Salmonella. Medical search

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that utilizes citrate as a sole carbon source. It is pathogenic for humans, causing enteric fevers, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Food poisoning is the most common clinical manifestation. Organisms within this genus are separated on the basis of antigenic characteristics, sugar fermentation patterns, and bacteriophage susceptibility.

A serotype of Salmonella enterica that is a frequent agent of Salmonella gastroenteritis in humans. It also causes PARATYPHOID FEVER.

Infections with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.

A subgenus of Salmonella containing several medically important serotypes. The habitat for the majority of strains is warm-blooded animals.

Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.

A serotype of Salmonella enterica which is an etiologic agent of gastroenteritis in man and other animals.

A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA which is the etiologic agent of TYPHOID FEVER.

Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.

Viruses whose host is Salmonella. A frequently encountered Salmonella phage is BACTERIOPHAGE P22.

A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA that causes mild PARATYPHOID FEVER in humans.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infection with SALMONELLA. This includes vaccines used to prevent TYPHOID FEVER or PARATYPHOID FEVER; (TYPHOID-PARATYPHOID VACCINES), and vaccines used to prevent nontyphoid salmonellosis.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.

Gram-negative rods widely distributed in LIZARDS and SNAKES, and implicated in enteric, bone (BONE DISEASES), and joint infections (JOINT DISEASES) in humans.

An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA which is an agent of PARATYPHOID FEVER in humans.

Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.

Animal reproductive bodies, or the contents thereof, used as food. The concept is differentiated from OVUM, the anatomic or physiologic entity.

A technique of bacterial typing which differentiates between bacteria or strains of bacteria by their susceptibility to one or more bacteriophages.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

Distinct units in some bacterial, bacteriophage or plasmid GENOMES that are types of MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS. Encoded in them are a variety of fitness conferring genes, such as VIRULENCE FACTORS (in "pathogenicity islands or islets"), ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE genes, or genes required for SYMBIOSIS (in "symbiosis islands or islets"). They range in size from 10 - 500 kilobases, and their GC CONTENT and CODON usage differ from the rest of the genome. They typically contain an INTEGRASE gene, although in some cases this gene has been deleted resulting in "anchored genomic islands".

A prolonged febrile illness commonly caused by several Paratyphi serotypes of SALMONELLA ENTERICA. It is similar to TYPHOID FEVER but less severe.

Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.

Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA which is an agent of PARATYPHOID FEVER in Asia, Africa, and southern Europe.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A protein with a molecular weight of 40,000 isolated from bacterial flagella. At appropriate pH and salt concentration, three flagellin monomers can spontaneously reaggregate to form structures which appear identical to intact flagella.

Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.

Tests of chemical substances and physical agents for mutagenic potential. They include microbial, insect, mammalian cell, and whole animal tests.

Domesticated birds raised for food. It typically includes CHICKENS; TURKEYS, DUCKS; GEESE; and others.

Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

A whiplike motility appendage present on the surface cells. Prokaryote flagella are composed of a protein called FLAGELLIN. Bacteria can have a single flagellum, a tuft at one pole, or multiple flagella covering the entire surface. In eukaryotes, flagella are threadlike protoplasmic extensions used to propel flagellates and sperm. Flagella have the same basic structure as CILIA but are longer in proportion to the cell bearing them and present in much smaller numbers. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Vaccines used to prevent TYPHOID FEVER and/or PARATYPHOID FEVER which are caused by various species of SALMONELLA. Attenuated, subunit, and inactivated forms of the vaccines exist.

The lipopolysaccharide-protein somatic antigens, usually from gram-negative bacteria, important in the serological classification of enteric bacilli. The O-specific chains determine the specificity of the O antigens of a given serotype. O antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production. Its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY).

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

Techniques used in studying bacteria.

Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).

A family of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that do not form endospores. Its organisms are distributed worldwide with some being saprophytes and others being plant and animal parasites. Many species are of considerable economic importance due to their pathogenic effects on agriculture and livestock.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.

The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game.

Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity.

Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.

Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

A sulfuric acid dimer, formed by disulfide linkage. This compound has been used to prolong coagulation time and as an antidote in cyanide poisoning.

Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.

Any aspect of the operations in the preparation, processing, transport, storage, packaging, wrapping, exposure for sale, service, or delivery of food.

A parasexual process in BACTERIA; ALGAE; FUNGI; and ciliate EUKARYOTA for achieving exchange of chromosome material during fusion of two cells. In bacteria, this is a uni-directional transfer of genetic material; in protozoa it is a bi-directional exchange. In algae and fungi, it is a form of sexual reproduction, with the union of male and female gametes.

Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Places where animals are slaughtered and dressed for market.

Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Ability of a microbe to survive under given conditions. This can also be related to a colony's ability to replicate.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

The blind sac or outpouching area of the LARGE INTESTINE that is below the entrance of the SMALL INTESTINE. It has a worm-like extension, the vermiform APPENDIX.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)

Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.

Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.

The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.

Food products manufactured from poultry.

Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.

Procedures or techniques used to keep food from spoiling.

DNA elements that include the component genes and insertion site for a site-specific recombination system that enables them to capture mobile gene cassettes.

INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.

A synthetic 1,8-naphthyridine antimicrobial agent with a limited bacteriocidal spectrum. It is an inhibitor of the A subunit of bacterial DNA GYRASE.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The expelling of bacteria from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract.

A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.

A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Thin, hairlike appendages, 1 to 20 microns in length and often occurring in large numbers, present on the cells of gram-negative bacteria, particularly Enterobacteriaceae and Neisseria. Unlike flagella, they do not possess motility, but being protein (pilin) in nature, they possess antigenic and hemagglutinating properties. They are of medical importance because some fimbriae mediate the attachment of bacteria to cells via adhesins (ADHESINS, BACTERIAL). Bacterial fimbriae refer to common pili, to be distinguished from the preferred use of "pili", which is confined to sex pili (PILI, SEX).

Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.

The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms occur in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. The species are either nonpathogenic or opportunistic pathogens.

A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.

A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.

Examination of foods to assure wholesome and clean products free from unsafe microbes or chemical contamination, natural or added deleterious substances, and decomposition during production, processing, packaging, etc.

Articles of food which are derived by a process of manufacture from any portion of carcasses of any animal used for food (e.g., head cheese, sausage, scrapple).

The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.

A dilated cavity extended caudally from the hindgut. In adult birds, reptiles, amphibians, and many fishes but few mammals, cloaca is a common chamber into which the digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts discharge their contents. In most mammals, cloaca gives rise to LARGE INTESTINE; URINARY BLADDER; and GENITALIA.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Tests that are dependent on the clumping of cells, microorganisms, or particles when mixed with specific antiserum. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Lymphoid tissue on the mucosa of the small intestine.

The productive enterprises concerned with food processing.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

A species of temperate bacteriophage in the genus P22-like viruses, family PODOVIRIDAE, that infects SALMONELLA species. The genome consists of double-stranded DNA, terminally redundant, and circularly permuted.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

The dose amount of poisonous or toxic substance or dose of ionizing radiation required to kill 50% of the tested population.

Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.

A subdiscipline of genetics which deals with the genetic mechanisms and processes of microorganisms.

Cold-blooded, air-breathing VERTEBRATES belonging to the class Reptilia, usually covered with external scales or bony plates.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

Physicochemical property of fimbriated (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity.

The phenomenon by which a temperate phage incorporates itself into the DNA of a bacterial host, establishing a kind of symbiotic relation between PROPHAGE and bacterium which results in the perpetuation of the prophage in all the descendants of the bacterium. Upon induction (VIRUS ACTIVATION) by various agents, such as ultraviolet radiation, the phage is released, which then becomes virulent and lyses the bacterium.

An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.

Proteins that are structural components of bacterial fimbriae (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) or sex pili (PILI, SEX).

A class of plasmids that transfer antibiotic resistance from one bacterium to another by conjugation.

Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.

In GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA, multiprotein complexes that function to translocate pathogen protein effector molecules across the bacterial cell envelope, often directly into the host. These effectors are involved in producing surface structures for adhesion, bacterial motility, manipulation of host functions, modulation of host defense responses, and other functions involved in facilitating survival of the pathogen. Several of the systems have homologous components functioning similarly in GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA.

The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.

Inflammation of the MUCOSA of both the SMALL INTESTINE and the LARGE INTESTINE. Etiology includes ISCHEMIA, infections, allergic, and immune responses.

Animals which have become adapted through breeding in captivity to a life intimately associated with humans. They include animals domesticated by humans to live and breed in a tame condition on farms or ranches for economic reasons, including LIVESTOCK (specifically CATTLE; SHEEP; HORSES; etc.), POULTRY; and those raised or kept for pleasure and companionship, e.g., PETS; or specifically DOGS; CATS; etc.

The study of microorganisms living in a variety of environments (air, soil, water, etc.) and their pathogenic relationship to other organisms including man.

The science of breeding, feeding and care of domestic animals; includes housing and nutrition.

An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.

Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

An antibiotic produced by the soil actinomycete Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting the initiation and elongation processes during protein synthesis.

Refuse liquid or waste matter carried off by sewers.

A genus of bacteria found in the reproductive organs, intestinal tract, and oral cavity of animals and man. Some species are pathogenic.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.

An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)

Genomes of temperate BACTERIOPHAGES integrated into the DNA of their bacterial host cell. The prophages can be duplicated for many cell generations until some stimulus induces its activation and virulence.

Foodstuff used especially for domestic and laboratory animals, or livestock.

Measurable quantity of bacteria in an object, organism, or organism compartment.

A mixture of polymyxins B1 and B2, obtained from Bacillus polymyxa strains. They are basic polypeptides of about eight amino acids and have cationic detergent action on cell membranes. Polymyxin B is used for infections with gram-negative organisms, but may be neurotoxic and nephrotoxic.

Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.

The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.

In eukaryotes, a genetic unit consisting of a noncontiguous group of genes under the control of a single regulator gene. In bacteria, regulons are global regulatory systems involved in the interplay of pleiotropic regulatory domains and consist of several OPERONS.

A bacterial DNA topoisomerase II that catalyzes ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. Gyrase binds to DNA as a heterotetramer consisting of two A and two B subunits. In the presence of ATP, gyrase is able to convert the relaxed circular DNA duplex into a superhelix. In the absence of ATP, supercoiled DNA is relaxed by DNA gyrase.

