The rotation of linearly polarized light as it passes through various media.
The distance and direction to which a bone joint can be extended. Range of motion is a function of the condition of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues involved. Joint flexibility can be improved through appropriate MUSCLE STRETCHING EXERCISES.
A reflex wherein impulses are conveyed from the cupulas of the SEMICIRCULAR CANALS and from the OTOLITHIC MEMBRANE of the SACCULE AND UTRICLE via the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM and the median longitudinal fasciculus to the OCULOMOTOR NERVE nuclei. It functions to maintain a stable retinal image during head rotation by generating appropriate compensatory EYE MOVEMENTS.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
Voluntary or involuntary motion of head that may be relative to or independent of body; includes animals and humans.
An abnormal twisting or rotation of a bodily part or member on its axis.
The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.
An oval, bony chamber of the inner ear, part of the bony labyrinth. It is continuous with bony COCHLEA anteriorly, and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS posteriorly. The vestibule contains two communicating sacs (utricle and saccule) of the balancing apparatus. The oval window on its lateral wall is occupied by the base of the STAPES of the MIDDLE EAR.
The articulation between the head of the HUMERUS and the glenoid cavity of the SCAPULA.
Three long canals (anterior, posterior, and lateral) of the bony labyrinth. They are set at right angles to each other and are situated posterosuperior to the vestibule of the bony labyrinth (VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH). The semicircular canals have five openings into the vestibule with one shared by the anterior and the posterior canals. Within the canals are the SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS.
A twisting deformation of a solid body about an axis. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The rotational force about an axis that is equal to the product of a force times the distance from the axis where the force is applied.
Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.
A whiplike motility appendage present on the surface cells. Prokaryote flagella are composed of a protein called FLAGELLIN. Bacteria can have a single flagellum, a tuft at one pole, or multiple flagella covering the entire surface. In eukaryotes, flagella are threadlike protoplasmic extensions used to propel flagellates and sperm. Flagella have the same basic structure as CILIA but are longer in proportion to the cell bearing them and present in much smaller numbers. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Involuntary rhythmical movements of the eyes in the normal person. These can be naturally occurring as in end-position (end-point, end-stage, or deviational) nystagmus or induced by the optokinetic drum (NYSTAGMUS, OPTOKINETIC), caloric test, or a rotating chair.
A gelatinous membrane overlying the acoustic maculae of SACCULE AND UTRICLE. It contains minute crystalline particles (otoliths) of CALCIUM CARBONATE and protein on its outer surface. In response to head movement, the otoliths shift causing distortion of the vestibular hair cells which transduce nerve signals to the BRAIN for interpretation of equilibrium.
An increase in the rate of speed.
Part of the body in humans and primates where the arms connect to the trunk. The shoulder has five joints; ACROMIOCLAVICULAR joint, CORACOCLAVICULAR joint, GLENOHUMERAL joint, scapulathoracic joint, and STERNOCLAVICULAR joint.
The vestibular part of the 8th cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE). The vestibular nerve fibers arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project peripherally to vestibular hair cells and centrally to the VESTIBULAR NUCLEI of the BRAIN STEM. These fibers mediate the sense of balance and head position.
The position or attitude of the body.
Awareness of oneself in relation to time, place and person.
Applies to movements of the forearm in turning the palm forward or upward. When referring to the foot, a combination of adduction and inversion movements of the foot.
Also called the shoulder blade, it is a flat triangular bone, a pair of which form the back part of the shoulder girdle.
Proteins that are involved in or cause CELL MOVEMENT such as the rotary structures (flagellar motor) or the structures whose movement is directed along cytoskeletal filaments (MYOSIN; KINESIN; and DYNEIN motor families).
The upper part of the human body, or the front or upper part of the body of an animal, typically separated from the rest of the body by a neck, and containing the brain, mouth, and sense organs.
A dead body, usually a human body.
The central part of the body to which the neck and limbs are attached.
Lack of stability of a joint or joint prosthesis. Factors involved are intra-articular disease and integrity of extra-articular structures such as joint capsule, ligaments, and muscles.
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Physical motion, i.e., a change in position of a body or subject as a result of an external force. It is distinguished from MOVEMENT, a process resulting from biological activity.
The process of generating three-dimensional images by electronic, photographic, or other methods. For example, three-dimensional images can be generated by assembling multiple tomographic images with the aid of a computer, while photographic 3-D images (HOLOGRAPHY) can be made by exposing film to the interference pattern created when two laser light sources shine on an object.
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
Applies to movements of the forearm in turning the palm backward or downward. When referring to the foot, a combination of eversion and abduction movements in the tarsal and metatarsal joints (turning the foot up and in toward the midline of the body).
Bone in humans and primates extending from the SHOULDER JOINT to the ELBOW JOINT.
Multisubunit enzymes that reversibly synthesize ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE. They are coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane.
Undergraduate education programs for second- , third- , and fourth-year students in health sciences in which the students receive clinical training and experience in teaching hospitals or affiliated health centers.
Sensory functions that transduce stimuli received by proprioceptive receptors in joints, tendons, muscles, and the INNER EAR into neural impulses to be transmitted to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Proprioception provides sense of stationary positions and movements of one's body parts, and is important in maintaining KINESTHESIA and POSTURAL BALANCE.
The four cellular masses in the floor of the fourth ventricle giving rise to a widely dispersed special sensory system. Included is the superior, medial, inferior, and LATERAL VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A competitive nine-member team sport including softball.
The joint that is formed by the articulation of the head of FEMUR and the ACETABULUM of the PELVIS.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
The real or apparent movement of objects through the visual field.
A synovial hinge connection formed between the bones of the FEMUR; TIBIA; and PATELLA.
Diseases of the cervical (and first thoracic) roots, nerve trunks, cords, and peripheral nerve components of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical manifestations include regional pain, PARESTHESIA; MUSCLE WEAKNESS, and decreased sensation (HYPESTHESIA) in the upper extremity. These disorders may be associated with trauma (including BIRTH INJURIES); THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME; NEOPLASMS; NEURITIS; RADIOTHERAPY; and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1351-2)
Sense of movement of a part of the body, such as movement of fingers, elbows, knees, limbs, or weights.
Three-dimensional representation to show anatomic structures. Models may be used in place of intact animals or organisms for teaching, practice, and study.
The musculotendinous sheath formed by the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor muscles. These help stabilize the head of the HUMERUS in the glenoid fossa and allow for rotation of the SHOULDER JOINT about its longitudinal axis.
Measurements of joint flexibility (RANGE OF MOTION, ARTICULAR), usually by employing an angle-measuring device (arthrometer). Arthrometry is used to measure ligamentous laxity and stability. It is often used to evaluate the outcome of ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT replacement surgery.
Programs of training in medicine and medical specialties offered by hospitals for graduates of medicine to meet the requirements established by accrediting authorities.
Displacement of the HUMERUS from the SCAPULA.
Disorder caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. It may include nausea, vomiting and dizziness.
The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.
The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).
The apparent deflection (Coriolis acceleration) of a body in motion with respect to the earth, as seen by an observer on the earth, attributed to a fictitious force (Coriolis force) but actually caused by the rotation of the earth. In a medical context it refers to the physiological effects (nausea, vertigo, dizziness, etc.) felt by a person moving radially in a rotating system, as a rotating space station. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed & McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee.
Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.
Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.
Fibrous cords of CONNECTIVE TISSUE that attach bones to each other and hold together the many types of joints in the body. Articular ligaments are strong, elastic, and allow movement in only specific directions, depending on the individual joint.
Making measurements by the use of stereoscopic photographs.
A new pattern of perceptual or ideational material derived from past experience.
Process whereby a cell, bodily structure, or organism (animal or plant) receives or detects a gravity stimulus. Gravity sensing plays an important role in the directional growth and development of an organism (GRAVITROPISM).
The second longest bone of the skeleton. It is located on the medial side of the lower leg, articulating with the FIBULA laterally, the TALUS distally, and the FEMUR proximally.
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.
The awareness of the spatial properties of objects; includes physical space.
VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.
Membrane-bound proton-translocating ATPases that serve two important physiological functions in bacteria. One function is to generate ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE by utilizing the energy provided by an electrochemical gradient of protons across the cellular membrane. A second function is to counteract a loss of the transmembrane ion gradient by pumping protons at the expense of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis.
Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.
A genus of the family CEBIDAE consisting of four species: S. boliviensis, S. orstedii (red-backed squirrel monkey), S. sciureus (common squirrel monkey), and S. ustus. They inhabit tropical rain forests in Central and South America. S. sciureus is used extensively in research studies.
Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.
The spinal or vertebral column.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Devices which are used in the treatment of orthopedic injuries and diseases.
The positioning and accommodation of eyes that allows the image to be brought into place on the FOVEA CENTRALIS of each eye.
The continuous visual field seen by a subject through space and time.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The superior part of the upper extremity between the SHOULDER and the ELBOW.
Surgical procedure by which a tendon is incised at its insertion and placed at an anatomical site distant from the original insertion. The tendon remains attached at the point of origin and takes over the function of a muscle inactivated by trauma or disease.
Perception of three-dimensionality.
Practical experience in medical and health-related services that occurs as part of an educational program wherein the professionally-trained student works outside the academic environment under the supervision of an established professional in the particular field.
A group of twelve VERTEBRAE connected to the ribs that support the upper trunk region.
A number of tests used to determine if the brain or balance portion of the inner ear are causing dizziness.
A change in, or manipulation of, gravitational force. This may be a natural or artificial effect.
Partial or total replacement of a joint.
The plan and delineation of prostheses in general or a specific prosthesis.
Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms.
A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.
The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.
The surgical cutting of a bone. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes.
The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.
The use of wings or wing-like appendages to remain aloft and move through the air.
A syndrome characterized by retropatellar or peripatellar PAIN resulting from physical and biochemical changes in the patellofemoral joint. The pain is most prominent when ascending or descending stairs, squatting, or sitting with flexed knees. There is a lack of consensus on the etiology and treatment. The syndrome is often confused with (or accompanied by) CHONDROMALACIA PATELLAE, the latter describing a pathological condition of the CARTILAGE and not a syndrome.
Paralysis of an infant resulting from injury received at birth. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
The first seven VERTEBRAE of the SPINAL COLUMN, which correspond to the VERTEBRAE of the NECK.
Methods of creating machines and devices.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Products or parts of products used to detect, manipulate, or analyze light, such as LENSES, refractors, mirrors, filters, prisms, and OPTICAL FIBERS.
The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.
Specialized devices used in ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY to repair bone fractures.
A POSTURE in which an ideal body mass distribution is achieved. Postural balance provides the body carriage stability and conditions for normal functions in stationary position or in movement, such as sitting, standing, or walking.
The essential part of the hearing organ consists of two labyrinthine compartments: the bony labyrinthine and the membranous labyrinth. The bony labyrinth is a complex of three interconnecting cavities or spaces (COCHLEA; VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH; and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS) in the TEMPORAL BONE. Within the bony labyrinth lies the membranous labyrinth which is a complex of sacs and tubules (COCHLEAR DUCT; SACCULE AND UTRICLE; and SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS) forming a continuous space enclosed by EPITHELIUM and connective tissue. These spaces are filled with LABYRINTHINE FLUIDS of various compositions.
The neck muscles consist of the platysma, splenius cervicis, sternocleidomastoid(eus), longus colli, the anterior, medius, and posterior scalenes, digastric(us), stylohyoid(eus), mylohyoid(eus), geniohyoid(eus), sternohyoid(eus), omohyoid(eus), sternothyroid(eus), and thyrohyoid(eus).
Manner or style of walking.
A computer based method of simulating or analyzing the behavior of structures or components.
Bones that constitute each half of the pelvic girdle in VERTEBRATES, formed by fusion of the ILIUM; ISCHIUM; and PUBIC BONE.
An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.
Educational programs for medical graduates entering a specialty. They include formal specialty training as well as academic work in the clinical and basic medical sciences, and may lead to board certification or an advanced medical degree.
A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.
A technique of inputting two-dimensional images into a computer and then enhancing or analyzing the imagery into a form that is more useful to the human observer.
The distal extremity of the leg in vertebrates, consisting of the tarsus (ANKLE); METATARSUS; phalanges; and the soft tissues surrounding these bones.
A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.
The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient.
The space or compartment surrounded by the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis). It is subdivided into the greater pelvis and LESSER PELVIS. The pelvic girdle is formed by the PELVIC BONES and SACRUM.
Production of an image when x-rays strike a fluorescent screen.
The failure by the observer to measure or identify a phenomenon accurately, which results in an error. Sources for this may be due to the observer's missing an abnormality, or to faulty technique resulting in incorrect test measurement, or to misinterpretation of the data. Two varieties are inter-observer variation (the amount observers vary from one another when reporting on the same material) and intra-observer variation (the amount one observer varies between observations when reporting more than once on the same material).
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
The deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The replacement of intervertebral discs in the spinal column with artificial devices. The procedure is done in the lumbar or cervical spine to relieve severe pain resulting from INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DEGENERATION.
Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).
The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs (VIDEODISC RECORDING).
A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults.
Operative immobilization or ankylosis of two or more vertebrae by fusion of the vertebral bodies with a short bone graft or often with diskectomy or laminectomy. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p236; Dorland, 28th ed)
Internal devices used in osteosynthesis to hold the position of the fracture in proper alignment. By applying the principles of biomedical engineering, the surgeon uses metal plates, nails, rods, etc., for the correction of skeletal defects.
The joint that is formed by the inferior articular and malleolar articular surfaces of the TIBIA; the malleolar articular surface of the FIBULA; and the medial malleolar, lateral malleolar, and superior surfaces of the TALUS.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.
A surgical specialty which utilizes medical, surgical, and physical methods to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures.
The blending of separate images seen by each eye into one composite image.
The time from the onset of a stimulus until a response is observed.
Relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of past experience or practice. The concept includes the acquisition of knowledge.
The joint that occurs between facets of the interior and superior articular processes of adjacent VERTEBRAE.
A course of study offered by an educational institution.
The misinterpretation of a real external, sensory experience.
Individuals enrolled in a school of medicine or a formal educational program in medicine.
Processes and properties of the EYE as a whole or of any of its parts.
A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.
The distal part of the arm beyond the wrist in humans and primates, that includes the palm, fingers, and thumb.
The joint involving the CERVICAL ATLAS and axis bones.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
The capability to perform acceptably those duties directly related to patient care.
The projecting part on each side of the body, formed by the side of the pelvis and the top portion of the femur.
Replacement of the knee joint.
The study of PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and PHYSICAL PROCESSES as applied to living things.
Prostheses used to partially or totally replace a human or animal joint. (from UMDNS, 1999)
The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.
The part of a human or animal body connecting the HEAD to the rest of the body.
Proton-translocating ATPases which produce ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE in plants. They derive energy from light-driven reactions that develop high concentrations of protons within the membranous cisternae (THYLAKOIDS) of the CHLOROPLASTS.
Toxic substances isolated from various strains of Streptomyces. They are 20-membered macrolides that inhibit oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial ATPases. Venturicidins A and B are glycosides. Used mainly as tools in the study of mitochondrial function.
An abrupt voluntary shift in ocular fixation from one point to another, as occurs in reading.
Moving a patient into a specific position or POSTURE to facilitate examination, surgery, or for therapeutic purposes.
The TARSAL BONES; METATARSAL BONES; and PHALANGES OF TOES. The tarsal bones consists of seven bones: CALCANEUS; TALUS; cuboid; navicular; internal; middle; and external cuneiform bones. The five metatarsal bones are numbered one through five, running medial to lateral. There are 14 phalanges in each foot, the great toe has two while the other toes have three each.
Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.
A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the posteromedial portion of the lateral condyle of the femur, passes anteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the depression in front of the intercondylar eminence of the tibia.
Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms.
The sensory discrimination of a pattern shape or outline.
Inflammation or irritation of a bursa, the fibrous sac that acts as a cushion between moving structures of bones, muscles, tendons or skin.
The sac enclosing a joint. It is composed of an outer fibrous articular capsule and an inner SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.
Measurement of the polarization of fluorescent light from solutions or microscopic specimens. It is used to provide information concerning molecular size, shape, and conformation, molecular anisotropy, electronic energy transfer, molecular interaction, including dye and coenzyme binding, and the antigen-antibody reaction.
Compression of the rotator cuff tendons and subacromial bursa between the humeral head and structures that make up the coracoacromial arch and the humeral tuberosities. This condition is associated with subacromial bursitis and rotator cuff (largely supraspinatus) and bicipital tendon inflammation, with or without degenerative changes in the tendon. Pain that is most severe when the arm is abducted in an arc between 40 and 120 degrees, sometimes associated with tears in the rotator cuff, is the chief symptom. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes and Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Displacement of bones out of line in relation to joints. It may be congenital or traumatic in origin.
The act of knowing or the recognition of a distance by recollective thought, or by means of a sensory process which is under the influence of set and of prior experience.
Any of the 23 plates of fibrocartilage found between the bodies of adjacent VERTEBRAE.
Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, its articulations, and associated structures.
Replacement for a knee joint.
The restriction of the MOVEMENT of whole or part of the body by physical means (RESTRAINT, PHYSICAL) or chemically by ANALGESIA, or the use of TRANQUILIZING AGENTS or NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS. It includes experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility.
A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.
The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.
The selection, appointing, and scheduling of personnel.
The portion of the upper rounded extremity fitting into the glenoid cavity of the SCAPULA. (from Stedman, 27th ed)
Energy that is generated by the transfer of protons or electrons across an energy-transducing membrane and that can be used for chemical, osmotic, or mechanical work. Proton-motive force can be generated by a variety of phenomena including the operation of an electron transport chain, illumination of a PURPLE MEMBRANE, and the hydrolysis of ATP by a proton ATPase. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed, p171)
Devices or objects in various imaging techniques used to visualize or enhance visualization by simulating conditions encountered in the procedure. Phantoms are used very often in procedures employing or measuring x-irradiation or radioactive material to evaluate performance. Phantoms often have properties similar to human tissue. Water demonstrates absorbing properties similar to normal tissue, hence water-filled phantoms are used to map radiation levels. Phantoms are used also as teaching aids to simulate real conditions with x-ray or ultrasonic machines. (From Iturralde, Dictionary and Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Imaging, 1990)
Reactions of an individual or groups of individuals with relation to the immediate surrounding area including the animate or inanimate objects within that area.
The quality or state of being able to be bent or creased repeatedly. (From Webster, 3d ed)
Act of eliciting a response from a person or organism through physical contact.
Signals for an action; that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond.
A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)
The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.
The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.
A strong ligament of the knee that originates from the anterolateral surface of the medial condyle of the femur, passes posteriorly and inferiorly between the condyles, and attaches to the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia.
Change in learning in one situation due to prior learning in another situation. The transfer can be positive (with second learning improved by first) or negative (where the reverse holds).
The planned and carefully managed manual movement of the musculoskeletal system, extremities, and spine to produce increased motion. The term is sometimes used to denote a precise sequence of movements of a joint to determine the presence of disease or to reduce a dislocation. In the case of fractures, orthopedic manipulation can produce better position and alignment of the fracture. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p264)
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
A species of gram-negative, halophilic bacteria, in the genus VIBRIO. It is considered part of normal marine flora and commonly associated with ear infections and superficial wounds exposed to contaminated water sources.
Eye movements that are slow, continuous, and conjugate and occur when a fixed object is moved slowly.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Computer systems or networks designed to provide radiographic interpretive information.
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
The point of articulation between the OCCIPITAL BONE and the CERVICAL ATLAS.
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
Cultivated plants or agricultural produce such as grain, vegetables, or fruit. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982)
The physical characteristics and processes of biological systems.
The period of medical education in a medical school. In the United States it follows the baccalaureate degree and precedes the granting of the M.D.
The part of the pelvis that comprises the pelvic socket where the head of FEMUR joins to form HIP JOINT (acetabulofemoral joint).
Large bodies consisting of self-luminous gas held together by their own gravity. (From McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Improvement in the quality of an x-ray image by use of an intensifying screen, tube, or filter and by optimum exposure techniques. Digital processing methods are often employed.
Posture while lying with the head lower than the rest of the body. Extended time in this position is associated with temporary physiologic disturbances.
The method of measuring the dispersion of an optically active molecule to determine the relative magnitude of right- or left-handed components and sometimes structural features of the molecule.

Ergoline derivative LEK-8829-induced turning behavior in rats with unilateral striatal ibotenic acid lesions: interaction with bromocriptine. (1/2795)

LEK-8829 [9,10-didehydro-N-methyl-(2-propynyl)-6-methyl-8- aminomethylergoline bimaleinate] is an antagonist of dopamine D2 receptors and serotonin (5-HT)2 and 5-HT1A receptors in intact animals and a D1 receptor agonist in dopamine-depleted animals. In the present study, we used rats with unilateral striatal lesions with ibotenic acid (IA) to investigate the dopamine receptor activities of LEK-8829 in a model with innervated dopamine receptors. The IA-lesioned rats circled ipsilaterally when challenged with apomorphine, the mixed agonist on D1/D2 receptors. LEK-8829 induced a dose-dependent contralateral turning that was blocked by D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390. The treatment with D1 receptor agonist SKF-82958 induced ipsilateral turning, whereas the treatment with D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol induced contralateral posture. The combined treatment with SKF-82958 and haloperidol resulted in a weak contralateral turning, indicating the possible receptor mechanism of contralateral turning induced by LEK-8829. Bromocriptine induced a weak ipsilateral turning that was blocked by haloperidol. The ipsilateral turning induced by bromocriptine was significantly potentiated by the coadministration of a low dose but not by a high dose of LEK-8829. The potentiation of turning was blocked either by SCH-23390 or by haloperidol. The potentiation of ipsilateral turning suggests the costimulation of D2 and D1 receptors by bromocriptine and LEK-8829, respectively, whereas the lack of potentiation by the highest dose of LEK-8829 may be explained by the opposing activity of LEK-8829 and bromocriptine at D2 receptors. We propose that the D2 and 5HT2 receptor-blocking and D1 receptor-stimulating profile of LEK-8829 is promising for the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia.  (+info)

3D angiography. Clinical interest. First applications in interventional neuroradiology. (2/2795)

3D angiography is a true technical revolution that allows improvement in the quality and safety of diagnostic and endovascular treatment procedures. 3D angiography images are obtained by reconstruction of a rotational angiography acquisition done on a C-arm (GE Medical Systems) spinning at 40 degrees per second. The carotid or vertebral selective injection of a total of 15 ml of non-ionic contrast media at 3 ml/sec over 5 seconds allows the selection of the "arterial phase". Four hundred sixty 3D angiographic studies were performed from December 1996 to September 1998 on 260 patients and have been analyzed in MIP (Maximum Intensity Projection) and SSD (Shaded Surface Display) views. The exploration of intracranial aneurysms is simplified and only requires, for each vascular axis, a biplane PA and Lateral run followed by a single rotational angiography run. The 3D angiography image is available on the workstation's screen (Advantage Workstation 3.1, GE Medical Systems) in less than 10 minutes after the acquisition of the rotational run. It therefore allows one to analyze, during the intervention, the aneurysm's angioarchitecture, in particular the neck, and select the best therapeutic technique. When endovascular treatment is the best indication, 3D angiography allows one to define the optimal angle of view and accurately select the microcoils dimensions. 3D angiography replaces the multiple oblique views that used to be required to analyze the complex aneurysms and therefore allows a reduction of the total contrast medium quantity, the patient X-ray dose and the length of the intervention time which is a safety factor. Also, in particular for complex cases, it brings additional elements complementing the results of standard 2D DSA and rotational angiograms. In the cervical vascular pathology, 3D angiography allows for a better assessment of the stenosis level and of dissection lesions. Our current research activities focus on the matching without stereotactic frame between 3D X-ray angiography and volumetric MR acquisition, which should allow us to improve the treatment of intracerebral arterio-venous malformations (AVMs).  (+info)

Recovery of the vestibulocolic reflex after aminoglycoside ototoxicity in domestic chickens. (3/2795)

Avian auditory and vestibular hair cells regenerate after damage by ototoxic drugs, but until recently there was little evidence that regenerated vestibular hair cells function normally. In an earlier study we showed that the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) is eliminated with aminoglycoside antibiotic treatment and recovers as hair cells regenerate. The VOR, which stabilizes the eye in the head, is an open-loop system that is thought to depend largely on regularly firing afferents. Recovery of the VOR is highly correlated with the regeneration of type I hair cells. In contrast, the vestibulocolic reflex (VCR), which stabilizes the head in space, is a closed-loop, negative-feedback system that seems to depend more on irregularly firing afferent input and is thought to be subserved by different circuitry than the VOR. We examined whether this different reflex also of vestibular origin would show similar recovery after hair cell regeneration. Lesions of the vestibular hair cells of 10-day-old chicks were created by a 5-day course of streptomycin sulfate. One day after completion of streptomycin treatment there was no measurable VCR gain, and total hair cell density was approximately 35% of that in untreated, age-matched controls. At 2 wk postlesion there was significant recovery of the VCR; at this time two subjects showed VCR gains within the range of control chicks. At 3 wk postlesion all subjects showed VCR gains and phase shifts within the normal range. These data show that the VCR recovers before the VOR. Unlike VOR gain, recovering VCR gain correlates equally well with the density of regenerating type I and type II vestibular hair cells, except at high frequencies. Several factors other than hair cell regeneration, such as length of stereocilia, reafferentation of hair cells, and compensation involving central neural pathways, may be involved in behavioral recovery. Our data suggest that one or more of these factors differentially affect the recovery of these two vestibular reflexes.  (+info)

Projections and firing properties of down eye-movement neurons in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal in the cat. (4/2795)

To clarify the role of the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC) in the control of vertical eye movements, projections of burst-tonic and tonic neurons in and around the INC were studied. This paper describes neurons with downward ON directions. We examined, by antidromic activation, whether these down INC (d-INC) neurons contribute to two pathways: a commissural pathway to the contralateral (c-) INC and a descending pathway to the ipsilateral vestibular nucleus (i-VN). Stimulation of the two pathways showed that as many as 74% of neurons were activated antidromically from one of the pathways. Of 113 d-INC neurons tested, 44 were activated from the commissural pathway and 40 from the descending pathway. No neurons were activated from both pathways. We concluded that commissural and descending pathways from the INC originate from two separate groups of neurons. Tracking of antidromic microstimulation in the two nuclei revealed multiple low-threshold sites and varied latencies; this was interpreted as a sign of existence of axonal arborization. Neurons with commissural projections tended to be located more dorsally than those with descending projections. Neurons with descending projections had significantly greater eye-position sensitivity and smaller saccadic sensitivity than neurons with commissural projections. The two groups of INC neurons increased their firing rate in nose-up head rotations and responded best to the rotation in the plane of contralateral posterior/ipsilateral anterior canal pair. Neurons with commissural projections showed a larger phase lag of response to sinusoidal rotation (54.6 +/- 7.6 degrees ) than neurons with descending projections (45.0 +/- 5.5 degrees ). Most neurons with descending projections received disynaptic excitation from the contralateral vestibular nerve. Neurons with commissural projections rarely received such disynaptic input. We suggest that downward-position-vestibular (DPV) neurons in the VN and VN-projecting d-INC neurons form a loop, together with possible commissural loops linking the bilateral VNs and the bilateral INCs. By comparing the quantitative measures of d-INC neurons with those of DPV neurons, we further suggest that integration of head velocity signals proceeds from DPV neurons to d-INC neurons with descending projections and then to d-INC neurons with commissural projections, whereas saccadic velocity signals are processed in the reverse order.  (+info)

Modified Bankart procedure for recurrent anterior dislocation and subluxation of the shoulder in athletes. (5/2795)

Thirty-four athletes (34 shoulders) with recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability were treated with a modified Bankart procedure, using a T-shaped capsular incision in the anterior capsule. The inferior flap was advanced medially and/or superiorly and rigidly fixed at the point of the Bankart lesion by a small cancellous screw and a spike-washer. The superior flap was advanced inferiority and sutured over the inferior flap. Twenty-five athletes (median age: 22) were evaluated over a mean period of follow-up of 65 months. The clinical results were graded, according to Rowe, as 22 (88%) excellent, 3 (12%) good, and none as fair or poor. The mean postoperative range of movement was 92 degrees of external rotation in 90 degrees of abduction. Elevation and internal rotation was symmetrical with the opposite side. Twenty-four patients returned to active sport, 22 at their previous level. This modified Bankart procedure is an effective treatment for athletes with recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability.  (+info)

Transport of colloidal particles in lymphatics and vasculature after subcutaneous injection. (6/2795)

This study was designed to determine the transport of subcutaneously injected viral-size colloid particles into the lymph and the vascular system in the hind leg of the dog. Transport of two colloid particles, with average size approximately 1 and 0.41 microm, respectively, and with and without leg rotation, was tested. Leg rotation serves to enhance the lymph flow rates. The right femoral vein, lymph vessel, and left femoral artery were cannulated while the animal was under anesthesia, and samples were collected at regular intervals after subcutaneous injection of the particles at the right knee level. The number of particles in the samples were counted under fluorescence microscopy by using a hemocytometer. With and without leg rotation, both particle sets were rapidly taken up into the venous blood and into the lymph fluid. The number of particles carried away from the injection site within the first 5 min was <5% of the injected pool. Particles were also seen in arterial blood samples; this suggests reflow and a prolonged residence time in the blood. These results show that particles the size of viruses are rapidly taken up into the lymphatics and blood vessels after subcutaneous deposition.  (+info)

Hip moments during level walking, stair climbing, and exercise in individuals aged 55 years or older. (7/2795)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Low bone mass of the proximal femur is a risk factor for hip fractures. Exercise has been shown to reduce bone loss in older individuals; however, the exercises most likely to influence bone mass of the proximal femur have not been identified. Net moments of force at the hip provide an indication of the mechanical load on the proximal femur. The purpose of this study was to examine various exercises to determine which exercises result in the greatest magnitude and rate of change in moments of force at the hip in older individuals. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Walking and exercise patterns were analyzed for 30 subjects (17 men, 13 women) who were 55 years of age or older (X = 65.4, SD = 6.02, range = 55-75) and who had no identified musculoskeletal or neurological impairment. Kinematic and kinetic data were obtained with an optoelectronic system and a force platform. Results. Of the exercises investigated, only ascending stairs generated peak moments higher than those obtained during level walking and only in the transverse plane. Most of the exercises generated moments and rate of change in moments with magnitudes similar to or lower than those obtained during gait. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: Level walking and exercises that generated moments with magnitudes comparable to or higher than those obtained during gait could be combined in an exercise program designed to maintain or increase bone mass at the hip.  (+info)

Orientation-tuned spatial filters for texture-defined form. (8/2795)

Detection threshold for an orientation-texture-defined (OTD) test grating was elevated after adapting to an OTD grating of high orientation contrast. Threshold elevation was greatest for a test grating parallel to the adapting grating, and fell to zero for a test grating perpendicular to the adapting grating. We conclude that the human visual system contains an orientation-tuned neural mechanism sensitive to OTD form, and propose a model for this mechanism. We further propose that orientation discrimination for OTD bars and gratings is determined by the relative activity of these filters for OTD form.  (+info)

Types of torsion abnormalities include:

1. Ovarian torsion: This is a condition where the ovary twists around its own axis, cutting off blood supply to the ovary. It can cause severe pain and is a medical emergency.
2. Testicular torsion: Similar to ovarian torsion, this is a condition where the testicle twists, cutting off blood supply to the testicle. It can also cause severe pain and is an emergency situation.
3. Intestinal torsion: This is a condition where the intestine twists, leading to bowel obstruction and potentially life-threatening complications.
4. Twisting of the spleen or liver: These are rare conditions where the spleen or liver twists, causing various symptoms such as pain and difficulty breathing.

