AnatomyDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and Processes
Rotarod Performance TestMotor ActivityBehavior, AnimalDisease Models, AnimalPsychomotor PerformanceBack MusclesTask Performance and AnalysisNeuropsychological TestsAttentionCognitionPostural BalanceCyclizineAttention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
Rotarod Performance Test
A performance test based on forced MOTOR ACTIVITY on a rotating rod, usually by a rodent. Parameters include the riding time (seconds) or endurance. Test is used to evaluate balance and coordination of the subjects, particular in experimental animal models for neurological disorders and drug effects.
Motor Activity
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
Behavior, Animal
The observable response an animal makes to any situation.
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
Psychomotor Performance
The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.
Back Muscles
Musculature of the BACK.
Task Performance and Analysis
The detailed examination of observable activity or behavior associated with the execution or completion of a required function or unit of work.
Neuropsychological Tests
Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.
Attention
Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.
Cognition
Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.
Postural Balance
A POSTURE in which an ideal body mass distribution is achieved. Postural balance provides the body carriage stability and conditions for normal functions in stationary position or in movement, such as sitting, standing, or walking.
Cyclizine
A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935)
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)

Sodium butyrate ameliorates phenotypic expression in a transgenic mouse model of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. (1/315)

Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an inherited motor neuron disease caused by the expansion of a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract within the androgen receptor. Unifying mechanisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of polyQ-dependent neurodegenerative diseases including SBMA, Huntington disease and spinocerebellar ataxias. It has been suggested that mutant protein containing polyQ inhibits histone acetyltransferase activity, resulting in transcriptional dysfunction and subsequent neuronal dysfunction. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors alleviate neurological phenotypes in fly and mouse models of polyQ disease, although the therapeutic effect is limited by the toxicity of these compounds. We studied the therapeutic effects of sodium butyrate (SB), an HDAC inhibitor, in a transgenic mouse model of SBMA. Oral administration of SB ameliorated neurological phenotypes as well as increased acetylation of nuclear histone in neural tissues. These therapeutic effects, however, were seen only within a narrow range of SB dosage. Our results indicate that SB is a possible therapeutic agent for SBMA and other polyQ diseases, although an appropriate dose should be determined for clinical application.  (+info)

Behavioral characterization of the novel GABAB receptor-positive modulator GS39783 (N,N'-dicyclopentyl-2-methylsulfanyl-5-nitro-pyrimidine-4,6-diamine): anxiolytic-like activity without side effects associated with baclofen or benzodiazepines. (2/315)

The role of GABAB receptors in various behavioral processes has been largely defined using the prototypical GABAB receptor agonist baclofen. However, baclofen induces sedation, hypothermia and muscle relaxation, which may interfere with its use in behavioral paradigms. Although there is much evidence for a role of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the pathophysiology of anxiety, the role of GABAB receptors in these disorders is largely unclear. We recently identified GS39783 (N,N'-dicyclopentyl-2-methylsulfanyl-5-nitro-pyrimidine-4,6-diamine) as a selective allosteric positive modulator at GABAB receptors. The aim of the present study was to broadly characterize the effects of GS39783 in well-validated rodent models for motor activity, cognition, and anxiety. The following tests were included: locomotor activity in rats and mice, rotarod and traction tests (including determinations of core temperature) in mice, passive avoidance in mice and rats, elevated plus maze in rats, elevated zero maze in mice and rats, stress-induced hyperthermia in mice, and pentobarbital- and ethanol-induced sleep in mice. Unlike baclofen and/or the benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide, GS39783 had no effect in any of the tests for locomotion, cognition, temperature, or narcosis. Most interestingly, GS39783 had anxiolytic-like effects in all the tests used. Overall, the data obtained here suggest that positive modulation of GABAB receptors may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for the development of anxiolytics, with a superior side effect profile to both baclofen and benzodiazepines.  (+info)

Spinophilin blocks arrestin actions in vitro and in vivo at G protein-coupled receptors. (3/315)

Arrestin regulates almost all G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated signaling and trafficking. We report that the multidomain protein, spinophilin, antagonizes these multiple arrestin functions. Through blocking G protein receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) association with receptor-Gbetagamma complexes, spinophilin reduces arrestin-stabilized receptor phosphorylation, receptor endocytosis, and the acceleration of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity following endocytosis. Spinophilin knockout mice were more sensitive than wild-type mice to sedation elicited by stimulation of alpha2 adrenergic receptors, whereas arrestin 3 knockout mice were more resistant, indicating that the signal-promoting, rather than the signal-terminating, roles of arrestin are more important for certain response pathways. The reciprocal interactions of GPCRs with spinophilin and arrestin represent a regulatory mechanism for fine-tuning complex receptor-orchestrated cell signaling and responses.  (+info)

Characterization of Ighmbp2 in motor neurons and implications for the pathomechanism in a mouse model of human spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1). (4/315)

Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1) is caused by recessive mutations of the IGHMBP2 gene. The role of IGHMBP2 (immunoglobulin mu-binding protein 2) in the pathomechanism of motor neuron disease is unknown. We have generated antibodies against Ighmbp2 and showed that low levels of Ighmbp2 immunoreactivity are present in the nucleus of spinal motor neurons and high levels in cell bodies, axons and growth cones. Ighmbp2 protein levels are strongly reduced in neuromuscular degeneration (nmd) mice, the mouse model of SMARD1. Mutant mice show severe motor neuron degeneration before first clinical symptoms become apparent. The loss of motor neuron cell bodies in lumbar spinal cord is followed by axonal degeneration in corresponding nerves such as the femoral quadriceps and sciatic nerve and loss of axon terminals at motor endplates. Motor neuron degeneration and clinical symptoms then slowly progress until the mice die at the age of 3-4 months. In addition, myopathic changes seem to contribute to muscle weakness and especially to respiratory failure, which is characteristic of the disorder in humans. Cultured motor neurons from embryonic nmd mice did not show any abnormality with respect to survival, axonal growth or growth cone size, thus differing from motor neurons derived from, e.g. Smn (survival motor neuron) deficient mice, the model of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Our data suggest that the pathomechanism in SMARD1 is clearly distinct from other motor neuron diseases such as classic SMA.  (+info)

Protein synthesis inhibition blocks consolidation of an acrobatic motor skill. (5/315)

To investigate whether motor skill learning depends on de novo protein synthesis, adult rats were trained in an acrobatic locomotor task (accelerating rotarod) for 7 d. Animals were systemically injected with cycloheximide (CHX, 0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) 1 h before sessions 1 and 2 or sessions 2 and 3. Control rats received vehicle injections before sessions 1, 2, and 3. Although CHX did not affect improvement of performance within session 1, between-session improvement was impaired. In overtrained animals, comparable injections of CHX had no effect on rotarod performance. These findings suggest that consolidation of motor skills requires protein synthesis.  (+info)

Recovery from polyglutamine-induced neurodegeneration in conditional SCA1 transgenic mice. (6/315)

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is an autosomal dominant, polyglutamine-induced neurodegenerative disorder that results in loss of motor coordination caused primarily by a disruption of cerebellar Purkinje cell function. In this study, we developed a conditional SCA1 mouse model to examine whether stopping expression of mutant ataxin-1 alters the disease phenotype. After cessation of SCA1[82Q] transgene expression, mutant ataxin-1, including that in nuclear inclusions, was cleared rapidly from Purkinje cells. At an early stage of disease, Purkinje cell pathology and motor dysfunction were completely reversible. After halting SCA1 expression at later stages of disease, only a partial recovery was seen. Interestingly, restoration of the ability to perform a complex motor task, the accelerating Rotarod, correlated with localization of mGluR1alpha to the Purkinje cell-parallel fiber synapse. These results show that the progression of SCA1 pathogenesis is dependent on the continuous expression of mutant ataxin-1. Of note, even at a late stage of disease, Purkinje cells retain at least some ability to repair the damage caused by mutant ataxin-1.  (+info)

CNS myelin paranodes require Nkx6-2 homeoprotein transcriptional activity for normal structure. (7/315)

Homeodomain proteins play critical roles during development in cell fate determination and proliferation, but few studies have defined gene regulatory networks for this class of transcription factors in differentiated cells. Using a lacZ-knock-in strategy to ablate Nkx6-2, we find that the Nkx6-2 promoter is active embryonically in neuroblasts and postnatally in oligodendrocytes. In addition to neurological deficits, we find widespread ultrastructural abnormalities in CNS white matter and aberrant expression of three genes encoding a paranodal microtubule destabilizing protein, stathmin 1, and the paranodal cell adhesion molecules neurofascin and contactin. The involvement of these downstream proteins in cytoskeletal function and cell adhesion reveals mechanisms whereby Nkx6-2 directly or indirectly regulates axon- glial interactions at myelin paranodes. Nkx6-2 does not appear to be the central regulator of axoglial junction assembly; nonetheless, our data constitute the first evidence of such a regulatory network and provide novel insights into the mechanism and effector molecules that are involved.  (+info)

Study of antinociceptive effect of isolated fractions from Petiveria alliacea L. (tipi) in mice. (8/315)

The acetate (FA), hexanic (FH), hydroalcoholic (FHA) and precipitated hydroalcoholic (FHAppt) fractions from the root of Petiveria alliacea L. were evaluated for antinociceptive effect using the abdominal constriction induced by acetic acid, hot-plate, formalin tests. The open field and rota rod tests were used to evaluate psychomotor function and myorelaxant activity. The fractions were administered intraperitoneally in mice at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. Inhibitions of abdominal constrictions were observed with all doses of the fractions, as compared to control. FH and FHAppt, at both doses, reduced the nociception produced by formalin in the 1st (0-5 min) and 2nd (20-25 min) phases, however FHA (100, 200 mg/kg) and FA 200 mg/kg presented significant inhibition on the 1st and 2nd phases, respectively, of this test. A reduction of the locomotor activity was observed in the open field test with all the fractions. These fractions failed to affect the motor coordination in the rota rod test. Results showed that the different fractions of Petiveria alliacea L. have different antinociceptive potentials as demonstrated in the experimental models of nociception in mice, supporting folk medicine use of this plant.  (+info)

The Rotarod Performance Test is a widely used motor function assessment that measures an animal's ability to maintain balance and coordination while walking on a rotating rod, which helps evaluate the neurological status, particularly in studies involving neurodegenerative disorders or therapeutic interventions.

