Rubella virus. Medical search

The type (and only) species of RUBIVIRUS causing acute infection in humans, primarily children and young adults. Humans are the only natural host. A live, attenuated vaccine is available for prophylaxis.

An acute infectious disease caused by the RUBELLA VIRUS. The virus enters the respiratory tract via airborne droplet and spreads to the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.

A live attenuated virus vaccine of duck embryo or human diploid cell tissue culture origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of nonpregnant adolescent and adult females of childbearing age who are unimmunized and do not have serum antibodies to rubella. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Transplacental infection of the fetus with rubella usually in the first trimester of pregnancy, as a consequence of maternal infection, resulting in various developmental abnormalities in the newborn infant. They include cardiac and ocular lesions, deafness, microcephaly, mental retardation, and generalized growth retardation. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.

Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells.

A combined vaccine used to prevent MEASLES; MUMPS; and RUBELLA.

An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

The type species of MORBILLIVIRUS and the cause of the highly infectious human disease MEASLES, which affects mostly children.

Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.

The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

The type species of RUBULAVIRUS that causes an acute infectious disease in humans, affecting mainly children. Transmission occurs by droplet infection.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

The type species of ALPHAVIRUS normally transmitted to birds by CULEX mosquitoes in Egypt, South Africa, India, Malaya, the Philippines, and Australia. It may be associated with fever in humans. Serotypes (differing by less than 17% in nucleotide sequence) include Babanki, Kyzylagach, and Ockelbo viruses.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.

Specific molecular components of the cell capable of recognizing and interacting with a virus, and which, after binding it, are capable of generating some signal that initiates the chain of events leading to the biological response.

A general term for diseases produced by viruses.

The expelling of virus particles from the body. Important routes include the respiratory tract, genital tract, and intestinal tract. Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL).

Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.

Agglutination of ERYTHROCYTES by a virus.

A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. It produces malignancy in human and newborn hamster kidney cell cultures.

A suborder of PRIMATES consisting of six families: CEBIDAE (some New World monkeys), ATELIDAE (some New World monkeys), CERCOPITHECIDAE (Old World monkeys), HYLOBATIDAE (gibbons and siamangs), CALLITRICHINAE (marmosets and tamarins), and HOMINIDAE (humans and great apes).

Vaccines used to prevent infection by MUMPS VIRUS. Best known is the live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had mumps or been immunized with live mumps vaccine. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Viruses parasitic on plants higher than bacteria.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

Visible morphologic changes in cells infected with viruses. It includes shutdown of cellular RNA and protein synthesis, cell fusion, release of lysosomal enzymes, changes in cell membrane permeability, diffuse changes in intracellular structures, presence of viral inclusion bodies, and chromosomal aberrations. It excludes malignant transformation, which is CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL. Viral cytopathogenic effects provide a valuable method for identifying and classifying the infecting viruses.

Viruses whose nucleic acid is DNA.

Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.

The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: "high ridge"), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS with the surface proteins hemagglutinin 1 and neuraminidase 1. The H1N1 subtype was responsible for the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).

Viral proteins that are components of the mature assembled VIRUS PARTICLES. They may include nucleocapsid core proteins (gag proteins), enzymes packaged within the virus particle (pol proteins), and membrane components (env proteins). These do not include the proteins encoded in the VIRAL GENOME that are produced in infected cells but which are not packaged in the mature virus particle,i.e. the so called non-structural proteins (VIRAL NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS).

The period of recovery following an illness.

EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.

The type species of LYSSAVIRUS causing rabies in humans and other animals. Transmission is mostly by animal bites through saliva. The virus is neurotropic multiplying in neurons and myotubes of vertebrates.

Arthropod-borne viruses. A non-taxonomic designation for viruses that can replicate in both vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. Included are some members of the following families: ARENAVIRIDAE; BUNYAVIRIDAE; REOVIRIDAE; TOGAVIRIDAE; and FLAVIVIRIDAE. (From Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2nd ed)

A subtype of INFLUENZA A VIRUS comprised of the surface proteins hemagglutinin 5 and neuraminidase 1. The H5N1 subtype, frequently referred to as the bird flu virus, is endemic in wild birds and very contagious among both domestic (POULTRY) and wild birds. It does not usually infect humans, but some cases have been reported.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

A phenomenon in which infection by a first virus results in resistance of cells or tissues to infection by a second, unrelated virus.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Removal of non-specific serum inhibitors of haemagglutination of rubella virus by treatment with dodecylamine-gel. (1/550)

The suitability of using dodecylamine-gel for removing the serum non-antibody-like inhibitors of haemagglutination by rubella was studied. Compared with kaolin and MnCl2/heparin treatment this new procedure appears to have a higher specificity since it removes the non-antibody-like inhibitors from serum without affecting the immunoglobulin level significantly. The potential application of this procedure in routine serological analysis for rubella virus infection is discussed. (+info)

Rubella virus-induced apoptosis varies among cell lines and is modulated by Bcl-XL and caspase inhibitors. (2/550)

Rubella virus (RV) causes multisystem birth defects in the fetuses of infected women. To investigate the cellular basis of this pathology, we examined the cytopathic effect of RV in three permissive cell lines: Vero 76, RK13, and BHK21. Electron microscopy and the TUNEL assay showed that the cytopathic effect resulted from RV-induced programmed cell death (apoptosis) in all three cell lines, but the extent of apoptosis varied among these cells. At 48 h postinfection, the RK13 cell line showed the greatest number of apoptotic cells, the Vero 76 cell line was approximately 3-fold less, and BHK21 had very few. An increased multiplicity of infection and longer time postinfection were required for the BHK21 cell line to reach the level of apoptotic cells in Vero 76 at 48 h. Purified RV induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent fashion, but not UV-inactivated RV or virus-depleted culture supernatant. Specific inhibitors of the apoptosis-specific proteases caspases reduced RV-induced apoptosis and led to higher levels of RV components in infected cells. To address the role of regulatory proteins in RV-induced apoptosis, the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 or Bcl-XL was transfected into RK13 cells. Although a high level of Bcl-2 family proteins was expressed, no protection was observed from apoptosis induced by RV, Sindbis virus, or staurosporine in RK13 cells. In BHK21 cells, however, increased expression of Bcl-XL protected cells from apoptosis. The observed variability in apoptotic response to RV of these cell lines demonstrates that programmed cell death is dependent on the unique properties of each cell and may be indicative of how selective organ damage occurs in a congenital rubella syndrome fetus. (+info)

Mutations in the retinoblastoma protein-binding LXCXE motif of rubella virus putative replicase affect virus replication. (3/550)

The rubella virus (RV)-encoded protein NSP90, which contains the retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-binding motif LXCXE, interacts with Rb and RV replication is reduced in cells lacking Rb. Whether the LXCXE motif of RV NSP90 itself is essential for Rb binding and virus replication is not known. Therefore, in the present study, the functional role of this motif was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis in a plasmid from which infectious RV RNA can be produced. Three critical mutations in the motif, two substitutions at the conserved cysteine residue (C --> G and C --> R) and a deletion of the entire motif, were created. A cell-free translated NSP90 C terminus polypeptide containing the deletion did not bind to Rb and a polypeptide carrying the C --> R substitution had barely detectable binding affinity for Rb. Rb binding by the C --> G mutant was reduced significantly compared to that of wild-type protein. Correlating with the binding results, mutant viruses containing the LXRXE and LXGXE motifs had a reduction in replication to < 0.5% and 47% of the wild-type, respectively, while deletion of the motif was found to be lethal. By the first serial passage, replication of the LXRXE-carrying virus had increased from < 0.5% to 2% of the wild-type. Sequencing of the genome of this virus revealed a nucleotide change that altered the motif from LXRXE to LXSXE, which is a known Rb-binding motif in two protein phosphatase subunits. Thus, our results clearly demonstrate that the LXCXE motif is required for efficient RV replication. (+info)

Mutagenic analysis of the 3' cis-acting elements of the rubella virus genome. (4/550)

Thermodynamically predicted secondary structure analysis of the 3'-terminal 305 nucleotides (nt) of the rubella virus (RUB) genome, a region conserved in all RUB defective interfering RNAs, revealed four stem-loop (SL) structures; SL1 and SL2 are both located in the E1 coding region, while SL3 and SL4 are within the 59-nt 3' untranslated region (UTR) preceding the poly(A) tract. SL2 is a structure shown to interact with human calreticulin (CAL), an autoantigen potentially involved in RUB RNA replication and pathogenesis. RNase mapping indicated that SL2 and SL3 are in equilibrium between two conformations, in the second of which the previously proposed CAL binding site in SL2, a U-U bulge, is not formed. Site-directed mutagenesis of the 3' UTR with a RUB infectious clone, Robo302, revealed that most of the 3' UTR is required for viral viability except for the 3'-terminal 5 nt and the poly(A) tract, although poly(A) was rapidly regenerated during subsequent replication. Maintenance of the overall SL3 structure, the 11-nt single-stranded sequence between SL3 and SL4, and the sequences forming SL4 were all important for viral viability. Studies on the interaction between host factors and the 3' UTR showed the formation of three RNA-protein complexes by gel mobility shift assay, and UV-induced cross-linking detected six host protein species, with molecular masses of 120, 80, 66, 55, 48, and 36 kDa, interacting with the 3' UTR. Site-directed mutagenesis of SL2 by nucleotide substitutions showed that maintenance of SL2 stem rather than the U-U bulge was critical in CAL binding since mutants having the U-U bulge base paired had a similar binding activity for CAL as the native structure whereas mutants having the SL2 stem destabilized had much lower binding activity. However, all of these mutations gave rise to viable viruses when introduced into Robo302, indicating that binding of CAL to SL2 is independent of viral viability. (+info)

A modified rubella HI test using prestandardized reagents. (5/550)

A modified haemagglutination inhibition test for rubella antibodies using prestandardized freeze-dried reagents was compared to a "standard" method. Tests of 707 serum samples showed that the modified test was sensitive and reliable by both macrotitration and microtitration techniques. The minor disadvantages of some reduction in antibody level when rubella sera were tested within one week of the rash and of spontaneous sheep erythrocyte agglutination in 0-7% of sera were out-weighed by the increased speed of the new test and the fact that it was carried out at room temperature. (+info)

