Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.
A benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. It is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. Histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A tumor of both low- and high-grade malignancy. The low-grade grow slowly, appear in any age group, and are readily cured by excision. The high-grade behave aggressively, widely infiltrate the salivary gland and produce lymph node and distant metastases. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas account for about 21% of the malignant tumors of the parotid gland and 10% of the sublingual gland. They are the most common malignant tumor of the parotid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240)
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.
Glands that secrete SALIVA in the MOUTH. There are three pairs of salivary glands (PAROTID GLAND; SUBLINGUAL GLAND; SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND).
Tumors or cancer of the PALATE, including those of the hard palate, soft palate and UVULA.
Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Accessory salivary glands located in the lip, cheek, tongue, floor of mouth, palate and intramaxillary.
A usually benign tumor made up predominantly of myoepithelial cells.
A benign tumor characterized histologically by tall columnar epithelium within a lymphoid tissue stroma. It is usually found in the salivary glands, especially the parotid.
Sebaceous gland neoplasms are uncommon cutaneous tumors that originate from the sebaceous glands, which can be benign (e.g., seborrheic keratosis, syringoma, trichofolliculoma) or malignant (e.g., sebaceous carcinoma, sebaceomatosis, mucoepidermoid carcinoma).
Tumors or cancer of the anal gland.
Neoplasms of the sublingual glands.
Perianal glands, also known as hepatoid glands, are sebaceous glands located in the perianal region of many mammals, including humans, that produce and secret lubricating oils for skin protection and cleanliness.
"Salivary gland diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the function, structure, or health of the salivary glands, leading to symptoms such as dry mouth, swelling, pain, and abnormal secretions."
Submandibular Gland Neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors, which can be benign or malignant, originating from the glandular tissues of the submandibular salivary gland located beneath the mandible (jawbone).
Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2-chlorobutadiene.
One of two salivary glands in the neck, located in the space bound by the two bellies of the digastric muscle and the angle of the mandible. It discharges through the submandibular duct. The secretory units are predominantly serous although a few mucous alveoli, some with serous demilunes, occur. (Stedman, 25th ed)
The largest of the three pairs of SALIVARY GLANDS. They lie on the sides of the FACE immediately below and in front of the EAR.
Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.
Sweat gland neoplasms are abnormal growths that can be benign or malignant, originating from the sweat glands (eccrine or apocrine) and found anywhere on the skin surface.
A salivary gland on each side of the mouth below the TONGUE.
Any of the ducts which transport saliva. Salivary ducts include the parotid duct, the major and minor sublingual ducts, and the submandibular duct.
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.
INFLAMMATION of salivary tissue (SALIVARY GLANDS), usually due to INFECTION or injuries.
Glands of external secretion that release its secretions to the body's cavities, organs, or surface, through a duct.
Calculi occurring in a salivary gland. Most salivary gland calculi occur in the submandibular gland, but can also occur in the parotid gland and in the sublingual and minor salivary glands.
MAMMARY GLANDS in the non-human MAMMALS.
Proteins and peptides found in SALIVA and the SALIVARY GLANDS. Some salivary proteins such as ALPHA-AMYLASES are enzymes, but their composition varies in different individuals.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Submandibular Gland Diseases refer to a group of medical conditions affecting the structure and function of the submandibular glands, leading to symptoms such as swelling, pain, difficulty swallowing, and reduced saliva production.
The discharge of saliva from the SALIVARY GLANDS that keeps the mouth tissues moist and aids in digestion.
Decreased salivary flow.
The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the SALIVARY GLANDS and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains MUCINS, water, organic salts, and ptylin.
Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the DERMIS. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct.
Small, sacculated organs found within the DERMIS. Each gland has a single duct that emerges from a cluster of oval alveoli. Each alveolus consists of a transparent BASEMENT MEMBRANE enclosing epithelial cells. The ducts from most sebaceous glands open into a HAIR FOLLICLE, but some open on the general surface of the SKIN. Sebaceous glands secrete SEBUM.
The tear-forming and tear-conducting system which includes the lacrimal glands, eyelid margins, conjunctival sac, and the tear drainage system.
A sebaceous gland that, in some animals, acts as an accessory to the lacrimal gland. The harderian gland excretes fluid that facilitates movement of the third eyelid.
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).
An order of the class Insecta. Wings, when present, number two and distinguish Diptera from other so-called flies, while the halteres, or reduced hindwings, separate Diptera from other insects with one pair of wings. The order includes the families Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Phoridae, SARCOPHAGIDAE, Scatophagidae, Sciaridae, SIMULIIDAE, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Trypetidae, CERATOPOGONIDAE; CHIRONOMIDAE; CULICIDAE; DROSOPHILIDAE; GLOSSINIDAE; MUSCIDAE; TEPHRITIDAE; and PSYCHODIDAE. The larval form of Diptera species are called maggots (see LARVA).
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
A pair of glands located at the cranial pole of each of the two KIDNEYS. Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct endocrine tissues with separate embryonic origins, the ADRENAL CORTEX producing STEROIDS and the ADRENAL MEDULLA producing NEUROTRANSMITTERS.

Conserved mechanism of PLAG1 activation in salivary gland tumors with and without chromosome 8q12 abnormalities: identification of SII as a new fusion partner gene. (1/592)

We have previously shown (K. Kas et al, Nat. Genet., 15: 170-174, 1997) that the developmentally regulated zinc finger gene pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) is the target gene in 8q12 in pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary glands with t(3;8)(p21;q12) translocations. The t(3;8) results in promoter swapping between PLAG1 and the constitutively expressed gene for beta-catenin (CTNNB1), leading to activation of PLAG1 expression and reduced expression of CTNNB1. Here we have studied the expression of PLAG1 by Northern blot analysis in 47 primary benign and malignant human tumors with or without cytogenetic abnormalities of 8q12. Overexpression of PLAG1 was found in 23 tumors (49%). Thirteen of 17 pleomorphic adenomas with a normal karyotype and 5 of 10 with 12q13-15 abnormalities overexpressed PLAG1, which demonstrates that PLAG1 activation is a frequent event in adenomas irrespective of karyotype. In contrast, PLAG1 was overexpressed in only 2 of 11 malignant salivary gland tumors analyzed, which suggests that, at least in salivary gland tumors, PLAG1 activation preferentially occurs in benign tumors. PLAG1 over-expression was also found in three of nine mesenchymal tumors, i.e., in two uterine leiomyomas and one leiomyosarcoma. RNase protection, rapid amplification of 5'-cDNA ends (5'-RACE), and reverse transcription-PCR analyses of five adenomas with a normal karyotype revealed fusion transcripts in three tumors. Nucleotide sequence analysis of these showed that they contained fusions between PLAG1 and CTNNB1 (one case) or PLAG1 and a novel fusion partner gene, i.e., the gene encoding the transcription elongation factor SII (two cases). The fusions occurred in the 5' noncoding region of PLAG1, leading to exchange of regulatory control elements and, as a consequence, activation of PLAG1 gene expression. Because all of the cases had grossly normal karyotypes, the rearrangements must result from cryptic rearrangements. The results suggest that in addition to chromosomal translocations and cryptic rearrangements, PLAG1 may also be activated by mutations or indirect mechanisms. Our findings establish a conserved mechanism of PLAG1 activation in salivary gland tumors with and without 8q12 aberrations, which indicates that such activation is a frequent event in these tumors.  (+info)

Salivary gland tumors in Jordan: a retrospective study of 221 patients. (2/592)

AIM: To evaluate the types and clinical outcome of salivary gland tumors in Jordan. METHODS: Hospital records of 221 patients (85 women and 136 men) with salivary gland tumors, diagnosed from January 1988 to December 1997 were reviewed. The patients were analyzed according to sex, age, histopathological type and site of the tumor. Survival curves for patients with malignant tumors were constructed using Kaplan-Meier's method. RESULTS: Of the total 221 salivary gland tumors, 155 (70.2%) were parotid tumors, 42 (19%) minor salivary gland tumors, 23 (10.4%) submandibular gland tumors, and a single (0.4%) sublingual gland tumor. Most of the tumors (151, or 68.4%) were classified as benign and 70 (31.6%) were malignant. Men to women ratio was 1.6:1, and the age of the patients ranged from 2 to 81 years. The overall 5 and 10 year-survival rates for the 70 malignant tumors were 67% and 53%, respectively, for all tumor stages. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma had the best, and squamous cell carcinoma the worst 10-year survival rate. Patients treated with surgery and subsequent radiation therapy had better survival rates than those treated with surgery or radiation therapy alone. CONCLUSION: The principal site for salivary gland tumors in Jordan population was the parotid, and the pleo- morphic adenoma the most common pathological finding. Tumor characteristics and survival data for the Jordanian population are comparable to those from western countries.  (+info)

Bone morphogenetic protein-6 is a marker of serous acinar cell differentiation in normal and neoplastic human salivary gland. (3/592)

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-6, also known as vegetal-pale-gene-related and decaplentaplegic-vegetal-related) is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of multifunctional signaling molecules. BMP-6 appears to play various biological roles in developing tissues, including regulation of epithelial differentiation. To study the possible involvement of BMP-6 in normal and neoplastic human salivary glands, we compared its mRNA and protein expression in 4 fetal and 15 adult salivary glands and in 22 benign and 32 malignant salivary gland tumors. In situ hybridization and Northern blot analysis indicated that BMP-6 transcripts are expressed at low levels in acinar cells of adult submandibular glands but not in ductal or stromal cells. BMP-6 was immunolocated specifically in serous acini of parotid and submandibular glands. None was found in primitive fetal acini or any other types of cell in adult salivary glands, including mucous acini and epithelial cells of intercalated, striated, and excretory ducts. All 16 cases of acinic cell carcinoma consistently exhibited cytoplasmic BMP-6 staining in the acinar tumor cells. Other cell types in these tumors, including intercalated duct-like cells, clear, vacuolated cells, and nonspecific glandular cells, exhibited no cytoplasmic BMP-6 staining. Other benign and malignant salivary gland tumors lacked BMP-6 immunoreactivity, except in areas of squamous differentiation. The results indicate that in salivary glands, BMP-6 expression is uniquely associated with acinar cell differentiation and suggest that BMP-6 may play a role in salivary gland function. More importantly, our experience of differential diagnostic problems related to salivary gland tumors suggests that the demonstration of consistent and specific BMP-6 immunoreactivity in acinic cell carcinoma is likely to be of clinical value.  (+info)