Symptoms of torsion abnormalities can include:

1. Severe pain in the affected area
2. Swelling and redness
3. Difficulty breathing (in severe cases)
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Abdominal tenderness

Treatment of torsion abnormalities usually involves surgery to release or repair the twisted structure and restore blood flow. In some cases, emergency surgery may be necessary to prevent serious complications such as loss of the affected organ or tissue. Prompt medical attention is essential to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes.

In medicine, cadavers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Anatomy education: Medical students and residents learn about the human body by studying and dissecting cadavers. This helps them develop a deeper understanding of human anatomy and improves their surgical skills.
2. Research: Cadavers are used in scientific research to study the effects of diseases, injuries, and treatments on the human body. This helps scientists develop new medical techniques and therapies.
3. Forensic analysis: Cadavers can be used to aid in the investigation of crimes and accidents. By examining the body and its injuries, forensic experts can determine cause of death, identify suspects, and reconstruct events.
4. Organ donation: After death, cadavers can be used to harvest organs and tissues for transplantation into living patients. This can improve the quality of life for those with organ failure or other medical conditions.
5. Medical training simulations: Cadavers can be used to simulate real-life medical scenarios, allowing healthcare professionals to practice their skills in a controlled environment.

In summary, the term "cadaver" refers to the body of a deceased person and is used in the medical field for various purposes, including anatomy education, research, forensic analysis, organ donation, and medical training simulations.

There are several types of joint instability, including:

1. Ligamentous laxity: A condition where the ligaments surrounding a joint become stretched or torn, leading to instability.
2. Capsular laxity: A condition where the capsule, a thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds a joint, becomes stretched or torn, leading to instability.
3. Muscular imbalance: A condition where the muscles surrounding a joint are either too weak or too strong, leading to instability.
4. Osteochondral defects: A condition where there is damage to the cartilage and bone within a joint, leading to instability.
5. Post-traumatic instability: A condition that develops after a traumatic injury to a joint, such as a dislocation or fracture.

Joint instability can be caused by various factors, including:

1. Trauma: A sudden and forceful injury to a joint, such as a fall or a blow.
2. Overuse: Repeated stress on a joint, such as from repetitive motion or sports activities.
3. Genetics: Some people may be born with joint instability due to inherited genetic factors.
4. Aging: As we age, our joints can become less stable due to wear and tear on the cartilage and other tissues.
5. Disease: Certain diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, can cause joint instability.

Symptoms of joint instability may include:

1. Pain: A sharp, aching pain in the affected joint, especially with movement.
2. Stiffness: Limited range of motion and stiffness in the affected joint.
3. Swelling: Swelling and inflammation in the affected joint.
4. Instability: A feeling of looseness or instability in the affected joint.
5. Crepitus: Grinding or crunching sensations in the affected joint.

Treatment for joint instability depends on the underlying cause and may include:

1. Rest and ice: Resting the affected joint and applying ice to reduce pain and swelling.
2. Physical therapy: Strengthening the surrounding muscles to support the joint and improve stability.
3. Bracing: Using a brace or splint to provide support and stability to the affected joint.
4. Medications: Anti-inflammatory medications, such as ibuprofen or naproxen, to reduce pain and inflammation.
5. Surgery: In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or reconstruct the damaged tissues and improve joint stability.

* Thoracic scoliosis: affects the upper back (thoracic spine)
* Cervical scoliosis: affects the neck (cervical spine)
* Lumbar scoliosis: affects the lower back (lumbar spine)

Scoliosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Genetics: inherited conditions that affect the development of the spine
* Birth defects: conditions that are present at birth and affect the spine
* Infections: infections that affect the spine, such as meningitis or tuberculosis
* Injuries: injuries to the spine, such as those caused by car accidents or falls
* Degenerative diseases: conditions that affect the spine over time, such as osteoporosis or arthritis

Symptoms of scoliosis can include:

* An uneven appearance of the shoulders or hips
* A difference in the height of the shoulders or hips
* Pain or discomfort in the back or legs
* Difficulty standing up straight or maintaining balance

Scoliosis can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including:

* X-rays: images of the spine that show the curvature
* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): images of the spine and surrounding tissues
* Computed tomography (CT) scans: detailed images of the spine and surrounding tissues

Treatment for scoliosis depends on the severity of the condition and can include:

* Observation: monitoring the condition regularly to see if it progresses
* Bracing: wearing a brace to support the spine and help straighten it
* Surgery: surgical procedures to correct the curvature, such as fusing vertebrae together or implanting a metal rod.

It is important for individuals with scoliosis to receive regular monitoring and treatment to prevent complications and maintain proper spinal alignment.

Brachial plexus neuropathies refer to a group of disorders that affect the brachial plexus, a network of nerves that run from the neck and shoulder down to the hand and fingers. These disorders can cause a range of symptoms including weakness, numbness, and pain in the arm and hand.

The brachial plexus is a complex network of nerves that originates in the spinal cord and branches off into several nerves that supply the shoulder, arm, and hand. Brachial plexus neuropathies can occur due to a variety of causes such as injury, trauma, tumors, cysts, infections, autoimmune disorders, and genetic mutations.

There are several types of brachial plexus neuropathies, including:

1. Erb's palsy: A condition that affects the upper roots of the brachial plexus and can cause weakness or paralysis of the arm and hand.
2. Klumpke's palsy: A condition that affects the lower roots of the brachial plexus and can cause weakness or paralysis of the hand and wrist.
3. Brachial neuritis: An inflammatory condition that causes sudden weakness and pain in the arm and hand.
4. Thoracic outlet syndrome: A condition where the nerves and blood vessels between the neck and shoulder become compressed, leading to pain and weakness in the arm and hand.
5. Neurodegenerative conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and peripheral neuropathy.

The symptoms of brachial plexus neuropathies can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition, but may include:

* Weakness or paralysis of the arm and hand
* Numbness or loss of sensation in the arm and hand
* Pain or aching in the arm and hand
* Muscle wasting or atrophy
* Limited range of motion in the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints
* Decreased grip strength
* Difficulty with fine motor skills such as buttoning a shirt or tying shoelaces.

Brachial plexus neuropathies can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging studies such as MRI or EMG, and nerve conduction studies. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and severity of the symptoms, but may include:

* Physical therapy to improve strength and range of motion
* Occupational therapy to improve fine motor skills and daily living activities
* Medications such as pain relievers or anti-inflammatory drugs
* Injections of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation
* Surgery to release compressed nerves or repair damaged nerve tissue.

There are two main types of shoulder dislocations:

1. Shoulder dislocation: This occurs when the ball at the top of the humerus is forced out of its socket in the scapula.
2. Multidirectional instability (MDI): This occurs when the connections between the humerus, scapula, and collarbone (clavicle) are loose or unstable, causing the shoulder to dislocate in multiple directions.

Symptoms of a shoulder dislocation may include:

* Severe pain in your shoulder
* Swelling and bruising around your shoulder
* Difficulty moving your arm or putting weight on it
* A visible deformity in your shoulder

If you suspect that you have a shoulder dislocation, it's important to seek medical attention right away. Your doctor may perform an X-ray or other imaging tests to confirm the diagnosis and determine the severity of the dislocation. Treatment options for a shoulder dislocation may include:

* Reduction: This is a procedure where your doctor manipulates the bones back into their proper position.
* Immobilization: Your arm may be immobilized in a sling or brace to allow the joint to heal.
* Physical therapy: After the initial injury has healed, physical therapy can help improve range of motion and strength in your shoulder.

In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair any damage to the surrounding tissues or to realign the bones. It's important to follow your doctor's recommendations for treatment and rehabilitation to ensure proper healing and prevent future complications.

The inner ear, brain, and sensory nerves are all involved in the development of motion sickness. The inner ear contains the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and equilibrium. The brain processes visual, proprioceptive (position and movement), and vestibular information to determine the body's position and movement. When these signals are not in harmony, the brain can become confused and motion sickness can occur.

There are several factors that can contribute to the development of motion sickness, including:

1. Conflicting sensory input: This can occur when the visual, proprioceptive, and vestibular systems provide conflicting information about the body's position and movement. For example, if the body is moving but the eyes do not see any movement, this can confuse the brain and lead to motion sickness.
2. Movement of the body: Motion sickness can occur when the body is in motion, such as on a boat or airplane, or during a car ride. This can be particularly problematic for people who are prone to motion sickness.
3. Reading or looking at screens: Reading or looking at screens can exacerbate motion sickness, as it can provide conflicting visual and vestibular information.
4. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as inner ear problems or migraines, can increase the risk of developing motion sickness.
5. Medications: Some medications, such as antidepressants and antihistamines, can increase the risk of developing motion sickness.

There are several ways to prevent and treat motion sickness, including:

1. Avoiding heavy meals before traveling: Eating a light meal before traveling can help reduce the risk of motion sickness.
2. Choosing a seat with less motion: In vehicles, choosing a seat with less motion can help reduce the risk of motion sickness.
3. Keeping the eyes on the horizon: Looking at the horizon can help reduce the conflict between visual and vestibular information.
4. Taking medication: There are several over-the-counter and prescription medications available to prevent and treat motion sickness, such as dramamine and scopolamine patches.
5. Using wristbands: Sea bands or wristbands that apply pressure to a specific point on the wrist have been shown to be effective in preventing motion sickness.
6. Avoiding alcohol and caffeine: Consuming these substances can exacerbate motion sickness, so it is best to avoid them before and during travel.
7. Staying hydrated: Drinking plenty of water and other fluids can help reduce the symptoms of motion sickness.
8. Getting fresh air: Fresh air can help reduce the symptoms of motion sickness, so it is best to sit near an open window or take breaks outside.

Some common examples of vestibular diseases include:

1. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV): A condition that causes brief episodes of vertigo triggered by changes in head position.
2. Labyrinthitis: An inner ear infection that causes vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears).
3. Vestibular migraine: A type of migraine that causes vertigo, along with headaches and other symptoms.
4. Meniere's disease: A disorder of the inner ear that causes vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness in the affected ear.
5. Acoustic neuroma: A benign tumor that grows on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain, causing symptoms such as vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
6. Superior canal dehiscence syndrome: A condition in which the bony covering of the superior canal in the inner ear is thin or absent, leading to symptoms such as vertigo, hearing loss, and sound sensitivity.
7. Perilymph fistula: A tear or defect in the membrane that separates the middle ear from the inner ear, causing symptoms such as vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
8. Ototoxicity: Damage to the inner ear caused by exposure to certain medications or chemicals, leading to symptoms such as vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.

Diagnosis of vestibular diseases typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and specialized tests such as the Electronystagmography (ENG) or Vestibular Function Tests (VFT). Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause of the symptoms, but may include medications, vestibular rehabilitation therapy, or surgery.

Some common types of birth injuries include:

1. Brain damage: This can occur due to a lack of oxygen to the baby's brain during delivery, resulting in conditions such as cerebral palsy or hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).
2. Nerve damage: This can result from prolonged labor, use of forceps or vacuum extraction, or improper handling of the baby during delivery, leading to conditions such as brachial plexus injuries or Erb's palsy.
3. Fractures: These can occur due to improper use of forceps or vacuum extraction, or from the baby being dropped or handled roughly during delivery.
4. Cutaneous injuries: These can result from rough handling or excessive pressure during delivery, leading to conditions such as caput succedaneum (swelling of the scalp) or cephalohematoma (bleeding under the skin of the head).
5. Infections: These can occur if the baby is exposed to bacteria during delivery, leading to conditions such as sepsis or meningitis.
6. Respiratory distress syndrome: This can occur if the baby does not breathe properly after birth, resulting in difficulty breathing and low oxygen levels.
7. Shoulder dystocia: This occurs when the baby's shoulder becomes stuck during delivery, leading to injury or damage to the baby's shoulder or neck.
8. Umbilical cord prolapse: This occurs when the umbilical cord comes out of the birth canal before the baby, leading to compression or strangulation of the cord and potentially causing injury to the baby.
9. Meconium aspiration: This occurs when the baby inhales a mixture of meconium (bowel movement) and amniotic fluid during delivery, leading to respiratory distress and other complications.
10. Brachial plexus injuries: These occur when the nerves in the baby's neck and shoulder are damaged during delivery, leading to weakness or paralysis of the arm and hand.

It is important to note that not all birth injuries can be prevented, but proper medical care and attention during pregnancy, labor, and delivery can help minimize the risk of complications. If you suspect that your baby has been injured during delivery, it is important to seek prompt medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

The exact cause of PFPS is not well understood, but several factors are thought to contribute to its development. These include:

1) Overuse or repetitive strain on the knee joint, particularly during activities that involve bending or squatting.

2) Poor alignment of the kneecap in the groove of the femur (trochlear dysplasia), which can lead to abnormal pressure on the underside of the patella.

3) Weak quadriceps muscles, which can cause excessive stress on the patellar tendon and lead to pain.

4) Tight or inflexible soft tissues, particularly the iliotibial (IT) band, which can pull the kneecap out of alignment and cause pain.

Symptoms of PFPS typically include:

1) Pain in the front of the knee, usually around the kneecap.

2) Tenderness or swelling in the patellar tendon or the kneecap.

3) Pain or stiffness when bending or straightening the knee.

4) A grinding or clicking sensation in the knee joint.

Treatment for PFPS typically involves a combination of physical therapy, bracing, and medication. Physical therapy may include exercises to strengthen the quadriceps and hamstring muscles, as well as stretching and flexibility exercises to improve patellar alignment and reduce tension in the IT band. Bracing may involve wearing a knee brace or patellar stabilizer to help realign the kneecap and reduce pressure on the patellar tendon. Medication may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or corticosteroid injections to reduce pain and inflammation. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to realign the kneecap or repair damaged tissue.

Preventing PFPS involves taking steps to reduce stress on the patellar tendon and prevent overuse of the knee joint. This can include:

1) Warming up before exercise or athletic activity with stretching and light cardio.

2) Using proper technique and form during exercise or athletic activity.

3) Gradually increasing intensity and duration of exercise or athletic activity over time.

4) Strengthening the quadriceps and hamstring muscles through exercises like squats, lunges, and leg press.

5) Wearing properly fitting shoes with good arch support and cushioning.

There are different types of OP, including:

1. Erb's Palsy: A condition that occurs when the nerves in the neck are damaged during delivery, leading to weakness or paralysis of the arm and shoulder muscles.
2. Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy (BPBP): A condition that occurs when the nerves in the upper group of the brachial plexus (a network of nerves in the neck and shoulder) are damaged during delivery, leading to weakness or paralysis of the arm and hand muscles.
3. Posterior Cord Syndrome: A condition that occurs when the nerves in the lower back are damaged during delivery, leading to weakness or paralysis of the legs, bladder, and bowel function.
4. Central Cord Syndrome: A condition that occurs when the nerves in the spinal cord are damaged during delivery, leading to weakness or paralysis of the muscles in the trunk, arms, and legs.

The symptoms of OP can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition, but may include:

* Weakness or paralysis of specific muscle groups
* Difficulty with movement and coordination
* Loss of sensation in certain areas of the body
* Bladder and bowel dysfunction
* Decreased reflexes

OP can be diagnosed through a physical examination, nerve conduction studies, and imaging tests such as MRI or EMG. Treatment for OP typically involves physical therapy, occupational therapy, and other supportive measures to help improve muscle strength and function. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve pressure on the affected nerves or to repair damaged tissue.

Preventing OP is important, and this can involve:

* Proper use of obstetric forceps or vacuum extraction during delivery
* Avoiding excessive traction or pressure on the baby's head or body during delivery
* Monitoring fetal heart rate and using appropriate interventions if there are signs of distress
* Encouraging a safe and healthy pregnancy and delivery, with proper prenatal care and avoiding risk factors such as smoking, alcohol use, and high blood pressure.

There are different types of contractures, including:

1. Scar contracture: This type of contracture occurs when a scar tissue forms and tightens, causing a loss of movement in the affected area.
2. Neurogenic contracture: This type of contracture is caused by nerve damage and can occur after an injury or surgery.
3. Post-burn contracture: This type of contracture occurs after a burn injury and is caused by scarring and tightening of the skin and underlying tissues.
4. Congenital contracture: This type of contracture is present at birth and can be caused by genetic or environmental factors.

Signs and symptoms of contractures may include:

1. Limited range of motion
2. Pain or stiffness in the affected area
3. Skin tightening or shrinkage
4. Deformity of the affected area

Treatment options for contractures depend on the severity and cause of the condition, and may include:

1. Physical therapy to improve range of motion and strength
2. Bracing to support the affected area and prevent further tightening
3. Surgery to release or lengthen the scar tissue or tendons
4. Injections of botulinum toxin or other medications to relax the muscle and improve range of motion.

1. A false or misleading sensory experience, such as seeing a shape or color that is not actually present.
2. A delusion or mistaken belief that is not based on reality or evidence.
3. A symptom that is perceived by the patient but cannot be detected by medical examination or testing.
4. A feeling of being drugged, dizzy, or disoriented, often accompanied by hallucinations or altered perceptions.
5. A temporary and harmless condition caused by a sudden change in bodily functions or sensations, such as a hot flash or a wave of dizziness.
6. A false or mistaken belief about one's own health or medical condition, often resulting from misinterpretation of symptoms or self-diagnosis.
7. A psychological phenomenon in which the patient experiences a feeling of being in a different body or experiencing a different reality, such as feeling like one is in a dream or a parallel universe.
8. A neurological condition characterized by disturbances in sensory perception, such as seeing things that are not there ( hallucinations) or perceiving sensations that are not real.
9. A type of hysteria or conversion disorder in which the patient experiences physical symptoms without any underlying medical cause, such as numbness or paralysis of a limb.
10. A condition in which the patient has a false belief that they have a serious medical condition, often accompanied by excessive anxiety or fear.

ILLUSIONS IN MEDICINE

Illusions can be a significant challenge in medicine, as they can lead to misdiagnosis, mismanagement of symptoms, and unnecessary treatment. Here are some examples of how illusions can manifest in medical settings:

1. Visual illusions: A patient may see something that is not actually there, such as a shadow or a shape, which can be misinterpreted as a sign of a serious medical condition.
2. Auditory illusions: A patient may hear sounds or noises that are not real, such as ringing in the ears (tinnitus) or hearing voices.
3. Tactile illusions: A patient may feel sensations on their skin that are not real, such as itching or crawling sensations.
4. Olfactory illusions: A patient may smell something that is not there, such as a strange odor or a familiar scent that is not actually present.
5. Gustatory illusions: A patient may taste something that is not there, such as a metallic or bitter taste.
6. Proprioceptive illusions: A patient may feel sensations of movement or position changes that are not real, such as feeling like they are spinning or floating.
7. Interoceptive illusions: A patient may experience sensations in their body that are not real, such as feeling like their heart is racing or their breathing is shallow.
8. Cognitive illusions: A patient may have false beliefs about their medical condition or treatment, such as believing they have a serious disease when they do not.

THE NEUROSCIENCE OF ILLUSIONS

Illusions are the result of complex interactions between the brain and the sensory systems. Here are some key factors that contribute to the experience of illusions:

1. Brain processing: The brain processes sensory information and uses past experiences and expectations to interpret what is being perceived. This can lead to misinterpretation and the experience of illusions.
2. Sensory integration: The brain integrates information from multiple senses, such as vision, hearing, and touch, to create a unified perception of reality. Imbalances in sensory integration can contribute to the experience of illusions.
3. Attention: The brain's attention system plays a critical role in determining what is perceived and how it is interpreted. Attention can be directed towards certain stimuli or away from others, leading to the experience of illusions.
4. Memory: Past experiences and memories can influence the interpretation of current sensory information, leading to the experience of illusions.
5. Emotion: Emotional states can also affect the interpretation of sensory information, leading to the experience of illusions. For example, a person in a state of fear may interpret ambiguous sensory information as threatening.

THE TREATMENT OF ILLUSIONS

Treatment for illusions depends on the underlying cause and can vary from case to case. Some possible treatment options include:

1. Sensory therapy: Sensory therapy, such as vision or hearing therapy, may be used to improve sensory processing and reduce the experience of illusions.
2. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT can help individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to the experience of illusions.
3. Mindfulness training: Mindfulness training can help individuals develop greater awareness of their sensory experiences and reduce the influence of illusions.
4. Medication: In some cases, medication may be prescribed to treat underlying conditions that are contributing to the experience of illusions, such as anxiety or depression.
5. Environmental modifications: Environmental modifications, such as changing the lighting or reducing noise levels, may be made to reduce the stimulus intensity and improve perception.

CONCLUSION

Illusions are a common experience that can have a significant impact on our daily lives. Understanding the causes of illusions and seeking appropriate treatment can help individuals manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. By working with a healthcare professional, individuals can develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and helps them overcome the challenges of illusions.

The shoulder is a complex joint that consists of several bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments, which work together to provide a wide range of motion and stability. Any disruption in this delicate balance can cause pain and dysfunction.

Some common causes of shoulder pain include:

1. Rotator cuff injuries: The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that surround the shoulder joint, providing stability and mobility. Injuries to the rotator cuff can cause pain and weakness in the shoulder.
2. Bursitis: Bursae are small fluid-filled sacs that cushion the joints and reduce friction between the bones, muscles, and tendons. Inflammation of the bursae (bursitis) can cause pain and swelling in the shoulder.
3. Tendinitis: Tendinitis is inflammation of the tendons, which connect the muscles to the bones. Tendinitis in the shoulder can cause pain and stiffness.
4. Dislocations: A dislocation occurs when the ball of the humerus (upper arm bone) is forced out of the shoulder socket. This can cause severe pain, swelling, and limited mobility.
5. Osteoarthritis: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative condition that affects the joints, including the shoulder. It can cause pain, stiffness, and limited mobility.
6. Frozen shoulder: Also known as adhesive capsulitis, frozen shoulder is a condition where the connective tissue in the shoulder joint becomes inflamed and scarred, leading to pain and stiffness.
7. Labral tears: The labrum is a cartilage ring that surrounds the shoulder socket, providing stability and support. Tears to the labrum can cause pain and instability in the shoulder.
8. Fractures: Fractures of the humerus, clavicle, or scapula (shoulder blade) can cause pain, swelling, and limited mobility.
9. Rotator cuff tears: The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that provide stability and support to the shoulder joint. Tears to the rotator cuff can cause pain and weakness in the shoulder.
10. Impingement syndrome: Impingement syndrome occurs when the tendons of the rotator cuff become pinched or compressed as they pass through the shoulder joint, leading to pain and inflammation.

These are just a few examples of common shoulder injuries and conditions. If you're experiencing shoulder pain or stiffness, it's important to see a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.

There are several types of bursitis, including:

1. Subacromial bursitis: This type occurs on the underside of the acromion (a bony projection on the shoulder blade) and is common among athletes who throw or perform repetitive overhead motions.
2. Retrocalcaneal bursitis: This type affects the heel of the foot and is caused by excessive standing or walking, poorly fitting shoes, or injury to the ankle or heel.
3. Prepatellar bursitis: This type affects the front of the kneecap and can be caused by direct trauma, repetitive kneeling, or inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.
4. Olecranal bursitis: This type affects the elbow and is often caused by repetitive flexion and extension of the arm.
5. Trochanteric bursitis: This type affects the thigh bone and is common among older adults or those with hip arthritis.

Bursitis can be diagnosed through physical examination, imaging tests like X-rays or ultrasound, and aspiration of fluid from the affected bursa. Treatment options for bursitis depend on the severity of the condition and may include rest, ice, compression, elevation (RICE), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and physical therapy exercises to improve range of motion and strength. In severe cases or those that do not respond to conservative treatment, surgical drainage or removal of the affected bursa may be necessary.

Treatment for shoulder impingement syndrome may include rest, physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, and corticosteroid injections. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove bone spurs or inflamed tissue.

Symptoms of shoulder impingement syndrome may include:

* Pain in the shoulder, especially when lifting the arm or performing overhead activities
* Stiffness and limited mobility in the shoulder joint
* Crepitus (a grinding or cracking sensation) when moving the shoulder
* Weakness or fatigue in the shoulder muscles
* Decreased range of motion in the shoulder joint.

