soak has the benefits of magnesium sulphate and amazing essential oils is a great way to soothe sore muscles ... Deep relief muscle soak has the benefits of magnesium sulphate and amazing essential oils is a great way to soothe sore muscles ...
... Perticone F;Pintaudi C;Cuda G;Spadea F;Tassone P;Mattioli PL. ... We report the results of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) infusion in 10 patients with different ventricular arrhythmias: 6 torsade ... We report the results of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) infusion in 10 patients with different ventricular arrhythmias: 6 torsade ...
Chocky Bath SaltsA luxurious hand blend concoction of all-natural mineral salts & botanicals formulated to help relax and ... Lovely magnesium bath I usually but magnesium salts for muscle recovery but since I discovered this one, it became my favourite ... Lovely magnesium bath I usually but magnesium salts for muscle recovery but since I discovered this one, it became my favourite ... Magnesium Bath Salts with Cocoa Butter - Relax. A luxurious hand blend concoction of all-natural mineral salts & botanicals ...
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A deficiency of magnesium is also sometimes responsible for the nervousness that prevents sleep as well as restless legs ... Magnesium has a calming effect on your bodys nervous system and relaxes the muscles, which in turn will help you to fall ... Magnesium For Sleep. Magnesium For Sleep - Magnesium has a calming effect on your bodys nervous system and relaxes the muscles ... Salt Lab creates premium, effective magnesium products that bring a healthy dose of ease and energy into your everyday living. ...
Despite the well-recognized importance of magnesium, low and high levels have been documented in ill patients, a... ... Abnormalities of magnesium levels, such as hypomagnesemia, can result in disturbances in nearly every organ system and can ... Magnesium sulfate. One gram of magnesium sulfate contains 8.12 mEq of magnesium (98 mg of elemental magnesium). ... Magnesium Salts. Class Summary. Magnesium can be administered either orally in an oxide or gluconate form or parenterally as a ...
Magnesium Salt 309 kr.. inkl. moms. Magnesium salt til DA-Gen pool og kemistyring ... Magnesium Salt antal. Tilføj til kurv. .row { margin-right: -15px; margin-left: -15px; } .row-no-gutters { margin-right: 0; ...
... Structural formula:. Product Name: D-Aspartic acid magnesium salt. Molecular Formula: ...
Lithium/magnesium sodium silicate is used as a bulking agent to decrease the visible density of a cosmetic product. It is also ... LITHIUM MAGNESIUM SODIUM SALT [LITHIUM MAGNESIUM SODIUM SILICATE]. Lithium/magnesium sodium silicate is used as a bulking agent ...
... magnesium bath salts. Magnesium is an essential mineral that most of us do not get enough off. Bathing in our flakes regularly ... Decrease quantity for Magnesium Bath Salts Rose, Orange and Vetiver Increase quantity for Magnesium Bath Salts Rose, Orange and ... Magnesium Bath Salts Rose, Orange and Vetiver. Magnesium Bath Salts Rose, Orange and Vetiver ... Enjoy and destress using our beautifully scented rose, orange and vetiver, magnesium bath salts. Magnesium is an essential ...
Our salt is formulated to be simple, kind and effective. ... Our fragrance free MAG12 Cleanse Epsom Bath Salts are free from ... Home › Epsom Bath Salts › Cleanse Epsom Bath Salts 1kg #ProductImage-21537240219810 { max-width: 700px; max-height: 700.0px ... relax and bathe for a minimum of twenty minutes allowing the salts to gently cleanse your skin while you absorb the magnesium ... Add 200g of Cleanse Salts to your bath and fill your tub with warm water. Grab a cold drink and be sure to stay hydrated. Lie ...
... 5 Items. Collapse Models Sort By:. Category Description Item# UPC View As:. ...
... like magnesium, with its +2 charge? Several research teams are working on just this. It is early days, but magnesium could one ... Salt. Lithiums close chemical cousin, sodium, has been the basis for research into new batteries for years now. One half of ... Magnesium. Lithium and sodium are both good battery ingredients. However, their ions can only carry an electrical charge of +1 ... A major selling point of sodium batteries is that they can be made from a plentiful resource, salt. And what better place to ...