Salivary gland cancer in the United States. (4/592)

The risk of salivary gland cancer (SGC) is increased in atomic bomb survivors and after radiotherapy, but other risk factors are not well established. Some studies have suggested an association of SGC with breast cancer and with exposure to various viruses or UVB radiation. Corroborating evidence of these associations was sought by using population-based registries to examine the demographic distribution of SGC, patterns of secondary primary cancers after SGC, and risk of SGC with AIDS. SGC incidence per 100,000 persons did not change between 1973 and 1992, averaging 1.2 in males and 0.8 in females, with a steep age gradient. To examine the relationship between UVB exposure and SGC, population-based, age-adjusted incidence rates of SGC were plotted against the UVB insolation of each registry site. Regression analysis suggested no correlation between SGC incidence and increasing UVB insolation (beta = 0.10, R2 = 0.08). SGC also did not appear to be associated with second cancers that have been linked to herpes or papilloma viruses or with AIDS [observed/expected (O/E) ratio, <2.8], but all of these conditions are so uncommon that only very large relative risks would have been statistically significant. Women with SGC before age 35 had a statistically nonsignificant elevation in breast cancer risk [O/E, 3.30; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.66-9.65], and older women had no increased risk of breast cancer. SGC patients were at increased risk for nonsalivary, second-primary oropharyngeal cancers (O/E, 3.27; 95% CI, 2.00-5.05), thyroid cancer (O/E, 3.31; 95% CI, 1.07-7.73), and lung cancer (O/E, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.45-2.35), particularly in patients whose SGC was treated with radiotherapy (O/E, 2.83; 95% CI, 2.06-3.80). In summary, SGC remains rare and does not appear to be associated with AIDS, virally related malignancies, or UVB. Patients who have had SGC, however, should be monitored for subsequent oropharyngeal, thyroid, and lung cancers.  (+info)

Fine-needle aspiration of secondary neoplasms involving the salivary glands. A report of 36 cases. (5/592)

Metastases or secondary deposits account for 16% of the malignant neoplasms involving the major salivary glands. A correct diagnosis of a secondary neoplasm is important to avoid unnecessary radical surgery and to guide further therapy. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is an excellent noninvasive diagnostic tool for evaluating salivary gland lesions. We reviewed 36 secondary malignant salivary gland neoplasms evaluated by FNAB. Ancillary studies were performed in selected cases. Follow-up included clinical correlation and review of histologic material. For 4 adenocarcinomas, 4 squamous cell carcinomas, 1 undifferentiated carcinoma, 1 cutaneous basal cell carcinoma, 10 cutaneous melanomas including 1 desmoplastic variant, 3 osteosarcomas, 11 non-Hodgkin lymphomas, and 2 multiple myelomas, there was 1 false-negative FNAB result. The desmoplastic melanoma was interpreted as reactive lymphoid hyperplasia. A malignant diagnosis was given in all remaining cases except the secondary basal cell carcinoma, which was diagnosed as a neoplasm with basal cell features. FNAB is a reliable tool to differentiate hematologic malignant neoplasms and melanomas from other salivary gland neoplasms. A complete knowledge of the clinical history, review of previous pathologic materials, and, in some instances, the use of ancillary studies are crucial for recognizing solid malignant neoplasms secondarily involving the salivary glands.  (+info)

PLAG1, the main translocation target in pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary glands, is a positive regulator of IGF-II. (6/592)

PLAG1, a novel developmentally regulated C2H2 zinc finger gene, is consistently rearranged and overexpressed in pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary glands with 8q12 translocations. In this report, we show that PLAG1 is a nuclear protein that binds DNA in a specific manner. The consensus PLAG1 binding site is a bipartite element containing a core sequence, GRGGC, and a G-cluster, RGGK, separated by seven random nucleotides. DNA binding is mediated mainly via three of the seven zinc fingers, with fingers 6 and 7 interacting with the core and finger 3 with the G-cluster. In transient transactivation assays, PLAG1 specifically activates transcription from its consensus DNA binding site, indicating that PLAG1 is a genuine transcription factor. Potential PLAG1 binding sites were found in the promoter 3 of the human insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) gene. We show that PLAG1 binds IGF-II promoter 3 and stimulates its activity. Moreover, IGF-II transcripts derived from the P3 promoter are highly expressed in salivary gland adenomas overexpressing PLAG1. In contrast, they are not detectable in adenomas without abnormal PLAG1 expression nor in normal salivary gland tissue. This indicates a perfect correlation between PLAG1 and IGF-II expression. All of these results strongly suggest that IGF-II is one of the PLAG1 target genes, providing us with the first clue for understanding the role of PLAG1 in salivary gland tumor development.  (+info)

Sjogren's syndrome and MALT lymphomas of salivary glands: a DNA-cytometric and interphase-cytogenetic study. (7/592)

Few and conflicting cytogenetic data are available concerning the chromosomal constitution of (mainly gastric) extranodal marginal zone B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma arising from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)-type lymphoma. The majority of salivary gland MALT lymphomas are thought to develop from longstanding Sjogren's syndrome/benign lymphoepithelial lesion (BLEL). We tried to achieve a better comprehension of related cytogenetic alterations by comparing DNA-ploidy and numerical chromosomal (#) aberrations, assessed by different techniques of DNA cytometry (image cytometry) and interphase cytogenetics using nonradiographic in situ hybridization (centromere specific probes for #3, 7, 12, 18) on 12 cases of BLEL, 13 low-grade MALT lymphomas (LG-MALT-L) and 4 high-grade MALT lymphomas (HG-MALT-L) of salivary gland. Both techniques were applied on tissue sections preferentially, enabling a reliable measurement of histomorphologically identified areas. No case of BLEL showed cytogenetic abnormalities. Three of 4 HG- and 2 of 13 LG-MALT-L exhibited complex chromosomal gains in nonisotopic in situ hybridization, which were reflected by DNA nondiploidy in image cytometry. In 6 of 13 LG- and lof 4 HG-MALT-L, one or two numerical chromosomal aberrations were demonstrated by nonisotopic in situ hybridization, which could not be resolved by image cytometry. In the 11 DNA-diploid LG-MALT-L, trisomies 18, 3, and 12 were found in 36, 12, and 9%, respectively. In conclusion, comparing BLEL, which showed no chromosomal aberrations, with LG- and HG-MALT-L, an increase in frequency and number of numerical aberrations and DNA nondiploidy was seen. Peritetraploid DNA nondiploidy might be characteristic for HG-MALT-L of salivary gland as it is a rare finding in MALT lymphomas of other sites. It is unclear whether the documented chromosomal aberrations in LG-MALT-L, especially increased rate of trisomy 18, indicate a pathogenic impact or merely reflect genetic instability.  (+info)

Salivary gland lymphomas in patients with Sjogren's syndrome may frequently develop from rheumatoid factor B cells. (8/592)

OBJECTIVE: Patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS) have an increased risk of developing monoclonal B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (MNHL), which frequently occur in the salivary glands (SG). The transition from the benign lymphocyte infiltrate of the gland that characterizes SS to MNHL is not well understood. Previous sequence analyses of the expressed variable (V) region genes have supported the theory that the surface Ig (sIg) plays an important role in the initial expansion of nonmalignant B cell clones and in lymphomagenesis. However, the antigenic specificities of these B cells were unknown. We describe the specificities of the Ig expressed by 2 cases of MNHL that developed in the SG of 2 patients with SS. METHODS: The expressed V genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction from biopsy specimens, sequenced, and subcloned into eukaryotic expression vectors. The constructs were transfected into P3X63-Ag8.653 cells to obtain 2 monoclonal cell lines, each secreting 1 of the sIg expressed by the MNHL. These IgM were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence against a panel of antigens potentially implicated in SS. RESULTS: Our main finding was that the Ig products of the neoplastic B cells were rheumatoid factors (RF). Contrary to expectations, they did not react with nuclear or cytoplasmic antigens, double-stranded DNA, self antigens commonly bound by natural autoantibodies, or SG tissue. CONCLUSION: Previous analyses of V gene use have provided indirect evidence that SG MNHL may frequently express RF. We demonstrate that this hypothesis is true in the 2 patients we studied. Large-scale studies will be needed to establish the exact frequency of RF specificity among SS-associated MNHL.  (+info)

Salivary gland neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the salivary glands. These glands are responsible for producing saliva, which helps in digestion, lubrication of food and maintaining oral health. Salivary gland neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign neoplasms are slow-growing and typically do not spread to other parts of the body. They may cause symptoms such as swelling, painless lumps, or difficulty swallowing if they grow large enough to put pressure on surrounding tissues.

Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, can be aggressive and have the potential to invade nearby structures and metastasize (spread) to distant organs. Symptoms of malignant salivary gland neoplasms may include rapid growth, pain, numbness, or paralysis of facial nerves.

Salivary gland neoplasms can occur in any of the major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands) or in the minor salivary glands located throughout the mouth and throat. The exact cause of these neoplasms is not fully understood, but risk factors may include exposure to radiation, certain viral infections, and genetic predisposition.

A pleomorphic adenoma is a type of benign (non-cancerous) tumor that typically develops in the salivary glands, although they can also occur in other areas such as the nasopharynx and skin. "Pleomorphic" refers to the diverse appearance of the cells within the tumor, which can vary in size, shape, and arrangement.

Pleomorphic adenomas are composed of a mixture of epithelial and mesenchymal cells, which can form glandular structures, squamous (scale-like) cells, and areas that resemble cartilage or bone. These tumors tend to grow slowly and usually do not spread to other parts of the body.