Role of rubella virus glycoprotein domains in assembly of virus-like particles. (6/550)

Rubella virus is a small enveloped positive-strand RNA virus that assembles on intracellular membranes in a variety of cell types. The virus structural proteins contain all of the information necessary to mediate the assembly of virus-like particles in the Golgi complex. We have recently identified intracellular retention signals within the two viral envelope glycoproteins. E2 contains a Golgi retention signal in its transmembrane domain, whereas a signal for retention in the endoplasmic reticulum has been localized to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of E1 (T. C. Hobman, L. Woodward, and M. G. Farquhar, Mol. Biol. Cell 6:7-20, 1995; T. C. Hobman, H. F. Lemon, and K. Jewell, J. Virol. 71:7670-7680, 1997). In the present study, we have analyzed the role of these retention signals in the assembly of rubella virus-like particles. Deletion or replacement of these domains with analogous regions from other type I membrane glycoproteins resulted in failure of rubella virus-like particles to be secreted from transfected cells. The E1 transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains were not required for targeting of the structural proteins to the Golgi complex and, surprisingly, assembly and budding of virus particles into the lumen of this organelle; however, the resultant particles were not secreted. In contrast, replacement or alteration of the E2 transmembrane or cytoplasmic domain, respectively, abrogated the targeting of the structural proteins to the budding site, and consequently, no virion formation was observed. These results indicate that the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of E2 and E1 are required for early and late steps respectively in the viral assembly pathway and that rubella virus morphogenesis is very different from that of the structurally similar alphaviruses. (+info)

Mutational analysis, using a full-length rubella virus cDNA clone, of rubella virus E1 transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains required for virus release. (7/550)

We report on the construction of a full-length cDNA clone, pBRM33, derived from wild-type rubella virus M33 strain. The RNA transcripts synthesized in vitro from pBRM33 are highly infectious, and the viruses produced retain the phenotypic characteristics of the parental M33 virus in growth rate and plaque size. This cDNA clone was used to study the role of E1 transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains in virus assembly by site-directed mutagenesis. Three different alanine substitutions were introduced in the transmembrane domain of E1. These included substitution of leucine 464, cysteine 466, cysteine 467, and both cysteines 466 and 467 to alanine. In the E1 cytoplasmic domain, cysteine 470 and leucine 471 were altered to alanine. We found that these mutations did not significantly affect viral RNA replication, viral structural protein synthesis and transport, or E2/E1 heterodimer formation. Except for the substitution of cysteine 470, these mutations did, however, lead to a reduction in virus release. Substitution of cysteine 467 in the transmembrane region and of leucine 471 in the cytoplasmic domain dramatically reduced virus yield, resulting in the production of only 1 and 10% of the parental virus yield, respectively, in a parallel infection. These data show that E1 transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains play an important role in late stages of virus assembly, possibly during virus budding, consistent with earlier studies indicating that the E1 cytoplasmic domain may interact with nucleocapsids and that this interaction drives virus budding. (+info)

Involvement of a p53-dependent pathway in rubella virus-induced apoptosis. (8/550)

In light of the important role of apoptotic cell death in the pathogenesis of several viral infections, we asked whether the cytopathogenicity evoked by rubella virus (RV) might also involve apoptotic mechanisms. The To-336 strain of RV induced apoptosis in Vero and RK-13 cells, but not in fibroblast cell lines. UV-inactivated RV virions did not elicit the apoptotic response, indicating that productive infection is required for the induction of cell death. Both p53 and p21 protein levels were highly elevated in RV-infected Vero cells. The level of p21 mRNA was increased, while expression of the p53 gene was unaffected by RV infection. A dominant-negative p53 mutant (p53(W248)) conferred partial protection from RV-induced apoptosis. These data implicate a p53-dependent apoptotic pathway in the cytopathogenicity of RV, thereby suggesting a mechanism by which RV exerts its teratogenic effects. (+info)

Source: 'Rubella' in Duane Gubler (ed.), up-to-date online clinical reference, retrieved on March 14, 2023 from

The symptoms of CRS can vary widely depending on the severity of the infection and the stage of pregnancy at which it occurs. Some common birth defects associated with CRS include:

1. Heart defects: CRS can cause defects such as patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, and ventricular septal defect.
2. Neurological defects: CRS can lead to a range of neurological problems including microcephaly (small head size), mental retardation, and seizures.
3. Eye defects: CRS can cause eye problems such as cataracts, glaucoma, and blindness.
4. Ear defects: CRS can lead to ear problems such as hearing loss and deafness.
5. Thyroid disorders: CRS can cause thyroid problems including cretinism, a condition characterized by mental retardation and physical deformities.
6. Bone and joint defects: CRS can cause bone and joint problems such as arthrogryposis (a condition characterized by joint contractures) and clubfoot.
7. Skin defects: CRS can lead to skin problems such as macular rash, which is a red, itchy rash that appears on the skin.
8. Other defects: CRS can also cause other birth defects such as deafness, mutism, and cognitive impairment.

CRS is diagnosed based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. There is no specific treatment for CRS, but management of the condition involves supportive care to prevent complications and manage symptoms. Prevention of CRS relies on vaccination of pregnant women against rubella, which has led to a significant decline in the incidence of the condition.

The prognosis for children with CRS varies depending on the severity of the infection and the presence of any underlying medical conditions. Some children may have mild symptoms and recover fully, while others may experience more severe complications that can result in long-term disability or death. Early diagnosis and management are essential to improve outcomes for affected children.

Mumps is typically diagnosed based on a combination of symptoms and physical examination findings. Laboratory tests such as PCR or IgG antibody testing may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis. There is no specific treatment for mumps, but supportive care such as pain management and hydration may be provided to alleviate symptoms. Vaccines are available to prevent mumps, and they are most effective when given before exposure to the virus.

The medical field has a clear definition of mumps, which is essential for accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines mumps as "a contagious viral infection that affects the salivary glands, particularly the parotid gland." The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also provides guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mumps.

In conclusion, mumps is a viral infection that affects the salivary glands and can cause pain, discomfort, and potentially serious complications. The medical field has a clear definition of mumps, which is essential for accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the disease. Vaccines are available to prevent mumps, and they are most effective when given before exposure to the virus.

Measles is caused by a virus that is transmitted through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. The virus can also be spread through direct contact with an infected person's saliva or mucus.

The symptoms of measles usually appear about 10-14 days after exposure to the virus, and may include:

* Fever
* Cough
* Runny nose
* Red, watery eyes
* Small white spots inside the mouth (Koplik spots)
* A rash that starts on the head and spreads to the rest of the body

Measles can be diagnosed through a physical examination, laboratory tests, or by observing the characteristic rash. There is no specific treatment for measles, but it can be treated with over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen to relieve fever and pain.

Complications of measles can include:

* Ear infections
* Pneumonia
* Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)
* Seizures
* Death (rare)

Measles is highly contagious and can spread easily through schools, workplaces, and other communities. Vaccination is the best way to prevent measles, and the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended for all children and adults who have not been previously infected with the virus or vaccinated.

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1. Group B streptococcus (GBS): This type of bacterial infection is the leading cause of infections in newborns. GBS can cause a range of complications, including pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis.
2. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): These are common during pregnancy and can be caused by bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) or Staphylococcus saprophyticus. UTIs can lead to complications such as preterm labor and low birth weight.
3. HIV: Pregnant women who are infected with HIV can pass the virus to their baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
4. Toxoplasmosis: This is an infection caused by a parasite that can be transmitted to the fetus through the placenta. Toxoplasmosis can cause a range of complications, including birth defects and stillbirth.
5. Listeriosis: This is a rare infection caused by eating contaminated food, such as soft cheeses or hot dogs. Listeriosis can cause complications such as miscarriage, stillbirth, and premature labor.
6. Influenza: Pregnant women who contract the flu can be at higher risk for complications such as pneumonia and hospitalization.
7. Herpes simplex virus (HSV): This virus can cause complications such as preterm labor, low birth weight, and neonatal herpes.
8. Human parvovirus (HPV): This virus can cause complications such as preterm labor, low birth weight, and stillbirth.
9. Syphilis: This is a sexually transmitted infection that can be passed to the fetus during pregnancy, leading to complications such as stillbirth, premature birth, and congenital syphilis.
10. Chickenpox: Pregnant women who contract chickenpox can be at higher risk for complications such as preterm labor and low birth weight.

It's important to note that the risks associated with these infections are relatively low, and many pregnant women who contract them will have healthy pregnancies and healthy babies. However, it's still important to be aware of the risks and take steps to protect yourself and your baby.

Here are some ways to reduce your risk of infection during pregnancy:

1. Practice good hygiene: Wash your hands frequently, especially before preparing or eating food.
2. Avoid certain foods: Avoid consuming raw or undercooked meat, eggs, and dairy products, as well as unpasteurized juices and soft cheeses.
3. Get vaccinated: Get vaccinated against infections such as the flu and HPV.
4. Practice safe sex: Use condoms or other forms of barrier protection to prevent the spread of STIs.
5. Avoid close contact with people who are sick: If someone in your household is sick, try to avoid close contact with them if possible.
6. Keep your environment clean: Regularly clean and disinfect surfaces and objects that may be contaminated with germs.
7. Manage stress: High levels of stress can weaken your immune system and make you more susceptible to infection.
8. Get enough rest: Adequate sleep is essential for maintaining a healthy immune system.
9. Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to help flush out harmful bacteria and viruses.
10. Consider taking prenatal vitamins: Prenatal vitamins can help support your immune system and overall health during pregnancy.

Remember, it's always better to be safe than sorry, so if you suspect that you may have been exposed to an infection or are experiencing symptoms of an infection during pregnancy, contact your healthcare provider right away. They can help determine the appropriate course of action and ensure that you and your baby stay healthy.