  • Once dissolved in warm water, the magnesium sulfate salts are said to help ease stress, promote calm, and lead to full-body relaxation. (mindbodygreen.com)
  • While bathing in Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate) is a popular way to relax, it doesn't actually deliver much magnesium to the body. (mindbodygreen.com)
  • Magnesium sulfate is useful in several ways in the horse stable. (equimed.com)
  • Magnesium Sulfate IV is used to treat cases of anti-arrhythmics in equines. (equimed.com)
  • Magnesium Sulfate in IV form is used to treat ventricular tachycardia and in the management of ventricular arrhythmias not responsive to other antiarrhythmic agents. (equimed.com)
  • Magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a laxative and a wound soak for horses. (equimed.com)
  • Magnesium sulfate paste is sometimes used as an agent in drawing boils and carbuncles. (equimed.com)
  • Magnesium sulfate may also be used as a supplemental source of magnesium in the diet of horses. (equimed.com)
  • Magnesium can be administered either orally in an oxide or gluconate form or parenterally as a sulfate salt. (medscape.com)
  • One gram of magnesium sulfate contains 8.12 mEq of magnesium (98 mg of elemental magnesium). (medscape.com)
  • Epsom salt is a naturally occurring mineral salt, a compound of magnesium and sulfate. (betteryou.com)
  • Epsom Salt is a naturally occurring as well as synthetically manufactured mineral compound - Magnesium Sulfate Heptahydrate MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O (a.k.a Epsomite ). (avanitalc.com)
  • Magnesium Sulfate is a good source of both magnesium and sulfur, which are essential nutrients for plant growth. (avanitalc.com)
  • The magnesium in the Magnesium Sulfate can help to relax muscles and improve circulation. (avanitalc.com)
  • Epsom Salt is a pure mineral compound (Magnesium Sulfate) in crystal form. (epsoak.com)
  • id":2483878821972,"title":"Pure Epsom Salt Magnesium Sulfate USP","handle":"epsoak-naturals-unscented","description":"\u003cp\u003eEpsom Salt is a pure mineral compound (Magnesium Sulfate) in crystal form. (epsoak.com)
  • AC_SL1500.jpg?v=1687978253","width":1110}],"requires_selling_plan":false,"selling_plan_groups":[],"content":"\u003cp\u003eEpsom Salt is a pure mineral compound (Magnesium Sulfate) in crystal form. (epsoak.com)
  • Magnesium sulfate is not recommended as an antihypertensive agent, but magnesium sulfate remains the drug of choice for seizure prophylaxis in severe preeclampsia and for controlling seizures in eclampsia. (medscape.com)
  • magnesium sulfate 50% injection 10 ml vial. (who.int)
  • One half of sodium chloride, or table salt , it sits in the square below lithium on the periodic table , also in group 1, but weightier. (newscientist.com)
  • Bath salts aren't like table salt (which is sodium chloride)- they are made of magnesium sulphate. (betteryou.com)
  • Magnesium Flakes are a form of magnesium called magnesium chloride. (betteryou.com)
  • This is made from a magnesium chloride solution which has been heated up then cooled down to create a hard sheet of highly-concentrated magnesium chloride . (betteryou.com)
  • Meanwhile, magnesium chloride is a naturally occurring compound which can be mined from ancient sea beds or in open-water sources, like Dead Sea salt . (betteryou.com)
  • BetterYou Magnesium Flakes only use magnesium chloride that is mined from a rich seam one mile below the Zechstein sea in Northern Holland. (betteryou.com)
  • The options are Epsom Salts (sulphate) or Magnesium Flakes (chloride), both of which are largely associated with wellbeing and muscle recovery. (betteryou.com)
  • Both supplements have proven benefits, however research suggests that Magnesium Chloride is the more efficient choice since it has a broader spread of benefits and has a lower potential for toxicity. (betteryou.com)
  • While both compounds contain a similar level of elemental magnesium, a key difference between magnesium chloride (flakes) and magnesium sulphate (salts) is the rate of absorption within the body. (betteryou.com)
  • Road salt-which is so harsh it's been known to corrode cars-gets dispersed into streams, lakes, and rivers through runoff, and much of the sodium and chloride ions that make up the product remain in the ground. (tomsofmaine.com)
