RNA
A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
RNA, Small Interfering
Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.
RNA, Viral
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
RNA Editing
A process that changes the nucleotide sequence of mRNA from that of the DNA template encoding it. Some major classes of RNA editing are as follows: 1, the conversion of cytosine to uracil in mRNA; 2, the addition of variable number of guanines at pre-determined sites; and 3, the addition and deletion of uracils, templated by guide-RNAs (RNA, GUIDE).
RNA Splicing
RNA, Ribosomal
The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)
RNA, Bacterial
Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases
Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).
RNA Viruses
Viruses whose genetic material is RNA.
RNA Interference
A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.
RNA, Messenger
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
RNA, Double-Stranded
RNA consisting of two strands as opposed to the more prevalent single-stranded RNA. Most of the double-stranded segments are formed from transcription of DNA by intramolecular base-pairing of inverted complementary sequences separated by a single-stranded loop. Some double-stranded segments of RNA are normal in all organisms.
RNA, Catalytic
RNA that has catalytic activity. The catalytic RNA sequence folds to form a complex surface that can function as an enzyme in reactions with itself and other molecules. It may function even in the absence of protein. There are numerous examples of RNA species that are acted upon by catalytic RNA, however the scope of this enzyme class is not limited to a particular type of substrate.
RNA Folding
The processes of RNA tertiary structure formation.
RNA Polymerase II
A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salt than RNA polymerase I and is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.
RNA, Fungal
RNA Stability
The extent to which an RNA molecule retains its structural integrity and resists degradation by RNASE, and base-catalyzed HYDROLYSIS, under changing in vivo or in vitro conditions.
RNA, Antisense
RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes.
RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional
Post-transcriptional biological modification of messenger, transfer, or ribosomal RNAs or their precursors. It includes cleavage, methylation, thiolation, isopentenylation, pseudouridine formation, conformational changes, and association with ribosomal protein.
RNA, Transfer
The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.
RNA, Small Nuclear
Short chains of RNA (100-300 nucleotides long) that are abundant in the nucleus and usually complexed with proteins in snRNPs (RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL NUCLEAR). Many function in the processing of messenger RNA precursors. Others, the snoRNAs (RNA, SMALL NUCLEOLAR), are involved with the processing of ribosomal RNA precursors.
RNA Precursors
RNA transcripts of the DNA that are in some unfinished stage of post-transcriptional processing (RNA PROCESSING, POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL) required for function. RNA precursors may undergo several steps of RNA SPLICING during which the phosphodiester bonds at exon-intron boundaries are cleaved and the introns are excised. Consequently a new bond is formed between the ends of the exons. Resulting mature RNAs can then be used; for example, mature mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER) is used as a template for protein production.
RNA, Untranslated
RNA which does not code for protein but has some enzymatic, structural or regulatory function. Although ribosomal RNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) and transfer RNA (RNA, TRANSFER) are also untranslated RNAs they are not included in this scope.
Nucleic Acid Conformation
RNA Caps
Nucleic acid structures found on the 5' end of eukaryotic cellular and viral messenger RNA and some heterogeneous nuclear RNAs. These structures, which are positively charged, protect the above specified RNAs at their termini against attack by phosphatases and other nucleases and promote mRNA function at the level of initiation of translation. Analogs of the RNA caps (RNA CAP ANALOGS), which lack the positive charge, inhibit the initiation of protein synthesis.
Sequence Analysis, RNA
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis of an RNA SEQUENCE.
RNA, Plant
Ribonucleic acid in plants having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
RNA, Protozoan
Base Sequence
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
RNA Ligase (ATP)
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of linear RNA to a circular form by the transfer of the 5'-phosphate to the 3'-hydroxyl terminus. It also catalyzes the covalent joining of two polyribonucleotides in phosphodiester linkage. EC 6.5.1.3.
DEAD-box RNA Helicases
A large family of RNA helicases that share a common protein motif with the single letter amino acid sequence D-E-A-D (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp). In addition to RNA helicase activity, members of the DEAD-box family participate in other aspects of RNA metabolism and regulation of RNA function.
RNA Polymerase III
A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure where it transcribes DNA into RNA. It has specific requirements for cations and salt and has shown an intermediate sensitivity to alpha-amanitin in comparison to RNA polymerase I and II. EC 2.7.7.6.
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
RNA Polymerase I
A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. The enzyme functions in the nucleolar structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salts than RNA polymerase II and III and is not inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.
RNA, Nuclear
RNA, Guide
Small kinetoplastid mitochondrial RNA that plays a major role in RNA EDITING. These molecules form perfect hybrids with edited mRNA sequences and possess nucleotide sequences at their 5'-ends that are complementary to the sequences of the mRNA's immediately downstream of the pre-edited regions.
RNA, Ribosomal, 28S
Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 28S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.
RNA, Ribosomal, 18S
Constituent of the 40S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 18S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.
RNA-Binding Proteins
Proteins that bind to RNA molecules. Included here are RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS and other proteins whose function is to bind specifically to RNA.
RNA, Ribosomal, 23S
Constituent of 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes containing about 3200 nucleotides. 23S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
RNA Transport
The process of moving specific RNA molecules from one cellular compartment or region to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms.
RNA, Spliced Leader
The small RNAs which provide spliced leader sequences, SL1, SL2, SL3, SL4 and SL5 (short sequences which are joined to the 5' ends of pre-mRNAs by TRANS-SPLICING). They are found primarily in primitive eukaryotes (protozoans and nematodes).
RNA, Satellite
Small, linear single-stranded RNA molecules functionally acting as molecular parasites of certain RNA plant viruses. Satellite RNAs exhibit four characteristic traits: (1) they require helper viruses to replicate; (2) they are unnecessary for the replication of helper viruses; (3) they are encapsidated in the coat protein of the helper virus; (4) they have no extensive sequence homology to the helper virus. Thus they differ from SATELLITE VIRUSES which encode their own coat protein, and from the genomic RNA; (=RNA, VIRAL); of satellite viruses. (From Maramorosch, Viroids and Satellites, 1991, p143)
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
Amino Acid Sequence
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
RNA, Archaeal
Ribonucleic acid in archaea having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
Protein Biosynthesis
Virus Replication
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
RNA Cleavage
A reaction that severs one of the sugar-phosphate linkages of the phosphodiester backbone of RNA. It is catalyzed enzymatically, chemically, or by radiation. Cleavage may be exonucleolytic, or endonucleolytic.
Mutation
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Oligoribonucleotides
A group of ribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each ribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the ribose moieties.
RNA, Heterogeneous Nuclear
Nuclear nonribosomal RNA larger than about 1000 nucleotides, the mass of which is rapidly synthesized and degraded within the cell nucleus. Some heterogeneous nuclear RNA may be a precursor to mRNA. However, the great bulk of total hnRNA hybridizes with nuclear DNA rather than with mRNA.
Transcription, Genetic
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
RNA, Small Cytoplasmic
Small RNAs found in the cytoplasm usually complexed with proteins in scRNPs (RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL CYTOPLASMIC).
RNA 3' End Processing
The steps that generate the 3' ends of mature RNA molecules. For most mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), 3' end processing referred to as POLYADENYLATION includes the addition of POLY A.
Templates, Genetic
Macromolecular molds for the synthesis of complementary macromolecules, as in DNA REPLICATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of DNA to RNA, and GENETIC TRANSLATION of RNA into POLYPEPTIDES.
RNA, Small Untranslated
Short RNA, about 200 base pairs in length or shorter, that does not code for protein.
HeLa Cells
The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.
Ribonucleoproteins
Ribonucleases
Poly A
RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S
Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 5.8S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.
DNA
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
RNA, Long Noncoding
A class of untranslated RNA molecules that are typically greater than 200 nucleotides in length and do not code for proteins. Members of this class have been found to play roles in transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional processing, CHROMATIN REMODELING, and in the epigenetic control of chromatin.
RNA, Small Nucleolar
Small nuclear RNAs that are involved in the processing of pre-ribosomal RNA in the nucleolus. Box C/D containing snoRNAs (U14, U15, U16, U20, U21 and U24-U63) direct site-specific methylation of various ribose moieties. Box H/ACA containing snoRNAs (E2, E3, U19, U23, and U64-U72) direct the conversion of specific uridines to pseudouridine. Site-specific cleavages resulting in the mature ribosomal RNAs are directed by snoRNAs U3, U8, U14, U22 and the snoRNA components of RNase MRP and RNase P.
Binding Sites
Protein Binding
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
RNA, Complementary
Promoter Regions, Genetic
Endoribonucleases
A family of enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA. It includes EC 3.1.26.-, EC 3.1.27.-, EC 3.1.30.-, and EC 3.1.31.-.
Cell Nucleus
Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
RNA, Chloroplast
Ribonucleic acid in chloroplasts having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Models, Molecular
Plasmids
Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.
Single-Strand Specific DNA and RNA Endonucleases
Enzymes that catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of single-stranded regions of DNA or RNA molecules while leaving the double-stranded regions intact. They are particularly useful in the laboratory for producing "blunt-ended" DNA molecules from DNA with single-stranded ends and for sensitive GENETIC TECHNIQUES such as NUCLEASE PROTECTION ASSAYS that involve the detection of single-stranded DNA and RNA.
Base Pairing
RNA, Helminth
DNA Primers
Gene Expression Regulation
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Transcription Factors
Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.
RNA, Transfer, Phe
RNA, Transfer, Lys
Ribosomes
Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.
Blotting, Northern
Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.
DNA, Viral
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Oligonucleotides
Polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesized to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES). (Dorland, 28th ed)
Gene Silencing
5' Untranslated Regions
The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.
RNA, Transfer, Tyr
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.
3' Untranslated Regions
The sequence at the 3' end of messenger RNA that does not code for product. This region contains transcription and translation regulating sequences.
Amanitins
Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.
Genes, Viral
The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.
Nucleic Acid Denaturation
Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.
Transfection
The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.
Ribonuclease T1
An enzyme catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of RNA at the 3'-position of a guanylate residue. EC 3.1.27.3.
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
Cell Nucleolus
Within most types of eukaryotic CELL NUCLEUS, a distinct region, not delimited by a membrane, in which some species of rRNA (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) are synthesized and assembled into ribonucleoprotein subunits of ribosomes. In the nucleolus rRNA is transcribed from a nucleolar organizer, i.e., a group of tandemly repeated chromosomal genes which encode rRNA and which are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. (Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
HIV-1
The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.
Cell-Free System
A fractionated cell extract that maintains a biological function. A subcellular fraction isolated by ultracentrifugation or other separation techniques must first be isolated so that a process can be studied free from all of the complex side reactions that occur in a cell. The cell-free system is therefore widely used in cell biology. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p166)
Protein Structure, Tertiary
The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.
DNA, Complementary
Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.
Genes
Conserved Sequence
A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.
Viral Nonstructural Proteins
Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.
RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl
Intermediates in protein biosynthesis. The compounds are formed from amino acids, ATP and transfer RNA, a reaction catalyzed by aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. They are key compounds in the genetic translation process.
Gene Expression
The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.
Introns
RNA Splice Sites
Nucleotide sequences located at the ends of EXONS and recognized in pre-messenger RNA by SPLICEOSOMES. They are joined during the RNA SPLICING reaction, forming the junctions between exons.
RNA, Transfer, Ala
Poliovirus
A species of ENTEROVIRUS which is the causal agent of POLIOMYELITIS in humans. Three serotypes (strains) exist. Transmission is by the fecal-oral route, pharyngeal secretions, or mechanical vector (flies). Vaccines with both inactivated and live attenuated virus have proven effective in immunizing against the infection.
Cells, Cultured
Tobacco
Ribonuclease P
An RNA-containing enzyme that plays an essential role in tRNA processing by catalyzing the endonucleolytic cleavage of TRANSFER RNA precursors. It removes the extra 5'-nucleotides from tRNA precursors to generate mature tRNA molecules.
Centrifugation, Density Gradient
Cytoplasm
The part of a cell that contains the CYTOSOL and small structures excluding the CELL NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRIA; and large VACUOLES. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)
Nucleotides
Mosaic Viruses
Viruses which produce a mottled appearance of the leaves of plants.
RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase
Dactinomycin
A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)
Open Reading Frames
A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).
Gene Expression Profiling
The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.
Hepacivirus
A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
RNA, Transfer, Asp
RNA, Transfer, Met
A transfer RNA which is specific for carrying methionine to sites on the ribosomes. During initiation of protein synthesis, tRNA(f)Met in prokaryotic cells and tRNA(i)Met in eukaryotic cells binds to the start codon (CODON, INITIATOR).
Bromovirus
A genus of tripartite plant viruses in the family BROMOVIRIDAE. Transmission is by beetles. Brome mosaic virus is the type species.
Recombinant Proteins
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
Substrate Specificity
Ribonuclease H
A ribonuclease that specifically cleaves the RNA moiety of RNA:DNA hybrids. It has been isolated from a wide variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms as well as RETROVIRUSES.
Nuclear Proteins
Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.
Models, Genetic
Regulatory Sequences, Ribonucleic Acid
Sequences within RNA that regulate the processing, stability (RNA STABILITY) or translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) of RNA.
Polyribosomes
A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of RIBOSOMES held together by messenger RNA; (RNA, MESSENGER); They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro. (From Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Cell Line, Tumor
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
Exoribonucleases
A family of enzymes that catalyze the exonucleolytic cleavage of RNA. It includes EC 3.1.13.-, EC 3.1.14.-, EC 3.1.15.-, and EC 3.1.16.-. EC 3.1.-
Temperature
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
Restriction Mapping
Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.
