Salmonella. Medical search

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility.

A serotype of Salmonella enterica that is a frequent agent of Salmonella gastroenteritis in humans. It also causes PARATYPHOID FEVER.

Infections with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.

A subgenus of Salmonella containing several medically important serotypes. The habitat for the majority of strains is warm-blooded animals.

Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.

A serotype of Salmonella enterica which is an etiologic agent of gastroenteritis in man and other animals.

A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA which is the etiologic agent of TYPHOID FEVER.

Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.

Viruses whose host is Salmonella. A frequently encountered Salmonella phage is BACTERIOPHAGE P22.

A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA that causes mild PARATYPHOID FEVER in humans.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with SALMONELLA. This includes vaccines used to prevent TYPHOID FEVER or PARATYPHOID FEVER; (TYPHOID-PARATYPHOID VACCINES), and vaccines used to prevent nontyphoid salmonellosis.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.

Gram-negative rods widely distributed in LIZARDS and SNAKES, and implicated in enteric, bone (BONE DISEASES), and joint infections (JOINT DISEASES) in humans.

An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA which is an agent of PARATYPHOID FEVER in humans.

Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.

Animal reproductive bodies, or the contents thereof, used as food. The concept is differentiated from OVUM, the anatomic or physiologic entity.

A technique of bacterial typing which differentiates between bacteria or strains of bacteria by their susceptibility to one or more bacteriophages.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

Distinct units in some bacterial, bacteriophage or plasmid GENOMES that are types of MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS. Encoded in them are a variety of fitness conferring genes, such as VIRULENCE FACTORS (in "pathogenicity islands or islets"), ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE genes, or genes required for SYMBIOSIS (in "symbiosis islands or islets"). They range in size from 10 - 500 kilobases, and their GC CONTENT and CODON usage differ from the rest of the genome. They typically contain an INTEGRASE gene, although in some cases this gene has been deleted resulting in "anchored genomic islands".

A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.

Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA which is an agent of PARATYPHOID FEVER in Asia, Africa, and southern Europe.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A protein with a molecular weight of 40,000 isolated from bacterial flagella. At appropriate pH and salt concentration, three flagellin monomers can spontaneously reaggregate to form structures which appear identical to intact flagella.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

Tests of chemical substances and physical agents for mutagenic potential. They include microbial, insect, mammalian cell, and whole animal tests.

Domesticated birds raised for food. It typically includes CHICKENS; TURKEYS, DUCKS; GEESE; and others.

Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

A whiplike motility appendage present on the surface cells. Prokaryote flagella are composed of a protein called FLAGELLIN. Bacteria can have a single flagellum, a tuft at one pole, or multiple flagella covering the entire surface. In eukaryotes, flagella are threadlike protoplasmic extensions used to propel flagellates and sperm. Flagella have the same basic structure as CILIA but are longer in proportion to the cell bearing them and present in much smaller numbers. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Vaccines used to prevent TYPHOID FEVER and/or PARATYPHOID FEVER which are caused by various species of SALMONELLA. Attenuated, subunit, and inactivated forms of the vaccines exist.

The lipopolysaccharide-protein somatic antigens, usually from gram-negative bacteria, important in the serological classification of enteric bacilli. The O-specific chains determine the specificity of the O antigens of a given serotype. O antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production. Its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY).

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

Techniques used in studying bacteria.

Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).

A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.

The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game.

Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity.

Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.

Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

A sulfuric acid dimer, formed by disulfide linkage. This compound has been used to prolong coagulation time and as an antidote in cyanide poisoning.

Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.

Any aspect of the operations in the preparation, processing, transport, storage, packaging, wrapping, exposure for sale, service, or delivery of food.

A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chromosome material during fusion of two cells. In bacteria, this is a uni-directional transfer of genetic material; in protozoa it is a bi-directional exchange. In algae and fungi, it is a form of sexual reproduction, with the union of male and female gametes.

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Places where animals are slaughtered and dressed for market.

Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Ability of a microbe to survive under given conditions. This can also be related to a colony's ability to replicate.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

The blind sac or outpouching area of the LARGE INTESTINE that is below the entrance of the SMALL INTESTINE. It has a worm-like extension, the vermiform APPENDIX.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)

Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.

The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.

Food products manufactured from poultry.

Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.

Procedures or techniques used to keep food from spoiling.

DNA elements that include the component genes and insertion site for a site-specific recombination system that enables them to capture mobile gene cassettes.

INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.

A synthetic 1,8-naphthyridine antimicrobial agent with a limited bacteriocidal spectrum. It is an inhibitor of the A subunit of bacterial DNA GYRASE.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The expelling of bacteria from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Thin, hairlike appendages, 1 to 20 microns in length and often occurring in large numbers, present on the cells of gram-negative bacteria, particularly Enterobacteriaceae and Neisseria. Unlike flagella, they do not possess motility, but being protein (pilin) in nature, they possess antigenic and hemagglutinating properties. They are of medical importance because some fimbriae mediate the attachment of bacteria to cells via adhesins (ADHESINS, BACTERIAL). Bacterial fimbriae refer to common pili, to be distinguished from the preferred use of "pili", which is confined to sex pili (PILI, SEX).

Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.

The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms occur in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. The species are either nonpathogenic or opportunistic pathogens.

A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.

A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.

Examination of foods to assure wholesome and clean products free from unsafe microbes or chemical contamination, natural or added deleterious substances, and decomposition during production, processing, packaging, etc.

Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple).

The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.

A dilated cavity extended caudally from the hindgut. In adult birds, reptiles, amphibians, and many fishes but few mammals, cloaca is a common chamber into which the digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts discharge their contents. In most mammals, cloaca gives rise to LARGE INTESTINE; URINARY BLADDER; and GENITALIA.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Tests that are dependent on the clumping of cells, microorganisms, or particles when mixed with specific antiserum. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Lymphoid tissue on the mucosa of the small intestine.

The productive enterprises concerned with food processing.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P22-like viruses, family PODOVIRIDAE, that infects SALMONELLA species. The genome consists of double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and circularly permuted.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

The dose amount of poisonous or toxic substance or dose of ionizing radiation required to kill 50% of the tested population.

Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.

A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the genetic mechanisms and processes of microorganisms.

Cold-blooded, air-breathing VERTEBRATES belonging to the class Reptilia, usually covered with external scales or bony plates.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

Physicochemical property of fimbriated (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity.

The phenomenon by which a temperate phage incorporates itself into the DNA of a bacterial host, establishing a kind of symbiotic relation between PROPHAGE and bacterium which results in the perpetuation of the prophage in all the descendants of the bacterium. Upon induction (VIRUS ACTIVATION) by various agents, such as ultraviolet radiation, the phage is released, which then becomes virulent and lyses the bacterium.

An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.

Proteins that are structural components of bacterial fimbriae (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) or sex pili (PILI, SEX).

A class of plasmids that transfer antibiotic resistance from one bacterium to another by conjugation.

Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.

In GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA, multiprotein complexes that function to translocate pathogen protein effector molecules across the bacterial cell envelope, often directly into the host. These effectors are involved in producing surface structures for adhesion, bacterial motility, manipulation of host functions, modulation of host defense responses, and other functions involved in facilitating survival of the pathogen. Several of the systems have homologous components functioning similarly in GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA.

The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.

Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.

Animals which have become adapted through breeding in captivity to a life intimately associated with humans. They include animals domesticated by humans to live and breed in a tame condition on farms or ranches for economic reasons, including LIVESTOCK (specifically CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; etc.), POULTRY; and those raised or kept for pleasure and companionship, e.g., PETS; or specifically DOGS; CATS; etc.

The study of microorganisms living in a variety of environments (air, soil, water, etc.) and their pathogenic relationship to other organisms including man.

The science of breeding, feeding and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition.

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

An antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis.

Refuse liquid or waste matter carried off by sewers.

A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.

An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)

Genomes of temperate BACTERIOPHAGES integrated into the DNA of their bacterial host cell. The prophages can be duplicated for many cell generations until some stimulus induces its activation and virulence.

Foodstuff used especially for domestic and laboratory animals, or livestock.

Measurable quantity of bacteria in an object, organism, or organism compartment.

A mixture of polymyxins B1 and B2, obtained from Bacillus polymyxa strains. They are basic polypeptides of about eight amino acids and have cationic detergent action on cell membranes. Polymyxin B is used for infections with gram-negative organisms, but may be neurotoxic and nephrotoxic.

Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.

The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.

In eukaryotes, a genetic unit consisting of a noncontiguous group of genes under the control of a single regulator gene. In bacteria, regulons are global regulatory systems involved in the interplay of pleiotropic regulatory domains and consist of several OPERONS.

A bacterial DNA topoisomerase II that catalyzes ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. Gyrase binds to DNA as a heterotetramer consisting of two A and two B subunits. In the presence of ATP, gyrase is able to convert the relaxed circular DNA duplex into a superhelix. In the absence of ATP, supercoiled DNA is relaxed by DNA gyrase.

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

Acute illnesses, usually affecting the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, brought on by consuming contaminated food or beverages. Most of these diseases are infectious, caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, or parasites that can be foodborne. Sometimes the diseases are caused by harmful toxins from the microbes or other chemicals present in the food. Especially in the latter case, the condition is often called food poisoning.

A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides.

Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.

An enzyme of the shikimate pathway of AROMATIC AMINO ACID biosynthesis, it generates 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate and ORTHOPHOSPHATE from PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE and shikimate-3-phosphate. The shikimate pathway is present in BACTERIA and PLANTS but not in MAMMALS.

Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced mutations independently of the mechanism involved.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

Basic lipopeptide antibiotic group obtained from Bacillus polymyxa. They affect the cell membrane by detergent action and may cause neuromuscular and kidney damage. At least eleven different members of the polymyxin group have been identified, each designated by a letter.

Using MOLECULAR BIOLOGY techniques, such as DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; PULSED-FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; and DNA FINGERPRINTING, to identify, classify, and compare organisms and their subtypes.

The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A protein which is a subunit of RNA polymerase. It effects initiation of specific RNA chains from DNA.

The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Porins are protein molecules that were originally found in the outer membrane of GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA and that form multi-meric channels for the passive DIFFUSION of WATER; IONS; or other small molecules. Porins are present in bacterial CELL WALLS, as well as in plant, fungal, mammalian and other vertebrate CELL MEMBRANES and MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANES.

A bacterium which is one of the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY) and sometimes of infantile gastroenteritis.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

The aggregate enterprise of technically producing packaged meat.

Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The family Erinaceidae, in the order INSECTIVORA. Most are true hedgehogs possessing a coat of spines and a very short tail. Those members of the family found in Southeast Asia (moonrats or gymnures) have normal body hair and a long tail.

Non-susceptibility of an organism to the action of the cephalosporins.

Components of the Salmonella flagellar export apparatus and classification of export substrates. (1/3075)

Until now, identification of components of the flagellar protein export apparatus has been indirect. We have now identified these components directly by establishing whether mutants defective in putative export components could translocate export substrates across the cytoplasmic membrane into the periplasmic space. Hook-type proteins could be exported to the periplasm of rod mutants, indicating that rod protein export does not have to precede hook-type protein export and therefore that both types of proteins belong to a single export class, the rod/hook-type class, which is distinct from the filament-type class. Hook-capping protein (FlgD) and hook protein (FlgE) required FlhA, FlhB, FliH, FliI, FliO, FliP, FliQ, and FliR for their export to the periplasm. In the case of flagellin as an export substrate, because of the phenomenon of hook-to-filament switching of export specificity, it was necessary to use temperature-sensitive mutants and establish whether flagellin could be exported to the cell exterior following a shift from the permissive to the restrictive temperature. Again, FlhA, FlhB, FliH, FliI, and FliO were required for its export. No suitable temperature-sensitive fliQ or fliR mutants were available. FliP appeared not to be required for flagellin export, but we suspect that the temperature-sensitive FliP protein continued to function at the restrictive temperature if incorporated at the permissive temperature. Thus, we conclude that these eight proteins are general components of the flagellar export pathway. FliJ was necessary for export of hook-type proteins (FlgD and FlgE); we were unable to test whether FliJ is needed for export of filament-type proteins. We suspect that FliJ may be a cytoplasmic chaperone for the hook-type proteins and possibly also for FliE and the rod proteins. FlgJ was not required for the export of the hook-type proteins; again, because of lack of a suitable temperature-sensitive mutant, we were unable to test whether it was required for export of filament-type proteins. Finally, it was established that there is an interaction between the processes of outer ring assembly and of penetration of the outer membrane by the rod and nascent hook, the latter process being of course necessary for passage of export substrates into the external medium. During the brief transition stage from completion of rod assembly and initiation of hook assembly, the L ring and perhaps the capping protein FlgD can be regarded as bona fide export components, with the L ring being in a formal sense the equivalent of the outer membrane secretin structure of type III virulence factor export systems. (+info)

Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of three Salmonella rapid detection kits using fresh and frozen poultry environmental samples versus those of standard plating. (2/3075)