The Rotarod performance test is not a medical diagnosis or condition, but rather a laboratory test used in both preclinical research and clinical settings to evaluate various aspects of motor function and balance in animals, including mice and rats. The test is often used to assess the neurological status, sensorimotor function, and coordination abilities of animals following drug treatments, surgical interventions, or in models of neurodegenerative diseases.

In this test, a rodent is placed on a rotating rod with a diameter that allows the animal to comfortably grip it. The rotation speed gradually increases over time, and the researcher records how long the animal can maintain its balance and stay on the rod without falling off. This duration is referred to as the "latency to fall" or "rotarod performance."

The Rotarod performance test offers several advantages, such as its sensitivity to various neurological impairments, ease of use, and ability to provide quantitative data for statistical analysis. It can help researchers evaluate potential therapeutic interventions, monitor disease progression, and investigate the underlying mechanisms of motor function and balance in health and disease.

'Motor activity' is a medical term that refers to any voluntary or involuntary movement of the body or its parts, which is facilitated by the contraction of skeletal muscles and coordinated by the brain and nervous system.

"Motor activity" is a general term used in the field of medicine and neuroscience to refer to any kind of physical movement or action that is generated by the body's motor system. The motor system includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles that work together to produce movements such as walking, talking, reaching for an object, or even subtle actions like moving your eyes.

Motor activity can be voluntary, meaning it is initiated intentionally by the individual, or involuntary, meaning it is triggered automatically by the nervous system without conscious control. Examples of voluntary motor activity include deliberately lifting your arm or kicking a ball, while examples of involuntary motor activity include heartbeat, digestion, and reflex actions like jerking your hand away from a hot stove.

Abnormalities in motor activity can be a sign of neurological or muscular disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, cerebral palsy, or multiple sclerosis. Assessment of motor activity is often used in the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.

'Animal behavior' is a branch of biology that deals with the study of the actions and reactions of animals, including their interactions with each other and their environment, as shaped by genetic and environmental influences, and expressed through patterns of instinctive, learned, and social behaviors.

'Animal behavior' refers to the actions or responses of animals to various stimuli, including their interactions with the environment and other individuals. It is the study of the actions of animals, whether they are instinctual, learned, or a combination of both. Animal behavior includes communication, mating, foraging, predator avoidance, and social organization, among other things. The scientific study of animal behavior is called ethology. This field seeks to understand the evolutionary basis for behaviors as well as their physiological and psychological mechanisms.

'Animal disease models' refer to the use of non-human animals as experimental subjects, where specific diseases or pathological conditions are induced or replicated, to study the disease process, test potential therapies or treatments, and understand underlying mechanisms, with the aim of advancing medical and biological knowledge.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

'Psychomotor performance' is a term used to describe the coordinated physical and mental actions, such as thinking, learning, and performing tasks that require sustained attention, working memory, and problem-solving skills.

Psychomotor performance refers to the integration and coordination of mental processes (cognitive functions) with physical movements. It involves the ability to perform complex tasks that require both cognitive skills, such as thinking, remembering, and perceiving, and motor skills, such as gross and fine motor movements. Examples of psychomotor performances include driving a car, playing a musical instrument, or performing surgical procedures.

In a medical context, psychomotor performance is often used to assess an individual's ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), such as bathing, dressing, cooking, cleaning, and managing medications. Deficits in psychomotor performance can be a sign of neurological or psychiatric disorders, such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, or depression.

Assessment of psychomotor performance may involve tests that measure reaction time, coordination, speed, precision, and accuracy of movements, as well as cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. These assessments can help healthcare professionals develop appropriate treatment plans and monitor the progression of diseases or the effectiveness of interventions.

'Back muscles' is a collective term referring to the group of muscles extending from the neck to the pelvis, including extrinsic muscles that attach to the vertebral column and intrinsic muscles that originate and insert within the spinal column, which are responsible for providing support, stability, and range of motion to the back and trunk.