RNA, Transfer, Gly
RNA, Transfer, His
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.
RNA, Transfer, Val
Poly U
Nodaviridae
A family of RNA viruses infecting insects and fish. There are two genera: Alphanodavirus and Betanodavirus.
Nucleic Acid Precursors
Use for nucleic acid precursors in general or for which there is no specific heading.
Virus Assembly
The assembly of VIRAL STRUCTURAL PROTEINS and nucleic acid (VIRAL DNA or VIRAL RNA) to form a VIRUS PARTICLE.
Defective Viruses
Viruses which lack a complete genome so that they cannot completely replicate or cannot form a protein coat. Some are host-dependent defectives, meaning they can replicate only in cell systems which provide the particular genetic function which they lack. Others, called SATELLITE VIRUSES, are able to replicate only when their genetic defect is complemented by a helper virus.
RNA, Transfer, Arg
RNA, Algal
Sequence Analysis, DNA
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins
A family of ribonucleoproteins that were originally found as proteins bound to nascent RNA transcripts in the form of ribonucleoprotein particles. Although considered ribonucleoproteins they are primarily classified by their protein component. They are involved in a variety of processes such as packaging of RNA and RNA TRANSPORT within the nucleus. A subset of heterogeneous-nuclear ribonucleoproteins are involved in additional functions such as nucleocytoplasmic transport (ACTIVE TRANSPORT, CELL NUCLEUS) of RNA and mRNA stability in the CYTOPLASM.
Escherichia coli Proteins
Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.
Species Specificity
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Alternative Splicing
A process whereby multiple RNA transcripts are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of other possible sets of EXONS during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form a mature RNA. The alternative forms of mature MESSENGER RNA produce PROTEIN ISOFORMS in which one part of the isoforms is common while the other parts are different.
Virion
Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear
Highly conserved nuclear RNA-protein complexes that function in RNA processing in the nucleus, including pre-mRNA splicing and pre-mRNA 3'-end processing in the nucleoplasm, and pre-rRNA processing in the nucleolus (see RIBONUCLEOPROTEINS, SMALL NUCLEOLAR).
Hepatitis Delta Virus
A defective virus, containing particles of RNA nucleoprotein in virion-like form, present in patients with acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis. It requires the presence of a hepadnavirus for full replication. This is the lone species in the genus Deltavirus.
Ribosomal Proteins
Proteins found in ribosomes. They are believed to have a catalytic function in reconstituting biologically active ribosomal subunits.
RNA, Transfer, Trp
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
Macromolecular Substances
Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.
Plants
Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.
Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.
Mutagenesis
Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.
Levivirus
Blotting, Western
Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
DNA Restriction Enzymes
Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.
Models, Biological
Exons
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.
Tombusvirus
A genus of plant viruses that infects ANGIOSPERMS. Transmission occurs mechanically and through soil, with one species transmitted via a fungal vector. The type species is Tomato bushy stunt virus.
Guanosine
A purine nucleoside that has guanine linked by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is a component of ribonucleic acid and its nucleotides play important roles in metabolism. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Polyadenylation
The addition of a tail of polyadenylic acid (POLY A) to the 3' end of mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). Polyadenylation involves recognizing the processing site signal, (AAUAAA), and cleaving of the mRNA to create a 3' OH terminal end to which poly A polymerase (POLYNUCLEOTIDE ADENYLYLTRANSFERASE) adds 60-200 adenylate residues. The 3' end processing of some messenger RNAs, such as histone mRNA, is carried out by a different process that does not include the addition of poly A as described here.
RNA, Transfer, Leu
Phenotype
Structure-Activity Relationship
Methylation
Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
Gene silencing: plants and viruses fight it out. (1/25126)
Plants can become 'immune' to attack by viruses by degrading specific viral RNA, but some plant viruses have evolved the general capacity to suppress this resistance mechanism. (+info)Structural basis for the specificity of the initiation of HIV-1 reverse transcription. (2/25126)
Initiation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcription requires specific recognition of the viral genome, tRNA3Lys, which acts as primer, and reverse transcriptase (RT). The specificity of this ternary complex is mediated by intricate interactions between HIV-1 RNA and tRNA3Lys, but remains poorly understood at the three-dimensional level. We used chemical probing to gain insight into the three-dimensional structure of the viral RNA-tRNA3Lys complex, and enzymatic footprinting to delineate regions interacting with RT. These and previous experimental data were used to derive a three-dimensional model of the initiation complex. The viral RNA and tRNA3Lys form a compact structure in which the two RNAs fold into distinct structural domains. The extended interactions between these molecules are not directly recognized by RT. Rather, they favor RT binding by preventing steric clashes between the nucleic acids and the polymerase and inducing a viral RNA-tRNA3Lys conformation which fits perfectly into the nucleic acid binding cleft of RT. Recognition of the 3' end of tRNA3Lys and of the first template nucleotides by RT is favored by a kink in the template strand promoted by the short junctions present in the previously established secondary structure. (+info)A premature termination codon interferes with the nuclear function of an exon splicing enhancer in an open reading frame-dependent manner. (3/25126)
Premature translation termination codon (PTC)-mediated effects on nuclear RNA processing have been shown to be associated with a number of human genetic diseases; however, how these PTCs mediate such effects in the nucleus is unclear. A PTC at nucleotide (nt) 2018 that lies adjacent to the 5' element of a bipartite exon splicing enhancer within the NS2-specific exon of minute virus of mice P4 promoter-generated pre-mRNA caused a decrease in the accumulated levels of P4-generated R2 mRNA relative to P4-generated R1 mRNA, although the total accumulated levels of P4 product remained the same. This effect was seen in nuclear RNA and was independent of RNA stability. The 5' and 3' elements of the bipartite NS2-specific exon enhancer are redundant in function, and when the 2018 PTC was combined with a deletion of the 3' enhancer element, the exon was skipped in the majority of the viral P4-generated product. Such exon skipping in response to a PTC, but not a missense mutation at nt 2018, could be suppressed by frame shift mutations in either exon of NS2 which reopened the NS2 open reading frame, as well as by improvement of the upstream intron 3' splice site. These results suggest that a PTC can interfere with the function of an exon splicing enhancer in an open reading frame-dependent manner and that the PTC is recognized in the nucleus. (+info)High level inhibition of HIV replication with combination RNA decoys expressed from an HIV-Tat inducible vector. (4/25126)
Intracellular immunization, an antiviral gene therapy approach based on the introduction of DNA into cells to stably express molecules for the inhibition of viral gene expression and replication, has been suggested for inhibition of HIV infection. Since the Tat and Rev proteins play a critical role in HIV regulation, RNA decoys and ribozymes of these sequences have potential as therapeutic molecular inhibitors. In the present study, we have generated several anti-HIV molecules; a tat-ribozyme, RRE, RWZ6 and TAR decoys and combinations of decoys, and tested them for inhibition of HIV-1 replication in vitro. We used T cell specific CD2 gene elements and regulatory the HIV inducible promoter to direct high level expression and a 3' UTR sequence for mRNA stabilization. We show that HIV replication was most strongly inhibited with the combination TAR + RRE decoy when compared with the single decoys or the tat-ribozyme. We also show that the Tat-inducible HIV promoter directs a higher level of steady-state transcription of decoys and inhibitors and that higher levels of expression directly relate to increased levels of inhibition of HIV infection. Furthermore, a stabilization of the 3' end of TAR + RRE inhibitor transcripts using a beta-globin 3' UTR sequence leads to an additional 15-fold increase in steady-state RNA levels. This cassette when used to express the best combination decoy inhibitor TAR + RRE, yields high level HIV inhibition for greater than 3 weeks. Taken together, both optimization for high level expression of molecular inhibitors and use of combinations of inhibitors suggest better therapeutic application in limiting the spread of HIV. (+info)Reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction for detecting p40 RNA of Borna disease virus, without risk of plasmid contamination. (5/25126)
Several methods for the detection of Borna disease virus (BDV) RNA have been reported, one being the reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR) method. However, due to the possibility of contamination of the cloned DNA in a reaction tube, false-positive results might be obtained by RT-nested PCR. To detect only BDV RNA without anxiety of contamination, we developed an RT-nested PCR system using "mRNA selective PCR kit". Using this system, cDNA of BDV p40 in the plasmid (up to 5 x 10(7) molecules) was not amplified. BDV specific sequence was amplified from total RNA (more than 50 pg) of MDCK/BDV cells, which were persistently infected with BDV. These results indicate that this mRNA selective RT-nested PCR system can specifically amplify target RNA as distinguished from plasmid contaminated. (+info)Enteroviral RNA replication in the myocardium of patients with left ventricular dysfunction and clinically suspected myocarditis. (6/25126)
BACKGROUND: Previous studies dealing with the detection of enteroviral RNA in human endomyocardial biopsies have not differentiated between latent persistence of the enteroviral genome and active viral replication. Enteroviruses that are considered important factors for the development of myocarditis have a single-strand RNA genome of positive polarity that is transcribed by a virus-encoded RNA polymerase into a minus-strand mRNA during active viral replication. The synthesis of multiple copies of minus-strand enteroviral RNA therefore occurs only at sites of active viral replication but not in tissues with mere persistence of the viral genome. METHODS AND RESULTS: We investigated enteroviral RNA replication versus enteroviral RNA persistence in endomyocardial biopsies of 45 patients with left ventricular dysfunction and clinically suspected myocarditis. Using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in conjunction with Southern blot hybridization, we established a highly sensitive assay to specifically detect plus-strand versus minus-strand enteroviral RNA in the biopsies. Plus-strand enteroviral RNA was detected in endomyocardial biopsies of 18 (40%) of 45 patients, whereas minus-strand RNA as an indication of active enteroviral RNA replication was detected in only 10 (56%) of these 18 plus-strand-positive patients. Enteroviral RNA was not found in biopsies of the control group (n=26). CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that a significant fraction of patients with left ventricular dysfunction and clinically suspected myocarditis had active enteroviral RNA replication in their myocardium (22%). Differentiation between patients with active viral replication and latent viral persistence should be particularly important in future studies evaluating different therapeutic strategies. In addition, molecular genetic detection of enteroviral genome and differentiation between replicating versus persistent viruses is possible in a single endomyocardial biopsy. (+info)HIV-associated nephropathy is a late, not early, manifestation of HIV-1 infection. (7/25126)
BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) can be the initial presentation of HIV-1 infection. As a result, many have assumed that HIVAN can occur at any point in the infection. This issue has important implications for appropriate therapy and, perhaps, for pathogenesis. Since the development of new case definitions for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and better tools to assess infection, the relationship of HIVAN to the time of AIDS infection has not been addressed. In this study, we reassessed the stage of infection at the time of HIVAN diagnosis in 10 patients, and we reviewed all previously published cases applying the new case definitions to assess stage of infection. METHODS: HIVAN was confirmed by kidney biopsy in HIV seropositive patients with azotemia and/or proteinuria. CD4+ cell count and plasma HIV-1 RNA copy number were measured. We also reviewed all published cases of HIVAN to determine if AIDS-defining conditions, by current Centers for Disease Control definitions, were present in patients with biopsy-proven HIVAN. RESULTS: Twenty HIV-1 seropositive patients with proteinuria and an elevated creatinine concentration were biopsied. HIVAN was the single most common cause of renal disease. CD4+ cell count was below 200/mm3 in all patients with HIVAN, fulfilling Centers for Disease Control criteria for an AIDS-defining condition. HIV-1 plasma RNA was detectable in all patients with HIVAN. In reviewing previous reports, an AIDS-defining condition was present in virtually all patients with HIVAN. CONCLUSION: HIVAN develops late, not early, in the course of HIV-1 infection following the development of AIDS. This likely accounts for the poor prognosis noted in previous publications and has implications for pathogenesis. In addition, given the detectable viral RNA levels, highly active antiretroviral therapy is indicated in HIVAN. Highly active antiretroviral therapy may improve survival as well as alter the natural history of HIVAN. (+info)A multistate, foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A. National Hepatitis A Investigation Team. (8/25126)
BACKGROUND: We investigated a large, foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A that occurred in February and March 1997 in Michigan and then extended the investigation to determine whether it was related to sporadic cases reported in other states among persons who had consumed frozen strawberries, the food suspected of causing the outbreak. METHODS: The cases of hepatitis A were serologically confirmed. Epidemiologic studies were conducted in the two states with sufficient numbers of cases, Michigan and Maine. Hepatitis A virus RNA detected in clinical specimens was sequenced to determine the relatedness of the virus from outbreak-related cases and other cases. RESULTS: A total of 213 cases of hepatitis A were reported from 23 schools in Michigan and 29 cases from 13 schools in Maine, with the median rate of attack ranging from 0.2 to 14 percent. Hepatitis A was associated with the consumption of frozen strawberries in a case-control study (odds ratio for the disease, 8.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.1 to 33) and a cohort study (relative risk of infection, 7.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 53) in Michigan and in a case-control study in Maine (odds ratio for infection, 3.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.0 to 14). The genetic sequences of viruses from 126 patients in Michigan and Maine were identical to one another and to those from 5 patients in Wisconsin and 7 patients in Arizona, all of whom attended schools where frozen strawberries from the same processor had been served, and to those in 2 patients from Louisiana, both of whom had consumed commercially prepared products containing frozen strawberries from the same processor. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a large outbreak of hepatitis A in Michigan that was associated with the consumption of frozen strawberries. We found apparently sporadic cases in other states that could be linked to the same source by viral genetic analysis. (+info)
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RNA - QIAGEN
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Robyn S. Klein
Neuroinflammation During RNA Viral Infections. Klein RS, Garber C, Funk KE, Salimi H, Soung A, Kanmogne M, Manivasagam S, Agner ... CCR5 limits cortical viral loads during West Nile virus infection of the central nervous system. Durrant DM, Daniels BP, ... Another goal of the Klein lab is to understand how glial cells regulate T cell activity in viral infections and autoimmune ... CSF1R antagonism limits local restimulation of antiviral CD8+ T cells during viral encephalitis. Funk KE, Klein RS. Journal of ...