Diagnosis of shoulder impingement syndrome is typically made through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as X-rays or MRIs, and patient history. Treatment is tailored to the individual case and may involve a combination of non-surgical and surgical interventions.

In conclusion, shoulder impingement syndrome is a common condition that can cause pain, stiffness, and limited mobility in the shoulder joint. Treatment options range from rest and physical therapy to surgery, and are tailored to the individual case. Early diagnosis and treatment can help to improve outcomes for patients with this condition.

Bone malalignment can occur in any bone of the body but is most common in the long bones of the arms and legs. There are several types of bone malalignment, including:

* Angular deformity: A deviation from the normal alignment of two bones meeting at a joint.
* Bowing or bending of a bone: A deviation from the normal straight line of a bone.
* Rotational deformity: A twisting or rotating of a bone around its long axis.
* Growth plate deformity: Abnormal growth or development of the growth plates in children and adolescents, leading to misalignment of the bones.

Bone malalignment can cause symptoms such as pain, stiffness, limited mobility, and difficulty performing daily activities. Treatment options for bone malalignment depend on the type and severity of the condition and may include:

* Bracing or casting to help align the bones
* Physical therapy to improve range of motion and strength
* Medications to manage pain and inflammation
* Surgery to correct the deformity and realign the bones.

The syndrome is named after the American neurologist Dr. Arthur Dandy and British pediatrician Dr. Norman Walker, who first described it in the early 20th century. It is also known as hydrocephalus type I or cerebellar hydrocephalus.

DWS typically affects children, usually girls, between 3 and 18 months of age. The symptoms can vary in severity and may include:

* Enlarged skull
* Abnormal posture and gait
* Delayed development of motor skills
* Intellectual disability
* Seizures
* Vision problems

The exact cause of Dandy-Walker Syndrome is not known, but it is believed to be related to genetic mutations or environmental factors during fetal development. It can occur as an isolated condition or in combination with other congenital anomalies.

There is no cure for DWS, but treatment options may include:

* Shunts to drain excess CSF
* Physical therapy and occupational therapy
* Speech and language therapy
* Seizure medication
* Monitoring with regular imaging studies

The prognosis for children with Dandy-Walker Syndrome varies depending on the severity of the condition and the presence of other medical issues. Some individuals may experience significant developmental delays and intellectual disability, while others may have milder symptoms. With appropriate treatment and support, many individuals with DWS can lead fulfilling lives.

Some common causes of secondary Parkinson disease include:

1. Medication side effects: Certain medications, such as dopamine antagonists, can cause parkinsonian symptoms as a side effect.
2. Head trauma: A head injury can cause damage to the brain that leads to parkinsonian symptoms.
3. Infections: Certain infections, such as encephalitis or meningitis, can cause inflammation of the brain that leads to parkinsonian symptoms.
4. Other neurological conditions: Conditions such as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) can cause parkinsonian symptoms similar to those of primary Parkinson disease.
5. Stroke: A stroke can damage the brain and lead to parkinsonian symptoms.
6. Brain tumors: Tumors in the brain, such as a glioblastoma, can cause parkinsonian symptoms.
7. Neurodegenerative diseases: Conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia can cause parkinsonian symptoms.

Secondary Parkinson disease is often treated with medications that are similar to those used for primary Parkinson disease, such as dopamine agonists and MAO-B inhibitors. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to treat symptoms such as tremors or rigidity. It is important to note that secondary Parkinson disease can have a different progression and response to treatment compared to primary Parkinson disease.

The term "leg length inequality" is used in the medical field to describe a condition where one leg is shorter than the other, resulting in an imbalance and potential discomfort or pain. The condition can be caused by various factors, such as genetics, injury, or uneven muscle development.

There are several different types of leg length inequality, including:

1. Congenital leg length inequality: This is a condition that is present at birth and is caused by genetic or environmental factors during fetal development.
2. Acquired leg length inequality: This type of inequality is caused by an injury or condition that affects the bones or muscles in one leg, such as a fracture or tendonitis.
3. Neurological leg length inequality: This type of inequality is caused by a neurological condition, such as cerebral palsy, that affects the development of the muscles and bones in one leg.

The symptoms of leg length inequality can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Pain or discomfort in the lower back, hips, or legs
2. Difficulty walking or standing for long periods of time
3. A noticeable difference in the length of the legs
4. Muscle spasms or cramps in the legs
5. Difficulty maintaining balance or stability

Treatment options for leg length inequality will depend on the severity of the condition and may include:

1. Shoe lifts or inserts to raise the shorter leg
2. Orthotics or braces to support the affected leg
3. Physical therapy to strengthen the muscles and improve balance and coordination
4. Surgery to lengthen the shorter leg, either by cutting the bone and inserting a device to lengthen it or by fusion of the vertebrae to realign the spine.
5. In some cases, a combination of these treatments may be necessary to effectively address the condition.

It is important to note that early diagnosis and treatment of leg length inequality can help prevent further progression of the condition and reduce the risk of complications. If you suspect you or your child may have leg length inequality, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment.

1. Osteoarthritis: A degenerative condition that causes the breakdown of cartilage in the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and loss of mobility.
2. Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disease that causes inflammation in the joints, leading to pain, swelling, and deformity.
3. Gout: A condition caused by the buildup of uric acid in the joints, leading to sudden and severe attacks of pain, inflammation, and swelling.
4. Bursitis: Inflammation of the bursae, small fluid-filled sacs that cushion the joints and reduce friction between tendons and bones.
5. Tendinitis: Inflammation of the tendons, which connect muscles to bones.
6. Synovitis: Inflammation of the synovial membrane, a thin lining that covers the joints and lubricates them with fluid.
7. Periarthritis: Inflammation of the tissues around the joints, such as the synovial membrane, tendons, and ligaments.
8. Spondyloarthritis: A group of conditions that affect the spine and sacroiliac joints, leading to inflammation and pain in these areas.
9. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A condition that affects children and causes inflammation and pain in the joints.
10. Systemic lupus erythematosus: An autoimmune disease that can affect many parts of the body, including the joints.

These are just a few examples of the many types of joint diseases that exist. Each type has its own unique symptoms and causes, and they can be caused by a variety of factors such as genetics, injury, infection, or age-related wear and tear. Treatment options for joint diseases can range from medication and physical therapy to surgery, depending on the severity of the condition and its underlying cause.

FAI is a common cause of hip pain in young adults and athletes who participate in high-impact activities such as running or jumping. It can also occur in older individuals as a result of wear and tear on the joint over time. The condition is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as X-rays or MRIs, and patient history.

FAI can be classified into three types based on the location and severity of the impingement:

1. Cam impingement: This occurs when the femur is not properly positioned in the socket, causing the head of the femur to jam against the rim of the acetabulum.
2. Pincer impingement: This occurs when the acetabulum is too deep and covers the femur head, causing it to be pinched between the bone and soft tissue.
3. Combination impingement: This occurs when both cam and pincer impingements are present.

Treatment for FAI typically involves a combination of non-surgical and surgical options, depending on the severity of the condition and the individual patient's needs. Non-surgical treatment may include physical therapy to improve strength and range of motion, medication to reduce pain and inflammation, and lifestyle modifications such as avoiding activities that exacerbate the condition. Surgical options may include hip arthroscopy to remove any bone spurs or repair damaged tissue, or hip replacement surgery if the joint is severely damaged.

It is important to identify and address prosthesis failure early to prevent further complications and restore the functionality of the device. This may involve repairing or replacing the device, modifying the design, or changing the materials used in its construction. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to correct issues related to the implantation of the prosthetic device.

Prosthesis failure can occur in various types of prosthetic devices, including joint replacements, dental implants, and orthotic devices. The causes of prosthesis failure can range from manufacturing defects to user error or improper maintenance. It is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of the factors contributing to prosthesis failure to develop effective solutions and improve patient outcomes.

In conclusion, prosthesis failure is a common issue that can significantly impact the quality of life of individuals who rely on prosthetic devices. Early identification and addressing of prosthesis failure are crucial to prevent further complications and restore functionality. A comprehensive understanding of the causes of prosthesis failure is necessary to develop effective solutions and improve patient outcomes.

There are several types of tendon injuries, including:

1. Tendinitis: Inflammation of a tendon, often caused by repetitive strain or overuse.
2. Tendon rupture: A complete tear of a tendon, which can be caused by trauma or degenerative conditions such as rotator cuff tears in the shoulder.
3. Tendon strain: A stretch or tear of a tendon, often caused by acute injury or overuse.
4. Tendon avulsion: A condition where a tendon is pulled away from its attachment point on a bone.

Symptoms of tendon injuries can include pain, swelling, redness, and limited mobility in the affected area. Treatment options depend on the severity of the injury and may include rest, physical therapy, medication, or surgery. Preventive measures such as proper warm-up and cool-down exercises, stretching, and using appropriate equipment can help reduce the risk of tendon injuries.

Types of Shoulder Fractures:

1. Humeral Fractures: These are fractures that occur in the upper arm bone (humerus). They can be classified into diaphyseal fractures (fractures in the shaft of the humerus), metaphyseal fractures (fractures at the ends of the humerus), and subtrochanteric fractures (fractures between the upper and lower ends of the humerus).
2. Scapular Fractures: These are fractures that occur in the shoulder blade (scapula). They can be classified into avulsion fractures (fractures where a small piece of bone is pulled away from the main body of the scapula) and stress fractures (fractures that occur due to repetitive trauma or overuse).
3. Clavicular Fractures: These are fractures that occur in the collarbone (clavicle). They can be classified into midshaft fractures (fractures in the middle of the clavicle) and distal fractures (fractures at the end of the clavicle).

Causes of Shoulder Fractures:

1. Trauma: Trauma is the most common cause of shoulder fractures. This can include falls, car accidents, sports injuries, and direct blows to the shoulder.
2. Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is a condition that causes bones to become weak and brittle, making them more susceptible to fractures.
3. Overuse: Overuse injuries can also cause shoulder fractures, especially in athletes who participate in sports that involve repetitive movements of the shoulder joint.

Symptoms of Shoulder Fractures:

1. Pain: The most common symptom of a shoulder fracture is pain. The pain may be severe and worsen with movement or weight-bearing activities.
2. Swelling and bruising: There may be swelling and bruising around the affected area.
3. Limited mobility: A shoulder fracture can cause limited mobility in the arm and shoulder, making it difficult to move the arm or perform everyday activities.
4. Deformity: In some cases, a shoulder fracture may cause a visible deformity, such as a bone that is visibly out of place.

Diagnosis of Shoulder Fractures:

1. X-rays: X-rays are the most common diagnostic tool for shoulder fractures. They can help to identify the type and severity of the fracture.
2. CT scans: CT scans may be used in some cases to provide a more detailed view of the fracture.
3. MRI scans: MRI scans may be used to evaluate soft tissue injuries, such as ligament sprains or tears.

Treatment of Shoulder Fractures:

1. Immobilization: The affected arm is immobilized in a sling or brace for several weeks to allow the fracture to heal.
2. Medication: Pain medication, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, may be prescribed to manage pain and inflammation.
3. Physical therapy: Once the fracture has healed, physical therapy may be recommended to improve strength, flexibility, and range of motion in the shoulder.
4. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign the bones or repair damaged soft tissue. Common surgical procedures for shoulder fractures include:

a. Shoulder joint replacement: This is a procedure where the damaged joint is replaced with an artificial one.

b. Osteotomy: This is a procedure where the surgeon cuts and realigns the bone to improve its alignment.

c. Internal fixation: This is a procedure where the surgeon uses screws, plates, or rods to hold the bones in place while they heal.

d. External fixation: This is a procedure where the surgeon attaches a device to the outside of the arm and shoulder to hold the bones in place while they heal.

It's important to note that the specific treatment plan will depend on the severity and type of fracture, as well as the individual's overall health and medical history. A healthcare professional should be consulted for proper evaluation and treatment.

Note: A malunited fracture is sometimes also referred to as a "nonunion fracture" or "fracture nonunion".

Examples:

1. A ruptured Achilles tendon occurs when the tendon that connects the calf muscle to the heel bone is stretched too far and tears.
2. A ruptured appendix occurs when the appendix suddenly bursts, leading to infection and inflammation.
3. A ruptured aneurysm occurs when a weakened blood vessel bulges and bursts, leading to bleeding in the brain.
4. A ruptured eardrum occurs when there is sudden pressure on the eardrum, such as from an explosion or a blow to the head, which causes it to tear.
5. A ruptured ovarian cyst occurs when a fluid-filled sac on the ovary bursts, leading to pain and bleeding.

Symptoms of rupture can include sudden and severe pain, swelling, bruising, and bleeding. Treatment for rupture depends on the location and severity of the injury and may include surgery, medication, or other interventions.

Pathological nystagmus can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination, including a visual acuity test, refraction test, cover test, and eyer movements assessment. Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans may also be ordered to rule out other possible causes of the symptoms.

Treatment for pathological nystagmus depends on the underlying cause of the condition. In some cases, treatment may involve correcting refractive errors or addressing any underlying brain disorders through medication, physical therapy, or surgery. Other treatments may include eye exercises, prisms, or specialized glasses to help improve eye movement and reduce the symptoms of nystagmus.

In summary, pathological nystagmus is an abnormal and involuntary movement of the eyeballs that can be caused by various neurological disorders. Diagnosis is through a comprehensive eye examination and imaging studies, and treatment depends on the underlying cause of the condition.

1. Meniscal tears: The meniscus is a cartilage structure in the knee joint that can tear due to twisting or bending movements.
2. Ligament sprains: The ligaments that connect the bones of the knee joint can become stretched or torn, leading to instability and pain.
3. Torn cartilage: The articular cartilage that covers the ends of the bones in the knee joint can tear due to wear and tear or trauma.
4. Fractures: The bones of the knee joint can fracture as a result of a direct blow or fall.
5. Dislocations: The bones of the knee joint can become dislocated, causing pain and instability.
6. Patellar tendinitis: Inflammation of the tendon that connects the patella (kneecap) to the shinbone.
7. Iliotibial band syndrome: Inflammation of the iliotibial band, a ligament that runs down the outside of the thigh and crosses the knee joint.
8. Osteochondritis dissecans: A condition in which a piece of cartilage and bone becomes detached from the end of a bone in the knee joint.
9. Baker's cyst: A fluid-filled cyst that forms behind the knee, usually as a result of a tear in the meniscus or a knee injury.

Symptoms of knee injuries can include pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited mobility. Treatment for knee injuries depends on the severity of the injury and may range from conservative measures such as physical therapy and medication to surgical intervention.

Dislocation is a term used in medicine to describe the displacement of a bone or joint from its normal position, often due to injury or disease. This can cause pain, limited mobility, and potentially lead to long-term complications if left untreated.

There are several types of dislocations that can occur in different parts of the body, including:

1. Shoulder dislocation: The upper arm bone (humerus) is forced out of the shoulder socket.
2. Hip dislocation: The femur (thigh bone) is forced out of the hip socket.
3. Knee dislocation: The kneecap (patella) is forced out of its normal position in the knee joint.
4. Ankle dislocation: The bones of the ankle are forced out of their normal position.
5. Elbow dislocation: The humerus is forced out of the elbow joint.
6. Wrist dislocation: The bones of the wrist are forced out of their normal position.
7. Finger dislocation: One or more of the bones in a finger are forced out of their normal position.
8. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation: The jawbone is forced out of its normal position, which can cause pain and difficulty opening the mouth.

Dislocations can be caused by a variety of factors, including sports injuries, car accidents, falls, and certain medical conditions such as osteoporosis or degenerative joint disease. Treatment for dislocations often involves reducing the displaced bone or joint back into its normal position, either through manual manipulation or surgery. In some cases, physical therapy may be necessary to help restore strength and range of motion in the affected area.

Vertigo can cause a range of symptoms, including:

* A feeling of spinning or swaying
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Blurred vision
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abnormal eye movements
* Unsteadiness or loss of balance

To diagnose vertigo, a healthcare professional will typically conduct a physical examination and ask questions about the patient's symptoms and medical history. They may also perform tests such as the head impulse test or the electronystagmography (ENG) test to assess the function of the inner ear and balance systems.

Treatment for vertigo depends on the underlying cause, but may include medications such as anticholinergics, antihistamines, or benzodiazepines, as well as vestibular rehabilitation therapy (VRT) to help the body adapt to the balance problems. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat the underlying cause of vertigo.

In summary, vertigo is a symptom characterized by a false sense of spinning or movement of the surroundings, and can be caused by various conditions affecting the inner ear, brain, or nervous system. Diagnosis and treatment depend on the underlying cause, but may include medications, VRT, and in some cases, surgery.

The exact cause of clubfoot is not known, but it is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors during fetal development. Clubfoot can occur on either foot, but it is more common in the right foot. Boys are slightly more likely to be affected than girls.

There are several types of clubfoot, including:

1. Idiopathic clubfoot: This is the most common type and has no known cause.
2. Familial clubfoot: This type runs in families and is associated with other congenital anomalies.
3. Neurological clubfoot: This type is caused by a neurological condition, such as spina bifida or cerebral palsy.
4. Traumatic clubfoot: This type is caused by injury to the foot or ankle.

Symptoms of clubfoot can include:

1. A visible deformity of the foot and ankle
2. Difficulty walking or standing
3. Pain in the foot or ankle
4. Limited range of motion in the foot or ankle
5. Skin irritation or blisters due to shoe pressure

Clubfoot can be diagnosed through a physical examination and imaging tests such as X-rays or ultrasound. Treatment options include:

1. Casting and bracing: The foot is cast or braced in a correct position to help straighten the ankle and foot.
2. Surgery: In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to realign the bones of the foot and ankle.
3. Physical therapy: To improve range of motion and strength in the foot and ankle.
4. Orthotics: Custom-made shoe inserts or braces can help support the foot and ankle.

Early treatment is important to achieve the best possible outcomes, and to prevent complications such as arthritis and limited mobility. It's important to seek medical attention if you notice any signs of clubfoot in your child. With proper treatment, most children with clubfoot can grow up to have normal, healthy feet.

The causes of LBP can be broadly classified into two categories:

1. Mechanical causes: These include strains, sprains, and injuries to the soft tissues (such as muscles, ligaments, and tendons) or bones in the lower back.
2. Non-mechanical causes: These include medical conditions such as herniated discs, degenerative disc disease, and spinal stenosis.

The symptoms of LBP can vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:

* Pain that may be localized to one side or both sides of the lower back
* Muscle spasms or stiffness
* Limited range of motion in the lower back
* Difficulty bending, lifting, or twisting
* Sciatica (pain that radiates down the legs)
* Weakness or numbness in the legs

The diagnosis of LBP is based on a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI.

Treatment for LBP depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, but may include:

* Medications such as pain relievers, muscle relaxants, or anti-inflammatory drugs
* Physical therapy to improve strength and flexibility in the lower back
* Chiropractic care to realign the spine and relieve pressure on the joints and muscles
* Injections of corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid to reduce inflammation and relieve pain
* Surgery may be considered for severe or chronic cases that do not respond to other treatments.

Prevention strategies for LBP include:

* Maintaining a healthy weight to reduce strain on the lower back
* Engaging in regular exercise to improve muscle strength and flexibility
* Using proper lifting techniques to avoid straining the lower back
* Taking regular breaks to stretch and move around if you have a job that involves sitting or standing for long periods
* Managing stress through relaxation techniques such as meditation or deep breathing.

The symptoms of situs inversus totalis can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the specific organs involved. Some common symptoms include:

* Chest pain or discomfort
* Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fatigue or weakness
* Swelling in the legs or feet
* Pale or blue-tinged skin

The exact cause of situs inversus totalis is not known, but it is believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The condition is usually diagnosed during fetal development, and it can be detected through ultrasound imaging.

Treatment for situs inversus totalis typically involves surgery to correct the inverted organs. In some cases, a heart-lung transplant may be necessary. Medications such as antibiotics and pain relievers may also be prescribed to manage symptoms.

The prognosis for situs inversus totalis varies depending on the severity of the condition and the specific organs involved. In general, early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications. However, the condition can be life-threatening, and some individuals with situs inversus totalis may not survive beyond infancy or childhood.

In summary, situs inversus totalis is a rare congenital condition where all the major organs in the chest and abdomen are inverted or mirrored from their normal positions. Symptoms can include chest pain, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, nausea, and fatigue. Treatment typically involves surgery to correct the inverted organs, and medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms. The prognosis varies depending on the severity of the condition and the specific organs involved.

There are several common types of hip injuries that can occur, including:

1. Hip fractures: A break in the femur (thigh bone) or pelvis that can be caused by a fall or direct blow to the hip.
2. Muscle strains and tears: Injuries to the muscles and tendons surrounding the hip joint, often caused by overuse or sudden movement.
3. Ligament sprains: Injuries to the ligaments that connect bones together in the hip joint, often caused by twisting or bending movements.
4. Dislocations: When the ball of the femur becomes dislodged from the socket in the pelvis, causing pain and limited mobility.
5. Labral tears: Injuries to the cartilage that lines the edge of the hip joint, often caused by repetitive motion or trauma.
6. Osteonecrosis: Death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply, often caused by a condition called avascular necrosis.
7. Hip impingement: When the ball of the femur and the socket of the pelvis do not fit together properly, causing friction and pain.
8. Hip bursitis: Inflammation of the fluid-filled sacs (bursae) that cushion the joints and reduce friction, often caused by repetitive motion or trauma.

Symptoms of hip injuries can include pain, stiffness, limited mobility, swelling, and difficulty walking or standing. Treatment for hip injuries can range from conservative measures such as physical therapy, bracing, and medication to surgical interventions such as hip replacement or repair.

Symptoms of lordosis may include back pain, stiffness, and difficulty standing up straight. In severe cases, it can also lead to nerve compression and other complications.

Treatment for lordosis typically involves a combination of physical therapy, bracing, and medication to address any associated pain or discomfort. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct the underlying structural issues.

Treatment options for entropion include:

* Eyelid hygiene and warm compresses to reduce inflammation and clean the eyelids
* Prescription medications such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory eye drops or ointments, or steroids to reduce swelling and infection
* Surgical procedures like eyelid surgery (blepharoplasty) or entropion repair to correct the position of the eyelid and remove any damaged tissue.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of entropion, as it can lead to complications such as corneal ulcers or vision loss if left untreated. A comprehensive diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan from an eye care professional are necessary for effective management of this condition.

The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint that connects the thigh bone (femur) to the pelvis. In a healthy hip joint, the smooth cartilage on the ends of the bones allows for easy movement and reduced friction. However, when the cartilage wears down due to age or injury, the bones can rub together, causing pain and stiffness.

Hip OA is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is more common in older adults, but it can also occur in younger people due to injuries or genetic factors. Women are more likely to develop hip OA than men, especially after the age of 50.

The symptoms of hip OA can vary, but they may include:

* Pain or stiffness in the groin or hip area
* Limited mobility or range of motion in the hip joint
* Cracking or grinding sounds when moving the hip joint
* Pain or discomfort when walking, standing, or engaging in other activities

If left untreated, hip OA can lead to further joint damage and disability. However, there are several treatment options available, including medications, physical therapy, and surgery, that can help manage the symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease.

Example sentences:

1. The patient was diagnosed with a trochlear nerve disease that caused her eyes to drift apart, making it difficult for her to read or focus on objects.
2. The doctor specialized in treating trochlear nerve diseases and had seen many patients with similar symptoms but different causes.
3. The surgery was successful in repairing the damage to the trochlear nerve and restoring the patient's vision.

Note: Trochlear nerve diseases can be caused by various factors, including trauma, tumors, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and more. They can also be inherited or congenital.

Definition:
The movement of teeth towards the midline of the jaw is known as mesial movement of teeth or mesial shift. This movement occurs when the teeth on one side of the dental arch move closer to each other, resulting in a crowded or overlapping appearance. Mesial movement can occur due to various factors such as malocclusion, improper biting habits, or genetic predisposition.

Etymology:
The term "mesial" refers to the front or anterior part of the dental arch, while "movement" refers to the change in position of the teeth. Together, mesial movement of teeth means a shift towards the front or midline of the jaw.

Origins:
The concept of mesial movement of teeth has been described in dental literature for over a century. The term "mesial" was first introduced by the German anatomist Johann Friedrich Meckel in 1802, and it has since become a widely accepted term in dentistry.

Purpose:
The purpose of mesial movement is to ensure proper alignment of teeth and adequate space for eruption of new teeth. When teeth are crowded or overlapping, they can cause various dental problems such as tooth decay, gum disease, and difficulty chewing or speaking. Mesial movement helps to correct these issues by creating more space between the teeth and ensuring proper alignment.

Types:
There are two main types of mesial movement: physiological and pathological. Physiological mesial movement occurs naturally as the teeth erupt and shift towards the midline, while pathological mesial movement is caused by factors such as malocclusion or poor oral hygiene.

Symptoms:
The symptoms of mesial movement can include crowding or overlapping of teeth, difficulty chewing or speaking, tooth decay, and gum disease. In some cases, there may be no visible symptoms, but a dentist can detect the movement during an examination.

Treatment:
Treatment for mesial movement typically involves orthodontic procedures such as braces or aligners to straighten and align the teeth. In some cases, extraction of one or more teeth may be necessary to create space for proper alignment. Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices are also important to prevent further movement and maintain a healthy smile.

In conclusion, mesial movement is a common dental phenomenon that can cause various dental problems if left untreated. Understanding the purpose, types, symptoms, and treatment options for mesial movement can help individuals take proactive steps towards maintaining good oral health and preventing malocclusion.

1. Infection: Bacterial or viral infections can develop after surgery, potentially leading to sepsis or organ failure.
2. Adhesions: Scar tissue can form during the healing process, which can cause bowel obstruction, chronic pain, or other complications.
3. Wound complications: Incisional hernias, wound dehiscence (separation of the wound edges), and wound infections can occur.
4. Respiratory problems: Pneumonia, respiratory failure, and atelectasis (collapsed lung) can develop after surgery, particularly in older adults or those with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
5. Cardiovascular complications: Myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiac failure can occur after surgery, especially in high-risk patients.
6. Renal (kidney) problems: Acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease can develop postoperatively, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal impairment.
7. Neurological complications: Stroke, seizures, and neuropraxia (nerve damage) can occur after surgery, especially in patients with pre-existing neurological conditions.
8. Pulmonary embolism: Blood clots can form in the legs or lungs after surgery, potentially causing pulmonary embolism.
9. Anesthesia-related complications: Respiratory and cardiac complications can occur during anesthesia, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
10. delayed healing: Wound healing may be delayed or impaired after surgery, particularly in patients with pre-existing medical conditions.

It is important for patients to be aware of these potential complications and to discuss any concerns with their surgeon and healthcare team before undergoing surgery.

The most common Parkinsonian disorder is Parkinson's disease, which affects approximately 1% of the population over the age of 60. Other Parkinsonian disorders include:

1. Dystonia: A movement disorder that causes involuntary muscle contractions and spasms.
2. Huntington's disease: An inherited disorder that causes progressive damage to the brain, leading to movement, cognitive, and psychiatric problems.
3. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): A rare degenerative disorder that affects movement, balance, and eye movements.
4. Multiple system atrophy (MSA): A rare degenerative disorder that affects the autonomic nervous system, leading to symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with movement and coordination.
5. Corticobasal degeneration: A rare progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement, cognition, and behavior.

Parkinsonian disorders can be difficult to diagnose, as the symptoms can be similar to other conditions such as essential tremor or dystonia. However, certain features can help distinguish one condition from another. For example, Parkinson's disease is characterized by a characteristic resting tremor, bradykinesia, and rigidity, while dystonia is characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions that can cause abnormal postures or movements.