  • Smithsonian Magazine explains that approximately 40 percent of the country's urban streams have chloride levels that pose a threat to aquatic life, largely due to road salt. (tomsofmaine.com)
  • Zechstein Magnesium Flakes come from the purest known to date natural source of magnesium chloride, the Zechstein Sea. (saltcaves.com.au)
  • A french doctor, A. Neveu , cured several diphtheria patients with magnesium chloride within two days. (ormussalts.com)
  • In all these cases magnesium chloride had been used and gave much better results than other magnesium compounds. (ormussalts.com)
  • Zechstein Magnesium Flakes is a bath additive made of pure magnesium chloride hexahydrate. (water-salt.com)
  • Manufacturer Of Ammonium Dichromate, Aluminium Chloride Crystal, Aluminium Phosphate Light, Acetic Acid Edta Magnesium Salt. (needsinfo.com)
  • Bathing in Magnesium Chloride is believed to help with jet lag by increasing the levels of Magnesium in the body, which plays a role in regulating the body's circadian rhythm and supporting healthy sleep patterns. (konaseasalt.com)
  • Ingredients: 4oz of Deep Ocean Magnesium Chloride with full spectrum ionic trace minerals, essential oils. (konaseasalt.com)
  • Soaking in a warm bath allows magnesium chloride to absorb quickly into your skin, creating that transdermal magnesium absorption. (ethicssupplyco.com)
  • As a reference, molten sodium chloride, table salt has a melting point (m.p.) of 801 °C (1474 °F). A variety of eutectic mixture have been developed with lower melting points: Lithium chloride and potassium chloride, m.p. 450 °C. Alkali metal nitrates are relatively low melting and thermally stable. (wikipedia.org)
  • One industrial application is the production of magnesium, which begins with production of magnesium chloride by chlorination of magnesium oxide: MgO + C + Cl2 → MgCl2 + CO Electrolysis of the resulting molten magneium chloride is conducted at 700 °C: MgCl2 → Mg + Cl2 Aluminium metal is produced from aluminium oxides by electrolysis of a molten mixture of sodium hexafluoroaluminate and alumina at 950 °C. This conversion is called the Hall-Haroult process. (wikipedia.org)
  • Molten salts (fluoride, chloride, and nitrate) can be used as heat transfer fluids as well as for thermal storage. (wikipedia.org)
  • Experimental salts using lithium can be formed that have a melting point of 116 °C while still having a heat capacity of 1.54 J/(g·K). Molten chloride salt mixtures are commonly used as quenching baths for various alloy heat treatments, such as annealing and martempering of steel. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyanide and chloride salt mixtures are used for surface modification of alloys such as carburizing and nitrocarburizing of steel. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fluoride, chloride, and hydroxide salts can be used as solvents in pyroprocessing of nuclear fuel. (wikipedia.org)
  • Examples of such salts include N-ethylpyridinium bromide and aluminium chloride mix, discovered in 1951 and ethylammonium nitrate discovered by Paul Walden. (wikipedia.org)
  • Americans over the age of 65, is noninstitutionalized population of the Increased sodium chloride or salt intake characterized by a decline in bone mass, United States residing in the 50 States is associated with increased risk for reduced bone strength, and increased and the District of Columbia. (cdc.gov)
  • Ancient Minerals Magnesium Bath Flakes [product listing]. (reliefbychase.com)
  • Magnesium Flakes vs. Epsom Salts: What's the difference? (betteryou.com)
  • Magnesium flakes and epsom salts are both often used to relax after a long day. (betteryou.com)
  • Discover the difference between bath salts and magnesium flakes, and learn what they do to help you wind down. (betteryou.com)
  • Because magnesium is available in these salts and flakes, it means encouraging your intake is hassle-free. (betteryou.com)
  • The most popular bathing salts are Epsom Salts and Magnesium Flakes . (betteryou.com)
  • As magnesium is well absorbed through the skin, adding some flakes into your bath, or a foot bath, is a great way to top up your levels. (betteryou.com)