Narnavirus
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Replication follows the positive-strand RNA virus replication model. Positive-strand RNA ... The genome has one open reading frame which encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The genome is associated with the ... The genus has two species: Narnaviridae Narnavirus Saccharomyces 20S RNA narnavirus Saccharomyces 23S RNA narnavirus ICTV. " ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. Espino-Vázquez AN, Bermúdez-Barrientos JR, Cabrera-Rangel JF, Córdova-López G, ...
Bacteriophage experimental evolution
Viral escape from antisense RNA. Mol. Microbiol. 28:835-846. Hibma, A. M., S. A. Jassim, and M. W. Griffiths. 1997. Infection ... Viral escape from Merril, C. R., B. Biswas, R. Carlton, N. C. Jensen, G. J. Creed, S. Zullo, and S. Adhya. 1996. Long- ... Evolvability of an RNA virus is determined by its mutational neighbourhood. Nature 406:625-628. Wichman, H. A., L. A. Scott, C ... Altered 3'-terminal RNA structure in phage Q_ adapted to host factor-less Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:10239 ...
Paramyxoviridae
UV radiation can cause dimerization of RNA, which prevents transcription by RNA polymerase. If the viral genome follows a ... Since RNA-dependent RNA polymerase does not have an error-checking function, many mutations are made when the RNA is processed ... This is probably due to the advantage of having all RNA bound by N protein (since N binds hexamers of RNA). If RNA is left ... the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase pauses to release the new mRNA when it encounters an intergenic sequence. When the RNA ...
Heinrich Pette Institute
Dynamics of Viral Structures • Systems Arbovirology • Cell Biology of RNA Viruses Associated groups: • Quantitative Virology ... Viral Transformation • Virus Immunology • Virus-Host-Interaction • Viral Zoonoses - One Health • Integrative Virology Research ... at the Heinrich Pette Institute is to develop new approaches for improved diagnostic techniques and therapies for viral ...
Yokose virus
The viral RNA is translated into a polyproteinss and then cleaved by viral and cellular proteases into the structural (C, prM, ... NS5 functions as the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. NS1 is important in the viral replication process. NS2A interacts with NS3 ... A complementary negative sense RNA strand is formed via the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (non-structural protein NS5) to create ... helps in viral assembly and recruits the viral RNA genome to membrane-bound replication complex. Secondary structures formed by ...
Benyvirus
Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method ... Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. ... The virus exits the host cell by tripartite non-tubule guided viral movement. Plant serve as the natural host. The virus is ... ". "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 12 June 2015. Index of Viruses - Benyvirus (2006). In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database ...
Teschovirus
... has a single-stranded, linear, non-segmented RNA genome. The RNA genome is positively sensed meaning that it has ... Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the virus to host receptors, which ... Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015. Malik YS, Bhat S, ...
Carmovirus
Recombination occurs by a mechanism in which the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase switches templates during RNA synthesis ( ... Mechanism of RNA recombination in carmo- and tombusviruses: evidence for template switching by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase ... RNA recombination occurs frequently during replication of carmoviruses, facilitating viral genome repair and promoting sequence ... Positive stranded rna virus transcription, using the premature termination model of subgenomic rna transcription is the method ...
Sadwavirus
Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral ... Viral replication is cytoplasmic, and is lysogenic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release". talk. ... The genome is segmented into two parts of linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA, 11000-12000 nucleotides in length, where ...
Polerovirus
Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method ... The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. The virus is transmitted via a ... Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". ...
Mitovirus
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Replication follows the positive-strand RNA virus replication model. Positive-strand RNA ... The genome has one open reading frame which encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The genome is associated with the ... Mitovirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses, in the family Mitoviridae. Fungi serve as natural hosts. There are five ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. Viralzone: Mitovirus ICTV. ...
Mimoreovirus
Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of ... Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediates ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 13 August 2015. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". ... The virus exits the host cell by monopartite non-tubule guided viral movement. Marine photosynthetic protists serve as the ...
Cryspovirus
Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of ... Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. ... ". "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 13 August 2015. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) ICTV Online Report Partitiviridae ...
Polemovirus
Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral ... Its RNA suggests a replication mode like that of poleroviruses, whereas the coat protein sequence is closely related to that of ... Viral replication is cytoplasmic, and is lysogenic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. ... CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) ...
Seadornavirus
Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of ... Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediates ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". ... The virus exits the host cell by monopartite non-tubule guided viral movement. Human, cattle, pig, mosquitoes (arthropod-borne ...
Avihepatovirus
Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method ... Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the virus to host receptors, which ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 13 August 2015. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". ...
Alphatetraviridae
Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded rna virus transcription is the method ... Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015. Viralzone: ...
Machlomovirus
Positive stranded RNA virus transcription, using the premature termination model of subgenomic RNA transcription is the method ... Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". ... The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are ...
Cripavirus
Positive stranded rna virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by viral initiation, and ... These viruses can produce proteins directly from their RNA genome upon entering a cell; and therefore, does not require an RNA ... Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 8.5-10.2kb in length, and has a VPg (genome linked viral protein) on the 5' end. ... The Cripavirus IRES is an RNA element that allows the virus to bind the ribosome and translate without a need for any ...
Vesivirus
The viral genome encodes viral structural protein. Virions consist of 1 viral structural protein (major species), or 2 Viral ... Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by RNA termination- ... Viral structural protein: Capsid protein has a molar mass of 58000-60000 Da; is the coat protein. Capsid protein has a ... Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediates ...
Lyssavirus
This rate is similar to that of other RNA viruses. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by ... Lyssavirus genomes consist of a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes five viral proteins: polymerase L, ... Replication follows the negative stranded RNA virus replication model. Negative stranded RNA virus transcription, using ... Lyssavirus (from the Greek λύσσα lyssa "rage, fury, rabies" and the Latin vīrus) is a genus of RNA viruses in the family ...
Tombusviridae
Viral DI RNAs with their small size and cis-acting elements are good templates both in vivo and in vitro on which to study RNA ... The replication process leaves a surplus of positive sense (+)RNA strands, and it is thought that not only does the viral RNA ... Downregulation of GAPDH reduced viral RNA accumulation, and eliminated the surplus of (+)RNA copies. Research has shown that ... Tomato bushy stunt virus Co-Opts the RNA-Binding Function of a Host Metabolic Enzyme for Viral Genomic RNA Synthesis. Cell Host ...
Totivirus
... es can have satellite RNAs encoding a toxin. Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by ... Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of ... and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The 5' end of the positive strand of the dsRNA genome has no cap and is very ... Totivirus is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Totiviridae. Fungi serve as natural hosts. The name of the ...
Idaeovirus
Inside the protein coat is the viral genome, which is bipartite, with the RNA strands referred to as RNA-1 and RNA-2. RNA-1 is ... and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase domains. RNA-2 is 2,231 nucleotides in length and contains two ORFs, one at the 5' end and ... Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral ... Infection has been shown to not occur if RNA-3 is either not present or is sufficiently damaged. Viral replication is ...
Kobuvirus
Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method ... Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the virus to host receptors, which ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015. Reuter G, Boros A, ... The viruses in this genus have single-stranded, linear non-segmented, positive-sense RNA genomes with lengths of approximately ...
Cheravirus
Positive stranded rna virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral ... Viral replication is cytoplasmic, and is lysogenic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link) ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". ... Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. ...
Citrivirus
Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Plants serve as the natural host. "Viral Zone". ... Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows ... the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. ...
Luteovirus
One such ORF encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Several other ORFs are present at the 3' terminus and are expressed from ... Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows ... The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. The virus is transmitted via a ... Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leaky scanning, -1 ...
Reoviridae
The reason for this is that the RNA segments are not translated at the same rate. Viral particles begin to assemble in the ... Double-stranded RNA viruses Oncolytic virus Orphan virus "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. Guglielmi, KM; Johnson, ... This procedure is performed by newly synthesized RNAs. This event ensures that one each of the 11 different RNA segments is ... In early events, the selection process occurs so that the entry of the 11 different RNA segments go in the cell. ...
Virus-Taxonomie
Xin-Cheng Qin et al.: A tick-borne segmented RNA virus contains genome segments derived from unsegmented viral ancestors, in: ... 3 RNA-Viren *3.1 Doppelsträngige RNA-Viren (dsRNA, double stranded RNA). *3.2 Einzelstrang-RNA-Viren mit negativer Polarität ( ... ss(−)RNA: negative single-stranded RNA). *3.3 Einzelstrang-RNA-Viren mit positiver Polarität (ss(+)RNA: positive single ... Einzelstrang-RNA-Viren mit negativer Polarität (ss(−)RNA: negative single-stranded RNA)[Bearbeiten , Quelltext bearbeiten]. ...
Ebola
... meningitis and other viral haemorrhagic fevers may resemble EVD.[1] Blood samples are tested for viral RNA, viral antibodies or ... viral RNA, or antibodies in blood[1]. Differential diagnosis. Malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, meningitis, other viral ... detecting the viral RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)[6][23] and detecting proteins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ... The viral RNA polymerase, encoded by the L gene, partially uncoats the nucleocapsid and transcribes the genes into positive- ...
Allolevivirus
Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded rna virus transcription is the method ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015. Viralzone: ...
Lassa fever
Ribavirin is a prodrug which appears to interfere with viral replication by inhibiting RNA-dependent nucleic acid synthesis, ... Lassa fever, also known as Lassa hemorrhagic fever (LHF), is a type of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by the Lassa virus.[1] ... Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium Lassa fever Archived 4 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Page accessed April 6, 2016 ... Clinically, Lassa fever infections are difficult to distinguish from other viral hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola and Marburg ...
SEPT5 - ويكيبيديا، الموسوعة الحرة
"Dopamine-dependent neurodegeneration in rats induced by viral vector-mediated overexpression of the parkin target protein, ...
Yellow fever
... which serves as a molecular signal to stall the exonuclease and is the only viral requirement for subgenomic flavivirus RNA ( ... The sfRNAs are a result of incomplete degradation of the viral genome by the exonuclease and are important for viral ... "An RNA Pseudoknot Is Required for Production of Yellow Fever Virus Subgenomic RNA by the Host Nuclease XRN1". Journal of ... Other viral hemorrhagic fevers, such as Ebola virus, Lassa virus, Marburg virus, and Junin virus, must be excluded as the cause ...
Picornavirus
... strand RNA genome is replicated through a double-stranded RNA intermediate that is formed using viral RDRP (RNA-Dependent RNA ... It has both icosahedral virus particles, viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and protease and viral replication proteins. But ... Also, the 3' end elements of viral RNA are significant and efficient for RNA replication of picornaviruses. The 3' end of ... The mRNA encodes RNA dependent RNA polymerase. This polymerase makes complementary minus strands of RNA, then uses them as ...
Archaea
... were split off as a third domain because of the large differences in their ribosomal RNA structure. The particular RNA ... the impact of viral infection is higher on archaea than on bacteria and virus-induced lysis of archaea accounts for up to one- ... although there are many introns in their transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA genes,[146] and introns may occur in a few protein- ... Werner F (September 2007). "Structure and function of archaeal RNA polymerases". Mol. Microbiol. 65 (6): 1395-404. doi:10.1111/ ...
TATA box
... and viral genes.[8][2] The TATA box was found in protein coding genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II.[2] ... the TATA box is found at RNA polymerase II promoter regions, although some in vitro studies have demonstrated that RNA ... "RNA polymerase III accurately initiates transcription from RNA polymerase II promoters in vitro". The Journal of Biological ... TATA-binding protein (TBP) can be recruited in two ways, by SAGA, a cofactor for RNA polymerase II, or by TFIID.[11] When ...
Caliciviridae
Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leaky scanning, and RNA ... Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediates ... Feline calicivirus "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015. ... They are positive-sense, single stranded RNA which is non-segmented. There are currently seven species in this family, divided ...
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
RNA interference (RNAi) and small-RNA biology; DNA replication; RNA splicing; signal transduction; genome structure; non-coding ... A.D. Hershey and Martha Chase, "Independent Functions of Viral Protein and Nucleic Acid in Growth of Bacteriophage," J. General ... Adrian Krainer, studies RNA splicing and developed nusinersen for treatment of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). ... Gregory Hannon (currently at CRUK Cambridge Institute), research on RNA interference, Member of the National Academy of ...
Viroplasm
This is mostly shown for plant RNA viruses. Viroplasm is the location within the infected cell where viral replication and ... Viral evolution Viral replication Novoa, R. R.; Calderita, G.; Arranz, R.; Fontana, J.; Granzow, H.; Risco, C. (Feb 2005). " ... A viroplasm is an inclusion body in a cell where viral replication and assembly occurs. They may be thought of as viral ... Some of the membrane components are used for viral replication while some others will be modified to produce viral envelopes, ...
JC virus
RNA virus. CBV. HAV (A). HCV (C). HDV (D). HEV (E). HGV (G). ... viral pneumonia. DNA virus. *Epstein-Barr virus *EBV infection/ ... RNA virus. HCV Hepatocellular carcinoma. Splenic marginal zone lymphoma. HTLV-I Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. ... RNA virus. MeV Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. LCV Lymphocytic choriomeningitis. Arbovirus encephalitis. Orthomyxoviridae ... The Spi-B factor was shown to be crucial in initiating viral replication in certain strains of transgenic mice.[10] The protein ...