1. Common cold: A viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract and causes symptoms such as sneezing, running nose, coughing, and mild fever.
2. Influenza (flu): A viral infection that can cause severe respiratory illness, including pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinus and ear infections.
3. Measles: A highly contagious viral infection that causes fever, rashes, coughing, and redness of the eyes.
4. Rubella (German measles): A mild viral infection that can cause fever, rashes, headache, and swollen lymph nodes.
5. Chickenpox: A highly contagious viral infection that causes fever, itching, and a characteristic rash of small blisters on the skin.
6. Herpes simplex virus (HSV): A viral infection that can cause genital herpes, cold sores, or other skin lesions.
7. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): A viral infection that attacks the immune system and can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
8. Hepatitis B: A viral infection that affects the liver, causing inflammation and damage to liver cells.
9. Hepatitis C: Another viral infection that affects the liver, often leading to chronic liver disease and liver cancer.
10. Ebola: A deadly viral infection that causes fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and internal bleeding.
11. SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome): A viral infection that can cause severe respiratory illness, including pneumonia and respiratory failure.
12. West Nile virus: A viral infection that can cause fever, headache, and muscle pain, as well as more severe symptoms such as meningitis or encephalitis.

Viral infections can be spread through contact with an infected person or contaminated surfaces, objects, or insects such as mosquitoes. Prevention strategies include:

1. Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and thoroughly.
2. Avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
3. Covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
4. Avoiding sharing personal items such as towels or utensils.
5. Using condoms or other barrier methods during sexual activity.
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viral infections, such as HPV and hepatitis B.
7. Using insect repellents to prevent mosquito bites.
8. Screening blood products and organs for certain viruses before transfusion or transplantation.

Treatment for viral infections depends on the specific virus and the severity of the illness. Antiviral medications may be used to reduce the replication of the virus and alleviate symptoms. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide supportive care such as intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, or mechanical ventilation.

Prevention is key in avoiding viral infections, so taking the necessary precautions and practicing good hygiene can go a long way in protecting oneself and others from these common and potentially debilitating illnesses.

During convalescence, patients may be advised to follow specific dietary restrictions, engage in gentle exercise, and avoid strenuous activities that can exacerbate their condition or slow down the healing process. They may also receive medical treatment, such as physical therapy, medication, or other forms of supportive care, to aid in their recovery.

The duration of convalescence varies depending on the individual and the nature of their illness or injury. In general, convalescence can last anywhere from a few days to several weeks or even months, depending on the severity and complexity of the condition being treated.

Overall, the goal of convalescence is to allow the body to heal and recover fully, while also minimizing the risk of complications and promoting optimal functional outcomes.

In 2020, Ruhugu virus and Rustrela virus joined Rubella virus as second and third of only three members of the genus Rubivirus ... Rubella virus (RuV) is the pathogenic agent of the disease rubella, transmitted only between humans via the respiratory route, ... Rubella virus, scientific name Rubivirus rubellae, is a member of the genus Rubivirus and belongs to the family of ... Rubella virus (Rubivirus rubellae) is assigned to the Rubivirus genus. Until 2018, Rubiviruses were classified as part of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella_virus

The Rubella virus 3′ cis-acting element RNA family represents a cis-acting element found at the 3′ UTR in the rubella virus. ... Calreticulin protein family Page for Rubella virus 3′ cis-acting element at Rfam v t e (Cis-regulatory RNA elements, Rubella, ... cis-acting elements of the rubella virus genome". Journal of Virology. 73 (4): 3386-3403. doi:10.1128/JVI.73.4.3386-3403.1999. ... CAL binding is thought to be related to viral pathogenesis and in particular arthritis which occurs frequently in rubella ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella_virus_3′_cis-acting_element

Frey TK (1994). "Molecular biology of rubella virus". Advances in Virus Research Volume 44. Adv. Virus Res. Advances in Virus ... Rubella virus specific IgM antibodies are present in people recently infected by rubella virus, but these antibodies can ... Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. This disease is often ... "Rubella virus". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 11041. "Rubella". MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Portals: Medicine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella

Rubella is an infection caused by rubella virus. Rubella may also refer to: Rubella virus, the pathogenic agent of rubella ... a vaccine against rubella Rubella Ballet, an English anarcho-punk band All pages with titles containing Rubella This ... disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Rubella. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella_(disambiguation)

"Abnormal Development - Rubella Virus". "Chickenpox: Attenuated Strain Licensed in U.S." Segal, David (2011-01-28). "John Horan ... Gardasil (recombinant human papilloma virus vaccine) is a vaccine against multiple serotypes of human papilloma virus (HPV), ... rubella (MMR vaccine) in 1971. The incidence of rubella-associated birth defects fell from up to 10,000 per year in the U.S. to ... Maurice Hilleman, a scientist at Merck, developed the first mumps vaccine in 1967, the first rubella vaccine in 1969, and the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_&_Co.

"Morphological characteristics of rubella virus". The Lancet. 290 (7509): 237-239. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(67)92302-1. ISSN 0140- ... The coronavirus family of viruses now includes the SARS virus and the SARS-CoV2 virus that causes Coronavirus disease 2019.: 96 ... At St Thomas's, she worked on hepatitis B virus and the cold viruses. In 1966, Waterson and Almeida collaborated with the ... Almeida succeeded in identifying viruses that were previously unknown, including-in 1966-a group of viruses that was later ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Almeida

Her dissertation is titled Characterization of rubella virus antigen. In 1986, Green joined the laboratory of infectious ... Green, Kim Yarbrough (1986). Characterization of rubella virus antigen (Thesis). OCLC 35454280. Kim Green publications indexed ... Green's research has focused on the study of viruses associated with gastroenteritis. Her research program has addressed the ... American Society for Microbiology and the Caliciviridae study group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Green_(virologist)

... is closely related to Rubella virus and differs in only one amino acid in the protein it uses to get into host ... suggesting ruhugu viruses have a similar capacity for fusion with the host-cell membrane like rubella virus. Bennett AJ, Paskey ... Kelly April Tyrrell (7 October 2020). "First relatives of rubella virus discovered in bats in Uganda and mice in Germany". phys ... Ruhugu virus, scientific name Rubivirus ruteetense, is a species of virus in the genus Rubivirus. It was discovered in 2019 in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhugu_virus

The Rustrela virus has the same genomic structure as the Rubella virus. Rustrela has a few amino acid differences in the ... protein of rustrela that are highly conserved with Rubella virus and Ruhugu virus. Bennett AJ, Paskey AC, Ebinger A, Kuhn JH, ... "First relatives of rubella virus discovered in bats in Uganda and mice in Germany". University of Wisconsin-Madison. Retrieved ... Bennett, Andrew; Paskey, Adrian (2020). "Relatives of rubella virus in diverse mammals". Nature. 586 (7829): 424-428. Bibcode: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rustrela_virus

"Rubella". Merck Manual. Haukenes, G. (2002). "40. Slow viruses: Conventional Slow Virus Infections - Subacute Sclerosing ... Rubella virus cannot usually be recovered by viral culture or immunohistologic testing.[citation needed] Although no specific ... It is believed to be due to a persistence or reactivation of rubella virus infection.[citation needed] It develops 6 months to ... Progressive rubella panencephalitis (PRP) is a neurological disorder which may occur in a child with congenital rubella. It is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rubella_panencephalitis

Rubella virus vaccine on MedicineNet Rubella on vaccines.gov Rubella Vaccine at the US National Library of Medicine Medical ... Women who are planning to become pregnant are recommended to have rubella immunity beforehand, as the virus has a potential to ... Prior to arriving at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Parkman had been working on isolating the rubella virus for the ... "ProQuad- measles, mumps, rubella and varicella virus vaccine live injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension". DailyMed. 26 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubella_vaccine

"Measles virus vaccine / mumps virus vaccine / rubella virus vaccine (M-M-R II) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. 16 October ... "contains the Schwarz measles virus, the Jeryl Lynn-like mumps strain, and RA27/3 rubella virus". Pluserix was introduced in ... Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portals: Medicine Viruses ... "M-M-R II- measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine live injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension". DailyMed. 23 May 2022 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMR_vaccine

In 1968, she was involved in a vaccine study to inoculate Jamaican school children at risk for the rubella virus with a ... Grant, L.; Belle, E. A.; Provan, G.; King, S. D.; Sigel, M. M. (September 1970). "Trials with a live attenuated rubella virus ... who headed the Virology Department directed the investigation to identify the virus and develop a plan to control the virus. ... The following year she was appointed to the advisory board of the Trinidad Virus Laboratory and became an advisor to the Pan ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Dorothy_King

Hess suggested that rubella was caused by a virus in 1914. He showed that the missing factor in scurvy was present in citrus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Fabian_Hess

Together with Thomas Weller, he isolated the Rubella virus in 1962. In 1964 he moved back to Harvard to head the Department of ... helped isolate rubella virus, and worked with Jonas Salk on the development of the polio vaccine. He was the first member of ... While at Pittsburgh, he also isolated ECHO 16, the virus responsible for Boston exanthem disease. This was the first ... Weller, Thomas H.; Neva, Franklin A. (1962). "Propagation in Tissue Culture of Cytopathic Agents from Patients with Rubella- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_A._Neva

"Measles-mumps-rubella vaccination and respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospital contact". Vaccine. 33 (1): 237-45. doi: ... Sorup, S; Benn, CS; Poulsen, A; Krause, TG; Aaby, P; Ravn, H (26 Feb 2014). "Live vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella ... Recent Danish register-based studies have shown that the live attenuated measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR) protects against ... Viral interference induced by live attenuated virus vaccine (OPV) can prevent otitis media. Vaccine 2011; 29(47): 8615-8. Aaby ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-specific_effect_of_vaccines

"Measles virus vaccine / mumps virus vaccine / rubella virus vaccine / varicella virus vaccine (ProQuad) Use During Pregnancy". ... "ProQuad measles, mumps, rubella, varicella live virus vaccine injection vial" (PDF). Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). ... The MMRV vaccine combines the attenuated virus MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine with the addition of the chickenpox ... "DailyMed - PROQUAD- measles, mumps, rubella and varicella virus vaccine live injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension". " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMRV_vaccine

"Chronic Progressive Panencephalitis Due to Rubella Virus Simulating Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis". New England Journal ... "Field Evaluation of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine and a Trivalent Parainfluenza Virus Vaccine in a Pediatric ... From 1941 to 1944 he was stationed in Brazil and did research on yellow fever and encephalitis viruses. From 1944 to 1946 he ... Smith, M. G.; Lennette, E. H.; Reames, H. R. (1941). "Isolation of the virus of herpes simplex and the demonstration of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Herman_Lennette