  • What do epsom salts do, and what do magnesium flakes do, in terms of bioavailability? (betteryou.com)
  • The flakes are obtained by heating and drying the so-called Magnesium Oil. (water-salt.com)
  • 1 g Magnesium Flakes contains approx. (water-salt.com)
  • A bath with Zechstein Magnesium Flakes is ideal for relaxing, regenerating after physical exertion, and nourishing the skin. (water-salt.com)
  • Dissolve 150 g to 250 g Zechstein Magnesium Flakes in 5 liters of warm water (approx. (water-salt.com)
  • A sensational relaxing salt soak blend comprised of medium-grain pure ocean sea salt, ultra Epsom salt, magnesium flakes, and organic raw sugar (skin softening). (ethicssupplyco.com)
  • The US Magnesium, which mines magnesium and other minerals from salts extracted from the Great Salt Lake at a facility 40 miles west of Salt Lake City, has for years illegally disposed of highly acidic hazardous waste in a network of open-air, earthen ditches and a 400-acre waste pond that lacked adequate environmental controls, according to EPA documents. (sltrib.com)
  • Bladderwrack, is arguably the most well known seaweed of the brown algae species and renowned for it s rich botanical profile being high in vitamins and minerals, such as calcium, iodine, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc, and vitamins A and c. (elth.co.uk)
  • Naturally rich in magnesium, bromide, iodine, sulfur, potassium, calcium, sodium, zinc and further minerals dead sea salt helps to strengthen cell membranes, flush out toxins, reduce inflammation and relieve skin irritation to help promote a feeling of wellness and calm. (elth.co.uk)
  • The main difference in Ormus Minerals Magnesium Oil and Pure Magnesium is that the Ormus Minerals Magnesium Oil has all the know minerals (84) and all the known Ormus Minerals (12) in it to bring health and healing when you apply it. (ormussalts.com)
  • Where the Pure Magnesium Oil has 12 minerals with the main mineral being Magnesium. (ormussalts.com)
  • What minerals are in Pure Magnesium Oil and Ormus Minerals Magnesium Oil? (ormussalts.com)
  • Ormus products made from salt high in magnesium supplies the body with a combination of at least eighty four (84) essential minerals found in the salt crystals. (iloveormus.com)
  • Let's take things one at a time though and look at the history of bathing cultures, what health benefits magnesium and other minerals give you, what are bath salts and why pink Himalayan bath salts are so special. (bewitchedcrystalsandcandles.com)
  • In the diet and body, phosphorus usually binds to other minerals in the form of phosphate salts. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The electrolytes sodium and magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, potassium along with calcium, Minerals are involved in a wide selenium, sodium, and zinc for the U.S. phosphorus, and magnesium play range of critical functions in the human population during 1999-2000. (cdc.gov)
  • Here we'll focus on the component of magnesium absorption into the body through means of an Epsom salt soak. (reliefbychase.com)
  • The solution is also the most relaxing option: an Epsom salt soak! (reliefbychase.com)
  • Topical absorption, especially through the feet, has been proven as a successful method of receiving benefits from essential oils, negative ions from the earth (aka "earthing" or "grounding"), and also applies to absorbing magnesium in your Epsom salt soak. (reliefbychase.com)
  • Benefits of taking an Epsom salt soak include relieving aching muscles and joints, alleviating headaches and migraines by relaxing muscles around the skull, reducing inflammation, assisting muscle recovery (after a workout), and stress relief. (reliefbychase.com)
  • Individuals who experience severe skin inflammation, skin infections, open wounds, or severe burns, are cautioned against taking an Epsom salt soak before they first consult their healthcare provider. (reliefbychase.com)
  • So, the next time someone tries to tease you about your foot soak or Epsom salt bath, tell them you're simply taking your daily vitamins! (reliefbychase.com)