To reduce human exposure to Salmonella spp. in poultry products, broiler chicken flocks have been tested by culture methods. Since the standard techniques may take 3 to 5 days, rapid detection methods have been developed. In this study we tested the performance of three rapid tests originally developed for food samples by using environmental samples obtained from poultry houses. These rapid tests were Reveal, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from Neogen Corp.; BIND, a bacterial ice nucleation detection method from Idetek Corp.; and a filter monitor method from Future Medical Technologies, Inc. For the standard culture, brilliant green with novabiocin and xylose-lysine-tergitol-4 agar were used for presumptive identification, and identities were confirmed by using poly-O antisera. Environmental samples were collected from farms belonging to an integrated poultry company prior to chick placement and 1 week before slaughter. Sensitivities, specificities, and predictive values with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Statistical differences were determined by using McNemar's chi square test. The sensitivities of the different tests were not stable, varying widely between sample times, and were affected by freezing of the samples. All of the rapid tests had low sensitivities, which led to many false-negative results. All tests were able to detect Salmonella spp. at a concentration of 10 CFU/ml in at least one of four trials. The BIND and Reveal tests were simple to use with multiple samples and reduced laboratory time by up to 1 day. Based on our results, we do not recommend that any of these rapid tests, in their present state of development, be utilized with environmental samples collected with drag swabs. (+info)

The Salmonella invasin SipB induces macrophage apoptosis by binding to caspase-1. (3/3075)

Recently, Salmonella spp. were shown to induce apoptosis in infected macrophages. The mechanism responsible for this process is unknown. In this report, we establish that the Inv-Spa type III secretion apparatus target invasin SipB is necessary and sufficient for the induction of apoptosis. Purified SipB microinjected into macrophages led to cell death. Binding studies show that SipB associates with the proapoptotic protease caspase-1. This interaction results in the activation of caspase-1, as seen in its proteolytic maturation and the processing of its substrate interleukin-1beta. Caspase-1 activity is essential for the cytotoxicity. Functional inhibition of caspase-1 activity by acetyl-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-chloromethyl ketone blocks macrophage cytotoxicity, and macrophages lacking caspase-1 are not susceptible to Salmonella-induced apoptosis. Taken together, the data demonstrate that SipB functions as an analog of the Shigella invasin IpaB. (+info)

Evaluation of accuracy and repeatability of identification of food-borne pathogens by automated bacterial identification systems. (4/3075)

The performances of five automated microbial identification systems, relative to that of a reference identification system, for their ability to accurately and repeatedly identify six common food-borne pathogens were assessed. The systems assessed were the MicroLog system (Biolog Inc., Hayward, Calif.), the Microbial Identification System (MIS; MIDI Inc., Newark, Del.), the VITEK system (bioMerieux Vitek, Hazelwood, Mo.), the MicroScan WalkAway 40 system (Dade-MicroScan International, West Sacramento, Calif.), and the Replianalyzer system (Oxoid Inc., Nepean, Ontario, Canada). The sensitivities and specificities of these systems for the identification of food-borne isolates of Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli were determined with 40 reference positive isolates and 40 reference negative isolates for each pathogen. The sensitivities of these systems for the identification of these pathogens ranged from 42.5 to 100%, and the specificities of these systems for the identification of these pathogens ranged from 32.5 to 100%. Some of the systems had difficulty correctly identifying the reference isolates when the results were compared to those from the reference identification tests. The sensitivity of MIS for the identification of S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, and C. jejuni, for example, ranged from 47.5 to 72. 5%. The sensitivity of the Microlog system for the identification of E. coli was 72.5%, and the sensitivity of the VITEK system for the identification of B. cereus was 42.5%. The specificities of four of the five systems for the identification of all of the species tested with the available databases were greater than or equal to 97.5%; the exception was MIS for the identification of C. jejuni, which displayed a specificity of 32.5% when it was tested with reference negative isolates including Campylobacter coli and other Campylobacter species. All systems had >80% sensitivities for the identification of Salmonella species and Listeria species at the genus level. The repeatability of these systems for the identification of test isolates ranged from 30 to 100%. Not all systems included all six pathogens in their databases; thus, some species could not be tested with all systems. The choice of automated microbial identification system for the identification of a food-borne pathogen would depend on the availability of identification libraries within the systems and the performance of the systems for the identification of the pathogen. (+info)

How intracellular bacteria survive: surface modifications that promote resistance to host innate immune responses. (5/3075)

Bacterial pathogens regulate the expression of virulence factors in response to environmental signals. In the case of salmonellae, many virulence factors are regulated via PhoP/PhoQ, a two-component signal transduction system that is repressed by magnesium and calcium in vitro. PhoP/PhoQ-activated genes promote intracellular survival within macrophages, whereas PhoP-repressed genes promote entrance into epithelial cells and macrophages by macropinocytosis and stimulate epithelial cell cytokine production. PhoP-activated genes include those that alter the cell envelope through structural alterations of lipopolysaccharide and lipid A, the bioactive component of lipopolysaccharide. PhoP-activated changes in the bacterial envelope likely promote intracellular survival by increasing resistance to host cationic antimicrobial peptides and decreasing host cell cytokine production. (+info)

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of oral black-pigmented bacteria induce tumor necrosis factor production by LPS-refractory C3H/HeJ macrophages in a way different from that of Salmonella LPS. (6/3075)

Some lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations from S- or R-form members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and oral black-pigmented bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia) are known to activate LPS-refractory C3H/HeJ macrophages. When contaminating proteins are removed from R-form LPS of Enterobacteriaceae by repurification, however, this ability is lost. In the present study, we investigated the capacity of LPS from P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, Salmonella minnesota, and Salmonella abortusequi to induce production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in gamma interferon-primed C3H/HeJ macrophages before and after repurification. P. abortusequi S-LPS was fractionated by centrifugal partition chromatography into two LPS forms: SL-LPS, having homologous long O-polysaccharide chains, and SS-LPS having short oligosaccharide chains. Prior to repurification, all LPS forms except SL-LPS induced TNF production in both C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN macrophages. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that repurification removed contaminating protein from the preparations, and repurified SS-LPS and S. minnesota Ra-LPS no longer stimulated TNF production in C3H/HeJ macrophages, although C3H/HeN macrophages remained responsive. In contrast, repurified oral bacterial LPS retained the capacity to induce TNF production in C3H/HeJ macrophages. Oral bacterial LPS preparations also were not antagonized by excess inactive, repurified SL-LPS; Ra-LPS; Rhodobacter sphaeroides lipid A, a competitive LPS antagonist, or paclitaxel, an LPS agonist, and they were comparatively resistant to polymyxin B treatment. Nevertheless, oral bacterial LPS was less toxic to D-galactosamine-treated C3H/HeN mice than was LPS from Salmonella. These findings indicate that the active molecule(s) and mode of action of LPS from P. gingivalis and P. intermedia are quite different from those of LPS from Salmonella. (+info)

The cyclic structure of microcin J25, a 21-residue peptide antibiotic from Escherichia coli. (7/3075)

Microcin J25 (MccJ25) is the single representative of the immunity group J of the microcin group of peptide antibiotics produced by Enterobacteriaceae. It induces bacterial filamentation in susceptible cells in a non-SOS-dependent pathway [R. A. Salomon and R. Farias (1992) J. Bacteriol. 174, 7428-7435]. MccJ25 was purified to homogeneity from the growth medium of a microcin-overproducing Escherichia coli strain by reverse-phase HPLC. Based on amino acid composition and absolute configuration determination, liquid secondary ion and electrospray mass spectrometry, extensive two-dimensional NMR, enzymatic and chemical degradations studies, the structure of MccJ25 was elucidated as a 21-residue peptide, cyclo(-Val1-Gly-Ile-Gly-Thr- Pro-Ile-Ser-Phe-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ala-Gly-His-Val-Pro-Glu-Tyr-Phe21- ). Although MccJ25 showed high resistance to most of endoproteases, linearization by thermolysin occurred from cleavage at the Phe21-Val1 bond and led to a single peptide, MccJ25-L. While MccJ25 exhibited remarkable antibiotic activity towards Salmonella newport and several E. coli strains (minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging between 0.01 and 0.2 microgram.mL-1), the thermolysin-linearized microcin showed a dramatic decrease of the activity, indicating that the cyclic structure is essential for the MccJ25 biological properties. As MccJ25 is ribosomally synthesized as a larger peptide precursor endowed with an N-terminal extremity, the present study shows that removal of this extension and head-tail cyclization of the resulting propeptide are the only post-translational modifications involved in the maturation of MccJ25, that appears as the first cyclic microcin. (+info)

Presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in sand from bathing beaches. (8/3075)

The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. in sand from non-EEC standard and EEC standard designated beaches in different locations in the UK and to assess if potentially pathogenic strains were present. Campylobacter spp. were detected in 82/182 (45%) of sand samples and Salmonella spp. in 10/182 (6%). Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 46/92 (50%) of samples from non-EEC standard beaches and 36/90 (40%) from EEC standard beaches. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was greater in wet sand from both types of beaches but, surprisingly, more than 30% of samples from dry sand also contained these organisms. The major pathogenic species C. jejuni and C. coli were more prevalent in sand from non-EEC standard beaches. In contrast, C. lari and urease positive thermophilic campylobacters, which are associated with seagulls and other migratory birds, were more prevalent in sand from EEC standard beaches. Campylobacter isolates were further characterized by biotyping and serotyping, which confirmed that strains known to be of types associated with human infections were frequently found in sand on bathing beaches. (+info)

Salmonella. Tomatoes were linked to seven Salmonella outbreaks between 1990 and 2005,[84] and may have been the cause of a ... "CDC Probes Salmonella Outbreak, Health Officials Say Bacteria May Have Spread Through Some Form Of Produce". CBS News. 30 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/🍅

2012 Salmonella recall[edit]. In April 2012, random testing by the New York State Department of Health detected Salmonella ... 2015 Salmonella recall[edit]. In October 2015, random testing conducted by the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural ... Development detected Salmonella bacteria in a sample of Dole's packaged spinach salad. The company issued a recall for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dole_Food_Company

Salmonella. 12. 24. hours[31] Scarlet fever. 1. 4. days[32] SARS. 1. 10. days[33] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubation_period

Shaw, Angela (2013). Salmonella: Create the most undesirable environment. Ames, IA: Iowa State University.. ... "Increased Water Activity Reduces the Thermal Resistance of Salmonella enterica in Peanut Butter". Applied and Environmental ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_activity

eds.). Salmonella:Epidemiology in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal–oral_route

Their claim about salmonella cases linked to California eggs is supported by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and ... "Salmonella enteritidis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2005-10-13. Archived from the original on 2008-11-14. ... "Salmonellae in Avian Wildlife in Norway from 1969 to 2000." Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Vol 68, No 11: 5595-5599. ... A 2004 study of California egg farms in the journal Avian Diseases finds comparatively low Salmonella prevalence in indoor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_2_

Salmonella species • Selenomonas sputigena • Shigella sonnei • Staphylococcus aerogenes • Staphylococcus Aureus • Streptococcus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothiocyanite

"Salmonella infection data for Mcph1". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.. *^ "Citrobacter infection data for Mcph1". Wellcome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcephalin

... and Salmonella spp. are other common bacterial pathogens. Campylobacter, Yersinia, Aeromonas, and Plesiomonas spp. are less ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montezuma's_Revenge_

"Salmonella infection data for Prmt5". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.. *^ "Citrobacter infection data for Prmt5". Wellcome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_arginine_methyltransferase_5

"Salmonella infection data for Myh9". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.. *^ "Citrobacter infection data for Myh9". Wellcome Trust ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYH9

"Salmonella infection data for Pnpt1". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.. *^ "Citrobacter infection data for Pnpt1". Wellcome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynucleotide_phosphorylase

... includes, along with many harmless symbionts, many of the more familiar pathogens, such as Salmonella, ... Some enterobacteria are important pathogens, e.g. Salmonella, or Shigella e.g. because they produce endotoxins. Endotoxins ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterobacteria

Salmonella infection. Normal Cytotoxic T Cell Function. Normal Epidermal Immune Composition. Normal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLF17

"Salmonella infection data for Optn". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.. *^ "Citrobacter infection data for Optn". Wellcome Trust ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optineurin

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, serovar typhi Typhus fever Rickettsia Ureaplasma urealyticum infection Ureaplasma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_infectious_diseases

"Salmonella infection data for Gap43". Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.. *^ "Citrobacter infection data for Gap43". Wellcome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAP-43

Salmonella ser. Typhimurium , 6.9 at 61.5 °C (142.7 °F)[46]. (A log10 reduction between 6 and 7 means that 1 bacterium out of 1 ... it also kills the harmful bacteria Salmonella, Listeria, Yersinia, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteurized_milk

Salmonella spp., mycobacteria, and fungi such as Candida and Cryptococcus have been identified in rare instances.[22] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerperal_mastitis

Salmonella spp., enteroinwazyjny szczep Escherichia coli (EIEC), enterokrwotoczny szczep Escherichia coli (EHEC), Clostridium ...

https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krwawienie_z_przewodu_pokarmowego