The back muscles, also known as the dorsal muscles, are a group of muscles that run along the length of the back and provide movement, support, and stability to the spine and vertebral column. They can be divided into three layers: superficial, intermediate, and deep. The main back muscles include:

1. Trapezius: A large, triangular muscle that covers the upper and middle back, extending from the base of the skull to the lower thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the shoulder blades. It is responsible for moving, rotating, and stabilizing the scapula and extending the head at the neck.
2. Latissimus dorsi: A broad, flat muscle that covers the lower back and sides of the torso, originating from the lower thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, iliac crest, and lower ribs, and inserting on the humerus bone. It is responsible for adducting, extending, and medially rotating the arm, as well as extending and laterally flexing the trunk.
3. Erector spinae: A group of three muscles that run along both sides of the vertebral column, from the sacrum to the cervical vertebrae. They are responsible for extending and laterally flexing the spine, as well as rotating the trunk. The three muscles are:
* Iliocostalis: The most lateral muscle, which runs along the length of the ribcage.
* Longissimus: A muscle that lies medial to iliocostalis and extends from the pelvis to the skull.
* Spinalis: The smallest and deepest muscle, located directly over the spinous processes of the vertebrae.
4. Rhomboids: Two muscles (major and minor) that lie between the shoulder blades and connect them to the thoracic vertebrae. They are responsible for retracting and rotating the scapulae, as well as stabilizing the shoulder blades during arm movements.
5. Levator scapulae: A muscle that originates from the cervical vertebrae and inserts on the superior medial border of the scapula. It is responsible for elevating and rotating the scapula, as well as assisting with neck movements.
6. Serratus anterior: A muscle that lies on the lateral chest wall and connects the ribcage to the scapula. It is responsible for protracting (pushing forward) and rotating the scapula during arm movements, such as throwing or punching.
7. Teres major and minor: Two muscles that lie between the shoulder blade and the humerus bone of the upper arm. They are responsible for adducting (pulling inward), extending, and internally rotating the arm.

'Task Performance and Analysis' in a medical context refers to the systematic examination and evaluation of healthcare professionals' performance in carrying out specific tasks, with the aim of identifying areas for improvement, optimizing workflow, and enhancing patient safety and care outcomes.

'Task Performance and Analysis' is not a commonly used medical term, but it can be found in the field of rehabilitation medicine and ergonomics. It refers to the process of evaluating and understanding how a specific task is performed, in order to identify any physical or cognitive demands placed on an individual during the performance of that task. This information can then be used to inform the design of interventions, such as workplace modifications or rehabilitation programs, aimed at improving task performance or reducing the risk of injury.

In a medical context, task performance and analysis may be used in the assessment and treatment of individuals with disabilities or injuries, to help them return to work or other activities of daily living. The analysis involves breaking down the task into its component parts, observing and measuring the physical and cognitive demands of each part, and evaluating the individual's ability to perform those demands. Based on this analysis, recommendations may be made for modifications to the task or the environment, training or education, or assistive devices that can help the individual perform the task more safely and efficiently.

Overall, task performance and analysis is a valuable tool in promoting safe and effective task performance, reducing the risk of injury, and improving functional outcomes for individuals with disabilities or injuries.

Neuropsychological tests are standardized, validated measures used to evaluate various cognitive abilities and psychological processes, allowing for the identification and quantification of strengths and weaknesses in relation to brain function and dysfunction.

Neuropsychological tests are a type of psychological assessment that measures cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and perception. These tests are used to help diagnose and understand the cognitive impact of neurological conditions, including dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders that affect the brain.

The tests are typically administered by a trained neuropsychologist and can take several hours to complete. They may involve paper-and-pencil tasks, computerized tasks, or interactive activities. The results of the tests are compared to normative data to help identify any areas of cognitive weakness or strength.

Neuropsychological testing can provide valuable information for treatment planning, rehabilitation, and assessing response to treatment. It can also be used in research to better understand the neural basis of cognition and the impact of neurological conditions on cognitive function.

'Attention' is a cognitive process of selectively concentrating on specific aspects of the sensory input while ignoring other things, which is crucial for information processing, learning, problem-solving, and communication.

In a medical or psychological context, attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on certain aspects of the environment while ignoring other things. It involves focusing mental resources on specific stimuli, sensory inputs, or internal thoughts while blocking out irrelevant distractions. Attention can be divided into different types, including:

1. Sustained attention: The ability to maintain focus on a task or stimulus over time.
2. Selective attention: The ability to concentrate on relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant ones.
3. Divided attention: The capacity to pay attention to multiple tasks or stimuli simultaneously.
4. Alternating attention: The skill of shifting focus between different tasks or stimuli as needed.

Deficits in attention are common symptoms of various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as ADHD, dementia, depression, and anxiety disorders. Assessment of attention is an essential part of neuropsychological evaluations and can be measured using various tests and tasks.

"Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and utilizing knowledge and information, including attention, memory, perception, language, problem-solving, and decision-making."

Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and utilizing information. These processes include perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. Cognitive functions allow us to interact with our environment, understand and respond to stimuli, learn new skills, and remember experiences.

In a medical context, cognitive function is often assessed as part of a neurological or psychiatric evaluation. Impairments in cognition can be caused by various factors, such as brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), infections, toxins, and mental health conditions. Assessing cognitive function helps healthcare professionals diagnose conditions, monitor disease progression, and develop treatment plans.

Postural balance is the ability to maintain, achieve, or restore body equilibrium by adjusting posture and orientation through sensory integration and neuromuscular control in response to external disturbances or internal changes.