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

Acute illnesses, usually affecting the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, brought on by consuming contaminated food or beverages. Most of these diseases are infectious, caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, or parasites that can be foodborne. Sometimes the diseases are caused by harmful toxins from the microbes or other chemicals present in the food. Especially in the latter case, the condition is often called food poisoning.

A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides.

Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.

An enzyme of the shikimate pathway of AROMATIC AMINO ACID biosynthesis, it generates 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate and ORTHOPHOSPHATE from PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE and shikimate-3-phosphate. The shikimate pathway is present in BACTERIA and PLANTS but not in MAMMALS.

Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced mutations independently of the mechanism involved.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

Basic lipopeptide antibiotic group obtained from Bacillus polymyxa. They affect the cell membrane by detergent action and may cause neuromuscular and kidney damage. At least eleven different members of the polymyxin group have been identified, each designated by a letter.

Using MOLECULAR BIOLOGY techniques, such as DNA SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; PULSED-FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; and DNA FINGERPRINTING, to identify, classify, and compare organisms and their subtypes.

The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

A protein which is a subunit of RNA polymerase. It effects initiation of specific RNA chains from DNA.

The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Porins are protein molecules that were originally found in the outer membrane of GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA and that form multi-meric channels for the passive DIFFUSION of WATER; IONS; or other small molecules. Porins are present in bacterial CELL WALLS, as well as in plant, fungal, mammalian and other vertebrate CELL MEMBRANES and MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANES.

A bacterium which is one of the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY) and sometimes of infantile gastroenteritis.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

The aggregate enterprise of technically producing packaged meat.

Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The family Erinaceidae, in the order INSECTIVORA. Most are true hedgehogs possessing a coat of spines and a very short tail. Those members of the family found in Southeast Asia (moonrats or gymnures) have normal body hair and a long tail.

Non-susceptibility of an organism to the action of the cephalosporins.

Components of the Salmonella flagellar export apparatus and classification of export substrates. (1/3075)

Until now, identification of components of the flagellar protein export apparatus has been indirect. We have now identified these components directly by establishing whether mutants defective in putative export components could translocate export substrates across the cytoplasmic membrane into the periplasmic space. Hook-type proteins could be exported to the periplasm of rod mutants, indicating that rod protein export does not have to precede hook-type protein export and therefore that both types of proteins belong to a single export class, the rod/hook-type class, which is distinct from the filament-type class. Hook-capping protein (FlgD) and hook protein (FlgE) required FlhA, FlhB, FliH, FliI, FliO, FliP, FliQ, and FliR for their export to the periplasm. In the case of flagellin as an export substrate, because of the phenomenon of hook-to-filament switching of export specificity, it was necessary to use temperature-sensitive mutants and establish whether flagellin could be exported to the cell exterior following a shift from the permissive to the restrictive temperature. Again, FlhA, FlhB, FliH, FliI, and FliO were required for its export. No suitable temperature-sensitive fliQ or fliR mutants were available. FliP appeared not to be required for flagellin export, but we suspect that the temperature-sensitive FliP protein continued to function at the restrictive temperature if incorporated at the permissive temperature. Thus, we conclude that these eight proteins are general components of the flagellar export pathway. FliJ was necessary for export of hook-type proteins (FlgD and FlgE); we were unable to test whether FliJ is needed for export of filament-type proteins. We suspect that FliJ may be a cytoplasmic chaperone for the hook-type proteins and possibly also for FliE and the rod proteins. FlgJ was not required for the export of the hook-type proteins; again, because of lack of a suitable temperature-sensitive mutant, we were unable to test whether it was required for export of filament-type proteins. Finally, it was established that there is an interaction between the processes of outer ring assembly and of penetration of the outer membrane by the rod and nascent hook, the latter process being of course necessary for passage of export substrates into the external medium. During the brief transition stage from completion of rod assembly and initiation of hook assembly, the L ring and perhaps the capping protein FlgD can be regarded as bona fide export components, with the L ring being in a formal sense the equivalent of the outer membrane secretin structure of type III virulence factor export systems. (+info)

Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of three Salmonella rapid detection kits using fresh and frozen poultry environmental samples versus those of standard plating. (2/3075)

To reduce human exposure to Salmonella spp. in poultry products, broiler chicken flocks have been tested by culture methods. Since the standard techniques may take 3 to 5 days, rapid detection methods have been developed. In this study we tested the performance of three rapid tests originally developed for food samples by using environmental samples obtained from poultry houses. These rapid tests were Reveal, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from Neogen Corp.; BIND, a bacterial ice nucleation detection method from Idetek Corp.; and a filter monitor method from Future Medical Technologies, Inc. For the standard culture, brilliant green with novabiocin and xylose-lysine-tergitol-4 agar were used for presumptive identification, and identities were confirmed by using poly-O antisera. Environmental samples were collected from farms belonging to an integrated poultry company prior to chick placement and 1 week before slaughter. Sensitivities, specificities, and predictive values with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Statistical differences were determined by using McNemar's chi square test. The sensitivities of the different tests were not stable, varying widely between sample times, and were affected by freezing of the samples. All of the rapid tests had low sensitivities, which led to many false-negative results. All tests were able to detect Salmonella spp. at a concentration of 10 CFU/ml in at least one of four trials. The BIND and Reveal tests were simple to use with multiple samples and reduced laboratory time by up to 1 day. Based on our results, we do not recommend that any of these rapid tests, in their present state of development, be utilized with environmental samples collected with drag swabs. (+info)

The Salmonella invasin SipB induces macrophage apoptosis by binding to caspase-1. (3/3075)

Recently, Salmonella spp. were shown to induce apoptosis in infected macrophages. The mechanism responsible for this process is unknown. In this report, we establish that the Inv-Spa type III secretion apparatus target invasin SipB is necessary and sufficient for the induction of apoptosis. Purified SipB microinjected into macrophages led to cell death. Binding studies show that SipB associates with the proapoptotic protease caspase-1. This interaction results in the activation of caspase-1, as seen in its proteolytic maturation and the processing of its substrate interleukin-1beta. Caspase-1 activity is essential for the cytotoxicity. Functional inhibition of caspase-1 activity by acetyl-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-chloromethyl ketone blocks macrophage cytotoxicity, and macrophages lacking caspase-1 are not susceptible to Salmonella-induced apoptosis. Taken together, the data demonstrate that SipB functions as an analog of the Shigella invasin IpaB. (+info)

Evaluation of accuracy and repeatability of identification of food-borne pathogens by automated bacterial identification systems. (4/3075)

The performances of five automated microbial identification systems, relative to that of a reference identification system, for their ability to accurately and repeatedly identify six common food-borne pathogens were assessed. The systems assessed were the MicroLog system (Biolog Inc., Hayward, Calif.), the Microbial Identification System (MIS; MIDI Inc., Newark, Del.), the VITEK system (bioMerieux Vitek, Hazelwood, Mo.), the MicroScan WalkAway 40 system (Dade-MicroScan International, West Sacramento, Calif.), and the Replianalyzer system (Oxoid Inc., Nepean, Ontario, Canada). The sensitivities and specificities of these systems for the identification of food-borne isolates of Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli were determined with 40 reference positive isolates and 40 reference negative isolates for each pathogen. The sensitivities of these systems for the identification of these pathogens ranged from 42.5 to 100%, and the specificities of these systems for the identification of these pathogens ranged from 32.5 to 100%. Some of the systems had difficulty correctly identifying the reference isolates when the results were compared to those from the reference identification tests. The sensitivity of MIS for the identification of S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, and C. jejuni, for example, ranged from 47.5 to 72. 5%. The sensitivity of the Microlog system for the identification of E. coli was 72.5%, and the sensitivity of the VITEK system for the identification of B. cereus was 42.5%. The specificities of four of the five systems for the identification of all of the species tested with the available databases were greater than or equal to 97.5%; the exception was MIS for the identification of C. jejuni, which displayed a specificity of 32.5% when it was tested with reference negative isolates including Campylobacter coli and other Campylobacter species. All systems had >80% sensitivities for the identification of Salmonella species and Listeria species at the genus level. The repeatability of these systems for the identification of test isolates ranged from 30 to 100%. Not all systems included all six pathogens in their databases; thus, some species could not be tested with all systems. The choice of automated microbial identification system for the identification of a food-borne pathogen would depend on the availability of identification libraries within the systems and the performance of the systems for the identification of the pathogen. (+info)

How intracellular bacteria survive: surface modifications that promote resistance to host innate immune responses. (5/3075)

Bacterial pathogens regulate the expression of virulence factors in response to environmental signals. In the case of salmonellae, many virulence factors are regulated via PhoP/PhoQ, a two-component signal transduction system that is repressed by magnesium and calcium in vitro. PhoP/PhoQ-activated genes promote intracellular survival within macrophages, whereas PhoP-repressed genes promote entrance into epithelial cells and macrophages by macropinocytosis and stimulate epithelial cell cytokine production. PhoP-activated genes include those that alter the cell envelope through structural alterations of lipopolysaccharide and lipid A, the bioactive component of lipopolysaccharide. PhoP-activated changes in the bacterial envelope likely promote intracellular survival by increasing resistance to host cationic antimicrobial peptides and decreasing host cell cytokine production. (+info)

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of oral black-pigmented bacteria induce tumor necrosis factor production by LPS-refractory C3H/HeJ macrophages in a way different from that of Salmonella LPS. (6/3075)

Some lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations from S- or R-form members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and oral black-pigmented bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia) are known to activate LPS-refractory C3H/HeJ macrophages. When contaminating proteins are removed from R-form LPS of Enterobacteriaceae by repurification, however, this ability is lost. In the present study, we investigated the capacity of LPS from P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, Salmonella minnesota, and Salmonella abortusequi to induce production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in gamma interferon-primed C3H/HeJ macrophages before and after repurification. P. abortusequi S-LPS was fractionated by centrifugal partition chromatography into two LPS forms: SL-LPS, having homologous long O-polysaccharide chains, and SS-LPS having short oligosaccharide chains. Prior to repurification, all LPS forms except SL-LPS induced TNF production in both C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN macrophages. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that repurification removed contaminating protein from the preparations, and repurified SS-LPS and S. minnesota Ra-LPS no longer stimulated TNF production in C3H/HeJ macrophages, although C3H/HeN macrophages remained responsive. In contrast, repurified oral bacterial LPS retained the capacity to induce TNF production in C3H/HeJ macrophages. Oral bacterial LPS preparations also were not antagonized by excess inactive, repurified SL-LPS; Ra-LPS; Rhodobacter sphaeroides lipid A, a competitive LPS antagonist, or paclitaxel, an LPS agonist, and they were comparatively resistant to polymyxin B treatment. Nevertheless, oral bacterial LPS was less toxic to D-galactosamine-treated C3H/HeN mice than was LPS from Salmonella. These findings indicate that the active molecule(s) and mode of action of LPS from P. gingivalis and P. intermedia are quite different from those of LPS from Salmonella. (+info)