Wikinews has related news: Salmonella outbreak sickens more than 1000. From April 10 to August 31, 2008, Salmonella enterica ... The 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak was an outbreak of salmonellosis across multiple U.S. states due to Salmonella ... "CDC, Salmonella Outbreak Investigations. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 24 December 2015.. ... "Outbreak of Salmonella Serotype Saintpaul Infections Associated with Multiple Raw Produce Items---United States, 2008". CDC, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_salmonellosis_outbreak

Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas, Escherichia and Klebsiella, Salmonella Antimicrobial. S. mauritiana. Roots and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acmella_oleracea

Salmonella. milk. Hillfarm Dairy. 05295 !5,295[15]. 009 !9[15]. Largest foodborne salmonella outbreak in milk.. ... Salmonella. peanuts. Peanut Corporation of America. 000200 !,200. 009 !9. Largest foodborne salmonella outbreak in peanut ... "Salmonella Outbreak is Traced". United Press International in the New York Times. April 17, 1985. Retrieved 2011-09-29. About ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_foodborne_illness_outbreaks_by_death_toll

Raw chicken may contain salmonella. The safe minimum cooking temperature recommended by the U.S. Department of Health & Human ... "Characterization of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg isolated from food animals ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_as_food

US FDA scientist tests for Salmonella. FDA lab tests seafood for microorganisms ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_cooking_hygiene

The cause is the bacterium Salmonella typhi, also known as Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi, growing in the intestines and ... The cause is the bacterium Salmonella Typhi, also known as Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi.[17] ... Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a bacterial infection due to Salmonella typhi that causes symptoms.[3] Symptoms ... Salmonella typhi (spread by food or water contaminated with feces)[3][4]. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_Fever

On June 29, 2007, Robert's American Gourmet recalled their Veggie Booty brand snack food due to salmonella contamination.[5] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate's_Booty

bacteriophage of salmonellae [22] 1927 yellow fever virus [77] 1930 western equine encephalitis virus [78] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_virology

Giannella RA (1996). Salmonella. In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al, eds.) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoplasma

"Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella I 4,[5],12:b:- Infections Linked to Kratom Products , February 2018 , Salmonella". cdc.gov. ... On April 4, 2018, the FDA issued the first mandatory recall in its history over concerns of salmonella contamination of several ... From October 2017 to February 2018 in the United States, 28 people in 20 different states were infected with salmonella, an ... "FDA orders mandatory recall for kratom products due to risk of salmonella". Press Announcements. United States Food and Drug ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa

... find out if Salmonella is contagious, and read about current outbreaks. ... Consumption of contaminated foods typically causes Salmonella infection (salmonellosis). Read about symptoms and treatment of ... Salmonella infection, or salmonellosis, is another name for Salmonella food poisoning. Salmonella are a type of bacteria known ... Salmonella Food Poisoning Treatment, Symptoms. What is Salmonella? What are the best treatments for Salmonella, and what are ...

https://www.medicinenet.com/salmonella_food_poisoning_salmonellosis/article.htm

Information about salmonella, including outbreaks, symptoms and diagnosis ... Salmonella Infections Linked to Pre-Cut Melon, 2018plus icon *Salmonella Infections Linked to Pre-Cut Melon en Español ... Salmonella Infections Linked to Pet Guinea Pigs, 2018plus icon *Salmonella Infections Linked to Pet Guinea Pigs en Español ... Human Salmonella Infections Linked to Small Turtles, 2015plus icon *Human Salmonella Infections Linked to Small Turtles en ...

https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/reportspubs/salmonella-atlas/index.html

A multistate outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Infections has been linked to raw chicken products. ... Salmonella Infections Linked to Pre-Cut Melon, 2018plus icon *Salmonella Infections Linked to Pre-Cut Melon en Español ... Salmonella Infections Linked to Pet Guinea Pigs, 2018plus icon *Salmonella Infections Linked to Pet Guinea Pigs en Español ... Human Salmonella Infections Linked to Small Turtles, 2015plus icon *Human Salmonella Infections Linked to Small Turtles en ...

https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/infantis-10-18/index.html

Salmonella typhi. at 0.8gml-1 while the cold-water extract of ginger inhibited both Escherichia coli. and Salmonella typhi. at ... Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi. and Bacillus subtilis. , the widest zones of inhibition was obtained with Salmonella typhi ... Salmonella typhi. and no effect on Escherichia coli. and Bacillus subtilis.. The reason for this is not clear because the raw ... Salmonella. is among the most common causes of food and water borne infectious diseases in the world15. The organism has a wide ...

http://ispub.com/IJTM/3/2/11056

Salmonella. Salmonella is a genus of bacteria that are a major cause of foodborne illness throughout the world. The bacteria ... The symptoms of Salmonella infection usually appear 12-72 hours after infection, and include fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, ...

http://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/foodborne-diseases/salmonella/en/

The two species of Salmonella are Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori. S. enterica is the type species and is further ... Nontyphoidal Salmonella[edit]. See also: Salmonellosis. Non-invasive[edit]. Infection with nontyphoidal serotypes of Salmonella ... are caused by Salmonella enterica Typhimurium or Salmonella enterica Enteritidis. A new form of Salmonella Typhimurium (ST313) ... Typhoidal Salmonella[edit]. See also: Typhoid fever and Paratyphoid fever. Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella serotypes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella

Salmonellosis is a foodborne illness caused by the bacteria salmonella. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, ... Salmonella infections usually clear up without medical treatment.. How Do People Get Salmonella Infections?. Salmonella ... What Is Salmonella?. Salmonella is a kind of bacteria, with many different types. The type responsible for most infections in ... Can Salmonella Infections Be Prevented?. Hand washing is a powerful way to guard against Salmonella infections. So teach kids ...

http://kidshealth.org/WillisKnighton/en/parents/salmonellosis.html

Salmonella is a group of bacteria that is a common cause of foodborne illness. Learn the symptoms. Know when to, and who should ... Salmonella (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) * Salmonella Questions and Answers (Department of Agriculture, Food ... Salmonella is the name of a group of bacteria. In the United States, it is a common cause of foodborne illness. Salmonella ... Salmonella Diagnosis and Treatment (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) * Stool Tests (Nemours Foundation) Also in ...

https://medlineplus.gov/salmonellainfections.html

Bartonella, Salmonella, Parvo Rheumatol Int. 2007 Jun;27(8):747-51. Epub 2007 Mar 31. Outcome of patients with arthritis and ... LPS from Salmonella typhimurium and lipotechoic acid from Streptococcus pyogenes also induced the up-regulation of both ... Wild birds can acquire enteropathogens, such as Salmonella and Campylobacter spp., by feeding on raw sewage and garbage, and ... one with Salmonella typhimurium--positive faecal test--and the other one with a culture negative agent), one patient probably ...

https://sites.google.com/site/floridalyme/tick-borne/bart-salmonella-parvo

Hostess Brands said Tuesday its issuing a voluntary recall of its holiday white peppermint Twinkies over a salmonella scare. ... David Worsley, 59, caught African salmonella, a strain of the infection which was confined to... ... Christmas-themed Twinkies recalled over salmonella scare January 10, 2017 , 10:49am ...

https://nypost.com/tag/salmonella/

Salmonella, (genus Salmonella), group of rod-shaped, gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria in the family ... Salmonella, (genus Salmonella), group of rod-shaped, gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria in the family ... Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever; paratyphoid fever is caused by S. paratyphi, S. schottmuelleri, and S. hirschfeldii, ... More About Salmonella. 8 references found in Britannica articles. cause of. *digestive system diseases* In digestive system ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/Salmonella

Salmonella: paratyphi, S. schottmuelleri, and S. hirschfeldii, which are considered variants of S. enteritidis. ... In Salmonella. paratyphi, S. schottmuelleri, and S. hirschfeldii, which are considered variants of S. enteritidis. ... Other articles where Salmonella schottmuelleri is discussed: ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/Salmonella-schottmuelleri

coli 0157:H7CamphylobacterSalmonellaShigellaListeriaTrichinosis The Salmonella bacterium was first isolated from a pigs ... Salmonellas Symptoms. The incubation period for a Salmonella infection is 6 hours to 10 days. Symptoms usually show up in 6 to ... There are many varieties of Salmonella, and some are now becoming resistant to the antibiotics we use to treat them. Salmonella ... Salmonella is one of the most common causes of enteric, or intestinal, infections. There are 40,000 cases diagnosed each year, ...

https://www.infoplease.com/math-science/health/diseases/food-borne-diseases-salmonella

salmonella. Title (Click to Sort) Fact Sheet Number. Tags Salmonella in Fresh Produce ANR-62 salmonella, fresh produce, ...

https://ohioline.osu.edu/tags/salmonella?order=field_ol_unique_id&sort=desc

When an outbreak occurs, Salmonella bacteria are very likely the cause since this is one of the most common types of foodborne ... There is a large group of bacteria that are called Salmonella. They are microscopic creatures, and if present in food do not ... Where does the Salmonella come from? Since the incubation period for the Salmonella bacteria is 8 to 72 hours it is often hard ... Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and Salmonella serotype Enteritidis are two common types that cause foodborne illnesses. ...

https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/HYG-5566-11

Salmonella, Ticks, Borrelia- Selected Bibliography. [Spontaneous infection of ixodes ticks with salmonella] [Article in Russian ... Long-term prognosis of reactive salmonella arthritis. Leirisalo-Repo M, Helenius P, Hannu T, Lehtinen A, Kreula J, Taavitsainen ...

https://sites.google.com/site/drjoneskids/tick-borne-diseases/salmonella-in-ticks

Salmonella enterocolitis is a bacterial infection in the lining of the small intestine that is caused by salmonella bacteria. ... Salmonella enterocolitis is a bacterial infection in the lining of the small intestine that is caused by salmonella bacteria. ... Salmonella infection is one of the most common types of food poisoning. It occurs when you eat food or drink water that ... People who have been treated for salmonella may continue to shed the bacteria in their stool for months to a year after the ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000294.htm

Pet Turtles: A Common Source of Salmonella (poster) (PDF - 491KB). *Pet Turtles: Cute But Commonly Contaminated with Salmonella ... Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Infections Associated with Small Turtle Exposure, 2007-2008 (Abstract) ... Notes from the Field: Multistate Outbreak of Human Salmonella Poona Infections Associated with Pet Turtle Exposure - United ...

https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/salmonella-and-turtle-safety

Salmonella causes one of the most common bacterial infections in the U.S. It affects the intestinal tract and may lead to ... Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium are the most common strains of Salmonella in the U.S. and are responsible for ... Salmonella can be found in many food sources, including raw meat, undercooked or improperly stored poultry and seafood, raw ... Or, the Salmonella simply exit the digestive tract before it causes problems, according to Medical Microbiology (4th Ed., ...

https://www.livescience.com/64031-salmonella.html

Salmonella is the name of a group, or genus, of bacteria that live in the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals, including ... Salmonella food poisoning results from the growth of the bacterium in food. The rapid increase in the number of bacteria in the ... Strains like Salmonella enteriditis can establish infection because they have components that contribute to the infection. ... For example, Salmonella grows on bismuth sulfide media and produces jet-black colonies, due to the production of hydrogen ...

http://www.faqs.org/espionage/Re-Se/Salmonella-and-Salmonella-Food-Poisoning.html

Salmonella refers to a group of bacteria that infect the intestinal tract. The illness can result in typhoid fever, food ... The term Salmonella refers to a group of bacteria that cause Salmonella infection, or salmonellosis, in the intestinal tract.. ... Salmonella may be caused by uncooked meat or seafood.. Salmonella bacteria live in the intestines of birds, animals, and humans ... What is salmonella?. Salmonella are gram-negative, rod-shaped bacilli that can cause salmonellosis, a diarrheal illness in ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/160942.php?iacp

Salmonellae are ubiquitous human and animal pathogens, and salmonellosis, a disease that affects an estimated 2 million ... Review Salmonella Infections in Childhood.[Adv Pediatr. 2015]. Review Salmonella Infections in Childhood.. Bula-Rudas FJ, ... Review Searching for Salmonella.[Aust Fam Physician. 2008]. Review Searching for Salmonella.. Darby J, Sheorey H. Aust Fam ... 2). Person-to-person spread of salmonellae also occurs. To be fully pathogenic, salmonellae must possess a variety of ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8435/

Salmonella on the rise again, EU officials admit. The incidence of Salmonella in humans was almost halved between 2004 and 2009 ... Salmonellas Polish resurgence raises concerns. Poland is facing a Salmonella crisis this summer but the European Commission ... New EU-initiative to tackle salmonella. On 1 August 2001, the Commission adopted a directive and a draft regulation in order to ... combat salmonella and other food-borne diseases. The two proposals will introduce national control programmes in the Member ...

https://www.euractiv.com/topics/salmonella/

EURACTIV plays a vital role in bringing Europe closer to its citizens. EURACTIV has long recognised that the story of Europe has to be told across the continent, and not just in Brussels. We need to support a truly European and informed debate ...

https://www.euractiv.com/topics/salmonella/?type_filter=linksdossier

Salmonellosis is a diarrheal illness caused by infection with Salmonella bacteria that are spread through the fecal-oral route ... Salmonella and reptiles. Resources for health care professionals. *Salmonellosis is a reportable condition in King County: See ... Salmonella outbreaks have been associated with a variety of commercially distributed food products, including produce, nuts, ... Salmonellosis is a diarrheal illness caused by infection with Salmonella bacteria that are spread through the fecal-oral route ...

