Ruthenium Radioisotopes
Ruthenium
Ruthenium Red
Radioisotopes
Zinc Radioisotopes
Radioisotope Dilution Technique
Strontium Radioisotopes
Iodine Radioisotopes
Krypton Radioisotopes
Organometallic Compounds
Indium Radioisotopes
Cell proliferation activity in posterior uveal melanoma after Ru-106 brachytherapy: an EORTC ocular oncology group study. (1/10)
AIM: To evaluate the cell proliferation activity in posterior uveal melanomas after Ru-106 brachytherapy. METHODS: Eyes containing choroidal or ciliary body melanoma from seven ocular oncology centres, which were enucleated after first being treated by Ru-106 brachytherapy and which had enough melanoma tissue to enable histological assessment, were included. The 57 eligible specimens were divided into a group of 44 eyes that were enucleated because of tumour regrowth, and a non-recurrent group of 13 eyes that were enucleated because of complications such as neovascular glaucoma. 46 non-irradiated eyes harbouring uveal melanoma served as a control group. All specimens underwent routine processing. They were cut into 5 microm sections, and were stained with two main cell proliferation markers: PC-10 for PCNA and MIB-1 for Ki-67. The stained sections were assessed, and the cells that were positive in the immunostaining were counted in each section. The results were evaluated by various statistical methods. RESULTS: The PC-10 score showed a statistically significant difference across the three groups (p = 0.002). The control group showed the highest PC-10 score (median 31.0 PCC/HPF) followed by the tumour regrowth group (median 4.9 PCC/HPF). The lowest PC-10 scores were found in the non-recurrent tumours (median 0.05 PCC/HPF). The MIB-1 score in the control group (median 5.77 PCC/HPF) was similar to the regrowth group (median 5.4 PCC/HPF). In contrast, the MIB-1 score in the non-recurrent tumours was statistically significantly lower (median 0.42 PCC/HPF). The PC-10 and MIB-1 scores were similar in tumours composed of either spindle cells or epithelioid cells in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: The non-recurrent melanomas demonstrate significantly lower cellular proliferation activity than melanomas that showed regrowth or that were not irradiated at all. In our hands, PCNA gave more meaningful information than Ki-67. Our findings strongly support the need for treating regrowing posterior uveal melanoma either by enucleation or re-treatment by brachytherapy. On the other hand, also in the non-recurrent uveal melanomas there are viable cells with potential for proliferation, although fewer in number, with unknown capacity for metastatic spread. Therefore, the irradiated tumours should be followed for many years, probably for life. (+info)Quantitative color Doppler imaging in untreated and irradiated choroidal melanoma. (2/10)
Histological data indicate the importance of tumor vascularization as a determinant of the biological behavior and the response to radiotherapy in choroidal melanoma. Duplex ultrasound and color Doppler imaging, the combination of B-mode ultrasound and pulse-waved Doppler analysis, were used to measure quantitatively neovascular blood flow in 31 patients with choroidal melanoma. Follow-up studies (20 patients) were performed to investigate the change of tumor blood flow in choroidal melanomas after radiotherapy. Blood flow was detected in 30 out of 31 melanomas (size 3.1-17.8 mm) within the tumor and at the tumor base with a mean peak systolic frequency of 1.0 kHz (range 0.3-2.7 kHz), a mean end diastolic frequency of 0.3 kHz (range 0.1-1.0 kHz), and a mean frequency of 0.7 kHz (range 0.2-1.3 kHz). Two and six months after 106Ru/106Rh beta-ray application, 19 patients showed a significant decrease in peak systolic frequency. This occurred with and in advance of the decrease in the tumor size. In one patient, a rising maximum systolic frequency after radiotherapy marked a recurrent tumor growth. Results indicate that the quantitative measurement of tumor blood flow by duplex ultrasound and color Doppler imaging may be a new diagnostic modality for monitoring the effectiveness of radiotherapy in choroidal melanoma. (+info)Combined plaque radiotherapy and transpupillary thermotherapy in choroidal melanoma: 5 years' experience. (3/10)
AIM: To evaluate the results of combined plaque radiotherapy and transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) in 50 consecutive patients 5 years after treatment. METHODS: 50 adult patients with choroidal melanoma were treated with ruthenium-106 ((106)Ru) plaque radiotherapy combined with TTT. A flat scar was the preferred end point of treatment. The mean tumour thickness was 3.9 mm (range 1.5-8.0 mm), the mean tumour diameter was 11.3 mm (range 5.8-15.0 mm). TTT was performed with an infrared diode laser at 810 nm, a beam diameter of 2-3 mm, and 1 minute exposures. Tumours >5 mm thick received an episcleral contact dose of 800 Gy (106)Ru; tumoursRuthenium-106 plaque brachytherapy for symptomatic vasoproliferative tumours of the retina. (4/10)