The cyclic structure of microcin J25, a 21-residue peptide antibiotic from Escherichia coli. (7/3075)

Microcin J25 (MccJ25) is the single representative of the immunity group J of the microcin group of peptide antibiotics produced by Enterobacteriaceae. It induces bacterial filamentation in susceptible cells in a non-SOS-dependent pathway [R. A. Salomon and R. Farias (1992) J. Bacteriol. 174, 7428-7435]. MccJ25 was purified to homogeneity from the growth medium of a microcin-overproducing Escherichia coli strain by reverse-phase HPLC. Based on amino acid composition and absolute configuration determination, liquid secondary ion and electrospray mass spectrometry, extensive two-dimensional NMR, enzymatic and chemical degradations studies, the structure of MccJ25 was elucidated as a 21-residue peptide, cyclo(-Val1-Gly-Ile-Gly-Thr- Pro-Ile-Ser-Phe-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ala-Gly-His-Val-Pro-Glu-Tyr-Phe21- ). Although MccJ25 showed high resistance to most of endoproteases, linearization by thermolysin occurred from cleavage at the Phe21-Val1 bond and led to a single peptide, MccJ25-L. While MccJ25 exhibited remarkable antibiotic activity towards Salmonella newport and several E. coli strains (minimal inhibitory concentrations ranging between 0.01 and 0.2 microgram.mL-1), the thermolysin-linearized microcin showed a dramatic decrease of the activity, indicating that the cyclic structure is essential for the MccJ25 biological properties. As MccJ25 is ribosomally synthesized as a larger peptide precursor endowed with an N-terminal extremity, the present study shows that removal of this extension and head-tail cyclization of the resulting propeptide are the only post-translational modifications involved in the maturation of MccJ25, that appears as the first cyclic microcin. (+info)

Presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in sand from bathing beaches. (8/3075)

The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. in sand from non-EEC standard and EEC standard designated beaches in different locations in the UK and to assess if potentially pathogenic strains were present. Campylobacter spp. were detected in 82/182 (45%) of sand samples and Salmonella spp. in 10/182 (6%). Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 46/92 (50%) of samples from non-EEC standard beaches and 36/90 (40%) from EEC standard beaches. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was greater in wet sand from both types of beaches but, surprisingly, more than 30% of samples from dry sand also contained these organisms. The major pathogenic species C. jejuni and C. coli were more prevalent in sand from non-EEC standard beaches. In contrast, C. lari and urease positive thermophilic campylobacters, which are associated with seagulls and other migratory birds, were more prevalent in sand from EEC standard beaches. Campylobacter isolates were further characterized by biotyping and serotyping, which confirmed that strains known to be of types associated with human infections were frequently found in sand on bathing beaches. (+info)

Prevention of Salmonella Infections includes proper food handling and storage practices, such as cooking foods to the correct temperature, storing foods at the right refrigerator temperature, and washing hands frequently. Vaccines are also available for people who are at high risk of developing severe Salmonella infections.

Complications of a Salmonella Infection can include dehydration, bacteremia (the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream), and meningitis (inflammation of the lining around the brain and spinal cord). In rare cases, a Salmonella infection can lead to long-term health problems such as irritable bowel syndrome or reactive arthritis.

Overall, prompt treatment and proper prevention measures are important for reducing the risk of complications from a Salmonella infection.

The term "Salmonella Infections, Animal" is used to distinguish these infections from Salmonella infections that are caused by contaminated food or water, which are referred to as "Salmonella Infections, Human."

In severe cases, salmonella infection can spread from the intestines to the bloodstream and other parts of the body, leading to life-threatening complications such as sepsis and meningitis. In rare cases, it can also cause long-term health problems, such as inflammatory bowel disease and reactive arthritis.

Salmonella food poisoning is a common illness in the United States, with an estimated 1.2 million cases occurring each year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It can affect anyone, but certain groups of people, such as young children, pregnant women, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems, are at higher risk for severe illness.

The symptoms of salmonella food poisoning typically begin within 12 to 72 hours after consuming contaminated food or water, and can last for several days to a week or more. Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests. Treatment typically involves drinking plenty of fluids to replace lost electrolytes, antibiotics to treat severe cases, and supportive care to manage symptoms.

Prevention is key in avoiding salmonella food poisoning, and this includes proper handling and cooking of food, frequent handwashing, and avoiding contact with animals or their environments. Food handlers should also be trained on safe food handling practices, and food establishments should maintain clean and sanitary conditions. Vaccines are also available for certain types of Salmonella bacteria, such as the typhoid vaccine, which is recommended for travelers to certain parts of the world where typhoid fever is common.

The diagnosis of typhoid fever is based on clinical symptoms, laboratory tests such as blood cultures, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, which can significantly reduce the duration of illness and the risk of complications. Prevention measures include vaccination against typhoid fever, proper sanitation and hygiene practices, and avoiding consumption of contaminated food and water.

Symptoms:

* High fever
* Headache
* Fatigue
* Abdominal pain
* Diarrhea or constipation
* Vomiting
* Rash
* Delirium
* Intestinal hemorrhage
* Multi-organ failure

Causes:

* Salmonella Typhi bacteria
* Contaminated food or water
* Poor sanitation and hygiene practices
* International travel or contaminated food imports

Treatment:

* Antibiotics
* Supportive care (fluids, electrolytes, pain management)

Prevention:

* Vaccination against typhoid fever
* Proper sanitation and hygiene practices
* Avoiding consumption of contaminated food and water.

Paratyphoid fever is typically spread through contaminated food or water, and it can also be spread through direct contact with an infected person's feces. The symptoms of paratyphoid fever may include fever, headache, fatigue, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. In severe cases, the infection can spread to the bloodstream and cause serious complications, such as meningitis or pericarditis.

Paratyphoid fever is usually diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as blood cultures or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, which can help to shorten the duration and severity of the illness. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide supportive care and manage any complications.

Prevention is key to avoiding paratyphoid fever, and this includes practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently, especially after using the bathroom or before eating. Vaccines are also available for people who are at high risk of contracting the infection, such as healthcare workers or travelers to areas where the infection is common.

Some common poultry diseases include:

1. Avian influenza (bird flu): A highly contagious viral disease that affects birds and can be transmitted to humans.
2. Newcastle disease: A viral disease that causes respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms in birds.
3. Infectious bronchitis: A viral disease that causes respiratory symptoms in birds.
4. Marek's disease: A viral disease that affects the nervous system of birds.
5. Coccidiosis: A parasitic disease caused by the Eimeria protozoa, which can cause diarrhea and weight loss in birds.
6. Chicken anemia virus: A viral disease that causes anemia and weakened immune systems in chickens.
7. Fowl pox: A viral disease that causes skin lesions and other symptoms in birds.
8. Avian encephalomyelitis (AE): A viral disease that affects the brain and spinal cord of birds, causing neurological symptoms such as paralysis and death.
9. Mycoplasmosis: A bacterial disease caused by the Mycoplasma bacteria, which can cause respiratory and other symptoms in birds.
10. Aspergillosis: A fungal disease that affects the respiratory system of birds, causing symptoms such as coughing and difficulty breathing.

Poultry diseases can have a significant impact on bird health and productivity, and can also be transmitted to humans in some cases. It is important for poultry farmers and owners to monitor their flocks closely and take steps to prevent the spread of disease, such as providing clean water and feed, maintaining good hygiene, and vaccinating birds against certain diseases.

A disease that affects pigs, including viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections, as well as genetic disorders and nutritional deficiencies. Some common swine diseases include:

1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): A highly contagious viral disease that can cause reproductive failure, respiratory problems, and death.
2. Swine Influenza: A viral infection similar to human influenza, which can cause fever, coughing, and pneumonia in pigs.
3. Erysipelas: A bacterial infection that causes high fever, loss of appetite, and skin lesions in pigs.
4. Actinobacillosis: A bacterial infection that can cause pneumonia, arthritis, and abscesses in pigs.
5. Parasitic infections: Such as gastrointestinal parasites like roundworms and tapeworms, which can cause diarrhea, anemia, and weight loss in pigs.
6. Scrapie: A degenerative neurological disorder that affects pigs and other animals, causing confusion, aggression, and eventually death.
7. Nutritional deficiencies: Such as a lack of vitamin E or selenium, which can cause a range of health problems in pigs, including muscular dystrophy and anemia.
8. Genetic disorders: Such as achondroplasia, a condition that causes dwarfism and deformities in pigs.
9. Environmental diseases: Such as heat stress, which can cause a range of health problems in pigs, including respiratory distress and death.

It's important to note that many swine diseases have similar symptoms, making accurate diagnosis by a veterinarian essential for effective treatment and control.

Cattle diseases refer to any health issues that affect cattle, including bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections, as well as genetic disorders and environmental factors. These diseases can have a significant impact on the health and productivity of cattle, as well as the livelihoods of farmers and ranchers who rely on them for their livelihood.

Types of Cattle Diseases

There are many different types of cattle diseases, including:

1. Bacterial diseases, such as brucellosis, anthrax, and botulism.
2. Viral diseases, such as bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) and bluetongue.
3. Parasitic diseases, such as heartwater and gapeworm.
4. Genetic disorders, such as polledness and cleft palate.
5. Environmental factors, such as heat stress and nutritional deficiencies.