Soybean vein necrosis virus
The N protein contributes to viral replication, and coats the genomic RNA within the virion. Presently the soybean thrips ( ... The L segment is 9010 nt and encodes for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The M segment is 4955 nt and to encode for ... The genome of SVNV is a negative sense single stranded RNA virus (Group V) that has three segments (S, M, and L segments). ... Like other members of Bunyavirales, this virus is enveloped and has a negative sense single-stranded RNA (−ssRNA) genome ...
Index of HIV/AIDS-related articles
... viral burden - viral core - viral culture - viral envelope - viral load - viremia - viricide - virion - virology - virus - ... RNA) - ribosome - RNA - route of administration - RT-PCR - RTI - Ryan White C.A.R.E. act ... messenger RNA - metabolism - metastasis - MHC - microbes - microbicide - Microsporidiosis - mitochondria - mitochondrial ...
NPM1 - Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre
RNA binding. • protein heterodimerization activity. • nucleic acid binding. • protein kinase binding. • core promoter binding. ... viral process. • DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest. • regulation of ... RNA polymerase II transcription coactivator activity. • transcription factor binding. • activating transcription factor binding ... 2006). «Roles of HIV-1 auxiliary proteins in viral pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions.». Cell Res. 15 (11-12): 923-34 ...
Acid alpha-glucosidase
... and use of endonuclease digestion of PCR-amplified RNA to demonstrate lack of mRNA expression from the second allele". American ...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
... of BDNF into the lateral ventricles doubled the population of newborn neurons in the adult rat olfactory bulb and viral ... RNA expression pattern. More reference expression data. Gene ontology. Molecular function. • receptor binding. • neurotrophin ...
Retrovirus
This step will also make viral enzymes and capsid proteins (8). Viral RNA will be made in the nucleus. These pieces are then ... RNA: consists of a dimer RNA. It has a cap at the 5' end and a poly(A) tail at the 3' end. The RNA genome also has terminal ... Next, some of these RNA molecules are translated into viral proteins. For example, the gag gene is translated into molecules of ... The host cell then treats the viral DNA as part of its own genome, transcribing and translating the viral genes along with the ...
ವಂಶವಾಹಿ - ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ
೪೧.೦ ೪೧.೧ Eddy SR (December 2001). "Non-coding RNA genes and the modern RNA world". Nat. Rev. Genet. 2 (12): 919-29. doi: ... Hershey, AD; Chase, M (1952). "Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage". The Journal ... ೯೦.೦ ೯೦.೧ Claverie JM (September 2005). "Fewer genes, more noncoding RNA". Science 309 (5740): 1529-30. Bibcode:2005Sci... ... Domingo, E; Escarmís, C; Sevilla, N; Moya, A; Elena, SF; Quer, J; Novella, IS; Holland, JJ (June 1996). "Basic concepts in RNA ...
Zoonosis
"Haemorrhagic fevers, Viral". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2019.. ... but there is increasing evidence from DNA and RNA sequencing, that measles, smallpox, influenza, HIV, and diphtheria came to ... Other haemorrhagic fevers (Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Dengue fever, Lassa fever, Marburg viral haemorrhagic fever, Rift ...
Caco-2
RNA interference has been used to silence the expression of individual efflux transporters, either transiently[9] or long-term. ... viral transfection research, and lipid transport.[5] ... in Caco-2 cells using lentiviral vector-based short hairpin RNA ... "Investigation of the involvement of P-gp and MRP2 in the efflux of ximelagatran and its metabolites by using short hairpin RNA ...
List of atheists in science and technology
Norman Pirie FRS (1907-1997): British biochemist and virologist co-discoverer in 1936 of viral crystallization, an important ... milestone in understanding DNA and RNA.[272]. *Henri Poincaré (1854-1912): French mathematician, theoretical physicist, ...
Cardiovirus
Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded rna virus transcription is the method ... Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the virus to host receptors, which ... "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015. ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015. Jones, MS.; Lukashov ... Translation takes place by -1 ribosomal frameshifting, viral initiation, and ribosomal skipping. The virus exits the host cell ...
RNA world
Through the process of viral infection into hosts the three domains of life evolved.[83][84] Another interesting proposal is ... Atkins JF, Gesteland RF, Cech T (2006). The RNA world: the nature of modern RNA suggests a prebiotic RNA world. Plainview, N.Y ... of RNAs with molecular properties predicted for RNAs of the RNA World constitutes an additional argument supporting the RNA ... Properties of RNA[edit]. The properties of RNA make the idea of the RNA world hypothesis conceptually plausible, though its ...
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
This also leads to decreased levels of RNA-binding protein in the nucleus, which may mean that their target RNA transcripts do ... In August 2014, a challenge went viral online, commonly known as the "ALS Ice Bucket Challenge".[131] Contestants fill a bucket ... Other RNA metabolism genes associated with ALS include ANG, SETX, and MATR3.[10] ... The zebrafish has transparent embryos that can be injected with DNA or RNA and has a lifespan of up to two years.[79] Induced ...
Innate immune system
For example, the Influenza A virus produces NS1 protein, which can bind to host and viral RNA, interact with immune signaling ... which degrades viral RNA.[23] Some viruses evade this by producing molecules which interfere with IFN production. ... RNA silencing mechanisms are also important in the plant systemic response, as they can block virus replication.[40] The ... When host cells die, either by programmed cell death (also called apoptosis) or by cell injury due to a bacterial or viral ...
Epistasis
Alternately, trans-splicing of two non-functional RNA molecules may produce a single, functional RNA. Similarly, at the protein ... "Viral quasispecies evolution". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 76 (2): 159-216. doi:10.1128/mmbr.05023-11. PMC ...
எயிட்சு - தமிழ் விக்கிப்பீடியா
2002). "Male viral load and heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 subtype E in northern Thailand". J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr ... 2005). "Mitochondrial DNA and retroviral RNA analyses of archival oral polio vaccine (OPV CHAT) materials: evidence of macaque ... Blankson JN, Persaud D, Siliciano RF (2002). "The challenge of viral reservoirs in HIV-1 infection". Annu. Rev. Med. 53: 557- ... Hurwitz BE, Klaus JR, Llabre MM, et al. (January 2007). "Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load with ...
Autophagy
... detecting single stranded RNA. Following activation of the toll-like receptor, intracellular signaling cascades are initiated, ... these findings have not been examined in non-viral systems. ... of regulatory signaling during stress particularly after viral ... "Subversion of cellular autophagosomal machinery by RNA viruses". PLoS Biol. 3 (5): e156. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030156. PMC ...
Link uncovered between viral RNA and human immune response
Bevilacqua »HIV-1 genome »Molecular Biology »PKR »RNA »RNA dimers »TAR »double-stranded RNAs »genetic material »human cells » ... Further reports about: , Bevilacqua , HIV-1 genome , Molecular Biology , PKR , RNA , RNA dimers , TAR , double-stranded RNAs , ... One way for this to happen is for the viral RNA to first form linked pairs called dimers. These RNA dimers then allow separate ... Link uncovered between viral RNA and human immune response. 06.08.2009. In its fight against an intruding virus, an enzyme in ...
quantitative viral RNA assay - Molecular Biology
Can AFM Reveal Global Viral RNA Structure?
... uncharacterized roles during the viral replication cycle. RNA structure with single-nucleotide resolution. In combination with ... we uncover several conserved RNA structures in the open reading frame of the viral genome. The… ... The genomes of RNA viruses often contain RNA structures that are crucial for translation and RNA replication and may play ... The genomes of RNA viruses often contain RNA structures that are crucial for translation and RNA replication and may play ...
Repositorio da Producao Cientifica e Intelectual da Unicamp: Gene Expression From Viral Rna Genomes
The strategies at the level of transcription presented here are synthesis of mRNA or subgenomic RNAs from viral RNA templates, ... This review is centered on the major strategies used by plant RNA viruses to produce the proteins required for virus ... leaky scanning of the initiation complex allows expression of more than one protein from the same RNA sequence. During ...
Viral Messenger RNA: Transcription, Processing, Splicing and by Joseph R. Nevins (auth.), Yechiel Becker, Julia Hadar (eds.) -...
Viral. , Viral Messenger RNA: Transcription, Processing, Splicing and by Joseph R. Nevins (auth.), Yechiel Becker, Julia Hadar ... Extra info for Viral Messenger RNA: Transcription, Processing, Splicing and Molecular Structure ... Read Online or Download Viral Messenger RNA: Transcription, Processing, Splicing and Molecular Structure PDF ... Viral Messenger RNA: Transcription, Processing, Splicing and by Joseph R. Nevins (auth.), Yechiel Becker, Julia Hadar (eds.). ...
Poliovirüs - Vikipedi
Virüs endositozla alınır, ve viral RNA serbest kalır (2). Translation of the viral RNA occurs by an IRES-mediated mechanism (3 ... The newly synthesized positive-sense RNA molecules can serve as templates for translation of more viral proteins (7) or can be ... The polyprotein is cleaved, yielding mature viral proteins (4). The positive-sense RNA serves as template for complementary ... Poliovirüs bir RNA genomu ve protein kapsülünden oluşmuştur. Genom yaklaşık 7500 nükleotid uzunluğunda olup, tek zincirlidir. ...
Viral RNA Replication Modes: Evolutionary and Dynamical Implications | SpringerLink
Sardanyés J. (2014) Viral RNA Replication Modes: Evolutionary and Dynamical Implications. In: Corral Á., Deluca A., Font-Clos F ... J. Sardanyés, F. Martínez, J.A. Daròs, S.F. Elena, Dynamics of alternative modes of RNA replication for positive-sense RNA ... L. Chao, C.U. Rang, L.E. Wong, Distribution of spontaneous mutants and inferences about the replication mode of the RNA ... F. Martínez, J. Sardanyés, J.A. Daròs, S.F. Elena, Dynamics of a plant RNA virus intracellular accumulation: stamping machine ...
Cas9-mediated targeting of viral RNA in eukaryotic cells | PNAS
To target the RNA of HCV, we engineered a small RNA, which we term an RNA-targeting guide RNA (rgRNA). The rgRNA is similar in ... Additionally, an rgRNA complementary to a portion of the 3′ UTR, necessary for replication of viral RNA, decreased viral ... 2009) RNA-guided RNA cleavage by a CRISPR RNA-Cas protein complex. Cell 139(5):945-956. ... Overall, programmable Cas9-mediated viral RNA targeting likely represents one of myriad potential applications of FnCas9 in RNA ...
Zika virus infection alters human and viral RNA | EurekAlert! Science News
These modifications -- chemical tags known as methyl groups -- influence viral replication and the human immune response. ... of California San Diego School of Medicine have discovered that Zika virus infection leads to modifications of both viral and ... the researchers removed the human enzymes responsible for adding methyl groups to viral RNA. Without m6A, the viral RNA was ... the cell modifies viral RNA with m6A as a means to get rid of the infection. RNA tagged with m6A is a beacon for human enzymes ...
Vaccines | Free Full-Text | Replicon RNA Viral Vectors as Vaccines
Replicon RNA vectors have also been subjected to clinical trials. Overall, immunization with self-replicating RNA viruses ... Immunization of mice, chicken, pigs and primates with virus-like particles, naked RNA or layered DNA/RNA plasmids has provided ... Administration of replicon RNA vectors has resulted in strong immune responses and generation of neutralizing antibodies in ... Moreover, recombinant particles and replicon RNAs have been encapsulated by liposomes to improve delivery and targeting. ...
Viral RNA detection by RIG-I-like receptors
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) detect viral RNA as a non-self pattern in the cytoplasm and ... detect viral RNA as a non-self pattern in the cytoplasm and activate downstream signaling. Detection of viral RNA also ... Viral RNA detection by RIG-I-like receptors Curr Opin Immunol. 2015 Feb;32:48-53. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.12.012. Epub 2015 Jan ... Among the three RLR family members RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) recognize distinct viral RNA ...
Viral RNA Extraction Performance - Beckman Coulter
RNAdvance Viral and RNAdvance Viral XP, preform with documented data and downstream RT-PCR workflows. ... See how Beckman Coulters viral RNA extraction reagent kits, ... Viral RNA Extraction Performance Data. RNAdvance Viral and ... Product Information: Viral RNA Extraction Reagent Kits. RNAdvance Viral Reagent Kit - 768 Preps. Part number: C63510 ... Viral RNA extraction begins with lysis of the viral capsid from a variety of sample inputs, including saliva and nasopharyngeal ...
RNA viral community in human feces: prevalence of plant pathogenic viruses. - PubMed - NCBI
Many RNA viruses are known to be associated with gastroenteritis; however, the enteric RNA viral community present in healthy ... and viral RNA was extracted and cloned into shotgun viral cDNA libraries for sequencing analysis. The vast majority of the ... RNA viral community in human feces: prevalence of plant pathogenic viruses.. Zhang T1, Breitbart M, Lee WH, Run JQ, Wei CL, Soh ... C) RNA viruses were directly detected by RT-PCR from the total RNA of fecal sample 2: PMMV (lane 1), MCMV (lane 2), PBV, ...
Influenza viral RNA synthesis
However, the mRNAs are not complete copies of the viral (-) strand RNAs - they are missing sequen ... These molecules are then transported back to the cytoplasm, where they direct the synthesis of viral proteins. ... strand influenza viral RNAs enter the nucleus, they serve as templates for the synthesis of mRNAs. ... All influenza viral RNA synthesis is carried out by the viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase. The cap plus10-13 nucleotides are ...