  • Deep relief muscle soak has the benefits of magnesium sulphate and amazing essential oils is a great way to soothe sore muscles and relieve body aches and nourish the skin. (yourautoimmunesolution.com)
  • When it comes to taking a full body soak, many of us enjoy using bath salts - but do we know exactly what we're soaking in? (betteryou.com)
  • Do not use magnesium- plus calcium-containing solutions when given as IV. (equimed.com)
  • A few, yet significant reasons that many of us are magnesium deficient can include our diets where we don't consume enough magnesium-rich foods, and the fact that our bodies prioritize the absorption of calcium over magnesium when they are presented together (such as in supplements). (reliefbychase.com)
  • But if magnesium is so crucial to the absorption and function of both calcium and vitamin D in our bodies, how can we increase our intake of this? (reliefbychase.com)
  • By being absorbed through the skin, magnesium does not need to compete with calcium in the GI tract and won't be removed by the kidneys. (reliefbychase.com)
  • This agent decreases calcium excretion and increases magnesium loss. (medscape.com)
  • Calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) may sound like a complicated compound only available in a research facility, but it can actually be purchased at common department stores. (tomsofmaine.com)
  • The following read-across substances were used to fulfil the relevant endpoints: Magnesium sulfonate read-across substance (CAS 71786-47-5) and calcium sulfonate read-across substance (CAS 115733-09-0). (europa.eu)
  • Supplier Of EDTA Salt, EDTA Copper Salt, EDTA Calcium Salt, EDTA Cobalt Edta Magnesium Salt. (needsinfo.com)
  • People use phosphate salts for bowel cleansing, low blood levels of phosphate, constipation, high blood levels of calcium, and heartburn. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Taking phosphate salts by mouth is likely effective for treating high levels of calcium in the blood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In aqueous intracellular and extracellular spaces, fluoride complexes with divalent cations (calcium, magnesium), forming insoluble calcium fluoride and magnesium fluoride. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Calcium, phosphorus, and The National Health and Nutrition muscular activity, vascular constriction magnesium are essential in forming and Examination Surveys (NHANES) and dilation, and maintaining normal maintaining bones (1). (cdc.gov)
  • Symptoms of magnesium deficiency may include muscle cramps, joint pain, and migraines. (reliefbychase.com)
  • A magnesium deficiency can, among other things, lead to cramps, especially under high physical exertion like when doing sports. (biobloom-cbd.de)
  • A deficiency of magnesium is also sometimes responsible for the nervousness that prevents sleep as well as restless legs syndrome. (saltlaboratory.com)
  • Our transdermal magnesium products are a superior method for safely increasing magnesium levels in the body, relieving sore muscles and joints, reducing pain related to functional magnesium deficiency, replenishing depleted soft tissues and facilitating sleep. (saltlaboratory.com)
  • Taking a bath to relax, whilst supporting magnesium levels (therefore helping to avoid magnesium deficiency ), is an easy pill-free alternative to traditional supplementation. (betteryou.com)
  • This, Wangerud noted, produces an exceptionally pure form of magnesium, which was declared a "critical" mineral in 2022 by the U.S. Geological Survey on account of its importance to making metals and alloys. (sltrib.com)
  • The main difference between the two is due to the form of magnesium in them. (betteryou.com)
  • Information regarding the physical and chemical properties of these five perchlorate salts is located in Table 4-2. (cdc.gov)
  • There are five perchlorate salts that are manufactured in large amounts: magnesium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, ammonium perchlorate, sodium perchlorate, and lithium perchlorate. (cdc.gov)
  • Perchlorate salts are solids that dissolve easily in water. (cdc.gov)
  • The health effects of perchlorate salts are due to the perchlorate itself and not to the other component (i.e., magnesium, ammonium, potassium, etc. (cdc.gov)