Symptoms of Cattle Diseases

The symptoms of cattle diseases can vary depending on the specific disease, but may include:

1. Fever and respiratory problems
2. Diarrhea and vomiting
3. Weight loss and depression
4. Swelling and pain in joints or limbs
5. Discharge from the eyes or nose
6. Coughing or difficulty breathing
7. Lameness or reluctance to move
8. Changes in behavior, such as aggression or lethargy

Diagnosis and Treatment of Cattle Diseases

Diagnosing cattle diseases can be challenging, as the symptoms may be similar for different conditions. However, veterinarians use a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and medical history to make a diagnosis. Treatment options vary depending on the specific disease and may include antibiotics, vaccines, anti-inflammatory drugs, and supportive care such as fluids and nutritional supplements.

Prevention of Cattle Diseases

Preventing cattle diseases is essential for maintaining the health and productivity of your herd. Some preventative measures include:

1. Proper nutrition and hydration
2. Regular vaccinations and parasite control
3. Sanitary living conditions and frequent cleaning
4. Monitoring for signs of illness and seeking prompt veterinary care if symptoms arise
5. Implementing biosecurity measures such as isolating sick animals and quarantining new animals before introduction to the herd.

It is important to work closely with a veterinarian to develop a comprehensive health plan for your cattle herd, as they can provide guidance on vaccination schedules, parasite control methods, and disease prevention strategies tailored to your specific needs.

Conclusion
Cattle diseases can have a significant impact on the productivity and profitability of your herd, as well as the overall health of your animals. It is essential to be aware of the common cattle diseases, their symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention methods to ensure the health and well-being of your herd.

By working closely with a veterinarian and implementing preventative measures such as proper nutrition and sanitary living conditions, you can help protect your cattle from disease and maintain a productive and profitable herd. Remember, prevention is key when it comes to managing cattle diseases.

Gastroenteritis can be classified into different types based on the cause:

Viral gastroenteritis - This is the most common type of gastroenteritis and is caused by norovirus or rotavirus.

Bacterial gastroenteritis - This type is caused by bacteria such as salmonella, E. coli, or campylobacter.

Parasitic gastroenteritis - This is caused by parasites such as giardia or cryptosporidium.

Foodborne gastroenteritis - This type is caused by consuming contaminated food or water.

Gastroenteritis can be treated with antibiotics for bacterial infections, anti-diarrheal medications, and hydration therapy to prevent dehydration. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.

Prevention measures include proper hand washing, avoiding close contact with people who are sick, and avoiding contaminated food and water. Vaccines are also available for some types of gastroenteritis such as rotavirus.

Symptoms of enteritis may include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. In severe cases, the condition can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and even death if left untreated.

The diagnosis of enteritis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as endoscopy, imaging studies, and laboratory tests (e.g., blood tests, stool cultures). Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms.

There are several types of diarrhea, including:

1. Acute diarrhea: This type of diarrhea is short-term and usually resolves on its own within a few days. It can be caused by a viral or bacterial infection, food poisoning, or medication side effects.
2. Chronic diarrhea: This type of diarrhea persists for more than 4 weeks and can be caused by a variety of conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or celiac disease.
3. Diarrhea-predominant IBS: This type of diarrhea is characterized by frequent, loose stools and abdominal pain or discomfort. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including stress, hormonal changes, and certain foods.
4. Infectious diarrhea: This type of diarrhea is caused by a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection and can be spread through contaminated food and water, close contact with an infected person, or by consuming contaminated food.

Symptoms of diarrhea may include:

* Frequent, loose, and watery stools
* Abdominal cramps and pain
* Bloating and gas
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fever and chills
* Headache
* Fatigue and weakness

Diagnosis of diarrhea is typically made through a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms. Treatment for diarrhea depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, anti-diarrheal medications, fluid replacement, and dietary changes. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat any complications.

Prevention of diarrhea includes:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and thoroughly, especially after using the bathroom or before preparing food
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Properly storing and cooking food to prevent contamination
* Drinking safe water and avoiding contaminated water sources
* Avoiding raw or undercooked meat, poultry, and seafood
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause diarrhea

Complications of diarrhea can include:

* Dehydration: Diarrhea can lead to a loss of fluids and electrolytes, which can cause dehydration. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
* Electrolyte imbalance: Diarrhea can also cause an imbalance of electrolytes in the body, which can lead to serious complications.
* Inflammation of the intestines: Prolonged diarrhea can cause inflammation of the intestines, which can lead to abdominal pain and other complications.
* Infections: Diarrhea can be a symptom of an infection, such as a bacterial or viral infection. If left untreated, these infections can lead to serious complications.
* Malnutrition: Prolonged diarrhea can lead to malnutrition and weight loss, which can have long-term effects on health and development.

Treatment of diarrhea will depend on the underlying cause, but may include:

* Fluid replacement: Drinking plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration and replace lost electrolytes.
* Anti-diarrheal medications: Over-the-counter or prescription medications to slow down bowel movements and reduce diarrhea.
* Antibiotics: If the diarrhea is caused by a bacterial infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the infection.
* Rest: Getting plenty of rest to allow the body to recover from the illness.
* Dietary changes: Avoiding certain foods or making dietary changes to help manage symptoms and prevent future episodes of diarrhea.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any of the following:

* Severe diarrhea that lasts for more than 3 days
* Diarrhea that is accompanied by fever, blood in the stool, or abdominal pain
* Diarrhea that is severe enough to cause dehydration or electrolyte imbalances
* Diarrhea that is not responding to treatment

Prevention of diarrhea includes:

* Good hand hygiene: Washing your hands frequently, especially after using the bathroom or before preparing food.
* Safe food handling: Cooking and storing food properly to prevent contamination.
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can cause diarrhea, such as rotavirus.

Overall, while diarrhea can be uncomfortable and disruptive, it is usually a minor illness that can be treated at home with over-the-counter medications and plenty of fluids. However, if you experience severe or persistent diarrhea, it is important to seek medical attention to rule out any underlying conditions that may require more formal treatment.

Example sentences:

1) The patient was diagnosed with enterocolitis after presenting with severe abdominal pain and diarrhea.

2) The doctor suspected enterocolitis based on the patient's symptoms, but further testing was needed to confirm the diagnosis.

3) Enterocolitis can be a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention to prevent complications such as dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

Foodborne diseases, also known as food-borne illnesses or gastrointestinal infections, are conditions caused by eating contaminated or spoiled food. These diseases can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which can be present in food products at any stage of the food supply chain.

Examples of common foodborne diseases include:

1. Salmonella: Caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica, this disease can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps.
2. E. coli: Caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli, this disease can cause a range of symptoms, including diarrhea, urinary tract infections, and pneumonia.
3. Listeria: Caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, this disease can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, and stiffness in the neck.
4. Campylobacter: Caused by the bacterium Campylobacter jejuni, this disease can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps.
5. Norovirus: This highly contagious virus can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach cramps.
6. Botulism: Caused by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, this disease can cause symptoms such as muscle paralysis, respiratory failure, and difficulty swallowing.

Foodborne diseases can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including stool samples, blood tests, and biopsies. Treatment typically involves antibiotics or other supportive care to manage symptoms. Prevention is key to avoiding foodborne diseases, and this includes proper food handling and preparation practices, as well as ensuring that food products are stored and cooked at safe temperatures.

Bacteremia can occur when bacteria enter the bloodstream through various means, such as:

* Infected wounds or surgical sites
* Injecting drug use
* Skin infections
* Respiratory tract infections
* Urinary tract infections
* Endocarditis (infection of the heart valves)

The symptoms of bacteremia can vary depending on the type of bacteria and the severity of the infection. Some common symptoms include:

* Fever
* Chills
* Headache
* Muscle aches
* Weakness
* Confusion
* Shortness of breath

Bacteremia is diagnosed by blood cultures, which involve collecting blood samples and inserting them into a specialized container to grow the bacteria. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and oxygen therapy. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the infection.

Prevention measures for bacteremia include:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly
* Avoiding sharing personal items like toothbrushes or razors
* Properly cleaning and covering wounds
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can lead to bacteremia
* Following proper sterilization techniques during medical procedures

Overall, bacteremia is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention to prevent complications and ensure effective treatment.

The two species of Salmonella are Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori. S. enterica is the type species and is further ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salmonella. Wikispecies has information related to Salmonella. Background on Salmonella ... Salmonella as an emerging pathogen from IFAS Notes on Salmonella nomenclature Salmonella motility video Avian Salmonella ... are caused by Salmonella enterica Typhimurium or Salmonella enterica Enteritidis. A new form of Salmonella Typhimurium (ST313) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella

... is a pathogenic bacterium belonging to the genus Salmonella, and was earlier known as Salmonella subspecies ... 2011). "Salmonella bongori provides insights into the evolution of the Salmonellae". PLOS Pathogens. 7 (8): e1002191. doi: ... are found on large discrete genomic islands such as Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs). These Salmonella-specific ... Species of Salmonella are closely related to E. coli and they are estimated to have diverged from a common ancestor about 100 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_bongori

... - History Anderson, Vicki (26 July 2013). "Salmonella Dub". Go, The Press. Christchurch. pp. 8-9. EMI Music - ... from the Salmonella Dub EPK "Interview with Andrew Penman from Salmonella Dub", Nice Up: Aotearoa Reggae, 30 November 2009. ... Salmonella Dub is a dub/drum n bass/reggae/roots band from New Zealand. The band was formed in 1992 by Andrew Penman, Dave ... The original Salmonella Dub line-up was formed in 1992 in Christchurch. They played their first gig in January 1993 at the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_Dub

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salmonella enterica. Notes on Salmonella nomenclature Salmonella+enterica at the US ... Salmonella enterica (formerly Salmonella choleraesuis) is a rod-headed, flagellate, facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative ... but it is now the other species in the genus Salmonella. Most of the human pathogenic Salmonella serovars belong to the ... "Salmonella enterica". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 28901. Type strain of Salmonella enterica at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_enterica

... is a virus of the family Myoviridae, genus Eganvirus. As a member of the group I of the Baltimore ... The propagation of the virions includes the attaching to a host cell (a bacterium, as Salmonella virus PsP3 is a bacteriophage ... classification, Salmonella virus PsP3 is a dsDNA viruses. All the family Myoviridae members share a nonenveloped morphology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_virus_PsP3