AIM: To investigate the safety and efficacy of beta ray brachytherapy in treatment of vasoproliferative tumours of the retina (VTR). METHODS: 35 consecutive patients with symptomatic VTR were treated with a ruthenium-106 ((106)Ru) plaque. Three tumours had been treated previously (two with cryotherapy; one with transpupillary thermotherapy). 32 VTR (91.4%) were located in the lower half of the retina and all of them were found between the mid-periphery and the ora serrata. The mean tumour thickness was 2.8 mm. An exudative retinal detachment was present in 25 eyes (71.4%) and in 15 cases (42.9%) hard exudates were found in the macula. The major symptom was loss of vision (77.1%). RESULTS: Brachytherapy was well tolerated by every patient. The mean applied dose was 416 Gy at the sclera and 108 Gy at the tumour apex. In all but four eyes (88.6%), it was possible to control the VTR activity. The median follow up time was 24 months. Three of the above mentioned four eyes with treatment failure had had secondary glaucoma before therapy. There was no case of radiation induced neuropathy or retinopathy. Cataract surgery was necessary for five patients. The development of epiretinal gliosis was the most common event during follow up (n = 10, 28.6%). The mean visual acuity decreased slightly (0.33 before and 0.29 after brachytherapy). Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of macular pathology before treatment was associated with a 6.1-fold risk of vision of 0.25 or better (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: beta ray brachytherapy with (1106)Ru plaques was able to control the activity of VTR and retain vision. Cases with secondary glaucoma before treatment had a very poor prognosis. (+info)Ru106 brachytherapy for management of choroidal melanoma: do we need to adjust total dose according to the new NIST calibration measurement? (5/10)
PURPOSE: To detect the need of adjusting the apical total dose according to the new NIST calibration measurement introduced by BEBIG Isotopen und Medizintechnik GmbH for the treatment of choroidal melanoma. As the total radiation dose should not be individualized depending on errors pf previous calibration but can be applicable if based on a radiosensitivity test that was able to predict the final response of tumor to radiation for each particular patient. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients with choroidal melanomas were treated between November 2002 and July 2004 at "Suzanne Mubarak Eye Tumor Centre", National Eye centre Rod-EL Farag, Cairo, Egypt. The prescribed dose was calculated according to the new NISTcalibrated dosimetry introduced by BEBIG, but without dose modification by using a conversion factor F(type,z) from the ASMW calibrated measurement to the NIST calibrated measurement that have been calculated depending on the plaque type and the distance z from the inner concave plaque surface along the central axis. For the treatment of choroidal melanoma in this study the apical dose ranged from 9000-10400cGy with a mean of 9855 +/- 385. RESULTS: After a follow up period from 12-28 months (median of 19 months) there was a local control rate of 100 % and the three years actuarial disease specific survival was 95% as only one patient died of liver metastases. Fourteen patients had a best corrected pre-treatment visual acuity of better than 6/60 in the affected eye. At the last follow up available, useful visual acuity of>0.5 was preserved in 7 of the patients. CONCLUSION: Recalculation of the apical total dose (mostly increasing of the total dose) according to the conversion factor F(type,z), suggested by BEBIG after the new NIST calibration measurement, does not seem to have an effect on both local control and survival, in this study. (+info)Plaque radiotherapy treatment with ruthenium-106 for iris malignant melanoma. (6/10)
(+info)Ruthenium-106 eye plaque brachytherapy in the conservative treatment of uveal melanoma: a mono-institutional experience. (7/10)
BACKGROUND: Traditional treatment for uveal melanoma is the enucleation of the eye with outcomes cosmetically unacceptable and loss of useful vision. Plaque brachytherapy, compared to enucleation, had the advantage to preserve the eye with outcomes cosmetically acceptable and preservation of vision. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From July 1990 to December 2009 one hundred forty-two (142) patients (51 males and 91 females) with small to medium uveal melanoma were treated with 106Ru plaque brachytherapy. The patients underwent a complete staging before brachytherapy with indirect ophthalmoscopy and ultrasounds. Mean tumour thickness was 3.26 mm (1.6-6 mm). The dose scheduled was 80-100 Gy to the apex with a maximum dose of 800 Gy to the sclera. RESULTS: One hundred forty-two have been treated, nine patients had lost the follow-up and drop out; 133 patients were assessed. Mean follow-up was 7.7 years (6 months-18 years). The overall survival at 5, 10 and 15 years was 92%, 85% and 78% respectively. Cancer fee survival was 95%, 90% and 83%, respectively at 5, 10 and 15 year. Radiation-induced toxicity was represented in 47 patients with a 5 year actuarial survival rate free from complications of 54%. CONCLUSIONS: 106Ru plaque brachytherapy is a valid approach for treatment of uveal melanoma. This technique is efficacy and safe, with a low toxicity profile. (+info)Post-brachytherapy tumor endoresection for treatment of toxic maculopathy in choroidal melanoma. (8/10)
(+info)Ruthenium radioisotopes refer to unstable isotopes of the element ruthenium, which decays or disintegrates spontaneously emitting radiation. Ruthenium is a rare transition metal with the atomic number 44 and has several radioisotopes, including ruthenium-97, ruthenium-103, ruthenium-105, and ruthenium-106. These radioisotopes have medical applications in diagnostic imaging, radiation therapy, and brachytherapy (a type of internal radiation therapy).