Postural balance is the ability to maintain, achieve, or restore a state of equilibrium during any posture or activity. It involves the integration of sensory information (visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive) to control and adjust body position in space, thereby maintaining the center of gravity within the base of support. This is crucial for performing daily activities and preventing falls, especially in older adults and individuals with neurological or orthopedic conditions.

Cyclizine is a first-generation antihistamine medication with anticholinergic and anti-emetic properties, primarily used to treat and prevent motion sickness and postoperative nausea and vomiting.

Cyclizine is an antihistamine medication that is primarily used to treat and prevent motion sickness and vertigo. It works by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that helps to transmit signals in the brain that can cause symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, and vomiting.

Cyclizine may also be used to treat allergic reactions, including hay fever and hives, as well as to help relieve pain and reduce tension in muscles. It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid solutions, and is typically taken by mouth.

Like all medications, cyclizine can have side effects, which may include drowsiness, dry mouth, blurred vision, and constipation. It is important to follow the dosage instructions provided by a healthcare professional and to report any unusual or severe symptoms to a doctor.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development across multiple settings.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with hyperactivity is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. The condition is characterized by symptoms including:

1. Difficulty paying attention or staying focused on a single task
2. Impulsivity, or acting without thinking
3. Hyperactivity, or excessive fidgeting, restlessness, or talking

In order to be diagnosed with ADHD with hyperactivity, an individual must exhibit these symptoms to a degree that is developmentally inappropriate and interferes with their daily functioning. Additionally, the symptoms must have been present for at least six months and be present in multiple settings (e.g., at home, school, work).

It's important to note that ADHD can manifest differently in different people, and some individuals may experience predominantly inattentive or impulsive symptoms rather than hyperactive ones. However, when the hyperactive component is prominent, it is referred to as ADHD with hyperactivity.

Effective treatments for ADHD with hyperactivity include a combination of medication (such as stimulants) and behavioral therapy. With appropriate treatment, individuals with ADHD can learn to manage their symptoms and lead successful, fulfilling lives.