PHASE Scientific Announces CE Mark Approval for the PHASIFY(TM) VIRAL RNA Extraction Kit
VIRAL RNA Extraction Kit. The CE marking confirms that PHASIFY™ VIRAL complies with the European In-Vitro Diagnostic Devices ... The PHASIFY™ VIRAL RNA Extraction Kit is designed to purify and concentrate viral RNA in patient viral transport media samples ... Utilizing PHASIFY™ VIRAL RNA extraction can result in 15-30-fold greater amount of viral RNA for standard RT-qPCR analyses, ... of the total viral RNA available for analyses. That suggests the current viral RNA extraction kits play a major role in ...
Viral reorganization of the secretory pathway generates distinct organelles for RNA replication. - PubMed - NCBI
A) Viral RNA and viral replication protein (3A, 3Dpol) subcellular distribution in early stages of CVB3 RNA replication.. (B) ... Viral RNA and viral replication protein (3A, 3Dpol) subcellular distribution at peak stages of CVB3 RNA replication. See also . ... J and K) PI4KIIIβ activity regulates viral RNA synthesis. Cell-free PV RNA translation (J) and synthesis (K) assays performed ... Viral reorganization of the secretory pathway generates distinct organelles for RNA replication.. Hsu NY1, Ilnytska O, Belov G ...
Advanced Cryo-EM reveals viral RNA replication complex structure in stunning detail
... scientists at the Morgridge Institute for Research have generated near atomic resolution images of a major viral protein ... In each positive-strand RNA virus, most of the viral genes are devoted to a single process: replicating the viral RNA genome. ... This prior work further showed that the key viral protein that induces the replication vesicles and copies the viral RNA ... The viral RNA replication protein that forms the crown is an extremely large, multi-domain, multi-functional protein, nearly ...
Viral vector-mediated RNA interference.
Abstract RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful gene silencing mechanism that if properly harnessed has the potential to ... Delivery of inhibitory RNAs to target tissues needs to be safe, efficient, and for many diseases, long-lasting, in order to ... Viral vector systems, based on adeno-associated viruses and lentiviruses, are ideally suited to mediate RNAi because they can ... Abstract RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful gene silencing mechanism that if properly harnessed has the potential to ...
PureLink Viral RNA/DNA Mini Kit - Thermo Fisher Scientific
The PureLink Viral Mini Kit is specifically designed to isolate high-q ... The PureLink Viral RNA/DNA Mini Kit provides a rapid and efficient method to simultaneously purify viral RNA/DNA from fresh or ... The PureLink® Viral RNA/DNA Mini Kit provides a rapid and efficient method to simultaneously purify viral RNA/DNA from fresh or ... The PureLink® Viral RNA/DNA Mini Kit contains enough reagents for 50 reactions.. Kit Contents:. • 32 ml Viral Lysis buffer (L22 ...
Viral Messenger RNA | Springer for Research & Development
The nucleotide sequence of the gene from which messenger RNA mole- cules are transcribed is in a form that can be translated by ... The Interactions of Viral Proteins with Rous Sarcoma Virus RNA and Possible Control of Reverse Transcription, Translation and ... The Interaction between Viral Messenger RNA and Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2, a Protein Involved in Translational Control ... This volume is devoted to current studies in the field of cellular and viral messenger RNA. The studies presented provide an ...
Microbial Transcriptomics | Bacterial and viral RNA-Seq
RNA-Seq) offers an unbiased approach for analyzing and quantifying bacterial, viral, and other microbial transcripts. ... RNA-Seq for Microbial Transcript Analysis. Bacterial, viral, and other microbial RNA-Seq experiments enable annotation and ... Note: If using the TruSeq RNA library prep kit, you will NOT need to extract RNA and transcribe to cDNA. If you use an RNA ... Next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of bacteria, viruses, and other microbes has become a standard method for analyzing ...
Maxwell® RSC Viral Total Nucleic Acid Purification Kit | Viral RNA | Viral DNA
RNA and DNA) from serum, plasma or other samples using the Maxwell RSC Instrument. ... The Maxwell RSC Viral Total Nucleic Acid Purification Kit is designed for automated extraction of viral total nucleic acid ( ... Automated Purification of Viral Total Nucleic Acid. *Extracts viral total nucleic acid (RNA and DNA) from serum, plasma and ... RSC Viral Total Nucleic Acid Purification Kit is designed for automated extraction of viral total nucleic acid (RNA and DNA) ...
A Viral RNA Structural Element Alters Host Recognition of Nonself RNA | Science
A Viral RNA Structural Element Alters Host Recognition of Nonself RNA Message Subject. (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you ... A Viral RNA Structural Element Alters Host Recognition of Nonself RNA. By Jennifer L. Hyde, Christina L. Gardner, Taishi Kimura ... A Viral RNA Structural Element Alters Host Recognition of Nonself RNA. By Jennifer L. Hyde, Christina L. Gardner, Taishi Kimura ... As an example, 2-O methylation of the 5′ cap of viral RNA subverts mammalian antiviral responses by evading restriction of ...
Thermo Scientific MagJET Viral DNA and RNA Kit For 96 preparations:Life
Thermo Scientific MagJET Viral DNA and RNA Kit For 96 preparations Life Sciences:Biochemicals and Reagents:DNA Extraction and ... Thermo Scientific MagJET Viral DNA and RNA Kit Purifies viral nucleic acids from human and animal samples, including plasma, ... Quality Control:The MagJET Viral DNA and RNA Kit has been tested by isolating DNA and RNA from 200 µL of human plasma spiked ... The Thermo Scientific MagJET Viral DNA and RNA Kit is designed for fast and efficient purification of viral nucleic acids from ...
Single POC test detecting HIV antibodies, viral RNA in development
Quick-DNA/RNA Viral Kit
... saliva and any other biological samples stored in DNA/RNA Shield. DNA/RNA Shield ensures nucleic acid stability during sample ... The Quick-DNA/RNA Viral Kit is a fast viral DNA/RNA purification kit for viral DNA and RNA from plasma, serum, cell culture ... The Quick-DNA/RNA Viral Kit is a fast viral DNA/RNA purification kit for viral DNA and RNA from plasma, serum, cell culture ... Viral DNA/RNA is bound to the column, washed, and eluted. The isolated high-quality viral DNA/RNA are ready for all downstream ...
Reply to Finol: Viral small RNA from Dengue virus and its regulatory role in different serotypes | PNAS
Reply to Finol: Viral small RNA from Dengue virus and its regulatory role in different serotypes. Mazhar Hussain and Sassan ... Reply to Finol: Viral small RNA from Dengue virus and its regulatory role in different serotypes ... Are viral small RNA regulating Dengue virus replication beyond serotype 2? - July 14, 2014 ...
New study shows promise in using RNA nanotechnology to treat cancers and viral infections | EurekAlert! Science News
A new study by University of Kentucky researchers shows promise for developing ultrastable RNA nanoparticles that may help ... treat cancer and viral infections by regulating cell function and binding to cancers without harming surrounding tissue. ... Their RNA nanoparticles can include small interfering RNA for silencing genes, micro-RNA for regulating gene expression, ... New study shows promise in using RNA nanotechnology to treat cancers and viral infections. University of Kentucky ...
Truncated yet functional viral protein produced via RNA polymerase slippage implies underestimated coding capacity of RNA...
... via transcriptional slippage of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). We herein show that clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV ... Deep sequencing of ClYVV RNA from infected plants endorses the slippage by viral RdRp. Our findings unveil a virus strategy ... RNA viruses use various strategies to condense their genetic information into small genomes. Potyviruses not only use the ... The RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase NIb of Potyviruses Plays Multifunctional, Contrasting Roles during Viral Infection *Wentao ...
Nuclear Export of Viral RNAs by Joachim Hauber, P. K. Vogt | Waterstones
Buy Nuclear Export of Viral RNAs by Joachim Hauber, P. K. Vogt from Waterstones today! Click and Collect from your local ... Nuclear Export of Viral RNAs - Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 259 (Paperback). Joachim Hauber (editor), P. K. ... CRM I appears to be involved in the nucleocytoplasmic translocation of the vast majority of viral and cellular proteins that ...
Viral RNA/DNA Purification | Thermo Fisher Scientific - US
Viral RNA and DNA capture, purification and qRT-PCR and qPCR analyses; featuring PureLink™, RNA UltraSense™, & Dynabeads® ... Specific Capture of Viral RNA/DNA Target a specific viral RNA or DNA sequence and capture only that specific nucleic acid ... Dynabeads® SILANE Viral RNA/DNA Sensitive and highly consistent isolation of viral RNA and DNA from cell-free samples. These ... Viral RNA/DNA purification Both spin-column and 96-well plate kits are designed for fast and easy isolation of viral RNA or DNA ...
British Library EThOS: Viral vector-mediated RNA interference in the retina
RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly conserved post-transcriptional gene silencing process triggered by double-stranded RNA ( ... The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the efficacy of viral vector-mediated RNAi in the retina using recombinant adeno- ... The efficient gene silencing achieved by these short hairpin RNA (shRNA) molecules and the cumulative understanding of the RNAi ... A detailed assessment of the utility and extend of RNAi in the retina using different viral vectors and hairpin designs is ...
Structure Cluster
- 1L2X: Atomic Resolution Crystal Structure of a Viral RNA Pseudoknot 3D Similarity Report Page
ReplicationVirusesProteinsGenomeRibonucleicSynthesisSubgenomicPoliovirusCopiesRecombinantDetectionMechanismReplicationGenomesGenomicSingle-strandedAbstract RNACellularGene expressionAssaysIntracellularSerumNucleic acidMutationsDsRNAGenesMembranesSiRNAVector-mediated RNA interferenceLysis BufferBiologicalInterferencePurification of high-qualityInhibition of viralReplicateIsolation of viralHigh-quality viralSARS-CoV-2 RNAMoleculeInfectionsAmount of viralDetectableCapsidSmall inteFunctionalImmuneInhibitBindsSpeciesTherapeuticKineticsStructuresDesigned to purifyMutantsGeneticSuppressionMRNAPathogenicEndogenousDownstreamInfectiousEukaryoticCellsAnalyses
Replication2
- The genomes of RNA viruses often contain RNA structures that are crucial for translation and RNA replication and may play additional, uncharacterized roles during the viral replication cycle. (wordpress.com)
- These structures are crucial for translation and replication of the viral genome and may play additional roles in other processes, such as genome packaging and modulation of the host antiviral response. (wordpress.com)
Viruses2
- The genomes of RNA viruses, such as poliovirus (PV), often contain complex RNA secondary and tertiary structures. (wordpress.com)
- The present invention also relates to viruses containing the viral vectors which are infective, production cells which are capable of producing the viruses or parts thereof, a host infected by the viruses of the invention, the gene products produced by expression of the viral nucleic acids and a process for the production of a desired product by growing the infected hosts. (epo.org)
Proteins2
- The polyprotein is cleaved, yielding mature viral proteins (4). (wikipedia.org)
- The newly synthesized positive-sense RNA molecules can serve as templates for translation of more viral proteins (7) or can be enclosed in a capsid (8), which ultimately generates progeny virions. (wikipedia.org)
Genome2
- In combination with orthogonal evolutionary analyses, we uncover several conserved RNA structures in the open reading frame of the viral genome. (wordpress.com)
- We identified many regions of the poliovirus genome where SHAPE data indicate that nucleotide flexibility is constrained, suggesting that the RNA is folded into secondary and/or tertiary structures. (wordpress.com)
Ribonucleic1
- Houston, Oct. 23, 2013 /PRNEWSWIRE/ -- Online STD Testing Service , Stdcheck.com is Revolutionizing the HIV Screening Process with Their New, 4th Generation FDA-Approved Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Test. (stdcheck.com)
Synthesis1
- The positive-sense RNA serves as template for complementary negative-strand synthesis, producing double-stranded replicative form (RF) RNA(5). (wikipedia.org)
Subgenomic1
- The first and second viral subgenomic promoters of the recombinant viral nucleic acid do not have homologous sequences relative to each other. (epo.org)
Poliovirus2
- We have used SHAPE to interrogate authentic full-length poliovirus genomic RNA extracted, in a gentle and non-denaturing manner, from purified virions. (wordpress.com)
- Kısa genom ve basit kompozisyon olması sebebiyle sadece RNA ve-poliovirus, bu kapsüller olmayan bir zarflı Ikosahedral protein tabakası nedeniyle yaygın basit anlamlı bir virüs olarak kabul edilir. (wikipedia.org)
Copies1
- Many positive strand RNA copies are produced from the single negative strand (6). (wikipedia.org)
Recombinant1
- The recombinant viral nucleic acid provides the particular advantage that it systematically transcribes the second nucleic acid in the host. (epo.org)
Detection1
- The RNA HIV early detection test is available individually or as part of that comprehensive package. (stdcheck.com)
Mechanism1
- Translation of the viral RNA occurs by an IRES-mediated mechanism (3). (wikipedia.org)
Replication86
- F. Martínez, J. Sardanyés, J.A. Daròs, S.F. Elena, Dynamics of a plant RNA virus intracellular accumulation: stamping machine versus geometric replication. (springer.com)
- J. Sardanyés, S.F. Elena, Quasispecies spatial models for RNA viruses with different replication modes and infection strategies. (springer.com)
- J. Sardanyés, F. Martínez, J.A. Daròs, S.F. Elena, Dynamics of alternative modes of RNA replication for positive-sense RNA viruses. (springer.com)
- J. Sardanyés, R.V. Solé, S.F. Elena, Replication mode and landscape topology differentially affect RNA virus mutational load and robustness. (springer.com)
- These modifications -- chemical tags known as methyl groups -- influence viral replication and the human immune response. (eurekalert.org)
- Without m6A, the viral RNA was more stable and viral replication increased, as compared to human cells with normal methylation enzymes. (eurekalert.org)
- Viral reorganization of the secretory pathway generates distinct organelles for RNA replication. (nih.gov)
- Many RNA viruses remodel intracellular membranes to generate specialized sites for RNA replication. (nih.gov)
- Here we show how RNA viruses can manipulate multiple components of the cellular secretory pathway to generate organelles specialized for replication that are distinct in protein and lipid composition from the host cell. (nih.gov)
- These findings reveal how RNA viruses can selectively exploit specific elements of the host to form specialized organelles where cellular phosphoinositide lipids are key to regulating viral RNA replication. (nih.gov)
- A) Viral RNA and viral replication protein (3A, 3D pol ) subcellular distribution in early stages of CVB3 RNA replication. (nih.gov)
- B) Viral RNA and viral replication protein (3A, 3D pol ) subcellular distribution at peak stages of CVB3 RNA replication. (nih.gov)