While pleomorphic adenomas are generally not dangerous, they can cause problems if they become large enough to press on surrounding tissues or structures. In some cases, these tumors may also undergo malignant transformation, leading to a cancerous growth known as carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma. Surgical removal is the standard treatment for pleomorphic adenomas, and the prognosis is generally good with proper management.

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops in the salivary glands or, less commonly, in other areas such as the lungs or skin. It is called "mucoepidermoid" because it contains two types of cells: mucus-secreting cells and squamous (or epidermoid) cells.

Mucoepidermoid carcinomas can vary in their behavior, ranging from low-grade tumors that grow slowly and rarely spread to other parts of the body, to high-grade tumors that are aggressive and can metastasize. The treatment and prognosis for mucoepidermoid carcinoma depend on several factors, including the grade and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health.

It is important to note that while I strive to provide accurate and up-to-date information, this definition may not capture all the nuances of this medical condition. Therefore, it is always best to consult with a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Parotid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the parotid gland, which is the largest of the salivary glands and is located in front of the ear and extends down the neck. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign parotid neoplasms are typically slow-growing, painless masses that may cause facial asymmetry or difficulty in chewing or swallowing if they become large enough to compress surrounding structures. The most common type of benign parotid tumor is a pleomorphic adenoma.

Malignant parotid neoplasms, on the other hand, are more aggressive and can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. They may present as rapidly growing masses that are firm or fixed to surrounding structures. Common types of malignant parotid tumors include mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.

The diagnosis of parotid neoplasms typically involves a thorough clinical evaluation, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) to determine the nature of the tumor. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the neoplasm but may include surgical excision, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Salivary glands are exocrine glands that produce saliva, which is secreted into the oral cavity to keep the mouth and throat moist, aid in digestion by initiating food breakdown, and help maintain dental health. There are three major pairs of salivary glands: the parotid glands located in the cheeks, the submandibular glands found beneath the jaw, and the sublingual glands situated under the tongue. Additionally, there are numerous minor salivary glands distributed throughout the oral cavity lining. These glands release their secretions through a system of ducts into the mouth.

Palatal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur on the palate, which is the roof of the mouth. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are typically slower growing and less likely to spread, while malignant neoplasms are more aggressive and can invade nearby tissues and organs.

Palatal neoplasms can have various causes, including genetic factors, environmental exposures, and viral infections. They may present with symptoms such as mouth pain, difficulty swallowing, swelling or lumps in the mouth, bleeding, or numbness in the mouth or face.

The diagnosis of palatal neoplasms typically involves a thorough clinical examination, imaging studies, and sometimes biopsy to determine the type and extent of the growth. Treatment options depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the neoplasm but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or spread of the neoplasm.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) is a rare type of cancer that can occur in various glands and tissues of the body, most commonly in the salivary glands. AdCC is characterized by its slow growth and tendency to spread along nerves. It typically forms solid, cystic, or mixed tumors with distinct histological features, including epithelial cells arranged in tubular, cribriform, or solid patterns.

The term "carcinoma" refers to a malignant tumor originating from the epithelial cells lining various organs and glands. In this case, adenoid cystic carcinoma is a specific type of carcinoma that arises in the salivary glands or other glandular tissues.

The primary treatment options for AdCC include surgical resection, radiation therapy, and sometimes chemotherapy. Despite its slow growth, adenoid cystic carcinoma has a propensity to recur locally and metastasize to distant sites such as the lungs, bones, and liver. Long-term follow-up is essential due to the risk of late recurrences.

Minor salivary glands are numerous small exocrine glands that produce saliva and are distributed throughout the oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and paranasal sinuses. They are classified as "minor" due to their smaller size compared to the three pairs of major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual). The minor salivary glands are primarily mucous glands, although some contain serous cells. They are responsible for producing approximately 5-10% of the total saliva in the mouth. These glands help moisten the oral cavity, protect the mucosal lining, and facilitate speaking, chewing, and swallowing.

Myoepithelioma is a very rare, benign (non-cancerous) tumor that arises from the myoepithelial cells, which are found in various glands throughout the body, including salivary glands, sweat glands, and mammary glands. These tumors typically appear as slow-growing, painless masses. While they are usually benign, some myoepitheliomas can become malignant (cancerous) and invasive, leading to more serious health concerns. Treatment for myoepithelioma typically involves surgical removal of the tumor.

Adenolymphoma is a rare, benign tumor that arises from the lymphoid tissue found in glandular structures, such as the salivary glands. It is also known as Warthin's tumor or cystic papillary adenolymphoma.

The tumor is composed of multiple cyst-like spaces lined by columnar epithelial cells and surrounded by lymphoid tissue, which may contain lymphocytes, plasma cells, and occasionally, germinal centers. The etiology of adenolymphoma is unclear, but it has been associated with smoking and genetic factors.

Adenolymphomas are typically slow-growing and painless, although they can cause discomfort or facial asymmetry if they become large enough. They are usually diagnosed through imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, followed by a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment of adenolymphoma typically involves surgical excision, which is usually curative. Recurrence after surgery is rare, but long-term follow-up is recommended due to the potential for malignant transformation into squamous cell carcinoma or other malignancies.

Sebaceous gland neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the sebaceous glands, which are small oil-producing glands found in the skin. These glands are responsible for producing sebum, a natural oil that helps keep the skin and hair moisturized. Sebaceous gland neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign sebaceous gland neoplasms include:

* Seborrheic keratosis: These are common, harmless growths that appear as rough, scaly patches on the skin. They can be tan, brown, or black in color and vary in size from small to large.
* Sebaceous adenoma: This is a benign tumor that arises from the sebaceous glands. It typically appears as a small, yellowish bump on the skin.

Malignant sebaceous gland neoplasms include:

* Sebaceous carcinoma: This is a rare but aggressive form of skin cancer that arises from the sebaceous glands. It often appears as a hard, painless nodule on the eyelid or other areas of the face and can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
* Basal cell carcinoma: While not exclusively a sebaceous gland neoplasm, basal cell carcinomas can sometimes arise from the sebaceous glands. These are slow-growing but invasive skin cancers that typically appear as pearly or flesh-colored bumps on the skin.

It is important to have any new or changing growths on the skin evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine whether they are benign or malignant and to develop an appropriate treatment plan if necessary.

Anal gland neoplasms, also known as anal sac tumors, are abnormal growths that develop from the cells lining the anal glands. These glands are located on either side of the anus in dogs and some other animals, and they produce a scent used for marking territory.

Anal gland neoplasms can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tumors are more common and tend to grow quickly, invading surrounding tissues and spreading to other parts of the body (metastasis). Common symptoms of anal gland neoplasms include straining to defecate, bleeding from the rectum, and a firm mass that can be felt near the anus.

Treatment for anal gland neoplasms typically involves surgical removal of the tumor. In some cases, radiation therapy or chemotherapy may also be recommended. The prognosis for animals with anal gland neoplasms depends on several factors, including the size and location of the tumor, whether it has spread to other parts of the body, and the overall health of the animal.

Sublingual gland neoplasms refer to the abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the sublingual salivary glands, which are located beneath the tongue in the floor of the mouth. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign sublingual gland neoplasms are typically slow-growing and cause little to no discomfort, although they may become large enough to interfere with speaking, swallowing, or breathing. Malignant sublingual gland neoplasms, on the other hand, can grow rapidly, invade surrounding tissues, and potentially spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.

The most common type of benign sublingual gland neoplasm is a pleomorphic adenoma, while malignant tumors may include mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, or squamous cell carcinoma. Treatment options for sublingual gland neoplasms depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor but often involve surgical excision, with or without radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or metastasis.

Perianal glands, also known as hepatoid glands or circumanal glands, are specialized sebaceous glands located in the perianal region of many mammals, including dogs and cats. These glands are found in the skin around the anus and are responsible for producing a scent that is unique to each individual animal. The secretions from these glands play a role in territorial marking and communication.

In humans, there are no true perianal glands, but there are some sweat glands located in the perianal region that can sometimes become inflamed or infected, leading to conditions such as hidradenitis suppurativa or perianal abscesses. However, these conditions are not related to the perianal glands found in animals.

Salivary gland diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the function and structure of the salivary glands. These glands are responsible for producing saliva, which helps in digestion, lubrication, and protection of the mouth and throat. The major salivary glands include the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.

There are several types of salivary gland diseases, including:

1. Salivary Gland Infections: These are usually caused by bacteria or viruses that infect the gland, ducts, or surrounding tissues. The most common infection is called sialadenitis, which can cause pain, swelling, redness, and difficulty swallowing.

2. Salivary Gland Stones (Sialolithiasis): These are small, hard deposits that form in the ducts of the salivary glands, causing blockages and leading to swelling, pain, and infection.

3. Salivary Gland Tumors: Both benign and malignant tumors can develop in the salivary glands. Benign tumors are usually slow-growing and cause localized swelling, while malignant tumors may be more aggressive and spread to other parts of the body.

4. Salivary Gland Dysfunction: This refers to conditions that affect the production or flow of saliva, such as Sjogren's syndrome, radiation therapy, dehydration, or certain medications.

5. Autoimmune Disorders: Conditions like Sjogren's syndrome, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis can affect the salivary glands and cause inflammation, dry mouth, and other symptoms.

6. Salivary Gland Trauma: Injuries to the face or neck can damage the salivary glands and lead to swelling, bleeding, or decreased function.

Proper diagnosis and treatment of salivary gland diseases require a thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional, often involving imaging studies, laboratory tests, and biopsies. Treatment options may include antibiotics, surgery, radiation therapy, or changes in medication or lifestyle.

Submandibular gland neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the submandibular glands. These are one of the three pairs of major salivary glands located beneath the jaw and produce saliva that helps in digestion. Submandibular gland neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign neoplasms are typically slow-growing, do not invade surrounding tissues, and rarely spread to other parts of the body. Common types of benign submandibular gland neoplasms include pleomorphic adenomas and monomorphic adenomas.

Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, are aggressive and can invade nearby structures or metastasize (spread) to distant organs. Common types of malignant submandibular gland neoplasms include mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and acinic cell carcinoma.