https://www.kingcounty.gov/depts/health/communicable-diseases/disease-control/salmonellosis.aspx

Are there any serious medical problems that can arise from a Salmonella infection? Typically, nontyphoidal Salmonella produces ... What Are the Symptoms of Salmonella infection? The acute symptoms of Salmonella gastroenteritis include the sudden onset of ... Some Salmonella bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics, however, and this has occurred possibly as a result of the use ... I got Salmonella from undercooked chicken. Got deathly ill, painful cramping, arthritic joints and fever. I asked an expert who ...

http://home.earthlink.net/~anitaastrologer/salmonella.htm

... salmonella can be nasty for a few days or maybe a week, but then its gone. Specific treatment isnt needed to recover. ... When salmonella becomes deadly, bacteria enter the bloodstream, causing sepsis. *Salmonella survivor says she cant eat lettuce ... The cause of her illness was Salmonella typhimurium, which is not the same as Salmonella enteritidis, the strain reported in ... CNN) -- For most people, salmonella can be nasty for a few days or maybe a week, but then its gone. Specific treatment isnt ...

https://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/08/20/salmonella.victims/index.html

The federal government has expanded its investigation into an outbreak of salmonella illness to include items commonly eaten ... Watch a report on the latest information on the salmonella outbreak ». At this stage of the investigation, it would be ... The outbreak of illness linked to Salmonella Saintpaul, a rare form of the bacteria, has sickened 869 people, 107 of whom have ... 869 people have become ill from salmonella poisoning. * Survey: 58 percent of Americans deem food produced in U.S. somewhat ...

http://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/07/01/salmonella.tomatoes/index.html?section=cnn_latest

... USA Today NetworkWFMY-TV, Greensboro, N.C. Published 10:36 p.m. ET April 14, ... More: Egg recall: What you need to know about salmonella. More: 35 sickened in E. coli outbreak linked to Arizona lettuce, CDC ... Salmonella can cause serious and even deadly infections in children or elderly adults. Symptoms include fever, diarrhea, nausea ... 200 million eggs recalled over salmonella fears. The eggs reached consumers in Colorado, Florida, New Jersey, New York, North ...

https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/nation-now/2018/04/14/200-million-eggs-recalled-over-salmonella-fears/518245002/

More About Intracellular Infection By Salmonella. There are many strains of Salmonella; nearly all are potentially pathogenic. ... Salmonella Animation Teaching Tips. The animations in this section have a wide variety of classroom applications. Use the tips ... Salmonella has a dramatic way of invading the host cell. The surface of intestinal cells is covered with microvilli, finger- ... Intracellular Infection by Salmonella. This is a part of 2000 and Beyond: Confronting the Microbe Menace ...

http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/intracellular-infection-salmonella

Salmonella bacteria live in the intestinal tract of humans and animals and are excreted in feces. (medicinenet.com)
Some types of Salmonella bacteria cause the illness known as typhoid fever . (medicinenet.com)
Salmonella are a type of bacteria known to cause food-borne illness for over 125 years. (medicinenet.com)
Different types (called serotypes or serovars) of the Salmonella bacteria can cause the illness. (medicinenet.com)
Some types of Salmonella bacteria ( S. typhi ) cause typhoid fever, a serious illness that occurs most often in nonindustrialized areas of the world. (medicinenet.com)
Poultry, beef, milk, and eggs may contain Salmonella bacteria, since the bacteria live in the intestines of humans and animals. (medicinenet.com)
An Atlas of Salmonella in the United States, 1968-2011 pdf icon [PDF - 248 pages] summarizes 42 years of laboratory-confirmed surveillance data on Salmonella isolates (pure strains separated from specimens with more than one bacteria) from humans. (cdc.gov)
Since the 1960s, public health scientists in the US have used serotyping to link Salmonella cases with similar bacteria and likely to be related. (cdc.gov)
Antibiotic resistance testing conducted by CDC on Salmonella bacteria isolated from ill people showed that the outbreak strain is resistant to multiple antibiotics. (cdc.gov)
Most people infected with Salmonella develop diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps 12 to 72 hours after being exposed to the bacteria. (cdc.gov)
Salmonella is a genus of bacteria that are a major cause of foodborne illness throughout the world. (who.int)
Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped (bacillus) Gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae . (wikipedia.org)
Salmonella is a kind of bacteria , with many different types. (kidshealth.org)
Salmonella infection, or salmonellosis , is a foodborne illness caused by infection with Salmonella bacteria. (kidshealth.org)
Salmonella bacteria are often found in the feces (poop) of some animals, particularly reptiles. (kidshealth.org)
Not everyone who ingests Salmonella bacteria will become ill. (kidshealth.org)
Salmonella bacteria are most commonly found in animal products and can be killed by the heat of cooking . (kidshealth.org)
Because Salmonella bacteria can contaminate even intact and disinfected grade A eggs, cook them well and avoid serving poached or sunny-side up eggs (with runny yolks). (kidshealth.org)
Salmonella is the name of a group of bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)
Salmonella , (genus Salmonella ), group of rod-shaped, gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae. (britannica.com)
When an outbreak occurs, Salmonella bacteria are very likely the cause since this is one of the most common types of foodborne illnesses reported. (osu.edu)
There is a large group of bacteria that are called Salmonella . (osu.edu)
Since the incubation period for the Salmonella bacteria is 8 to 72 hours it is often hard to trace back to the food that was eaten. (osu.edu)
At one time it was believed that cracked shells were the only way salmonella bacteria contaminated eggs. (osu.edu)
Salmonella enterocolitis is a bacterial infection in the lining of the small intestine that is caused by salmonella bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)
It occurs when you eat food or drink water that contains salmonella bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)
People who have been treated for salmonella may continue to shed the bacteria in their stool for months to a year after the infection. (medlineplus.gov)
Salmonella is a group of bacteria that commonly cause a foodborne illness called salmonellosis. (livescience.com)
Most people who get infected with Salmonella get the bacteria from contaminated food or water . (livescience.com)
There are more than 2,300 types of bacteria in the Salmonella genus, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). (livescience.com)
Humans and animals typically have some Salmonella bacteria in their stomach and intestines, but stomach acid and intestinal bacteria generally kill the Salmonella before it has the opportunity to invade cells and replicate. (livescience.com)
However, washing will never get rid of 100 percent of bacteria on a fruit or vegetable, and this is problematic if the fruit/vegetable has been contaminated by particularly dangerous bacteria, such as Salmonella . (livescience.com)
Healthy adults can also become more susceptible to a Salmonella infection by taking antacids, which lower the stomach's acidity, or antibiotics, which reduce the number of Salmonella -killing bacteria in the intestines. (livescience.com)
Cases of Salmonella peak in mid-September, Fankhauser said, because warmer summer temperatures create ideal conditions for Salmonella , as well as many other bacteria. (livescience.com)
Salmonella is the name of a group, or genus, of bacteria that live in the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals, including humans, as well as in cold-blooded animals such as turtles. (faqs.org)
The term Salmonella refers to a group of bacteria that cause Salmonella infection, or salmonellosis, in the intestinal tract. (medicalnewstoday.com)
There are thousands of subtypes of Salmonella bacteria, but only about 12 that make people ill, usually with gastroenteritis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The septicemic form of salmonella infection can be an intermediate stage of infection in which the patient is not experiencing intestinal symptoms and the bacteria cannot be isolated from fecal specimens. (nih.gov)
The incubation period for Salmonella gastroenteritis (food poisoning) depends on the dose of bacteria. (nih.gov)
Poland is facing a Salmonella crisis this summer but the European Commission has withdrawn its support for the authorisation of the most efficient tool to fight against the bacteria in animal feed. (euractiv.com)
Salmonellosis is a diarrheal illness caused by infection with Salmonella bacteria that are spread through the fecal-oral route, through contaminated food and water, and through direct and indirect contact with infected animals and their environments. (kingcounty.gov)
Environmental samples from food (leftover pork, raw beef), food-handling equipment at local food establishments, and swabs collected at the implicated pork processing facility tested positive for identical Salmonella bacteria. (kingcounty.gov)
Reptiles are frequent carriers of Salmonella bacteria, which often contaminate their skin. (kingcounty.gov)
Some Salmonella bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics, however, and this has occurred possibly as a result of the use of antibiotics to promote the growth of feed animals. (earthlink.net)
The incubation period between ingestion of Salmonella bacteria and the onset of illness varies from 6 to 72 hours. (earthlink.net)
For salmonella to cause severe damage, as in Pruitt's case, the bacteria leave the intestine and enter the bloodstream, causing sepsis, Altier said. (cnn.com)
The outbreak of illness linked to Salmonella Saintpaul, a rare form of the bacteria, has sickened 869 people, 107 of whom have been hospitalized, said Dr. Robert Tauxe, deputy director of the Division of Foodborne, Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cnn.com)
Some types of bacteria, such as Salmonella and Listeria , live inside human cells. (hhmi.org)
Annually in the U.S., salmonella bacteria causes about 1.35 million infections, 26,500 hospitalizations and 420 deaths, the CDC estimates. (aarp.org)
Salmonella is an extremely common type of bacteria. (medicinenet.com)
You'll find out how it can make you sick, how the bacteria are fighting back against antibiotic medicine and what we can do about it, how to keep your grub safe from these illness-causing organisms, and even what happens when Salmonella grows in space. (medicinenet.com)
Most Salmonella infections lead to problems with digestion known as gastroenteritis, though some strains of the bacteria can cause typhoid fever. (medicinenet.com)
Not all Salmonella bacteria are the same. (medicinenet.com)
Salmonella , one of the planet's most problematic food-poisoning bacteria, may have an accidental ally: transparent, nearly invisible animals called protozoa. (usda.gov)
During their lives, Salmonella bacteria may encounter a commonplace, water-loving protozoan known as a Tetrahymena . (usda.gov)
Brandl now wants to pinpoint genes that Salmonella bacteria turn on while inside the vacuoles. (usda.gov)
Salmonella is a pathogenic bacteria that causes foodborne illness and is often found in eggs. (sourcewatch.org)
Gulls are one of the main wild birds that act as reservoirs of Campylobacter and Salmonella, two most relevant intestinal antibiotic-resistant bacteria causing gastroenteritis in humans. (news-medical.net)
University of Liverpool scientists have exploited the combined power of genomics and epidemiology to understand how a type of Salmonella bacteria evolved to kill hundreds of thousands of immunocompromised people in Africa. (news-medical.net)
Scientists at the University of Liverpool have taken another step forward in understanding the bacteria that are causing a devastating Salmonella epidemic currently killing around 400,000 people each year in sub-Saharan Africa. (news-medical.net)
On February 20, the CDC reported that 28 people across 20 states were infected with a type of Salmonella bacteria that goes by the designation I 4,[5],12:b:- The illnesses started on dates ranging from October 13, 2017 to January 30, 2018. (forbes.com)
Now more than a week out since the announcement, CDC spokesperson LaKia Bryant says that investigators have not yet traced the offending kratom to a specific supplier and no kratom product itself has been directly shown to be contaminated with the Salmonella bacteria type that caused the infections. (forbes.com)
Salmonella , a type of bacteria usually carried by contaminated foods such as eggs, cause an infectious disease known as salmonellosis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
One of the most fascinating findings, according to Prof. Achtman and team, is the fact that the Salmonella bacteria appeared to have changed very little, in terms of their genetic makeup, from the time of their emergence until the present day, making it a very stedfast enemy to be reckoned with. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Salmonella is the type of bacteria that's the most frequently reported cause of food-related illness in the United States. (webmd.com)
Certain bacteria in the group Salmonella cause salmonella food poisoning. (healthline.com)
Eating food or drinking any liquid contaminated with certain species of Salmonella bacteria causes salmonella food poisoning. (healthline.com)
Thorough cooking or pasteurization kills Salmonella bacteria. (healthline.com)
This is to look for actual evidence and samples of Salmonella bacteria in your body. (healthline.com)
Salmonella is caused by the bacteria salmonella. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Salmonella is a group of bacteria that can cause diarrhea in humans. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
There are many different kinds of salmonella bacteria. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Salmonella infection is caused by a group of salmonella bacteria called Salmonella. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Salmonella infections are diarrheal infections caused by the bacteria salmonella. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
The growing local foods movement has sparked a rise in the number of people keeping small flocks of chickens or ducks at home, and a rise in human infections with Salmonella bacteria has been linked to birds from mail-order hatcheries, according to a new study. (reuters.com)
The bacteria don't always make the birds sick, she said, but Salmonella can coat their feathers and beaks, be present in their environment and can lead to human illness. (reuters.com)
A Salmonella Bacteria ready for high definition rendering. (turbosquid.com)
Any bacteria that is not assigned to the species level but can be assigned to the Salmonella genus level. (fpnotebook.com)
Salmonella and other potentially deadly bacteria in poultry face a new enemy, as scientists develop more effective ways to fight fire with fire. (foxnews.com)
CHARLOTTESVILLE, Va., Sept. 25 - A protein in Salmonella bacteria called SipA invades healthy human cells by using two arms in a "stapling" action, according to scientists at the University of Virginia Health System. (eurekalert.org)
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, various types of the Salmonella bacteria are responsible for up to four million infections and 500 deaths in the United States every year. (eurekalert.org)
By remodeling the cytoskeleton of host cells, bacterial proteins such as SipA allow the Salmonella bacteria to infect these cells. (eurekalert.org)
This allows Salmonella to become a Trojan horse of sorts, causing healthy cells to engulf the Salmonella bacteria. (eurekalert.org)
Salmonella bacteria were found in an open peanut butter container at a long-term care facility in Minnesota, where there has been at least one case of sickness. (npr.org)
Salmonella bacteria cause diarrhea, fever and abdominal cramps within a few days of ingestion. (npr.org)
Butterball Foodservice has recalled 78,164 pounds of its raw ground turkey products out of concern it may contain salmonella, a bacteria that can cause serious illness, the United States Department of Agriculture said in a release on Wednesday. (denverpost.com)
While the baby barnyard fowl may appear healthy, they might just harbor the salmonella bacteria. (philly.com)
Raw and undercooked eggs contain salmonella bacteria that can make you sick, the CDC advises. (philly.com)
Raw or undercooked eggs may contain salmonella bacteria. (philly.com)
The symptoms of Salmonella, which is caused by bacteria, tend to overlap with signs of food poisoning, causing a person to experience fever and nausea, and have various gastrointestinal problems. (newsweek.com)
To prevent illness, consumers should cook eggs thoroughly before eating in order to destroy any salmonella or other bacteria, the statement said. (foxnews.com)
Salmonella bacteria were first discovered by an American scientist, Dr. Daniel E. Salmon in 1884. (yahoo.com)
Dr. Salmon isolated the bacteria from the intestines of a pig and called it Salmonella choleraesui. (yahoo.com)
Salmonella enterica are rod shaped Gram-negative bacteria. (yahoo.com)
Salmonella is a bacteria that is unpleasant at best in perfectly healthy people. (sheknows.com)
Salmonella is bacteria found in nature that is present in food and animals. (mycentraljersey.com)
These conditions are also ideal for the growth of bacteria, including Salmonella, Listeria, and E. coli. (glamour.com)
This year, 25 egg-laying poultry flocks tested positive for the bacteria, with seven contaminated by the most serious strain, salmonella enteritidis. (telegraph.co.uk)
Dr. Bugarel said current work to characterize the Salmonella strain has shown that the serotype emerged recently, "confirming that Salmonella is a dynamic bacteria that is able to adapt to a host and to colonize and survive on it. (avma.org)
At first, typhoid fever caused by Salmonella bacteria looks similar to infections by non-typhoid Salmonella . (rchsd.org)
Salmonella poisoning most often results from coming into contact with water or food contaminated with the salmonella bacteria. (wikihow.com)
Salmonella infection is usually caused by eating raw eggs or meat products that are contaminated with the bacteria. (wikihow.com)
Symptoms of exposure to the salmonella bacteria include diarrhea, fever and abdominal cramps, the agency noted. (aol.com)

