Roniviridae
Identification and characterization of a Penaeus monodon lymphoid cell-expressed receptor for the yellow head virus. (1/11)
The yellow head virus is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that causes significant mortality in farmed penaeid shrimp. This study sought to isolate and characterize the receptor protein used by the virus to gain entry into Penaeus monodon Oka (lymphoid) organ cells, a primary target of yellow head virus infections. Virus overlay protein binding assay on Oka organ membrane preparations identified a 65-kDa protein, and antibodies raised against this protein inhibited virus entry in primary Oka cell cultures by approximately 80%. N-terminal sequence analysis of the 65-kDa protein generated a 17-amino acid peptide fragment which was used to design degenerate primers that amplified a 1.5-kbp product from Oka organ total RNA, which was cloned and sequenced. Northern analysis and PCR were used to confirm a single RNA transcript that was expressed in most tissues. Subsequently, the mature cDNA was recloned and the expressed protein shown to cross-react with the antibody raised against the original virus binding band. Down regulation of the message through double-stranded RNA-mediated RNA interference silencing resulted in the complete inhibition of virus entry. While the identity of the clone remains unknown, it nevertheless represents the first invertebrate Nidovirus receptor isolated to date. (+info)Proteomic analysis of altered proteins in lymphoid organ of yellow head virus infected Penaeus monodon. (2/11)
(+info)Preferential suppression of yellow head virus (YHV) envelope protein gp116 in shrimp that survive challenge with YHV. (3/11)
(+info)Genetic diversity in the yellow head nidovirus complex. (4/11)
(+info)Differentially expressed genes in Penaeus monodon hemocytes following infection with yellow head virus. (5/11)
A cDNA microarray composed of 2,028 different ESTs from two shrimp species, Penaeus monodon and Masupenaeus japonicus, was employed to identify yellow head virus (YHV)-responsive genes in hemocytes of P. monodon. A total of 105 differentially expressed genes were identified and grouped into five different clusters according to their expression patterns. One of these clusters, which comprised five genes including cathepsin L-like cysteine peptidase, hypothetical proteins and unknown genes, was of particular interest because the transcripts increased rapidly (< or = 0.25 hours) and reached high expression levels in response to YHV injection. Microarray data were validated by realtime RT-PCR analyses of selected differentially expressed transcripts. In addition, comparative analysis of the hemocyte transcription levels of three of these genes between surviving and non-surviving shrimp revealed significantly higher expression levels in surviving shrimp. (+info)A virulent isolate of yellow head nidovirus contains a deformed envelope glycoprotein gp116. (6/11)
(+info)Evidence for a novel coding sequence overlapping the 5'-terminal approximately 90 codons of the gill-associated and yellow head okavirus envelope glycoprotein gene. (7/11)
(+info)Glycosylation of gp116 and gp64 envelope proteins of yellow head virus of Penaeus monodon shrimp. (8/11)
(+info)Roniviridae is a family of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses that infect invertebrates, particularly crustaceans and insects. The name "ronivirus" is derived from "**r**eovirus-**o**ffering **n**ew **i**nsect **vi**rus of the family **D**icistroviridae."
Roniviruses have a genome size of approximately 26 kb, which contains two major open reading frames (ORFs) and several smaller ORFs. The first major ORF encodes for non-structural proteins involved in viral replication, while the second major ORF encodes for structural proteins required for virion assembly.
Roniviruses are associated with significant mortality in shrimp aquaculture and have been identified as a potential threat to the industry. However, their impact on other ecosystems is not well understood.
Nidovirales is an order of viruses that includes important pathogens such as coronaviruses and arteriviruses. These viruses are characterized by their large, complex genomes and the production of nested sets of subgenomic mRNAs during replication. They have a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome and are enveloped. The name "Nidovirales" is derived from the Latin word "nidus," meaning "nest," which refers to the nested set of subgenomic mRNAs produced during replication.
Coronaviruses, which include well-known human pathogens such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 (which causes COVID-19), primarily infect the respiratory tract and can cause a range of symptoms from mild cold-like illness to severe pneumonia.
Arteriviruses, on the other hand, mainly infect animals and are associated with diseases such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in pigs and simian hemorrhagic fever in non-human primates.
It's important to note that Nidovirales have a high potential for cross-species transmission, which can lead to the emergence of new viruses with the ability to infect humans and cause disease.