- F) Arf1 and GBF1 facilitate viral RNA replication. (nih.gov)
- G) Functional ER exit sites facilitate viral RNA replication. (nih.gov)
- Advanced cryo-EM imaging reveals high-resolution side and top views of the viral RNA replication "crown" complex structure. (newswise.com)
- Using an advanced technique called cryoelectron microscope (cryo-EM) tomography, Ahlquist and his team built upon their previous work , which first revealed the existence of this crown-like viral RNA replication complex. (newswise.com)
- Given this massive investment of resources, viral RNA genome replication is arguably one of the most important processes in infection, and It is already a major target for virus control," Ahlquist says. (newswise.com)
- Within an infected cell, viral RNA replication occurs at modified cellular membranes, often in association with spherules, virus-induced vesicles approximately 50-100 nanometers in size. (newswise.com)
- Ahlquist and his team previously showed that in each such genome replication complex, a copy of the viral RNA genome or chromosome is protected inside the spherule vesicle to function as a replication template. (newswise.com)
- The replication complex repeatedly copies this archival viral RNA chromosome to produce new progeny genomes that are released through a membranous neck on the vesicle into the cytoplasm, where they are incorporated as the payload of new infectious virions. (newswise.com)
- This prior work further showed that the key viral protein that induces the replication vesicles and copies the viral RNA resides in a striking ring or crown structure that sits atop the cytoplasmic side of the spherule neck that connects with the cytoplasm. (newswise.com)
- The new higher resolution cryo-EM images and complementary results show that the crown is composed of twelve copies of the key viral RNA replication protein arranged like staves in a barrel. (newswise.com)
- The viral RNA replication protein that forms the crown is an extremely large, multi-domain, multi-functional protein, nearly 1000 amino acids in size. (newswise.com)
- Using an approach that combined a genetically engineered, site-specific tag with labeling by nanoscale gold particles visible in cryo-EM, the researchers found that the C-terminal polymerase end of the viral RNA replication protein is positioned at the apex of the crown, leaving the N-terminal capping domain at the bottom of the structure to interact with the membrane. (newswise.com)
- Are viral small RNA regulating Dengue virus replication beyond serotype 2? (pnas.org)
- Therefore, in order to understand the functionality of viral lncRNA, Sztuba-Solinska and her team have been addressing the relationship between the various aspects of lncRNA conformation, i.e. secondary structure, tertiary interactions, epitranscriptomic modifications, and lncRNA functionality during viral replication and pathogenesis. (auburn.edu)
- CPs have been shown to regulate the infection processes of RNA viruses, including RNA replication and gene expression. (dovepress.com)
- Accumulating evidence suggests that phosphorylation of viral CPs is involved in the regulation of the viral infection process from enabling virion disassembly to regulation of viral protein synthesis and replication. (dovepress.com)
- Flaviviruses are known to cause remodeling of intracellular membranes into small cavities, where replication of the viral RNA takes place. (diva-portal.org)
- Nonstructural (NS) proteins are not part of the virus coat and are thought to participate in the formation of these viral replication compartments (RCs). (diva-portal.org)
- Here, we used tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) as a model for the flaviviruses and developed a stable human cell line in which the expression of NS proteins can be induced without viral RNA replication. (diva-portal.org)
- We propose that the NS proteins drive the remodeling of ER membranes and that viral RNA, RNA replication, viral polymerase, and TBEV structural proteins are not required. (diva-portal.org)
- Similar to other flaviviruses, TBEV exploits intracellular membranes to build RCs for viral replication. (diva-portal.org)
- To study how TBEV induces membrane remodeling, we developed an inducible stable cell system expressing the TBEV NS polyprotein in the absence of viral RNA replication. (diva-portal.org)
- The multiscale model of hepatitis C virus (HCV) dynamics, which includes intracellular viral RNA (vRNA) replication, has been formulated in recent years in order to provide a new conceptual framework for understanding the mechanism of action of a variety of agents for the treatment of HCV. (frontiersin.org)
- biphasic model [ 20 ] that was introduced in 1998 and treated the infected cell as a "black box," producing virions but without any consideration of the intracellular viral RNA replication and degradation within the infected cell [ 26 , 27 , 42 ]. (frontiersin.org)
- Is the Subject Area "Viral replication" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
- All killer virus-infected cells as well as nearly all nonkillers harbor the replication-competent L-A dsRNA viral genome, which functions as a helper virus for satellites, such as M dsRNA. (genetics.org)
- Early growth response-1 facilitates enterovirus 71 replication by direct binding to the viral genome RNA. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- We further reveal that EV71-activated EGR1, in turn, regulates the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) of EV71 to enhance viral replication. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Moreover, EGR1 protein co-localizes with EV71 RNA in the cytoplasm of infected cells to facilitate viral replication. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Our results reveal an important new role of EGR1 in viral infection, provide new insight into the novel mechanism underlying the regulation of EV71 replication, and suggest a potential application of EGR1 in the control of EV71 infection. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- The viral DI RNA associates with multiple viral proteins during replication, and is therefore expected to form heterogeneous RNA-protein complexes. (illinois.edu)
- In addition, the antiviral 'arsenal' of the host cells includes specialised RNA-binding proteins that recognise viral RNA and intermediaries of replication. (bmglabtech.com)
- For RNA viral genomes, the information encoded in the sequence extends well-beyond their protein coding role to the role of intra-sequence base pairing in viral packaging, replication, and gene expression. (umn.edu)
- This TLR-independent induction of IFN-αβ after SV infection is replication dependent and mediated by the RNA helicase, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and not the related family member, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5. (jimmunol.org)
- Successful host defense against virus infection relies on the rapid production of IFN-αβ and the subsequent transcription of hundreds of so-called IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), 4 the products of which lead to a cellular antiviral state and prevent viral replication. (jimmunol.org)
- TLRs are one class of PRRs capable of detecting viral particles or products of viral replication. (jimmunol.org)
- Many negative-strand RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm and are unlikely to expose structures produced during viral replication to TLRs (e.g., dsRNA, a product of viral replication). (jimmunol.org)
- Accordingly, TLR-mediated sensing of viruses by endosomally localized TLRs occurs without the requirement for viral replication. (jimmunol.org)
- Lipid droplet-binding protein TIP47 regulates hepatitis C Virus RNA replication through interaction with the viral NS5A protein. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- NS5A is critically involved in viral RNA replication that takes place at newly formed membranes within the endoplasmic reticulum (membranous web) and assists viral assembly in the close vicinity of lipid droplets (LDs). (sigmaaldrich.com)
- A similar reduction was observed when TIP47 was knocked down in cells harboring an autonomously replicating HCV RNA (subgenomic replicon), indicating that TIP47 is required for efficient HCV RNA replication. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- A single point mutation (W9A) in NS5A that disrupts the interaction with TIP47 but preserves proper subcellular localization severely decreased HCV RNA replication. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- While most mutations are known to originate in replication errors, difficulties of capturing the underlying dynamics have left the mechanochemical basis of viral mutagenesis unresolved. (tudelft.nl)
- To determine whether persistent RNA was capable of resuming unrestricted replication in the absence of the continuous presence of antiviral antibodies, viral titers were measured in the brains of scid mice at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months after antibody treatment. (asm.org)
- Replication of infectious virus isolated from scid mouse brain could be restricted by repeat treatment with immune serum, indicating that viral reactivation is not due to antibody-escape mutations. (asm.org)
- Encapsidation of viral RNA in Picornavirales: studies on cowpea mosaic virus demonstrate dependence on viral replication. (jic.ac.uk)
- RNA-free virus-like particles (eVLPs) can be generated by transiently co-expressing the RNA-2-encoded coat protein precursor (VP60) with the RNA-1-encoded 24K protease, in the absence of the replication machinery (Saunders et al. (jic.ac.uk)
- We have made use of the ability to produce assembled capsids of CPMV in the absence of replication to examine the putative linkage between RNA replication and packaging in the Picornavirales We have created a series of mutant RNA-1 and RNA-2 molecules and have assessed the effect of the mutations on both the replication and packaging of the viral RNAs. (jic.ac.uk)
- We demonstrate that mutations that affect replication have a concomitant impact on encapsidation, and that RNA-1 -mediated replication is required for encapsidation of both RNA-1 and RNA-2. (jic.ac.uk)
- This close coupling between replication and encapsidation provides a means for the specific packaging of viral RNAs. (jic.ac.uk)
- Moreover, we demonstrate that this feature of CPMV can be used to specifically encapsidate custom RNA by placing a sequence of choice between the RNA-2 sequences required for replication.IMPORTANCE The mechanism whereby members of the order Picornavirales specifically package their genomic RNAs is poorly understood. (jic.ac.uk)
- Research with monopartite members of the order, such as poliovirus, have indicated that packaging is linked to replication, though the presence of 'packaging signals' along the length of the viral RNA has also been suggested. (jic.ac.uk)
- Thanks to the bipartite nature of the CPMV genome which allows the manipulation of RNA-1 without modifying RNA-2, we show here that this specificity is due to a functional linking between the two processes of viral replication and encapsidation. (jic.ac.uk)
- These compounds are precursors to inhibitors of RNA-dependent RNA viral replication and are useful for the treatment of RNA-dependent RNA viral infection. (patents.com)
- Also disclosed are methods of inhibiting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, inhibiting RNA-dependent RNA viral replication, and/or treating RNA-dependent RNA viral infection with the nucleoside aryl phosphoramidates of the present invention. (patents.com)
- Our findings suggest that AUF1 restriction of poliovirus and CVB3 replication uses a common mechanism through the viral IRES, which is distinct from the canonical role that AUF1 plays in regulated mRNA decay in uninfected host cells. (asm.org)
- As part of the alteration of the host cell landscape to promote virus replication, picornaviruses modify lipid metabolism and reorganize membrane architecture to form replication complexes, downregulate host cell transcription and translation to redirect cellular resources to favor viral replication, and disrupt nucleocytoplasmic trafficking to relocate nuclear proteins required for replication into the cytoplasm ( 1 - 4 ). (asm.org)
- Triggered by double-stranded RNAs that form during viral RNA synthesis, the innate immune system is the best-described process that restricts virus replication, and as a result, picornaviruses have evolved numerous strategies to counteract this response ( 5 , 6 ). (asm.org)
- However, the dependence on cellular proteins to promote each step of the virus replication cycle provides opportunities for viral interactions with cellular restriction factors. (asm.org)
- These results suggest that UV-LEDs inhibit host cell replication and transcription of viral RNA. (flutrackers.com)
- Formation of viral particles and packaging of genomic retroviral RNA into these particles are important steps in the late phase of the viral replication cycle. (bio-protocol.org)
- It specifically provides the roles of viral proteins and RNA sequences in RNA replication, and describes the kinetics and products of RNA replication in infected cells. (asmscience.org)
- Next, it explains the sites and compositions of viral replication complexes (RCs) in infected cells. (asmscience.org)
- In 2017, a team led by Paul Ahlquist, director of the John W. and Jeanne M. Rowe Center for Research in Virology at the Morgridge Institute and professor of oncology and molecular virology at UW-Madison, first revealed the existence of this crown-like viral RNA replication complex. (technologynetworks.com)
- Within an infected cell, viral RNA replication happens at cellular membranes, often upon the formation of virus-induced compartments known as spherules. (technologynetworks.com)
- The replication complex repeatedly copies this archival viral RNA to produce new genomes that are released from the spherule through a membranous neck and then incorporated as the payload of new infectious virions. (technologynetworks.com)
- The team's prior work also showed that the crown structure, which sits atop the spherule neck, contains a key viral protein that creates the replication complex and copies the viral RNA. (technologynetworks.com)
- The new higher-resolution cryo-EM images and complementary results show that the crown is composed of 12 copies of the key viral RNA replication protein, arranged like staves in a barrel. (technologynetworks.com)
- For instance, they found that the polymerase domain that actually synthesizes new RNA is positioned at the apex of the crown, providing clues about the early steps in the replication process in which the starting viral RNA template is recruited into the complex and the spherule is formed. (technologynetworks.com)
- We hope to continue to improve the RNA replication complex crown structure to provide additional important refinements in the future," Ahlquist says. (technologynetworks.com)
- Mutant 5NC-11, having a 4-base insertion at nucleotide 70, was dramatically deficient in RNA synthesis, suggesting that the far 5' end of the genome is primarily involved in one or more steps of RNA replication. (caltech.edu)
- Hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA in serum is a novel biomarker for intrahepatic HBV replication and treatment response. (eur.nl)
- Following viral DNA replication, late viral genes, which mainly encode structural proteins, start to transcribe and ultimately lead to the assembly and release of infectious particles. (prolekare.cz)