Rotarod performance test - WikipediaRotarod performance test - Wikipedia
The rotarod performance test is a performance test based on a rotating rod with forced motor activity being applied, usually by ... Alcohol markedly impairs mouse performance in the rotarod test. Research using the rotarod test with various chemical agonists ... "Rotarod Performance Test definition". Archived from the original on 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2009-11-19. Mouzon, B; Chaytow, H ( ... In the rotarod test, however, the rotation of the cylinder in experiments is mechanically driven. The advantage of this test is ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotarod_performance_test
NCB5OR Deficiency in the Cerebellum and Midbrain Leads to Dehydration and Alterations in Thirst Response, Fasted Feeding...NCB5OR Deficiency in the Cerebellum and Midbrain Leads to Dehydration and Alterations in Thirst Response, Fasted Feeding...
Rotarod Performance Test * Thirst / physiology* * Time Factors * Triiodothyronine / blood Substances * Angiotensins * Leptin ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28887630/
Plus it
... and Rotarod test performance (latency to fall; D). *p , 0.05, **p , 0.01 from the corresponding vehicle-vehicle group; #p , ... Motor coordination (Rotarod test) and spatial recognition (Y-maze test) were evaluated along the last 3 d of treatment before ... Therefore, we only analyzed Rotarod performance after training, whereas they found a Rotarod impairment only at the beginning ... Rotarod performance was analyzed along the last 3 d of treatment. Mice were subsequently killed by intracardial perfusion and ...
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/36/41/10611
NMDAR1 autoantibodies amplify behavioral phenotypes of genetic white matter inflammation: a mild encephalitis model with...NMDAR1 autoantibodies amplify behavioral phenotypes of genetic white matter inflammation: a mild encephalitis model with...
Just the final test, rotarod, did not show differences between groups, pointing to a widely normal motor performance. In ... Motor performance and learning was tested using rotarod as previously described [31, 49]. Female cKO mice, having revealed a ... requesting motor-cognitive performance; two-tailed unpaired Welchs corrected t-test or Mann-Whitney U tests; mean ± SEM. ... testing reveals again stair patterns of performance on 10 mm (K) and 8 mm (L) diameter beams, while motor performance on the ...
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-021-01392-8?error=cookies_not_supported&code=605b6347-4986-492f-afb2-34d002681912
Aluminum salts final content: chapter 2.4 - Canada.caAluminum salts final content: chapter 2.4 - Canada.ca
Decreased motor coordination as measured by performance in the rotarod test (Sahin et al. 1995), decreased grip strength, and ... No follow-up testing that evaluated cognitive performance in the children of this cohort as they aged was identified. ... Decreased performance in memory function tests (passive and active avoidance responses) was also observed in the exposed ... in adult rats and mice following oral administration from 21 to 90 days included decreased performance in the rotarod test ( ...
https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/canadian-environmental-protection-act-registry/publications/aluminum-salts-final-content/chapter-2-4.html
Registration Dossier - ECHARegistration Dossier - ECHA
Rotarod performance was tested in male rats before and immediately after exposure. The results indicated that the toxic effects ... reduced rotarod performance (Korsak et al, 1992, 1994) and changes in sensitivity to pain (Korsak et al, 1994, Gralewicz and ... test mat.. Basis for effect level:. other: based on mild CNS effects reported in humans; equivalent to 221 mg/m3. Remarks on ... 10 seconds in control) at 100 ppm m-xylene, the lowest dose tested. The variation in the response to m-xylene in these two ...
https://www.echa.europa.eu/web/guest/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/13627/7/10/1
Search - NeL.eduSearch - NeL.edu
The influence on locomotor performance was tested using the rotarod test.. RESULTS: Rilmenidine, ibuprofen, and rilmenidine- ... Rilmenidine did not impair motor coordination, as measured by the rotarod test, at antinociceptive and higher doses.. ... Synergistic interaction between rilmenidine and ibuprofen in the writhing test in mice.. Soukupova M, Dolezal T, Krsiak M. ... The PROG concentrations in supernatants were measured with RIA tests.. RESULTS: VIP, PACAP(38), PHEN and FEN stimulated PROG ...
https://www.nel.edu/journal/search/?keywords=Adrenergic%20alpha-Agonists:pharmacology
Frontiers | Antidepressant-like activity of a brain penetrant HCN channel inhibitor in miceFrontiers | Antidepressant-like activity of a brain penetrant HCN channel inhibitor in mice
... reduced marble burying and increased the time spent mobile in the Porsolt swim and tail suspension tests in both male and ... reduced marble burying and increased the time spent mobile in the Porsolt swim and tail suspension tests in both male and ... The impact of Org 34167 on locomotion and coordination were measured by performing rotarod and ledged beam tests. Org 34167 is ... The impact of Org 34167 on locomotion and coordination were measured by performing rotarod and ledged beam tests. Org 34167 is ...
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2023.1159527/full
Figures and data in TTBK2 and primary cilia are essential for the connectivity and survival of cerebellar Purkinje neurons |...Figures and data in TTBK2 and primary cilia are essential for the connectivity and survival of cerebellar Purkinje neurons |...
0.1051 for P30 accelerating rotarod test, and p=0.0161 for P90 accelerating rotarod test). (F) Steady speed rotarod performance ... p,0.0001 by unpaired students t-test, error bars indicate SEM. (D, E) Accelerating and steady speed rotarod performance test ... p=0.7819 for P30 steady speed rotarod test, and p=0.0023 for P90 steady speed rotarod test. n = 6 animals for Control, n = 4 ... A, B) Accelerating and steady speed rotarod performance test between Ttbk2c.mut and littermate Controls. Ttbk2c.mut animals ...
https://elifesciences.org/articles/51166/figures
Altered neuron excitability and synaptic plasticity in the cerebellar granular layer of juvenile prion protein knock-out mice...Altered neuron excitability and synaptic plasticity in the cerebellar granular layer of juvenile prion protein knock-out mice...
PrP0/0 mice showed low performance in the accelerating rotarod and runway tests and the functioning of 40% of granule cells was ... Scalable, Secure, Fail Safe, and High Performance Architecture for Storage, Analysis, and Alerts in a Multi-site Landslide ...