  • The 51-year-old operation uses a process called electrolysis to split the salts in the Great Salt Lake into their atomic components, including sodium, potassium, magnesium and chlorine. (sltrib.com)
  • This means the most surefire way to get the recommended daily intake of magnesium 4 -420 mg for men and 320 mg for women-is to eat magnesium-rich foods (and oftentimes) take a magnesium supplement. (mindbodygreen.com)
  • The combination of five different magnesium salts promotes bioavailability through a balance of rapid absorption and longer-term intracellular uptake. (biobloom-cbd.de)
  • 0.70 mmol/L). Causes include inadequate magnesium intake and absorption or increased excretion due to hypercalcemia or medications. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Add to 4 liters warm water as much Epsom Salt as will dissolve. (equimed.com)
  • The use of Ormus made from salt high in magnesium has uncountable benefits among them are: harmonizes alkalinity or acidity and balance blood pressure, eliminates and dissolve sediments which results to stones and several types of rheumatism for instance arthritis. (iloveormus.com)
  • Dissolve the entire content of the sachet in bath water and only add enough water to cover your body in order to ensure the highest possible concentration of magnesium in the bath water. (water-salt.com)
  • Mix salt in distilled water using a heat block and magnetic stirrer until no more salt will dissolve. (cdc.gov)
  • Magnesium helps to relieve muscle tension, soften skin, and ease irritation. (thesoapopera.com)
  • A purifying stress-relieving blend of mineral-rich and toxin-flushing brown algae combined with and magnesium to alleviate tension, ease away stiffness and muscle pain and kickstart the inner detox for lasting rebalance. (elth.co.uk)
  • Salt Lab creates premium, effective magnesium products that bring a healthy dose of ease and energy into your everyday living. (saltlaboratory.com)
  • Restore magnesium, help ease stress and relieve muscular cramps, detox and decrease inflammation. (figgyco.com)
  • In recorded instances of an individual overdosing on magnesium through means of supplements, it typically resulted in diarrhea. (reliefbychase.com)
  • The sophisticated magnesium complex active is also the ideal complement for all BioBloom food supplements and increases their bioavailability. (biobloom-cbd.de)
  • You could encourage yourself to experience these benefits with magnesium supplements or including it in your diet. (betteryou.com)
  • Phosphate salts are likely safe when consumed in the diet, or when supplements are used appropriately for a short time. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 1996). The production volume of ammonium perchlorate far outpaces the other salts (Mendiratta et al. (cdc.gov)
  • Jost Chemical Co. is now manufacturing Magnesium Aspartate Dibasic Anhydrous and Magnesium Citrate Tribasic Anhydrous. (alsiano.com)
  • A luxurious hand blend concoction of all-natural mineral salts & botanicals formulated to help relax and moisturize your body and skin. (elenabathandbody.com.au)
  • Lie back, relax and bathe for a minimum of twenty minutes allowing the salts to gently cleanse your skin while you absorb the magnesium transdermally. (mag12.co.uk)
  • Taking magnesium for sleep in a bath form is a popular way to relax before sleep as well as encourage these benefits. (betteryou.com)
  • Magnesium has been known to help the body relax while allowing longer more restful sleep. (figgyco.com)
  • BioBloom active provides you with five different magnesium compounds in a well-thought-out complex, including the particularly high-quality natural maritime magnesium hydroxide obtained directly from seawater. (biobloom-cbd.de)
  • Magnesium hydroxide, on the other hand, is absorbed slowly by the body and thus influences the long-term magnesium and electrolyte levels. (biobloom-cbd.de)
  • Magnesium salts in the treatment of ventricular tachycardia]. (unicz.it)
  • The perfect choice for those seeking a caring alternative to bathing products containing artificial preservatives, our cleansing salt is formulated to be simple, kind and effective. (mag12.co.uk)