- Even though it has been demonstrated that the NV gene is not necessary for viral replication, it is highly essential for viral pathogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
Genomes8
- We propose that this protein-mediated RNA selection mechanism may underpin the high fidelity assembly of multi-segmented RNA genomes in Reoviridae. (uni-muenchen.de)
- These mathematical results yield insights into the interaction of local and global constraints in RNA secondary structures, and suggest new directions in understanding the folding of RNA viral genomes. (umn.edu)
- To explore whether Sindbis virus genomes persist in mouse brain after the clearance of infectious virus, we used reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction amplification methods to detect Sindbis virus RNA in brain samples from immunocompetent BALB/c and antibody-treated immunodeficient scid/CB17 mice. (asm.org)
- In this study, we describe sequence-independent amplification for samples containing ultra-low amounts of viral RNA coupled with Illumina sequencing and de novo assembly optimized for viral genomes. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- The methods presented here are scalable to large numbers of samples and capable of generating full or near full length viral genomes from clone and clinical samples with low amounts of viral RNA, without prior sequence information and in the presence of substantial host contamination. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Massively parallel sequencing allows for rapid and low-cost deep sequencing of viral genomes and provides an opportunity to gain greater insight into viral evolution, fitness, emergence and transmission. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- The bias of A-rich codons in HIV-1 pol is thought to be a record of hypermutations in viral genomes that lack biological functions. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
- Using codon modifications to reduce the amount of A-rich sequences within HIV-1 genomes, we have reduced the flexibility of RNA sequences in pol to analyze the functional significance of these A-rich 'structurally poor' RNA elements in HIV-1 pol . (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Genomic4
- However, alphaviruses replicate efficiently in cells expressing Ifit1 even though their genomic RNA has a 5′ cap lacking 2'-O methylation. (sciencemag.org)
- Specifically, the highly replicative sendai virus sub-genomic defective interfering (DI) RNA is targeted. (illinois.edu)
- Instead of focusing on changes in host gene expression at sites near viral genomic integration sites, Lau and colleagues tested whether HBV insertion events in HCC cell lines could lead to the generation of viral-human chimeric transcripts or activate the transcription of silent repetitive sequences. (aacrjournals.org)
- Our data showed that codon modification of HIV-1 sequences led to a suppression of virus infectivity by 5-100-fold, and this defect does not correlate with, viral entry, viral protein expression levels, viral protein profiles or virion packaging of genomic RNA. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Single-stranded3
- Flavivirus is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viral genus, with members causing severe diseases in humans such as tick-borne encephalitis, yellow fever, and dengue fever. (diva-portal.org)
- Oligonucleotides were synthesized according to the amino acid sequence information, and used as probes for Northern blot analyses of four single-stranded RNA species (segments 1-4) and four double-stranded RNA species of RSV. (eurekamag.com)
- VHSV is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus of the order Mononegavirales, family Rhabdoviridae, and genus Novirhabdovirus. (wikipedia.org)
Abstract RNA1
- Abstract RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful gene silencing mechanism that if properly harnessed has the potential to revolutionize medical interventions. (omicsonline.org)
Cellular9
- The nucleotide sequence of the gene from which messenger RNA mole- cules are transcribed is in a form that can be translated by cellular ribosomes into the amino acid sequence of a particular polypeptide, the product of the gene. (springer.com)
- This volume is devoted to current studies in the field of cellular and viral messenger RNA. (springer.com)
- This book should be of interest to all students of cellular and viral genes and scientists in the field. (springer.com)
- The Quick -DNA/RNA Viral Kit is a fast viral DNA/RNA purification kit for viral DNA and RNA from plasma, serum, cell culture media, cellular suspensions, urine, blood, saliva and any other biological samples stored in DNA/RNA Shield. (zymoresearch.com)
- The identified protein regions involved in packaging viral RNAs bind random cellular RNA with high affinity and standard methods of identifying RNA-protein interactions such as gel shift mobility assays will be unable to discriminate between specific and unspecific binding. (uwaterloo.ca)
- Protein and RNA molecules interact with multiple protein partners to perform essential cellular processes such as post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA. (illinois.edu)
- Using a similar principle, the objective of this study is to extend the SiMPull assay to isolate and study single cellular RNA-protein complexes. (illinois.edu)
- Therefore, this study provides evidence for the applicability of SiMPull to isolate and study single cellular RNA-protein interactions. (illinois.edu)
- The efficiency of the incorporation of viral or cellular RNAs into viral particles can be studied using a quantitative Reverse Transcriptase-PCR (RT-qPCR)-based approach. (bio-protocol.org)
Gene expression6
- There are now many examples of the use of viral vector-mediated RNAi to inhibit gene expression in animal models of disease, and in many cases proof-of-principle has been demonstrated. (omicsonline.org)
- Their RNA nanoparticles can include small interfering RNA for silencing genes, micro-RNA for regulating gene expression, aptamer for targeting cancer cells, or a ribozyme that can catalyze chemical reactions. (eurekalert.org)
- Rev-RRE interaction regulates viral gene expression by controlling the export of spliced and unspliced mRNAs into the cytoplasm. (uwaterloo.ca)
- Thus, the [KIL-d] effect on viral gene expression is epigenetic in nature. (genetics.org)
- In a mouse model of Sindbis virus encephalitis, we have previously shown that clearance of infectious virus is mediated by antibody-induced restriction of viral gene expression rather than by cytotoxic destruction of virally infected cells. (asm.org)
- Here we show that HCMV pUL79, one of these factors, interacts with RNAP II as well as other viral factors involved in late gene expression. (prolekare.cz)
Assays7
- Commercially available HIV-1 RNA assays do not detect HIV-2 viral load. (nih.gov)
- Comparison of the results of five kinds of assays of HCV antibodies and HCV RNA. (annals.org)
- Discrepancies in viral load (VL) measurements obtained in different plasma collection tubes have underscored the importance of specimen collection and handling in the determination of accurate results in HIV viral load assays. (asm.org)
- Elevated HIV-1 viral loads in plasma specimens collected and frozen in PPTs and quantified in the standard and ultrasensitive Roche COBAS Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor assays ( 2 , 4 , 13 ) have led investigators to believe that it may have an impact on therapeutic management of HIV-infected patients ( 1 , 8 ). (asm.org)
- The large differences are due to different blip definitions and viral load assays. (biomedcentral.com)
- Here, we present an international collaboration of 4,221 paired blood plasma viral load (pVL) results from four commercial assays, emphasizing the data with low pVL. (uzh.ch)
- Correlation and concordance between the viral load assays were lower at a low pVL. (uzh.ch)
Intracellular4
- Our investigation clearly shows that both proviral DNA and intracellular RNA are amplified simultaneously in the COBAS Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor assay and that proviral DNA contributes to the elevated VL in plasma frozen in PPTs. (asm.org)
- Journal Article] Foreign RNA induces the degradation of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS)the role of intracellular antiviral factors. (nii.ac.jp)
- UV-LED irradiations did not alter hemagglutination titer, but decreased accumulation of intracellular total viral RNA in infected MDCK cells was observed. (flutrackers.com)
- Additionally, UV-LED irradiations suppressed the accumulation of intracellular mRNA (messenger RNA), vRNA (viral RNA), and cRNA (complementary RNA), as measured by strand-specific RT-PCR. (flutrackers.com)
Serum15
- The PureLink® Viral RNA/DNA Mini Kit provides a rapid and efficient method to simultaneously purify viral RNA/DNA from fresh or frozen cell-free biological fluids (plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid) and cell culture supernatants. (thermofisher.com)
- Purifies viral nucleic acids from human and animal samples, including plasma, serum, saliva, and urine, using magnetic bead technology amenable to high-throughput operations. (fishersci.com)
- The Thermo Scientific MagJET Viral DNA and RNA Kit is designed for fast and efficient purification of viral nucleic acids from various human and animal liquid samples such as plasma, serum, saliva and urine, as well as from nasal, buccal and urogenital swabs and blood. (fishersci.com)
- Quick recovery of viral DNA/RNA from plasma, serum and other samples. (zymoresearch.com)
- and chemically stable, which makes the nanoparticles resistant to RNase (an enzyme, which cleaves RNA) digestion in the blood serum. (eurekalert.org)
- Both spin-column and 96-well plate kits are designed for fast and easy isolation of viral RNA or DNA from cell-free samples such as serum, plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and cell culture supernatant. (thermofisher.com)
- Most of these appear to represent false-positive results because HCV RNA is usually absent from the serum. (annals.org)
- Viral reactivation was seen in scid mice treated with hyperimmune serum or a low dose of monoclonal antibody to the E2 envelope glycoprotein, but not in mice treated with a high dose of monoclonal antibody to E2. (asm.org)
- The GRS Viral DNA/RNA Purification Kit provides an efficient and fast method for the purification of high quality viral DNA and RNA from cell-free media (e.g. from serum, body fluids, and the supernatant of viral infected cell cultures). (bioquote.com)
- The E.Z.N.A.® Viral RNA Kit is designed for the isolation of viral DNA and viral RNA from cell-free fluids such as plasma, serum, urine and cell culture supernatant. (tebu-bio.com)
- Mag-Bind® Viral DNA/RNA Kit is designed for the rapid and reliable isolation of viral RNA and viral DNA from whole blood, serum, plasma, saliva and other body fluids. (omegabiotek.com)
- For its proper use, it is essential to identify factors influencing serum HBV RNA level. (eur.nl)
- We explored the association of serum levels of HBV RNA with patient- and virus-associated factors. (eur.nl)
- Conclusion: In this multiethnic cohort of 488 untreated individuals with CHB, factors associated with serum HBV RNA level were HBeAg status, serum ALT, HBV genotype, and presence of basal core promotor mutations. (eur.nl)
- For the future use of serum HBV RNA as a clinical marker, it seems mandatory to take these factors into consideration. (eur.nl)
Nucleic acid5
- DNA/RNA Shield ensures nucleic acid stability during sample storage/transport at ambient temperatures (4°C-25°C). The reagent effectively lyses cells and inactivates nucleases and infectious agents (virus). (zymoresearch.com)
- Target a specific viral RNA or DNA sequence and capture only that specific nucleic acid sequence directly from crude lysates or other biological fluids. (thermofisher.com)
- These Dynabeads® have an optimized surface chemistry for viral nucleic acid purification and provide efficient kinetics and a high sensitivity. (thermofisher.com)
- The nested PCR amplified integrated proviral DNA in nucleic acid extracted from plasma in PPT and EDTA specimens with high viral load values. (asm.org)
- Viral nucleic acid was isolated with Omega Bio-tek's Mag-Bind® Viral DNA/RNA Kit and with a comparable kit from Company A according to recommended protocols. (omegabiotek.com)
Mutations5
- Different RMs are expected to produce different evolutionary and dynamical outcomes in viral quasi-species due to differences in the mutations accumulation rate. (springer.com)
- Mutations within the 5′-UTR affecting RNA structural elements enabled restriction by or antagonism of Ifit1 in vitro and in vivo. (sciencemag.org)
- 3 Except for the NSW03 and NSW01 isolates, viral mutations are located at the stem loop-II (s2m) motif, an extremely conserved RNA element in the 3' untranslated region (Figure 1A). (mja.com.au)
- The first analysis included 29 patients receiving either monotherapy or combination therapy with the protease inhibitor ritonavir whose plasma HIV RNA levels rebounded from the point of greatest decline with mutations associated with resistance to ritonavir. (ovid.com)
- Since RNA-dependent RNA polymerase does not have an error-checking function, many mutations are made when the RNA is processed. (wikipedia.org)
DsRNA3
- Sequencing of several cDNA clones derived from 6.0-kbp dsRNA revealed the presence of a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP) gene. (apsnet.org)
- Both toxin and resistance substances are produced by processing of the single preprotoxin polypeptide produced by translation of viral transcripts of M dsRNA. (genetics.org)
- Upon placing an MDA5-RNA mixture under a microscope, they observed formation of MDA5 filaments along the dsRNA. (yalescientific.org)
Genes4
- In each positive-strand RNA virus, most of the viral genes are devoted to this single process of RNA reproduction. (technologynetworks.com)
- The result is that the further downstream genes are from the leader sequence, the less they will be transcribed by RNA polymerase. (wikipedia.org)
- Reverse genetics is a powerful tool to study and characterize the previously unknown viral genes. (wikipedia.org)
- This system allows the investigators to explore the functional properties of individual viral genes of VHSV in detail. (wikipedia.org)
Membranes1
- In it, you mention: "DAS181, or Fludase, is unique in that it incorporates a sialidase that removes sialic acids from mucosal membranes, thereby preventing viral attachment via the HA glycoprotein. (virology.ws)
SiRNA1
- Virus-specific siRNA responses are amplified via the reverse transcription of viral RNA to viral DNA (vDNA). (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Vector-mediated RNA interference1
- Viral vector-mediated RNA interference. (omicsonline.org)
Lysis Buffer1
- MagBead Viral RNA Lysis Buffer is intended for the isolation and purification of total nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) from biological specimens for performance evaluation in vitro diagnostic procedures. (neuromics.com)
Biological6
- Viral analysis of biological and environmental samples requires the use of advanced technologies to assure assay effectiveness. (thermofisher.com)
- To overcome these fabrication issues, the use of naturally occurring biological materials - such as RNA or DNA - for drug formulation may become the next big step in nanoparticulate therapy development. (nanowerk.com)