Rubella, or German measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. In childhood, it usually causes a mild disease but ... Rather, vaccination is offered to children to reduce the prevalence of rubella virus in circulation and/or to adolescent girls ... with its development largely spurred by the heavy burden of congenital rubella experienced in the 1960s. Because the rubella ... Walker, D; Carter, H; Jones, IG (1986). "Measles, mumps, and rubella: the need for a change in immunisation policy". BMJ (Clin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunization_during_pregnancy

Mawson, Anthony R.; Croft, Ashley M. (2019). "Rubella Virus Infection, the Congenital Rubella Syndrome, and the Link to Autism ... If exposed to the rubella virus during the first four weeks, the risk of malformations is 47%. Exposure during weeks five ... Rubella can also lead to atrial and ventricular septal defects in the heart. If exposed to rubella in the second trimester, the ... The Zika virus can also be transmitted from the pregnant mother to her baby and cause microcephaly. The herpes simplex virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_defect

1999). "M-M-R II (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccine Live)" (PDF). Merck Co. "Vaccines: Vac-Gen/Shortages/MMR single ... 1999). "MUMPSVAX (Mumps Virus Vaccine Live) Jeryl Lynn Strain" (PDF). Merck Co. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August ... It is a component of Merck's three-virus MMR vaccine, and is the mumps vaccine standard in the United States. Mumpsvax is given ... The resulting strains of virus were less well-suited for human cells, and are thus said to be attenuated. They are sometimes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps_vaccine

Other vaccines containing live viruses include measles, mumps, rubella, polio and chickenpox. The vaccine is administered using ... The vaccinia virus will begin to grow at the injection site. It will cause a localized infection, with a red itchy sore ... The ACAM2000 vaccine cannot cause smallpox because it does not contain the smallpox virus. ... The ACAM2000 vaccine is produced from the Vaccina virus. Vaccinia is closely related to smallpox. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACAM2000

Horstmann also did research on the clinical epidemiology of the rubella virus. Her work played a significant role in assuring ... John Franklin Enders credited Horstmann with shaking the "widely held feeling that the virus grew solely in nerve cells". ... Overturning the conventional wisdom that the polio virus affected the nervous system directly, Horstmann and her fellow ... the safety and effectiveness of rubella vaccine.[1] Yale chose Horstmann as a full professor in 1961, making her the first ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_M._Horstmann

"Identification of the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein as a cellular receptor for rubella virus". Journal of Virology. 85 ( ... Some of them are not-inflammatory, such as adrenoleukodystrophy, vanishing white matter disease, and Rubella induced mental ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin_oligodendrocyte_glycoprotein

Beatch MD, Hobman TC (2000). "Rubella virus capsid associates with host cell protein p32 and localizes to mitochondria". J. ... Luo Y, Yu H, Peterlin BM (1994). "Cellular protein modulates effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev". J. Virol. 68 ... Tange TO, Jensen TH, Kjems J (1996). "In vitro interaction between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev protein and splicing ... Other interacting partners of C1QBP include protein domains from pathogens such as bacteria, virus and plasmodium falciparum. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C1QBP

Possible pathogens include viruses (e.g. cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, HIV), bacteria (e.g. Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus ... Post-transfusion purpura Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia Hypersplenism Dengue fever Gaucher's disease Zika virus These ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombocytopenia

... and production of measles virus 8-fold. It can decrease the replication of rubella virus at a rate of 103. Soares, HM; CRO ... The propolis from S. postica reduces production of pocornavirus 64-fold, production of influenza virus 32-fold, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaptotrigona_postica

... or rubella viruses in autism?". Journal of Neurovirology. 13 (3): 252-259. doi:10.1080/13550280701278462. PMID 17613715. S2CID ... Singh, V. K.; Lin, S. X.; Yang, V. C. (1998). "Serological Association of Measles Virus and Human Herpesvirus-6 with Brain ... Singh, V. K.; Lin, S. X.; Newell, E.; Nelson, C. (2002). "Abnormal measles-mumps-rubella antibodies and CNS autoimmunity in ... Autism May Be Caused By An Immune System Response To A Virus (Articles with short description, Short description matches ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijendra_K._Singh

Viruses identified that have an effect on neutrophils are rubella and cytomegalovirus. Though the body can manufacture a normal ... Viruses that infect neutrophil progenitors can also be the cause of neutropenia. ... bacterial fragments and immunoglobulin-bound viruses in the blood. People with neutropenia are more susceptible to bacterial ... Typhoid Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Cytomegalovirus Influenza Human Immunodeficiency Virus Propylthiouracil Levamisole ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutropenia

Alpha viruses contain secondary structural motifs in the 5′ UTR that allow them to avoid detection by IFIT1. Rubella virus 3′ ... cis-acting element Frolov I, Hardy R, Rice CM (November 2001). "Cis-acting RNA elements at the 5′ end of Sindbis virus genome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togavirus_5′_plus_strand_cis-regulatory_element

... measles virus, mumps vaccine virus and rubella vaccine virus, and wild strains of the aforementioned viruses) results in ileal ... They reported finding 99% of the samples contained no trace of the measles virus, and the samples that did contain the virus ... "If you give three viruses together, three live viruses, then you potentially increase the risk of an adverse event occurring, ... "Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 15 May 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2011 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield

... rubella, and Toxoplasma gondii". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 35 (6): 1163-82. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn054. PMC 2762619. PMID 18552348 ... "MicroRNA gene expression profile of hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma". Hepatology. 47 (4): 1223-32. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-198_microRNA_precursor_family

December 2000). "A large rubella outbreak with spread from the workplace to the community". JAMA. 284 (21): 2733-9. doi:10.1001 ... suggests that the small number of fully vaccinated people who do become infected can be infectious and can spread the virus to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19

For many viruses, antibodies and especially neutralizing antibodies serve as a correlate of immunity. Pregnant women, for ... example, are routinely screened in the UK for rubella antibodies to confirm their immunity, which can cause serious congenital ... Correlates of immunity or correlates of protection to a virus or other infectious pathogen are measurable signs that a person ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlates_of_immunity

IgM may persist for months or even years and therefore false positives may be triggered by Barmah Forest virus, rubella, Q ... The new virus was named Ross River virus, and the disease Ross River fever. The virus itself was first isolated in 1972 using ... Ross River fever is also known as Ross River virus infection or Ross River virus disease. Ross River virus is named after the ... The virus also causes moderate symptoms in horses. The symptoms of Ross River virus are important to recognise for early ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_River_virus

... rubella virus, HIV, and parainfluenza virus. It is named for Ferdinando Gianotti and Agostino Crosti. Gianotti-Crosti syndrome ... Hepatitis B virus and Epstein-Barr virus are the most frequently reported pathogens. Other viruses implicated are hepatitis A ... Virus-related cutaneous conditions, Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases, Syndromes affecting the skin, Syndromes caused by ... August 2004). "Gianotti-Crosti syndrome caused by acute hepatitis B virus genotype D infection". Internal Medicine (Tokyo, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianotti–Crosti_syndrome

... influenza virus) that could cause a pandemic Several vaccine-controllable diseases are not on the list, including measles, ... mumps, rubella, and chickenpox. Based on their health assessments, quarantine officers may stop travelers from entering the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Global_Migration_and_Quarantine

Of the panel of human viruses studied, measles, influenza A, and parainfluenza 1, 2 and 3 were found in some of the studied ... In 2006, scientists noticed HPT of measles, rubella, and parainfluenza in the case of performing monkeys, who are "a common ... Schillaci, M. A.; Jones-Engel, L.; Engel, G. A.; Kyes, R. C. (2006). "Exposure to human respiratory viruses among urban ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-to-primate_transmission

"ProQuad- measles, mumps, rubella and varicella virus vaccine live injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension". DailyMed. 26 ... Hilleman MR (July 1992). "Past, present, and future of measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccines". Pediatrics. 90 (1 Pt 2): ... "M-M-R II- measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine live injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension". DailyMed. 24 ... Peebles was able to isolate the virus from blood samples and throat swabs, and was later able to cultivate the virus and show ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles_vaccine

The virus reached Turkey in May 2009. A U.S. citizen, flying from the United States via Amsterdam was found to be suffering ... Rubella were 7, Mumps were 544 and Tetanus(total) were 16 cases in 2016. HepB_pediatric : birth;1, 6 months BCG : 2 months ... On 14 April 2020, the head of the Turkish Ministry of Health Fahrettin Koca announced that the spread of the virus in Turkey ... After a slow start, the virus spread rapidly in Turkey and the number of cases reached 12,316. First death confirmed on 24 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Turkey

Rubella is also known as German Measles or three day measles, it is a contagious disease caused by a virus. Rubella is spread ... The virus is spread through coughing, sneezing and touching infected surfaces. The virus can live on surfaces for up to 2 hours ... "About Rubella". CDC. CDC. Retrieved 1 November 2020. "Rubella (German Measles, Three-Day Measles) Complications". CDC. CDC. ... One is an inactivated form of the virus (IPV) which is given as a shot. This is the only form that is used in the United States ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_immunizations_in_the_United_States

The T12 virus itself has not been placed into a taxon by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. It has a double- ... Nil Filatov (in 1895) and Clement Dukes (in 1894) described an exanthematous disease which they thought was a form of rubella, ... Research published in October 2020 has shown that infection of the bacterium by three viruses has led to stronger strains of ... Dukes, Clement (30 June 1900). "On the confusion of two different diseases under the name of rubella (rose-rash)". The Lancet. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarlet_fever

Rubella (1969, Hilleman, Merck) and mumps (1967, Hilleman, Merck) The United States incidences of rubella, congenital rubella ... In 1960 Maurice Hilleman of Merck Sharp & Dohme identified the SV40 virus, which was later shown to cause tumors in many ... "Prevention of Measles, Rubella, Congenital Rubella Syndrome, and Mumps, 2013". Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. ... SWEET BH, HILLEMAN MR (November 1960). "The vacuolating virus, S.V. 40". Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 105 (2): 420-7. doi:10.3181 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry

Some Christians have objected to the use of cell cultures of some viral vaccines, and the virus of the rubella vaccine, on the ... Analysis by the CDC scientists showed that the measles virus type in this outbreak (B3) was identical to the virus type that ... Because of similarities between the 2009 influenza A subtype H1N1 virus and the 1976 influenza A/NJ virus many countries ... Many viruses, including HPV, have proteins that block the immune response or simply lie low to avoid detection. Indeed, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy

The other event that changed public opinion was the outbreak of rubella in the 1950s and 60s. Because rubella disrupted the ... The CDC analyses the eight most common STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, hepatitis B virus (HBV), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2 ... human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human papillomavirus (HPV), syphilis, and trichomoniasis. There are more than 600 million ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health

This helped eradicate many contagious diseases including polio, tetanus, diphtheria and rubella, though some diseases increased ... when little was known about the virus, Cuba compulsorily tested thousands of its citizens for HIV. Those who tested positive ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Cuba

Polio, measles, varicella-zoster, rubella, herpes simplex, maternal genital infections, Borna disease virus, and Toxoplasma ... including no evidence of herpes virus or T. gondii involvement in schizophrenia. There is some evidence for the role of ... a proximal cause of certain cases of schizophrenia is the interaction of the developing fetus with pathogens such as viruses, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factors_of_schizophrenia

"Three-dimensional structure of Rubella virus factories". Virology. 405 (2): 579-91. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2010.06.043. PMC ... Viroplasms have been found in the cauliflower mosaic virus, rotavirus, vaccinia virus and the rice dwarf virus. These appear ... The number and the size of viroplasms depend on the virus, the virus isolate, hosts species, and the stage of the infection. ... A viroplasm, sometimes called "virus factory" or "virus inclusion", is an inclusion body in a cell where viral replication and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroplasm

The following three species are assigned to the genus: Rubivirus rubellae, commonly called rubella virus Rubivirus ruteetense, ... commonly called ruhugu virus Rubivirus strelense, commonly called rustrela virus Bennett AJ, Paskey AC, Ebinger A, Kuhn JH, ... Rubivirus is a genus of viruses. It contains three species. ... International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubivirus

The virus can also be transmitted to the infant at delivery from contact with genital secretions or later in infancy through ... Others include toxoplasmosis, rubella, herpes simplex, and syphilis. For infants who are infected by their mothers before birth ... The virus can be diagnosed through viral isolation, or using blood, urine, or saliva samples. When infected with CMV, most ... The virus accounts for 20% of sensorineural hearing loss in children. These risks appear to be almost exclusively associated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_cytomegalovirus_infection

Viruses such as rubella, parvovirus B19, chikungunya, and HIV infection can also cause septic arthritis. Prosthetic joint ... Other less common cause include specific bacteria as mycobacterium tuberculosis, viruses, fungi and parasites. In children, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_arthritis

... is also known to be associated with infections, such as West Nile virus, rubella, H. influenza, rabies, and ... The Journal of Radiology, June 2003 Debiasi, Roberta L; Tyler, Kenneth L (2006). "West Nile virus meningoencephalitis". Nature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intention_tremor

As such, Hepatitis A is also referred to as Infectious Hepatitis, and is caused by the Hepatitis A Virus (HAV). HAV can be ... Barnett ED, Christiansen D, Figueira M (August 2002). "Seroprevalence of measles, rubella, and varicella in refugees". Clinical ... Lifson AR, Thai D, O'Fallon A, Mills WA, Hang K (2002). "Prevalence of tuberculosis, hepatitis B virus, and intestinal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_health

The varicella zoster vaccine is made from the Oka/Merck strain of live attenuated varicella virus. The Oka virus was initially ... rubella and varicella vaccine (MMRV). Twelve European countries (Austria, Andorra, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, ... Another vaccine, known as zoster vaccine, is used to prevent diseases caused by the same virus - the varicella zoster virus. ... It is made from weakened virus. A live attenuated varicella vaccine, the Oka strain, was developed by Michiaki Takahashi and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella_vaccine

Viscerotropic leishmaniasis Wheat warehouse itch Virus-related cutaneous conditions are caused by two main groups of viruses- ... Roseola vaccinia Rubella (German measles) Sandfly fever (Pappataci fever, phlebotomus fever) Sealpox Varicella (chickenpox) ... Alphavirus infection Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood (unilateral laterothoracic exanthem) B virus infection ... viruses, or parasites. Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions often have distinct morphologic characteristics that may be an ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_skin_conditions

B19 virus is most known for causing disease in the pediatric population; however, it can also affect adults. It is the classic ... such as measles and rubella, are rare now). Once infected, patients usually develop the illness after an incubation period of ... This is due to a combination of hemolysis of the red blood cells, as well as the virus directly negatively affecting the red ... This rate is similar to that of other single-stranded DNA viruses. VP2 codons were found to be under purifying selection. In ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvovirus_B19

Citrus tristeza virus replication signal Rubella virus 3' cis-acting element Lobert PE, Escriou N, Ruelle J, Michiels T ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovirus_cis-acting_replication_element

Congenital cytomegalovirus infection Toxoplasmosis Congenital rubella syndrome Congenital Varicella Syndrome Zika virus (see ... In addition, viruses such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Zika have been shown to infect and kill the primary stem cell of the ... Li, C; Xu, D; Ye, Q; Hong, S; Jiang, Y; Liu, X; Zhang, N; Shi, L; Qin, CF; Xu, Z (7 July 2016). "Zika Virus Disrupts Neural ... A study published in The New England Journal of Medicine has documented a case in which they found evidence of the Zika virus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcephaly

... mumps and rubella, and finally, before a child starts school, the child must be vaccinated for hepatitis B. While a medical ... such as the one for human papilloma virus, coverage is below 50%. Mandatory vaccination against measles was introduced in 1968 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Slovenia

Katharine had an abortion in 1975 due to rubella and gave birth to a stillborn son, Patrick, in 1977; this loss sent her into a ... Reports by the BBC stated that the Duchess suffered from coeliac disease and Epstein-Barr virus, whose symptoms resemble those ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine,_Duchess_of_Kent

PROQUAD (measles, mumps, rubella and varicella virus vaccine live) injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension. NDC Code(s): ... M-M-R II (measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine live) injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension. NDC Code(s): 50090- ... M-M-R II (measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccine live) injection, powder, lyophilized, for suspension. NDC Code(s): 0006- ... SEARCH RESULTS for: Live Attenuated Rubella Virus Vaccine [Drug Class] (4 results) ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?query=Live%20Attenuated%20Rubella%20Virus%20Vaccine&searchdb=class

Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Albania World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe (‎World Health ... Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Albania World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe (‎World Health ... Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Albania World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe (‎World Health ... Measles and rubella elimination country profile: Andorra World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe (‎World Health ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Rubella+virus&type=mesh

... may help scientists figure out how to combat Zika virus. ... Our experience with the rubella virus, which can cause ... Diane McMenamin, 14, gets vaccinated against rubella at a high school in Willingboro, N.J., in 1976. (Bettmann/Corbis). ...

https://www.wbur.org/npr/464899067/before-zika-virus-rubella-was-a-pregnant-womans-nightmare

Rubella virus is an RNA virus that is the sole member of the Rubivirus genus, within the Togaviridae family (6). The rubella ... Molecular biology of rubella virus. Adv Virus Res. 1994;44:69-160. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ... "New" rubella virus E1 gene sequences used in this studya * Table 2. Intra- and intergoup genetic distances among rubella ... Molecular epidemiology of rubella by nucleotide sequences of the rubella virus E1 gene in three East Asia countries. J Infect ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/9/12/03-0242

... the number of reported measles virus genotypes declined from six to four; two (B3 and D8) accounted for 95% of reported ... the number of reported measles virus genotypes declined from six to four; two (B3 and D8) accounted for 95% of reported ... TABLE 1. Measles virus genotypes, distinct N450* sequences, diversity index,† and rubella virus genotypes reported globally - ... Laboratory Surveillance for Measles and Rubella Viruses. Countries report data from measles and rubella cases identified ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6826a3.htm

Distinguishing between primary infection and reinfection with rubella vaccine virus by IgG avidity assay in pregnant women ... The commercial kits used were the Enzygnost anti-rubella virus IgM and Enzygnost anti-rubella virus IgG (Dade Behring, Marburg ... Although cases of CRS due to rubella reinfection, even by wild-type rubella virus, are very rare [14], it was seen as necessary ... As documented reports of CRS by rubella reinfection, even by wild-type rubella virus, are very rare [14], distinction between ...

https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-15-2009/volume-15-issue-1/article10.html

https://www.dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?query=Live%20Attenuated%20Rubella%20Virus%20Vaccine&searchdb=class

I. Passalidi 90-92, PC: 55132 ...

https://analysi.gr/en/tests/rubella-virus-pcr/

Waa maxey cudurka Rubella Virus? « on: January 19, 2009, 01:46:47 AM » ... Re: Waa maxey cudurka Rubella Virus? « Reply #1 on: January 20, 2009, 01:38:28 AM » ... Re: Waa maxey cudurka Rubella Virus? « Reply #3 on: January 24, 2009, 11:26:50 PM » ... Waa maxay Rubella?. Rubella (oo loogu yeero German measles ama Jadeecada Jarrmalka) waa infakshan fayras keeno si aadana la isu ...

https://somalidoc.com/smf/index.php/topic,1760.0.html

... which is part of a larger study on rubella viruses, is the first to report APOBEC-induced mutations of rubella viruses in human ... The best protection against rubella is the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, which contains a weakened form of one rubella ... Rubella virus, some cancers mutated via same mechanism. An unusual collaboration between NIEHS and CDC reported an important ... CDCs rubella virus team, including Ludmila Perelygina, Ph.D., and Joseph Icenogle, Ph.D., serves as a national and ...

https://factor.niehs.nih.gov/2019/12/feature/2-feature-rubella

LIVE RUBELLA VIRUS VACCINE. The live rubella virus vaccine** currently distributed in the United States is prepared in human ... Official name: Rubella Virus Vaccine, Live.. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY. Baba K, Yabuuchi H, Okuni H, et al. Rubella epidemic in an ... RUBELLA SEROLOGY TESTING AND IMMUNITY. LIVE RUBELLA VIRUS VACCINE. Vaccine Shipment and Storage. VACCINE USE. General ... Live rubella vaccine does not contain penicillin.. Altered Immunity. Replication of live rubella vaccine virus may be ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/p0000360/p0000360.asp