https://www.amrita.edu/publication/altered-neuron-excitability-and-synaptic-plasticity-in-the-cerebellar-granular-layer-of-juvenile-prion-protein-knock-out-mice-with-impaired-motor-control/
John Libbey Eurotext - Epileptic Disorders - Antiepileptogenesis, neuroprotection, and disease modification in the treatment...John Libbey Eurotext - Epileptic Disorders - Antiepileptogenesis, neuroprotection, and disease modification in the treatment...
LEV demonstrates low toxicity in rats and mice in an Irwin-type observation test, the rotarod test, and open-field exploration ... LEV did not alter cognitive performance of normal and amygdala kindled rats in the Morris water maze test [57]. Furthermore, at ... Animal models for testing neuroprotective effects of AEDs. A wide range of brain insults, including SE, head trauma, and stroke ... In that respect, tests of traditional AEDs in ischemia models has found that Na+ channel blockers (carbamazepine, phenytoin, ...
https://www.jle.com/en/revues/epd/e-docs/antiepileptogenesis_neuroprotection_and_disease_modification_in_the_treatment_of_epilepsy_focus_on_levetiracetam__266164/article.phtml?tab=texte
Biomedicines | Free Full-Text | Long-Term Systemic Treatment of a Mouse Model Displaying Chronic FSHD-like Pathology with...Biomedicines | Free Full-Text | Long-Term Systemic Treatment of a Mouse Model Displaying Chronic FSHD-like Pathology with...
... improved the animals performance on the rotarod test and reduced muscle fibrosis [35]. Although the results from these studies ... All data passed the normality Shapiro-Wilk test, which is the most powerful test among four common normality tests, especially ... Grip strength tests were conducted on weeks 8 and 11. Locomotor behavioral tests were conducted every 2 days during week 11 ( ... During the study, the animals underwent several behavioral and functional tests. Treadmill exhaustion tests were conducted one ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/7/1623/htm
Conformational diversity of the THF molecule in N2 matrix by means of FTIR matrix isolation experiment and Car-Parrinello...Conformational diversity of the THF molecule in N2 matrix by means of FTIR matrix isolation experiment and Car-Parrinello...
... of THF for loss of the righting reflex and failure of performance on the rotarod test were 15.18 (11.88-19.39) and 7.00 (5.22- ... The effects of THF on the impairment of motor function in the rotarod test were antagonized by pretreatment with the GABA(B) ... In addition, the performance of the centroid molecular dynamics approach to line shapes and time-correlation functions is ... Various doses of THF and GBL were studied in neurobehavioral tests to better characterize the pharmacology of THF. The TD(50)s ...
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341153850_Conformational_diversity_of_the_THF_molecule_in_N2_matrix_by_means_of_FTIR_matrix_isolation_experiment_and_Car-Parrinello_molecular_dynamics_simulations
Behavioral abnormalities in young female mice - SaneVax, Inc.Behavioral abnormalities in young female mice - SaneVax, Inc.
No significant differences were observed in the number of stairs climbed in the staircase test nor in rotarod performance, both ... Since rotarod also measures muscular strength, collectively these results indicate that differences observed in the FST were ... At six months of age, Gardasil and Al-injected mice spent significantly more time floating in the forced swimming test (FST) in ... Al-injected mice showed a significantly decreased preference for the new arm in the Y maze test (p=0.03), indicating short-term ...
https://sanevax.org/behavioral-abnormalities-in-young-female-mice/
L. fermentum probiotic may boost cognitive and immune health: Mouse dataL. fermentum probiotic may boost cognitive and immune health: Mouse data
Supplements of the probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum JDFM216 may boost cognitive performance and balance ability - for mice at ... The Korean study assessed performance in a battery of tests, including Y-maze tests, wheel running tests, accelerated rotarod ... tests, balance beam tests, and forced swimming tests, in adult mice who were supplemented with L. fermentum​ JDFM216 or a ... Gelitas PeptEndure boosts running performance in endurance athletes * MCTs paired with exercise improves health-related ...
https://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Article/2021/01/04/L.-fermentum-probiotic-may-boost-cognitive-and-immune-health-Mouse-data
The beneficial effects of berries on cognition, motor behaviour and neuronal function in ageing | British Journal of Nutrition ...The beneficial effects of berries on cognition, motor behaviour and neuronal function in ageing | British Journal of Nutrition ...
Cognitive tests. When examining cognitive performance, the berry fruit diet groups showed improved performance compared with ... 1(a)). Rotarod performance was improved by the BB diet compared with control (P,0·05), whereas the SB group latency was not ... Behavioural tests. Psychomotor testing. A battery of age- and diet-sensitive tests of psychomotor behaviour( Reference Joseph, ... Cognitive testing. The MWM test, an accepted method of testing spatial learning and memory, is an age-( Reference Ingram, ...
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/beneficial-effects-of-berries-on-cognition-motor-behaviour-and-neuronal-function-in-ageing/751902ED1F6B94DFEC9AB7FB8C89C0DA
Expression of Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 in the Spinal Cord in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral...
Neurological symptom was observed in G93A mice from 14 weeks by the tail suspension test, and rotarod performances were ...
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jphs/118/2/118_11221FP/_article
Behavioral Testing Facility | Kennedy Krieger InstituteBehavioral Testing Facility | Kennedy Krieger Institute
Rotarod (Balance, Grip Strength, Motor Coordination): The rotarod is a simple test for detecting sensorimotor deficits, in ... Beam Walking (motor performance): This task consists of placing the animal on an inclined, suspended, narrow wooden beam (1 cm ... The 4th day is habituation phase (same objects) followed by a testing period. For the testing period, one object is replaced ( ... Time on the rotarod, and number of revolutions/min at the time it falls will be recorded. Animals will receive up to 5 trials ...
https://www.kennedykrieger.org/kirby-research-center/preclinical-facility/facilities-and-instruments/behavioral-facility