There is no cure for Parkinsonian disorders, but various medications and therapies can help manage the symptoms. These may include dopaminergic drugs to replace lost dopamine, muscle relaxants to reduce rigidity, and physical therapy to improve movement and coordination. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to regulate abnormal brain activity or to implant a deep brain stimulator to deliver electrical impulses to specific areas of the brain.

Overall, Parkinsonian disorders can have a significant impact on quality of life, but with proper diagnosis and treatment, many people are able to manage their symptoms and maintain their independence.

There are several types of kyphosis, including:

1. Postural kyphosis: This type of kyphosis is caused by poor posture and is often seen in teenagers.
2. Scheuermann's kyphosis: This type of kyphosis is caused by a structural deformity of the spine and is most common during adolescence.
3. Degenerative kyphosis: This type of kyphosis is caused by degenerative changes in the spine, such as osteoporosis or degenerative disc disease.
4. Neuromuscular kyphosis: This type of kyphosis is caused by neuromuscular disorders such as cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy.

Symptoms of kyphosis can include:

* An abnormal curvature of the spine
* Back pain
* Difficulty breathing
* Difficulty maintaining posture
* Loss of height
* Tiredness or fatigue

Kyphosis can be diagnosed through a physical examination, X-rays, and other imaging tests. Treatment options for kyphosis depend on the type and severity of the condition and can include:

* Physical therapy
* Bracing
* Medication
* Surgery

It is important to seek medical attention if you or your child is experiencing any symptoms of kyphosis, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent further progression of the condition and improve quality of life.

Example Sentences:

1. The star quarterback suffered a serious athletic injury during last night's game and is out for the season.
2. The athlete underwent surgery to repair a torn ACL, one of the most common athletic injuries in high-impact sports.
3. The coach emphasized the importance of proper technique to prevent athletic injuries among his team members.
4. After suffering a minor sprain, the runner was advised to follow the RICE method to recover and return to competition as soon as possible.

Also known as: Class II malocclusion, overbite.

Symptoms:

* Overlapping of the upper teeth over the lower teeth
* Limited opening of the mouth
* Difficulty chewing or biting food
* Tooth wear on the upper teeth
* Gum disease
* Jaw pain

Causes:

* Genetics (inheritance)
* Poor oral hygiene
* Thumb sucking or pacifier use beyond age 3
* Premature loss of baby teeth
* Tongue thrust
* Large overbite in primary dentition
* Crossbites
* Overjet
* Incorrect swallowing pattern

Treatment:

* Orthodontic treatment (braces, aligners) to move teeth into proper position
* Jaw surgery (if necessary)
* Dental restorations (fillings, crowns) to repair damaged teeth
* Oral hygiene instructions to prevent gum disease
* Dietary changes to avoid chewing on hard objects

Note: This is a general definition and the specifics may vary depending on the source. It's important to consult with a medical professional for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

There are several different types of pain, including:

1. Acute pain: This type of pain is sudden and severe, and it usually lasts for a short period of time. It can be caused by injuries, surgery, or other forms of tissue damage.
2. Chronic pain: This type of pain persists over a long period of time, often lasting more than 3 months. It can be caused by conditions such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, or nerve damage.
3. Neuropathic pain: This type of pain results from damage to the nervous system, and it can be characterized by burning, shooting, or stabbing sensations.
4. Visceral pain: This type of pain originates in the internal organs, and it can be difficult to localize.
5. Psychogenic pain: This type of pain is caused by psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, or depression.

The medical field uses a range of methods to assess and manage pain, including:

1. Pain rating scales: These are numerical scales that patients use to rate the intensity of their pain.
2. Pain diaries: These are records that patients keep to track their pain over time.
3. Clinical interviews: Healthcare providers use these to gather information about the patient's pain experience and other relevant symptoms.
4. Physical examination: This can help healthcare providers identify any underlying causes of pain, such as injuries or inflammation.
5. Imaging studies: These can be used to visualize the body and identify any structural abnormalities that may be contributing to the patient's pain.
6. Medications: There are a wide range of medications available to treat pain, including analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and muscle relaxants.
7. Alternative therapies: These can include acupuncture, massage, and physical therapy.
8. Interventional procedures: These are minimally invasive procedures that can be used to treat pain, such as nerve blocks and spinal cord stimulation.

It is important for healthcare providers to approach pain management with a multi-modal approach, using a combination of these methods to address the physical, emotional, and social aspects of pain. By doing so, they can help improve the patient's quality of life and reduce their suffering.

The risk of developing osteoarthritis of the knee increases with age, obesity, and previous knee injuries or surgery. Symptoms of knee OA can include:

* Pain and stiffness in the knee, especially after activity or extended periods of standing or sitting
* Swelling and redness in the knee
* Difficulty moving the knee through its full range of motion
* Crunching or grinding sensations when the knee is bent or straightened
* Instability or a feeling that the knee may give way

Treatment for knee OA typically includes a combination of medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications. Medications such as pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids can help manage symptoms, while physical therapy can improve joint mobility and strength. Lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss, regular exercise, and avoiding activities that exacerbate the condition, can also help slow the progression of the disease. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace the damaged joint.

The term "cumulative" refers to the gradual buildup of damage over time, as opposed to a single traumatic event that causes immediate harm. The damage can result from repetitive motions, vibrations, compressive forces, or other forms of stress that accumulate and lead to tissue injury and inflammation.

Some common examples of CTDs include:

1. Carpal tunnel syndrome: A condition that affects the wrist and hand, caused by repetitive motion and compression of the median nerve.
2. Tendinitis: Inflammation of a tendon, often caused by repetitive motion or overuse.
3. Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, a fluid-filled sac that cushions joints and reduces friction between tissues.
4. Tennis elbow: A condition characterized by inflammation of the tendons on the outside of the elbow, caused by repetitive gripping or twisting motions.
5. Plantar fasciitis: Inflammation of the plantar fascia, a band of tissue that runs along the bottom of the foot, caused by repetitive strain and overuse.
6. Repetitive stress injuries: A broad category of injuries caused by repetitive motion, such as typing or using a computer mouse.
7. Occupational asthma: A condition caused by inhaling allergens or irritants in the workplace, leading to inflammation and narrowing of the airways.
8. Hearing loss: Damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve caused by exposure to loud noises over time.
9. Vibration white finger: A condition that affects the hands, causing whiteness or loss of blood flow in the fingers due to exposure to vibrating tools.
10. Carpal tunnel syndrome: Compression of the median nerve in the wrist, leading to numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and arm.

It's important to note that these conditions can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, ability to work, and overall well-being. If you are experiencing any of these conditions, it is important to seek medical attention to receive proper diagnosis and treatment.

1. Dislocation of the femoral head: This occurs when the ball-shaped head of the femur (thigh bone) is forced out of the socket of the pelvis.
2. Dislocation of the acetabulum: This occurs when the cup-shaped socket of the pelvis is forced out of its normal position.

Hip dislocation can cause severe pain, swelling, and difficulty moving the affected leg. Treatment options for hip dislocation vary depending on the severity of the condition and may include:

1. Reduction: This involves manually putting the bones back into their proper position.
2. Surgery: This may be necessary to repair or replace damaged tissues or bones.
3. Physical therapy: This can help improve mobility and strength in the affected limb.
4. Medications: These may be prescribed to manage pain, inflammation, and other symptoms.

Early diagnosis and treatment of hip dislocation are essential to prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes for patients.

The symptoms of a femoral fracture may include:

* Severe pain in the thigh or groin area
* Swelling and bruising around the affected area
* Difficulty moving or straightening the leg
* A visible deformity or bone protrusion

Femoral fractures are typically diagnosed through X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs. Treatment for these types of fractures may involve immobilization with a cast or brace, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone, or in some cases, surgical plate and screws or rods may be used to hold the bone in place as it heals.

In addition to surgical intervention, patients may also require physical therapy to regain strength and mobility in the affected leg after a femoral fracture.

Hypokinesis can be a symptom of several diseases and disorders, such as:

1. Parkinson's disease: A neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement, balance, and coordination. Hypokinesis is one of the primary symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
2. Dystonia: A movement disorder that causes involuntary muscle contractions and spasms, leading to slow and abnormal movements.
3. Huntington's disease: An inherited neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement, cognition, and psychiatric functions, causing hypokinesis and other motor disturbances.
4. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): A rare brain disorder that affects movement, balance, and eye movements, leading to hypokinesis and other symptoms.
5. Corticobasal degeneration: A rare neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement, cognition, and behavior, causing hypokinesis and other symptoms.
6. Basal ganglia disease: A group of disorders that affect the basal ganglia, a part of the brain responsible for movement control, leading to hypokinesis and other symptoms.
7. Brain injury or stroke: Traumatic brain injury or stroke can cause hypokinesis due to damage to the brain regions responsible for movement control.
8. Spinal cord injury: Injury to the spinal cord can disrupt the transmission of signals from the brain to the muscles, leading to hypokinesis and other motor disturbances.
9. Muscular dystrophy: A group of genetic disorders that cause progressive muscle weakness and wasting, leading to hypokinesis and other symptoms.
10. Chronic fatigue syndrome: A condition characterized by persistent fatigue, brain fog, and a range of other symptoms, including hypokinesis.

It's important to note that hypokinesis can be a symptom of many different conditions, and it's not a diagnosis in itself. To determine the underlying cause of hypokinesis, a comprehensive medical evaluation is necessary. A healthcare professional will typically take a detailed medical history, perform a physical examination, and order diagnostic tests such as imaging studies or electromyography (EMG) to help identify the underlying cause of the condition.

Some common digestive system abnormalities include:

1. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): This is a chronic condition characterized by recurring episodes of diarrhea, constipation, or both. The exact cause of IBS is not known, but it may be related to changes in gut motility, hypersensitivity to food or stress, and inflammation.
2. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): This is a group of chronic conditions that cause inflammation in the digestive tract, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The exact cause of IBD is not known, but it may be related to an abnormal immune response.
3. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): This is a condition in which stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn and regurgitation. GERD can be caused by a weak or relaxed lower esophageal sphincter, obesity, pregnancy, and other factors.
4. Peptic ulcer: This is a sore on the lining of the stomach or duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). Peptic ulcers can be caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria, excessive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and other factors.
5. Diverticulosis: This is a condition in which small pouches form in the wall of the colon. Diverticulosis can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, and changes in bowel habits.
6. Diverticulitis: This is a more serious condition in which the diverticula become inflamed. Diverticulitis can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and vomiting.
7. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): This is a chronic condition characterized by recurring abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits. The exact cause of IBS is not known, but it may be related to stress, hormonal changes, and other factors.
8. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): This is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation in the digestive tract. IBD includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
9. Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs): These are conditions that affect the function of the GI system, but do not cause any visible damage to the tissues. FGIDs include IBS, functional dyspepsia, and other conditions.
10. Gastrointestinal infections: These are infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites that can affect the GI system. Examples include food poisoning, salmonella infection, and giardiasis.
11. Radiologic pneumatosis intestinalis: This is a condition in which gas accumulates in the intestines, causing them to become inflated like a balloon. This can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, inflammatory conditions, and blockages.
12. Postoperative ileus: This is a condition that occurs after surgery on the GI system, characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits.

These are just a few examples of the many different conditions that can affect the gastrointestinal system. If you are experiencing symptoms that concern you, it is important to seek medical attention to determine the cause and receive appropriate treatment.

Treatment for whiplash injuries typically involves rest, ice and heat applications, physical therapy, and medication to manage pain and inflammation. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissue or realign the spine. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated whiplash injuries can lead to chronic pain and other complications.

Also known as: Whiplash associate disorders (WAD), Cervical acceleration-deceleration injury (CAD), Post-traumatic cervical injury (PTCI).

Examples of 'Whiplash Injuries' in a sentence:

The patient suffered a whiplash injury in the car accident and required several weeks of physical therapy to recover.

She was diagnosed with a whiplash injury after falling from her horse and experiencing neck pain and stiffness.

He developed chronic whiplash injuries as a result of repetitive head and neck movements during his career as a professional football player.

The whiplash injury caused her to experience dizziness, nausea, and blurred vision, in addition to neck pain.

The term "decerebrate" comes from the Latin word "cerebrum," which means brain. In this context, the term refers to a state where the brain is significantly damaged or absent, leading to a loss of consciousness and other cognitive functions.

Some common symptoms of the decerebrate state include:

* Loss of consciousness
* Flaccid paralysis (loss of muscle tone)
* Dilated pupils
* Lack of responsiveness to stimuli
* Poor or absent reflexes
* Inability to speak or communicate

The decerebrate state can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Severe head injury
* Stroke or cerebral vasculature disorders
* Brain tumors or cysts
* Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis
* Traumatic brain injury

Treatment for the decerebrate state is typically focused on addressing the underlying cause of the condition. This may involve medications to control seizures, antibiotics for infections, or surgery to relieve pressure on the brain. In some cases, the decerebrate state may be a permanent condition, and individuals may require long-term care and support.

Some common types of cerebellar diseases include:

1. Cerebellar atrophy: This is a condition where the cerebellum shrinks or degenerates, leading to symptoms such as tremors, muscle weakness, and difficulty with movement.
2. Cerebellar degeneration: This is a condition where the cerebellum deteriorates over time, leading to symptoms such as loss of coordination, balance problems, and difficulties with speech and language.
3. Cerebellar tumors: These are abnormal growths that develop in the cerebellum, which can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their size and location.
4. Cerebellar stroke: This is a condition where blood flow to the cerebellum is interrupted, leading to damage to the brain tissue and symptoms such as weakness or paralysis of certain muscle groups.
5. Cerebellar vasculature disorders: These are conditions that affect the blood vessels in the cerebellum, leading to symptoms such as transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) or strokes.
6. Inflammatory diseases: These are conditions that cause inflammation in the cerebellum, leading to symptoms such as tremors, ataxia, and weakness.
7. Infections: Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can affect the cerebellum and cause a range of symptoms.
8. Trauma: Head injuries or other forms of trauma can damage the cerebellum and lead to symptoms such as loss of coordination, balance problems, and memory loss.
9. Genetic disorders: Certain genetic mutations can affect the development and function of the cerebellum, leading to a range of symptoms.
10. Degenerative diseases: Conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease can cause degeneration of the cerebellum and lead to symptoms such as tremors, ataxia, and weakness.

It's important to note that this is not an exhaustive list, and there may be other causes of cerebellar symptoms not included here. A healthcare professional can help determine the underlying cause of your symptoms based on a thorough medical history and examination.

There are many different types of ankle injuries, ranging from mild sprains and strains to more severe fractures and dislocations. Some common causes of ankle injuries include:

* Rolling or twisting the ankle
* Landing awkwardly on the foot
* Direct blows to the ankle
* Overuse or repetitive motion

Symptoms of an ankle injury can vary depending on the severity of the injury, but may include:

* Pain and tenderness in the ankle area
* Swelling and bruising
* Difficulty moving the ankle or putting weight on it
* Instability or a feeling of the ankle giving way
* Limited range of motion

Ankle injuries can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, imaging tests such as X-rays or MRIs, and other diagnostic procedures. Treatment for ankle injuries may include:

* Rest and ice to reduce swelling and pain
* Compression bandages to help stabilize the ankle
* Elevation of the injured ankle to reduce swelling
* Physical therapy exercises to strengthen the muscles around the ankle and improve range of motion
* Bracing or taping to provide support and stability
* In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged ligaments or bones.

It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated ankle injuries can lead to chronic pain, instability, and limited mobility. With proper treatment and care, however, many people are able to recover from ankle injuries and return to their normal activities without long-term complications.

Symptoms: The symptoms of Class III malocclusion can include difficulty chewing, biting, or speaking; excessive wear on the upper and lower teeth; pain in the jaw joint (TMJ); headaches; and aesthetic concerns about the appearance of the teeth and bite.

Causes: There are several factors that can contribute to the development of Class III malocclusion, including genetics, poor oral hygiene, improper diet, and certain medical conditions such as skeletal dysplasia or craniofacial disorders.

Treatment: Treatment for Class III malocclusion typically involves orthodontic therapy with braces or clear aligners to move the teeth into proper alignment and improve the bite. In some cases, jaw surgery may also be necessary to correct the underlying position of the mandible.

Prevention: Good oral hygiene practices such as regular brushing and flossing can help prevent Class III malocclusion by keeping the teeth and gums healthy and strong. Early detection and treatment of bite problems in children can also help prevent more severe issues from developing later on.

Examples of closed head injuries include:

* Concussions
* Contusions
* Cerebral edema (swelling of the brain)
* Brain hemorrhages (bleeding in the brain)

Closed head injuries can be caused by a variety of mechanisms, such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, and assaults.

Symptoms of closed head injuries may include:

* Headache
* Dizziness or loss of balance
* Confusion or disorientation
* Memory loss or difficulty concentrating
* Sleep disturbances
* Mood changes, such as irritability or depression
* Vision problems, such as blurred vision or sensitivity to light

Closed head injuries can be difficult to diagnose, as there may be no visible signs of injury. However, a healthcare provider may use imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI to look for evidence of damage to the brain. Treatment for closed head injuries typically involves rest, medication, and rehabilitation to help the patient recover from any cognitive, emotional, or physical symptoms. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve pressure on the brain or repair damaged blood vessels.

Early diagnosis and treatment of torticollis are crucial to prevent long-term complications and improve quality of life. In children, torticollis can be treated with positioning and exercises, while adults may require more intensive physical therapy and pain management.

The exact cause of vestibular neuronitis is not known, but it is believed to be due to a viral infection that affects the inner ear. The condition typically develops suddenly and can resolve on its own within a few days or weeks. However, some cases may persist for longer periods of time, and treatment may be necessary to manage the symptoms.

Treatment for vestibular neuronitis usually involves medications that help to reduce dizziness and nausea, such as anticholinergics, antihistamines, and benzodiazepines. In severe cases, physical therapy and balance training may be recommended to help improve balance and reduce the risk of falls.

In conclusion, vestibular neuronitis is an inner ear disorder that can cause vertigo, nausea, and imbalance. While the exact cause is not known, it is believed to be due to a viral infection, and treatment typically involves medication and balance training. The condition may resolve on its own within a few days or weeks, but some cases may persist for longer periods of time and require continued treatment.

Example sentences:

1. The patient was diagnosed with a Class I malocclusion, which was causing discomfort and difficulty chewing.
2. The dentist recommended braces to correct the Class I malocclusion and improve the alignment of the teeth.
3. TheClass I malocclusion was treated with a combination of orthodontic therapy and minor oral surgery to achieve optimal results.

Some common types of spinal diseases include:

1. Degenerative disc disease: This is a condition where the discs between the vertebrae in the spine wear down over time, leading to pain and stiffness in the back.
2. Herniated discs: This occurs when the gel-like center of a disc bulges out through a tear in the outer layer, putting pressure on nearby nerves and causing pain.
3. Spinal stenosis: This is a narrowing of the spinal canal, which can put pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots, causing pain, numbness, and weakness in the legs.
4. Spondylolisthesis: This is a condition where a vertebra slips out of place, either forward or backward, and can cause pressure on nearby nerves and muscles.
5. Scoliosis: This is a curvature of the spine that can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, injury, or disease.
6. Spinal infections: These are infections that can affect any part of the spine, including the discs, vertebrae, and soft tissues.
7. Spinal tumors: These are abnormal growths that can occur in the spine, either primary ( originating in the spine) or metastatic (originating elsewhere in the body).
8. Osteoporotic fractures: These are fractures that occur in the spine as a result of weakened bones due to osteoporosis.
9. Spinal cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can form in the spine, either as a result of injury or as a congenital condition.
10. Spinal degeneration: This is a general term for any type of wear and tear on the spine, such as arthritis or disc degeneration.

If you are experiencing any of these conditions, it is important to seek medical attention to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Intractable pain can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, affecting their ability to perform daily activities, sleep, and overall well-being. Treatment for intractable pain often involves a combination of medications and alternative therapies such as physical therapy, acupuncture, or cognitive behavioral therapy.

Some common symptoms of intractable pain include:

* Chronic and persistent pain that does not respond to treatment
* Pain that is severe and debilitating
* Pain that affects daily activities and quality of life
* Pain that is burning, shooting, stabbing, or cramping in nature
* Pain that is localized to a specific area of the body or widespread
* Pain that is accompanied by other symptoms such as fatigue, anxiety, or depression.

Intractable pain can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Nerve damage or nerve damage from injury or disease
* Inflammation or swelling in the body
* Chronic conditions like arthritis, fibromyalgia, or migraines
* Infections such as shingles or Lyme disease
* Cancer or its treatment
* Neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis or Parkinson's disease.

Managing intractable pain can be challenging and may involve a multidisciplinary approach, including:

* Medications such as pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs, or muscle relaxants
* Alternative therapies such as physical therapy, acupuncture, or cognitive behavioral therapy
* Lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, stress management techniques, and a healthy diet
* Interventional procedures such as nerve blocks or spinal cord stimulation.

It is important to work closely with a healthcare provider to find the most effective treatment plan for managing intractable pain. With the right combination of medications and alternative therapies, many people are able to manage their pain and improve their quality of life.

There are several potential causes of LVD, including:

1. Coronary artery disease: The buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries can lead to a heart attack, which can damage the left ventricle and impair its ability to function properly.
2. Heart failure: When the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, it can lead to LVD.
3. Cardiomyopathy: This is a condition where the heart muscle becomes weakened or enlarged, leading to impaired function of the left ventricle.
4. Heart valve disease: Problems with the heart valves can disrupt the normal flow of blood and cause LVD.
5. Hypertension: High blood pressure can cause damage to the heart muscle and lead to LVD.
6. Genetic factors: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that predispose them to developing LVD.
7. Viral infections: Certain viral infections, such as myocarditis, can inflame and damage the heart muscle, leading to LVD.
8. Alcohol or drug abuse: Substance abuse can damage the heart muscle and lead to LVD.
9. Nutritional deficiencies: A diet lacking essential nutrients can lead to damage to the heart muscle and increase the risk of LVD.

Diagnosis of LVD typically involves a physical exam, medical history, and results of diagnostic tests such as electrocardiograms (ECGs), echocardiograms, and stress tests. Treatment options for LVD depend on the underlying cause, but may include medications to improve cardiac function, lifestyle changes, and in severe cases, surgery or other procedures.

Preventing LVD involves taking steps to maintain a healthy heart and reducing risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, and obesity. This can be achieved through a balanced diet, regular exercise, stress management, and avoiding substance abuse. Early detection and treatment of underlying conditions that increase the risk of LVD can also help prevent the condition from developing.

A sprain is a stretch or tear of a ligament, which is a fibrous connective tissue that connects bones to other bones and provides stability to joints. Sprains often occur when the joint is subjected to excessive stress or movement, such as during a fall or sudden twisting motion. The most common sprains are those that affect the wrist, knee, and ankle joints.

A strain, on the other hand, is a stretch or tear of a muscle or a tendon, which is a fibrous cord that connects muscles to bones. Strains can occur due to overuse, sudden movement, or injury. The most common strains are those that affect the hamstring, calf, and back muscles.

The main difference between sprains and strains is the location of the injury. Sprains affect the ligaments, while strains affect the muscles or tendons. Additionally, sprains often cause joint instability and swelling, while strains may cause pain, bruising, and limited mobility.

Treatment for sprains and strains is similar and may include rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) to reduce inflammation and relieve pain. Physical therapy exercises may also be recommended to improve strength and range of motion. In severe cases, surgery may be required to repair the damaged tissue.

Prevention is key in avoiding sprains and strains. This can be achieved by maintaining proper posture, warming up before physical activity, wearing appropriate protective gear during sports, and gradually increasing exercise intensity and duration. Proper training and technique can also help reduce the risk of injury.

Overall, while sprains and strains share some similarities, they are distinct injuries that require different approaches to treatment and prevention. Understanding the differences between these two conditions is essential for proper diagnosis, treatment, and recovery.

Some common types of movement disorders include:

1. Parkinson's disease: A degenerative disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability.
2. Dystonia: A movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions that cause abnormal postures or movements.
3. Huntington's disease: An inherited disorder that causes progressive damage to the brain, leading to involuntary movements, cognitive decline, and psychiatric symptoms.
4. Tourette syndrome: A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalizations (tics).
5. Restless leg syndrome: A condition characterized by an uncomfortable sensation in the legs, often described as a creeping or crawling feeling, which is relieved by movement.
6. Chorea: A movement disorder characterized by rapid, jerky movements that can be triggered by emotional stress or other factors.
7. Ballism: Excessive, large, and often circular movements of the limbs, often seen in conditions such as Huntington's disease or drug-induced movements.
8. Athetosis: A slow, writhing movement that can be seen in conditions such as cerebral palsy or tardive dyskinesia.
9. Myoclonus: Sudden, brief muscle jerks or twitches that can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic disorders, infections, and certain medications.
10. Hyperkinesis: An excessive amount of movement, often seen in conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or hyperthyroidism.

Movement disorders can significantly impact an individual's quality of life, and treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and its underlying cause. Some movement disorders may be managed with medication, while others may require surgery or other interventions.

Overbite: This occurs when the upper teeth overlap the lower teeth too much.

Underbite: This happens when the lower teeth overlap the upper teeth too much.

Crossbite: This is when the upper teeth do not align with the lower teeth, causing them to point towards the inside of the mouth.

Open bite: This occurs when the upper and lower teeth do not meet properly, resulting in a gap or an open bite.

Overjet: This is when the upper teeth protrude too far forward, overlapping the lower teeth.

Crowding: This refers to when there is not enough space in the mouth for all the teeth to fit properly, leading to overlapping or misalignment.

Spacing: This occurs when there is too much space between the teeth, which can lead to gum problems and other issues.

Each type of malocclusion can cause a range of symptoms, including difficulty chewing, jaw pain, headaches, and difficulty opening and closing the mouth fully. Treatment options for malocclusion depend on the severity of the problem and may include orthodontic braces, aligners, or surgery to correct the bite and improve oral function and aesthetics.

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, affecting approximately 1% of the population over the age of 60. It is more common in men than women and has a higher incidence in Caucasians than in other ethnic groups.

The primary symptoms of Parkinson's disease are:

* Tremors or trembling, typically starting on one side of the body
* Rigidity or stiffness, causing difficulty with movement
* Bradykinesia or slowness of movement, including a decrease in spontaneous movements such as blinking or smiling
* Postural instability, leading to falls or difficulty with balance

As the disease progresses, symptoms can include:

* Difficulty with walking, gait changes, and freezing episodes
* Dry mouth, constipation, and other non-motor symptoms
* Cognitive changes, such as dementia, memory loss, and confusion
* Sleep disturbances, including REM sleep behavior disorder
* Depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric symptoms

The exact cause of Parkinson's disease is not known, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The disease is associated with the degradation of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to a deficiency of dopamine in the brain. This deficiency disrupts the normal functioning of the basal ganglia, a group of structures involved in movement control, leading to the characteristic symptoms of the disease.

There is no cure for Parkinson's disease, but various treatments are available to manage its symptoms. These include:

* Medications such as dopaminergic agents (e.g., levodopa) and dopamine agonists to replace lost dopamine and improve motor function
* Deep brain stimulation, a surgical procedure that involves implanting an electrode in the brain to deliver electrical impulses to specific areas of the brain
* Physical therapy to improve mobility and balance
* Speech therapy to improve communication and swallowing difficulties
* Occupational therapy to improve daily functioning

It is important for individuals with Parkinson's disease to work closely with their healthcare team to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and improves their quality of life. With appropriate treatment and support, many people with Parkinson's disease are able to manage their symptoms and maintain a good level of independence for several years after diagnosis.

The exact cause of osteoarthritis is not known, but it is thought to be due to a combination of factors such as genetics, wear and tear on joints over time, and injuries or trauma to the joint. Osteoarthritis can affect any joint in the body, but it most commonly affects the hands, knees, hips, and spine.