Rubella virus (RV) usually causes a mild disease. However, infection during the first trimester of pregnancy often leads to ... Phylogenetic analysis of rubella viruses in vietnam during 2009-2010. en_US. ... The increasing information about RV genotype in Vietnam should aid in the control of rubella infection and CRS in this country ... Throat swab samples were collected between 2009 and 2010 from four CRS cases and nine rubella infection cases visiting one ...

http://cmuir.cmu.ac.th/handle/6653943832/51738?mode=full

Details for: A study of standard rubella virus and immune rabbit serum against rubella virus proposed for designation as WHO ... A study of standard rubella virus and immune rabbit serum against rubella virus proposed for designation as WHO reference ...

https://kohahq.searo.who.int/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=su:%7BRubivirus%7D

... and the elimination of the rubella virus in many developed countries, substantial commitment to rubella control has not been ... Epidemiological Evaluation of Rubella Virus Infection among Pregnant Women in Ibadan, Nigeria.. Adewumi, Olubusuyi M; Olayinka ... Prevalence rates of 91.54% and 1.84% were recorded for the anti-rubella virus (anti-RV) IgG and IgM, respectively. Also, 90.7% ... Consequently, the primary objective of global rubella control programs is prevention of congenital rubella infection and ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/perinatal/resource/pt/mdl-25774539

... of 194 countries protecting infants with rubella-containing vaccine and 81 (42%) eliminating rubella transmission. ... of 194 countries protecting infants with rubella-containing vaccine and 81 (42%) eliminating rubella transmission. ... Congenital rubella syndrome is caused by rubella virus infection of pregnant women. Since 2011, there has been an acceleration ... Rubella is a leading cause of vaccine-preventable birth defects. Although rubella virus infection usually causes a mild febrile ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6839a5.htm

Campbells Kidney ; Rubella Testing ; Viruses Dont Grow ; Influenza Virus Haemagglutination ; Henrietta Lacks. ...

https://www.academicinfo.net/microbioed.html

Congenital rubella is a condition that occurs in an infant whose mother is infected with the virus that causes German measles. ... Congenital rubella occurs when the rubella virus in the mother affects the developing baby in the first 3 months of pregnancy. ... Congenital rubella is a condition that occurs in an infant whose mother is infected with the virus that causes German measles. ... Rubella virus (German measles). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennetts Principles and ...

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001658.htm

Rubella virus sero-prevalence and associated factors among non-vaccinated pregnant women in Northwest Ethiopia Authors. * Begna ... The main aim of this study was to assess the sero-prevalence of the rubella virus infection and its associated risk factors ... Background: Rubella virus infection during pregnancy is associated with adverse fetal outcomes and reproductive failures. In ... Result: A total of 401 pregnant mothers were screened for rubella virus infection. The mean age of the study participants was ...

https://ejhd.org/index.php/ejhd/article/view/1801

Mumps-Measles-Rubella (MMR) indicating it may negatively impact Vaccine-induced Toxicity, Autism Spectrum Disorders, and ... Several investigators have shown that the presence of anti-rubella antibody is not sufficient to eliminate rubella virus.Nov 09 ... Diseases : Rubella. Anti Therapeutic Actions : Vaccination: Adult Rubella, Vaccination: All, Vaccination: Mumps-Measles-Rubella ... Diseases : Rubella. Anti Therapeutic Actions : Vaccination: Adult Rubella, Vaccination: All, Vaccination: Mumps-Measles-Rubella ...

https://greenmedinfo.com/anti-therapeutic-action/vaccination-mumps-measles-rubella-mmr?a=6316

... measles virus vaccine is usually given along with attenuated rubella and mumps viruses as the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) ... Measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella virus vaccine (ProQuad). *View full drug information ... The live MMR vaccine is used to induce active immunity against viruses that cause measles, mumps, and rubella. ... This is a live vaccine that induces active immunity against viruses that cause measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella. ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/966220-medication

Categories: Rubella virus Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted 48 ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Rubella+virus&parentid=33075&catid=22941

Mumps virus/immunology*; Mumps/immunology; Nutrition Surveys; Rubella virus/immunology*; Rubella/immunology; United States ... Title: Blood Lead Concentrations and Antibody Levels to Measles, Mumps, and Rubella among U.S. Children. ... and rubella in a nationally representative sample of 7005 U.S. children aged 6-17 years. Data from the 1999-2004 cycles of the ...

https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/portfolio/index.cfm?do=portfolio.publicationDetail&id=3688077

Vis forfatter(e) (1996). Immunoglobin G sublass antibodies to rubella viruses in chronic liver disease, acute rubella and ... Vis forfatter(e) (1994). Radioimmunoprecipitation and immunoblot studies of antibodies to rubella virus in patients with ... Vis forfatter(e) (1996). Rubella virus antibodies in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. -. ... Vis forfatter(e) (1998). Altered antibody pattern to Epstein-Barr virus but not to other herpes viruses in multiple sclerosis: ...

https://www.uib.no/personer/May.Britt.Kalvenes

Became infected with a cytomegalovirus, rubella (German measles), varicella (chicken pox) virus, or possibly zika virus ...

https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Microcephaly-Information-Page

We challenged with ordinary unmodified rubella virus and they all got laboratory evidence of rubella. They had virus in throats ... And we thought, "Well, from what we hear it makes a lot of virus. Maybe we should try rubella in that." So we put the rubella ... We immunized the monkeys with killed rubella virus. We sort of did the Jonas Salk thing, inactivating the virus as he did with ... And he took a lot of peoples viruses like ours, and hepatitis viruses, hepatitis A and hepatitis B viruses, and he made them ...

https://history.nih.gov/x/VIPi

disabilities, consent to the testing, congenital birth defects, congenital rubella syndrome, wrongful birth case, virus, ... In class 2, students apply their knowledge of the 1964 rubella epidemic to identify and research other illnesses like rubella ... Rashes to Research: Scientists and Parents Confront the 1964 Rubella Epidemic explores how the 1964 rubella epidemic unleased ... Use the rubella health topic page in MedlinePlus to introduce and review "On this page" box on the page to call out various ...

https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/rashestoresearch/education-lessonplan1.html

Rubella Virus. S. *Saint Louis Encephalitis See: Arbovirus test listings. *Salmonella spp. See also: Antimicrobial ... Vaccinia Virus See also: Rash Illness Panel. *Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) See: Staphylococcus aureus, ... Jamestown Canyon Virus See: Arbovirus test listings. *Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase-Producers (KPC) or Carbapenemase- ...

https://www.health.state.mn.us/diseases/idlab/gts/testlist.html

Rubella. Burden of disease. 6,789 reported cases to WHO in 2017. Cause. Rubella virus. ...

https://www.pursuantmedia.com/2021/03/07/what-is-considered-a-reservoir/

Concentration on comprehensive rubella vaccination has recently increased in developing countries in conjunction with measles elimination efforts, particularly in Latin America ( 4 , 5 ). (cdc.gov)
During the mass measles/rubella vaccination campaign in 2003 in Iran, many pregnant women were vaccinated mistakenly or became pregnant within 1 month of vaccination. (who.int)
Lors de la campagne de vaccination de masse contre la rougeole et la rubéole réalisée en 2003 en Iran, de nombreuses femmes enceintes ont été vaccinées par erreur ou se sont trouvées enceintes un mois après la vaccination. (who.int)
These revised Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP) recommendations for the prevention of rubella update the previous recommendations (MMWR 1981;30:37-42, 47) to include current information about vaccine effectiveness, duration of immunity, vaccination in pregnancy, and progress in controlling congenital rubella syndrome. (cdc.gov)
Likewise, countries that have introduced RCV can achieve and maintain elimination with high vaccination coverage and surveillance for rubella and CRS. (cdc.gov)
The preferred strategy for introducing RCV into national immunization schedules is to conduct an initial vaccination campaign targeting the majority of persons who might not have been naturally exposed to rubella, usually children aged ≤14 years ( 1 ), a strategy that can eliminate rubella and CRS ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
In Ethiopia, little is known about the extent of the disease and rubella vaccination is not widely available. (ejhd.org)
In addition to a comprehensive surveillance approach and efforts to determine rubella susceptibility profile among school-aged girls and women of childbearing age, it is also important to consider rubella vaccine in a national vaccination program. (ejhd.org)
As it is a disease that has few consequences in children, vaccination is mainly used to prevent rubella infection during pregnancy, so children are vaccinated so that they do not contaminate women of childbearing age. (topnotchparents.com)

The best protection against rubella is the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, which contains a weakened form of one rubella strain. (nih.gov)
Cudurka rubella wuxuu u baahaa sida jadeecada (measles) iyo qaamo-qashiirta (mumps). (somalidoc.com)
In the United States, measles virus vaccine is usually given along with attenuated rubella and mumps viruses as the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. (medscape.com)
The live MMR vaccine is used to induce active immunity against viruses that cause measles, mumps, and rubella. (medscape.com)
This is a live vaccine that induces active immunity against viruses that cause measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella. (medscape.com)
Blood Lead Concentrations and Antibody Levels to Measles, Mumps, and Rubella among U.S. Children. (nih.gov)
The present study estimated the association between blood lead concentrations and antigen-specific antibody levels to measles, mumps, and rubella in a nationally representative sample of 7005 U.S. children aged 6-17 years. (nih.gov)
The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine protects people from 3 serious viral diseases. (stanfordchildrens.org)
Mumps is also caused by a virus. (stanfordchildrens.org)
Nonpregnant adults who don't have evidence of immunity to measles, mumps, or rubella, should be vaccinated as recommended, At least one dose is advised. (stanfordchildrens.org)
M-M-R ® II (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccine Live) is a vaccine indicated for active immunization for the prevention of measles, mumps, and rubella in individuals 12 months of age or older. (merckvaccines.com)
M-M-R ® II is a vaccine indicated for active immunization for the prevention of measles, mumps, and rubella in individuals 12 months of age or older. (merckvaccines.com)
We haven't seen numbers like this since routine measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) immunizations began in the 1970s. (harvard.edu)

Results from genetic characterizations of rubella viruses are periodically summarized in updates on the global distribution of rubella virus genotypes ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)