Addex therapeutics :: Addex Publishes Dipraglurant Data Showing In Vivo Efficacy on Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinsons...Addex therapeutics :: Addex Publishes Dipraglurant Data Showing In Vivo Efficacy on Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's...
Dipraglurant was found to have no effect on rotarod performance or locomotor activity. ... decreasing immobility time in the forced swim test and decreasing the number of buried marbles in the marble-burying test. ...
https://www.addexpharma.com/en/investors/ad-hoc-announcements-art-53-lr/addex-publishes-dipraglurant-data-showing-vivo-efficacy-motor-and-non-motor-symptoms-parkinsons-disease/
JCI Insight - SorCS2-mediated NR2A trafficking regulates motor deficits in Huntingtons diseaseJCI Insight - SorCS2-mediated NR2A trafficking regulates motor deficits in Huntington's disease
Rotarod test. Mice of indicated genotypes were tested on the accelerating rotarod at 2 months (2m), 6 months (6m), and 10 ... No significant differences in motor performance were observed between any genotypes when mice were tested at 2 months of age. ... Q mice exhibit mild deficits in rotarod test at 10 months of age compared with WT littermates. (B) Body weight. No significant ... Inverted lid test. Inverted lid test was described previously to measure muscle strength in mice (97). Mice were placed on a ...
https://insight.jci.org/articles/view/88995
An Inverse Agonist Selective for α5 Subunit-Containing GABAA Receptors Enhances Cognition | Journal of Pharmacology and...
Lack of effect of α5IA on mouse rotarod performance. A, diazepam dose dependently and significantly impaired rotarod ... In contrast, α5IA was without effect up to the highest dose tested (10 mg/kg p.o.). B, following completion of the rotarod ... The plot of rotarod performance versus percentage of occupancy clearly shows the lack of effect of α5IA even at high levels of ... Finally, α5IA was not anxiogenic-like in the rat elevated plus maze nor did it impair performance in the mouse rotarod assay. ...
https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/316/3/1335?ijkey=97b709fad4f62a20ea60b76c5557dd400bacbd5d&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
ALS Treatments Targeting Staufen1 May Have Therapeutic Potential - Physical Therapy ProductsALS Treatments Targeting Staufen1 May Have Therapeutic Potential - Physical Therapy Products
Beginning at 12 weeks of age, mice performed significantly better on a rotarod performance test, measuring the length of time ...
https://ptproductsonline.com/industry-news/research-development/als-treatments-targeting-staufen1-may-therapeutic-potential/
EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA AND MADHUCA INDICA EXTRACTS AND FRACTIONS FOR PARKINSONS DISEASE IN MICE | Journal...EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA AND MADHUCA INDICA EXTRACTS AND FRACTIONS FOR PARKINSON'S DISEASE IN MICE | Journal...
The Rotarod, Actophotometer, and chimney test demonstrated that rotenone group administration declines performance time, ... and chimney test to assess extrapyramidal, cognitive and memory function. Later, changes in biomarker level such as reduced ... Further ,in vivo anti-PD activity has been evaluated by Rotarod, actophotometer, ... The Rotarod, Actophotometer, and chimney test demonstrated that rotenone group administration declines performance time, ...
https://jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/view/3093
Search | Preprints.orgSearch | Preprints.org
The animals were tested after 7 days of caffeine administration. Rota rod test for motor coordination showed that the mice of ... Water maze test for learning and memory showed better performance of mice receiving moderate dose of caffeine compared to the ... human intruder test (HIT), novel fruit test (NFT) and predator confrontation test (PCT). In addition, we tested whether the ... The experiments have been carried out at the 150m long guideway in O-song test track. To investigate the performance of the ...
https://www.preprints.org/search?search1=motor%20behavior&field1=keywords
Pitx3-AAV2 - Mouse - JPND Neurodegenerative Disease ResearchPitx3-AAV2 - Mouse - JPND Neurodegenerative Disease Research
No differences are observed on day1 in the rotarod test but Pitx3-AAV2 mice show no improvement of their performance over time ... 3 months post transduction: mice exhibit increased anxiety-like behavior in the open field test as evidenced by an increase in ... 3 months post transduction: mice exhibit increased spontaneous locomotor activity in the open field test. ...
https://neurodegenerationresearch.eu/models-for-parkinsons-disease/in-vivo-mammalian-models/pitx3-mice/pitx3-aav2-mouse/
Marion S. Buckwalter, MD, PhDs Profile | Stanford ProfilesMarion S. Buckwalter, MD, PhD's Profile | Stanford Profiles
Horizontal ladder test performance on day 1 after stroke was highly and reproducibly correlated with stroke size (P < 0.0001, R ... rotarod (30 days), and elevated body swing test (EBST) (36 days). No deficits were observed in an automated activity chamber. ... Horizontal ladder test performance on day 1 after stroke was highly and reproducibly correlated with stroke size (P < 0.0001, R ... We conclude that stratification by horizontal ladder test performance on day 1 identifies a subset of mice in which functional ...
https://profiles.stanford.edu/marion-buckwalter
DI-fusion Age dependence of strain determinant on mice motor coordination.
Psychomotor Performance -- physiology. Rotarod Performance Test. Sex Factors. Species Specificity. Note générale:. Comparative ... Sleep-push movement performance in elite field hockey champions with and without training specialization. par Cosendey, Killian ...
https://difusion.ulb.ac.be/vufind/Record/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/51844/Details
Propensity of Withania somnifera to Attenuate Behavioural, Biochemical by Abhilasha Sood, Aditya Kumar et al."Propensity of Withania somnifera to Attenuate Behavioural, Biochemical" by Abhilasha Sood, Aditya Kumar et al.
... by morris water maze and elevated plus maze test). MCAO animals showed significant impairment in locomotor and cognitive ... narrow beam walk and rotarod test), cognitive and anxiety-like behavioural functions ( ... Rotarod Performance Test; Stroke (drug therapy); Withania ... narrow beam walk and rotarod test), cognitive and anxiety-like ... behavioural functions (by morris water maze and elevated plus maze test). MCAO animals showed significant impairment in ...
https://scholar.barrowneuro.org/neurology/1673/

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