... is a virus of the family Myoviridae, genus Felsduovirus. As a member of the group I of the Baltimore ... The propagation of the virions includes the attaching to a host cell (a bacterium, as Salmonella virus Fels2 is a bacteriophage ... classification, Salmonella virus Fels2 is a dsDNA viruses. All the family Myoviridae members share a nonenveloped morphology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_virus_Fels2

... known to infect species of Salmonella bacteria including Salmonella anatum.The virus is a short, tailed phage with a double- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_virus_Epsilon15

... is a bacteriophage in the Podoviridae family that infects Salmonella typhimurium. Like many phages, it has ... Infection begins when the gp9 tailspike of the P22 phage binds to the O-antigen lipopolysaccharide on the surface of Salmonella ... Neal, B. L.; P. K. Brown; P. R. Reeves (November 1993). "Use of Salmonella Phage P22 for Transduction in Escherichia coli". ... P22 has been used in generalized transduction and is an important tool for investigating Salmonella genetics. P22 shares many ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_virus_P22

... is a virus of the family Myoviridae, genus Felsduovirus. As a member of the group I of the Baltimore ... The propagation of the virions includes the attaching to a host cell (a bacterium, as Salmonella virus SopEphi is a ... classification, Salmonella virus SopEphi is a dsDNA viruses. All the family Myoviridae members share a nonenveloped morphology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_virus_SopEphi

Salmonella Typhimurium Salmonella Centre for Disease Control "Salmonella in chicken salad kills 1, sickens 265 in 8 states". ... CDC Salmonella CDC Salmonella typhimurium Key Resources (All articles with unsourced statements, Articles with unsourced ... identifying Salmonella 2018 among others. Due to the salmonella occurring in ready-made convenience foods, prevention on the ... Treatment of salmonella infections depends on age and pre-disposition of the infected person and the severity of the symptoms. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_American_salmonella_outbreak

Salmonella Typhi whereas, full designation for Salmonella Typhi is Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi. Each ... Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica is a subspecies of Salmonella enterica, the rod-shaped, flagellated, aerobic, Gram-negative ... Invasive strains of non-typhoidal Salmonella, such as Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 have recently been labelled as causing ... "Salmonella nomenclature". March 19, 2005. Archived from the original on 2006-04-15. Brenner, F. W.; Villar, R. G.; Angulo, F. J ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_enterica_subsp._enterica

Salmonella enteritidis had grown to become a larger worldwide issue in the late 1970s and 1980s than it had been in previous ... The chance of becoming ill with salmonella was put at less than 1 in 200 million. On December 6 in the House of Lords, Robert ... The salmonella-in-eggs controversy was a political controversy in the United Kingdom caused by the Parliamentary Under- ... "Salmonella in Eggs and Poultry". Hansard. 6 December 1988. Retrieved 20 July 2022. "Currie: From Parliament to print". BBC News ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella-in-eggs_controversy

"Salmonella besmetting neemt verder af". Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. "Salmonella in U. ... "Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Bareilly and Salmonella Nchanga Infections Associated with a Raw Scraped Ground Tuna Product ... These people's salmonellosis (either from Salmonella Sandiego or Salmonella Newport) stemmed from contact with small turtles or ... First reported in April 2012, an outbreak of salmonellosis caused by rarer serotypes, Salmonella Bareilly and Salmonella ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_outbreak_of_Salmonella

... (2006) is a collection of short stories by Japanese science fiction and metafiction writer ... A radio dramatisation of the title story, "Salmonella Men on Planet Porno", was broadcast on BBC Radio 3 on 28 February 2009.[1 ... The Last Smoker Bad for the Heart Salmonella Men on Planet Porno Rumours About Me was reproduced in the US literary magazine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella_Men_on_Planet_Porno

Mercy is the sixth studio recorded album of New Zealand Dub band, Salmonella Dub released in 2004, the year after the release ... However, the album retains Salmonella Dub's distinctive style and is somewhat reminiscent of their earlier work "Longtime ( ... Salmonella Dub albums, 2004 remix albums, EMI Records remix albums, All stub articles, Reggae album stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_(Salmonella_Dub_remix_album)

Giannella RA (1996). Salmonella. In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al, eds.) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoplasma

"Salmonella". FDA/CFSAN Food Safety A to Z Reference Guide. FDA/Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. 2008-07-03. ... The bacterium Salmonella enterica is discovered by Theobald Smith, working under Daniel Elmer Salmon. Carl Auer von Welsbach ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885_in_science

"Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella I 4,[5],12:b:- Infections Linked to Kratom Products , February 2018 , Salmonella". cdc.gov. ... On April 4, 2018, the FDA issued the first mandatory recall in its history over concerns of salmonella contamination of several ... From October 2017 to February 2018 in the United States, 28 people in 20 different states were infected with salmonella, an ... "FDA orders mandatory recall for kratom products due to risk of salmonella". Press Announcements. United States Food and Drug ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa

"CDC - Signs & Symptoms - Salmonella Enteritidis Infections Linked to Ground Beef - Salmonella". www.cdc.gov. 2019-01-31. ... "Symptoms , Salmonella , CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-12-12. Retrieved 2021-05-02. "Sign in , Hunter College Libraries". hunter.cuny. ... that a type of group of Cerein 8A is very effective in inhibiting the effects of the a pathogenic bacteria called Salmonella ... amount of Cerein 8A in combination with combination with sodium lactate the more likely we have destruction of the Salmonella ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerein

Salmonella infection can cause diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. Infections have been linked to contact with turtles, ... "Salmonella". Centers for Disease Prevention and Control. Retrieved October 3, 2014. "Poaching May Drive These 7 Species to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling

Salmonella , CDC (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia neutral point of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petland

Salmonella). Magnetosomes are bacterial microcompartments found in magnetotactic bacteria that allow them to sense and align ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure

Originally developed for the isolation of Salmonella typhi, it is now used mostly as a coliform medium. Most gram-negative ... Salmonella species. Endo agar typically contains (w/v): 1.0 % peptone 0.25 % dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4) 1.0 % ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endo_agar

Wigley, P. (2013). "Salmonella" (PDF). Compassion in World Farming. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 16, 2017. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming

Salmonella, Shigella). Organisms that ferment lactose display "nucleated colonies"-colonies with dark centers. This medium is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosin_methylene_blue

"Salmonella" 07. "Freedom / Billium Evans" 08. "The World Is Yours / Brooklyn Zoo" (Nas / Ol' Dirty Bastard cover) 09. " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BadBadNotGood_production_discography

Yap KP, Ho WS, Gan HM, Chai LC, Thong KL (2016). "Global MLST of Salmonella Typhi Revisited in Post-genomic Era: Genetic ... Eng SK, Pusparajah P, Ab Mutalib NS, Ser HL, Chan KG, Lee LH (June 2015). "Salmonella:A review on pathogenesis, epidemiology ... Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is a disease caused by Salmonella serotype Typhi bacteria. Symptoms vary from mild to ... John Gunn described the ability of Salmonella sp. to form biofilms on gallstones in mice, providing a model for studying ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoid_fever

Salmonella sp., Serratia sp., Yersinia sp., and Rhizobium sp. The Indole test is one of the four tests of the IMViC series, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indole_test

It is especially active against Shigella species., Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli, Branhamella catarrhalis, Haemophilus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleroxacin

2015-2016 - Cucumber Salmonella outbreak: Investigators found Salmonella in cucumbers grown in Baja, Mexico and distributed by ... 2008 - King Nut Peanut Butter Salmonella outbreak: The King Nut creamy peanut butter was a source of salmonella outbreak ... "Investigation Information for Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium Infections, 2008-2009 , Salmonella CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-01- ... The bacteria and viruses that cause most of the food-borne illnesses are Salmonella, E.coli, Listeria, Norovirus, Campylobacter ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States

Other types of Salmonella - Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi - cause typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever. ... Salmonella Infections Linked to Pre-Cut Melon, 2018plus icon *Salmonella Infections Linked to Pre-Cut Melon en Español ... Salmonella Infections Linked to Pet Guinea Pigs, 2018plus icon *Salmonella Infections Linked to Pet Guinea Pigs en Español ... Human Salmonella Infections Linked to Small Turtles, 2015plus icon *Human Salmonella Infections Linked to Small Turtles en ...

https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/

The genus Salmonella, which belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae, was named after Daniel E. ... Serotypes Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella newport, and Salmonella heidelberg most often are ... The genus Salmonella also contains the species Salmonella bongori and Salmonella subterranean, which was recognized in 2005. [3 ... The genus Salmonella is named after Daniel E. Salmon, an American veterinarian who first isolated Salmonella choleraesuis from ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/228174-77490/what-caused-the-2008-2009-outbreak-of-salmonellosis

The genus Salmonella, which belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae, was named after Daniel E. ... Salmonella species, including Salmonella typhi. Mandell, et al, ed. Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases. 5th ed. ... encoded search term (Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis)) and Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis) What to Read Next on ... Salmonella Infection (Salmonellosis) Medication. Updated: May 11, 2023 * Author: Alena Klochko, MD; Chief Editor: Michael ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/228174-medication

Timeline of when people got sick with Salmonella linked to Backyard Poultry. ... Salmonella Infections Linked to Pre-Cut Melon, 2018plus icon *Salmonella Infections Linked to Pre-Cut Melon en Español ... Salmonella Infections Linked to Pet Guinea Pigs, 2018plus icon *Salmonella Infections Linked to Pet Guinea Pigs en Español ... Human Salmonella Infections Linked to Small Turtles, 2015plus icon *Human Salmonella Infections Linked to Small Turtles en ...

https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/backyardpoultry-05-23/epi.html

Salmonella is a group of bacteria that is a common cause of foodborne illness. Learn the symptoms. Know when to, and who should ... Salmonella (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) * Salmonella Questions and Answers (Department of Agriculture, Food ... Salmonella is the name of a group of bacteria. In the United States, it is a common cause of foodborne illness. Salmonella ... Salmonella Diagnosis and Treatment (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) * Stool Tests (Nemours Foundation) Also in ...

https://medlineplus.gov/salmonellainfections.html

Salmonella enteritidis Infection. How Eggs Become Contaminated. Who Can Be Infected. What is the Risk. What You Can Do to ... Most types of Salmonella live in the intestinal tracts of animals and birds and are transmitted to humans by contaminated foods ... A bacterium, Salmonella enteritidis, can be inside perfectly normal-appearing eggs, and if the eggs are eaten raw or ... Salmonella enteritis Infection National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases Publication ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/p0000003/p0000003.asp