Effect of immunization against rubella on lactation products. (nih.gov)
Preventing fetal infection and consequent congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is the objective of rubella immunization programs. (cdc.gov)
Considerable political commitment and promotion of free rubella immunization specifically for women with childbearing potential were recommended. (bvsalud.org)
This report on the progress toward rubella and CRS control and elimination updates the 2017 report ( 3 ), summarizing global progress toward the control and elimination of rubella and CRS from 2000 (the initiation of accelerated measles control activities) and 2012 (the initiation of accelerated rubella control activities) to 2018 (the most recent data) using WHO immunization and surveillance data. (cdc.gov)

In patients with PID, the vaccine-derived rubella virus can become highly mutated. (nih.gov)
This micrograph shows vaccine-derived rubella virus (red) surrounded by immune cells known as macrophages (green) in a skin nodule from a patient with PID. (nih.gov)
Infectious vaccine-derived rubella viruses emerge, persist, and evolve in cutaneous granulomas of children with primary immunodeficiencies. (greenmedinfo.com)

Genetic analysis of rubella viruses found in the United States between 1966 and 2004: evidence that indigenous rubella viruses have been eliminated. (cdc.gov)
The E1 gene sequence has been used for genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of rubella virus isolates ( 7 - 10 ). (cdc.gov)

As the incidence of rubella declines, serologic confirmation of cases becomes more important. (cdc.gov)
In 2005, the incidence of rubella was approximately 1 per 100,000 population in Canada. (topnotchparents.com)

In pregnant women, rubella infection may lead to more serious consequences, including a group of birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome. (nih.gov)
This is known as congenital rubella from congenital infections persists after birth syndrome (CRS). (who.int)

Because many rash illnesses may mimic rubella infection, and because many rubella infections are unrecognized, the only reliable evidence of immunity to rubella is the presence of specific antibody. (cdc.gov)
This study appraises immunity to rubella , and consequently makes appropriate recommendations aimed at facilitating effective control. (bvsalud.org)
If rubella IgG is present it can be confirmed with fever and malaise for a day or two that a patient has immunity to rubella. (who.int)
13. Rubella Virus Infected Macrophages and Neutrophils Define Patterns of Granulomatous Inflammation in Inborn and Acquired Errors of Immunity. (nih.gov)

Rubella can cause fever, sore throat, and a distinctive red rash on the face and body. (nih.gov)
Rubella is a common childhood rash disease. (cdc.gov)
The most common--post-auricular and suboccipital lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, transient erythematous rash, and low fever--may not be recognized as rubella. (cdc.gov)
Rubella is a vaccine -preventable, mild rash -inducing viral disease with complications that include a spectrum of birth defects in the developing fetus , especially if the infection is acquired in the early months of pregnancy . (bvsalud.org)
Although rubella virus infection usually causes a mild febrile rash illness in children and adults, infection during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester, can result in miscarriage, fetal death, stillbirth, or a constellation of birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). (cdc.gov)
Most people who get rubella usually have mild illness, with symptoms that can include a low-grade fever, sore throat, and a rash that starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body. (ncha.org)
Measles - a highly contagious virus that is spread by close contact with an infected person and causes fever, a cough and a rash. (hse.ie)

To distinguish pregnant women who were affected by rubella vaccine as primary infection from those who had rubella reinfection from the vaccine, serum samples were collected 1-3 months after the campaign from 812 pregnant women. (who.int)
Pregnant women who have not had the vaccine should avoid contact with people who have the rubella virus. (medlineplus.gov)
Epidemiological Evaluation of Rubella Virus Infection among Pregnant Women in Ibadan, Nigeria. (bvsalud.org)
Congenital rubella syndrome is caused by rubella virus infection of pregnant women. (cdc.gov)
211 pregnant women attending the prenatal consultation of mean age 27±5.99 years were randomly selected and screened for rubella IgG antibodies. (who.int)
The main aim of this study was to assess the sero-prevalence of the rubella virus infection and its associated risk factors among pregnant women. (ejhd.org)
The sero-prevalence of rubella virus infection among pregnant women was considered to be low, showing the high risk of a new infection. (ejhd.org)
Pregnant women who get rubella have an increased chance of having babies with birth defects. (stanfordchildrens.org)

Congenital Infections that a mother needs to be screened for include herpes virus, cytomegalovirus and rubella, to name a few. (home-remedies-for-you.com)

Virologic surveillance in rubella-control and regional rubella-elimination programs since 2004 has resulted in approximately 100 new nucleotide sequences of wild-type rubella viruses available for analysis. (cdc.gov)
While there are no basic changes in approach, the available epidemiologic data indicate that the elimination of congenital rubella syndrome can be achieved and even hastened by focusing particular attention on more effective delivery of vaccine to older individuals--particularly women of childbearing age. (cdc.gov)
Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines , and the elimination of the rubella virus in many developed countries , substantial commitment to rubella control has not been demonstrated in developing countries . (bvsalud.org)
Since 2011, there has been an acceleration in the efforts to introduce rubella-containing vaccine using a strategy that can result in elimination. (cdc.gov)
Progress toward rubella elimination has resulted in 168 (87%) of 194 countries protecting infants with RCV and 81 (42%) eliminating rubella transmission. (cdc.gov)
To make further progress, it is important that the 26 remaining countries introduce rubella vaccine and the countries that have already introduced the vaccine achieve and maintain elimination. (cdc.gov)
The Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011-2020 (GVAP) includes a target to achieve elimination of rubella in at least five of the six WHO regions by 2020 ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Rubella elimination has been verified in 81 (42%) countries. (cdc.gov)
Elimination of Endemic Measles, Rubella, and Congenital Rubella Syndrome From the Western Hemisphere: The US Experience. (medscape.com)

The ACIP has specific recommendations for intervals between administration of antibody-containing products and live virus vaccines. (merckvaccines.com)

69% of the world's infants were vaccinated against rubella in 2018. (cdc.gov)

A 5ml blood sample was also collected from all study participants and tested for Immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM antibodies against rubella virus infection using enzyme immune assay (EIA) test at the Amhara Regional Health Research Laboratory Center, Bahir Dar. (ejhd.org)
Immunoglobin G sublass antibodies to rubella viruses in chronic liver disease, acute rubella and healthy controls. (uib.no)
Raised levels of antibodies to human viruses at the clinical onset of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. (uib.no)
Radioimmunoprecipitation and immunoblot studies of antibodies to rubella virus in patients with chronic liver disease. (uib.no)
Elevated rubella antibodies in patients with chronic liver diseases. (uib.no)
Rubella virus antibodies in autoimmune chronic active hepatitis. (uib.no)

A group of vaccine-induced immune prepubertal children will not always prevent the spread of rubella into the rest of the community. (greenmedinfo.com)
1. Rubella Virus-Associated Cutaneous Granulomatous Disease: a Unique Complication in Immune-Deficient Patients, Not Limited to DNA Repair Disorders. (nih.gov)
12. Inhibition of rubella virus replication by the broad-spectrum drug nitazoxanide in cell culture and in a patient with a primary immune deficiency. (nih.gov)
After having rubella, a person is immune for life. (topnotchparents.com)

The group focuses partly on persistence, a common aspect of rubella infections. (nih.gov)

Scientists at NIEHS, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and other research institutions reported an important discovery about how certain mutations occur in rubella viruses. (nih.gov)
Consequently, the primary objective of global rubella control programs is prevention of congenital rubella infection and associated birth defects . (bvsalud.org)
Medications used in the treatment or prevention of measles include vitamin A, antivirals (eg, ribavirin), measles virus vaccine, and human immunoglobulin (Ig). (medscape.com)

Polio or poliomyelitis - a life-long paralysis with inability to walk caused by the polio virus. (mountsinai.org)
These vaccinations have provided an enormous benefit to public health by preventing diseases that were common and sometimes deadly in the past, including polio, rubella, and whooping cough. (harvard.edu)

Rubella virus infection during the first trimester of pregnancy can lead to severe birth defects (congenital rubella syndrome) ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
By far the most important consequences of rubella are the abortions, miscarriages, stillbirths, and fetal anomalies that result from rubella infection in early pregnancy, especially in the first trimester. (cdc.gov)
Congenital rubella occurs when the rubella virus in the mother affects the developing baby in the first 3 months of pregnancy. (medlineplus.gov)
Rubella virus is an infection caused by a with the rubella virus early in pregnancy she virus of the genus Rubivirus of the Togavirus has a 90% chance of passing the virus unto family [1]. (who.int)
Rubella virus infection during pregnancy is associated with adverse fetal outcomes and reproductive failures. (ejhd.org)
The risk of serious birth defects or miscarriage is high if a woman contracts rubella in the first three months of pregnancy. (topnotchparents.com)
After three months, the risk begins to decrease and the baby is almost completely at risk if the mother had rubella after her 20th week of pregnancy. (topnotchparents.com)

Rubella is a fairly mild disease when it affects children. (topnotchparents.com)

Genetic characterization of rubella viruses is conducted by the World Health Organization's measles and rubella laboratory network, a network of approximately 700 laboratories worldwide, including global specialized laboratories at the Health Protection Agency in the United Kingdom, National Institute of Infectious Diseases in Japan, and CDC in the United States ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Global measles and rubella laboratory network, January 2004--June 2005. (cdc.gov)
CDC's rubella virus team, including Ludmila Perelygina, Ph.D., and Joseph Icenogle, Ph.D., serves as a national and international reference laboratory. (nih.gov)
Icenogle serves as the rubella laboratory team lead. (nih.gov)

Measles is a very contagious disease caused by a virus. (ncha.org)
Rubella is a contagious disease caused by a virus. (ncha.org)
Discover answers to key questions about MMR viruses and a downloadable educational resource for each disease state that you can give to your patients. (merckvaccines.com)
A virus causes measles , a potentially serious disease that spreads easily. (medicinenet.com)
Researchers developed one from a killed virus, and they developed the other using a live measles virus that was weakened (attenuated) and could no longer cause the disease. (medicinenet.com)
Unfortunately, the killed measles virus (KMV) vaccine was not effective in preventing people from getting the disease, and medical professionals discontinued its use in 1967. (medicinenet.com)
The live virus vaccine has been modified a number of times to make it safer (further attenuated) and today is extremely effective in preventing the disease. (medicinenet.com)
The measles virus can remain in the air (and still be able to cause disease) for up to 2 hours after an infected person has left a room. (medicinenet.com)
Among unimmunized people exposed to the virus, over 90% will contract the disease. (medicinenet.com)
Rubella has been a reportable disease in Canada since 1924. (topnotchparents.com)
Hepatitis B - contagious virus that is spread by contact with the blood or other body fluid of an infected person and causes liver disease. (hse.ie)