The symptoms of osteoarthritis can vary depending on the severity of the condition and which joint is affected. Common symptoms include:

* Pain or tenderness in the joint
* Stiffness, especially after periods of rest or inactivity
* Limited mobility or loss of flexibility
* Grating or crackling sensations when the joint is moved
* Swelling or redness in the affected joint
* Muscle weakness or wasting

There is no cure for osteoarthritis, but there are several treatment options available to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. These include:

* Pain relief medications such as acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
* Physical therapy to improve mobility and strength
* Lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, regular exercise, and avoiding activities that exacerbate the condition
* Bracing or orthotics to support the affected joint
* Corticosteroid injections or hyaluronic acid injections to reduce inflammation and improve joint function
* Joint replacement surgery in severe cases where other treatments have failed.

Early diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis can help manage symptoms, slow the progression of the disease, and improve quality of life for individuals with this condition.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

Types of Ulna Fractures:

There are several types of ulna fractures, depending on the location and severity of the injury. These include:

1. Distal Humerus-Ulna (DHU) fracture: A break between the ulna and humerus bones near the wrist joint.
2. Mid-shaft ulna fracture: A break in the middle portion of the ulna bone.
3. Proximal ulna fracture: A break at the base of the ulna bone, nearest to the elbow joint.
4. Monteggia fracture: A combination of a proximal ulna fracture and a dislocation of the radial head (a bone in the forearm).

Symptoms of Ulna Fractures:

Patients with ulna fractures may experience pain, swelling, bruising, limited mobility and difficulty grasping objects. In some cases, there may be an audible snapping or popping sound when the injury occurs.

Diagnosis of Ulna Fractures:

Ulna fractures are typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, X-rays and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. In some cases, an open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) surgery may be necessary to realign and stabilize the bones.

Treatment of Ulna Fractures:

The treatment for ulna fractures depends on the severity and location of the injury. Non-surgical treatments may include immobilization with a cast or splint, pain management with medication and physical therapy to regain strength and range of motion. Surgical intervention may be necessary in more severe cases or those that do not respond to non-surgical treatment.

Complications of Ulna Fractures:

As with any fracture, there is a risk of complications with ulna fractures including infection, nerve damage, and poor healing. In some cases, the fracture may not properly align, leading to long-term functional issues such as loss of grip strength or limited mobility.

Prevention of Ulna Fractures:

While it is not possible to completely prevent ulna fractures, there are steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of injury. These include wearing protective gear during sports and physical activities, maintaining good bone density through a balanced diet and exercise, and taking steps to prevent falls such as removing tripping hazards from the home environment.

Prognosis for Ulna Fractures:

The prognosis for ulna fractures is generally good, with most patients experiencing a full recovery within 6-8 weeks. However, in some cases, complications may arise and long-term functional issues may persist. It is important to follow the treatment plan recommended by your healthcare provider and attend all scheduled follow-up appointments to ensure proper healing and minimize the risk of complications.

Conclusion:

Ulna fractures are a common injury that can occur as a result of sports, falls, or other traumatic events. The prognosis for ulna fractures is generally good, but it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time. With proper treatment and follow-up care, most patients experience a full recovery within 6-8 weeks. However, in some cases, complications may arise and long-term functional issues may persist, so it is important to be aware of the risk factors and seek medical attention if any concerns or symptoms arise.

Types of Radius Fractures:

1. Stable fracture: The bone is broken but still in place.
2. Displaced fracture: The bone is broken and out of place.
3. Comminuted fracture: The bone is broken into several pieces.
4. Hairline fracture: A thin crack in the bone.

Symptoms:

1. Pain in the arm or forearm.
2. Swelling and bruising.
3. Limited mobility or deformity of the arm.
4. Difficulty moving the arm or wrist.

Diagnosis:

1. Physical examination and medical history.
2. Imaging tests, such as X-rays or CT scans.

Treatment:

1. Minor fractures may be treated with immobilization in a cast or brace.
2. Displaced or comminuted fractures may require surgical intervention to realign and stabilize the bone.
3. Physical therapy may be necessary to regain strength and mobility in the arm.

Complications:

1. Infection.
2. Nerve damage.
3. Delayed healing.
4. Malunion or nonunion of the fracture, which can cause long-term complications.

Prevention:

1. Wear protective gear during sports and physical activities.
2. Use proper lifting techniques to avoid strain on the arm.
3. Maintain good bone density through a balanced diet and exercise.

The term "hallux valgus" comes from Latin words that mean "big toe turned away." It is estimated that about 25% of adults in the United States have some degree of hallux valgus, with women being more likely to develop the condition than men.

Hallux valgus is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, such as wearing poorly fitting shoes or having a family history of the condition. It can also be brought on by certain injuries or conditions, such as arthritis or gout.

Symptoms of hallux valgus include:

* Pain or discomfort in the big toe
* Redness and swelling around the joint
* Difficulty walking or wearing shoes
* Thickening of the skin at the base of the big toe
* Corns or calluses on the side of the foot

Treatment for hallux valgus depends on the severity of the condition and can range from conservative measures such as wearing proper footwear, using orthotics, and taking anti-inflammatory medications to surgical interventions such as bunionectomy. Early diagnosis and treatment can help alleviate symptoms and prevent complications.

1. Tooth size discrepancy: When one tooth is larger than the others, it can cause a gap to form between them.
2. Missing teeth: If a tooth is missing, it can create a space between the adjacent teeth.
3. Poor dental hygiene: Inadequate brushing and flossing can lead to a buildup of plaque and tartar, which can cause teeth to shift and form gaps.
4. Genetics: Some people may be more prone to developing diastema due to their genetic makeup.
5. Thumb-sucking or pacifier use: Prolonged thumb-sucking or use of a pacifier can push the front teeth forward and create a gap.
6. Tongue thrust: A condition where the tongue presses against the teeth, causing them to shift and form gaps.
7. Orthodontic treatment: In some cases, diastema may be intentionally created during orthodontic treatment to help straighten teeth.
8. Gum disease: Advanced gum disease can cause teeth to pull away from each other, creating a gap.
9. Bone loss: Loss of bone in the jaw can cause teeth to shift and form gaps.
10. Facial trauma: A blow to the face or jaw can cause teeth to become displaced and form gaps.

Diastema can be treated with a variety of methods, including orthodontic braces, crowns, veneers, and dental bonding. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct the underlying issue causing the diastema.

There are several types of nerve compression syndromes, including:

1. Carpal tunnel syndrome: Compression of the median nerve in the wrist, commonly caused by repetitive motion or injury.
2. Tarsal tunnel syndrome: Compression of the posterior tibial nerve in the ankle, similar to carpal tunnel syndrome but affecting the lower leg.
3. Cubital tunnel syndrome: Compression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow, often caused by repetitive leaning or bending.
4. Thoracic outlet syndrome: Compression of the nerves and blood vessels that pass through the thoracic outlet (the space between the neck and shoulder), often caused by poor posture or injury.
5. Peripheral neuropathy: A broader term for damage to the peripheral nerves, often caused by diabetes, vitamin deficiencies, or other systemic conditions.
6. Meralgia paresthetica: Compression of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve in the thigh, commonly caused by direct trauma or compression from a tight waistband or clothing.
7. Morton's neuroma: Compression of the plantar digital nerves between the toes, often caused by poorly fitting shoes or repetitive stress on the feet.
8. Neuralgia: A general term for pain or numbness caused by damage or irritation to a nerve, often associated with chronic conditions such as shingles or postherpetic neuralgia.
9. Trigeminal neuralgia: A condition characterized by recurring episodes of sudden, extreme pain in the face, often caused by compression or irritation of the trigeminal nerve.
10. Neuropathic pain: Pain that occurs as a result of damage or dysfunction of the nervous system, often accompanied by other symptoms such as numbness, tingling, or weakness.

Dyskinesias can be caused by a variety of drugs, including:

1. Antipsychotic medications: These drugs are commonly used to treat conditions such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
2. Antidepressant medications: Certain antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can cause dyskinesias.
3. Anti-anxiety medications: Benzodiazepines can cause dyskinesias, especially at high doses or with long-term use.
4. Opioids: These drugs can cause dyskinesias as a side effect, particularly when taken in high doses or for prolonged periods.
5. Antihistamines: Some antihistamines can cause dyskinesias, especially in older adults.
6. Anticonvulsants: Certain anticonvulsant medications, such as valproate and carbamazepine, can cause dyskinesias.
7. Corticosteroids: Long-term use of corticosteroids can lead to dyskinesias, especially in the face and limbs.

The symptoms of drug-induced dyskinesias can vary depending on the type of medication being taken and the individual's response to it. Common symptoms include:

1. Involuntary movements of the face, arms, legs, or trunk
2. Jerky or twitching movements
3. Tremors or shaking
4. Slow, rigid movements
5. Lack of coordination and balance
6. Difficulty with speech and swallowing
7. Fatigue and weakness

If you are experiencing dyskinesias as a result of medication, it is important to speak with your healthcare provider. They may be able to adjust your medication regimen or recommend alternative treatments to help manage the symptoms. In some cases, discontinuing the medication that is causing the dyskinesias may be necessary. Additionally, your healthcare provider may recommend other therapies, such as physical therapy or speech therapy, to help improve your mobility and communication skills.

There are several types of strabismus, including:

* Esotropia: where one eye turns inward toward the nose
* Exotropia: where one eye turns outward away from the face
* Hypertropia: where one eye turns upward
* Hypotropia: where one eye turns downward
* Duane's syndrome: a rare type of strabismus that affects only one eye and is caused by nerve damage.

Strabismus can have both visual and social consequences, including:

* Difficulty with depth perception and binocular vision
* Blurred or double vision
* Difficulty with eye teaming and tracking
* Poor eye-hand coordination
* Social and emotional effects such as low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression.

Treatment options for strabismus include:

* Glasses or contact lenses to correct refractive errors
* Prism lenses to align the eyes
* Eye exercises to strengthen the muscles and improve eye teaming
* Surgery to adjust the position of the muscles that control eye movement.

It is important for individuals with strabismus to receive timely and appropriate treatment to address the underlying cause of the condition and prevent long-term vision loss and social difficulties.

IVDD can occur due to various factors such as trauma, injury, degenerative disc disease, or genetic predisposition. The condition can be classified into two main types:

1. Herniated Disc (HDD): This occurs when the soft, gel-like center of the disc bulges out through a tear in the tough outer layer, putting pressure on nearby nerves.
2. Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD): This is a condition where the disc loses its water content and becomes brittle, leading to tears and fragmentation of the disc.

Symptoms of IVDD can include:

* Back or neck pain
* Muscle spasms
* Weakness or numbness in the legs or arms
* Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
* Loss of bladder or bowel control (in severe cases)

Diagnosis of IVDD is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI. Treatment options for IVDD vary depending on the severity of the condition and can range from conservative approaches such as pain medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications to surgical interventions in severe cases.

In summary, Intervertebral Disc Displacement (IVDD) is a condition where the soft tissue between two adjacent vertebrae in the spine is displaced or herniated, leading to pressure on nearby nerves and potential symptoms such as back pain, muscle spasms, and weakness. It can be classified into two main types: Herniated Disc and Degenerative Disc Disease, and diagnosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the condition and can range from conservative approaches to surgical interventions.

The exact cause of stomach volvulus is not well understood, but it is thought to be related to weakening of the ligaments that hold the stomach in place or stretching of the stomach due to pregnancy, obesity, or other factors. In some cases, it may be caused by trauma or surgery.

Diagnosis of stomach volvulus is based on a combination of physical examination, radiologic studies such as CT scans or endoscopy, and clinical symptoms. Treatment typically involves surgery to reduce the twisting and rotate the stomach back into its normal position. In severe cases, this may involve the removal of a portion of the stomach or the repair of any damaged blood vessels or organs.

Prevention of stomach volvulus is not well established, but maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding activities that strain the abdominal wall may help reduce the risk. Regular monitoring of the stomach and surrounding organs during pregnancy and other high-risk periods may also be beneficial.

Overall, stomach volvulus is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment. If you experience severe abdominal pain or difficulty breathing, it is important to seek emergency medical care.

DAI is often seen in cases of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), also known as concussion, and is thought to be caused by the shearing forces that occur when the brain is subjected to rapid acceleration and deceleration, such as during a car accident or sports injury.

The symptoms of DAI can vary widely depending on the severity of the injury and may include:

* Memory loss
* Confusion
* Difficulty concentrating
* Dizziness and balance problems
* Sleep disturbances
* Mood changes, such as irritability or depression
* Changes in behavior, such as increased impulsivity or aggression

DAI is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests, such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment for DAI typically focuses on managing symptoms and supporting the brain's natural healing process, and may include medication, physical therapy, and cognitive rehabilitation.

Prognosis for DAI varies depending on the severity of the injury, but in general, people with DAI can expect a full recovery within a few months to a year after the initial injury. However, some individuals may experience persistent symptoms or develop long-term cognitive and emotional changes as a result of the injury.

There are several types of neck pain, including:

* Acute neck pain: This is a sudden onset of pain in the neck, often caused by an injury or strain.
* Chronic neck pain: This is persistent pain in the neck that lasts for more than 3 months.
* Mechanical neck pain: This is pain caused by misalignment or degeneration of the spinal bones and joints in the neck.
* Non-mechanical neck pain: This is pain that is not caused by a specific structural problem, but rather by factors such as poor posture, muscle strain, or pinched nerves.

Neck pain can be treated with a variety of methods, including:

* Medications such as pain relievers and anti-inflammatory drugs
* Physical therapy to improve range of motion and strength
* Chiropractic care to realign the spine and relieve pressure on nerves
* Massage therapy to relax muscles and improve circulation
* Lifestyle changes such as improving posture, losing weight, and taking regular breaks to rest and stretch.

It is important to seek medical attention if neck pain is severe, persistent, or accompanied by other symptoms such as numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms or legs.

An open bite can lead to a range of dental problems, including:

* Tooth wear: The excessive wear on the upper and lower teeth can cause them to become weakened and sensitive.
* Gum recession: The continuous pressure on the gums can cause them to recede, exposing the roots of the teeth and increasing the risk of decay and sensitivity.
* Bone loss: The chronic open bite can lead to bone loss in the jaw, which can eventually result in a weakened jaw structure and an altered facial appearance.
* Difficulty chewing and biting food: An open bite can make it challenging to eat certain foods, leading to digestive problems and nutritional deficiencies.
* Aesthetic concerns: An open bite can also affect the appearance of the teeth and face, potentially leading to low self-esteem and confidence issues.

Treatment for an open bite usually involves a combination of orthodontic and restorative dental procedures, such as braces, Invisalign, or dental fillings to correct the alignment of the teeth and close the gap. Surgical options may also be considered in severe cases where the jaw structure needs to be realigned.

It is essential to seek professional dental care if you suspect that you have an open bite, as early treatment can help prevent more significant problems from developing and improve your overall oral health and well-being.

Example Sentence: "The patient was diagnosed with retrognathia and required orthodontic treatment to correct the issue."

Intra-articular fractures can be classified into several categories based on their location within the joint:

1. Intra-articular fractures of the shoulder: These include fractures of the humeral head, glenoid, and clavicle.
2. Intra-articular fractures of the elbow: These include fractures of the radial head and neck, coronoid process, and distal humerus.
3. Intra-articular fractures of the wrist: These include fractures of the scaphoid, lunate, and capitate bones.
4. Intra-articular fractures of the hip: These include fractures of the femoral head and acetabulum.
5. Intra-articular fractures of the knee: These include fractures of the tibial plateau, femoral condyle, and patella.
6. Intra-articular fractures of the ankle: These include fractures of the talus, calcaneus, and fibula.

Intra-articular fractures can be caused by a variety of factors, such as falls, sports injuries, and motor vehicle accidents. Treatment for these types of fractures often involves immobilization with a cast or brace, surgery to realign and stabilize the bones, and physical therapy to restore strength and range of motion. In some cases, arthroscopy may be used to help repair the joint and improve outcomes.

Overall, intra-articular fractures can be challenging to treat and require careful planning and execution to ensure proper healing and minimize complications. It is important for patients to seek medical attention if they experience symptoms such as pain, swelling, or difficulty moving the affected joint.

Open fracture: The bone breaks through the skin, exposing the bone to the outside environment.

Closed fracture: The bone breaks, but does not penetrate the skin.

Comminuted fracture: The bone is broken into many pieces.

Hairline fracture: A thin crack in the bone that does not fully break it.

Non-displaced fracture: The bone is broken, but remains in its normal position.

Displaced fracture: The bone is broken and out of its normal position.

Stress fracture: A small crack in the bone caused by repetitive stress or overuse.

There are different types of spondylosis, including:

1. Cervical spondylosis: affects the neck area
2. Thoracic spondylosis: affects the chest area
3. Lumbar spondylosis: affects the lower back
4. Sacroiliac spondylosis: affects the pelvis and lower back

Spondylosis can be caused by a variety of factors such as:

1. Aging - wear and tear on the spine over time
2. Injury - trauma to the spine, such as a fall or a car accident
3. Overuse - repetitive strain on the spine, such as from heavy lifting or bending
4. Genetics - some people may be more prone to developing spondylosis due to their genetic makeup
5. Degenerative conditions - conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and degenerative disc disease can contribute to the development of spondylosis.

Symptoms of spondylosis can vary depending on the location and severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Pain - in the neck, back, or other areas affected by the condition
2. Stiffness - limited mobility and reduced flexibility
3. Limited range of motion - difficulty moving or bending
4. Muscle spasms - sudden, involuntary contractions of the muscles
5. Tenderness - pain or discomfort in the affected area when touched

Treatment for spondylosis depends on the severity and location of the condition, but may include:

1. Medications - such as pain relievers, anti-inflammatory drugs, and muscle relaxants
2. Physical therapy - exercises and stretches to improve mobility and reduce pain
3. Lifestyle changes - such as regular exercise, good posture, and weight management
4. Injections - corticosteroid or hyaluronic acid injections to reduce inflammation and relieve pain
5. Surgery - in severe cases where other treatments have not been effective.

It's important to note that spondylosis is a degenerative condition, which means it cannot be cured, but with proper management and treatment, symptoms can be effectively managed and quality of life can be improved.

Circadian rhythm is the internal biological clock that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. It is controlled by a small group of cells in the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which responds to light and dark signals from the environment to synchronize our bodily functions with the 24-hour day-night cycle.

Sleep disorders can be caused by disruptions to the body's natural circadian rhythm, such as shift work sleep disorder, jet lag, or exposure to artificial light at night. These disruptions can lead to difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing poor quality sleep, which can have negative effects on physical and mental health.

Treatment for sleep disorders often involves a combination of lifestyle changes, such as establishing a regular sleep schedule, avoiding caffeine and alcohol before bedtime, and creating a relaxing sleep environment. Medications or other therapies may also be prescribed to help regulate sleep patterns or manage symptoms.

In addition to disrupting circadian rhythm, sleep disorders can also have other causes, such as stress, anxiety, depression, or certain medical conditions like sleep apnea. It is important to seek medical advice if you are experiencing persistent sleep problems or difficulty functioning during the day due to poor sleep.

The symptoms of paresis may include weakness or paralysis of specific muscle groups, loss of sensation, tremors, and difficulty with coordination and balance. The severity of the paresis can vary depending on the underlying cause and the extent of the damage to the nervous system. Treatment options for paresis depend on the underlying cause and may include physical therapy, medications, surgery, or other interventions aimed at improving motor function and preventing complications.

In summary, paresis is a loss or impairment of motor function resulting from damage to the nervous system, and can be caused by various conditions such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurological disorders. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include physical therapy, medications, surgery, or other interventions aimed at improving motor function and preventing complications.

Symptoms of spinal injuries may include:

* Loss of sensation below the level of the injury
* Weakness or paralysis below the level of the injury
* Pain or numbness in the back, arms, or legs
* Difficulty breathing or controlling bladder and bowel functions
* Changes in reflexes or sensation below the level of the injury.

Spinal injuries can be diagnosed using a variety of tests, including:

* X-rays or CT scans to assess the alignment of the spine and detect any fractures or dislocations
* MRI scans to assess the soft tissues of the spine and detect any damage to the spinal cord
* Electromyography (EMG) tests to assess the function of muscles and nerves below the level of the injury.

Treatment for spinal injuries depends on the severity and location of the injury, and may include:

* Immobilization using a brace or cast to keep the spine stable
* Medications to manage pain, inflammation, and other symptoms
* Rehabilitation therapies such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, and recreational therapy to help restore function and mobility.

In summary, spinal injuries can be classified into two categories: complete and incomplete, and can be caused by a variety of factors. Symptoms may include loss of sensation, weakness or paralysis, pain, difficulty breathing, and changes in reflexes or sensation. Diagnosis is typically made using X-rays, MRI scans, and EMG tests, and treatment may involve immobilization, medications, and rehabilitation therapies.

Symptoms of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration may include:

* Back pain
* Neck pain
* Stiffness in the back and neck
* Limited range of motion
* Muscle spasms
* Tingling or numbness in the arms or legs

Treatment for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration can vary depending on the severity of the condition and may include:

* Conservative treatments such as physical therapy, pain medication, and lifestyle changes
* Injections of corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid to reduce inflammation and relieve pain
* Surgery to remove the damaged disc and fuse the adjacent vertebrae together.

It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration, as early diagnosis and treatment can help to manage the condition and prevent further damage.

Hemiplegia can cause a range of symptoms including weakness, paralysis, loss of sensation, and difficulty with movement and coordination on one side of the body. The affected side may also experience muscle spasticity or rigidity, causing stiffness and limited mobility.

Depending on the severity and location of the damage, hemiplegia can be classified into different types:

1. Left hemiplegia: This type affects the left side of the body and is caused by damage to the left hemisphere of the brain.
2. Right hemiplegia: This type affects the right side of the body and is caused by damage to the right hemisphere of the brain.
3. Mixed hemiplegia: This type affects both sides of the body and is caused by damage to both hemispheres of the brain or other areas of the brainstem.
4. Progressive hemiplegia: This type progressively worsens over time and is often associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis.

Treatment for hemiplegia typically focuses on physical therapy, occupational therapy, and rehabilitation to improve mobility, strength, and function. Medications such as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, and pain relievers may also be prescribed to manage symptoms. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve pressure on the brain or spinal cord.

In summary, hemiplegia is a condition characterized by paralysis or weakness on one side of the body, often caused by damage to the brain or spinal cord. Treatment options vary depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

Types of Forearm Injuries:

1. Fractures: Breakage of one or more bones in the forearm is a common injury. The most common fracture is a radial head fracture, which affects the upper end of the radius bone.
2. Sprains and strains: Overstretching or tearing of ligaments and muscles in the forearm can occur due to sudden twisting or bending movements.
3. Tendon injuries: Injuries to tendons, which connect muscles to bones, are common in the forearm. Tendinitis is inflammation of a tendon, while tendon rupture is a more severe injury.
4. Nerve injuries: Compression or damage to nerves in the forearm can cause numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and fingers.
5. Contusions: Bruises caused by direct blows to the forearm can result in pain, swelling, and limited mobility.

Symptoms of Forearm Injuries:

1. Pain: Sudden, sharp pain or a dull ache in the forearm, wrist, or hand may indicate an injury.
2. Swelling and bruising: Inflammation and discoloration in the affected area can occur due to bleeding under the skin.
3. Limited mobility: Difficulty moving the wrist, hand, or fingers can be a sign of a forearm injury.
4. Numbness or tingling: Decreased sensation in the hand or fingers may indicate nerve damage.
5. Deformity: Visible deviations from the normal shape of the forearm or wrist may indicate a more severe injury.

Treatment for Forearm Injuries:

1. Rest and ice: Allowing the affected area to rest and applying ice can reduce pain and inflammation.
2. Compression: Wrapping the forearm with an elastic bandage can help reduce swelling.
3. Elevation: Keeping the affected arm above heart level can promote blood flow and reduce swelling.
4. Medications: Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, can alleviate discomfort.
5. Physical therapy: Gentle exercises and stretches can help improve mobility and strength in the affected hand and wrist.
6. Immobilization: In some cases, a cast or splint may be used to immobilize the forearm and allow healing.
7. Surgery: In severe cases of nerve damage or tendon rupture, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair the damaged tissue.

Examples of abnormal reflexes include:

1. Overactive reflexes: Reflexes that are too strong or exaggerated, such as an oversensitive knee jerk reflex.
2. Underactive reflexes: Reflexes that are too weak or diminished, such as a decreased tendon reflex in the arm.
3. Delayed reflexes: Reflexes that take longer than expected to occur, such as a delayed deep tendon reflex.
4. Abnormal reflex arc: A reflex arc that is not normal or expected for the situation, such as a spastic reflex arc.
5. Reflexes that are out of proportion to the stimulus: Such as an excessive or exaggerated reflex response to a mild stimulus.
6. Reflexes that occur in the absence of a stimulus: Such as a spontaneous reflex.
7. Reflexes that do not resolve: Such as a persistent reflex.
8. Reflexes that are painful or uncomfortable: Such as an abnormal rectal reflex.

It's important to note that not all abnormal reflexes are necessarily indicative of a serious medical condition, but they should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.

Astigmatism can occur in people of all ages and is usually present at birth, but it may not become noticeable until later in life. It may also develop as a result of an injury or surgery. Astigmatism can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery, such as LASIK.

There are different types of astigmatism, including:

1. Corneal astigmatism: This is the most common type of astigmatism and occurs when the cornea is irregularly shaped.
2. Lens astigmatism: This type of astigmatism occurs when the lens inside the eye is irregularly shaped.
3. Mixed astigmatism: This type of astigmatism occurs when both the cornea and lens are irregularly shaped.

Astigmatism can cause a range of symptoms, including:

* Blurred vision at all distances
* Distorted vision (such as seeing objects as being stretched out or blurry)
* Eye strain or fatigue
* Headaches or eye discomfort
* Squinting or tilting the head to see clearly

If you suspect you have astigmatism, it's important to see an eye doctor for a comprehensive eye exam. Astigmatism can be diagnosed with a visual acuity test and a retinoscopy, which measures the way the light enters the eye.

Astigmatism is a common vision condition that can be easily corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery. If you have astigmatism, it's important to seek professional treatment to improve your vision and reduce any discomfort or strain on the eyes.

The word "arthralgia" comes from the Greek words "arthron," meaning joint, and "algos," meaning pain. It is often used interchangeably with the term "joint pain," but arthralgia specifically refers to a type of pain that is not caused by inflammation or injury.

Arthralgia can manifest in different ways, including:

1. Aching or dull pain in one or more joints
2. Sharp or stabbing pain in one or more joints
3. Pain that worsens with movement or weight-bearing activity
4. Pain that improves with rest
5. Pain that is localized to one joint or multiple joints
6. Pain that is accompanied by stiffness or limited range of motion
7. Pain that is worse in the morning or after periods of rest
8. Pain that is triggered by certain activities or movements

The diagnosis of arthralgia typically involves a comprehensive medical history and physical examination, as well as diagnostic tests such as X-rays, blood tests, or imaging studies. Treatment for arthralgia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle modifications, or other interventions.

There are many different types of back pain, including:

1. Lower back pain: This type of pain occurs in the lumbar spine and can be caused by strained muscles or ligaments, herniated discs, or other factors.
2. Upper back pain: This type of pain occurs in the thoracic spine and can be caused by muscle strain, poor posture, or other factors.
3. Middle back pain: This type of pain occurs in the thoracolumbar junction and can be caused by muscle strain, herniated discs, or other factors.
4. Lower left back pain: This type of pain occurs in the lumbar spine on the left side and can be caused by a variety of factors, including muscle strain, herniated discs, or other factors.
5. Lower right back pain: This type of pain occurs in the lumbar spine on the right side and can be caused by a variety of factors, including muscle strain, herniated discs, or other factors.