Salmonella infection is a foodborne illness that occurs from consumption of raw meats and eggs, contaminated dairy foods such as unpasteurized (raw) milk, or fruits and vegetables contaminated by food handlers. (medicinenet.com)
There is no vaccine to prevent Salmonella infection. (medicinenet.com)
Salmonella infection, or salmonellosis, is another name for Salmonella food poisoning . (medicinenet.com)
People can get a Salmonella infection from eating undercooked chicken or touching raw chicken, including packaged raw pet food. (cdc.gov)
Salmonella infection may spread from the intestines to the bloodstream and then to other places in the body. (cdc.gov)
In rare cases, Salmonella infection can cause death unless the person is treated promptly with antibiotics. (cdc.gov)
The symptoms of Salmonella infection usually appear 12-72 hours after infection, and include fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea and sometimes vomiting. (who.int)
What Is Salmonella Infection? (kidshealth.org)
What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Salmonella Infection? (kidshealth.org)
A severe Salmonella infection will require more testing to see which specific germ is causing the illness and which antibiotics can be used to treat it. (kidshealth.org)
How Long Does a Salmonella Infection Last? (kidshealth.org)
The arthritis could be diagnosed in six patients early in the onset of the disease and included three cases of lyme arthritis of the knee joint, two cases with arthritis following a gastrointestinal infection (one with Salmonella typhimurium--positive faecal test--and the other one with a culture negative agent), one patient probably had an infection-associated arthritis after a gastrointestinal infection with Entamöeba histolytica (Schirmer et al. (google.com)
David Worsley, 59, caught African salmonella, a strain of the infection which was confined to. (nypost.com)
The incubation period for a Salmonella infection is 6 hours to 10 days. (infoplease.com)
Proper handling of eggs and other foods is key to preventing Salmonella infection. (infoplease.com)
Spontaneous infection of ixodes ticks with salmonella] [Article in Russian] Nersesov VA , Beridze LP , Giorgadze TS , Manvelian DKh . (google.com)
Salmonella infection is one of the most common types of food poisoning . (medlineplus.gov)
Food handlers who carry salmonella in their body can pass the infection to the people who eat the food they have handled. (medlineplus.gov)
Salmonella is a rod-shaped bacterium that can cause an infection in the intestinal tract. (livescience.com)
Every year, about 1.2 million people are infected with Salmonella , with 23,000 individuals hospitalized due to the infection and 450 dying from it, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (livescience.com)
People at an increased risk of developing a Salmonella infection include young children, older adults, pregnant women, and people who have compromised immune systems or diseases of the intestinal tract, such as inflammatory bowel disease , according to the Mayo Clinic. (livescience.com)
Some people with a Salmonella infection have no symptoms, according to the Mayo Clinic. (livescience.com)
The primary treatments for a salmonella infection include keeping hydrated, getting rest and replacing electrolytes (by drinking things like Gatorade or other sports drinks, Pedialyte or other electrolyte solution, or even coconut water ). (livescience.com)
Strains like Salmonella enteriditis can establish infection because they have components that contribute to the infection. (faqs.org)
Typhoid fever, food poisoning , gastroenteritis , enteric fever , and other illnesses are all types of Salmonella infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The severity of the infection and whether it remains localized in the intestine or disseminates to the bloodstream may depend on the resistance of the patient and the virulence of the Salmonella isolate. (nih.gov)
Doctors tell us there is no real cure for a Salmonella infection (or salmonellosis), except treatment of the symptoms but HOLISTICS have answers. (earthlink.net)
Salmonella infections usually resolve in five to seven days, and many times require no treatment, unless the patient becomes severely dehydrated or the infection spreads from the intestines. (earthlink.net)
Are there any serious medical problems that can arise from a Salmonella infection? (earthlink.net)
Reiter s syndrome, which includes and is sometimes referred to as reactive arthritis, is an uncommon, but debilitating, result of a Salmonella infection. (earthlink.net)
Salmonella can cause a serious and sometimes fatal infection in young children, people who are frail or elderly, and others with weakened immune systems. (webmd.com)
Salmonella can cause diarrhea, fever and abdominal cramps 12 hours to 72 hours after infection. (yahoo.com)
Salmonella symptoms vary depending on the type of Salmonella that has caused the infection. (medicinenet.com)
Since the 1960s, the US government has paid researchers to discover outbreaks of Salmonella with the hope of tracking the source of the infection. (medicinenet.com)
According to the World Health Organization, most cases of Salmonella infection are mild. (medicinenet.com)
The research suggests that amoeba may be a major source of Salmonella within the environment and could play a significant role in transmission of infection to man and animals. (redorbit.com)
This Salmonella strain only infects humans and is picked up from food or water contaminated with the feces of someone with this infection. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Most of the signs and symptoms of a salmonella infection are stomach -related. (webmd.com)
A few people who get a salmonella infection also get pain in their joints. (webmd.com)
A gastrointestinal salmonella infection usually affects the small intestine. (healthline.com)
If these dots are accompanied by a high fever, they may indicate a serious form of salmonella infection called typhoid fever. (healthline.com)
Most people recover completely from a salmonella infection. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Symptoms of a salmonella infection may include diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection chills, headache, nausea, or vomiting. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
The researchers report that 45 outbreaks of salmonellosis (Salmonella infection) in humans due to contact with live poultry were reported from 1996 to 2012. (reuters.com)
Salmonella infection causes diarrhea, fever and abdominal cramps for up to seven days, and in extreme cases can be deadly. (foxnews.com)
Edward Egelman, professor of biochemistry and molecular genetics at U.Va., said the significance of this research is that it could be possible to design molecules to prevent SipA from binding to a protein called actin, preventing the severe infection associated with Salmonella. (eurekalert.org)
Symptoms of salmonella infection appear 12 to 72 hours after ingesting contaminated food. (mycentraljersey.com)
Approximately 450 people die yearly from salmonella infection. (mycentraljersey.com)
So, what do you do if you suspect you have a salmonella infection? (mycentraljersey.com)
The Lake County Health Department reported that 305 ChiliÂ s patrons reported having symptoms of Salmonella infection that could be traced to ChiliÂ s. (prweb.com)
Get tested for salmonella infection. (wikihow.com)
The doctor may prescribe antibiotics if the salmonella infection has spread beyond the digestive system. (wikihow.com)
Eat bland food while recovering from a salmonella infection. (wikihow.com)
In animals, unlike those of other Salmonella, infection is generally asymptomatic and does not cause discernible effects. (wikipedia.org)

Salmonella food poisoning, salmonellosis, affects two to four million Americans each year. (faqs.org)
Salmonella are gram-negative, rod-shaped bacilli that can cause salmonellosis, a diarrheal illness in humans. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Salmonellosis ranges clinically from the common Salmonella gastroenteritis (diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever) to enteric fevers (including typhoid fever) which are life-threatening febrile systemic illness requiring prompt antibiotic therapy. (nih.gov)
Salmonellae are ubiquitous human and animal pathogens, and salmonellosis, a disease that affects an estimated 2 million Americans each year, is common throughout the world. (nih.gov)
Less severe forms of gastrointestinal illnesses, such as diarrhea, are caused by many other Salmonella strains and are collectively known as salmonellosis. (hhmi.org)
It is also called salmonella enterocolitis or enteric salmonellosis. (healthline.com)
Non-typhoid types cause what is known as salmonellosis, or food poisoning and is the most common type of salmonella. (mycentraljersey.com)
1. Phenotypic and genotypic typing of Salmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis isolates from poultry farms in TunisiaGuedda Intissar1, Abbassi Mohamed Salah1, Debya Rafika1, Chebbi Chokri1, Mami Hela1, Ben Hassen Assia2, Hammami Salah1Institute of Veterinary Research of TunisiaInstitute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia11, National Bone Marrow Transplantation Centre, National Bone Marrow Transplantation Centre22INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONSalmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis is a common cause of salmonellosis among humans and animals in Tunisia and in many other countries. (slideshare.net)

enterica serotype Typhimurium, but can be abbreviated to Salmonella Typhimurium. (wikipedia.org)
Salmonella serotype Typhimurium and Salmonella serotype Enteritidis are two common types that cause foodborne illnesses. (osu.edu)
Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium are the most common strains of Salmonella in the U.S. and are responsible for at least half of all infections. (livescience.com)
There are over 2,300 subtypes of the Salmonella enterica bacterium, including serovars enterititis, Salmonella Agbeni , and typhimurium . (medicalnewstoday.com)
The cause of her illness was Salmonella typhimurium, which is not the same as Salmonella enteritidis, the strain reported in the current massive recall of eggs . (cnn.com)
The FDA, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and state officials have traced sources of Salmonella typhimurium contamination to a plant in Blakely, Ga., owned by Peanut Corp. of America, which makes peanut butter and peanut paste made of ground, roasted peanuts. (latimes.com)
The Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2-Encoded Type III Secretion System Is Essential for the Survival of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Free-Living Amoebae in Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 75. (redorbit.com)
But that's where the Salmonella typhimurium comes in. (engadget.com)
Disease relevance of barA The barA and sirA genes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium encode a two- component sensor kinase and a response regulator, respectively. (yahoo.com)
In addition, Salmonella species have been implicated in a spectrum of other diseases, including enteric or typhoid fever (primarily Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi ), bacteremia , endovascular infections, focal infections (eg, osteomyelitis), and enterocolitis (typically Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, and Salmonella heidelberg ). (medscape.com)
Color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph showing Salmonella typhimurium, red, invading cultured human cells. (aol.com)