For instance, ruthenium-106 is used as a radiation source in ophthalmic treatments for conditions such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Ruthenium-103 is also used in brachytherapy seeds for the treatment of prostate cancer.
It's important to note that handling and using radioisotopes require specialized training, equipment, and safety measures due to their radiation hazards.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ruthenium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol "Ru" and atomic number 44. Ruthenium is a transition metal that belongs to the platinum group. It is typically found in ores alongside other platinum group metals and is used in various industrial applications, such as electrical contacts and wear-resistant surfaces. It does not have direct relevance to medical terminology or healthcare.
Ruthenium Red is not a medical term itself, but it is a chemical compound that has been used in some medical research and procedures. Ruthenium Red is a dye that is used as a marker in electron microscopy to stain and highlight cellular structures, particularly mitochondria, the energy-producing organelles of cells. It can also be used in experimental treatments for conditions such as heart failure and neurodegenerative diseases.
In summary, Ruthenium Red is a chemical compound with potential medical applications as a research tool and experimental treatment, rather than a standalone medical condition or diagnosis.
Ruthenium compounds refer to chemical substances that contain ruthenium, a transition metal in group 8 of the periodic table, bonded to other elements. These compounds can be inorganic or organic and can exist in various forms such as salts, complexes, or organometallic compounds. Ruthenium compounds have been studied for their potential applications in medicine, particularly in cancer therapy, due to their ability to interact with biological systems and disrupt cellular processes that are essential for the survival of cancer cells. However, it is important to note that while some ruthenium compounds have shown promise in preclinical studies, further research is needed to establish their safety and efficacy in humans.
Radioisotopes, also known as radioactive isotopes or radionuclides, are variants of chemical elements that have unstable nuclei and emit radiation in the form of alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, or conversion electrons. These isotopes are formed when an element's nucleus undergoes natural or artificial radioactive decay.
Radioisotopes can be produced through various processes, including nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, and particle bombardment in a cyclotron or other types of particle accelerators. They have a wide range of applications in medicine, industry, agriculture, research, and energy production. In the medical field, radioisotopes are used for diagnostic imaging, radiation therapy, and in the labeling of molecules for research purposes.
It is important to note that handling and using radioisotopes requires proper training, safety measures, and regulatory compliance due to their ionizing radiation properties, which can pose potential health risks if not handled correctly.
Zinc radioisotopes are unstable isotopes or variants of the element zinc that undergo radioactive decay, emitting radiation in the process. These isotopes have a different number of neutrons than the stable isotope of zinc (zinc-64), which contributes to their instability and tendency to decay.
Examples of zinc radioisotopes include zinc-65, zinc-70, and zinc-72. These isotopes are often used in medical research and diagnostic procedures due to their ability to emit gamma rays or positrons, which can be detected using specialized equipment.
Zinc radioisotopes may be used as tracers to study the metabolism and distribution of zinc in the body, or as therapeutic agents to deliver targeted radiation therapy to cancer cells. However, it is important to note that the use of radioisotopes carries potential risks, including exposure to ionizing radiation and the potential for damage to healthy tissues.
The Radioisotope Dilution Technique is a method used in nuclear medicine to measure the volume and flow rate of a particular fluid in the body. It involves introducing a known amount of a radioactive isotope, or radioisotope, into the fluid, such as blood. The isotope mixes with the fluid, and samples are then taken from the fluid at various time points.
By measuring the concentration of the radioisotope in each sample, it is possible to calculate the total volume of the fluid based on the amount of the isotope introduced and the dilution factor. The flow rate can also be calculated by measuring the concentration of the isotope over time and using the formula:
Flow rate = Volume/Time
This technique is commonly used in medical research and clinical settings to measure cardiac output, cerebral blood flow, and renal function, among other applications. It is a safe and reliable method that has been widely used for many years. However, it does require the use of radioactive materials and specialized equipment, so it should only be performed by trained medical professionals in appropriate facilities.