Symptoms of submandibular gland neoplasms may include a painless swelling or mass in the neck, difficulty swallowing, speaking, or breathing, numbness or tingling in the tongue or lips, and unexplained weight loss. Treatment options depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor but often involve surgical excision, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or metastasis.

Chloroprene is a colorless liquid with a mild, rubbery odor. It is chemically known as 2-chlorobuta-1,3-diene and is primarily used in the industrial production of polychloroprene, a type of synthetic rubber that is resistant to heat, oil, and weathering.

In a medical context, chloroprene itself is not commonly used or encountered. However, exposure to chloroprene during its manufacture or use in industrial settings has been associated with an increased risk of certain health effects, including neurological damage, liver toxicity, and cancer. Therefore, occupational safety regulations exist to limit worker exposure to this chemical.

The submandibular glands are one of the major salivary glands in the human body. They are located beneath the mandible (jawbone) and produce saliva that helps in digestion, lubrication, and protection of the oral cavity. The saliva produced by the submandibular glands contains enzymes like amylase and mucin, which aid in the digestion of carbohydrates and provide moisture to the mouth and throat. Any medical condition or disease that affects the submandibular gland may impact its function and could lead to problems such as dry mouth (xerostomia), swelling, pain, or infection.

The parotid gland is the largest of the major salivary glands. It is a bilobed, accessory digestive organ that secretes serous saliva into the mouth via the parotid duct (Stensen's duct), located near the upper second molar tooth. The parotid gland is primarily responsible for moistening and lubricating food to aid in swallowing and digestion.

Anatomically, the parotid gland is located in the preauricular region, extending from the zygomatic arch superiorly to the angle of the mandible inferiorly, and from the masseter muscle anteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle posteriorly. It is enclosed within a fascial capsule and has a rich blood supply from the external carotid artery and a complex innervation pattern involving both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers.

Parotid gland disorders can include salivary gland stones (sialolithiasis), infections, inflammatory conditions, benign or malignant tumors, and autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome.

Endocrine gland neoplasms refer to abnormal growths (tumors) that develop in the endocrine glands. These glands are responsible for producing hormones, which are chemical messengers that regulate various functions and processes in the body. Neoplasms can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms tend to grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, can invade nearby tissues and organs and may also metastasize (spread) to distant sites.

Endocrine gland neoplasms can occur in any of the endocrine glands, including:

1. Pituitary gland: located at the base of the brain, it produces several hormones that regulate growth and development, as well as other bodily functions.
2. Thyroid gland: located in the neck, it produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism and calcium balance.
3. Parathyroid glands: located near the thyroid gland, they produce parathyroid hormone that regulates calcium levels in the blood.
4. Adrenal glands: located on top of each kidney, they produce hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol, and aldosterone that regulate stress response, metabolism, and blood pressure.
5. Pancreas: located behind the stomach, it produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels, and digestive enzymes that help break down food.
6. Pineal gland: located in the brain, it produces melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles.
7. Gonads (ovaries and testicles): located in the pelvis (ovaries) and scrotum (testicles), they produce sex hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone that regulate reproductive function and secondary sexual characteristics.

Endocrine gland neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on the type and location of the tumor. For example, a pituitary gland neoplasm may cause headaches, vision problems, or hormonal imbalances, while an adrenal gland neoplasm may cause high blood pressure, weight gain, or mood changes.

Diagnosis of endocrine gland neoplasms typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and laboratory tests to measure hormone levels. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormonal therapy, depending on the type and stage of the tumor.

Sweat gland neoplasms are abnormal growths that develop in the sweat glands. These growths can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign sweat gland neoplasms include hidradenomas and syringomas, which are usually slow-growing and cause little to no symptoms. Malignant sweat gland neoplasms, also known as sweat gland carcinomas, are rare but aggressive cancers that can spread to other parts of the body. They may cause symptoms such as a lump or mass under the skin, pain, swelling, and redness. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the growth.

The sublingual glands are a pair of salivary glands located in the floor of the mouth, beneath the tongue. They are the smallest of the major salivary glands and produce around 5-10% of the total saliva in the mouth. The sublingual glands secrete saliva containing electrolytes, enzymes (such as amylase), and antibacterial compounds that help in digestion, lubrication, and protection against microorganisms.

The sublingual glands' secretions are released through multiple small ducts called the ducts of Rivinus or minor sublingual ducts, as well as a larger duct called the duct of Wharton, which is a common excretory duct for both sublingual and submandibular glands.

Sublingual gland dysfunction can lead to conditions such as dry mouth (xerostomia), dental caries, or oral infections.

Salivary ducts are the excretory tubules that transport saliva from the major and minor salivary glands to the oral cavity. The main function of these ducts is to convey the salivary secretions, which contain enzymes and lubricants, into the mouth to aid in digestion, speech, and swallowing.

There are two pairs of major salivary glands: the parotid glands and the submandibular glands. Each pair has its own set of ducts. The parotid gland's saliva is drained through the parotid duct, also known as Stensen's duct, which opens into the oral cavity opposite the upper second molar tooth. The submandibular gland's saliva is transported through the submandibular duct, or Wharton's duct, which empties into the floor of the mouth near the base of the tongue.

Minor salivary glands are scattered throughout the oral cavity and pharynx, and their secretions are drained via small ducts directly into the oral mucosa.

Sjögren's syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own moisture-producing glands, particularly the tear and salivary glands. This can lead to symptoms such as dry eyes, dry mouth, and dryness in other areas of the body. In some cases, it may also affect other organs, leading to a variety of complications.

There are two types of Sjögren's syndrome: primary and secondary. Primary Sjögren's syndrome occurs when the condition develops on its own, while secondary Sjögren's syndrome occurs when it develops in conjunction with another autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.

The exact cause of Sjögren's syndrome is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Treatment typically focuses on relieving symptoms and may include artificial tears, saliva substitutes, medications to stimulate saliva production, and immunosuppressive drugs in more severe cases.

Sialadenitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the salivary gland. It can occur in any of the major salivary glands, including the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. The inflammation may result from bacterial or viral infections, autoimmune disorders, or obstruction of the salivary ducts.

Acute sialadenitis is often caused by bacterial infections and can lead to symptoms such as pain, swelling, redness, and difficulty swallowing. Chronic sialadenitis, on the other hand, may be caused by recurrent infections, autoimmune disorders like Sjogren's syndrome, or stones in the salivary ducts. Symptoms of chronic sialadenitis can include intermittent swelling, pain, and dry mouth.

Treatment for sialadenitis depends on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medications, hydration, and massage of the salivary glands. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove obstructions or damaged tissue in the salivary gland.

Exocrine glands are a type of gland in the human body that produce and release substances through ducts onto an external or internal surface. These glands are responsible for secreting various substances such as enzymes, hormones, and lubricants that help in digestion, protection, and other bodily functions.

Exocrine glands can be further classified into three types based on their mode of secretion:

1. Merocrine glands: These glands release their secretions by exocytosis, where the secretory product is enclosed in a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents outside the cell. Examples include sweat glands and mucous glands.
2. Apocrine glands: These glands release their secretions by pinching off a portion of the cytoplasm along with the secretory product. An example is the apocrine sweat gland found in the armpits and genital area.
3. Holocrine glands: These glands release their secretions by disintegrating and releasing the entire cell, including its organelles and secretory products. An example is the sebaceous gland found in the skin, which releases an oily substance called sebum.

Salivary gland calculi, also known as salivary duct stones or sialoliths, are small, hard deposits that form in the salivary glands or their ducts. These calculi typically consist of calcium salts and other minerals, and can vary in size from a few millimeters to over a centimeter in diameter.

Salivary gland calculi can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, swelling, and difficulty swallowing, particularly during meals. The obstruction of the salivary duct by the calculus can lead to infection or inflammation of the salivary gland (sialadenitis).

The most common location for salivary gland calculi is in the submandibular gland and its duct, followed by the parotid gland and then the sublingual gland. Treatment options for salivary gland calculi include conservative management with hydration, massage, and warm compresses, as well as more invasive procedures such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, sialendoscopy, or surgical removal of the calculus.

Mammary glands are specialized exocrine glands found in mammals, including humans and other animals. These glands are responsible for producing milk, which is used to nurse offspring after birth. The mammary glands are located in the breast region of female mammals and are usually rudimentary or absent in males.

In animals, mammary glands can vary in number and location depending on the species. For example, humans and other primates have two mammary glands, one in each breast. Cows, goats, and sheep, on the other hand, have multiple pairs of mammary glands located in their lower abdominal region.

Mammary glands are made up of several structures, including lobules, ducts, and connective tissue. The lobules contain clusters of milk-secreting cells called alveoli, which produce and store milk. The ducts transport the milk from the lobules to the nipple, where it is released during lactation.

Mammary glands are an essential feature of mammals, as they provide a source of nutrition for newborn offspring. They also play a role in the development and maintenance of the mother-infant bond, as nursing provides opportunities for physical contact and bonding between the mother and her young.

Salivary proteins and peptides refer to the diverse group of molecules that are present in saliva, which is the clear, slightly alkaline fluid produced by the salivary glands in the mouth. These proteins and peptides play a crucial role in maintaining oral health and contributing to various physiological functions.

Some common types of salivary proteins and peptides include:

1. **Mucins**: These are large, heavily glycosylated proteins that give saliva its viscous quality. They help to lubricate the oral cavity, protect the mucosal surfaces, and aid in food bolus formation.
2. **Amylases**: These enzymes break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars, initiating the digestive process even before food reaches the stomach.
3. **Proline-rich proteins (PRPs)**: PRPs contribute to the buffering capacity of saliva and help protect against tooth erosion by forming a protective layer on tooth enamel.
4. **Histatins**: These are small cationic peptides with antimicrobial properties, playing a significant role in maintaining oral microbial homeostasis and preventing dental caries.
5. **Lactoferrin**: An iron-binding protein that exhibits antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities, contributing to the overall oral health.
6. **Statherin and Cystatins**: These proteins regulate calcium phosphate precipitation, preventing dental calculus formation and maintaining tooth mineral homeostasis.