[8] Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella invading the bloodstream (the typhoidal form), or in addition spreads throughout the body, invades organs, and secretes endotoxins (the septic form). (wikipedia.org)
Salmonella was first visualized in 1880 by Karl Eberth in the Peyer's patches and spleens of typhoid patients. (wikipedia.org)
Another, rarer form - called Salmonella typhi - causes typhoid fever . (kidshealth.org)
Typhoid fever, a more serious disease caused by Salmonella, is not common in the United States. (medlineplus.gov)
Some strains of Salmonella may result in typhoid fever , which is rare in the U.S. and primarily occurs in developing countries . (livescience.com)
The salmonellae that cause Typhoid fever and other enteric fevers spread mainly from person-to-person via the fecal-oral route and have no significant animal reservoirs. (nih.gov)
The best studied enteric fever is typhoid fever, the form caused by S typhi , but any species of Salmonella may cause this type of disease. (nih.gov)
The most severe illness caused by a Salmonella strain is typhoid fever, which is caused by S. typhi . (hhmi.org)
Typhoid-causing Salmonella , however, is usually spread from person to person. (medicinenet.com)
Typhoidal Salmonella typhi infections cause typhoid fever. (medicinenet.com)
Scientists know that Salmonella "" which can also cause typhoid fever "" has evolved unique mechanisms to prevent the body's immune system from functioning effectively, but until now it was not understood how it survives so successfully in the environment. (redorbit.com)
The most common strains of Salmonella cause gastroenteritis , with symptoms such as diarrhea , fever , and cramps, but there are also strains that cause more dangerous conditions, including enteric fevers such as typhoid fever. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Some species of Salmonella cause typhoid fever. (scienceblogs.com)
Humans are the only significant reservoir for the species of Salmonella that cause typhoid fever, so once you control humans and their water and waste, you can control and prevent outbreaks. (scienceblogs.com)
The commonly defined depuration process has been practiced since the 1800s originating as a method to prevent typhoid fever (via Salmonella enterica subsp . (yahoo.com)

Serotyping has been the core of public health monitoring of Salmonella infections since then. (cdc.gov)
Serotyping provides a consistent subtyping method that has changed little since national surveillance for Salmonella infections was established in the US in 1962. (cdc.gov)
CDC and public health and regulatory officials in several states investigated a multistate outbreak of multidrug-resistant Salmonella infections linked to raw chicken products. (cdc.gov)
The antimicrobial properties of various extracts of Allium cepa (onions) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Bacillus subtilis that are common cause of gastrointestinal tract infections were investigated using the cup-plate diffusion method. (ispub.com)
Salmonella infections usually clear up without medical treatment. (kidshealth.org)
How Do People Get Salmonella Infections? (kidshealth.org)
Are Salmonella Infections Contagious? (kidshealth.org)
Who Is at Risk for Salmonella Infections? (kidshealth.org)
How Are Salmonella Infections Diagnosed? (kidshealth.org)
How Are Salmonella Infections Treated? (kidshealth.org)
Can Salmonella Infections Be Prevented? (kidshealth.org)
Hand washing is a powerful way to guard against Salmonella infections. (kidshealth.org)
Most human infections with Salmonella result from the ingestion of contaminated food or water. (britannica.com)
Salmonella is one of the most common causes of enteric , or intestinal, infections. (infoplease.com)
Infections with Salmonella spp. (osu.edu)
Salmonella infections (including enteric fever). (medlineplus.gov)
As well, Salmonella can spread from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream, leading to more widespread infections. (faqs.org)
Salmonella poisoning affects around 1.4 million Americans each year and is responsible for almost half the bacterial infections in the United States (U.S. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Salmonella is a major cause of human bacterial infections in the United States (U.S.). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it affects around 1 million Americans every year, leading to 19,000 hospitalizations and 380 deaths. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Those most at risk for more serious salmonella infections are the elderly, small children and people with compromised immune systems, he said. (cnn.com)
Salmonella can cause serious and even deadly infections in children or elderly adults. (usatoday.com)
The salmonella infections tied to backyard flocks have been responsible for 151 hospitalizations and one death. (aarp.org)
Government scientists said that tracing a 1985 food poisoning outbreak in Los Angeles to antibiotic use on farms demonstrated that use of such drugs in livestock contributes to salmonella infections in humans. (latimes.com)
However, in a few rare cases, Salmonella infections can lead to long-term joint pain known as reactive arthritis, which can over time develop into chronic arthritis. (medicinenet.com)
According to the German government, Salmonella infections account for about 90 percent of foodborne infections in recent years. (medicinenet.com)
Scientists have identified a single genetic change in Salmonella that is playing a key role in the devastating epidemic of bloodstream infections currently killing around 400,000 people each year in sub-Saharan Africa. (news-medical.net)
Salmonella infections are very common. (webmd.com)
The symptoms of salmonella infections may look like other conditions or medical problems. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
What are the complications of salmonella infections? (hopkinsmedicine.org)
We have seen an increasing number of outbreaks of Salmonella infections in people being sick that have been linked back to having chickens and ducks in your backyard," said Dr. Casey Barton Behravesh, who led the study. (reuters.com)
He agrees Salmonella infections are becoming more common among backyard flock owners. (reuters.com)
Several thousand infections were reported during a salmonella outbreak from May to July last year. (npr.org)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is investigating 10 separate multi-state outbreaks of human salmonella infections linked to live poultry from multiple hatcheries. (philly.com)
The Minnesota Department of Agriculture and Department of Health are investigating the salmonella infections, which took place from August 12 to September 24, the agencies said in a statement on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's website. (foxnews.com)
For example, amphibian and reptile exposures are associated with approximately 74,000 Salmonella infections annually in the United States. (medscape.com)
BACKGROUND: The attorneys at Marler Clark ( http://www.marlerclark.com ) have extensive experience representing victims of Salmonella infections. (prweb.com)
Salmonella infections affect the intestines and cause vomiting, fever, and cramping, which usually clear up without medical treatment. (rchsd.org)
You can help prevent Salmonella infections by not serving any raw meat or eggs, and by not keeping reptiles as pets, particularly if you have very young children. (rchsd.org)

However, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi were more sensitive to the extract of onion bulbs compared to Bacillus subtilis which was predominantly resistant. (ispub.com)
Salmonella typhi is the one type of salmonella that lives only in humans. (hopkinsmedicine.org)

This economic burden, increasing prevalence of Salmonella food-borne illness, and the ease by which disease-causing strains of Salmonella could be acquired and deliberately added to food supplies, have made Salmonella one of the microorganisms that is regarded as being a potential threat to national security. (faqs.org)
The thousands of different strains of Salmonella are also known as serotypes. (faqs.org)
For most strains of Salmonella, the fatality rate is less than one percent so it's not like you're in danger. (earthlink.net)
No Salmonella strains were isolated. (who.int)
Although the infectious dose varies among Salmonella strains, a large inoculum is thought to be necessary to overcome stomach acidity and to compete with normal intestinal flora. (medscape.com)
Since breaking off from its close cousin E. coli more than 100 million years ago, salmonella has evolved into more than 2,500 strains. (sej.org)
Lane 1: Lambda ladder marker for PFGE, lanes 2- 14: PFGE patterns for S. enteritidis strains.DiscussionDiscussion-Phenotypic typing of Salmonella isolates showed that S. enteritidis was theprevalent serotype with 16/21 strains. (slideshare.net)
It has been showed that the majority of Salmonella enteritidis strains carry aserospecific virulence plasmid of ca.54 kb (3,5). (slideshare.net)
The fliC gene, which encodes phase 1 flagellin, was sequenced in strains of 15 Salmonella enterica serovars expressing flagellar antigenic factors of the g series. (pnas.org)

Target prevention efforts on a specific serotype, like those focused on eggs and Salmonella Enteritidis. (cdc.gov)
However, Salmonella enteritidis, the most prevalent type of Salmonella in eggs today, infects the ovaries of otherwise healthy hens and contaminates the eggs before the shells are formed. (sourcewatch.org)
Isolation of plasmid DNA: For Salmonella serovar Enteritidis, plasmidDNA was isolated by the alkaline lysis method (7). (slideshare.net)
Pulsed field gel electrophoresis: For Salmonella serovar Enteritidis,preparation and digestion of genomic DNA using XbaI restrictionendonuclease (Amersham Bio-sciences, Orsay, France) were performed asdescribed previously (2). (slideshare.net)

The acute symptoms of Salmonella gastroenteritis include the sudden onset of fever, joint aches, nausea, abdominal cramping, (during peristalsis,) and bloody diarrhea with mucous. (earthlink.net)
As of Wednesday, 486 people in 43 states and Canada, including 62 in California, had become sick from salmonella, which can cause diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and other problems. (latimes.com)
Salmonella are microscopic living creatures that can contaminate almost any food type, causing diarrhea, abdominal pain and fever. (redorbit.com)
At least 810 Americans have been sickened by the strain Salmonella Saintpaul, which can cause stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhea, making it the largest recorded outbreak of the illness ever traced to produce. (sfgate.com)
The FDA said symptoms of Salmonella in humans include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and can lead to more severe ailments in some rare cases. (cnn.com)
Pets with Salmonella may be lethargic and have diarrhea, fever and vomiting. (cnn.com)
The main treatment for salmonella food poisoning is replacing fluids and electrolytes that you lose when you have diarrhea. (healthline.com)
Salmonella can cause diarrhea, fever and abdominal cramps. (eurekalert.org)
Number of people nationwide who have been infected by Salmonella Saintpaul, which causes diarrhea, fever and abdominal cramps, according to the CDC's latest update on the outbreak, believed to be the largest of its kind in the U.S. (chicagotribune.com)
Pets with a Salmonella illness can have symptoms such as decreased appetite, diarrhea, fever, tiredness, and vomiting. (yahoo.com)
Salmonella can cause diarrhea, fever and stomach pain. (washingtontimes.com)

CDC and USDA-FSIS shared this information with representatives from the chicken industry and requested that they take steps to reduce Salmonella contamination. (cdc.gov)
A farm out of southeastern Indiana is recalling more than 200 million eggs that have been distributed to consumers in nine states because of possible salmonella contamination. (usatoday.com)
Disease investigators are puzzled that salmonella cases continue to be recorded long after the harvests have been completed in south Florida and Mexico where the contamination was thought to take place. (sfgate.com)
Federal health officials said Monday that certain dog chews are being recalled over potential Salmonella contamination to pets and their owners. (cnn.com)
Salmonella contamination on tree nuts has led to outbreaks and recalls of tree nuts and tree nut products in the United States. (fda.gov)
Since foods of animal origin pose the greatest threat of salmonella contamination, do not eat raw or undercooked eggs, poultry, seafood, or meats. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Several Butterball turkey products were recalled due to possible Salmonella contamination on March 14, 2019. (denverpost.com)
Some of the Ritz Crackers products have been recalled in the U.S., for fear of a Salmonella contamination. (newsweek.com)
Key factors for preventing salmonella contamination include refrigerating foods within two hours after being put out for consumption. (mycentraljersey.com)
Monte Vista City Manager Don Van Wormer said, on Thursday, that the City has made an internal decision to provide water at no charge to Alamosa institutions such as hospitals, senior centers, and other public facilities, in light of the current Salmonella contamination of Alamosa's water supply. (prweb.com)
Peanut and almond butters sold at Whole Foods, Trader Joe's and other grocers are being recalled because of possible salmonella contamination. (channel3000.com)
Fecal matter (poop) is often the source of Salmonella contamination, so hand washing is extremely important, especially after using the toilet and before preparing food. (rchsd.org)
OTTAWA - A brand of Pepperidge Farm goldfish crackers are being recalled due to salmonella contamination. (nationalpost.com)
A lot of dog food set to be destroyed was accidentally sent to major retailers, and now the company is recalling it due to potential Salmonella contamination. (yahoo.com)

What causes Salmonella outbreaks? (medicinenet.com)
Salmonella outbreaks have been associated with a variety of commercially distributed food products, including produce, nuts, eggs, and poultry. (kingcounty.gov)
The scientists who watch for Salmonella outbreaks are concerned about three specific groups of serotypes. (medicinenet.com)
One of the most famous outbreaks of illness caused by Salmonella was the 2010 outbreak of salmonella from eggs linked to Austin "Jack" DeCoster . (sourcewatch.org)
Salmonella is a key cause of foodborne gastroenteritis around the world, with most outbreaks linked to eggs, poultry meat, pork, beef, dairy, nuts and fresh produce. (news-medical.net)
A team of scientists led by researchers at the University of Georgia Center for Food Safety in Griffin has developed a machine-learning approach that could lead to quicker identification of the animal source of certain Salmonella outbreaks. (news-medical.net)
No such program exists for resistant Salmonella , even though there have been 29 known outbreaks of resistant Salmonella in food in the United States since the 1970s. (wired.com)
Eggs are commonly contaminated with Salmonella , and outbreaks do to other foods are common. (scienceblogs.com)
Salmonella outbreaks are not uncommon. (npr.org)
Most of these outbreaks were caused by Salmonella and E. coli. (glamour.com)