- The researchers also discovered the biological nano-switch that turns on transcription - the process by which RNA self-replicates - and compared the switch's structure in the "off" and "on" states to determine why environmental conditions activate it. (ucla.edu)
- Utilizing a biological system of virally infected mammalian cells, the substrate targeted in the study are viral RNA-protein complexes. (illinois.edu)
- Quantitative analysis reveals a new pause state that modulates polymerase fidelity and so ties viral polymerase pausing to the biological function of optimizing virulence. (tudelft.nl)
- The existence of these vast quantities of non-coding RNAs in cells implies the significance of these differential RNA species in the regulation of biological processes ( 1 , 4 ). (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Interference1
- The discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) and microRNA (miRNA) highlights a complex and dynamic coordination network that exists through RNA elements. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Purification of high-quality1
- SPRI technology enables purification of high-quality RNA with demonstrated compatibility with up to 200 µL of saliva or swab transport media. (beckman.com)
Inhibition of viral1
- Further, this targeting results in inhibition of viral protein production. (pnas.org)
Replicate2
- And because CPV can replicate and transcribe its RNA within the intact virus and in the absence of cells, it provides a great tool to probe RNA transcription in action and at the atomic level. (ucla.edu)
- If RNA is left exposed, the virus does not replicate efficiently. (wikipedia.org)
Isolation of viral1
- Sensitive and highly consistent isolation of viral RNA and DNA from cell-free samples. (thermofisher.com)
High-quality viral1
- High-quality viral DNA/RNA is ready for RT-PCR, sequencing, etc. (zymoresearch.com)
SARS-CoV-2 RNA2
Molecule1
- This chapter summarizes what is known about how a single viral RNA molecule can be selectively amplified into thousands of RNA progeny in infected cells. (asmscience.org)
Infections9
- The same mathematical model for natural infections is here further analyzed, and we prove that the interior equilibrium involving coexistence of both positive and negative viral strands is globally asymptotically stable. (springer.com)
- Sept. 4, 2012) -- A new study by University of Kentucky researchers shows promise for developing ultrastable RNA nanoparticles that may help treat cancer and viral infections by regulating cell function and binding to cancers without harming surrounding tissue. (eurekalert.org)
- The overall goal of Sztuba-Solinska research is to find "weak-spots" in viral lncRNA interactome network that can be targeted with novel therapeutic strategies to combat viral infections. (auburn.edu)
- There is a significant need for new therapeutic approaches to combat diseases such as cancer and viral infections,' says Bruce A. Shapiro , Ph.D., a Senior Investigator at the Center for Cancer Research,National Cancer Institute (NCI). (nanowerk.com)
- However, research addressing the effect of host innate immune evasion on the pathology caused by viral infections is less prevalent in the literature, though very relevant and interesting. (mdpi.com)
- and viral infections have emerged as an imperative global hazard. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Although virtually all cell types can produce type I IFN, plasmacytoid DCs are by far the most potent and are responsible for most of the systemically measurable IFN-α produced early during viral infections ( 2 ). (jimmunol.org)
- Induction and suppression of RNA silencing: insights from plant viral infections-a BARD. (deepdyve.com)
- Scholthof, Herman 2010-12-22 00:00:00 An international workshop on ''Induction and Suppression of RNA Silencing: Insights from Plant Viral Infections'' was sponsored by the United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund (BARD) and organized in Eilat, Israel in March 2010. (deepdyve.com)
Amount of viral3
- Utilizing PHASIFY ™ VIRAL RNA extraction can result in 15-30-fold greater amount of viral RNA for standard RT-qPCR analyses,' says Klausner. (yahoo.com)
- In an attempt to answer that question, researchers at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago measured the amount of viral load in the noses of 145 mildly to moderately ill COVID-19 patients, ranging in age from under 1 month to over 65 years of age. (flutrackers.com)
- they made very little viral protein, they did not inhibit host cell translation, and they synthesized a significant amount of viral RNA, although with some delay compared with wild type. (caltech.edu)
Detectable1
Capsid2
- Viral RNA extraction begins with lysis of the viral capsid from a variety of sample inputs, including saliva and nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs. (beckman.com)
- We conclude that Tsg101, through selective interactions with its partners including Hrs and Alix, may link receptor sorting and lysosome targeting to the back-fusion process involved in viral capsid release. (ovid.com)
Small inte1
- Is the Subject Area "Small interfering RNAs" applicable to this article? (plos.org)
Functional6
- Using RNA as a therapeutic modality brings to bear an entirely new approach, which not only allows for the construction of uniform scaffolds for attachment of functional entities, but also permits the use of all the different types of functionalities that are inherent in natural RNAs. (nanowerk.com)
- Computationally designed RNA and RNA-DNA based nanorings presented in this work have multiple advantages in diagnostics and delivery of functional moieties to diseased cells,' Shapiro tells Nanowerk. (nanowerk.com)
- Figure 1: Functional RNA nanoparticles. (nanowerk.com)
- Extensive in vitro and in vivo characterizations of the resulting functional RNA nanoparticles were carried out at NCI in collaborations with Drs. Eric Freed s (NCI-Frederick), Jakob Reiser s (FDA), Wah Chiu s (Baylor College of Medicine), Luc Jaeger s (UCSB), Wade Grabow (SPU) laboratories. (nanowerk.com)
- Expression of N, the viral polymerase protein (L), and a minireplicon containing a reporter gene was sufficient to reconstitute functional virus nucleocapsids. (nih.gov)
- This vast difference between mRNA and non-protein coding RNA transcription suggests (a) the existence of an uncharacterized functional RNA-based regulation network and/or (b) the presence of a large quantity of non-functional-junk RNA transcripts within the cell. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Immune4
- Clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated (CRISPR-Cas) systems are prokaryotic RNA-directed endonuclease machineries that act as an adaptive immune system against foreign genetic elements. (pnas.org)
- Next, Rana and team will investigate the role of RNA modifications in the viral life cycle, and how the human immune response is altered by various Zika virus strains. (eurekalert.org)
- In its fight against an intruding virus, an enzyme in our immune system may sense certain types of viral RNA pairs, according to scientists. (innovations-report.com)
- These results demonstrate that Sindbis virus can persist long term in a nonproductive form in mouse brain and suggest that the humoral immune response plays an important role in preventing viral reactivation. (asm.org)
Inhibit1
- Here, we show that FnCas9 can be directed by an engineered RNA-targeting guide RNA to target and inhibit a human +ssRNA virus, hepatitis C virus, within eukaryotic cells. (pnas.org)
Binds4
- We demonstrate that octameric NSP2 binds structured RNAs with high affinity, resulting in efficient intramolecular RNA helix disruption. (uni-muenchen.de)
- Hexameric sigma NS oligomerizes into an octamer that binds two RNAs, yet it exhibits only limited RNA-unwinding activity compared to NSP2. (uni-muenchen.de)
- The Ebola virus VP35 protein binds viral immunostimulatory and host RNAs identified through deep sequencing. (jcvi.org)
- This is probably due to the advantage of having all RNA bound by N protein (since N binds hexamers of RNA). (wikipedia.org)
Species2
- Comparisons of the largest oligonucleotides derived by ribonuclease T1 digestion of these 40 S DEN virion RNA species indicate that there are few, if any, large oligonucleotides that are homologous between any two of the four dengue prototype strains. (ajtmh.org)
- Then, the chapter discusses the models that have been proposed to explain how viral positive and negative RNA species are made by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. (asmscience.org)
Therapeutic6
- Using the RNA nanotechnology pioneered by Guo, the researchers constructed ultrastable X-shaped RNA nanoparticles using re-engineered RNA fragments to carry up to four therapeutic and diagnostic modules. (eurekalert.org)
- We have addressed these issues, and now it is possible to produce RNA nanoparticles that are highly stable both chemically and thermodynamically in the test tube or in the body with great potential as therapeutic reagents. (eurekalert.org)
- To assess relative utility of viral load testing in determining therapeutic choice by the surrogate marker of CD4 cell counts after 48 weeks of therapy. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- It is hypothesized that among HIV-infected patients whose baseline CD4 count is in the range of 300 to 750 cells/mm3, those patients who incorporate initial and periodic viral RNA measurements in their therapeutic decisions will have higher CD4 counts after 48 weeks than patients whose therapeutic decisions do not incorporate initial and periodic viral RNA measurements. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Elevated HIV-1 viral load (VL) observed in specimens frozen in situ in plasma preparation tubes (PPTs) compared to EDTA plasma specimens may affect therapeutic monitoring of HIV-infected patients. (asm.org)
- This has important implications for our understanding of the fundamental molecular biology of Picornavirales,and opens the door to novel research and therapeutic applications in the field of custom RNA packaging and delivery technologies. (jic.ac.uk)
Kinetics2
- Notably, the first age-based multiscale mathematical model for HCV kinetics has been developed [ 25 , 40 , 41 ] providing a more comprehensive understanding of viral treatment response kinetics observed in patients treated with IFN, HCV protease inhibitors (telaprevir and danoprevir), or the HCV NS5A inhibitor daclatasvir as well as modes of action of these drugs. (frontiersin.org)
- We analyzed the viral RNA load kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 in various clinical specimens in children with COVID-19. (cdc.gov)
Structures1
- Whereas most protein binding is dependent on specific chemical structures, MDA5-RNA signaling seems largely to be governed by the physical property of RNA length. (yalescientific.org)
Designed to purify1
Mutants1
- Nonpermissive cells infected with {varphi}X174 gene D amber mutants synthesized some sixfold less viral RNA than permissive cells. (caltech.edu)
Genetic2
- The studies presented provide an insight into molecular and genetic aspects of messenger RNA. (springer.com)
- Little is known about the relationship between recovery from acute viral encephalitis and the clearance of viral genetic material from the central nervous system. (asm.org)
Suppression3
- 1 The key goal of ART is to achieve and maintain durable viral suppression. (nih.gov)
- If viral suppression is not possible, repeat viral load every 3 months or more frequently if indicated (AIII) . (nih.gov)
- Can extend to every 6 months for patients with consistent viral suppression for ≥2 years (AIII) . (nih.gov)
MRNA1
- After each gene is transcribed, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase pauses to release the new mRNA when it encounters an intergenic sequence. (wikipedia.org)
Pathogenic2
- We show that pathogenic alphaviruses use secondary structural motifs within the 5′-untranslated region (UTR) of their RNA to alter Ifit1 binding and function. (sciencemag.org)
- As such, this knowledge may also influence future strategies for the prevention and treatment of pathogenic viral diseases. (jbsdonline.com)
Endogenous1
Downstream2
- Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) detect viral RNA as a non-self pattern in the cytoplasm and activate downstream signaling. (nih.gov)
- RNA purified using the E.Z.N.A.® Viral RNA method is ready for all downstream applications such as RT-PCR. (tebu-bio.com)
Infectious2
- Immunization of mice, chicken, pigs and primates with virus-like particles, naked RNA or layered DNA/RNA plasmids has provided protection against challenges with lethal doses of infectious agents and administered tumor cells. (mdpi.com)
- Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) is a deadly infectious fish disease caused by Piscine novirhabdovirus (originally called Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus). (wikipedia.org)
Eukaryotic2
- Overall, programmable Cas9-mediated viral RNA targeting likely represents one of myriad potential applications of FnCas9 in RNA targeting in eukaryotic cells. (pnas.org)
- Initiation of translation in bacteria by a structured eukaryotic IRES RNA. (umassmed.edu)
Cells10
- Cells can chemically modify RNA to influence protein production. (eurekalert.org)
- She grows infected cells, extracts total RNA and captures target PAN RNA with oligonucleotide probes. (auburn.edu)
- She has published one of only two papers that used SHAPE-MaP, a new method that allows researchers to probe the structure of any RNA of interest inside the living cells or within viral particle. (auburn.edu)
- In order to elucidate the function of NSs, we established a plasmid-based minireplicon system using mammalian cells that express large amounts of T7 RNA polymerase. (nih.gov)
- To evaluate, in HIV-infected patients whose baseline CD4 count is 300 to 750 cells/mm3, whether an antiretroviral treatment regimen based upon clinical evaluation and CD4 counts plus HIV RNA viral load is more effective than a treatment regimen based upon clinical evaluation and CD4 counts without the use of HIV RNA viral load information. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- yet, there are no data that identify viral immunostimulatory RNAs (isRNA) or host RNAs bound to VP35 in cells. (jcvi.org)
- The kit is also suitable for the isolation of total RNA from cultured cells, tissues and bacteria. (tebu-bio.com)
- After isolation of cytoplasmic RNA from either infected or transfected cells and extraction of virus particle-associated RNA, specific RNA levels present in both fractions are determined. (bio-protocol.org)
- Add fresh medium to the transfected or infected cells and place them in the incubator until cytoplasmic RNA isolation. (bio-protocol.org)
- RNA was made from these constructs and used to transfect HeLa cells. (caltech.edu)
Analyses4
- We are a leading supplier of the most successful tools used for viral RNA and DNA capture, purification, and qRT-PCR and qPCR analyses. (thermofisher.com)
- Preliminary analyses of the 40 S RNA 5′ terminal sequence of DEN 3 virion RNA indicate that it has the composition of m7GpppAmpXp. (ajtmh.org)
- The findings were extended to a group of singly spliced viral mRNAs that produce Env in the following biochemical analyses. (nii.ac.jp)
- In both analyses, the durability of response was not highly associated with either baseline RNA or the magnitude of RNA decline from baseline. (ovid.com)