Salivary proteins and peptides have attracted significant interest in recent years due to their potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Alterations in the composition of these molecules can provide valuable insights into various oral and systemic diseases, making them promising biomarkers for disease detection and monitoring.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

Submandibular gland diseases refer to a group of disorders that affect the function or structure of the submandibular glands, which are salivary glands located beneath the jaw and produce saliva. These diseases can be categorized into inflammatory, infectious, obstructive, neoplastic (benign or malignant), and autoimmune disorders.

Some common submandibular gland diseases include:

1. Submandibular sialadenitis: Inflammation of the submandibular gland due to bacterial or viral infections, stones, or autoimmune conditions.
2. Salivary gland stones (sialolithiasis): Calcified deposits that obstruct the ducts leading from the submandibular gland, causing swelling and pain, especially during meals.
3. Submandibular gland tumors: Abnormal growths in the submandibular gland, which can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tumors may invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.
4. Sjögren's syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that affects the exocrine glands, including the submandibular gland, leading to dry mouth and eyes.
5. IgG4-related disease: A systemic inflammatory condition characterized by the infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells into various organs, including the submandibular gland, causing swelling and damage.
6. Mikulicz's disease: A rare benign lymphoepithelial lesion that affects the salivary and lacrimal glands, including the submandibular gland, leading to enlargement and dryness of the affected glands.
7. Salivary gland dysfunction: Reduced or impaired saliva production due to aging, medications, radiation therapy, or systemic diseases, which can affect the submandibular gland.

Proper diagnosis and treatment of submandibular gland diseases require a thorough clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and sometimes biopsy or surgical intervention.

Salivation is the process of producing and secreting saliva by the salivary glands in the mouth. It is primarily a reflex response to various stimuli such as thinking about or tasting food, chewing, and speaking. Saliva plays a crucial role in digestion by moistening food and helping to create a food bolus that can be swallowed easily. Additionally, saliva contains enzymes like amylase which begin the process of digesting carbohydrates even before food enters the stomach. Excessive salivation is known as hypersalivation or ptyalism, while reduced salivation is called xerostomia.

Xerostomia is a medical term that describes the subjective feeling of dryness in the mouth due to decreased or absent saliva flow. It's also commonly referred to as "dry mouth." This condition can result from various factors, including medications, dehydration, radiation therapy, Sjögren's syndrome, and other medical disorders. Prolonged xerostomia may lead to oral health issues such as dental caries, oral candidiasis, and difficulty with speaking, chewing, and swallowing.

Saliva is a complex mixture of primarily water, but also electrolytes, enzymes, antibacterial compounds, and various other substances. It is produced by the salivary glands located in the mouth. Saliva plays an essential role in maintaining oral health by moistening the mouth, helping to digest food, and protecting the teeth from decay by neutralizing acids produced by bacteria.

The medical definition of saliva can be stated as:

"A clear, watery, slightly alkaline fluid secreted by the salivary glands, consisting mainly of water, with small amounts of electrolytes, enzymes (such as amylase), mucus, and antibacterial compounds. Saliva aids in digestion, lubrication of oral tissues, and provides an oral barrier against microorganisms."

Sweat glands are specialized tubular structures in the skin that produce and secrete sweat, also known as perspiration. They are part of the body's thermoregulatory system, helping to maintain optimal body temperature by releasing water and heat through evaporation. There are two main types of sweat glands: eccrine and apocrine.

1. Eccrine sweat glands: These are distributed throughout the body, with a higher concentration on areas like the palms, soles, and forehead. They are responsible for producing a watery, odorless sweat that primarily helps to cool down the body through evaporation.

2. Apocrine sweat glands: These are mainly found in the axillary (armpit) region and around the anogenital area. They become active during puberty and produce a thick, milky fluid that does not have a strong odor on its own but can mix with bacteria on the skin's surface, leading to body odor.

Sweat glands are controlled by the autonomic nervous system, meaning they function involuntarily in response to various stimuli such as emotions, physical activity, or changes in environmental temperature.

Sebaceous glands are microscopic, exocrine glands that are found in the dermis of mammalian skin. They are attached to hair follicles and produce an oily substance called sebum, which is composed of triglycerides, wax esters, squalene, and metabolites of fat-producing cells (fatty acids, cholesterol). Sebum is released through a duct onto the surface of the skin, where it forms a protective barrier that helps to prevent water loss, keeps the skin and hair moisturized, and has antibacterial properties.

Sebaceous glands are distributed throughout the body, but they are most numerous on the face, scalp, and upper trunk. They can also be found in other areas of the body such as the eyelids (where they are known as meibomian glands), the external ear canal, and the genital area.

Abnormalities in sebaceous gland function can lead to various skin conditions, including acne, seborrheic dermatitis, and certain types of skin cancer.

The lacrimal apparatus is a complex system in the eye that produces, stores, and drains tears. It consists of several components including:

1. Lacrimal glands: These are located in the upper outer part of the eyelid and produce tears to keep the eye surface moist and protected from external agents.
2. Tear ducts (lacrimal canaliculi): These are small tubes that drain tears from the surface of the eye into the lacrimal sac.
3. Lacrimal sac: This is a small pouch-like structure located in the inner part of the eyelid, which collects tears from the tear ducts and drains them into the nasolacrimal duct.
4. Nasolacrimal duct: This is a tube that runs from the lacrimal sac to the nose and drains tears into the nasal cavity.

The lacrimal apparatus helps maintain the health and comfort of the eye by keeping it lubricated, protecting it from infection, and removing any foreign particles or debris.

The Harderian gland is a specialized exocrine gland located in many vertebrate species, including birds and mammals. In humans, it is rudimentary and not fully developed. However, in other animals like rodents, lagomorphs (rabbits and hares), and some reptiles, this gland plays a significant role.

The Harderian gland is primarily responsible for producing and secreting lipids, which help to lubricate the eye's surface and the nictitating membrane (third eyelid). This lubrication ensures that the eyes remain moist and protected from dryness and external irritants. Additionally, the secretions of the Harderian gland contain immunoglobulins, which contribute to the animal's immune defense system by providing protection against pathogens.

In some animals, the Harderian gland also has a role in pheromone production and communication. The study and understanding of this gland are particularly important in toxicological research, as it is often used as an indicator of environmental pollutant exposure and their effects on wildlife.

Pancreatic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the pancreas that can be benign or malignant. The pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach that produces hormones and digestive enzymes. Pancreatic neoplasms can interfere with the normal functioning of the pancreas, leading to various health complications.

Benign pancreatic neoplasms are non-cancerous growths that do not spread to other parts of the body. They are usually removed through surgery to prevent any potential complications, such as blocking the bile duct or causing pain.

Malignant pancreatic neoplasms, also known as pancreatic cancer, are cancerous growths that can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and organs. They can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the liver, lungs, or bones. Pancreatic cancer is often aggressive and difficult to treat, with a poor prognosis.

There are several types of pancreatic neoplasms, including adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors, solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, and cystic neoplasms. The specific type of neoplasm is determined through various diagnostic tests, such as imaging studies, biopsies, and blood tests. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and location of the neoplasm, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.

Diptera is an order of insects that includes flies, mosquitoes, and gnats. The name "Diptera" comes from the Greek words "di," meaning two, and "pteron," meaning wing. This refers to the fact that all members of this order have a single pair of functional wings for flying, while the other pair is reduced to small knob-like structures called halteres, which help with balance and maneuverability during flight.

Some common examples of Diptera include houseflies, fruit flies, horseflies, tsetse flies, and midges. Many species in this order are important pollinators, while others can be significant pests or disease vectors. The study of Diptera is called dipterology.

Neoplasms are abnormal growths of cells or tissues in the body that serve no physiological function. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are typically slow growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms are aggressive, invasive, and can metastasize to distant sites.

Neoplasms occur when there is a dysregulation in the normal process of cell division and differentiation, leading to uncontrolled growth and accumulation of cells. This can result from genetic mutations or other factors such as viral infections, environmental exposures, or hormonal imbalances.

Neoplasms can develop in any organ or tissue of the body and can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and type. Treatment options for neoplasms include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, among others.

The adrenal glands are a pair of endocrine glands that are located on top of the kidneys. Each gland has two parts: the outer cortex and the inner medulla. The adrenal cortex produces hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens, which regulate metabolism, blood pressure, and other vital functions. The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines, including epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help the body respond to stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness.