There are many different causes of back pain, including:

1. Muscle strain: This occurs when the muscles in the back are overstretched or torn.
2. Herniated discs: This occurs when the soft tissue between the vertebrae bulges out and puts pressure on the surrounding nerves.
3. Structural problems: This includes conditions such as scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis, which can cause back pain due to the abnormal curvature of the spine.
4. Inflammatory diseases: Conditions such as arthritis, inflammatory myopathies, and ankylosing spondylitis can cause back pain due to inflammation and joint damage.
5. Infections: Infections such as shingles, osteomyelitis, and abscesses can cause back pain by irritating the nerves or causing inflammation in the spine.
6. Trauma: Traumatic injuries such as fractures, dislocations, and compression fractures can cause back pain due to damage to the vertebrae, muscles, and other tissues.
7. Poor posture: Prolonged sitting or standing in a position that puts strain on the back can lead to back pain over time.
8. Obesity: Excess weight can put additional strain on the back, leading to back pain.
9. Smoking: Smoking can reduce blood flow to the discs and other tissues in the spine, leading to degeneration and back pain.
10. Sedentary lifestyle: A lack of physical activity can lead to weak muscles and a poor posture, which can contribute to back pain.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any of the following symptoms with your back pain:

1. Numbness or tingling in the legs or feet
2. Weakness in the legs or feet
3. Loss of bladder or bowel control
4. Fever and chills
5. Severe headache or stiff neck
6. Difficulty breathing or swallowing

These symptoms could indicate a more serious condition, such as a herniated disc or spinal infection, that requires prompt medical treatment.

In the medical field, fatigue is often evaluated using a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests to determine its underlying cause. Treatment for fatigue depends on the underlying cause, but may include rest, exercise, stress management techniques, and medication.

Some common causes of fatigue in the medical field include:

1. Sleep disorders, such as insomnia or sleep apnea
2. Chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, heart disease, or arthritis
3. Infections, such as the flu or a urinary tract infection
4. Medication side effects
5. Poor nutrition or hydration
6. Substance abuse
7. Chronic stress
8. Depression or anxiety
9. Hormonal imbalances
10. Autoimmune disorders, such as thyroiditis or lupus.

Fatigue can also be a symptom of other medical conditions, such as:

1. Anemia
2. Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
3. Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)
4. Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid)
5. Chronic fatigue syndrome
6. Fibromyalgia
7. Vasculitis
8. Cancer
9. Heart failure
10. Liver or kidney disease.

It is important to seek medical attention if fatigue is severe, persistent, or accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, pain, or difficulty breathing. A healthcare professional can diagnose and treat the underlying cause of fatigue, improving overall quality of life.

Causes:

1. Brain injury during fetal development or birth
2. Hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) to the brain, often due to complications during labor and delivery
3. Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis
4. Stroke or bleeding in the brain
5. Traumatic head injury
6. Genetic disorders
7. Premature birth
8. Low birth weight
9. Multiples (twins, triplets)
10. Maternal infections during pregnancy.

Symptoms:

1. Weakness or paralysis of muscles on one side of the body
2. Lack of coordination and balance
3. Difficulty with movement, posture, and gait
4. Spasticity (stiffness) or hypotonia (looseness) of muscles
5. Intellectual disability or learning disabilities
6. Seizures
7. Vision, hearing, or speech problems
8. Swallowing difficulties
9. Increased risk of infections and bone fractures
10. Delays in reaching developmental milestones.

Diagnosis:

1. Physical examination and medical history
2. Imaging tests, such as CT or MRI scans
3. Electromyography (EMG) to test muscle activity
4. Developmental assessments to evaluate cognitive and motor skills
5. Genetic testing to identify underlying causes.

Treatment:

1. Physical therapy to improve movement, balance, and strength
2. Occupational therapy to develop daily living skills and fine motor activities
3. Speech therapy for communication and swallowing difficulties
4. Medications to control seizures, spasticity, or pain
5. Surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities or release contracted muscles
6. Assistive devices, such as braces, walkers, or wheelchairs, to aid mobility and independence.

It's important to note that each individual with Cerebral Palsy may have a unique combination of symptoms and require a personalized treatment plan. With appropriate medical care and support, many individuals with Cerebral Palsy can lead fulfilling lives and achieve their goals despite the challenges they face.

Some common examples of obstetric labor complications include:

1. Prolonged labor: When labor lasts for an extended period, it can increase the risk of infection, bleeding, or other complications.
2. Fetal distress: If the baby is not getting enough oxygen, it can lead to fetal distress, which can cause a range of symptoms, including abnormal heart rate and decreased muscle tone.
3. Placental abruption: This occurs when the placenta separates from the uterus, which can cause bleeding, deprive the baby of oxygen, and lead to premature delivery.
4. Cephalopelvic disproportion: When the baby's head or pelvis is larger than the mother's, it can make delivery difficult or impossible, leading to complications such as prolonged labor or a cesarean section.
5. Dystocia: This refers to abnormal or difficult labor, which can be caused by various factors, including fetal size or position, maternal weight, or abnormalities in the pelvis or cervix.
6. Postpartum hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding after delivery can be a life-threatening complication for both mothers and babies.
7. Infection: Bacterial infections, such as endometritis or sepsis, can occur during labor and delivery and can pose serious health risks to both the mother and the baby.
8. Preeclampsia: A pregnancy-related condition characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the kidneys and liver.
9. Gestational diabetes: A type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy, which can increase the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.
10. Cholestasis of pregnancy: A condition in which the gallbladder becomes inflamed, leading to abdominal pain and liver dysfunction.

It is important to note that not all large babies will experience these complications, and many can be delivered safely with proper medical care and attention. However, the risk of these complications does increase as the baby's size increases.

In some cases, doctors may recommend delivery by cesarean section (C-section) if they suspect that the baby is too large to pass through the birth canal safely. This decision will be based on a variety of factors, including the mother's health, the baby's size and position, and any other medical conditions or complications that may be present.

Overall, while a big baby can pose some risks during delivery, modern medicine and obstetric care have made it possible to deliver most babies safely, even if they are larger than average. If you have any concerns about your baby's size or your own health during pregnancy, be sure to discuss them with your healthcare provider.

Some common types of perceptual disorders include:

1. Visual perceptual disorders: These disorders affect an individual's ability to interpret and make sense of visual information from the environment. They can result in difficulties with recognizing objects, perceiving depth and distance, and tracking movement.
2. Auditory perceptual disorders: These disorders affect an individual's ability to interpret and make sense of sound. They can result in difficulties with hearing and understanding speech, as well as distinguishing between different sounds.
3. Tactile perceptual disorders: These disorders affect an individual's ability to interpret and make sense of touch. They can result in difficulties with recognizing objects through touch, as well as interpreting tactile sensations such as pain, temperature, and texture.
4. Olfactory perceptual disorders: These disorders affect an individual's ability to interpret and make sense of smells. They can result in difficulties with identifying different odors and distinguishing between them.
5. Gustatory perceptual disorders: These disorders affect an individual's ability to interpret and make sense of tastes. They can result in difficulties with identifying different flavors and distinguishing between them.
6. Balance and equilibrium disorders: These disorders affect an individual's ability to maintain balance and equilibrium. They can result in difficulties with standing, walking, and maintaining posture.

Perceptual disorders can have a significant impact on an individual's daily life, making it difficult to perform everyday tasks and activities. Treatment for perceptual disorders often involves a combination of sensory therapy, behavioral therapy, and assistive technologies. The goal of treatment is to help the individual compensate for any impairments in sensory processing and improve their ability to function in daily life.

There are several different types of dyskinesias, including:

1. Tremors: involuntary shaking movements that can affect any part of the body.
2. Choreas: jerky, irregular movements that can affect the limbs, face, or trunk.
3. Athetosis: slow, writhing movements that can affect the hands, feet, or face.
4. Dystonia: sustained, twisting movements that can affect any part of the body.
5. Ballism: large, sweeping movements that can affect the arms or legs.

Dyskinesias can be challenging to diagnose and treat, as they can be caused by a wide range of factors and can vary in severity and type. Treatment options may include medications, physical therapy, and surgery, and the specific approach will depend on the underlying cause of the dyskinesias.

In addition to the medical definition of dyskinesias, the term is also sometimes used more broadly to describe any kind of involuntary movement or twitching, such as those that can occur in response to stress or anxiety. However, in a medical context, the term is typically used to refer specifically to the involuntary movements associated with neurological disorders or other underlying conditions.

Symptoms of lacerations can include pain, bleeding, swelling, and redness around the affected area. In some cases, lacerations may also be accompanied by other injuries, such as fractures or internal bleeding.

Diagnosis of lacerations is typically made through a physical examination of the wound and surrounding tissue. Imaging tests, such as X-rays or CT scans, may be ordered to assess the extent of the injury and identify any underlying complications.

Treatment for lacerations depends on the severity of the wound and can range from simple cleaning and bandaging to more complex procedures such as suturing or stapling. In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent infection. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated lacerations can lead to infection, scarring, and other complications.

In the medical field, lacerations are often classified based on their location and severity. Common types of lacerations include:

* Linear lacerations: These are straight cuts that occur along a single line.
* Blunt trauma lacerations: These are caused by blunt force, such as from a fall or collision.
* Avulsion lacerations: These occur when skin is torn away from underlying tissue, often due to a sharp object.
* Torn lacerations: These are caused by a sudden and forceful stretching of the skin, such as from a sports injury.

Overall, the medical field recognizes lacerations as a common type of injury that can have significant consequences if not properly treated. Prompt and appropriate treatment can help to minimize the risk of complications and ensure proper healing.

The symptoms of gait disorders, neurologic can vary depending on the underlying cause, but may include:

* Difficulty walking or standing
* Ataxia (loss of coordination)
* Spasticity (stiffness) or rigidity (inflexibility)
* Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
* Scanning (looking for support while walking)
* Pauses or freezing during gait
* Loss of balance or poor equilibrium
* Increased risk of falling

Gait disorders, neurologic can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, as they may limit their ability to perform daily activities and increase their risk of falling. Treatment for these disorders typically involves a combination of physical therapy, occupational therapy, and medications to manage symptoms such as spasticity and bradykinesia. In some cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary to address underlying causes of the gait disorder.

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

In this article, we will explore the definition and impact of chronic diseases, as well as strategies for managing and living with them. We will also discuss the importance of early detection and prevention, as well as the role of healthcare providers in addressing the needs of individuals with chronic diseases.

What is a Chronic Disease?

A chronic disease is a condition that lasts for an extended period of time, often affecting daily life and activities. Unlike acute diseases, which have a specific beginning and end, chronic diseases are long-term and persistent. Examples of chronic diseases include:

1. Diabetes
2. Heart disease
3. Arthritis
4. Asthma
5. Cancer
6. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
7. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
8. Hypertension
9. Osteoporosis
10. Stroke

Impact of Chronic Diseases

The burden of chronic diseases is significant, with over 70% of deaths worldwide attributed to them, according to the WHO. In addition to the physical and emotional toll they take on individuals and their families, chronic diseases also pose a significant economic burden, accounting for a large proportion of healthcare expenditure.

Chronic diseases can also have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, limiting their ability to participate in activities they enjoy and affecting their relationships with family and friends. Moreover, the financial burden of chronic diseases can lead to poverty and reduce economic productivity, thus having a broader societal impact.

Addressing Chronic Diseases

Given the significant burden of chronic diseases, it is essential that we address them effectively. This requires a multi-faceted approach that includes:

1. Lifestyle modifications: Encouraging healthy behaviors such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and smoking cessation can help prevent and manage chronic diseases.
2. Early detection and diagnosis: Identifying risk factors and detecting diseases early can help prevent or delay their progression.
3. Medication management: Effective medication management is crucial for controlling symptoms and slowing disease progression.
4. Multi-disciplinary care: Collaboration between healthcare providers, patients, and families is essential for managing chronic diseases.
5. Health promotion and disease prevention: Educating individuals about the risks of chronic diseases and promoting healthy behaviors can help prevent their onset.
6. Addressing social determinants of health: Social determinants such as poverty, education, and employment can have a significant impact on health outcomes. Addressing these factors is essential for reducing health disparities and improving overall health.
7. Investing in healthcare infrastructure: Investing in healthcare infrastructure, technology, and research is necessary to improve disease detection, diagnosis, and treatment.
8. Encouraging policy change: Policy changes can help create supportive environments for healthy behaviors and reduce the burden of chronic diseases.
9. Increasing public awareness: Raising public awareness about the risks and consequences of chronic diseases can help individuals make informed decisions about their health.
10. Providing support for caregivers: Chronic diseases can have a significant impact on family members and caregivers, so providing them with support is essential for improving overall health outcomes.

Conclusion

Chronic diseases are a major public health burden that affect millions of people worldwide. Addressing these diseases requires a multi-faceted approach that includes lifestyle changes, addressing social determinants of health, investing in healthcare infrastructure, encouraging policy change, increasing public awareness, and providing support for caregivers. By taking a comprehensive approach to chronic disease prevention and management, we can improve the health and well-being of individuals and communities worldwide.

Causes:

* Genetic mutations or deletions
* Infections such as meningitis or encephalitis
* Stroke or bleeding in the brain
* Traumatic head injury
* Multiple sclerosis or other demyelinating diseases
* Brain tumors
* Cerebellar degeneration due to aging

Symptoms:

* Coordination difficulties, such as stumbling or poor balance
* Tremors or shaky movements
* Slurred speech and difficulty with fine motor skills
* Nystagmus (involuntary eye movements)
* Difficulty with gait and walking
* Fatigue, weakness, and muscle wasting

Diagnosis:

* Physical examination and medical history
* Neurological examination to test coordination, balance, and reflexes
* Imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans to rule out other conditions
* Genetic testing to identify inherited forms of cerebellar ataxia
* Electromyography (EMG) to test muscle activity and nerve function

Treatment:

* Physical therapy to improve balance, coordination, and gait
* Occupational therapy to help with daily activities and fine motor skills
* Speech therapy to address slurred speech and communication difficulties
* Medications to manage symptoms such as tremors or spasticity
* Assistive devices such as canes or walkers to improve mobility

Prognosis:

* The prognosis for cerebellar ataxia varies depending on the underlying cause. In some cases, the condition may be slowly progressive and lead to significant disability over time. In other cases, the condition may remain stable or even improve with treatment.

Living with cerebellar ataxia can be challenging, but there are many resources available to help individuals with the condition manage their symptoms and maintain their quality of life. These resources may include:

* Physical therapy to improve balance and coordination
* Occupational therapy to assist with daily activities
* Speech therapy to address communication difficulties
* Assistive devices such as canes or walkers to improve mobility
* Medications to manage symptoms such as tremors or spasticity
* Support groups for individuals with cerebellar ataxia and their families

Overall, the key to managing cerebellar ataxia is early diagnosis and aggressive treatment. With proper management, individuals with this condition can lead active and fulfilling lives despite the challenges they face.

Tibial fractures can range in severity from minor cracks or hairline breaks to more severe breaks that extend into the bone's shaft or even the joint. Treatment for these injuries often involves immobilization of the affected leg with a cast, brace, or walking boot, as well as pain management with medication and physical therapy. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to realign and stabilize the bone fragments.

* Endometriosis: a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, causing pain, inflammation, and bleeding.
* Adenomyosis: a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows into the muscle of the uterus, causing pain, inflammation, and heavy bleeding.
* Fibroids: noncancerous growths in the uterus that can cause pain, bleeding, and infertility.
* Ovarian cysts: fluid-filled sacs on the ovaries that can cause pain, bloating, and irregular periods.
* Ectopic pregnancy: a pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which can cause severe pain and bleeding.
* Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): an infection of the reproductive organs that can cause pain, fever, and infertility.
* Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): a condition that affects the large intestine and can cause abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements.
* Interstitial cystitis: a chronic bladder condition that can cause pain and frequency of urination.
* Prostatitis: inflammation of the prostate gland, which can cause painful urination, fever, and infertility.

Pelvic pain can be diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and imaging tests such as ultrasound or MRI. Treatment options for pelvic pain depend on the underlying cause and can include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

Symptoms of spondylolisthesis may include:

* Back pain
* Stiffness and limited mobility in the lower back
* Pain or numbness in the buttocks, thighs, or legs
* Difficulty maintaining a straight posture
* Muscle spasms

Spondylolisthesis can be diagnosed through physical examination, imaging tests such as X-rays or MRIs, and other diagnostic procedures. Treatment for the condition may include:

* Conservative methods such as physical therapy, exercise, and pain management
* Medications such as muscle relaxants or anti-inflammatory drugs
* Spinal fusion surgery to stabilize the spine and correct the slippage
* Other surgical procedures to relieve pressure on nerves or repair damaged tissue.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience persistent back pain or stiffness, as early diagnosis and treatment can help to manage symptoms and prevent further progression of the condition.

There are several types of sensation disorders, including:

1. Peripheral neuropathy: This is a condition where the nerves in the hands and feet are damaged, leading to numbness, tingling, and pain.
2. Central sensory loss: This is a condition where there is damage to the brain or spinal cord, leading to loss of sensation in certain parts of the body.
3. Dysesthesia: This is a condition where an individual experiences abnormal sensations, such as burning, stabbing, or crawling sensations, in their body.
4. Hypoalgesia: This is a condition where an individual experiences decreased sensitivity to pain.
5. Hyperalgesia: This is a condition where an individual experiences increased sensitivity to pain.

Sensation disorders can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as nerve conduction studies or electromyography. Treatment options for sensation disorders depend on the underlying cause and may include medications, physical therapy, or surgery.

Some common causes of sensation disorders include:

1. Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can damage nerves, leading to numbness, tingling, and pain in the hands and feet.
2. Multiple sclerosis: An autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, leading to loss of sensation, vision, and muscle weakness.
3. Spinal cord injury: Trauma to the spine can damage the nerves, leading to loss of sensation and function below the level of injury.
4. Stroke: A stroke can damage the nerves, leading to loss of sensation and function on one side of the body.
5. Vitamin deficiencies: Deficiencies in vitamins such as B12 or vitamin D can cause numbness and tingling in the hands and feet.
6. Chronic inflammation: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus can cause chronic inflammation, leading to nerve damage and sensation disorders.
7. Tumors: Tumors can compress or damage nerves, leading to sensation disorders.
8. Infections: Certain infections such as Lyme disease or shingles can cause sensation disorders.
9. Trauma: Physical trauma, such as a fall or a car accident, can cause nerve damage and lead to sensation disorders.

Some common symptoms of sensation disorders include:

1. Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet
2. Pain or burning sensations
3. Difficulty perceiving temperature or touch
4. Weakness or paralysis of certain muscle groups
5. Loss of reflexes
6. Difficulty coordinating movements
7. Dizziness or loss of balance
8. Tremors or spasms
9. Muscle atrophy or wasting away of certain muscles

Treatment for sensation disorders depends on the underlying cause and can include:

1. Medications to control pain, inflammation, or infection
2. Physical therapy to improve strength and coordination
3. Occupational therapy to improve daily functioning
4. Lifestyle changes such as exercise, diet, and stress management
5. Surgery to repair nerve damage or relieve compression
6. Injections of medication or other substances to stimulate nerve regeneration
7. Electrical stimulation therapy to improve nerve function
8. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) to reduce pain and inflammation
9. Alternative therapies such as acupuncture or massage to promote healing and relaxation.

There are several possible causes of dizziness, including:

1. Inner ear problems: The inner ear is responsible for balance and equilibrium. Any disruption in the inner ear can cause dizziness.
2. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV): This is a condition that causes brief episodes of vertigo triggered by changes in head position.
3. Labyrinthitis: This is an inner ear infection that causes dizziness and hearing loss.
4. Vestibular migraine: This is a type of migraine that causes dizziness and other symptoms such as headaches.
5. Meniere's disease: This is a disorder of the inner ear that causes dizziness, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and hearing loss.
6. Medication side effects: Certain medications can cause dizziness as a side effect.
7. Low blood pressure: A sudden drop in blood pressure can cause dizziness.
8. Anxiety: Anxiety can cause dizziness and other symptoms such as rapid heartbeat and shortness of breath.
9. Heart problems: Certain heart conditions such as arrhythmias or heart failure can cause dizziness.
10. Dehydration: Dehydration can cause dizziness, especially if it is severe.

If you are experiencing dizziness, it is important to seek medical attention to determine the underlying cause and receive appropriate treatment. Your healthcare provider may perform a physical examination, take a detailed medical history, and order diagnostic tests such as a hearing assessment or imaging studies to help identify the cause of your dizziness. Treatment will depend on the underlying cause, but may include medications, vestibular rehabilitation therapy, or lifestyle changes.

Examples of syndromes include:

1. Down syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 that affects intellectual and physical development.
2. Turner syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by a missing or partially deleted X chromosome that affects physical growth and development in females.
3. Marfan syndrome: A genetic disorder affecting the body's connective tissue, causing tall stature, long limbs, and cardiovascular problems.
4. Alzheimer's disease: A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, confusion, and changes in personality and behavior.
5. Parkinson's disease: A neurological disorder characterized by tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with movement.
6. Klinefelter syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by an extra X chromosome in males, leading to infertility and other physical characteristics.
7. Williams syndrome: A rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of genetic material on chromosome 7, characterized by cardiovascular problems, developmental delays, and a distinctive facial appearance.
8. Fragile X syndrome: The most common form of inherited intellectual disability, caused by an expansion of a specific gene on the X chromosome.
9. Prader-Willi syndrome: A genetic disorder caused by a defect in the hypothalamus, leading to problems with appetite regulation and obesity.
10. Sjogren's syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that affects the glands that produce tears and saliva, causing dry eyes and mouth.

Syndromes can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment for a syndrome depends on the underlying cause and the specific symptoms and signs presented by the patient.

This can cause pain, stiffness, and difficulty walking. In severe cases, it can lead to complete hip joint dislocation. FHN is typically caused by trauma or aseptic conditions such as osteonecrosis (death of bone cells due to lack of blood supply), sickle cell disease, Gaucher's disease, and long-term use of steroids. Treatment options include conservative management with pain management, physical therapy, and avoiding activities that exacerbate the condition; or surgical intervention such as femoral head osteotomy (cutting and realigning the bone) or hip replacement.

The prognosis for FHN depends on the severity of the condition, with more severe cases carrying a worse prognosis. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to improving outcomes.

The effects of sleep deprivation can be severe and long-lasting, including:

1. Impaired cognitive function: Sleep deprivation can affect attention, memory, and decision-making skills, making it more difficult to perform daily tasks and make sound judgments.
2. Emotional distress: Lack of sleep can lead to irritability, anxiety, and depression, which can negatively impact relationships and overall well-being.
3. Physical health problems: Chronic sleep deprivation has been linked to an increased risk of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and immune system dysfunction.
4. Impaired motor function: Sleep deprivation can cause coordination problems, clumsiness, and a higher risk of accidents, particularly in activities that require attention and quick reflexes (e.g., driving).
5. Premature aging: Chronic sleep deprivation can accelerate the aging process and reduce the body's ability to repair and regenerate cells.
6. Reduced productivity and performance: Sleep deprivation can lead to decreased productivity, poor work quality, and increased absenteeism, which can negatively impact career advancement and financial stability.
7. Increased risk of accidents and injuries: Drowsy driving and workplace accidents are common consequences of sleep deprivation, which can result in fatalities and long-term disabilities.
8. Weakened immune system: Sleep deprivation can weaken the immune system, making it more difficult to fight off infections and diseases.
9. Negative impact on relationships: Sleep deprivation can lead to mood swings, irritability, and difficulty interacting with others, which can strain personal and professional relationships.
10. Increased risk of mental health disorders: Chronic sleep deprivation has been linked to an increased risk of developing anxiety, depression, and other mental health disorders.

To avoid these negative consequences, it's essential to prioritize sleep and make it a critical component of your daily routine. Establishing a consistent sleep schedule, creating a sleep-conducive environment, and practicing relaxation techniques can help improve sleep quality and duration. Additionally, avoiding stimulating activities before bedtime, limiting exposure to electronic screens, and seeking professional help if sleep problems persist can contribute to better overall health and well-being.

1. Asbestosis: a lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibers.
2. Carpal tunnel syndrome: a nerve disorder caused by repetitive motion and pressure on the wrist.
3. Mesothelioma: a type of cancer caused by exposure to asbestos.
4. Pneumoconiosis: a lung disease caused by inhaling dust from mining or other heavy industries.
5. Repetitive strain injuries: injuries caused by repetitive motions, such as typing or using vibrating tools.
6. Skin conditions: such as skin irritation and dermatitis caused by exposure to chemicals or other substances in the workplace.
7. Hearing loss: caused by loud noises in the workplace.
8. Back injuries: caused by lifting, bending, or twisting.
9. Respiratory problems: such as asthma and other breathing difficulties caused by exposure to chemicals or dust in the workplace.
10. Cancer: caused by exposure to carcinogens such as radiation, certain chemicals, or heavy metals in the workplace.

Occupational diseases can be difficult to diagnose and treat, as they often develop gradually over time and may not be immediately attributed to the work environment. In some cases, these diseases may not appear until years after exposure has ended. It is important for workers to be aware of the potential health risks associated with their job and take steps to protect themselves, such as wearing protective gear, following safety protocols, and seeking regular medical check-ups. Employers also have a responsibility to provide a safe work environment and follow strict regulations to prevent the spread of occupational diseases.

1. Strabismus (crossed eyes): A condition in which the eyes do not align properly and point in different directions.
2. Esotropia (crossed eyes): A condition in which one or both eyes turn inward.
3. Exotropia (wide-eyed): A condition in which one or both eyes turn outward.
4. Hypertropia (upward-pointing eyes): A condition in which one or both eyes elevate excessively.
5. Hypotropia (downward-pointing eyes): A condition in which one or both eyes lower excessively.
6. Diplopia (double vision): A condition in which two images of the same object are seen due to improper alignment of the eyes.
7. Nystagmus (involuntary eye movements): A condition characterized by rapid, involuntary movements of the eyes.
8. Ocular flutter: A condition characterized by small, rapid movements of the eyes.
9. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): A rare degenerative disorder that affects movement and causes difficulty with eye movements.
10. Parkinson's disease: A neurodegenerative disorder that can cause eye movements to be slow, stiff, or irregular.

These disorders can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, affecting their ability to perform daily tasks, read, drive, and participate in social activities. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and may include glasses or contact lenses, prism lenses, eye exercises, and surgery. In some cases, medications such as anticholinergic drugs or botulinum toxin injections may be used to help improve eye movements.

In a normal heart, the aorta arises from the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the right ventricle. In TGV, the positions of these vessels are reversed, with the aorta arising from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arising from the left ventricle. This can lead to a variety of complications, including cyanosis (blue discoloration of the skin), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and difficulty breathing.

TGV is often diagnosed during infancy or early childhood, and treatment typically involves surgery to repair the defect. In some cases, a procedure called an arterial switch may be performed, in which the aorta and pulmonary artery are surgically reversed to their normal positions. In other cases, a heart transplant may be necessary. With proper treatment, many individuals with TGV can lead active and healthy lives. However, they may require ongoing monitoring and care throughout their lives to manage any potential complications.

Foreign-body migration refers to the movement or migration of a foreign object or material within the body over time. This can occur after a surgical procedure, injury, or other medical intervention where a foreign object is introduced into the body. The term "foreign body" includes any object or material that is not naturally present within the body, such as implants, sutures, staples, and other medical devices.

The migration of a foreign body can occur due to various factors, including:

1. Mechanical forces: Movement of the body, such as during exercise or daily activities, can cause the foreign object to shift position or migrate to another part of the body.
2. Biological forces: The body's natural healing processes and inflammatory responses can cause the foreign object to move or change shape over time.
3. Chemical forces: Corrosion or degradation of the foreign material can lead to its migration within the body.
4. Cellular forces: Cells in the body can surround and interact with the foreign object, leading to its movement or displacement.