  • We are delighted to offer this gorgeous & completely natural bathing salts, so whether you create some bathing bliss for yourself, your friends or set up a business (within 1 hour) with your new skills you can be assured of the quality & integrity of your products. (soullightemporium.com)
  • u003e\u003ca href=\"https:\/\/epsoak-salt-co.myshopify.com\/products\/pure-epsom-salt-19\"\u003eAlso available in 19 lb. (epsoak.com)
  • These salts are sourced either from naturally occurring springs, or are created from synthetic materials. (betteryou.com)
  • Epsom Salts can be sourced naturally from open water such as the Great Lakes, Dead Sea or naturally occurring springs. (betteryou.com)
  • This source of Zechstein magnesium has been protected and purified for over 250 million years and is the richest and most naturally pure source known. (betteryou.com)
  • Epsoak® Epsom Salt is a naturally translucent/white salt in medium grain (0.2-3mm). (epsoak.com)
  • Five hundred milligrams of magnesium gluconate contain 27 mg of elemental magnesium. (medscape.com)
  • The Salt Lake Tribune) The US Magnesium dike north of Stansbury Island on Saturday, March 26, 2022. (sltrib.com)
  • No Epsom Salt Bath? (mindbodygreen.com)
  • Add in a soothing cup of tea , a great book, and a magnesium-rich bedtime snack , and you have yourself a soothing ceremony that rivals the best bath. (mindbodygreen.com)
  • Give your bath an enchanting touch with crystalline mineral bath salts fragranced with a peach melon gardenia blend. (thesoapopera.com)
  • 28). Should You Take An Epsom Salt Bath? (reliefbychase.com)
  • Enjoy and destress using our beautifully scented rose, orange and vetiver, magnesium bath salts. (essiemay.ie)
  • Our fragrance free MAG12 Cleanse Epsom Bath Salts are free from additives and harsh chemicals making them ideal for those with sensitive and irritation prone skin. (mag12.co.uk)
  • Add 200g of Cleanse Salts to your bath and fill your tub with warm water. (mag12.co.uk)
  • Whilst the benefits of magnesium include helping you sleep and relaxing your muscles, taking a bath with these salts could help you wind down. (betteryou.com)
  • Whatever type of bath person you are though, you've probably considered adding bath salts to your bath…perhaps you have heard of Epsom salts or Dead Sea salts or the lessor known pink Himalayan bath salts. (bewitchedcrystalsandcandles.com)
  • Our Pure Ocean Magnesium Spa Bath "Jet Lag" works wonders to help you recover from the fatigue and disruption to your sleep-wake pattern that long distance travel can bring. (konaseasalt.com)
  • Soaking in an Epsom Salt bath is one of the most effective means of making the magnesium your body needs readily available. (epsoak.com)
  • The objective of this study was to estimate the salt intake among residents of the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia by measuring 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. (who.int)
  • There is a great variation in salt intake creatinine excretion of 20-25 mg/kg and female participants. (who.int)
  • Our magnesium complex active provides you with five different magnesium compounds in a sophisticated complex that ensures both rapid and long-term regulation of your electrolyte balance (e.g. after exercise). (biobloom-cbd.de)
  • Both of these bathing salts contain magnesium compounds - yet in different forms. (betteryou.com)
  • Magnesium also relieves muscular tension, promotes relaxation lifts your sense of wellbeing and leaves your skin re-hydrated. (konaseasalt.com)
  • Formation of these insoluble salts promotes the release of more fluoride ion from HF (per Le Chatelier's principle). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Film Breakdown and Nano-Porous Mg(OH)2 Formation from Corrosion of Magnesium Alloys in Salt Solutions. (ornl.gov)
  • Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and cross-section scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) were used to study film formation by magnesium alloys AZ31B (Mg-3Al-1Zn base) and ZE10A (Elektron®717, E717: Mg-1Zn + Nd, Zr) in H2O and D2O with and without 1 or 5 wt. (ornl.gov)
  • Breathing zone samples for chlorine were taken in a plant extracting magnesium (7439954) from brine (SIC-2819) from the Great Salt Lake. (cdc.gov)