State public health laboratories serotype Salmonella isolates from humans and report these to CDC. (cdc.gov)
Historically, salmonellae have been clinically categorized as invasive (typhoidal) or noninvasive (nontyphoidal salmonellae) based on host preference and disease manifestations in humans. (wikipedia.org)
If you own a reptile, wear gloves when handling the animal or its feces because salmonella can easily pass to humans. (medlineplus.gov)
The incidence of Salmonella in humans was almost halved between 2004 and 2009 but new figures show that it has re-appeared, causing worries for food producers and health workers, but also for EU policymakers. (euractiv.com)
Scientists at the University of Liverpool have demonstrated how a single-celled organism, living freely in the environment, could be a source of Salmonella transmission to animals and humans. (redorbit.com)
Salmonella uses a system, called SP12 type III, which acts as a bacterial machine inside organisms and causes disease in humans, animals and plants. (redorbit.com)
Most types of Salmonella live in the intestinal tracts of animals and birds and are transmitted to humans when animal feces contaminate a food item of animal origin (such as eggs). (sourcewatch.org)
So far, it has been believed that Salmonella have been making humans sick for over 125 years , but new research from the University of Warwick in the United Kingdom suggests that the bacteria's deadliest strain is, in fact, much older than that. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The researchers were able to determine that all six Salmonella genomes recovered from herders and farmers are progenitors to a strain that specifically infects humans but is rare today, Paratyphi C. Those ancient Salmonella, however, were probably not yet adapted to humans, and instead infected humans and animals alike, which suggests the cultural practices uniquely associated with the Neolithization process facilitated the emergence of those progenitors and subsequently human-specific disease. (mpg.de)
Salmonella is found in the gut of humans and animals. (mycentraljersey.com)
In humans, salmonella poisoning can be life-threatening, particularly in infants and the elderly, and causes diarrhoea, vomiting, stomach cramps and a high temperature. (telegraph.co.uk)
Salmonella can affect animals eating the product, and there is risk to humans from handling contaminated products, especially if they have not thoroughly washed their hands after having contact with the products or any surfaces exposed to these products. (yahoo.com)

People and animals can carry salmonella in their intestines and their feces. (webmd.com)
Not unique to this outbreak is the fact that a person can carry Salmonella and excrete it in their stool without becoming ill. (scienceblogs.com)
Thoroughly wash hands after handling any reptiles or birds, since reptiles and birds are particularly likely to carry salmonella. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Barton Behravesh said most people know that handling raw poultry meat in the kitchen can be a problem, but many people don't know the live birds can carry salmonella that can make people sick. (reuters.com)
Healthy reptiles and birds can carry salmonella on their bodies, and it's also present in cat and dog feces. (wikihow.com)
But African dwarf frogs can carry salmonella. (yahoo.com)

Scientists classify types of Salmonella into serotypes by identifying the structures on the bacteria's surfaces. (cdc.gov)
Non-typhoidal Salmonella are the serotypes that sicken the most people. (medicinenet.com)
Currently, Salmonella species have the serologically defined names appended as serovars or serotypes. (medscape.com)
Other research will involve work to understand why certain serotypes persist in niches such as peripheral lymph nodes and will re-examine methods and actions that transmit Salmonella organisms. (avma.org)
He said the discovery of S Lubbock is a testament to the brilliance of research assistant professor Marie Bugarel, PhD, who was a postdoctoral student when she noticed that the Salmonella strain recovered in the research did not match designated serotypes. (avma.org)

However, in sub-Saharan Africa , nontyphoidal Salmonella can be invasive and cause paratyphoid fever , which requires immediate treatment with antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
There are many varieties of Salmonella , and some are now becoming resistant to the antibiotics we use to treat them. (infoplease.com)
The number of cases has been increasing in recent years, due in part to the increasing resistance of Salmonella to the antibiotics commonly used to treat the illness. (faqs.org)
Most of the cases involved a form of salmonella that resisted antibiotics, and researchers traced the strain from hamburger eaten by some of the victims back to three dairies in California. (latimes.com)
Ingraham, who happens to maintain 13 laying hens, also suspects that the massive doses of antibiotics fed to confined farm animals could be a factor in the spread of Salmonella. (sourcewatch.org)
Second was the confirmation, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, that the Salmonella samples recovered from patients are resistant to several antibiotics - ampicillin, tetracycline and streptomycin - that are commonly used not only in human medicine, but in agriculture as well. (wired.com)

The Salmonella bacterium was first isolated from a pig's intestine by American veterinarian Dr. Daniel Salmon. (infoplease.com)
Salmonella food poisoning results from the growth of the bacterium in food. (faqs.org)
It's also more likely to occur in the summer months because the Salmonella bacterium grows better in warm weather. (healthline.com)
The cause is the bacterium Salmonella enterica subsp . (yahoo.com)
enterica is a subspecies of Salmonella enterica , the rod-shaped, flagellated, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium. (yahoo.com)
As with the closely related bacterium Escherichia coli , salmonellae are potential enteric pathogens and a leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness. (medscape.com)
Salmonella bongori is a pathogenic bacterium belonging to the genus Salmonella, and was earlier known as Salmonella subspecies V or S. enterica subsp. (wikipedia.org)

Salmonella occurs in raw poultry, eggs, beef, and sometimes on unwashed fruit and vegetables. (medlineplus.gov)
Salmonella can be found in many food sources, including raw meat, undercooked or improperly stored poultry and seafood, raw eggs , fresh produce, and even spices, nuts and supplements , according to the Mayo Clinic . (livescience.com)
Chicken carcasses and the outer surface of eggs are frequently contaminated with Salmonella present in the poultry feces. (faqs.org)
Salmonella poisoning is often linked to contaminated water or foods, especially meat, poultry, and eggs. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Brandl's discoveries from her work at the agency's Western Regional Research Center in Albany, Calif., may lead to new, more powerful, and more environmentally friendly ways to reduce the incidence of Salmonella in meat, poultry and fresh produce. (usda.gov)
Salmonella in poultry, whether we're talking about chickens or ducks, or even geese or turkeys, go together - its' something that's a normal germ found in the intestinal tracts of the birds," Barton Behravesh said. (reuters.com)
From surveys that we've done, we've noticed that not many people are concerned about Salmonella, influenza, or Campylobacter," Bender said, adding that's probably because new chicken owners aren't aware of those diseases, or that live poultry can spread them. (reuters.com)
Prospective buyers of new chicks or poultry should recognize that the birds can have Salmonella or other diseases, and that hand washing is important, Bender said. (reuters.com)
Ideally a source that has a Salmonella control program or is part of the National Poultry Improvement Plan, which basically is a plan that says 'we're trying to raise the healthiest birds possible'," he said. (reuters.com)
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is warning about a multi-state salmonella outbreak related to live poultry. (philly.com)
The most common sources of salmonellae include beef, poultry, and eggs. (medscape.com)
Washing raw poultry, meat or eggs before cooking can spread salmonella to surfaces in the kitchen, and should be avoided. (mycentraljersey.com)

The CDC recommends cooking eggs until the yolk and white are firm with an internal temperature of at least 160 degrees F. Raw and undercooked eggs may contain salmonella and make you sick. (aarp.org)
They also uncovered emails and records showing food confirmed by lab tests to contain salmonella was shipped to customers anyway. (usatoday.com)
Confectionery giant Mondelez has recalled some products bearing its Ritz branding, fearing that the snacks may contain Salmonella. (newsweek.com)
Taylor Farms Retail Inc. has issued a recall of bagged salad blends because the lettuce could potentially contain salmonella. (sheknows.com)

Salmonella causes an estimated 1 million food-borne illnesses every year in the U.S. and about 19,000 hospitalizations. (medicinenet.com)
Illnesses could continue because this Salmonella strain appears to be widespread in the chicken industry. (cdc.gov)
Illinois has reported 100 salmonella-related illnesses, the second highest total among affected states, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and 26 state residents have been hospitalized. (redorbit.com)
In its investigation of the outbreak, inspectors found salmonella at the Blakely plant, but it was a different strain than the one implicated in the illnesses, Sundlof said. (latimes.com)
In rare cases, salmonella can enter the bloodstream and cause more severe illnesses. (webmd.com)
The Trader Joe's peanut butter is now linked to 35 salmonella illnesses in 19 states - most of them in children under the age of 10. (yahoo.com)
The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said Friday that officials now count 35 salmonella illnesses in 19 states across the country that can be traced to the Trader Joe's peanut butter. (yahoo.com)
The CDC estimates that approximately 1.2 million illnesses occur due to non-typhoidal Salmonella per year in the US. (medicinenet.com)
A new salmonella scare is ravaging the nation as news spreads of one death of a California resident and 77 illnesses in other states have been reported since March. (ibtimes.com)
She also acknowledged that, for every reported case of salmonella, there can be as many as 30 people who recover without a visit to the doctor or whose illnesses go unreported. (sfgate.com)
Updates on illnesses blamed on the salmonella outbreak appear on the CDC's Web site -- cdc.gov . (go.com)
Since many different illnesses have symptoms similar to salmonella, diagnosis depends on lab tests that identify salmonella in your stool. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Public health departments are investigating several cases of salmonella-related illnesses that may have been caused by consuming the turkey. (denverpost.com)

Is Kratom Really Linked To A Salmonella Outbreak? (forbes.com)

For example, an outbreak in 2013-2014 was linked to multidrug-resistant serotype Salmonella Heidelberg. (medicinenet.com)
This is the first time CDC has posted these data online in a downloadable format in its entirety or in 32 individual Salmonella serotype reports . (cdc.gov)
Consolidating Salmonella serotype information from over 40 years may help researchers consider possible explanations for the differences among patterns. (cdc.gov)
The full name of a serotype is given as, for example, Salmonella enterica subsp. (wikipedia.org)
Depending on the serotype, a Salmonella outbreak could be mild or extremely severe. (medicinenet.com)
Research intended to find Salmonella organisms in certain organs included in some ground beef led to the discovery of a new serotype. (avma.org)
That serotype, Salmonella enterica Lubbock, was found in cattle peripheral lymph nodes, and it appears to be related to S Mbandaka and S Montevideo, said Dr. Guy Loneragan, a professor of food safety and public health at Texas Tech University. (avma.org)
Identification of a new serotype indicates that we still have quite a bit more to understand, in particular about the ecology of Salmonella and how it's evolved or coevolved with cattle populations over time," Dr. Loneragan said. (avma.org)

If Salmonella gets into the bloodstream, it can be serious. (medlineplus.gov)
A blood sample may be taken to determine if the Salmonella infected the bloodstream, according to the Mayo Clinic. (livescience.com)
Signs of bacteremia , a condition in which the salmonella enters the bloodstream and infects body tissues in the brain, spinal cord, heart, or bone marrow. (wikihow.com)

Paratyphi C Salmonella causes an enteric fever that is known as paratyphoid fever, which is very dangerous and life-threatening. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Many of the members of the bacterial genus Salmonella are contagious. (medicinenet.com)
The genus Salmonella is part of the family of Enterobacteriaceae. (wikipedia.org)
The genus Salmonella is divided into two species, S. enterica and S. bongori. (yahoo.com)
The genus Salmonella, which belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae, was named after Daniel E. Salmon, an American veterinarian who first isolated Salmonella choleraesuis from pigs with hog cholera in 1884. (medscape.com)
In 2005, Salmonella enterica finally gained official approval as the type species of the genus Salmonella . (medscape.com)
The genus Salmonella also contains the species Salmonella bongori and Salmonella subterranean, which was recognized in 2005. (medscape.com)
Originally S. bongori was considered to be a subspecies within the genus Salmonella. (wikipedia.org)

The two species of Salmonella are Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori . (wikipedia.org)
Salmonella species are non- spore -forming, predominantly motile enterobacteria with cell diameters between about 0.7 and 1.5 μm , lengths from 2 to 5 μm, and peritrichous flagella (all around the cell body). (wikipedia.org)
Salmonella species are Gram-negative, flagellated facultatively anaerobic bacilli characterized by O, H, and Vi antigens. (nih.gov)
Brandl's laboratory tests showed that the protozoan, after gulping down a species of Salmonella known as S. enterica , apparently can't digest and destroy it. (usda.gov)
This study investigated the frequency of Escherichia coli, Shigella and Salmonella species in stool specimens from patients with diarrhoea presenting to health centres in Hamedan province, Islamic Republic of Iran. (who.int)
The nomenclature and classification of Salmonella species have been changed and restructured multiple times. (medscape.com)
Traditionally, Salmonella species were named in accordance with the Kaufmann-White typing system, defined by different combinations of somatic O, surface Vi, and flagellar H antigens. (medscape.com)
I haven't kept track recently, but 15 years ago when I last checked in detail, there were at least 100 different animal species in which salmonella had been isolated, from camels to cockroaches. (sej.org)
RVS broth can be used to enrich for Salmonella species for detection in a clinical sample. (wikipedia.org)
After decades of controversy in Salmonella nomenclature, it gained the species status in 2005. (wikipedia.org)
However, based on DNA similarity, all members of Salmonella are now grouped into only two species, namely S. bongori and S. enterica. (wikipedia.org)

Because the number of Salmonella -linked cases has not declined over the last decade, the CDC has suggested that public health educators increase efforts to educate the public on ways to control this foodborne illness. (osu.edu)

Salmonella lives in the intestines of animals and can spread by contact with feces or contact with anything contaminated by feces. (aarp.org)
This can damage the lining of your intestines , making it easier for salmonella to take hold. (webmd.com)