Strontium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element strontium. Strontium is an alkaline earth metal that is found in nature and has several isotopes, some of which are stable and some of which are radioactive. The radioactive isotopes of strontium, also known as strontium radionuclides, decay and emit radiation in the form of beta particles.
Strontium-89 (^89Sr) and strontium-90 (^90Sr) are two common radioisotopes of strontium that are used in medical applications. Strontium-89 is a pure beta emitter with a half-life of 50.5 days, which makes it useful for the treatment of bone pain associated with metastatic cancer. When administered, strontium-89 is taken up by bones and irradiates the bone tissue, reducing pain and improving quality of life in some patients.
Strontium-90, on the other hand, has a longer half-life of 28.8 years and emits more powerful beta particles than strontium-89. It is used as a component in radioactive waste and in some nuclear weapons, but it is not used in medical applications due to its long half-life and high radiation dose.
It's important to note that exposure to strontium radioisotopes can be harmful to human health, especially if ingested or inhaled. Therefore, handling and disposal of strontium radioisotopes require special precautions and regulations.
Iodine radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element iodine, which decays and emits radiation in the form of gamma rays. Some commonly used iodine radioisotopes include I-123, I-125, I-131. These radioisotopes have various medical applications such as in diagnostic imaging, therapy for thyroid disorders, and cancer treatment.
For example, I-131 is commonly used to treat hyperthyroidism and differentiated thyroid cancer due to its ability to destroy thyroid tissue. On the other hand, I-123 is often used in nuclear medicine scans of the thyroid gland because it emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera, allowing for detailed images of the gland's structure and function.
It is important to note that handling and administering radioisotopes require specialized training and safety precautions due to their radiation-emitting properties.
Krypton is a noble gas with the symbol Kr and atomic number 36. It exists in various radioisotopes, which are unstable isotopes of krypton that undergo radioactive decay. A few examples include:
1. Krypton-81: This radioisotope has a half-life of about 2.1 x 10^5 years and decays via electron capture to rubidium-81. It is produced naturally in the atmosphere by cosmic rays.
2. Krypton-83: With a half-life of approximately 85.7 days, this radioisotope decays via beta decay to bromine-83. It can be used in medical imaging for lung ventilation studies.
3. Krypton-85: This radioisotope has a half-life of about 10.7 years and decays via beta decay to rubidium-85. It is produced as a byproduct of nuclear fission and can be found in trace amounts in the atmosphere.
4. Krypton-87: With a half-life of approximately 76.3 minutes, this radioisotope decays via beta decay to rubidium-87. It is not found naturally on Earth but can be produced artificially.
It's important to note that while krypton radioisotopes have medical applications, they are also associated with potential health risks due to their radioactivity. Proper handling and safety precautions must be taken when working with these substances.
Organometallic compounds are a type of chemical compound that contain at least one metal-carbon bond. This means that the metal is directly attached to carbon atom(s) from an organic molecule. These compounds can be synthesized through various methods, and they have found widespread use in industrial and medicinal applications, including catalysis, polymerization, and pharmaceuticals.
It's worth noting that while organometallic compounds contain metal-carbon bonds, not all compounds with metal-carbon bonds are considered organometallic. For example, in classical inorganic chemistry, simple salts of metal carbonyls (M(CO)n) are not typically classified as organometallic, but rather as metal carbonyl complexes. The distinction between these classes of compounds can sometimes be subtle and is a matter of ongoing debate among chemists.
Indium radioisotopes refer to specific types of radioactive indium atoms, which are unstable and emit radiation as they decay. Indium is a chemical element with the symbol In and atomic number 49. Its radioisotopes are often used in medical imaging and therapy due to their unique properties.
For instance, one commonly used indium radioisotope is Indium-111 (^111In), which has a half-life of approximately 2.8 days. It emits gamma rays, making it useful for diagnostic imaging techniques such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). In clinical applications, indium-111 is often attached to specific molecules or antibodies that target particular cells or tissues in the body, allowing medical professionals to monitor biological processes and identify diseases like cancer.
Another example is Indium-113m (^113mIn), which has a half-life of about 99 minutes. It emits low-energy gamma rays and is used as a source for in vivo counting, typically in the form of indium chloride (InCl3) solution. This radioisotope can be used to measure blood flow, ventilation, and other physiological parameters.
It's important to note that handling and using radioisotopes require proper training and safety measures due to their ionizing radiation properties.
Sodium radioisotopes are unstable forms of sodium, an element naturally occurring in the human body, that emit radiation as they decay over time. These isotopes can be used for medical purposes such as imaging and treatment of various diseases. Commonly used sodium radioisotopes include Sodium-22 (^22Na) and Sodium-24 (^24Na).
It's important to note that the use of radioisotopes in medicine should be under the supervision of trained medical professionals, as improper handling or exposure can pose health risks.