The migration of a foreign body can have significant clinical implications, including:

1. Pain and discomfort: The movement of a foreign object within the body can cause pain, discomfort, and inflammation.
2. Infection: The migration of a foreign object can increase the risk of infection, particularly if the object is made of a material that is susceptible to bacterial growth.
3. Organ damage: If the migrated foreign object damages surrounding tissues or organs, it can lead to serious complications and long-term health problems.
4. Revision surgery: In some cases, the migration of a foreign body may require revision surgery to remove or reposition the object.

To prevent foreign-body migration, medical professionals use various techniques, such as:

1. Implant fixation: Implants can be fixed in place using bone screws, sutures, or other fixation devices to minimize their movement.
2. Biocompatible materials: Using biocompatible materials for implants and other medical devices can reduce the risk of foreign-body reaction and migration.
3. Proper surgical technique: Surgeons must use proper surgical techniques when inserting foreign objects into the body, such as using a sterile environment and appropriate insertion angles.
4. Postoperative care: Proper postoperative care, including antibiotics and pain management, can help prevent complications and promote healing.

Overall, preventing the migration of foreign bodies is essential to ensure successful medical outcomes and minimize the risk of complications.

1. Complete paralysis: When there is no movement or sensation in a particular area of the body.
2. Incomplete paralysis: When there is some movement or sensation in a particular area of the body.
3. Localized paralysis: When paralysis affects only a specific part of the body, such as a limb or a facial muscle.
4. Generalized paralysis: When paralysis affects multiple parts of the body.
5. Flaccid paralysis: When there is a loss of muscle tone and the affected limbs feel floppy.
6. Spastic paralysis: When there is an increase in muscle tone and the affected limbs feel stiff and rigid.
7. Paralysis due to nerve damage: This can be caused by injuries, diseases such as multiple sclerosis, or birth defects such as spina bifida.
8. Paralysis due to muscle damage: This can be caused by injuries, such as muscular dystrophy, or diseases such as muscular sarcopenia.
9. Paralysis due to brain damage: This can be caused by head injuries, stroke, or other conditions that affect the brain such as cerebral palsy.
10. Paralysis due to spinal cord injury: This can be caused by trauma, such as a car accident, or diseases such as polio.

Paralysis can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, affecting their ability to perform daily activities, work, and participate in social and recreational activities. Treatment options for paralysis depend on the underlying cause and may include physical therapy, medications, surgery, or assistive technologies such as wheelchairs or prosthetic devices.

The condition is often caused by atherosclerosis, a buildup of plaque in the arteries, which can reduce blood flow to the brain and cause damage to the blood vessels. Other factors that can contribute to vertebrobasilar insufficiency include blood clots, high blood pressure, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes and high cholesterol.

Vertebrobasilar insufficiency is typically diagnosed through a physical examination, imaging tests such as CT or MRI scans, andDoppler ultrasound. Treatment options for the condition may include lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, and stress management, as well as medications to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to improve blood flow to the brain.

It is important to note that vertebrobasilar insufficiency can be a serious condition and can lead to more severe complications such as stroke if left untreated. If you are experiencing symptoms of the condition, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible.

Postoperative pain is typically managed with pain medication, which may include opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or other types of medications. The goal of managing postoperative pain is to provide effective pain relief while minimizing the risk of complications such as addiction, constipation, or nausea and vomiting.

In addition to medication, other techniques for managing postoperative pain may include breathing exercises, relaxation techniques, and alternative therapies such as acupuncture or massage. It is important for patients to communicate with their healthcare provider about the severity of their pain and any side effects they experience from medication, in order to provide effective pain management and minimize complications.

Postoperative pain can be categorized into several different types, including:

* Acute pain: This type of pain is intense but short-lived, typically lasting for a few days or weeks after surgery.
* Chronic pain: This type of pain persists for longer than 3 months after surgery and can be more challenging to manage.
* Neuropathic pain: This type of pain is caused by damage to nerves and can be characterized by burning, shooting, or stabbing sensations.
* Visceral pain: This type of pain originates in the internal organs and can be referred to other areas of the body, such as the back or abdomen.

Symptoms of femoral neck fractures can include pain in the knee and thigh, swelling and bruising, and difficulty moving the leg. Treatment for these fractures may involve immobilizing the leg in a cast or brace, or surgery to realign and stabilize the bone. In some cases, the fracture may be treated with a combination of both methods.

The main types of femoral neck fractures are:

* Transverse fractures: These fractures occur horizontally across the femoral neck and can be stabilized with a plate or screws.
* Spiral fractures: These fractures occur when the bone is twisted and can be more challenging to treat.
* Compression fractures: These fractures occur when the bone is crushed due to pressure and can be treated with surgery to relieve the compression.
* Oblique fractures: These fractures occur at an angle and can be stabilized with a plate or screws.

The recovery time for femoral neck fractures can vary depending on the severity of the injury, but it usually takes several months for the bone to fully heal. Physical therapy may be necessary to regain strength and mobility in the affected leg.

There are many different types of heart diseases, including:

1. Coronary artery disease: The buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle, leading to chest pain or a heart attack.
2. Heart failure: When the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, leading to fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling in the legs.
3. Arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia, which can cause palpitations, dizziness, and shortness of breath.
4. Heart valve disease: Problems with the heart valves, which can lead to blood leaking back into the chambers or not being pumped effectively.
5. Cardiomyopathy: Disease of the heart muscle, which can lead to weakened heart function and heart failure.
6. Heart murmurs: Abnormal sounds heard during a heartbeat, which can be caused by defects in the heart valves or abnormal blood flow.
7. Congenital heart disease: Heart defects present at birth, such as holes in the heart or abnormal blood vessels.
8. Myocardial infarction (heart attack): Damage to the heart muscle due to a lack of oxygen, often caused by a blockage in a coronary artery.
9. Cardiac tamponade: Fluid accumulation around the heart, which can cause compression of the heart and lead to cardiac arrest.
10. Endocarditis: Infection of the inner lining of the heart, which can cause fever, fatigue, and heart valve damage.

Heart diseases can be diagnosed through various tests such as electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, stress test, and blood tests. Treatment options depend on the specific condition and may include lifestyle changes, medication, surgery, or a combination of these.

In medical terminology, nausea is sometimes used interchangeably with the term "dyspepsia," which refers to a general feeling of discomfort or unease in the stomach, often accompanied by symptoms such as bloating, belching, or heartburn. However, while nausea and dyspepsia can be related, they are not always the same thing, and it's important to understand the specific underlying cause of any gastrointestinal symptoms in order to provide appropriate treatment.

Some common causes of nausea include:

* Gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and gastritis
* Motion sickness or seasickness
* Medication side effects, including chemotherapy drugs, antibiotics, and painkillers
* Pregnancy and morning sickness
* Food poisoning or other infections
* Migraines and other headaches
* Anxiety and stress

Treatment for nausea will depend on the underlying cause, but may include medications such as antihistamines, anticholinergics, or anti-nausea drugs, as well as non-pharmacological interventions such as ginger, acupressure, or relaxation techniques. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent dehydration or other complications.

Spondylitis, ankylosing can affect any part of the spine, but it most commonly affects the lower back (lumbar spine) and the neck (cervical spine). The condition can also affect other joints, such as the hips, shoulders, and feet.

The exact cause of spondylitis, ankylosing is not known, but it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder, meaning that the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the joints. Genetics may also play a role in the development of the condition.

Symptoms of spondylitis, ankylosing can include:

* Back pain and stiffness
* Pain and swelling in the joints
* Limited mobility and flexibility
* Redness and warmth in the affected area
* Fatigue

If you suspect that you or someone you know may have spondylitis, ankylosing, it is important to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment. A healthcare professional can perform a physical examination and order imaging tests, such as X-rays or MRIs, to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions.

Treatment for spondylitis, ankylosing typically involves a combination of medications and physical therapy. Medications may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Physical therapy can help improve mobility and flexibility, as well as strengthen the muscles supporting the affected joints.

In severe cases of spondylitis, ankylosing, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged joints. In some cases, the condition may progress to the point where the joints become fused and immobile, a condition known as ankylosis.

While there is no cure for spondylitis, ankylosing, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. With proper care and support, individuals with spondylitis, ankylosing can lead active and fulfilling lives.

Recurrence can also refer to the re-emergence of symptoms in a previously treated condition, such as a chronic pain condition that returns after a period of remission.

In medical research, recurrence is often studied to understand the underlying causes of disease progression and to develop new treatments and interventions to prevent or delay its return.

Types of congenital heart defects include:

1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD): A hole in the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart, allowing abnormal blood flow.
2. Atrial septal defect (ASD): A hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart, also allowing abnormal blood flow.
3. Tetralogy of Fallot: A combination of four heart defects, including VSD, pulmonary stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary valve), and abnormal development of the infundibulum (a part of the heart that connects the ventricles to the pulmonary artery).
4. Transposition of the great vessels: A condition in which the aorta and/or pulmonary artery are placed in the wrong position, disrupting blood flow.
5. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS): A severe defect in which the left side of the heart is underdeveloped, resulting in insufficient blood flow to the body.
6. Pulmonary atresia: A condition in which the pulmonary valve does not form properly, blocking blood flow to the lungs.
7. Truncus arteriosus: A rare defect in which a single artery instead of two (aorta and pulmonary artery) arises from the heart.
8. Double-outlet right ventricle: A condition in which both the aorta and the pulmonary artery arise from the right ventricle instead of the left ventricle.

Causes of congenital heart defects are not fully understood, but genetics, environmental factors, and viral infections during pregnancy may play a role. Diagnosis is typically made through fetal echocardiography or cardiac ultrasound during pregnancy or after birth. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the defect and may include medication, surgery, or heart transplantation. With advances in medical technology and treatment, many children with congenital heart disease can lead active, healthy lives into adulthood.


1. Ischemic stroke: This is the most common type of stroke, accounting for about 87% of all strokes. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain becomes blocked, reducing blood flow to the brain.
2. Hemorrhagic stroke: This type of stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures, causing bleeding in the brain. High blood pressure, aneurysms, and blood vessel malformations can all cause hemorrhagic strokes.
3. Transient ischemic attack (TIA): Also known as a "mini-stroke," a TIA is a temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain that lasts for a short period of time, usually less than 24 hours. TIAs are often a warning sign for a future stroke and should be taken seriously.

Stroke can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the location and severity of the damage to the brain. Some common symptoms include:

* Weakness or numbness in the face, arm, or leg
* Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
* Sudden vision loss or double vision
* Dizziness, loss of balance, or sudden falls
* Severe headache
* Confusion, disorientation, or difficulty with memory

Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability and can have a significant impact on the quality of life for survivors. However, with prompt medical treatment and rehabilitation, many people are able to recover some or all of their lost functions and lead active lives.

The medical community has made significant progress in understanding stroke and developing effective treatments. Some of the most important advances include:

* Development of clot-busting drugs and mechanical thrombectomy devices to treat ischemic strokes
* Improved imaging techniques, such as CT and MRI scans, to diagnose stroke and determine its cause
* Advances in surgical techniques for hemorrhagic stroke
* Development of new medications to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of stroke

Despite these advances, stroke remains a significant public health problem. According to the American Heart Association, stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and the leading cause of long-term disability. In 2017, there were over 795,000 strokes in the United States alone.

There are several risk factors for stroke that can be controlled or modified. These include:

* High blood pressure
* Diabetes mellitus
* High cholesterol levels
* Smoking
* Obesity
* Lack of physical activity
* Poor diet

In addition to these modifiable risk factors, there are also several non-modifiable risk factors for stroke, such as age (stroke risk increases with age), family history of stroke, and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).

The medical community has made significant progress in understanding the causes and risk factors for stroke, as well as developing effective treatments and prevention strategies. However, more research is needed to improve outcomes for stroke survivors and reduce the overall burden of this disease.

1. Foodborne botulism: This type of botulism is caused by eating foods that have been contaminated with the bacteria. Symptoms typically begin within 12 to 72 hours after consuming the contaminated food and can include double vision, droopy eyelids, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, and muscle weakness.
2. Infant botulism: This type of botulism occurs in infants who are exposed to the bacteria through contact with contaminated soil or object. Symptoms can include constipation, poor feeding, and weak cry.
3. Wound botulism: This type of botulism is caused by the bacteria entering an open wound, usually a deep puncture wound or surgical incision.

Botulism is a rare illness in the United States, but it can be deadly if not treated promptly. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as mechanical ventilation and fluids, as well as antitoxin injections to neutralize the effects of the toxin. Prevention measures include proper food handling and storage, good hygiene practices, and avoiding consumption of improperly canned or preserved foods.

In Vfib, the electrical activity of the heart becomes disorganized, leading to a fibrillatory pattern of contraction. This means that the ventricles are contracting in a rapid, unsynchronized manner, rather than the coordinated, synchronized contractions that occur in normal heart function.

Vfib can be caused by a variety of factors, including coronary artery disease, heart attack, cardiomyopathy, and electrolyte imbalances. It can also be triggered by certain medications, such as digoxin, or by electrical shocks to the heart.

Symptoms of Vfib include palpitations, shortness of breath, chest pain, and loss of consciousness. If not treated promptly, Vfib can lead to cardiac arrest and death.

Treatment of Vfib typically involves electrical cardioversion, which involves delivering an electric shock to the heart to restore a normal heart rhythm. In some cases, medications may also be used to help regulate the heart rhythm. In more severe cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary to address any underlying causes of Vfib.

Overall, ventricular fibrillation is a serious medical condition that requires prompt treatment to prevent complications and ensure effective cardiac function.

Acute wounds and injuries are those that occur suddenly and heal within a relatively short period of time, usually within a few days or weeks. Examples of acute wounds include cuts, scrapes, and burns. Chronic wounds and injuries, on the other hand, are those that persist over a longer period of time and may not heal properly, leading to long-term complications. Examples of chronic wounds include diabetic foot ulcers, pressure ulcers, and chronic back pain.

Wounds and injuries can be caused by a variety of factors, including accidents, sports injuries, violence, and medical conditions such as diabetes or circulatory problems. Treatment for wounds and injuries depends on the severity of the injury and may include cleaning and dressing the wound, applying antibiotics, immobilizing broken bones, and providing pain management. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissues or restore function.

Preventive measures for wounds and injuries include wearing appropriate protective gear during activities such as sports or work, following safety protocols to avoid accidents, maintaining proper hygiene and nutrition to prevent infection, and seeking medical attention promptly if an injury occurs.

Overall, wounds and injuries can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time. Proper treatment and management of wounds and injuries can help to promote healing, reduce the risk of complications, and improve long-term outcomes.

There are several types of spinal fractures, including:

1. Vertebral compression fractures: These occur when the vertebrae collapses due to pressure, often caused by osteoporosis or trauma.
2. Fracture-dislocations: This type of fracture occurs when the vertebra is both broken and displaced from its normal position.
3. Spondylolysis: This is a type of fracture that occurs in the spine, often due to repetitive stress or overuse.
4. Spondylolisthesis: This is a type of fracture where a vertebra slips out of its normal position and into the one below it.
5. Fracture-subluxation: This type of fracture occurs when the vertebra is both broken and partially dislocated from its normal position.

The diagnosis of spinal fractures typically involves imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI to confirm the presence of a fracture and determine its severity and location. Treatment options for spinal fractures depend on the severity of the injury and may include pain management, bracing, physical therapy, or surgery to stabilize the spine and promote healing. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to realign the vertebrae and prevent further damage.

Overall, spinal fractures can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth of cells that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Neoplasms can occur in any part of the body and can affect various organs and tissues. The term "neoplasm" is often used interchangeably with "tumor," but while all tumors are neoplasms, not all neoplasms are tumors.

Types of Neoplasms

There are many different types of neoplasms, including:

1. Carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the epithelial cells lining organs and glands. Examples include breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
2. Sarcomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in connective tissue, such as bone, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone cancer) and soft tissue sarcoma.
3. Lymphomas: These are cancers of the immune system, specifically affecting the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues. Examples include Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
4. Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood and bone marrow that affect the white blood cells. Examples include acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
5. Melanomas: These are malignant tumors that arise in the pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. Examples include skin melanoma and eye melanoma.

Causes and Risk Factors of Neoplasms

The exact causes of neoplasms are not fully understood, but there are several known risk factors that can increase the likelihood of developing a neoplasm. These include:

1. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be born with genetic mutations that increase their risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
2. Environmental factors: Exposure to certain environmental toxins, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can increase the risk of developing a neoplasm.
3. Infection: Some neoplasms are caused by viruses or bacteria. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common cause of cervical cancer.
4. Lifestyle factors: Factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and a poor diet can increase the risk of developing certain types of neoplasms.
5. Family history: A person's risk of developing a neoplasm may be higher if they have a family history of the condition.

Signs and Symptoms of Neoplasms

The signs and symptoms of neoplasms can vary depending on the type of cancer and where it is located in the body. Some common signs and symptoms include:

1. Unusual lumps or swelling
2. Pain
3. Fatigue
4. Weight loss
5. Change in bowel or bladder habits
6. Unexplained bleeding
7. Coughing up blood
8. Hoarseness or a persistent cough
9. Changes in appetite or digestion
10. Skin changes, such as a new mole or a change in the size or color of an existing mole.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Neoplasms

The diagnosis of a neoplasm usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans), and biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the suspected tumor and examining it under a microscope for cancer cells.

The treatment of neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Some common treatments include:

1. Surgery: Removing the tumor and surrounding tissue can be an effective way to treat many types of cancer.
2. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells can be effective for some types of cancer, especially if the cancer is located in a specific area of the body.
4. Immunotherapy: Boosting the body's immune system to fight cancer can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.
5. Targeted therapy: Using drugs or other substances to target specific molecules on cancer cells can be an effective treatment for some types of cancer.

Prevention of Neoplasms

While it is not always possible to prevent neoplasms, there are several steps that can reduce the risk of developing cancer. These include:

1. Avoiding exposure to known carcinogens (such as tobacco smoke and radiation)
2. Maintaining a healthy diet and lifestyle
3. Getting regular exercise
4. Not smoking or using tobacco products
5. Limiting alcohol consumption
6. Getting vaccinated against certain viruses that are associated with cancer (such as human papillomavirus, or HPV)
7. Participating in screening programs for early detection of cancer (such as mammograms for breast cancer and colonoscopies for colon cancer)
8. Avoiding excessive exposure to sunlight and using protective measures such as sunscreen and hats to prevent skin cancer.

It's important to note that not all cancers can be prevented, and some may be caused by factors that are not yet understood or cannot be controlled. However, by taking these steps, individuals can reduce their risk of developing cancer and improve their overall health and well-being.

Myocardial ischemia can be caused by a variety of factors, including coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and smoking. It can also be triggered by physical exertion or stress.

There are several types of myocardial ischemia, including:

1. Stable angina: This is the most common type of myocardial ischemia, and it is characterized by a predictable pattern of chest pain that occurs during physical activity or emotional stress.
2. Unstable angina: This is a more severe type of myocardial ischemia that can occur without any identifiable trigger, and can be accompanied by other symptoms such as shortness of breath or vomiting.
3. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS): This is a condition that includes both stable angina and unstable angina, and it is characterized by a sudden reduction in blood flow to the heart muscle.
4. Heart attack (myocardial infarction): This is a type of myocardial ischemia that occurs when the blood flow to the heart muscle is completely blocked, resulting in damage or death of the cardiac tissue.

Myocardial ischemia can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and imaging studies such as echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment options for myocardial ischemia include medications such as nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers, as well as lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, losing weight, and exercising regularly. In severe cases, surgical procedures such as coronary artery bypass grafting or angioplasty may be necessary.

There are several types of spinal cord compression, including:

1. Central canal stenosis: This occurs when the central canal of the spine narrows, compressing the spinal cord.
2. Foraminal stenosis: This occurs when the openings on either side of the spine (foramina) narrow, compressing the nerves exiting the spinal cord.
3. Spondylolisthesis: This occurs when a vertebra slips out of place, compressing the spinal cord.
4. Herniated discs: This occurs when the gel-like center of a disc bulges out and presses on the spinal cord.
5. Bone spurs: This occurs when bone growths develop on the vertebrae, compressing the spinal cord.
6. Tumors: This can be either primary or metastatic tumors that grow in the spine and compress the spinal cord.
7. Trauma: This occurs when there is a direct blow to the spine, causing compression of the spinal cord.

Symptoms of spinal cord compression may include:

* Pain, numbness, weakness, or tingling in the arms and legs
* Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
* Muscle wasting or loss of muscle mass
* Decreased reflexes
* Loss of bladder or bowel control
* Weakness in the muscles of the face, arms, or legs
* Difficulty with fine motor skills such as buttoning a shirt or typing

Diagnosis of spinal cord compression is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment options for spinal cord compression depend on the underlying cause and may include medication, surgery, or a combination of both.

In conclusion, spinal cord compression is a serious medical condition that can have significant impacts on quality of life, mobility, and overall health. It is important to be aware of the causes and symptoms of spinal cord compression in order to seek medical attention if they occur. With proper diagnosis and treatment, many cases of spinal cord compression can be effectively managed and improved.

There are several different types of brain injuries that can occur, including:

1. Concussions: A concussion is a type of mild traumatic brain injury that occurs when the brain is jolted or shaken, often due to a blow to the head.
2. Contusions: A contusion is a bruise on the brain that can occur when the brain is struck by an object, such as during a car accident.
3. Coup-contrecoup injuries: This type of injury occurs when the brain is injured as a result of the force of the body striking another object, such as during a fall.
4. Penetrating injuries: A penetrating injury occurs when an object pierces the brain, such as during a gunshot wound or stab injury.
5. Blast injuries: This type of injury occurs when the brain is exposed to a sudden and explosive force, such as during a bombing.

The symptoms of brain injuries can vary depending on the severity of the injury and the location of the damage in the brain. Some common symptoms include:

* Headaches
* Dizziness or loss of balance
* Confusion or disorientation
* Memory loss or difficulty with concentration
* Slurred speech or difficulty with communication
* Vision problems, such as blurred vision or double vision
* Sleep disturbances
* Mood changes, such as irritability or depression
* Personality changes
* Difficulty with coordination and balance

In some cases, brain injuries can be treated with medication, physical therapy, and other forms of rehabilitation. However, in more severe cases, the damage may be permanent and long-lasting. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

There are many different types of cardiac arrhythmias, including:

1. Tachycardias: These are fast heart rhythms that can be too fast for the body's needs. Examples include atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia.
2. Bradycardias: These are slow heart rhythms that can cause symptoms like fatigue, dizziness, and fainting. Examples include sinus bradycardia and heart block.
3. Premature beats: These are extra beats that occur before the next regular beat should come in. They can be benign but can also indicate an underlying arrhythmia.
4. Supraventricular arrhythmias: These are arrhythmias that originate above the ventricles, such as atrial fibrillation and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia.
5. Ventricular arrhythmias: These are arrhythmias that originate in the ventricles, such as ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.

Cardiac arrhythmias can be diagnosed through a variety of tests including electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress tests, and holter monitors. Treatment options for cardiac arrhythmias vary depending on the type and severity of the condition and may include medications, cardioversion, catheter ablation, or implantable devices like pacemakers or defibrillators.

1. Osteoarthritis: A degenerative joint disease that affects the cartilage and bone in the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and limited mobility.
2. Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation in the joints, leading to pain, swelling, and deformity.
3. Fibromyalgia: A chronic condition characterized by widespread muscle pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbances.
4. Tendinitis: Inflammation of a tendon, which can cause pain and stiffness in the affected area.
5. Bursitis: Inflammation of the fluid-filled sacs (bursae) that cushion joints, leading to pain, swelling, and limited mobility.
6. Carpal tunnel syndrome: Compression of the median nerve in the wrist, leading to numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and fingers.
7. Sprains and strains: Injuries to the ligaments or muscles, often caused by sudden twisting or overstretching.
8. Back pain: Pain in the back that can be caused by a variety of factors, such as muscle strain, herniated discs, or spinal stenosis.
9. Osteoporosis: A condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, leading to an increased risk of fractures.
10. Clubfoot: A congenital deformity in which the foot is turned inward and downward.

These are just a few examples of musculoskeletal diseases, and there are many more conditions that can affect the muscles, bones, and joints. Treatment options for these conditions can range from conservative methods such as physical therapy and medication to surgical interventions. It's important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent or severe symptoms in your musculoskeletal system.

There are three main types of bundle branch blocks:

1. Right bundle branch block (RBBB): This occurs when the electrical conduction bundle that carries the heart's rhythm from the right atrium to the right ventricle is damaged or diseased.
2. Left bundle branch block (LBBB): This occurs when the electrical conduction bundle that carries the heart's rhythm from the left atrium to the left ventricle is damaged or diseased.
3. Bifascicular bundle branch block: This occurs when two of the electrical conduction bundles are damaged or diseased.

Symptoms of bundle branch block may include:

* Heart palpitations
* Slow or irregular heartbeat
* Shortness of breath
* Fatigue
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Chest pain or discomfort

Diagnosis of bundle branch block is typically made using an electrocardiogram (ECG) test, which measures the electrical activity of the heart. Treatment options for BBB may include medications to regulate the heartbeat, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) to help both ventricles beat together, or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) to prevent life-threatening arrhythmias. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged heart tissue.

It is important to note that bundle branch block can increase the risk of developing other cardiac conditions such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia. Therefore, it is essential for individuals with BBB to work closely with their healthcare provider to manage their condition and reduce the risk of complications.

There are several symptoms of RA, including:

1. Joint pain and stiffness, especially in the hands and feet
2. Swollen and warm joints
3. Redness and tenderness in the affected areas
4. Fatigue, fever, and loss of appetite
5. Loss of range of motion in the affected joints
6. Firm bumps of tissue under the skin (rheumatoid nodules)

RA can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, blood tests, and imaging studies such as X-rays or ultrasound. Treatment typically involves a combination of medications, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biologic agents. Lifestyle modifications such as exercise and physical therapy can also be helpful in managing symptoms and improving quality of life.

There is no cure for RA, but early diagnosis and aggressive treatment can help to slow the progression of the disease and reduce symptoms. With proper management, many people with RA are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.