  • Some patients with hypomagnesemia caused by renal magnesium wasting may benefit from certain diuretics that have magnesium-sparing properties, such as spironolactone and amiloride. (medscape.com)
  • People of all ages can benefit from the natural healing properties found in salt through Himalayan salt therapy. (saltcaves.com.au)
  • Magnesium is an essential mineral that's responsible for keeping hundreds of processes in the human body running smoothly. (mindbodygreen.com)
  • Similarly, Epsom salt soaks, whether for your feet alone or for your entire body, can yield benefits for the body and spirit. (reliefbychase.com)
  • Magnesium is involved in over 300 chemical reactions in the body relating to muscle and nerve function, blood glucose control, and blood pressure regulation only to name a few. (reliefbychase.com)
  • Some sources site that taking magnesium can increase serotonin levels in the body, thus decreasing anxiety, stress, and depression. (reliefbychase.com)
  • These salts contain a vital mineral your body needs: many people take magnesium for muscle healing thanks to its many properties. (betteryou.com)
  • Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in your body, a necessary co-factor for hundreds of enzymes, and the most critical mineral of all for coping with stress. (ormussalts.com)
  • Remove mixture after five minutes and wash face Body Wrap - Include Epsoak® salts as a layering product in a body wrap. (epsoak.com)
  • The aromatherapy component of some Epsom salt blends, can also provide added benefits such as mood boosting scents, oils that soothe irritation (lavender), decrease inflammation (rosemary), or assist in clearing sinuses for easier breathing (eucalyptus). (reliefbychase.com)
  • Lithium/magnesium sodium silicate is used as a bulking agent to decrease the visible density of a cosmetic product. (loreal.com)
  • In addition to fragrant herbs and essential oils like lavender , many dedicated soakers will have a stash of Epsom salts on hand. (mindbodygreen.com)
  • This agent is used for the treatment of magnesium deficiencies or magnesium depletion from malnutrition, restricted diet, alcoholism, or magnesium-depleting drugs. (medscape.com)
  • While they may help support a healthy, hydrated complexion , the benefits of the salts likely stop at the skin. (mindbodygreen.com)
  • Magnesium Benefits. (reliefbychase.com)
  • Epsom Salts: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects. (reliefbychase.com)
  • Also known as Epsom Salts, and made with magnesium and combined with sulphur and oxygen the therapeutic benefits are renowned helping with stress reduction, toxin elimination, pain relief and blood sugar improvement. (elth.co.uk)
  • The benefits of magnesium include helping you to drift off to sleep and aiding muscle function. (betteryou.com)
  • Simply pour out your Epsom salt + Rock Salt Blend, add liquid pigments or Mica, fragrance and mix. (soullightemporium.com)
  • Phosphate salts might cause side effects such as stomach upset, diarrhea, headache, and others. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Magnesium oil for sleep, Magnesium binds to and activates GABA receptors. (saltlaboratory.com)
  • Known for its premium quality and many therapeutic uses, EPSOAK® Epsom Salt dissolves easily in warm water to help soothe muscle pain, relieve aching feet, cleanse pores, and detoxify the skin. (epsoak.com)
  • Phosphate salts are possibly unsafe when taken in amounts above the tolerable upper intake level (UL). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Excessive magnesium will be excreted in the urine, but too much may cause renal problems. (equimed.com)
  • Cryolite (a fluoride salt) is used as a solvent for aluminium oxide in the production of aluminium in the Hall-Héroult process. (wikipedia.org)
  • Epsom salt baths are a popular way to relieve muscle pain, stress, and anxiety. (avanitalc.com)
  • Si la prise de compléments en vitamines et en minéraux permet de rester en bonne santé pendant la grossesse, une dose excessive peut être nocive. (who.int)
  • These Magnesium Salts are typically used in pharmaceutical, nutritional and cosmetic applications. (alsiano.com)