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This extraoral enlargement may be confused with parotid salivary gland disease, dental infections, and maxillofacial neoplasms ... Dissection, showing salivary glands of right side (Masseter visible at center) Left temporal bone, outer surface Left temporal ... Posteriorly, it is covered by the parotid gland. The coronoid head of the masseter's tendon and muscle fibers run ...
A sialoblastoma is a low-grade salivary gland neoplasm that recapitulates primitive salivary gland anlage. It has previously ... "The congenital basal cell adenoma of salivary glands. Contribution to the differential diagnosis of congenital salivary gland ... The majority of the tumors are identified in the parotid salivary gland, although the submandibular gland can also be affected ... Herrmann BW, Dehner LP, Lieu JE (Feb 2005). "Congenital salivary gland anlage tumor: a case series and review of the literature ...
It represents 5% to 15% of surgically resected renal neoplasms.[citation needed] The salivary gland oncocytoma is a well- ... Salivary gland oncocytomas are most common in ages 70-80, females, the parotid gland (85-90%), and are firm, slowly growing, ... It comprises about 1% of all salivary gland tumors. The histopathology is marked by sheets of large swollen polyhedral ... are obviously invasive macroscopically and display pervasive vascular invasion with multifocal involvement of the thyroid gland ...
This is a very rare benign neoplasm, that makes up about 1% of all salivary gland tumors, or about 4% of all benign salivary ... Canalicular adenoma is a benign, epithelial salivary gland neoplasm arranged in interconnecting cords of columnar cells. ... Ferreiro JA (Dec 1994). "Immunohistochemical analysis of salivary gland canalicular adenoma". Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. ... canalicular adenoma and polymorphous low grade adenocarcinoma of minor salivary glands". Head Neck Pathol. 1 (1): 27-32. doi: ...
Salivary gland neoplasia, All stub articles, Neoplasm stubs). ... It affects the minor salivary glands in the area between the ... Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) is a rare, asymptomatic, slow-growing malignant salivary gland tumor. It is most ... It forms glands, i.e. it is an adenocarcinoma. ... "Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma of parotid gland: a rare ...
... subscript indicates salivary gland) is a salivary gland neoplasm. It is a secretory carcinoma which shares the microscopic ... The authors of this report found a chromosome translocation in certain salivary gland tumors, i.e. a (12;15)(p13;q25) fusion ... and salivary gland-type carcinoma of the thyroid. MASCSG was first described by Skálová et al. in 2010. ... thyroid gland, colon, rectum, and brain. ETV6-NTRK3 fusion genes in some MASCSG disease cases display atypical exon junctions ...
... mammary analogue secretory carcinoma of salivary glands (also termed MASC or MASCSG), salivary gland-type carcinoma of the ... "Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Thyroid Neoplasms". Endocrine Pathology. 33 (1): 27-63. doi:10.1007/s12022-022-09707 ... Skalova A, Michal M, Simpson RH (January 2017). "Newly described salivary gland tumors". Modern Pathology. 30 (s1): S27-S43. ... Stenman G (July 2013). "Fusion oncogenes in salivary gland tumors: molecular and clinical consequences". Head and Neck ...
Oncocytoma, a tumour composed of oncocytes, may be found as a less common salivary gland neoplasm also known as oxyphilic ... Also known as: Hürthle cell (thyroid gland only) Oxyphilic cell Askanazy cell Apocrine metaplasia (breast gland only). ... Cytodiagnosis of Lesions Presenting as Salivary Gland Swellings: A Report of Seven Cases. Diagn Cytopathol 8: 439-443, 1992b. ... "A correlative cytological and histopathological study on lesions of salivary gland" (PDF). - Chan MKM, McGuire LJ: ...
Pleomorphic adenoma is seen to be a common benign neoplasm of the salivary gland and has an overall incidence of 54-68%. The ... Salivary gland involvement primarily involves both parotid glands, causing enlargement and swelling. Salivary gland biopsy with ... The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in many animals. In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of ... The parotid salivary glands appear early in the sixth week of the prenatal development and are the first major salivary glands ...
"Salivary Gland Neoplasms". Medscape.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Updated: Jan 13, 2021 Diagrams ... H & E stain Histopathologic image of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the major salivary gland. The same lesion as shown in a ... Alcian blue-PAS stain Mucoepidermoid carcinomas of the salivary and bronchial glands are characterized by a recurrent t(11;19)( ... Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is the most common type of minor salivary gland malignancy in adults. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma ...
... indurated and enlarged masses that are clinically indistinguishable from salivary gland neoplasms or tumors. It is now regarded ... but is also known to occur in other major and minor salivary glands, including the parotid gland. Overall, salivary gland ... salivary gland malignancies account for 3-5% of all head and neck cancers. However, salivary tumors show a great deal of ... Formation of a hard salivary calculus or sialolith by accumulation of calcium salts in the duct of the salivary gland (a ...
... parotid glands, submandibular glands and sublingual glands) of the head and neck. Carcinoma is a term for malignant neoplasms ... Salivary gland-like carcinomas of the lung generally refers a class of rare cancers that arise from the uncontrolled cell ... Icotinib has been temporarily effective at treating salivary gland-like carcinoma of the lung but loses efficiency after three ... and pembrolizumab was effective for primary salivary gland‐type lung adenocarcinoma diagnosed due to esophageal stricture: A ...
... or parotid salivary gland cancer (malignant neoplasm) because the facial nerve travels through the gland. The parotid gland can ...
... a popular type of neoplasm at the salivary glands. GOC is usually misdiagnosed with other lesions developed at the glandular ... A potential biological origin of GOC is a cyst developed at a salivary gland or simple epithelium, which undergoes maturation ... and salivary gland due to the shared clinical signs. The presence of osteodentin supports the concept of an odontogenic pathway ... transcript may be helpful towards the differentiation of the GOC from the central MEC of the jaw and salivary glands. A ...
... a malignant tumour of the salivary gland CYLD cutaneous syndrome List of cutaneous neoplasms associated with systemic syndromes ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, and cysts, All stub ...
Fibrous dysplasia Paget's disease Neoplasms Carcinoma Leukeamia Lymphoma Myeloma Odontogenic tumours Minor salivary gland ... salivary gland disorders, temporomandibular disorders (e.g.: problems with the TMJ) and facial pain (due to musculoskeletal or ... Infection of the salivary glands Pyogenic granuloma: Is a relatively common, tumor-like, exuberant tissue response to localized ... Sarcoidosis is a multi-system condition which may lead to gingival enlargement or salivary gland swelling which may result in ...
... the diagnosis and treatment of salivary gland neoplasms remain com... ... Neoplasms that arise in the salivary glands are relatively rare, yet they represent a wide variety of both benign and malignant ... The salivary glands are divided into 2 groups: the major salivary glands and the minor salivary glands. The major salivary ... Salivary gland neoplasms make up 6% of all head and neck tumors. [1] The incidence of salivary gland neoplasms as a whole is ...
... the diagnosis and treatment of salivary gland neoplasms remain com... ... Neoplasms that arise in the salivary glands are relatively rare, yet they represent a wide variety of both benign and malignant ... The salivary glands are divided into 2 groups: the major salivary glands and the minor salivary glands. The major salivary ... Salivary gland neoplasms make up 6% of all head and neck tumors. [1] The incidence of salivary gland neoplasms as a whole is ...
Results of histopathological revisions of major salivary gland neoplasms in routine clinical practice ... Results of histopathological revisions of major salivary gland neoplasms in routine clinical practice ...
... the diagnosis and treatment of salivary gland neoplasms remain com... ... Neoplasms that arise in the salivary glands are relatively rare, yet they represent a wide variety of both benign and malignant ... The salivary glands are divided into 2 groups: the major salivary glands and the minor salivary glands. The major salivary ... Salivary gland neoplasms make up 6% of all head and neck tumors. [1] The incidence of salivary gland neoplasms as a whole is ...
Salivary gland neoplasms are abnormal cells growing in the salivary gland or in the ducts that drain the glands. They can be ... Salivary gland neoplasms are abnormal cells growing in the salivary gland or in the ducts that drain the glands. They can be ... Salivary gland neoplasms are abnormal cells growing in the salivary gland or in the ducts that drain the glands. They can be ... salivary gland neoplasms more frequently affect women. Less than 5% of occurrences of salivary gland tumors occur in children, ...
NOBREGA, Marília Queiroga Rocha da et al. Minor salivary gland neoplasms: retrospective study of 83 cases. RGO, Rev. gaúch. ... Palavras-chave : epidemiology; minor salivary glands; neoplasms. · resumo em Português · texto em Português · pdf em Português ... OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and histopathological findings of minor salivary gland neoplasms ... Minor salivary gland tumors are more common in females. Patients with malignant neoplasms presented higher mean age at ...
title = "Update on selected salivary gland neoplasms",. abstract = "Context. - Malignancies of the salivary gland are uncommon ... Update on selected salivary gland neoplasms. / McHugh, Jonathan B.; Visscher, Daniel W.; Barnes, E. Leon. In: Archives of ... Update on selected salivary gland neoplasms. In: Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. 2009 ; Vol. 133, No. 11. pp. ... Update on selected salivary gland neoplasms. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. 2009 Nov;133(11):1763-1774. ...
... the diagnosis and treatment of salivary gland neoplasms remain com... ... Neoplasms that arise in the salivary glands are relatively rare, yet they represent a wide variety of both benign and malignant ... encoded search term (Salivary Gland Neoplasms) and Salivary Gland Neoplasms What to Read Next on Medscape ... and are the least aggressive of the salivary gland tumors. They probably represent fewer than 2% of salivary gland neoplasms. ...
Rare: 2.3% of benign salivary tumors 6 th decade M:F = 1:1 Parotid: 78% Submandibular gland: 9% Minor salivary glands: palate, ... Salivary Gland Neoplasms. Salivary Gland Neoplasms. Benign NeoplasmsMalignant NeoplasmsControversial Issues. Salivary Gland ... Salivary Gland Diseases. Salivary Gland Diseases. The salivary glands consist of 3 paired major glands, 1- parotid glands: ... DISEASES OF SALIVARY GLAND. DISEASES OF SALIVARY GLAND. Introduction. Two types of salivary glands - Major glands and minor ...
Malignant neoplasms of the lip; tongue; salivary gland; floor of mouth; gum and other mouth; tonsil; oropharynx; hypopharynx; ... Malignant neoplasm of the urinary bladder.. * Malignant neoplasm of the kidney.. * Malignant neoplasms of the renal pelvis; ... Malignant neoplasm of the thyroid.. * Malignant neoplasms of the blood and lymphoid tissues (including, but not limited to, ... Malignant neoplasms of the liver and intrahepatic bile duct.. * Malignant neoplasms of the retroperitoneum and peritoneum; ...