... a third rotation results. The reverse (inverse) of a rotation is also a rotation. Thus, the rotations around a point/axis form ... Rotation around any axis can be performed by taking a rotation around the x axis, followed by a rotation around the y axis, and ... Euler rotations provide an alternative description of a rotation. It is a composition of three rotations defined as the ... These rotations are called precession, nutation, and intrinsic rotation. In flight dynamics, the principal rotations described ...
... is taken to be 27.2753 days (see below) for the purpose of Carrington rotations. Each rotation of the Sun under ... Carrington Rotation Commencement Dates 1853-2016 Carrington Rotation Start and Stop Times Carrington Rotation Number (Articles ... At the tachocline the rotation abruptly changes to solid-body rotation in the solar radiation zone. Differential rotation in ... Bartels' Rotation Number is a serial count that numbers the apparent rotations of the Sun as viewed from Earth, and is used to ...
While vegetal rotation appears to be important prior to and in the early stages of gastrulation, by stages 10.5-11, vegetal ... Vegetal rotation, a new gastrulation movement involved in the internalization of the mesoderm and endoderm in Xenopus. ... Much like bottle cell formation at the blastopore lip, vegetal rotation begins at the dorsal side of the embryo, and spreads ... Vegetal rotation is a morphogenetic movement that drives mesoderm internalization during gastrulation in amphibian embryos. The ...
In a binary search tree, a right rotation is the movement of a node, X, down to the right. This rotation assumes that X has a ... AVL trees and red-black trees are two examples of binary search trees that use a right rotation. A single right rotation is ... Right rotation refers to the following In an array, moving all items to the next higher location. The last item is moved to the ... The rotations are done to keep the cost of other methods and tree height at a minimum. Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, ...
... , or cyclonic circulation, is atmospheric motion in the same direction as a planet's rotation, as opposed to ... "Cyclonic Rotation". About.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2013. Cyclonic Rotation - AMS ... For Earth, the Coriolis effect causes cyclonic rotation to be in a counterclockwise direction in the Northern Hemisphere and ...
... may refer to: Heavy rotation, the repeated airing of a limited playlist of songs or music videos Heavy Rotation ... "Heavy Rotation" (song), a song by AKB48 Heavy Rotation, a 2006 album by Deceptikonz "Heavy Rotation", a song by Ciara from ... a song by Soul Asylum from Hang Time This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Heavy Rotation. If an ...
... is the sixth studio album by the Dead Milkmen, released in 1992. It was their first album to be released on ... Soul Rotation was produced by Ted Niceley. It marked the first time the band cut an entire album using digital recording ... Lepage, Mark (20 June 1992). "THE DEAD MILKMEN Soul Rotation". The Gazette: E2. v t e (Articles with short description, Short ... Trouser Press called Soul Rotation "the first genuinely good album of [the band's] career," writing that "the gentleness of the ...
Rotation also applies to loose products; in this case, there is usually no set sell by date, and produce must merely look fit ... Stock rotation is a way of mitigating stock loss. It is the practice, used in hospitality and retail, especially in food stores ... In the case of food, a food rotation system that organizes and rotates food cans on a first-in first-out basis (FIFO) is ... Some customers are fully aware of the practice of rotation, and will reach towards the back of the shelf in order to get newer ...
... may refer to: An operator that specifies a rotation (mathematics) Three-dimensional rotation operator Rot ( ... operator) aka Curl, a differential operator in mathematics Rotation operator (quantum mechanics) This disambiguation page lists ...
Service-based ad rotation is similar to client-side ad rotation in that it typically involves placing a small amount of ... Google's AdSense service is an example of service-based ad rotation. Ad rotation is most often used with digital display ... Ad rotation can enable publishers to inflate ad impressions by rotating many ads on top of one another so that only the top ad ... Ad rotation is the practice of showing multiple advertisements in a single location on a web page. Ads may be rotated with each ...
Heavy rotation or power rotation is a list of songs that get the most airplay on a radio station. Songs in heavy rotation will ... In broadcasting, rotation is the repeated airing of a limited playlist of songs on a radio station or satellite radio channel, ... A song placed in "lunar rotation" is one that is only played in off-peak hours, usually late at night. There can be various ... A hit song that is left out of recurrent rotation will eventually become known as a "forgotten 45", a name derived from the ...
These rotations are intrinsic rotations and the calculus behind them is similar to the Frenet-Serret formulas. Performing a ... A yaw rotation is a movement around the yaw axis of a rigid body that changes the direction it is pointing, to the left or ... The yaw rate or yaw velocity of a car, aircraft, projectile or other rigid body is the angular velocity of this rotation, or ... by the matrix of the rotation. The first aircraft to demonstrate active control about all three axes was the Wright brothers' ...
In a binary search tree, a left rotation is the movement of a node, X, down to the left. This rotation assumes that X has a ... AVL trees and red-black trees are two examples of binary search trees that use the left rotation. A single left rotation is ... Left rotation refers to the following In an array, moving all items to the next lower location. The first item is moved to the ... The rotations are done to keep the cost of other methods and tree height at a minimum. Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, ...
Beyond a simple "yes or no" answer to rotation, one may actually calculate one's rotation. To do that, one takes one's measured ... In other words, can an observer distinguish between the rotation of an observed object and their own rotation? Newton suggested ... In physics, the concept of absolute rotation-rotation independent of any external reference-is a topic of debate about ... Newton's conclusion was that rotation is absolute. Other thinkers suggest that pure logic implies only relative rotation makes ...
... or Terrell effect is the visual distortion that a passing object would appear to undergo, according to the ...
A rotation flap is a semicircular skin flap that is rotated into the defect on a fulcrum point. Rotation flaps provide the ... A drawback of rotation flaps is the extended cutting and undermining needed to create the flap, thus increasing the risk of ... ISBN 1-58890-076-2. Flap (surgery) Free flap Perforator flaps List of plastic surgery flaps Rotation flap @ eMedicine Images on ... rotation flap v t e (Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, All stub articles, Surgery stubs, Plastic surgery). ...
More complex rotation patterns are required if the vehicle has a full-size spare tire that is part of the rotation, or if there ... A common rotation pattern is to move the back wheels to the front, and the front to the back but crossing them when moving to ... Tire rotation is the practice of moving the wheels and tires of an automobile from one position to another, to ensure even tire ... Thus, tire rotation needs to occur more frequently for front-wheel drive vehicles. Turning the vehicle will cause uneven tire ...
A consistent rotation map can be used to encode a coined discrete time quantum walk on a (regular) graph. A rotation map is π ... consistent rotation map is consistently labeled. Zig-zag product Rotation system Reingold, O.; Vadhan, S.; Widgerson, A. (2000 ... In mathematics, a rotation map is a function that represents an undirected edge-labeled graph, where each vertex enumerates its ... Rotation maps were first introduced by Reingold, Vadhan and Wigderson ("Entropy waves, the zig-zag graph product, and new ...
... is one cognitive function for the person to figure out what the altered object is. Mental rotation can be ... In 1978, Steven G. Vandenberg and Allan R. Kuse developed the Mental Rotations Test (MRT) to assess mental rotation abilities ... A study investigated the effect of mental rotation on postural stability. Participants performed a MR (mental rotation) task ... Gardony, Aaron L.; Taylor, Holly A.; Brunyé, Tad T. (February 2014). "What Does Physical Rotation Reveal About Mental Rotation ...
There are different reasons a company may choose to use job rotation such as using job rotation as a learning mechanism. ... Along with the company providing the opportunities and training for job rotation, the employees who participate in job rotation ... Job rotation also gives a firm a back-up plan in the case a work-gap is created in the firm. Semco is a Brazilian firm known ... Job rotation was created for small crews to see if the company could produce a greater employee satisfaction, desire to become ...
In numerical linear algebra, a Jacobi rotation is a rotation, Qkℓ, of a 2-dimensional linear subspace of an n-dimensional inner ... with t set to zero for a null rotation. Givens rotation Householder transformation Golub, Gene H.; Van Loan, Charles F. (1996 ... but to apply the rotation, the angle itself is not required. Using Kronecker delta notation, the matrix entries can be written ... we need never explicitly compute the rotation angle θ. In fact, we can reproduce the symmetric update determined by Qkℓ by ...
The rotation period of a celestial object (e.g., star, gas giant, planet, moon, asteroid) may refer to its sidereal rotation ... Typically, the stated rotation period for a gas giant (such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) is its internal rotation ... Earth's rotation period relative to the fixed stars, called its stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference ... Rotation period of the deep interior is that of the planet's magnetic field. Seligman, Courtney. "Rotation Period and Day ...
... or Earth's spin is the rotation of planet Earth around its own axis, as well as changes in the orientation of ... Precession is a rotation of Earth's rotation axis, caused primarily by external torques from the gravity of the Sun, Moon and ... Earth rotation data and interactive analysis International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) If the Earth's ... several of the Pythagorean school believed in the rotation of Earth rather than the apparent diurnal rotation of the heavens. ...
... is a method of arranging the names of candidates on ballot papers in single transferable vote elections so as ... A similar kind of ballot rotation was introduced in St. Joseph County, Indiana, in the 1970s. The method, used for both printed ... To eliminate any donkey vote advantage, the Robson Rotation system requires ballot papers to be printed in equal-sized batches ... Robson, Neil (2004), Everybody counts : Tasmania's unique electoral system Hare-Clark with Robson Rotation, Government Printer ...
There is a strong distinction in circle rotations that depends on whether θ is rational or irrational. Rational rotations are ... Alternatively, we can use multiplicative notation for an irrational rotation by introducing the map T θ : S 1 → S 1 , T θ ( x ... In the mathematical theory of dynamical systems, an irrational rotation is a map T θ : [ 0 , 1 ] → [ 0 , 1 ] , T θ ( x ) ≜ x + ... this map becomes a rotation of a circle by a proportion θ of a full revolution (i.e., an angle of 2πθ radians). Since θ is ...
Rotation is a 1949 East German drama film directed by Wolfgang Staudte and starring Paul Esser, Irene Korb and Werner Peters. ... Rotation at IMDb (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, IMDb ID same as Wikidata, 1949 ...
A successful rotation has only taken place in Israel (first with the rotation between Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Shamir, and ... The 1984 rotation deal was non-binding; de jure, the rotation government was two successive governments, one formed in 1984 and ... Israel, which established the rotation mechanism in 1984, codified it in 2020. As of 2021[update], rotation governments have ... either the rotation has not yet taken place or the government has collapsed before it could occur. A rotation government was ...
Rotation is begun at the speed known as VR. Rotation at the correct speed and to the correct angle is important for safety ... In aviation, rotation refers to the action of applying back pressure to a control device, such as a yoke, side-stick or centre ... Over-rotation can cause a tailstrike, which can damage the underside of the tail unless prevented by a protection device such ... After rotation, the aircraft continues to accelerate until it reaches its liftoff speed VLO, at which point it leaves the ...
Kierkegaard likens the vulgar rotation method to a false conception of crop rotation, where it is imagined that the soil is ... The rotation method has two forms: the inartistic and extensive, and the artistic and intensive. The inartistic and ordinary ... The Rotation of Crops v t e (Aesthetics, Søren Kierkegaard, All stub articles, Aesthetics stubs). ... In philosopher Søren Kierkegaard's Either/Or, the rotation method is the mechanism used by higher-level aesthetes in order to ...
... , or anticyclonic circulation, is atmospheric motion in the direction opposite to a planet's rotation. For ... Anticyclonic Rotation - AMS Glossary of Meteorology v t e (Climate patterns, All stub articles, Atmospheric science stubs). ... For large-scale weather systems, greater than approximately 500 km (310 mi), anticyclonic rotation only occurs for high- ... Large, low-pressure systems, such as tropical cyclones, have cyclonic rotation. Small scale rotating atmospheric features, such ...
Its interesting because Maryland has faced the situation of integrating a new player into a key spot in the rotation only so ... In a normal year, a basketball team must deal with deletions from its rotation for various reasons. ...
The Ward Teach rotation is a 2 to 4 week rotation in the PGY-3 year which combines clinical service with mentored teaching ... During this rotation, the resident runs Morning Case Conference twice a week and one Wednesday noon conference every other week ... Each Ward Teach resident is paired with a faculty mentor for 1:1 teaching and feedback during the rotation. The conferences are ... The overall goal of the senior resident ward teach rotation is to provide residents with the opportunity to lead case ...
A woman is admitted with a bowel obstruction. What does her admission ECG show?
NIOSH Occupational Medicine Rotation Program - Frequently Asked Questions. ... How has the rotation application process changed recently? Answer: The rotations application process now uses a rotation ... The rotation has been changed from a 4-week rotation based in the NIOSH Cincinnati, OH office to a 2-week virtual rotation. ... Is the rotation open to medical students? Answer: No. This rotation is only open to physicians currently in an ACGME-accredited ...
Scientists try to figure out if wind alters the planets rotation, or if its the other way around. ... It may not be so simple to say if weather is causing changes in the rotation, as Salstein presupposes, or if rotation drives ... It may be that rotation and weather are so intricately tied that it may not make sense to speak of cause and effect. The Earth ... The Earths rotation speed can be measured using different techniques. One of the oldest ways is with multiple radio telescopes ...
Karyakin, E. , Fraser, G. , Loeser, J. and Saykally, R. (1999), Rotation-Tunneling Spectrum of the Deuterated Ammonia Dimer, ...
Will they continue to add to the rotation?. You can never have enough pitching, especially when given the opportunity to add a ... Theres good potential in a rotation that includes Soroka, Fried, Ian Anderson, Smyly and either Kyle Wright or Bryse Wilson, ... How could Smyly benefit the rotation?. Smylys effective curveball and recent four-seamer velocity increase (91.2 mph in 2019 ... Whats next for Braves rotation, Ozuna talks?. Share. ... Whats next for Braves rotation, Ozuna talks?. November 24th, ...
Go to Rotationss playlists!. สดใส แจ้งกิจ. ขบวน มุกดา. สุดา ชื่นบาน. รุ่งฤดี แพ่งผ่องใส. มาริเนอร์. ปนัดดา ฉายะภาคย
Why? If the force is perpendicular to the direction of the rotation, how can it affect the speed in that direction? F=ma and ... You would have to launch it in the direction opposite to the Earths rotation and it probably would fall back to Earth and not ... You would have to launch it in the direction opposite to the Earths rotation and it probably would fall back to Earth and not ... The object in question has momentum in the direction of the Earths rotation.Applying an upwards force does not change that.. An ...
A half-dozen or so players who have had a shot over the past two plus seasons but failed to hold onto a rotation spot remain on ... Bell and new pitching coach Derek Johnson might only need to fill one spot in the rotation this spring, but they will have no ... 2018 starters shows how the brass could improve the rotation for 2019 without doing anything drastic. ...
Scientific American is the essential guide to the most awe-inspiring advances in science and technology, explaining how they change our understanding of the world and shape our lives.
Supine Hip External Rotation. Posted on June 6, 2016 By Cornell Physical Therapy Video Platform Video Management Video ... SPEAKER: Supine hip external rotation, with leg crossed, push knee down and away from body. ...
... soul and more added to Vocalos on-air rotation this month. ... In Rotation: March 2022 Written by Vocalo Radio on March 15, ... soul and more added to Vocalos on-air rotation this month.. Treat yourself and check out Marchs "In Rotation" refresh, ... Tagged as 2022 48 under bless 1 caleb taylor featured genesis7 in rotation jada oneill lc nyauden loovy. march new music ... spinning on 91.1 FM all month long! Tracks are also available for streaming on the "In Rotation" Spotify playlist below - ...
... 21 Examples to Manage Secrets using AWS Secrets Manager CLI. by Ramesh Natarajan on March 15, 2022 ...
No changes were shown in external shoulder rotation. The men were divided into two groups, those who played baseball and those ... The sleeper stretch is an exercise that improves the range of motion and internal rotation in the shoulders. It targets the ... A 2007 study found the cross-body stretch to be more effective than the sleeper stretch in increasing internal rotation in ... of 66 men found the sleeper stretch was effective in acutely increasing internal shoulder rotation and range of motion in the ...
What is your clinical rotation this semester and what do you like about it? Tell your stories if you have any good ones to ... In Psych rotation for the 1st 8 wks of the program then on to med surg next 8 wks. I have had some pretty interesting patients ... What is your clinical rotation this semester and what do you like about it? Tell your stories if you have any good ones to ... in this rotation so far, I came into psych not really liking it from previous LPN experience but now i really like it alot. My ...
Section scans through the neck were made with the head in maximal rotation to the right or the left. Occiput, cervical spine, ... study of rotation of the cervical spine was undertaken in normal subjects aged 20 to 26 years. ... in one subject in maximal rotation of the head to one side) an axis of rotation could be constructed from the anatomic shape of ... Rotation of the cervical spine. A CT study in normal subjects Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1987 Oct;12(8):732-8. doi: 10.1097/ ...
Description of the procedures for conducting the Acuflex II Trunk Rotation flexibility test ... Acuflex II Trunk Rotation Test This page describes a flexibility test using the Acuflex II wall-mounted or free standing ... Although this test is called "trunk rotation" it actually tests the flexibility of a set of body parts, including ankles, knees ... Home , Fitness Testing , Tests , Flexibility , Trunk Rotation. ... See also the similar Simple Trunk Rotation Test.. Related Pages ...
My mah-jongg question or comment is: regarding rotation question written last November and my last question Rotation part 5: I ... How do you determine rotation, part 3 > From: Lynn P > Sent: Saturday, November 9, 2013 8:18 PM > Subject: Mah-Jongg Q+A > My ... How do you determine rotation, part 4 > From: Lynn P > Sent: Sunday, November 10, 2013 6:01 PM > Subject: Mah-Jongg Q+A > My ... How do you determine rotation, part 5 > From: Lynn P > Sent: Saturday, January 25, 2014 12:17 PM > Subject: Mah-Jongg Q+A > My ...
The ratio in todays chart turning lower tells me that a leadership rotation is occurring now. And it tells me to focus on ... Recently, weve seen a bit of a rotation away from semiconductors, as this ratio has gone from a confirmed uptrend (higher ... The Ratios Speak to Market Rotation David Keller , September 11, 2020 at 05:00 PM. ... They speak to potential leadership rotation, especially at turning points.. ...
Join Titleist as we explore a drill to improve swing rotation and arm structure. ... Swing rotation is a cornerstone of any professional golfers golf swing. ... Are you looking for a drill or training aid to improve your rotation? Titleist ... Staff Member Corey Lundberg demonstrates how ... Are you looking for a drill or training aid to improve your rotation? Titleist Staff Member Corey Lundberg demonstrates how to ...
On June 30th of this year, the International Earth Rotation and Reference System Service will add a leap second to our clocks ... Theoretical astrophysicist Norman Murray explains what gives planets their unique rotation and what might happen to life on ...
... rate of rotation are balanced by changes in the angular momentum of the core, as inferred from geomagnetic data on motion of ... Variations in the Geomagnetic Field and in the Rate of the Earths Rotation.. by Richard Henry Ball, Anne B. Kahle, Ernest H. ... Investigation of the hypothesis that variations in the earths (mantle) rate of rotation are balanced by changes in the angular ... Variations in the Geomagnetic Field and in the Rate of the Earths Rotation. RAND Corporation, RM-5717-PR, 1968. As of May 25, ...
But, general manager Brodie Van Wagenen told reporters Vargas will remain in the teams rotation. ...
Scioscia said he is not ready to switch to a lineup with Ohtani batting ahead of Albert Pujols. Coming into Saturdays game, Ohtani had a .967 OPS and Pujols had a .692 mark. "You always consider all kind of lineups, but right now I think certainly Mike (Trout), Justin (Upton) and Albert are all swinging it well," Scioscia said. "They will definitely create situations for Shohei." …. Michael Hermosillo had two hits in six at-bats in the four games he played during his first big league stint, which ended when he was optioned to make room for Jaime Barría. "Its good for him to come up here and see the beast, see what major league pitching is, get into a major league game," Scioscia said. "It helps you go down and bring some confidence and hopefully continue to grow. If he reaches his potential, hes going to be a very good major league outfielder.". ...
The 23-year-olds improvements were evident during the 2020 season and he could compete for a rotation job in 2021. ... With the Reds looking for rotation options heading into the 2021 season, Santillan could be a dark horse candidate for the job. ...
  • After long-term observations of tidal oscillations of the Earth's rotation speed and atmospheric processes, N.S. Sidorenkov from the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia has devised a model that can supposedly forecast the weather from rotation data more accurately than current meteorological methods. (livescience.com)
  • The Earth's rotation speed can be measured using different techniques. (livescience.com)
  • In this case, the whole system - comprised of the spinning Earth and swirling atmosphere - adjusts to the blustery winter months by slowing down the solid Earth's rotation. (livescience.com)
  • The Madden-Julian cycle, which is a variation in tropical weather patterns that lasts about 30 to 60 days, corresponds to changes in the Earth's rotation. (livescience.com)
  • Because the dominant relationship in Salstein's observations is between wind and rotation, he attempts to predict the Earth's rotation from long-range weather forecasts. (livescience.com)
  • Variations in the Geomagnetic Field and in the Rate of the Earth's Rotation. (rand.org)
  • Ball, Richard Henry, Anne B. Kahle, and Ernest H. Vestine, Variations in the Geomagnetic Field and in the Rate of the Earth's Rotation. (rand.org)
  • The Ward Teach rotation is a 2 to 4 week rotation in the PGY-3 year which combines clinical service with mentored teaching opportunities. (massgeneral.org)
  • The clinical service responsibilities during this rotation include admitting patients to the inpatient ward during the morning to protect the ward interns and senior residents during rounds. (massgeneral.org)
  • What is your clinical rotation this semester and what do you like about it? (allnurses.com)
  • To evaluate the indications, surgical techniques and clinical effects of the fixation of posterior malleolus in complicated external rotation ankle fractures and illuminate the importance of anatomical reduction and rigid internal fixation of posterior malleolar fracture. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nursing students make an abrupt transition from traditional classes to clinical rotations and shift work. (cdc.gov)
  • No. This rotation is only open to physicians currently in an ACGME-accredited residency program. (cdc.gov)
  • Can I attend programs from my residency program during the rotation? (cdc.gov)
  • According to Lauge-Hansen classification 13 cases of pronation -external rotation type (IV), 7 and 12 cases of supination -external rotation type (III and IV). (bvsalud.org)
  • It's interesting because Maryland has faced the situation of integrating a new player into a key spot in the rotation only so often. (washingtontimes.com)
  • Bell and new pitching coach Derek Johnson might only need to fill one spot in the rotation this spring, but they will have no shortage of options. (daytondailynews.com)
  • Surgical treatment for posterior malleolus in complicated external rotation ankle fracture]. (bvsalud.org)
  • Internal rotation with a band is an exercise that strengthens or tones the muscles that help rotate your shoulder inward, or towards your body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The sleeper stretch is an exercise that improves the range of motion and internal rotation in the shoulders. (healthline.com)
  • Instability, tightness, or loss of internal rotation in the shoulders are also issues often found in athletes who frequently use the overhead arm motion, such as baseball, tennis, and volleyball players. (healthline.com)
  • Often the sleeper stretch is one of the first methods recommended to people with limited internal rotation. (healthline.com)
  • How has the rotation format changed since the program went on hiatus in 2020 due to COVID-19? (cdc.gov)
  • Cite this: ECG Challenge: A Counterclockwise Rotation - Medscape - Jan 09, 2019. (medscape.com)
  • They ended up doing so without giving up much in terms of premium talent that is anywhere near reaching the majors, and comparing the numbers of the new guys to the Reds' 2018 starters shows how the brass could improve the rotation for 2019 without doing anything drastic. (daytondailynews.com)
  • Offering virtual rotations increases equity, allowing residents to participate without self-funded travel to Cincinnati, OH for 4 weeks. (cdc.gov)
  • By means of CT sections in the plane of the intervertebral joints (in three subjects in midposition, in one subject in maximal rotation of the head to one side) an axis of rotation could be constructed from the anatomic shape of the uncovertebral joints. (nih.gov)
  • Analysis by visual inspection indicates the use of two kinds of strategies: Mental rotation around the standard axis and comparison of orientation-free descriptions. (bvsalud.org)
  • The theory of Hall that the unciform processes are essential for rotation is confirmed and further elaborated. (nih.gov)
  • Occiput, cervical spine, and first thoracic vertebra, thus, were depicted in different degrees of rotation with respect to the sagittal plane. (nih.gov)
  • Recommendations for reducing the risk of WMSDs, including improved workplace design and rotation patterns are included in this report. (cdc.gov)
  • A virtual program would also allow the rotation to proceed even if travel restrictions were incurred again. (cdc.gov)
  • Are residents in residency programs outside of the United States eligible to apply for the NIOSH Occupational Medicine Rotation Program? (cdc.gov)
  • No. The Occupational Medicine Rotation Program is only open to applicants from U.S.-based, American Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited residency programs. (cdc.gov)
  • Rotators are welcome to contact program directors to arrange to accompany NIOSH staff if a HHE site visit occurs in their area after completing the rotation. (cdc.gov)
  • In Psych rotation for the 1st 8 wks of the program then on to med surg next 8 wks. (allnurses.com)
  • What is the duration of the rotation? (cdc.gov)
  • No. Due to the short duration of the rotation, rotators will not be allowed any outside activities. (cdc.gov)
  • Results showed that judgment time, fixation duration, number of fixations and number of switches between the objects increased with rotation angle. (bvsalud.org)
  • Please check the rotation webpage. (cdc.gov)
  • Treat yourself and check out March's "In Rotation" refresh, spinning on 91.1 FM all month long! (vocalo.org)
  • What will the work schedule/hours be for the rotation? (cdc.gov)
  • True, it would keep its velocity and initially no change would be noticeable because it takes almost 24 hours for a single rotation of Earth, but if this counteracting force was maintained long enough, wouldn't the object that the force is being applied on begin to fly away from the Earth, since it is not rotating with the planet? (physicsforums.com)
  • Is the rotation open to medical students? (cdc.gov)
  • Is the rotation open to recent residency graduates (within 6 months of graduation at application due date)? (cdc.gov)
  • A small 2008 study of 66 men found the sleeper stretch was effective in acutely increasing internal shoulder rotation and range of motion in the dominant arm of men who play baseball. (healthline.com)
  • These differences indicated the maximal degree of rotation in each of the eight segments between occiput and thoracic spine. (nih.gov)
  • The overall goal of the senior resident ward teach rotation is to provide residents with the opportunity to lead case conferences on recent pediatric admissions in a mentored setting in which they receive feedback through a structured "Resident as Educator" curriculum while simultaneously participating on the wards team as a supporting senior resident. (massgeneral.org)
  • Shortening the rotation allows NIOSH to offer this experience to more residents with the same staffing levels. (cdc.gov)
  • Patient education has become an important medical educators and an asthma clinic component in the management of bronchial where almost all residents do a rotation as asthma. (who.int)
  • Can I do a rotation shorter or longer than 2 weeks? (cdc.gov)
  • Applicants provide their top three preferred 2-week blocks for the rotation as part of their application. (cdc.gov)
  • Are you looking for a drill or training aid to improve your rotation? (titleist.com)
  • I have had some pretty interesting patients in this rotation so far, I came into psych not really liking it from previous LPN experience but now i really like it alot. (allnurses.com)
  • There's good potential in a rotation that includes Soroka, Fried, Ian Anderson, Smyly and either Kyle Wright or Bryse Wilson, but there's also a lot of uncertainty. (mlb.com)
  • They speak to potential leadership rotation, especially at turning points. (stockcharts.com)
  • Board members in favour of maintaining the current system considered that a pattern of regional rotation would necessarily restrict the choice of candidates, and would not therefore ensure that the most qualified person was elected. (who.int)
  • This rotation forecast is important to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory because they need an exact reference to send out navigation signals to their spacecraft in the far reaches of the solar system. (livescience.com)
  • In a normal year, a basketball team must deal with deletions from its rotation for various reasons. (washingtontimes.com)
  • On June 30th of this year, the International Earth Rotation and Reference System Service will add a leap second to our clocks to keep up with the gradual slowing of the Earth. (sciencefriday.com)
  • The rotation data shows oscillations over several different timescales. (livescience.com)
  • But until Soroka proves he has overcome his torn Achilles tendon and Fried shows he can build on his success in the shortened season, there's reason to question the front end of the rotation. (mlb.com)
  • He believes the warming by itself will not change the rotation speed, unless the poles warm faster than the equator - as some models do predict. (livescience.com)
  • The object in question has momentum in the direction of the Earths rotation.Applying an upwards force does not change that. (physicsforums.com)
  • The rotation has been changed from a 4-week rotation based in the NIOSH Cincinnati, OH office to a 2-week virtual rotation. (cdc.gov)
  • and (6) using the same system of regional rotation as that applied to candidatures for elective office. (who.int)
  • Section scans through the neck were made with the head in maximal rotation to the right or the left. (nih.gov)
  • The purpose of this paper is to identify the strategies used on mental rotation tasks by analyzing ocular movements. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is envisaged to organize regional training courses on global health conducted in Member States on a rotation basis.The attached working paper is submitted to the High-Level Preparatory (‎HLP)‎ Meeting for its review and recommendations. (who.int)
  • A site visit cannot be guaranteed during the 2-week rotation. (cdc.gov)
  • Will they continue to add to the rotation? (mlb.com)
  • Conclusion: After the Le Fort I osteotomy and mandibular self-rotation, the condyle remained stable occupying a new anterior-superior position in the glenoid fossa and patient's TMJ remained asymptomatic after 9 months of postoperative follow-up. (bvsalud.org)
  • In general, rotators are expected to be engaged in the rotation activities for an 8-hour workday with a 30-minute break for lunch on Monday to Friday for the 2 consecutive weeks of their rotation. (cdc.gov)
  • What are the required activities during the rotation? (cdc.gov)