Hostess Brands said Tuesday it's issuing a voluntary recall of its holiday white peppermint Twinkies over a salmonella scare. (nypost.com)
The current nationwide recall of eggs because of possible salmonella hits close to home for Barbara Pruitt, who nearly lost her life when her case of salmonella got out of control last year. (cnn.com)
July 26, 2019 -- A Kansas food company ordered the recall of two kinds of taco seasoning sold at Walmart and H-E-B stores for fears it may be contaminated with salmonella . (webmd.com)
Williams Foods LLC ordered the recall because the cumin spice included in the mixes was separately recalled by the Mincing Spice Co. A sample lot from Mincing was found to be "potentially contaminated" with salmonella, according to the FDA. (webmd.com)
The latest salmonella recall? (yahoo.com)
As the scale of the nationwide outbreak of Salmonella Heidelberg started to sink in Thursday - along with the stunningly large recall of 36 million pounds of ground turkey, much of it probably already eaten - there were a number of moments that made a careful listener need to stop and just think. (wired.com)
The company said it has not received any complaints or reports of its customers contracting Salmonella but decided to recall products voluntarily. (newsweek.com)
The recall follows an outbreak of Salmonella across 31 states last month that was linked to breakfast cereal produced by the Kellogg Corporation. (newsweek.com)
Another lettuce recall has been issued, this time amid fears of salmonella. (sheknows.com)
The couple filed suit May 25 against Diamond Pet Foods, which has had an ever-expanding recall of its various pet food brands after salmonella was discovered in a batch of dog food made in a Gaston, South Carolina plant in April. (philly.com)

Many of the genes which are unique to Salmonella serovars, compared to E. coli, are found on large discrete genomic islands such as Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs). (wikipedia.org)

What is Salmonella food poisoning? (medicinenet.com)
It has been estimated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that the economic cost of Salmonella food poisoning in the U.S. alone is between five and 17 billion dollars annually. (faqs.org)
The food poisoning caused by Salmonella is one of about ten bacterial causes of food poisoning. (faqs.org)
Salmonella enteriditis is of particular concern in food poisoning. (faqs.org)
When people mention food poisoning , they're usually talking about salmonella. (webmd.com)
Around 19,000 people are hospitalized with salmonella food poisoning every year in the United States. (healthline.com)
The symptoms of salmonella food poisoning often come on quickly, usually within 8 to 72 hours after consuming contaminated food or water. (healthline.com)
To diagnose salmonella food poisoning, your doctor will do a physical examination. (healthline.com)
Summer months are also when salmonella, commonly known as food poisoning, is most prevalent. (mycentraljersey.com)

Salmonella can spread to people in foods contaminated by infected animal feces. (kidshealth.org)

A total of 129 people infected with the outbreak strain of Salmonella Infantis were reported from 32 states. (cdc.gov)
The outbreak strain of Salmonella Infantis is present in live chickens and in many types of raw chicken products, indicating it might be widespread in the chicken industry. (cdc.gov)
The immune response for a particular strain is characteristic and can be useful in identifying the strain of Salmonella that is causing the malady. (faqs.org)
The one thing that she and others with this strain of salmonella had in common was lettuce. (cnn.com)
Since April, more than 800 people have contracted the same strain of salmonella, but its source is unclear. (cnn.com)
More than 1,700 tests on tomatoes and tests conducted so far on peppers have failed to detect the St. Paul strain of salmonella, which has been found in those who have fallen ill. (redorbit.com)
By analyzing DNA collected from the skeleton's teeth and other bone samples, the researchers were able to establish that the woman probably died as a result of being infected with a strain of Salmonella enterica - specifically, the Paratyphi C lineage. (medicalnewstoday.com)

About 400 people in the United States die every year from salmonella, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . (cnn.com)
In Minnesota, a long-term care facility patient in her 80s may have died because of the salmonella outbreak, which has been blamed on contaminated peanut butter found in a wide array of food products, according to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (go.com)
It's been a week since the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced a multi-state outbreak of Salmonella poisoning they claim is linked to the controversial herbal medicine, kratom. (forbes.com)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is investigating a possible link between the peanut butter salmonella and the national outbreak. (npr.org)

Typically, nontyphoidal Salmonella produces a self-limiting febrile gastrointestinal illness that is indistinguishable from that caused by other bacterial enteric pathogens. (earthlink.net)
This means that we need to work to understand ways of controlling amoeba in water supplied to animals and prevent it acting as a 'Trojan Horse' for Salmonella and other pathogens. (redorbit.com)
Using Salmonella enterica genomes recovered from human skeletons as old as 6,500 years, an international team of researchers illustrates the evolution of a human pathogen and provides the first ancient DNA evidence in support of the hypothesis that the cultural transition from foraging to farming facilitated the emergence of human-adapted pathogens that persist until today. (mpg.de)

Pathogenic salmonellae ingested in food survive passage through the gastric acid barrier and invade the mucosa of the small and large intestine and produce toxins. (nih.gov)

Salmonella can also be found in domestic and wild animals and even in the intestinal tract of people. (osu.edu)

An FDA investigation found salmonella in environmental samples taken from various surfaces in the plant, officials said. (yahoo.com)
The company recalled over 3,000 cases of its various salad blends after the Washington State Department of Agriculture found salmonella in a bag it tested. (sheknows.com)
Conagra on Monday had recalled four varieties of the cake mix after officials in Oregon found Salmonella agbeni in a box of Duncan Hines Classic White Cake Mix. (reuters.com)

Minnesota health officials have determined the cause of the recent salmonella outbreak that was linked to Chipotle restaurants. (cnn.com)

Salmonella may infect reptiles, rodents, and birds. (medicinenet.com)

More than 125 products have been recalled in an investigation into a deadly salmonella outbreak linked to peanut butter used in processed foods and in institutions, with dog biscuits and diet granola bars among the latest on a list that is growing. (latimes.com)
Washington state health officials have also confirmed the presence of salmonella in an opened jar of the Trader Joe's peanut butter found in a victim's home, the FDA said. (yahoo.com)
An outbreak of salmonella in peanut butter in 2008 and 2009 linked to one company and thousands of products sickened 714 people in 46 states. (yahoo.com)
I'm still very angry about what they did, but I think they should get a break because they helped the case," said Jeff Almer, whose mother, 72-year-old Shirley Mae Almer of Perham, Minnesota, became ill from salmonella and died in December 2008 after eating peanut butter from Parnell's plant. (usatoday.com)
Lightsey and Kilgore spent several days on the witness stand at Parnell's trial last year, reviewing documents for the jury and fessing up to their own actions that allowed salmonella-tainted peanuts, peanut butter and peanut paste to be shipped to customers who used them in products from snack crackers to pet food. (usatoday.com)
More than 70 companies have used peanut butter and peanut paste from the Peanut Corporation of America's processing plant in Blakely, Ga., which is believed to be the source of the salmonella outbreak . (go.com)
Government officials are investigating an outbreak of salmonella linked to peanut butter sold in bulk. (npr.org)
Investigations are underway to uncover whether 30 other sick Minnesotans have salmonella poisoning linked to peanut butter. (npr.org)

S. bongori is classically regarded as the Salmonella of lizards. (wikipedia.org)
These Salmonella-specific functions include many genes for their virulence and characterize the divergence of S. enterica from S. bongori. (wikipedia.org)

The National Veterinary Services Laboratories pdf icon [PDF - 2 pages] external icon of the United States Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service reports Salmonella isolates from animals and related sources (e.g., environment and feeds). (cdc.gov)
Since 2004, 'genetic fingerprinting' of Salmonella isolates has facilitated the identification of cases linked to nationwide outbreak. (kingcounty.gov)
Fewer than 1% of nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates are lactose-positive (pink on MacConkey agar), but most produce hydrogen sulfide, which is detectable on HE or SS agar. (medscape.com)

It is believed the salmonella outbreak originated from consuming the contaminated onions either at home, restaurants or at residential care centers. (yahoo.com)

In order to establish how old this lineage was, Prof. Achtman and team characterized the bacterial genome identified in the woman's remains and combined them with data gathered from modern-day samples of Salmonella . (medicalnewstoday.com)
The researchers screened 2,739 ancient human remains in total, eventually reconstructing eight Salmonella genomes up to 6,500 years old - the oldest reconstructed bacterial genomes to date. (mpg.de)

WASHINGTON (CNN) -- The federal government has expanded its investigation into an outbreak of salmonella illness to include items commonly eaten with tomatoes, health officials said Tuesday. (cnn.com)
Salmonella is most commonly found in animal products, but vegetables may also get contaminated. (wikihow.com)

Wild birds can acquire enteropathogens, such as Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. (google.com)

But that condition has also made it difficult to determine the sources of the salmonella. (redorbit.com)
She stressed that federal and state agencies were still investigating whether there might be other sources of the salmonella involved in outbreak. (washingtontimes.com)

This child suffered severe pain due to a collapse of food safety protections,'' said attorney Elliot Olsen, a specialist in salmonella litigation , who is representing the family. (philly.com)

The CDC is currently investigating a separate Salmonella outbreak linked to red onions grown in California. (aarp.org)

Listeners respond to our series about dirty money in the war on drugs, and our stories about the tomato salmonella outbreak. (npr.org)

Now two ex-managers of a Georgia peanut plant at the center of a deadly salmonella outbreak face the prospect of going to prison themselves. (usatoday.com)

Salmonella outbreak: Chicks, ducklings linked to nationwide outbreak (usatoday.com)

CDC sounds alarm over deadly drug-resistant salmonella - CNN (edition.cnn.com)

Outbreak of salmonella linked to chicken salad expands - CNN (edition.cnn.com)

Butterball recalls 78,000 pounds of ground turkey over salmonella risk (jsonline.com)

Court backs jail for Iowa egg executives in salmonella case (desmoinesregister.com)

Which Foods Are More Likely To Harbor Salmonella? (montgomeryadvertiser.com)

Red onion recall 2020: 2 people sickened by salmonella in Indiana (indystar.com)

Federal Register
::
Pathogen Reduction Performance Standards: Salmonella Testing Data — Federal Register :: Pathogen Reduction Performance Standards: Salmonella Testing Data (federalregister.gov)

Insurer denied reimbursement of $10M paid in salmonella case | Business Insurance (businessinsurance.com)

Salmonella Genetic Stock Centre (people.ucalgary.ca/~kesander/)

How Foster Farms Is Solving The Case Of The Mystery Salmonella | Morning Edition | WNYC (wnyc.org)

Commensal Akkermansia muciniphila Exacerbates Gut Inflammation in Salmonella Typhimurium-Infected Gnotobiotic Mice (journals.plos.org)

Multi-state salmonella outbreak linked to Kellogg's Honey Smacks cereal, CDC says (tcpalm.com)

Cavi brand papayas linked to salmonella outbreak in eight states (northjersey.com)

Anatomy12

Organisms28

Diseases14

Chemicals and Drugs47

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Phenomena and Processes43

Disciplines and Occupations4

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture16

Information Science4

Health Care12

Components of the Salmonella flagellar export apparatus and classification of export substrates. (1/3075)

Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of three Salmonella rapid detection kits using fresh and frozen poultry environmental samples versus those of standard plating. (2/3075)

The Salmonella invasin SipB induces macrophage apoptosis by binding to caspase-1. (3/3075)

Evaluation of accuracy and repeatability of identification of food-borne pathogens by automated bacterial identification systems. (4/3075)

How intracellular bacteria survive: surface modifications that promote resistance to host innate immune responses. (5/3075)

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of oral black-pigmented bacteria induce tumor necrosis factor production by LPS-refractory C3H/HeJ macrophages in a way different from that of Salmonella LPS. (6/3075)

The cyclic structure of microcin J25, a 21-residue peptide antibiotic from Escherichia coli. (7/3075)

Presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in sand from bathing beaches. (8/3075)

Salmonella

Salmonella typhimurium

Salmonella Infections

Salmonella enterica

Salmonella Infections, Animal

Salmonella enteritidis

Salmonella typhi

Salmonella Food Poisoning

Salmonella Phages

Salmonella paratyphi A

Salmonella Vaccines

Food Microbiology

Salmonella arizonae

Typhoid Fever

Bacterial Proteins

Salmonella paratyphi B

Serotyping

Eggs

Bacteriophage Typing

Genes, Bacterial

Virulence

Genomic Islands

Paratyphoid Fever

Poultry Diseases

Feces

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

DNA, Bacterial

Food Contamination

Escherichia coli

Salmonella paratyphi C

Mutation

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Plasmids

Flagellin

Chickens

Mutagenicity Tests

Poultry

Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field

Molecular Sequence Data

Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial

Flagella

Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines

O Antigens

Shigella

Culture Media

Operon

Bacteriological Techniques

Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Enterobacteriaceae

Antigens, Bacterial

Colony Count, Microbial

Meat

Vaccines, Attenuated

Mutagens

Swine Diseases

Drug Resistance, Bacterial

Antibodies, Bacterial

Tetrathionic Acid

Disease Outbreaks

Food Handling

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Conjugation, Genetic

Lipopolysaccharides

Abattoirs

Polysaccharides, Bacterial

Base Sequence

Microbial Viability

Bacterial Vaccines

Drug Resistance, Microbial

Cecum

Species Specificity

Swine

Virulence Factors

Chromosomes, Bacterial

Lipid A

Transduction, Genetic

Polymerase Chain Reaction

DNA Transposable Elements

Macrophages

Bacterial Typing Techniques