... also known as mucous gland adenomas or neoplasms, are tumours that form in the tissues of salivary glands. The salivary glands ... The major salivary glands consist of the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. The minor salivary glands consist of ... "Salivary Gland Cancer". MedicineNet. Vaishali H Anand et al. FNAC and Histopathology of Salivary Gland Tumors. SEAJCRR. 2014 ... "About salivary gland cancer , Salivary gland cancer , Cancer Research UK". www.cancerresearchuk.org. Retrieved 17 November 2017 ...
Salivary gland cancer is a rare type of head and neck cancer. Learn about the associated symptoms. ... ClinicalTrials.gov: Salivary Gland Neoplasms (National Institutes of Health) Journal Articles References and abstracts from ... Salivary gland cancer is a type of head and neck cancer. It is rare. It may not cause any symptoms, or you could notice:. *A ... Saliva & Salivary Gland Disorders (National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research) Also in Spanish ...
ICD-10-CM Neoplasms Index References for C08.9 - Malignant neoplasm of major salivary gland, unspecified The ICD-10-CM ... Malignant neoplasm of salivary gland (major) NOS MS-DRG Mapping * DRG Group #011-013 - Tracheostomy for face, mouth and neck ... Malignant neoplasm of major salivary gland, unspecified BILLABLE Billable Code Billable codes are sufficient justification for ... C08.9 is a billable ICD code used to specify a diagnosis of malignant neoplasm of major salivary gland, unspecified. A ...
Salivary gland neoplasms: a study of 119 cases Patologia. Santos, Gilda da Cunha; Martins, Marcos Roberto; Pellacani, Lucila ... METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 205.967 pathological reports and we found 119 salivary gland tumours, 93 benign neoplasms ... glands (9.24%) and just one case of sublingual gland tumour (0.86%) . Pleomorphic adenoma forming 59.7% of the total salivary ... Mucous gland adenoma is a rare benign tumor arising from the mucous secreting glands of the larger airway mucosa. The majority ...
"Malignant Epithelial Neoplasms", Tumors of the Salivary Glands, Gary L. Ellis, DDS, Paul L. Auclair, DMD, MS ...
Tracheal Neoplasms / pathology * Tracheal Neoplasms / surgery* * Tracheoesophageal Fistula / etiology * Transplantation, ... Surgical technique and results of tracheal and carinal replacement with aortic allografts for salivary gland-type carcinoma J ... technique and peroperative management of tracheal and carinal replacement with aortic allografts for large salivary gland-type ...
... and salivary glands, consistent with HE4 gene expression. In addition to consistent positivity in ovarian carcinoma, some ... pituitary gland, thyroid, and kidney. In a series of 175 human adult tumors, gene expression was highest in ovarian serous ... HE4 gene expression was highest in normal human trachea and salivary gland, and to a lesser extent, lung, prostate, ... All salivary gland neoplasms demonstrated some reactivity. Prominent staining was identified in the epithelium of Warthins ...
Salivary Gland Pathology. Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CA, Bouquot JE, eds. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. 3rd ed. St Louis, ... Several minor salivary glands demonstrate ductal ectasia, interstitial inflammation, atrophy, and fibrosis. No evidence of ... High-power photomicrograph of the minor salivary glands. Note ductal ectasia, acinar atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and ... or salivary dysfunction from autoimmunity, eg, Sjögren syndrome or HIV-infection) ...
Salivary Gland Neoplasms / genetics* * Sequence Analysis, DNA * Transcription Factors / chemistry * Transcription Factors / ... CpG island methylation profiling in human salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma Cancer. 2011 Jul 1;117(13):2898-909. doi: ... The aim of this study was to identify genes in adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of salivary gland strongly deregulated by ... With EN1 hypermethylation showing potential as a possible biomarker for ACC in salivary gland, the biological and therapeutic ...
Dedifferentiation in Malignant Salivary Gland Neoplasms: A Critical Appraisal By: VOLUME 16 The Journal of Contemporary Dental ... Unveiling the Molecular Signature of Salivary Gland Neoplasms with Tumor-specific Fusion Oncogenes By: Roopa Rao, Thirumal Raj ...
Salivary Gland Neoplasms. 1. 2018. 292. 0.510. Why? Arsenic. 1. 2017. 315. 0.510. Why? ...
salivary gland cancer (DOID:8850) Alliance: disease page Synonyms: malignant neoplasm of salivary gland Alt IDs: DOID:8873, ... Human Disease Modeled: salivary gland cancer. Associated Mouse Gene: Gon4l Allelic Composition. Genetic Background. Reference. ... Definition: An oral cavity cancer that is located_in the salivary gland. ... Synonyms: malignant neoplasm of salivary gland ...
Categories: Salivary Gland Neoplasms Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
MicroRNA Profiling and Target Genes Related to Metastasis of Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma. Feng X, Matsuo K, Zhang T, Hu Y ... Chemokine and Chemokine Receptor Profiles in Metastatic Salivary Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma. Mays AC, Feng X, Browne JD, Sullivan ...
The Icd-10 code range for Malignant neoplasms of lip, oral cavity and pharynx C00-C14 is medical classification list by the ... Malignant neoplasm of parotid gland, Malignant neoplasm of other and unspecified major salivary glands, Malignant neoplasm of ... Malignant neoplasm of gum, Malignant neoplasm of floor of mouth, Malignant neoplasm of palate, Malignant neoplasm of other and ... Malignant neoplasm of nasopharynx, Malignant neoplasm of pyriform sinus, Malignant neoplasm of hypopharynx, Malignant neoplasm ...
... of all salivary gland neoplasms and roughly 18% of all malignant neoplasms of the salivary glands. It shows a wide age range ... High Quality Pathology Images of Head & Neck, Salivary Glands, Malignant Neoplasms of Salivary Glands - I. ... Salivary Glands "> Malignant Neoplasms of Salivary Glands - I "> Acinic Cell Carcinoma : Introduction ... ACC is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor which may present with bilateral involvement. The cell of origin is ...
High Quality Pathology Images of Head & Neck, Salivary Glands, Malignant Neoplasms of Salivary Glands - I. ... Salivary Glands "> Malignant Neoplasms of Salivary Glands - I "> Adenoid Cystic CA : Ki67 ...
BACKGROUND: Warthin tumor is a common, benign, painless salivary gland neoplasm. Rarely, Warthin tumors show large areas of ... It is highly expressed in adrenal gland, small intestine, and colon, and may play an important role in liver carcinogenesis. [ ... A radiological examination revealed a mass in the tail of the right parotid gland. Superficial parotidectomy was performed. On ...
4. Ju D. Salivary gland tumors occurring after irradiation of the head and neck area. Am J Surg 1968;116:518-23. 5. Lundell M, ... Neoplasms in persons treated with X-rays in infancy: 4th survey in 20 years. J Natl Cancer Inst 1975;55:519-30. ... Neoplasms following childhood radium irradiation of the nasopharynx. J Natl Cancer Inst 1982;68:3-8. 2. Verduijn PG, Hayes RB, ... Estimates were 2000 rads to local tissue, 24 rads to the pituitary gland, 5 rads to the brain, and 2 rads to the thyroid. Based ...
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and histopathological findings of minor salivary gland neoplasms recorded in the files of the Anatomic Pathology Service of the Discipline of Oral Pathology of the Department of Dentistry of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte. (bvsalud.org)
  • Salivary Gland Pathology. (medscape.com)
  • Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is the most common salivary gland malignancy in children. (medscape.com)
  • Salivary duct carcinoma is an aggressive malignancy characterized by histologic resemblance to breast carcinoma, high-grade cytologic features, and expression of androgen receptor. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We describe the surgical technique and peroperative management of tracheal and carinal replacement with aortic allografts for large salivary gland-type carcinoma and report the results with a mean 34 months' follow-up. (nih.gov)
  • The aim of this study was to identify genes in adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of salivary gland strongly deregulated by epigenetic CpG island methylation, to validate selected genes by conventional techniques, and to correlate the findings with clinicopathologic factors. (nih.gov)
  • Acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) makes up about 6.5% of all salivary gland neoplasms and roughly 18% of all malignant neoplasms of the salivary glands . (webpathology.com)
  • Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma is a neoplasm of the salivary gland that causes 3.6% of salivary gland tumours and 12% of salivary gland malignancies. (org.pk)
  • Salivary duct carcinoma and high-grade adenocarcinoma are the histologic types that most commonly arise in the background of Pleomorphic adenoma. (org.pk)
  • Pleomorphic Adenoma, Salivary gland, Carcinoma. (org.pk)
  • The case of a low-grade carcinoma, ex-pleomorphic adenoma arising in a background of pleomorphic adenoma in submandibular gland with morphological and immunohistochemical features compatible with myoepithelial carcinoma is reported here. (org.pk)
  • Oral cancer is a wide-ranging category of location for neoplasms and includes tumors of different etiologies and histopathological profiles, although the vast majority relate to squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) [1]. (bvsalud.org)
  • Squamous-cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and pharynx (OSCC) is a malign neoplasm originating in the lining of the epithelium, and is considered to be the most common malign neoplasm of the oral cavity [2]. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2. Patients with carcinoma of the head and neck in whom the submandibular glands are enclosed completely in the clinical target volume. (who.int)
  • In children and adolescents, salivary gland tumors make up 0.5% of all malignancies. (medscape.com)
  • Salivary gland malignancies have been related in studies to former radiation exposure, with pleomorphic adenomas accounting for 50% of radiation-induced tumors. (medtigo.com)
  • Malignancies of the salivary gland are uncommon and account for 0.3% of all malignancies. (elsevierpure.com)
  • To provide an overview of 4 salivary gland malignancies that we often see in consultation, with a focus on essential diagnostic features and the importance of reporting pertinent diagnostic information to ensure appropriate clinical management. (elsevierpure.com)
  • F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scanning can be used to plan treatment of salivary gland malignancies by detecting lymph node metastases that require a neck dissection or by finding distant metastases that may not have caused abnormalities in routine blood work. (medscape.com)
  • A study from the Netherlands, by Valstar et al, found an overall 20-year recurrence rate for salivary gland pleomorphic adenomas of 6.7%, with the first recurrence arising at a median of 7 years. (medscape.com)
  • Those located in the minor salivary glands had a lower recurrence risk than did pleomorphic adenomas in the parotid glands. (medscape.com)
  • Pleomorphic, cystic, and canalicular adenomas are the three most typical benign small salivary gland tumors. (medtigo.com)
  • Salivary gland tumours, also known as mucous gland adenomas or neoplasms, are tumours that form in the tissues of salivary glands. (wikipedia.org)
  • Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms . (lookformedical.com)
  • Head and neck cancer is cancer that starts in the lip, oral cavity (mouth), nasal cavity (inside the nose), paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx or parotid glands. (icd.codes)