Salmonella phage ST64T. Taxonomy ID: 2905963 (for references in articles please use NCBI:txid2905963). current name. Salmonella ... Salmonella phage ST64T. taxonomy/phylogenetic. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Notes:. Groups interested in ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=2905963

... salmonella - Sharing our stories on preparing for and responding to public health events ... Tags fda, investigation, outbreaknet, salmonella Salmonella Saintpaul Outbreak: Epilogue. Ive spent many years roaming this ... Tags epi curve, outbreak, salmonella Produce Strikes Back: Salmonella Saintpaul Outbreak. McDonalds stopped serving sliced ... During the recent investigation of the outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul, CDC often mentioned that the overall "outbreak ...

https://blogs.cdc.gov/publichealthmatters/tag/salmonella/page/3/

... is investigating a multistate outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium infections. ... Outbreak Investigation of Salmonella: Sprouts (December 2022). FDAs investigation is complete. CDC declares outbreak over. ... of raw alfalfa sprouts due to potential contamination with Salmonella. On the same day, SunSprout Enterprises expanded their ... of raw alfalfa sprouts due to potential contamination with Salmonella. On the same day, SunSprout Enterprises expanded their ...

https://www.fda.gov/food/outbreaks-foodborne-illness/outbreak-investigation-salmonella-sprouts-december-2022

Risk assessments for salmonella in eggs and broiler chickens: interpretative summary WHO Food Safety Programme; Food and ... Risk assessments of Salmonella in eggs and broiler chickens World Health Organization; Food and Agriculture Organization of ... Enterobacter sakazakii and Salmonella in powdered infant formula : meeting report World Health Organization (‎World Health ... Salmonella and Campylobacter in chicken meat: meeting report World Health Organization; Food and Agriculture Organization of ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Salmonella&type=mesh

Please request a meeting by emailing us at Salmonella@usda.gov.. Current Salmonella Pilot Participants. Est Number. Company ... Salmonella Action Plan: A One and Two Year Update * Salmonella Categorization of Individual Establishments for Poultry Products ... Reducing Salmonella in Poultry * Pilot Projects: Salmonella Control Strategies * Proposed Regulatory Framework to Reduce ... Reducing Salmonella in Poultry USDA is mobilizing a stronger and more comprehensive effort to reduce Salmonella illnesses ...

https://www.fsis.usda.gov/inspection/inspection-programs/inspection-poultry-products/reducing-salmonella-poultry/pilot

... regulators shut down a New Mexico nut-processing facility Monday after the plant was linked to an outbreak of salmonella ... U.S. regulators shut down a New Mexico nut-processing facility Monday after the plant was linked to an outbreak of salmonella ... The salmonella outbreak in nut butter sickened at least 41 people in 20 states ... Portales processing plant may have contributed to the contamination of peanut butter and almond butter products with salmonella ...

https://edition.cnn.com/2012/11/26/health/fda-salmonella/index.html

The conventionally raised birds were six times more likely to carry salmonella than the organic birds. And heres the kicker: ... none of the salmonella from the organic birds.. Crucially, both studies are looking at large-scale organic operations-what ... A Side of Salmonella Superbug With That Turkey Burger? (UPDATED). Tom Philpott ... 40 percent of the salmonella carried by the conventional birds had resistance to no fewer than six different antibiotics-vs. ...

https://www.motherjones.com/food/2011/08/salmonella-chicken-antibiotics-organic/

This entity should be looked for in any patient with persistent or relapsing salmonella bacteremia in whom an intracardiac ... We describe a case of salmonella infection of a left ventricular aneurysm with a mural thrombus and review 12 cases described ... Salmonella infection of a ventricular aneurysm with mural thrombus Ann Thorac Surg. 2000 Mar;69(3):939-40. doi: 10.1016/s0003- ... We describe a case of salmonella infection of a left ventricular aneurysm with a mural thrombus and review 12 cases described ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10750793/

Stanford Medicine researchers weigh in on the promise and peril of increasingly popular diabetes drugs being used for weight loss ...

https://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2019/10/29/under-pressure-new-technique-helps-id-bacteria/salmonella-kateryna-kon-shutterstock/

Recalls of chia seed powders expand as 21 people in 12 states have been sickened by salmonella tied to the powder. The powder ... Salmonella has recently been found in ground chia seed powder, a superfood being put in everything from smoothies to cereal. ... Salmonella causes diarrhea, fever and cramps that can begin 12 to 72 hours after eating the food that was contaminated. ... The CDC reports that 21 people in 12 states have been sickened by the salmonella outbreak so far. And investigators are ...

https://www.kqed.org/bayareabites/83485/salmonella-outbreak-linked-to-chia-seed-powders-cdc-says

Rappaport Vassiliadis medium is used for the selective enrichment and presumptive detection of Salmonella. Order from Sigma ... Salmonella generally survives a slightly high osmotic pressure (due to MgCl2 in the medium), grows at a slightly low pH, and is ... It is a rapid and sensitive medium for the isolation of Salmonella sp. and can be seeded directly after pre-enrichment. ... Rappaport Vassiliadis medium is used for the selective enrichment and presumptive detection of Salmonella sp. This medium is a ...

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/IL/en/product/mm/146181

Salmonella Kintambo (from 0.0% to 0.9%), Salmonella Paratyphi A (from 0.3% to 1.8%), Salmonella Stanley (from 1.4% to 2.4%), S ... Salmonella serotypes showing an increase this year in comparison with 2019 included: Salmonella Thompson (from 0.8% to 1.9%) ... The number of Salmonella isolates confirmed this year (n=726) showed a decrease in comparison with 2019 (n= 1153). Salmonella ... Subsequent to the introduction of WGS, Salmonella Subsp. (I) ser. 4,5,12 : i : - is being reported as monophasic Salmonella ...

https://www.esr.cri.nz/our-research/nga-kete/infectious-disease-intelligence/enteric-reference-testing/human-salmonella-isolates/?we_objectID=3910

CDC is advising not to consume some types of cookie dough from Papa Murphys Pizza as it investigates a multi-state salmonella ... SEE MORE: Spice recalled due to salmonella risk. The CDC also reminded the public that Papa Murphys cookie dough is not meant ... CDC links salmonella outbreak to Papa Murphys cookie dough. The CDC is advising not to consume some types of cookie dough from ... It says the dough is made with unpasteurized eggs or raw flour and can contain salmonella and E. coli. Cookie dough that is ...

https://www.katc.com/cdc-links-salmonella-outbreak-to-papa-murphy-s-cookie-dough

Certus has started R&D work on an environmental Salmonella assay. ... Salmonella bacteria. Related tags Food Certus has started R&D ... Certus starts R&D on environmental Salmonella assay. By Joseph James Whitworth 03-Jan-2018. - Last updated on 02-Jan-2018 at 15 ... The Salmonella assay is being designed to run in a single enrichment media, homogeneous no wash format with a target time-to- ... "Salmonella continues to plague the food industry in large numbers, so were excited to develop an in-house solution for small ...

https://www.foodnavigator.com/Article/2018/01/03/Certus-sets-sights-on-in-house-detection-of-Salmonella

Salmonella-infected Chickens Recalled DENMARK - Whole chicken has been recalled from a range of supermarkets all over the ... The Viby-based company reported that the whole chickens are infected with a multi-resistant strain of salmonella, which is hard ...

https://www.thepoultrysite.com/news/2008/08/salmonellainfected-chickens-recalled

... salmonellatrump fact sheetwater contaminationwaters of us rule ... Trump Campaign Not Sure If Getting Salmonella Is Awesome Or Not ...

https://www.wonkette.com/trump-campaign-not-sure-if-getting-salmonella-is-awesome-or-not

Two Minnesota children under the age of 1 are reported ill in a Salmonella outbreak linked to nationally recalled Krinos brand ... Thai green peppers recalled in Canada after testing finds Salmonella * Hot sauce recalled in New York over risk of ... Two Minnesota children under the age of 1 are reported ill in a Salmonella outbreak linked to nationally recalled Krinos brand ... Two Infants Ill in Salmonella Tahini Outbreak. By James Andrews on May 17, 2013. ...

https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2013/05/two-infants-ill-in-salmonella-tahini-outbreak/

Coop bekrefter at det er funnet salmonella i et parti med karbonadedeig av storfe. Ingen kunder skal ha blitt smittet, ifølge ... Bakgrunnen var salmonella-mistanke.. Salmonella er en av de vanligste årsakene til smittsom mage- og tarminfeksjon. Smitten ... Coop bekrefter at det er funnet salmonella i et parti med karbonadedeig av storfe. Ingen kunder skal ha blitt smittet, ifølge ...

https://www.an.no/salmonella-funnet-i-karbonadedeig-fra-coop/s/5-4-1077751

Hundreds of lawsuits have been filed against the group by families who say their children got salmonella poisoning after ... A salmonella scandal at French dairy group Lactalis has affected 83 countries, where 12 million boxes of powdered baby milk are ... Home / Lifestyle / Health / Lactalis scandal: 83 countries affected by salmonella found in baby milk powder ... Lactalis scandal: 83 countries affected by salmonella found in baby milk powder. Agence France-Presse , ByAgence France-Presse ...

https://www.hindustantimes.com/health/lactalis-scandal-83-countries-affected-by-salmonella-found-in-baby-milk-powder/story-KgxlPpUJLksOpNVC8slGdM.html

A new rapid testing method for Salmonella in food has received approval from an international certification body, giving ... Related tags Regulation Food Listeria Eu Salmonella A new rapid testing method for Salmonella in food has received approval ... Kit detects Salmonella faster, company claims. By Ahmed ElAmin 11-Aug-2005. - Last updated on 19-Jul-2008 at 18:07. GMT ... UK-based Oxoid said this week that its Salmonella Rapid Test kit has been approved for use by the internationally-recognised ...

https://www.dairyreporter.com/Article/2005/08/12/Kit-detects-Salmonella-faster-company-claims