A 6 years study from Senegal, Africa, details the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis and rubella infection in one original article [ 9 ] while another article from Egypt describes the morbidity markers among Schistosoma mansoni patients. (lww.com)

Phylogenetic analysis of a collection of 103 E1 gene sequences from rubella viruses isolated from 17 countries from 1961 to 2000 confirmed the existence of at least two genotypes. (cdc.gov)
However, a limited number of viruses from Asia (China and India), and more recently Italy, formed a distant phylogenetic branch, differing from RGI viruses by 8% to 10%, which was designated Rubella Genotype II (RGII) ( 8 , 9 , 11 , 12 ). (cdc.gov)
We have performed combined phylogenetic analysis on viruses from earlier studies ( 8 - 10 ) and, to gain further information on RGII viruses, we included viruses collected from the Eastern Hemisphere, namely Russia, South Korea, China, New Zealand, and Israel. (cdc.gov)

Previous exposure and susceptibility of significant fraction of the population to rubella infection were confirmed. (bvsalud.org)

Collaboration between the teams at CDC and NIEHS allowed studies of rubella persistence to be extended to fundamental observations about the generation of rubella virus variants,' she said. (nih.gov)
3. Live rubella virus vaccine long-term persistence as an antigenic trigger of cutaneous granulomas in patients with primary immunodeficiency. (nih.gov)

Similar exanthematous illnesses are caused by adenoviruses, enteroviruses, and other common respiratory viruses. (cdc.gov)

The recommended nomenclature for wild-type rubella viruses is being updated by the World Health Organization on June 15, 2007 ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)

2. Case Report: Rubella Virus-Induced Cutaneous Granulomas in Two Pediatric Patients With DNA Double Strand Breakage Repair Disorders - Outcome After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. (nih.gov)
4. "Noninfectious" Cutaneous Granulomas in Primary Immunodeficiency Patients and Association With Rubella Virus Vaccine Strain. (nih.gov)
10. Rubella vaccine-induced granulomas are a novel phenotype with incomplete penetrance of genetic defects in cytotoxicity. (nih.gov)

complications include hearing loss, Rubella (which means "little red" and is also congenital heart defects, neurologic known as German measles) was originally problems (psychomotor retardation), thought to be a variant of measles. (who.int)

Wild-type rubella virus nomenclature was first published in 2005 to facilitate 1) communication among persons involved in rubella control by establishing a standard naming convention for rubella viruses and 2) virologic surveillance by defining standard methods for the genetic characterization of these viruses. (cdc.gov)
Genetic characterizations of rubella viruses have yielded data indicating that rubella is no longer endemic in the United States and confirming epidemiologic information on the source of imported cases ( 2, 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Detailed descriptions of the rationale for nomenclature changes and other related technical matters described in this update should be reviewed by those involved in the genetic characterization of rubella viruses ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Standardization of the nomenclature for genetic characteristics of wild-type rubella viruses. (cdc.gov)
Rubella genotype II (RGII) showed greater genetic diversity than did RGI and may actually consist of multiple genotypes. (cdc.gov)

85.3% had high-avidity anti-rubella IgG and were regarded as cases of reinfection. (who.int)
However, as with other viral diseases, reexposure to natural rubella occasionally leads to reinfection without clinical illness or detectable viremia. (cdc.gov)

As part of the surveillance component of these efforts, an understanding of the worldwide molecular epidemiology of rubella virus, which is limited, is necessary. (cdc.gov)

Neonatal rubella in a breast-fed infant after postpartum maternal infection. (nih.gov)
Inapparent maternal rubella infection can also result in malformations. (cdc.gov)

Study of transcription in measles virus infected Vero cells using cDNA probes prepared from poly(A)RNA from uninfected and infected cells. (uib.no)
Before the vaccine was available, the measles virus infected almost every child because it spreads so easily. (medicinenet.com)

Although CRS has been estimated to occur among 20%-25% or more of infants born to women who acquire rubella during the first trimester, the actual risk of infection and subsequent defects may be considerably higher. (cdc.gov)

Rotavirus gastroenteritis - a stomach infection caused by a particularly virulent virus, rotavirus, which in the United States circulates more during the cold season. (mountsinai.org)
Measles is an infection caused by a virus. (stanfordchildrens.org)

Virus Replication. (academicinfo.net)

As with measles and most viral illnesses, there is no cure for rubella. (topnotchparents.com)

Apart from the risks to the fetus which will be discussed later, the most common complication associated with rubella is a form of arthritis that affects adults and goes away on its own. (topnotchparents.com)

Rubella virus is an RNA virus that is the sole member of the Rubivirus genus, within the Togaviridae family ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)

This study was designed to increase information and understanding on worldwide molecular epidemiology of rubella virus. (cdc.gov)
They study the epidemiology and biological properties of the viruses. (nih.gov)

Herpes and CMV viruses are extremely problematic because they affect a great percentage of the human race and they tend to remain dormant in the human body. (home-remedies-for-you.com)

Rubella is not as contagious as the common cold or measles, but the virus is more resistant and remains on contaminated objects for a long time. (topnotchparents.com)
People infected with the virus are contagious for a full week before symptoms appear and up to two weeks after. (topnotchparents.com)

The CDC-led team observed that the RNA genomes of rubella viruses in patients with PID differed significantly from the genomes in the MMR vaccine. (nih.gov)
Icenogle said controlled research studies are now needed to assess the public health impact of viruses from patients with PID. (nih.gov)
APOBEC enzymes produced nearly six times as many mutations as ADAR enzymes in rubella viruses from patients with PID. (nih.gov)
11. Outcomes for Nitazoxanide Treatment in a Case Series of Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies and Rubella Virus-Associated Granuloma. (nih.gov)

8. Rubella virus-associated chronic inflammation in primary immunodeficiency diseases. (nih.gov)

Rubella is the scientific name used of German measles, a different viral illness. (medicinenet.com)

Rubella is a leading cause of vaccine-preventable birth defects. (cdc.gov)
the potential to infect others after birth for a impairment, blindness, heart defects, and year or more [2, 5].The virus occurs in naso mental retardation. (who.int)

You or your children need a rubella vaccine. (medlineplus.gov)

Once IgG exists, it persists for a incubation period is 13 to 20 days, during lifetime, but IgM antibody usually wanes which a viraemia occurs and virus over six months [3]. (who.int)
Altered antibody pattern to Epstein-Barr virus but not to other herpesviruses in multiple sclerosis: a population based case-control study from western Norway. (uib.no)

The new research, which is part of a larger study on rubella viruses, is the first to report APOBEC-induced mutations of rubella viruses in human cells. (nih.gov)

Anatomy2

Organisms17

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs13

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment6

Phenomena and Processes8

Information Science1

Health Care2

Removal of non-specific serum inhibitors of haemagglutination of rubella virus by treatment with dodecylamine-gel. (1/550)

Rubella virus-induced apoptosis varies among cell lines and is modulated by Bcl-XL and caspase inhibitors. (2/550)

Mutations in the retinoblastoma protein-binding LXCXE motif of rubella virus putative replicase affect virus replication. (3/550)

Mutagenic analysis of the 3' cis-acting elements of the rubella virus genome. (4/550)

A modified rubella HI test using prestandardized reagents. (5/550)

Role of rubella virus glycoprotein domains in assembly of virus-like particles. (6/550)

Mutational analysis, using a full-length rubella virus cDNA clone, of rubella virus E1 transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains required for virus release. (7/550)

Involvement of a p53-dependent pathway in rubella virus-induced apoptosis. (8/550)

Rubella virus

Rubella

Rubella Vaccine

Rubella Syndrome, Congenital

Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests

Antibodies, Viral

Vero Cells

Virus Cultivation

Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine

Mumps

Measles virus

RNA Viruses

Cercopithecus aethiops

Virus Replication

Measles

Immunoglobulin M

Vaccinia virus

Virus Assembly

RNA, Viral

Mumps virus

Antigens, Viral

Sindbis Virus

Immunoglobulin G

Pregnancy Complications, Infectious

Receptors, Virus

Virus Diseases

Virus Shedding

Vaccination

Hemagglutination, Viral

Simian virus 40

Haplorhini

Mumps Vaccine

Molecular Sequence Data

Plant Viruses

Viral Proteins

Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral

DNA Viruses

Viral Envelope Proteins

Kaolin

Defective Viruses

Genes, Viral

Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype

Cell Line

Neutralization Tests

Viral Structural Proteins

Convalescence

Seroepidemiologic Studies

Rabies virus

Arboviruses

Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype

Cricetinae

Viral Interference

Pregnancy

Removal of non-specific serum inhibitors of haemagglutination of rubella virus by treatment with dodecylamine-gel. (1/550)

Rubella virus-induced apoptosis varies among cell lines and is modulated by Bcl-XL and caspase inhibitors. (2/550)

Mutations in the retinoblastoma protein-binding LXCXE motif of rubella virus putative replicase affect virus replication. (3/550)

Mutagenic analysis of the 3' cis-acting elements of the rubella virus genome. (4/550)

A modified rubella HI test using prestandardized reagents. (5/550)

Role of rubella virus glycoprotein domains in assembly of virus-like particles. (6/550)

Mutational analysis, using a full-length rubella virus cDNA clone, of rubella virus E1 transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains required for virus release. (7/550)

Involvement of a p53-dependent pathway in rubella virus-induced apoptosis. (8/550)

Rubella virus

Rubella virus 3′ cis-acting element

Rubella

Rubella (disambiguation)

Merck & Co.

June Almeida

Kim Green (virologist)

Ruhugu virus

Rustrela virus

Progressive rubella panencephalitis

Rubella vaccine

MMR vaccine

Sheila Dorothy King

Alfred Fabian Hess

Franklin A. Neva

Non-specific effect of vaccines

MMRV vaccine

Edwin Herman Lennette

Immunization during pregnancy