  • For salivary gland cancer, an endoscope is inserted into the mouth to look at the mouth, throat, and larynx. (wikipedia.org)
  • C08.9 is a billable ICD code used to specify a diagnosis of malignant neoplasm of major salivary gland, unspecified. (icd.codes)
  • Although researchers have learned much from the study of this diverse group of tumors over the years, the diagnosis and treatment of salivary gland neoplasms remain complex and challenging problems for the head and neck surgeon. (medscape.com)
  • Pleomorphic adenoma makes up 36% of all submandibular tumors and is the most frequent benign submandibular tumor.9.5% to 14.7% of all salivary gland tumors are minor salivary gland tumors, with the palate being the most often affected area. (medtigo.com)
  • Rare: 2.3% of benign salivary tumors 6 th decade M:F = 1:1 Parotid: 78% Submandibular gland: 9% Minor salivary glands: palate, buccal mucosa, tongue. (slideserve.com)
  • The minor glands are located within the oral mucosa, including lips, buccal mucosa, and soft palate. (dentistrytoday.com)
  • Common oral symptoms of HIV fall into several categories: fungal, viral and bacterial infections, and neoplasms (such as the oral lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma and large, ulcerated masses on the palate or gums that typifies non-Hodgkin's lymphoma). (realhealthmag.com)
  • Nonsquamous cell cancers, including minor salivary gland cancers, sarcomas, and melanomas, account for the other half (see the histologic distribution of hard palate malignant neoplasms and the histologic types and frequencies of minor salivary gland neoplasms of the palate below). (medscape.com)
  • 18 With the exception of the ovarian neoplasms, the same carcinomas analyzed for gene expression were also examined for HE4 by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays (see below). (nature.com)
  • Dr.Hyunseok "Hyu" Kang is a medical oncologist and a clinician scientist focusing on head and neck cancers including squamous cell carcinomas of head and neck (SCCHN), salivary gland cancers, thyroid cancers and other rare cancers of head and neck. (ucsf.edu)
  • It is rare in other salivary gland carcinomas. (medscape.com)
  • The minor salivary glands consist of 800 to 1000 small mucus-secreting glands located throughout the lining of the oral cavity. (wikipedia.org)
  • An oral cavity cancer that is located_in the salivary gland. (jax.org)
  • The ICD-10 code range for Malignant neoplasms of lip, oral cavity and pharynx C00-C14 is medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). (aapc.com)
  • That is, as the size of the gland decreases, the incidence of malignancy of a tumor in the gland increases in approximately these proportions. (medscape.com)
  • The most common tumor of the parotid gland is the pleomorphic adenoma , which represents about 60% of all parotid neoplasms, as seen in the table below. (medscape.com)
  • Successful diagnosis and treatment of patients with salivary gland tumors require a thorough understanding of tumor etiology, biologic behavior of each tumor type, and salivary gland anatomy. (medscape.com)
  • In the multicellular theory, each tumor type is associated with a specific differentiated cell of origin within the salivary gland unit. (medscape.com)
  • Even though consuming alcohol and smoking do not enhance the incidence of various salivary cancers, studies have shown a high correlation between tobacco use and Warthin's tumor. (medtigo.com)
  • The outcome of benign salivary gland tumors varies greatly depending on the tumor histology, with tumor progression and recurrence rates. (medtigo.com)
  • Minor salivary gland neoplasms are often difficult to assess on examination, and the use of preoperative CT scanning or MRI is important for determining the extent of tumor, which is otherwise not clinically appreciable. (medscape.com)
  • ACC is the most common malignant salivary gland tumor which may present with bilateral involvement . (webpathology.com)
  • Should I go to a oral surgeon or ENT doc for a salivary tumor? (healthtap.com)
  • Shortly after, a tiny tumor appears in salivary gland. (healthtap.com)
  • Can a salivary gland tumor be diagnosed with just a physical exam such as looking at it and feeling it from a ent? (healthtap.com)
  • Antisera directed against a smooth muscle actin (anti-alpha-sm-1) stained acinar myoepithelial cells of the glands and vascular smooth muscle but neither ductular myoepithelial cells nor tumor cells. (jax.org)
  • This patient has a large right-sided parotid salivary gland tumor. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The salivary glands are divided into 2 groups: the major salivary glands and the minor salivary glands. (medscape.com)
  • [ 6 ] The minor salivary glands comprise 600-1000 small glands distributed throughout the upper aerodigestive tract. (medscape.com)
  • Among salivary gland neoplasms, 80% arise in the parotid glands, 10-15% arise in the submandibular glands, and the remainder arise in the sublingual and minor salivary glands. (medscape.com)
  • Almost half of all submandibular gland neoplasms and most sublingual and minor salivary gland tumors are malignant. (medscape.com)
  • They can be present in different locations and have different histologies, including the sublingual, parotid, minor salivary glands and submandibular. (medtigo.com)
  • Data regarding age and gender of the patients and location of the minor salivary gland tumors diagnosed between January 1970 and December 2007 were taken from biopsy request forms. (bvsalud.org)
  • Minor salivary gland tumors are more common in females. (bvsalud.org)
  • The salivary glands are classified as major or minor. (wikipedia.org)
  • In humans, saliva is generated by 3 pairs of major and numerous minor salivary glands. (dentistrytoday.com)
  • Estimates were 2000 rads to local tissue, 24 rads to the pituitary gland, 5 rads to the brain, and 2 rads to the thyroid. (cdc.gov)
  • It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (lookformedical.com)
  • Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND. (lookformedical.com)
  • Salivary gland neoplasms make up 6% of all head and neck tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Salivary gland cancer is a type of head and neck cancer . (medlineplus.gov)
  • However elective treatment of the N0 neck region remains a controversial topic Radiotherapy If a salivary gland tumour is cancerous, Radiation Therapy may be necessary Fast neutron therapy has been used successfully to treat salivary gland tumors, and has shown to be significantly more effective than photons in studies treating unresectable salivary gland tumors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Evaluation of salivary gland function before and after salivary gland sparing radiotherapy in head-neck cancers. (who.int)
  • response relationship of submandibular gland sparing radiotherapy in head-neck cancers. (who.int)
  • Patients with head and neck cancer receiving submandibular gland plus parotid sparing volumetric modulated arc therapy. (who.int)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Squamous cells in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of salivary gland lesions: potential pitfalls in cytologic diagnosis. (duke.edu)
  • A spectrum of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of the salivary glands may contain squamous cells. (duke.edu)
  • Doctors diagnose salivary gland cancer using a physical exam, imaging tests, and a biopsy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • What's New in Salivary Gland Cancer Research? (medlineplus.gov)
  • An FNA is the most common type of biopsy used for salivary gland cancer, and has been shown to produce accurate results when differentiating between benign and malignant tumours. (wikipedia.org)
  • Salivary gland tumours usually present as a lump or swelling in the affected gland which may or may not have been present for a long time. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to the diverse nature of salivary gland tumours, many different terms and classification systems have been used. (wikipedia.org)
  • But some effort had been made to reflect the role of surgery in salivary gland tumours. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treatment may include the following: Surgery Complete surgical resection, with adequate free margins, is currently the mainstay treatment for salivary gland tumours. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chemotherapy Currently little is known about the efficacy of chemotherapy in treating salivary gland tumours. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study on 279 tumours of the salivary glands was conducted to analyse whether the assessment of DNA ploidy by flow cytometry may assist histopathology in discriminating benign from malignant types of tumours. (researchgate.net)
  • Twelve of 50 malignant salivary gland tumours were aneuploid. (researchgate.net)
  • The most obvious value of DNA flow cytometry in salivary gland tumours is thus its contribution to assist histopathology in identifying potentially malignant lesions. (researchgate.net)
  • Can benign salivary gland tumors be firm to touch? (healthtap.com)
  • Benign salivary gland tumors are firm. (healthtap.com)
  • Benign salivary gland tumors are commoner than cancerous ones. (healthtap.com)
  • The etiology of salivary gland neoplasms is not fully understood. (medscape.com)
  • Recent evidence suggests that the bicellular stem cell theory is the more probable etiology of salivary gland neoplasms. (medscape.com)
  • The major salivary glands consist of the following 3 pairs of glands: the parotid glands, the submandibular glands, and the sublingual glands. (medscape.com)
  • The major salivary glands consist of the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patients with malignant neoplasms presented higher mean age at diagnosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Benign and malignant myoepithelial neoplasms have a broad morphologic spectrum, and immunohistochemistry is important in reaching the correct diagnosis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to methylene chloride in air developed cancers (sarcomas) of the salivary glands and tumors (fibromas and fibroadenomas) of the mammary glands. (cdc.gov)
  • Most series report that about 80% of parotid neoplasms are benign, with the relative proportion of malignancy increasing in the smaller glands. (medscape.com)
  • Indeed, a study by Mamlouk et al of pediatric patients with parotid neoplasms indicated that on MRI scans, the presence not only of poorly defined borders but also of a hypointense T2 signal, restricted diffusion, and focal necrosis are suggestive of malignancy, although not specific for it. (medscape.com)
  • Literature suggests about 6.2% of pleomorphic adenoma harbour malignancy, 2 and most of these cases involve the parotid gland. (org.pk)
  • Contrasting information was derived through a literature review by Louredo et al, which indicated that in pediatric patients, most salivary gland neoplasms (75.4%) are malignant. (medscape.com)
  • Abnormal growths of tissue that follow a previous neoplasm but are not metastases of the latter. (lookformedical.com)
  • Salivary gland neoplasms are abnormal cells growing in the salivary gland or in the ducts that drain the glands. (medtigo.com)
  • It is a myoepithelial or epithelial neoplasm that arises from pleomorphic adenoma, whether primary or recurrent. (org.pk)
  • To assess the difference in the maximum salivary uptake (U max) between patients whose submandibular glands were spared compared to those in whom they were not spared at 6 months post-radiation.Timepoint: To assess the difference in the maximum salivary uptake (U max) between patients whose submandibular glands were spared compared to those in whom they were not spared at 6 months post-radiation. (who.int)
  • Nonspecific presentations also show up, such as salivary gland diseases, dry mouth (xerostomia) and small, round ulcers called canker sores (or apthous ulcers). (realhealthmag.com)