If you eat something contaminated with salmonella, youll get cramps, diarrhea, and a fever for a few days. Yuk! ... Salmonella is a type of bacteria that causes food poisoning or even typhoid fever in people and their pets. ... a form of salmonella that causes food poisoning in humans. Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhosa, typhoid bacillus a form of ... Its not good to eat raw eggs or meat because cooking kills bacteria such as salmonella. Salmonella also causes typhoid fever ...

https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/salmonella

Home , Case News , More Nuts Recalled Due to Salmonella. More Nuts Recalled Due to Salmonella. By Bill Marler on December 4, ... Washington State hardest hit in Papa Murphys Cookie Dough Salmonella Outbreak * What you need to know during a Shigella ... Washington State hardest hit in Papa Murphys Cookie Dough Salmonella Outbreak June 3, 2023 ... the public not to consume the in-shell Mixed Nuts described below because the products may be contaminated with Salmonella. ...

https://www.marlerblog.com/case-news/more-nuts-recalled-due-to-salmonella/

Other types of Salmonella - Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi - cause typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever . (cdc.gov)
For instance, the current nomenclature of Salmonella typhi is S enterica serovar Typhi. (medscape.com)
Salmonellosis is caused by all nontyphoid serotypes of the Salmonella genus except for S typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A, B, and C. Salmonellosis-causing serotypes are isolated from humans and animals, including livestock. (medscape.com)
Beginning in MMWR year 2019, Salmonella cases should be classified as: 1) Salmonella Typhi infection, 2) Salmonella Paratyphi infection, and 3) Salmonellosis (excluding S. Typhi infection and S. Paratyphi infection). (cdc.gov)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in breast abscess: A case report. (who.int)
bacteriologiques et therapeutiques des infections urinaires a Salmonella non typhi (SNT) dans notre region. (bvsalud.org)

A bacterium, Salmonella enteritidis, can be inside perfectly normal-appearing eggs, and if the eggs are eaten raw or undercooked, the bacterium can cause illness. (cdc.gov)
A person infected with the Salmonella enteritidis bacterium usually has fever, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea beginning 12 to 72 hours after consuming a contaminated food or beverage. (cdc.gov)
The reason for this is that Salmonella enteritidis silently infects the ovaries of healthy appearing hens and contaminates the eggs before the shells are formed. (cdc.gov)
Most of the deaths caused by Salmonella enteritidis have occurred among the elderly in nursing homes. (cdc.gov)
A healthy person's risk for infection by Salmonella enteritidis is low, even in the northeastern United States, if individually prepared eggs are properly cooked, or foods are made from pasteurized eggs. (cdc.gov)
Twelve cases adding to the Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 locally designated 5-SNP cluster type _2019_C_01. (cri.nz)
The causative agent was identified as Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Enteritidis for 14 out of 20 cases tested. (who.int)

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), along with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and state and local partners, investigated a multistate outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium infections linked to Sun Sprouts-brand alfalfa sprouts grown by SunSprout Enterprises of Fremont, NE. (fda.gov)
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), along with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and state and local partners, is investigating a multistate outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium infections. (fda.gov)
Salmonella Typhimurium ST19 (20.3% in 2022 vs 27.3% in 2023) was the most common serotypes confirmed this month. (cri.nz)
Salmonella Typhimurium ST19 was the predominant sero/genotype, representing 27.4% of total isolates. (cri.nz)
A cluster of 24 cases of Salmonella Typhimurium ST19, locally designated 5-SNP cluster type _2022_C_12, which was detected between July and August 2022 and associated with travel to Fiji. (cri.nz)
Salmonella typhimurium (1 cas). (bvsalud.org)
In September 2015, the South Western Sydney (SWS) Public Health Unit was notified of a cluster of Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) cases with a common multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) pattern. (who.int)
Salmonella Typhimurium (STm) is the most common serovar in Australia. (who.int)

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention on Friday issued a warning about chia powder because of possible salmonella contamination. (kqed.org)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said it is investigating a salmonella outbreak after 18 people reported becoming ill with symptoms potentially tied to consuming raw cookie dough. (katc.com)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is out with a report on the transmission of salmonella from live chickens raised by individuals. (waka.com)

CDC estimates Salmonella bacteria cause about 1.35 million infections, 26,500 hospitalizations, and 420 deaths in the United States every year. (cdc.gov)
Salmonellae are gram-negative motile, nonsporulating, straight-rod bacteria. (medscape.com)
Infection with salmonellae is characterized by attachment of the bacteria by fimbriae or pili to cells lining the intestinal lumen. (medscape.com)
Salmonella infection: Interplay between the bacteria and host immune system. (medscape.com)
Salmonella is the name of a group of bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)
In these persons, a relatively small number of Salmonella bacteria can cause severe illness. (cdc.gov)
In a report issued in mid-November, the FDA found that conditions at the Portales processing plant may have contributed to the contamination of peanut butter and almond butter products with salmonella bredeney, a strain of the bacteria. (cnn.com)
Salmonella generally survives a slightly high osmotic pressure (due to MgCl 2 in the medium), grows at a slightly low pH, and is resistant to malachite green compared to other bacteria, thus making it a selective media for the growth of Salmonella sp . (sigmaaldrich.com)
They failed to find the salmonella bacteria that had been detected by Lactalis's own tests in August and November, which were not reported to the authorities. (hindustantimes.com)
Salmonella is a type of bacteria that causes food poisoning or even typhoid fever in people and their pets. (vocabulary.com)
It's not good to eat raw eggs or meat because cooking kills bacteria such as salmonella. (vocabulary.com)

Currently, Salmonella species have the serologically defined names appended as serovars or serotypes. (medscape.com)
In MMWR year 2018, cases of Salmonella should be classified into three different conditions, for submission to the NNDSS: 1) Salmonellosis (excluding paratyphoid fever and typhoid fever), 2) Paratyphoid fever (caused by Salmonella serotypes Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B [tartrate negative] and Paratyphi C), and 3) Typhoid fever. (cdc.gov)

Fewer than 1% of nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolates are lactose-positive (pink on MacConkey agar), but most produce hydrogen sulfide, which is detectable on HE or SS agar. (medscape.com)
Human salmonella isolates from ESR's enteric reference laboratory. (cri.nz)
Following the opening of NZ borders, the number of Salmonella isolates confirmed this year (n=738) showed an increase in comparison with 2021 (n= 668). (cri.nz)
Isolates of Salmonella were further characterized by phage typing and ribotyping. (who.int)
In NSW, Salmonella isolates are referred to Pathology West - Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, the state reference laboratory, for further characterization, including serotyping and DNA sequence-based subtyping with multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeats analysis (MLVA). (who.int)
Screening by drop test and MIC test against colistin and polymyxin B was performed on a total of 1026 Salmonella enterica isolates and 159 ExPEC isolates. (bvsalud.org)

The Salmonella infection cycle starts after the ingestion of microbes. (medscape.com)
We describe a case of salmonella infection of a left ventricular aneurysm with a mural thrombus and review 12 cases described in the literature. (nih.gov)
This study determined the incidence of Salmonella infection in 250 enteric fever and 210 food poisoning cases attending Thamar general hospital and Dar Alshafaa medical clinic in 2008. (who.int)
Infection à Salmonella spp. (who.int)

Typhoid fever, a more serious disease caused by Salmonella, is not common in the United States. (medlineplus.gov)
Salmonella also causes typhoid fever - people with typhoid fever can spread it around by accident, like Typhoid Mary did in the 1800's, when she served food that made a lot of people sick. (vocabulary.com)

On December 29, 2022, SunSprout Enterprises initiated a voluntary recall of two lots (# 4211 and 5211) of raw alfalfa sprouts due to potential contamination with Salmonella . (fda.gov)
FSIS is inviting poultry slaughter and processing establishments to submit proposals for pilot projects that will test different control strategies for Salmonella contamination in poultry products. (usda.gov)
A key component of this effort is identifying ways to incentivize use of preharvest controls to reduce Salmonella contamination coming into the slaughterhouse. (usda.gov)
The tahini, distributed to retailers nationwide, has been voluntarily recalled since April 28 for contamination of Salmonella Montevideo and Mbandaka. (foodsafetynews.com)
Retailers and dog owners in 14 U.S. states are being asked to dispose of several lots of dog food due to possible Salmonella contamination. (veterinarypracticenews.com)
Essential Oil Emulsions as Postharvest Sanitizers To Mitigate Salmonella Cross-Contamination on Peppers. (bvsalud.org)

0.2 and 0.5%) or thyme oil (0.2 and 0.5%) was evaluated as a sanitizer for produce washing against a five- serovar cocktail of Salmonella on snacking peppers and compared for antimicrobial efficacy with sodium hypochlorite (200 ppm). (bvsalud.org)

Most people who get ill from Salmonella have diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps. (cdc.gov)
Salmonella causes diarrhea, fever and cramps that can begin 12 to 72 hours after eating the food that was contaminated. (kqed.org)
The Food and Drug Administration says salmonella causes diarrhea, fever and cramps. (katc.com)
If you eat something contaminated with salmonella , you'll get cramps, diarrhea, and a fever for a few days. (vocabulary.com)

Eating food contaminated with Salmonella may cause salmonellosis. (abc4.com)
Salmonellosis (Salmonella spp. (cdc.gov)

On October 19, 2021, USDA announced that FSIS would be mobilizing a stronger and more comprehensive effort to reduce Salmonella illnesses associated with poultry products. (usda.gov)
FSIS will consider proposals from all active poultry establishments (or parent corporations) that produce raw products subject to FSIS' Salmonella performance standards, regardless of the establishment's Salmonella performance standard category, in order to encourage all establishments to explore alternative approaches that will reduce Salmonella illnesses in consumers. (usda.gov)
The illnesses have been associated with a small cluster of Salmonella Mbandaka illnesses in other states, MDH spokesman Doug Schultz told Food Safety News . (foodsafetynews.com)
The Food and Drug Administration says the illnesses are linked to salmonella-tainted eggs from Gravel Ridge Farms, which is north of Birmingham in Cullman. (waka.com)

Two consequtive large outbreaks of Salmonella enterica serotype Agona infections in infants linked to the consumption of powdered infant formula. (medscape.com)

And here's the kicker: 40 percent of the salmonella carried by the conventional birds had resistance to no fewer than six different antibiotics-vs. none of the salmonella from the organic birds. (motherjones.com)
The Viby-based company reported that the whole chickens are infected with a multi-resistant strain of salmonella, which is hard to treat with antibiotics. (thepoultrysite.com)

This paper describes the epidemiological, microbiological and environmental investigations conducted during an outbreak of Salmonella gastroenteritis in Singapore. (who.int)

Rappaport Vassiliadis medium is used for the selective enrichment and presumptive detection of Salmonella sp . (sigmaaldrich.com)
The test combines enrichment, selective growth and the presumptive identification of motile Salmonella species in a single culture vessel. (dairyreporter.com)
Additional products were tested on March 31, and officials say those products tested presumptive for Salmonella as well. (abc4.com)

Salmonella is a frequently implicated organism and is responsible for the majority of hospitalizations and deaths attributable to foodborne infections. (who.int)

Shigella were susceptible to gentamicin (100%) and nalidixic acid (97.3%) and Shigella and Salmonella were 100.0% susceptible to norfloxacin. (who.int)

Of the patients with enteric fever and food poisoning, 16.4% and 15.2% respectively were infected with Salmonella. (who.int)

Pathogenic Salmonella species can move using peritrichal flagellum. (medscape.com)
The nomenclature and classification of Salmonella species have been changed and restructured multiple times. (medscape.com)
Traditionally, Salmonella species were named in accordance with the Kaufmann-White typing system, defined by different combinations of somatic O, surface Vi, and flagellar H antigens. (medscape.com)
In 2005, Salmonella enterica finally gained official approval as the type species of the genus Salmonella . (medscape.com)
The genus Salmonella also contains the species Salmonella bongori and Salmonella subterranean, which was recognized in 2005. (medscape.com)
Laboratories are required to report positive culture results of Salmonella species to NSW Health. (who.int)

Investigation of outbreak of infections caused by Salmonella saintpaul. (medscape.com)
Available at http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/saintpaul/ . (medscape.com)
During the recent investigation of the outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul, CDC often mentioned that the overall "outbreak investigation is complex and difficult. (cdc.gov)

Bacteriophage application on red meats and poultry: Effects on Salmonella population in final ground products. (medscape.com)

Our customers will realize greater value with the Certus system now that they will be able to run both environmental Listeria and Salmonella in the same instrument. (foodnavigator.com)

Notes from the field: Human Salmonella infantis infections linked to dry dog food--United States and Canada, 2012. (medscape.com)

Kore K, Asrade B, Demissie K, Aragaw K. Characterization of Salmonella isolated from apparently healthy slaughtered cattle and retail beef in Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. (medscape.com)
e Escherichia coli Patogênica Extraintestinal resistentes às polimixinas / Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Salmonella spp. (bvsalud.org)

This chart shows when the 104 people in these Salmonella outbreaks got sick. (cdc.gov)

Su LH, Chiu CH. Salmonella: clinical importance and evolution of nomenclature. (medscape.com)

Salmonella occurs in raw poultry, eggs, beef, and sometimes on unwashed fruit and vegetables. (medlineplus.gov)
Only a small number of hens seem to be infected at any given time, and an infected hen can lay many normal eggs while only occasionally laying an egg contaminated with the Salmonella bacterium. (cdc.gov)
Keeping eggs adequately refrigerated prevents any Salmonella present in the eggs from growing to higher numbers, so eggs should be held refrigerated until they are needed. (cdc.gov)
It says the dough is made with unpasteurized eggs or raw flour and can contain salmonella and E. coli. (katc.com)

Proposals may include evaluating strategies to reduce Salmonella in live birds or raw poultry products subject to the performance standards (chicken and turkey carcasses, chicken parts and comminuted chicken and turkey). (usda.gov)

Salmonellae are intracellular facultative pathogens that may survive in variable conditions. (medscape.com)

"Salmonella continues to plague the food industry in large numbers, so we're excited to develop an in-house solution for small and mid-sized food processing plants and address a true need in the market," he said. (foodnavigator.com)
A new rapid testing method for Salmonella in food has received approval from an international certification body, giving processors a quicker way of ensuring the safety of their products. (dairyreporter.com)
The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) and Loblaw Companies Ltd. are warning the public not to consume the in-shell Mixed Nuts described below because the products may be contaminated with Salmonella. (marlerblog.com)
The issue was identified by Minnesota Department of Agriculture after a sample food product sample was collected during routine surveillance and tested positive for Salmonella . (veterinarypracticenews.com)
are readily transmitted via food, water, environmental contacts, pets and from Culture and identification of strains person to person, with morbidity rates in Frozen Shigella and Salmonella strains developing countries 3-to-6-fold higher were subcultured on MacConkey agar than in developed countries [ 1 ]. (who.int)

An outbreak of 7 cases of Salmonella Kintambo ST8754, associated with consumption of sesame-based products, which was detected in July and August 2022. (cri.nz)

UK-based Oxoid said this week that its Salmonella Rapid Test kit has been approved for use by the internationally-recognised Frenchaccreditation body, AFNOR (l'Association Francaise de Normalisation). (dairyreporter.com)

Results of search for 'su:{Salmonella. (who.int)

So far French officials have reported 35 cases of infants getting salmonella from the powder, while one case has been reported in Spain and another is being investigated in Greece. (hindustantimes.com)

Fluoroquinolone with good activity against Salmonella and most aerobic gram-negative organisms, although resistance is gradually increasing. (medscape.com)

TAYLORSVILLE, Utah (ABC4) - The Utah Department of Agriculture (UDAF) has announced a salmonella outbreak at a grocery store in Midvale. (abc4.com)

If that egg is thoroughly cooked, the Salmonella organisms will be destroyed and will not make the person sick. (cdc.gov)

Most types of Salmonella live in the intestinal tracts of animals and birds and are transmitted to humans by contaminated foods of animal origin. (cdc.gov)
Proposals should consider new or existing control and measurement strategies for controlling Salmonella , before and/or after harvesting of live birds. (usda.gov)
The conventionally raised birds were six times more likely to carry salmonella than the organic birds. (motherjones.com)

Drug Resistance in Salmonella enterica ser. (cdc.gov)
The objective of this work was to identify and characterize the mechanisms that mediate resistance to polymyxins in strains of Salmonella spp. (bvsalud.org)

Salmonella Enrichment Medium acc. (sigmaaldrich.com)
For the selective enrichment of samples for Salmonella sp . (sigmaaldrich.com)

Salmonella can cause illness and death in humans and animals, especially those who are very young, very old, or have weak immune systems. (veterinarypracticenews.com)

[ 6 ] Although the infectious dose varies among Salmonella strains, a large inoculum is thought to be necessary to overcome stomach acidity and to compete with normal intestinal flora. (medscape.com)

Salmonellae can be isolated in the microbiology laboratory using numerous low-selective media (MacConkey agar, deoxycholate agar), intermediate-selective media ( Salmonella-Shigella [SS] agar, Hektoen [HE] agar), and highly selective media (selenite agar with brilliant green). (medscape.com)

The UDAF found Salmonella enterica in samples from ground beef from International Marketplace in Midvale on March 31. (abc4.com)

Health officials in nine states are investigating 11 cases of salmonella linked to pistachios from Wonderful Pistachios of Lost Hills, California. (waka.com)

Certus has started R&D work on an environmental Salmonella assay. (foodnavigator.com)
Environmental aspects of Salmonella in humans / by D. M. McLean. (who.int)

This is because many people recover without medical care and are not tested for Salmonella . (cdc.gov)
The CDC reports that 21 people in 12 states have been sickened by the salmonella outbreak so far. (kqed.org)
According to the CDC, nine people with salmonella reported consuming raw cookie dough from Papa Murphy's Take 'N' Bake Pizza the week before becoming ill. (katc.com)

Anatomy12

Organisms28

Diseases14

Chemicals and Drugs47

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Phenomena and Processes43

Disciplines and Occupations4

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture16

Information Science4

Health Care12

Components of the Salmonella flagellar export apparatus and classification of export substrates. (1/3075)

Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of three Salmonella rapid detection kits using fresh and frozen poultry environmental samples versus those of standard plating. (2/3075)

The Salmonella invasin SipB induces macrophage apoptosis by binding to caspase-1. (3/3075)

Evaluation of accuracy and repeatability of identification of food-borne pathogens by automated bacterial identification systems. (4/3075)

How intracellular bacteria survive: surface modifications that promote resistance to host innate immune responses. (5/3075)

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of oral black-pigmented bacteria induce tumor necrosis factor production by LPS-refractory C3H/HeJ macrophages in a way different from that of Salmonella LPS. (6/3075)

The cyclic structure of microcin J25, a 21-residue peptide antibiotic from Escherichia coli. (7/3075)

Presence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in sand from bathing beaches. (8/3075)

Salmonella

Salmonella typhimurium

Salmonella Infections

Salmonella enterica

Salmonella Infections, Animal

Salmonella enteritidis

Salmonella typhi

Salmonella Food Poisoning

Salmonella Phages

Salmonella paratyphi A

Salmonella Vaccines

Food Microbiology

Salmonella arizonae

Typhoid Fever

Bacterial Proteins

Salmonella paratyphi B

Serotyping

Eggs

Bacteriophage Typing

Genes, Bacterial

Virulence

Genomic Islands

Paratyphoid Fever

Poultry Diseases

Feces

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

DNA, Bacterial

Food Contamination

Escherichia coli

Salmonella paratyphi C

Mutation

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Plasmids

Flagellin

Chickens

Mutagenicity Tests

Poultry

Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field

Molecular Sequence Data

Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial

Flagella

Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines

O Antigens

Shigella

Culture Media

Operon

Bacteriological Techniques

Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Enterobacteriaceae

Antigens, Bacterial

Colony Count, Microbial

Meat

Vaccines, Attenuated

Mutagens

Swine Diseases

Drug Resistance, Bacterial

Antibodies, Bacterial

Tetrathionic Acid

Disease Outbreaks

Food Handling

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Conjugation, Genetic

Lipopolysaccharides

Abattoirs

Polysaccharides, Bacterial

Base Sequence

Microbial Viability

Bacterial Vaccines

Drug Resistance, Microbial

Cecum

Species Specificity

Swine

Virulence Factors

Chromosomes, Bacterial

Lipid A

Transduction, Genetic

Polymerase Chain Reaction

DNA Transposable Elements

Macrophages

Bacterial Typing Techniques